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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fifty Years In The Northwest, by W. H. C. Folsom.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Years In The Northwest, by 
+William Henry Carman Folsom
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fifty Years In The Northwest
+       With An Introduction And Appendix Containing Reminiscences,
+              Incidents And Notes
+
+Author: William Henry Carman Folsom
+
+Release Date: June 11, 2011 [EBook #36375]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTY YEARS IN THE NORTHWEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Nathan Gibson, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><a name="front" id="front"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;">
+<img src="images/illus-frontispiece.jpg" width="442" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>FIFTY YEARS IN THE NORTHWEST.</h1>
+
+<h3>WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND APPENDIX<br />
+
+CONTAINING<br />
+
+REMINISCENCES, INCIDENTS AND NOTES.</h3>
+
+
+<h2>BY W. H. C. FOLSOM.</h2>
+
+<h3>EDITED BY E. E. EDWARDS.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+PUBLISHED BY<br />
+PIONEER PRESS COMPANY.<br />
+1888.<br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center">
+TO THE OLD SETTLERS<br />
+OF<br />
+WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA,<br />
+<br />
+WHO, AS PIONEERS, AMIDST PRIVATIONS AND TOIL NOT KNOWN TO THOSE OF<br />
+LATER GENERATION, LAID HERE THE FOUNDATIONS OF TWO GREAT<br />
+STATES, AND HAVE LIVED TO SEE THE RESULT OF THEIR<br />
+ARDUOUS LABORS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE<br />
+WILDERNESS&mdash;DURING FIFTY YEARS&mdash;INTO A<br />
+FRUITFUL COUNTRY, IN THE BUILDING<br />
+OF GREAT CITIES, IN THE<br />
+ESTABLISHING OF ARTS<br />
+AND MANUFACTURES,<br />
+IN THE<br />
+CREATION OF COMMERCE<br />
+AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE,<br />
+THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY<br />
+<br />
+DEDICATED<br />
+<br />
+BY THE AUTHOR, W. H. C. FOLSOM.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>At the age of nineteen years, I landed on the banks of the Upper
+Mississippi, pitching my tent at Prairie du Chien, then (1836) a
+military post known as Fort Crawford. I kept memoranda of my various
+changes, and of many of the events transpiring. Subsequently, not,
+however, with any intention of publishing them in book form until
+1876, when, reflecting that fifty years spent amidst the early and
+first white settlements, and continuing till the period of
+civilization and prosperity, itemized by an observer and participant
+in the stirring scenes and incidents depicted, might furnish material
+for an interesting volume, valuable to those who should come after me,
+I concluded to gather up the items and compile them in a convenient
+form.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of interest to personal friends, and as also tending to
+throw additional light upon my relation to the events here narrated, I
+have prefixed an account of my own early life for the nineteen years
+preceding my removal to the West, thus giving to the work a somewhat
+autobiographical form. It may be claimed that a work thus written in
+the form of a life history of a single individual, with observations
+from his own personal standpoint, will be more connected, clear and
+systematic in its narration of events than if it were written
+impersonally.</p>
+
+<p>The period included in these sketches is one of remarkable
+transitions, and, reaching backward, in the liberty accorded to the
+historian, to the time of the first explorations by the Jesuits, the
+first English, French and American traders, is a period of
+transformation and progress that has been paralleled only on the
+shores of the New World. We have the transition from barbarism to
+civilization; we have the subjugation of the wilderness by the first
+settlers; the organization of territorial and state<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> governments; an
+era of progress from the rude habits of the pioneer and trapper, to
+the culture and refinement of civilized states; from the wilderness,
+yet unmapped, and traversed only by the hardy pioneer in birch barks
+or dog sledges, to the cultivated fields, cobwebbed by railways and
+streams furrowed by steamers. It is something to have witnessed a
+part, even, of this wonderful transformation, and it is a privilege
+and a pleasure to record, even in part, its history.</p>
+
+<p>I have quoted from the most correct histories within my reach, but the
+greater part of my work, or of that pertaining to the fifty years just
+passed, has been written from personal observation and from
+information obtained directly by interview with, or by written
+communications from, persons identified in some way with the history
+of the country. To those persons who have so freely and generously
+assisted me in the collection of material for this work, I hereby
+express my thanks. I have relied sparingly on traditions, and, where I
+have used them, have referred to them as such.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While genealogical tables are of interest chiefly to the families and
+individuals whose names are therein preserved, I still deem it not
+amiss to insert here a brief account of my ancestry. Among the
+emigrants from England to the New World in 1638, came John Foulsham,
+then twenty-three or twenty-four years of age, and his wife, to whom
+he had been married about a year and a half. They came from Hingham,
+England, to Hingham, Mass., with a colony that probably named the
+settlement in loving remembrance of the town they had left. They came
+on account of certain ecclesiastical troubles; their rector, with whom
+they sympathized, having torn down the altar rails and leveled the
+altar, an act of irreverence that called down upon them the wrath of
+their superior, Bishop Wren, and resulted in rector and people selling
+out their real estate at half its value and emigrating to America.
+John received a grant of land consisting of four acres and built
+himself a house, the frame being constructed of sawed oak timber. This
+house, built in 1640, stood until 1875, two hundred and thirty-five
+years, when it was taken down and manufactured into canes and chairs,
+which were distributed as relics to the American descendants of the
+family. The family, however, had increased so greatly that the supply
+was not equal to the demand.</p>
+
+<p>The wife of John Foulsham was Mary Gilman. From this couple the
+American Folsoms and their allies from marriages with the female
+descendants of the family have sprung. The ancestors of John Foulsham
+may be traced backward a period of near six hundred years, and many of
+the family have honorable mention in English history. The earliest
+mention is concerning John Foulsham of Foulsham, prior of a Carmelite
+monastery in Norwich, and "pr&aelig;ses provincialis" of all England.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> This
+Foulsham is spoken of in Bayle's catalogue of eminent worthies as "no
+mean proficient in controversial theology, knowing how, by means of
+syllogystic tricks, to turn white into black and men into donkeys." He
+died in the great plague at Norwich in 1348.</p>
+
+<p>A certain John de Foulsham is spoken of in Blomefield's History of
+Norfolk as an "eloquent, unflinching opponent of the corruptions of
+the times." It is possible that this may be the Carmelite prior above
+mentioned, though the prefix <i>de</i> leaves the matter somewhat in doubt.</p>
+
+<p>As to the original derivation of the family name, Hon. George Folsom,
+of Philadelphia, in one of the manuscripts left by him, says: "It
+arose upon the adoption of surnames in England, from the town of
+Foulsham, a village in the county of Norfolk, six or eight miles north
+of Hingham, in which county the family was seated for many centuries,
+possessing estates in fifteen different places." Thus John de, or John
+of Foulsham, became John Foulsham.</p>
+
+<p>The orthography and pronunciation of the name have varied in the
+family itself, as well as among those writing and pronouncing it. The
+first Anglo-American bearing the name spelled it "Foulsham." His son,
+Deacon John, spelled it "Fullsam" in 1709, and it is signed "Foullsam"
+in his last will&mdash;1715. In one instance, in the Hingham town records,
+it is spelled "Fulsham," but always afterward, "Foulsham." In the
+Exeter records it is written uniformly "Folsom" with but one
+exception, when it is written by the town clerk "Foulshame." In the
+records of the first parish, Haverhill, Massachusetts, it is written
+"Foulsham," "Foulsam," "Folsham" and "Fulsom." Originally it was
+doubtless spelled "Foulshame," its etymological significance being the
+<i>fowls' home</i>, a breeding place or mart. It was probably at first
+written with a hyphen, as Fouls-hame, but the final syllable was
+eventually shortened. Everywhere it is now written <i>Folsom</i> by those
+having the name, and is pronounced like <i>wholesome</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristics of the family have been quite uniform. Far as
+known they were a religious family, and prominent as such in both
+Catholic and Protestant circles, with a strong disposition toward
+dissent from the established order of things. Thus John de Foulsham
+wrote a treatise quite at variance with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> the doctrines of the church,
+advocating the marriage of priests. John Foulsham, the Anglo-American,
+left England on account of his dissent, preferring a home in the
+wilderness with freedom to worship God, to dwelling under the rule of
+a haughty and tyrannical bishop. Many of the family espoused the
+doctrines of Whitfield. Many of them became Baptists, becoming such at
+a time when the Baptists were most unpopular, and afterward becoming
+Free Will Baptists, in which communion more of the family may to-day
+be found than in any other.</p>
+
+<p>The occupations of the family were mostly, in the early days,
+mechanical. Many were joiners and millwrights. The children and
+grandchildren were farmers, landholders and lumbermen. Of the many who
+removed to Maine, after the Revolution, most engaged in lumbering, but
+turned their attention also to milling and storekeeping.</p>
+
+<p>The family have also shown a military tendency, and during the various
+wars visited upon the country since the early colonial times, this
+family has borne its full share of the dangers, toils and expense.</p>
+
+<p>My father, Jeremiah Folsom, was born in Tamworth, New Hampshire, Sept.
+16, 1780, and was married to Octavia Howe, April 5, 1805. My mother
+was born in Machias, Maine, Oct. 12, 1786. My father was a prominent
+business man, and was engaged in shipping and mercantile pursuits, he
+owning vessels that plied from St. Johns to Machias and other American
+ports. To facilitate his business, St. Johns was his home four years,
+during which time he was associated with William Henry Carman. This
+temporary residence and business association account for my being born
+on British soil, and for the names by which I was christened.
+According to the record in the old family Bible, I was born at St.
+Johns, New Brunswick, June 22, 1817. When I was six months old my
+parents moved to Bangor, Maine, thence to Foxcroft, Maine, thence to
+Ascot, Lower Canada.</p>
+
+<p>When I was five years old my parents moved to Tamworth, New Hampshire.
+Young as I was, I am still able to recall events that occurred while I
+lived in Canada. I remember falling into a well and being badly
+bruised. I remember also an adventure with a bear. My parents had gone
+to church, leaving me at home, greatly against my will. I attempted to
+follow, but missed the road and wandered off into a wood, perhaps
+three miles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> away. When my parents returned they were much alarmed,
+and parties immediately went in pursuit. When I knew I was lost I set
+up a vigorous screaming, which had the effect of attracting attention
+from two very different parties. The first was a huge bear in quest of
+food, and doubtless delighted at the prospect before him. The second
+was one of the rescuing parties in quest of the lost boy. Both
+simultaneously approached the screaming youngster and Bruin fought
+stubbornly for his prey, but was vanquished by the clubs of my
+rescuers, and I was carried home in triumph. I do not clearly recall
+all the incidents of this scene, and, strangely enough, do not
+remember seeing the bear. Perhaps the terror of being lost drove out
+every other impression. An excuse for the narration of this apparently
+trifling incident may be found in the fact that but for the prompt
+arrival of the rescuing party, this history would never have been
+written.</p>
+
+<p>When I was ten years of age my parents removed to Bloomfield, Maine.
+While in Tamworth I had excellent opportunities of attending school,
+which I improved to the utmost. After leaving Tamworth my school
+privileges were well nigh ended, as I never received from that time
+more than six months' schooling. My father followed lumbering on the
+Kennebec river. During the first winter in Maine, he took me to the
+logging camp as camp boy. During the second winter he hired me to
+Matthew and Lewis Dunbar as a cook for their wood camp. I cooked for
+six men and received five dollars a month. I was used very kindly by
+the Dunbars, but that winter in the woods seemed a long, long winter.
+The only book in camp was the Bible. There were, however, newspapers
+and playing cards. In the spring my father used the fifteen dollars
+received for my three months' work to purchase a cow. I served the
+Dunbars the third winter, as cook, for six dollars a month, and worked
+the ensuing summer on farms at about twenty-five cents per day. During
+the fourth winter I worked for the Dunbars and Timothy Snow at seven
+dollars per month, and the summer following worked on a farm for
+Benjamin Cayford at seven dollars. Cayford was a merciless tyrant, and
+sometimes compelled his men to work in the field till nine o'clock at
+night. These details of wages paid and work done, uninteresting in
+themselves, serve to show the value of a boy's work (I was not yet
+fifteen) and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> what was expected of the average boy, for mine was no
+exceptional case nor was my father more exacting than others in his
+station in life. He was in poor health, and had a large family of
+boys. We were eight in number, and of these I was one of the most
+robust and able to assist in the support of the family.</p>
+
+<p>This year I persuaded my father to sell me my time, which amounted to
+five years, which he reluctantly did, accepting two hundred and fifty
+dollars as an equivalent. It was my ambition to go West. Horace
+Greeley had not uttered the talismanic words, "Go West, young man,"
+but I believed that by going West I would be better able to advance my
+own interests and assist my parents. My father signed the necessary
+paper relinquishing my time, which was printed in the Skowhegan
+<i>Clarion</i>. From this time until I was nineteen years old I worked on
+the river and on farms, worked continuously and beyond my strength. I
+worked another summer for Cayford, but have no pleasant recollections
+of him, for on his farm I was sadly overworked, being often called to
+work before sunrise and kept at work after sunset. I worked two
+winters cooking in the woods for Capt. Asa Steward, of Bloomfield, one
+of the best men I ever served, a kind hearted, honest Christian. He
+gave me good counsel and good wages besides. In the fall of 1835 I
+went into the woods to work for Capt. Eb. Snow, of Madison. Like
+Cayford, he was a merciless tyrant and abusive to his men. I left his
+camp before my engagement closed, not being able to endure his abuse
+longer. This is the only time in which I failed to keep a labor
+engagement. I finished the winter with Capt. Asa Steward, but my eyes
+became so inflamed from the smoke of the camp that I was obliged to
+abandon cooking.</p>
+
+<p>During this winter occurred an incident that came near having a
+serious and even fatal termination. There were three of us, Simeon
+Goodrich, Jimmie Able and myself, who went down the Kennebec to the
+Forks, a distance of twelve miles from camp. A deep, damp snow had
+fallen the night previous, and through this snow, reaching above our
+knees, we trudged wearily till Able gave out. We carried him a short
+distance, but becoming exhausted ourselves, laid him down in the snow.
+To remain with him would be to imperil the lives of all; by hurrying
+on we might be able to send a party to bring him in. We carefully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+made for him a bed of fir boughs and placed loose garments over him
+and under him, and as he was sick, weak and faint, gave him a draught
+of liquid opodeldoc, and leaving the bottle with him, hurried on. We
+traveled the last mile through an opening. Snow drifted deeply. We
+dragged our bodies through the drifts in the direction of a glimmering
+light, which proved to be Sturgis' hotel, which we reached at 11
+o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> A team was sent back immediately for the lost Able by a
+road of which we knew nothing. The rescuing party met him trudging
+along with all his baggage. The opodeldoc had revived him, and he had
+traveled a full mile when he met the rescuing party. At two o'clock
+the team returned bringing the lost wayfarer.</p>
+
+<p>Another adventure terminated more disastrously than this. In the
+spring of 1835 I was employed in taking logs across Moosehead lake.
+The logs were in booms, and were moved by a capstan and rope. This was
+before the days of steamboats, and the moving of the booms was no
+light task. On this occasion a gale of wind struck us and drifted us
+across the lake. We threw out an anchor, hoping to check the course of
+the boom and swing it into Cowan's bay. In one of our throws the
+anchor tripped, or caught fast, and suddenly tightened the line. Our
+whole crew were in an instant hurled headlong. Some were thrown into
+the water. One man (Butler) had his ribs broken. All were more or less
+injured. The capstan went overboard. The old boom swung on and on,
+and, passing Spencer's bay, broke and went to pieces on the shore. The
+logs were with great difficulty regathered, but were finally brought
+to the outlet of the lake July 4th, the last raft of the season.</p>
+
+<p>After river driving in the spring of 1835, I went to the Penobscot
+river and found employment at twenty dollars a month at East Great
+Works, building a dam. John Mills, our superintendent, was a good man.
+There was a lyceum here, the first I ever attended. In December I
+returned to the Kennebec, and in the spring of 1836 went to Dead river
+to drive, but an attack of the measles and general ill health, with
+symptoms of pulmonary derangement, compelled me to abandon the work. I
+had lived nine years on the Kennebec, years of hard labor and exertion
+beyond my strength, and in that time had earned enough to pay my
+father two hundred and fifty dollars. I had been able to purchase a
+small library, and had two hundred dollars in cash to defray my
+expenses to the West.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reminiscences.</span>&mdash;He that leaves the home of his youth for a strange
+land carries with him memories, pleasant to recall, of scenes and
+incidents, the influence of which he feels to the latest hour of life.
+There are some things he can not forget. They may not be an essential
+part of his own life history, but still they have found a place in his
+mind and seem a part of himself, and he recurs to them again and again
+with ever increasing delight. There are other things, may be, not so
+pleasant to dwell upon, which still have a place in his memory and may
+be profitably recalled. No one who has ever lived in Maine can forget
+its dark pine forests, its rugged hills, its rushing streams, cold and
+clear as crystal, its broad lakes, the abundant game of its forests
+and the fish in its waters. The Minnesota and Wisconsin pioneers, who
+with the author of this book claim Maine as an early home, will not
+object to the insertion in this chapter of a few of these
+reminiscences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moosehead Lake.</span>&mdash;My first visit to Moosehead lake was in the early
+winter of 1834. At that time it was still in the wilderness, only two
+settlers having found their way to its shores. We were going with a
+six ox team to a camp on the Brasua and our road led us across the
+frozen lake. Emerging from a beech and maple grove on the margin near
+Haskell's, our sled plunged downward, and in a moment we found
+ourselves on the gray ice of the lake, with a wonderful panorama
+spread out before us. The distant islands and the shores, hilly and
+mountainous, stood out plainly between the winter sky and the ice
+covered lake. The mirage added its finishing touches to the picture,
+increasing the brightness and apparent size of distant objects, or
+lending them brilliant hues, the whole scene sparkling in the frosty
+sunlit air, making a vision of beauty that could not fade. On we
+trudged over the ice, the sled creaking, the ice emitting a roaring
+sound, not unlike the discharge of a park of artillery, sounds
+produced by the expansion of the ice. We trudged on past islands and
+craggy, rock-bound shores, passed Burnt Jacket, Squaw and Moxey
+mountains in the east, Lily and Spencer bays at the southeast, Misery
+and other mountains in the west, while far away to the north of east
+towered white old Katahdin. Before us loomed up the flint rock Kinneo,
+its perpendicular face fronting west, on the lake; at the base a
+beautiful maple interval extending toward Spencer bay.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following spring our boom lay wind-bound at the base of Kinneo,
+and we seized the opportunity of climbing the vast pile of flinty
+rocks composing it, and obtained thence a view of unparalleled beauty,
+including the broad, bright lake, fairy islands, mountains and hills
+and vast stretches of pine forests. The tourist might seek far and
+wide, vainly, for a landscape rivaling this.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moose Hunting.</span>&mdash;The lake and surrounding country offer unrivaled
+attractions to the sportsman. The lake abounds in fish, of which the
+lake trout is the most abundant in number and delicious in flavor.
+Specimens are frequently taken weighing from ten to fifteen pounds.
+The forests at that time abounded in wild animals, chief of which was
+the moose, the largest and the homeliest of the deer family. With his
+long, narrow head, small eyes, donkey-like ears, pendant lips, the
+upper one curling like a small proboscis, with his high shoulders and
+giraffe-like hips, with his short, round body, long and clumsy legs,
+he is as distinguished for his want of grace and comeliness as the red
+deer is for its presence. No animal is better adapted for its own home
+and mode of life. Their heavy coat of hair adapts them to high
+latitudes. With their curved upper lip they take hold of the branches
+of the trees, and with their strong teeth and paws they are able to
+peel off the tender bark of saplings and small trees. The moose, when
+attacked, is fierce, resolute, defiant, and defends himself in a
+masterly manner, striking with his fore legs with such precision that
+the hunter is obliged to keep at a respectful distance. The male moose
+wears a remarkable pair of horns of annual growth, to which each year
+a prong is added. The home of the moose is the northern part of the
+North Temperate Zone.</p>
+
+<p>Moose hunting is a healthy though laborious pastime. The hunter must
+be an expert, and it requires years of practice to become skillful. He
+must build his camp in the wilderness, packing thither his food,
+blankets, camp utensils and gun. With his pack of dogs he starts out
+in search of a moose yard. This is generally in some well timbered
+district. The snow in winter is generally from three to six feet deep,
+but the moose has broken paths through this to facilitate his
+movements through the forest, and here he roams about in fancied
+security, browsing on the young shrubs, but the hunter finds his
+hiding place. In such case he conceals himself in the snow near one of
+these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> paths and waits patiently till the moose passes, when he fires
+upon him. If the moose is killed at once the hunter waits patiently in
+his hiding place till another and another comes up to share a like
+fate. If the moose is only wounded he starts off as rapidly through
+the snow as his long legs will carry him, pursued by the hunter and
+his dogs. The hunter has all the advantages of the position, being
+mounted on snowshoes, thus being able to move with comparative
+swiftness, while the moose plunges heavily through the snow, and at
+last, weakened by loss of blood, he is overtaken and easily killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mount Bigelow.</span>&mdash;This is a noble, grand, historical mountain, situated
+on the south side of Dead river, in Franklin county. For years it had
+been my strong desire to make the ascent, and in May, 1833, the desire
+was gratified. With six others, I left camp, and by evening reached
+Green's hotel, where we obtained lodgings for the evening. At early
+dawn, having supplied ourselves with lunch, tin cup and hatchet, we
+began the ascent on the northeast side. We soon passed the thrifty
+timber and aided our ascent of the craggy sides of the mountain by
+clinging to the shrubs that found roothold in the crevices of the
+rocks. It may not be amiss to say that we rested, that we rested
+frequently, for mountain climbing is no light work for those
+unaccustomed to it. While toiling wearily upward we found ourselves
+enveloped in mist, or a cloud, from which we soon emerged to find the
+heavens above us clear and bright, while leaden clouds shut out the
+landscape below. At twelve o'clock, noon, we were on the summit. By
+this time the clouds had been dispersed. The air was clear and cold
+and beneath us lay, as in a beautiful panorama, the lands and lakes of
+Maine. There are two peaks, about half a mile apart, between which is
+a valley and a small lake. From the highest of these peaks the view
+was magnificent. In the far north we imagined we saw Canada. The vast,
+northern expanse was all unoccupied save by a few farms at the foot of
+the mountain, and by a few camps of lumbermen, hunters and trappers.
+Looking to the northeast, we saw in the blue distance, glittering with
+snow drifts, Mount Katahdin. A little north of the divide line to
+Katahdin lay Moosehead lake, the largest, most beautiful lake in
+Maine.</p>
+
+<p>At this season of the year the snow had disappeared from the valleys
+and hills, but the summits of the mountains were still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> white. In all
+directions the scene was grand and inspiring. We could trace the
+Kennebec river in its windings to the sea and fancied we could see in
+the dim distance the blue Atlantic. To the southwest mountains seemed
+piled on mountains, while here and there in intermediate vales bright
+lakes reflected the blue of the upper deep. In this direction there
+were farms, but they looked like mere dots on the face of the earth.
+Lake Umbagog lay coiled in the shade of distant mountains in the
+southwest. We fancied that we could see the ragged crest of the white
+mountain still further beyond. The scene had also its historical
+associations. Along the base of this mountain, on the northwestern
+side, ere his name had been sullied by the foulest treason in our
+country's history, Benedict Arnold bravely led the Colonial troops in
+the campaign against Canada. With him, as an aid, was Col. Bigelow,
+whose name is given to the mountain. The gallant little army halted on
+the banks of Dead river at the base of the mountain, and made their
+camp. While the army was resting at this camp Lieut. Col. Bigelow
+ascended the mountain and planted his country's flag upon the highest
+peak, doubtless the first white man who made the ascent, and the
+mountain is his monument to-day. Around the site of the camp was
+planted the colony of Flagstaff.</p>
+
+<p>While we were gazing on the magnificent scene, musing upon its varied
+beauties and recalling its historical associations, the sun set, and
+reluctantly we set out on our return, a descent the more perilous
+because it was growing dark. Extreme caution was necessary;
+nevertheless we made good headway, as we found ourselves sometimes
+sliding and even rolling down the path that we had ascended with so
+much difficulty in the forenoon. It was long after nightfall that,
+tired and hungry, we reached Wyman's hotel on the banks of Dead river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lumbering in Maine.</span>&mdash;The practical lumberman did not usually start his
+teams for the pineries until snowfall and the freezing of the lakes
+and rivers. The first thing was to select a place for operations. This
+was done in the open season. When the winter had fairly set in the
+lumberman, with his ox teams, generally six oxen to a sled, the sleds
+laden with camp plunder, would start for the pineries. The slow ox
+teams would consume many days making the journey. The crew of men
+employed for the winter generally met the teams in camp. The snow
+would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> be cleared away for the camp, and a fire built. The cook would
+prepare a supper of fried pork, fritters or pancakes, tea, syrup and
+New England apple sauce, the crew meanwhile cutting boughs, wood,
+etc., and preparing for permanent camp. Supper over, the cattle were
+tied to trees and fed. Water was secured for evening use only. A
+glowing fire would be kept up, around which the crew would gather to
+spend the evening in talking over the adventures of the day,
+discussing plans for the morrow or singing camp songs. Thus the
+evening would pass merrily and swiftly. At the hour for retiring
+parties of two would spread their blankets on a couch of fir or cedar
+boughs, and lie down to rest. Next morning the cook would rise at four
+o'clock to prepare breakfast, which over, as soon as it was light
+enough the crew would commence the work of the day. Every man goes to
+his assigned duties, the <i>boss</i> in charge having the general
+oversight.</p>
+
+<p>The life of a lumberman is one of exposure to the elements, yet it is
+not necessarily unfriendly to the development of character. With a
+well ordered camp and gentlemanly crew the winter may pass away
+pleasantly, and the young man engaged in the comparatively hard toil
+of the camp, may, with books and papers and cheerful converse with the
+more thoughtful of his elders, improve the long evenings spent around
+the camp fire. Many a Maine boy has received here the greater part of
+his training for the duties of after life.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday was usually occupied in reading, singing, and doing some of the
+lighter work of camp, such as repairing sleds, shoeing oxen and making
+axe helves or visiting neighboring camps. It was a day of rest only so
+far as the heavier work of the camp was suspended. Sanctuary
+privileges there were none. The work would often close in the sunny
+days of March. The men would mostly depart for home. A few would
+remain to drive the logs with the first water from the melting of the
+snows late in April.</p>
+
+<p>Driving logs in the rapid waters of Maine is hazardous work. Scarcely
+a day passes without imminent risk to life and limb of the hardy and
+venturesome men engaged in the work of breaking log landings and jams,
+and running boats. Men are exposed to wet and cold from dawn till
+dark. This work requires active and vigorous men, constitutionally
+fitted and carefully trained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> to the work. They are usually sociable,
+lively and wide awake, these qualities enabling them to endure, and
+even to enjoy, the life of hardship which they lead, and to which they
+become so accustomed that they are unwilling to leave it until worn
+out by its inevitable hardship.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+W. H. C. Folsom                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href="#front">Frontispiece</a></span><br />
+<br />
+James S. Anderson                                               <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Martin Mower                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span><br />
+<br />
+John McKusick                                                   <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Edward White Durant                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span><br />
+<br />
+William M. Blanding                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reuben F. Little                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Oliver Wendell Holmes Hospital                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></span><br />
+<br />
+John Comstock                                                  <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hans B. Warner                                                 <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rev. Wm. T. Boutwell                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_273'>273</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Devil's Chair                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_301'>301</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Frank N. Peterson                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_320'>320</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rev. E. E. Edwards                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_348'>348</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Smith Ellison                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_351'>351</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Isaac Staples                                                  <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_413">413</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Jacob Bean                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_416'>416</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Louis Hospes                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_418'>418</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fort Snelling                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_498'>498</a></span><br />
+<br />
+William D. Washburn                                            <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_517">517</a></span><br />
+<br />
+John S. Pillsbury                                              <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_528">528</a></span><br />
+<br />
+St. Anthony Falls                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_531'>531</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Birdseye View of St. Paul                                      <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_536">536</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Henry H. Sibley                                                <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_553">553</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Alex. Ramsey                                                   <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_555">555</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Henry M. Rice                                                  <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_558">558</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Edmund Rice                                                    <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_560">560</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wm. Rainey Marshall                                            <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_568">568</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wm. H. Fisher                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_571'>571</a></span><br />
+<br />
+John B. Sanborn                                                <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_577">577</a></span><br />
+<br />
+H. P. Hall                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_589'>589</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hon. G. W. Le Duc                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_594'>594</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lucius F. Hubbard                                              <span class="tocnum">opp <a href="#Page_597">597</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Home of the Author                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_614'>614</a></span><br />
+<br />
+State Seal                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_658'>658</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Seal of Old Settlers Association                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_732'>732</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+INTRODUCTION.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographical.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genealogy of the American Folsoms                <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_vii">VII</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Autobiographical.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parentage                             <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_ix">IX</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time and Place of Birth                      <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_ix">IX</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earliest Recollections                      <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_ix">IX</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Removal to Bloomfield, Maine                    <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_x">X</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Essay at Logging                       <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_x">X</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commencing Life                          <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xi">XI</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lost in the Snow                         <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xiii">XIII</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adventure on Moosehead Lake                   <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xii">XII</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the Penobscot                         <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xii">XII</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reminiscences of Maine                      <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xiii">XIII</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moosehead Lake                          <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xiii">XIII</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ascent of Kinneo Mountain              <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xiv">XIV</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moose Hunting                          <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xiv">XIV</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mount Bigelow                           <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xv">XV</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lumbering in Maine                        <span class="tocnum"><a href="#Page_xvi">XVI</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER I.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Going West.</span>                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lakes Huron and Michigan                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago and Milwaukee                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Foot to Galena                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Northwestern Territory                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arrival at Dubuque                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reminiscences of Dubuque                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arrival at Prairie du Chien                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early History of Prairie du Chien                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ancient Document                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forts Shelby&mdash;McKay&mdash;Crawford                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Commissioners at Prairie du Chien             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization of Crawford County                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Troubles                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Running the Gauntlet                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Crawford Robbed                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Justice                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Southward Journey                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Orleans, Vicksburg                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Return to Prairie du Chien                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Privations                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Perilous Journey                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Return to Maine&mdash;Mountains of New Hampshire           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marriage                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prairie du Chien in 1837                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American Residents                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Duane Doty                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James H. Lockwood                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Troubles                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Lockwood                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Gilbert                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael Brisbois                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre La Point                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Rolette                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hercules Dousman                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. David Lowry                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Justice Charles Dunn                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Alfred Brunson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ira Brunson                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John H. Folsom                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ezekiel Tainter                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge Wyram Knowlton                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Lester                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Pendleton Burnett                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General Henry Dodge                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General George W. Jones                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. G. and S. L. Tainter, John Thomas              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER II.<br />
+<br />
+STILLWATER AND ST. CROIX COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+From Prairie du Chien to Stillwater                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span><br />
+Stillwater in 1845                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span><br />
+St. Croix County                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlement in 1838                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dismemberment of St. Croix Valley from Crawford County     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge Irwin's Court in 1840                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Events in 1840, First Commissioners' Meeting          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Election Precincts in 1841                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></span><br />
+Early History of Stillwater                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Saw Mill                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copy of Agreement of Mill Company                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agreement of Land Claims                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateau Voyage up the St. Croix                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Drunks                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skiff Voyage to Prairie du Chien                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mail Carrying                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claim and Mill at Arcola                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></span><br />
+Stillwater in 1846, Events                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overland Trip to Prairie du Chien                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Return, Adventure                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Pioneer Cat                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span></span><br />
+Stillwater in 1847                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Territorial Election                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arrest of Nodin and Ne-she-ke-o-ge-ma              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visit to Sunrise, Connor's Camp                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murder of Henry Rust                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Funeral, Indignation Meeting                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First District Court in Stillwater               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nodin and Ne-she-ke-o-ge-ma Acquitted              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steamer War Eagle and Raft                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Society Ball in Stillwater                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stillwater in 1848                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER III.<br />
+<br />
+BIOGRAPHIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Renshaw Brown                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Carli                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Christopher Carli                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lydia Ann Carli                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phineas Lawrence                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Fisher                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James S. Anderson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emanuel D. Farmer                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. John Greely                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Hannah Greely                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elam Greely                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Himan Greely                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aquilla Greely                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elias McKean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calvin F. Leach                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Socrates Nelson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Socrates Nelson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Blake                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter R Vail                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John E Mower                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin Mower                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Willim                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert Harris                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelius Lyman                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David B Loomis                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William E Cove                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Smith                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Morgan                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anson Northrup                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Kennedy                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvey Wilson                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Jackson Short                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James D McComb                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Rutherford                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albion Masterman                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph N Masterman                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahlon Black                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morton S Wilkinson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Stanchfield                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Ramsdell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Macey                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan E McKusick                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John McKusick                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William McKusick                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noah McKusick                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal McKusick                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ivory E McKusick                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles E Leonard                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel McLean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Simpson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H Hooper                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James H Spencer                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John T Blackburn                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph T Blackburn                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace McKinstry                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth M Sawyer                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Sawyer                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alvah D Heaton                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John McKenzie                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George McKenzie                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Kattenberg                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julius F Brunswick                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry McLean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugh Burns                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sylvanus Trask                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ariel Eldridge                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward White Durant                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver Parsons                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert Stimson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abraham Van Voorhees                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael E Owens                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bonin                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marcel Gagnon                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sebastian Marty                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Marty                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adam Marty                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael McHale                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Watson                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev Eleazer A Greenleaf                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J B Covey                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Shaesby                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S Proctor                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barron Proctor                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Westing                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Dunn                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles J Gardiner                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Staples                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josiah Staples                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel M Darling                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></span><br />
+Early River Pilots                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joe Perro                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James McPhail                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Cormack                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Hanford                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Leach                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen B Hanks                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel S Hanks                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER IV<br />
+<br />
+POLK COUNTY<br />
+<br />
+Description and History                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin Steele, the First Pioneer               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His Account of the Settlement                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></span><br />
+The St Croix Falls Lumbering Company                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization and History                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span>St Croix River, Origin of Name                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treaty and Purchase of 1838                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></span><br />
+History of Polk County                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">County Seat located at St. Croix Falls             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Election County Officers                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Happenings                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Liquor Traffic                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melancholy Results                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death of Hall and Livingston                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian "Jamboree."                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frontier Justice                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balsam Lake Murders                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Execution of an Indian                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of St. Croix Falls in 1848              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Natural Language                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drowning of H. H. Perkins                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Quailtown Murder                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mineral Permits                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marriage under Difficulties                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Indian Scare                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Fire Canoe                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mill Building                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">More Indian Murders                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Battle of Stillwater                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Loggers                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Rafting                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Indian Payment                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Dancing and Theft                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Other Thefts                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hard Times                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puzzled Indians, "Ugh! Ugh!"                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Worth and Muckatice                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER V.<br />
+<br />
+POLK COUNTY&mdash;CONTINUED.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gov. William Holcombe                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William S. Hungerford                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caleb Cushing                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge Henry D. Barron                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_105'>105</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George W. Brownell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. Robert C. Murphy                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Worth                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Mary C. Worth                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maurice M. Samuels                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph B. Churchill                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John McLean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilman Jewell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elisha Creech                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James W. McGlothlin                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew L. Tuttle                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Weymouth                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B. W. Reynolds                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus Gaylord                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James D. Reymert                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William J. Vincent                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson Brothers                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Amery                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis Barlow                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Levi W. Stratton                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elma M. Blanding                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blanding Family                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick G. Bartlett                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michael Field                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></span><br />
+Alden                                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. A. B. Peabody                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. M. Babcock                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></span><br />
+Apple River                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span><br />
+Balsam Lake                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span><br />
+Beaver                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span><br />
+Black Brook                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span><br />
+Clam Falls                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel F. Smith                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></span><br />
+Clayton                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reuben F. Little                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></span><br />
+Clear Lake                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span><br />
+Pineville                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank M. Nye                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></span><br />
+Eureka                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Nevers                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></span><br />
+Farmington                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harmon Crandall                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Wall                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Ramsey                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hiram R. Nason                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel F. Nason                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John McAdams                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Tea                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span></span><br />
+Garfield                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span><br />
+Georgetown                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Double Murder                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George P. Anderson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></span><br />
+Laketown                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span><br />
+Lincoln                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Wilson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></span><br />
+Loraine                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William W. Gallespie                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span></span><br />
+Luck                                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H. Foster                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span></span><br />
+Milltown                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick Lillis                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></span><br />
+Osceola                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scenery                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Happenings                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Change of Name                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></span><br />
+Osceola Village                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Mears                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson McCarty                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William O. Mahony                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Arnold                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Kent, Sr.                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Kent                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Kent                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, James, Thomas, and John Kent             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Close                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer Ayres                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Carmi P. Garlick                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Godfrey                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William A. Talboys                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles H. Staples                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Peake                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Wilson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel B. Dresser                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic A. Dresser                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oscar A. Clark                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oscar F. Knapp                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Elisabeth B. Hayes                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyrus G. Bradley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. Hale                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edgar C. Treadwell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></span><br />
+St. Croix Falls                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Croix Falls Village                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></span><br />
+West Sweden                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span><br />
+Sterling                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Samuel Deneen                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William W. Trimmer                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold Densmore                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER VI.<br />
+<br />
+ST. CROIX COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Organization, 1840                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span><br />
+Division, 1848                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span><br />
+County Seat Located at Buena Vista                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span><br />
+First Election                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span><br />
+Division of the County, 1853                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span><br />
+Present Limits                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span><br />
+General Description                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span><br />
+Monument Rock                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></span><br />
+Towns and Date of Organization                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+St. Croix County Agricultural Society                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+Pomona Grange                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+Agricultural Statistics                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+Manufactures                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span><br />
+St. Croix Poor Farm                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span><br />
+First Tax Roll of County, 1848                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span><br />
+Hudson City                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Original Claimants                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Survey, etc.                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Deed Recorded                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Government                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayors of the City                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Schools                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Military Institute                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mills and Manufactories                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banks                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver Wendell Holmes Hospital                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water Works                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hotels, the Great Fire, 1866                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Social and Benevolent Organizations              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Massey                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter Bouchea                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Steets                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. John B. Page                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Philip Aldrich                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Nobles Family                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Purinton                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ammah Andrews                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Walstow                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Sanders                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. W. Stone                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bowron                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moses Perin                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John O. Henning                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moses S. Gibson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Col. James Hughes                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_164'>164</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Anderson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alfred Day                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Otis Hoyt                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. S. N. Fuller                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miles H. Van Meter                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip B. Jewell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Tobin                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace A. Taylor                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeremiah Whaley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon Hunt                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Moffatt                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James H. Childs                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Dwelley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James M. Fulton                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marcus A. Fulton                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David C. Fulton                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N. S. Holden                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H. Semmes                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sterling Jones                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. R. Bailey                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry C. Baker                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mert Herrick                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. A. Baldwin                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Comstock                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucius P. Wetherby                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John C. Spooner                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Porter                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herman L. Humphrey                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theodore Cogswell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_172'>172</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank P. Catlin                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_172'>172</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Y. Denniston                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. E. Jefferson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel C. Symonds                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John E. Glover                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemuel North                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edgar Nye                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William T. Price                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. B. Bundy                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Towns and Biographies.</span><br />
+Baldwin                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baldwin Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_174'>174</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woodville Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_175'>175</a></span></span><br />
+Cady                                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_175'>175</a></span><br />
+Cylon                                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_175'>175</a></span><br />
+Eau Galle                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span><br />
+Emerald                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span><br />
+Erin Prairie                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span><br />
+Forest                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_177'>177</a></span><br />
+Glenwood                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_177'>177</a></span><br />
+Hammond                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_177'>177</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammond Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Thayer                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. William Egbert                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span></span><br />
+Hudson                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Kelly                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Coit                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Virtue                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theodore M. Bradley                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Dailey                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert and Wm. McDiarmid                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Martin                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paschal Aldrich                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></span></span><br />
+Kinnikinic                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duncan McGregor                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. B. and James A. Mapes                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_181'>181</a></span></span><br />
+Pleasant Valley                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span><br />
+Richmond                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_182'>182</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span>Boardman Village                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span><br />
+Gridley Village                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span><br />
+New Richmond Village                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span><br />
+New Richmond City                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_183'>183</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank, High School                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin B.C. Foster                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Philbrick                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden Coombs                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eben Quinby                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis Oaks                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Russell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph D. Johnson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel Bartlett                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis W. Bartlett                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George C. Hough                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silas Staples                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_186'>186</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Henry Murdock                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_187'>187</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steven N. Hawkins                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_187'>187</a></span></span><br />
+Rush River                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></span><br />
+Somerset                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></span><br />
+Somerset Village                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen. Samuel Harriman                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span></span><br />
+St. Joseph                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_190'>190</a></span><br />
+Houlton Village                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span><br />
+Burkhardt Village                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span><br />
+Springfield                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span><br />
+Hersey Village                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span><br />
+Wilson Village                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+Stanton                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+Star Prairie                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+Huntington Village                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+Star Prairie Village                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hon. R. K. Fay                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span></span><br />
+Troy                                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Chinnock                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William L. Perrin                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span></span><br />
+Warren                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Hill                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span></span><br />
+Village Plats                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER VII<br />
+<br />
+PIERCE COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Descriptive                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_196'>196</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History, First Events                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">County Seat Changed to Ellsworth                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_198'>198</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Railroads                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miscellaneous Statistics                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Village Plats                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization of Towns                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_200'>200</a></span></span><br />
+Clifton                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_200'>200</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George W. McMurphy                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Osborne Strahl                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles B. Cox                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ephraim Harnsberger                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></span><br />
+Diamond Bluff                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. John Paine                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Day                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah A. Vance                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allen R. Wilson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. S. Coulter                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Bamber                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Mead                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Walbridge                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles F. Hoyt                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enoch Quinby                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Settler                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></span><br />
+El Paso                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></span><br />
+Ellsworth                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_205'>205</a></span><br />
+Ellsworth Village                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_205'>205</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthony Huddleston                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perry D. Pierce                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hans B. Warner                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></span></span><br />
+Gilman                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></span><br />
+Hartland                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span><br />
+Isabelle                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span><br />
+Maiden Rock                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christopher L. Taylor                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span></span><br />
+Martell                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span><br />
+Oak Grove                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis M. Harnsberger                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span></span><br />
+Prescott City                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_210'>210</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_211'>211</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[Pg xxviii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Platted in 1857                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Official Board                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Statistics, First Events                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churches                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fair Grounds                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cemetery                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Destructive Fires                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_213'>213</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philander Prescott                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_214'>214</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Schaser                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_214'>214</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William S. Lockwood                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Monroe Bailey                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adolph Werkman                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Manese                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hilton Doe                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lute A. Taylor                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Huitt                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John M. Rice                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></span></span><br />
+An Indian Battle                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></span><br />
+River Falls                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_217'>217</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Happenings                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_217'>217</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water Powers                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_217'>217</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schools at River Falls                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_218'>218</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">River Falls Academy                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_218'>218</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churches                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_219'>219</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Associations                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_219'>219</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank, Railroad                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_220'>220</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fires                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_220'>220</a></span></span><br />
+River Falls City, Organization                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_220'>220</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Falls of Kinnikinic                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_220'>220</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Cave Cabin                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_221'>221</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fourth State Normal School                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_221'>221</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel Foster                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse B. Thayer                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. D. Andrews                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph A. Short                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_225'>225</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. Allen H. Weld                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_225'>225</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allen P. Weld                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_225'>225</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George W. Nichols                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_225'>225</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. D. Parker                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Powell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lyman Powell                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel N. Powell                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver S. Powell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_226'>226</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nils P. Haugen                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. L. Wadsworth                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></span></span><br />
+Rock Elm                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></span><br />
+Salem                                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></span><br />
+Spring Lake                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_228'>228</a></span><br />
+Trenton                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_228'>228</a></span><br />
+Trimbelle                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. B. Williams                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></span></span><br />
+Union                                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<br />
+BURNETT, WASHBURN, SAWYER AND BARRON COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Burnett County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Location and Description                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_230'>230</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_231'>231</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine Barrens                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_231'>231</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murders                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old Geezhic                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_233'>233</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Mission                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_234'>234</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Chippewas of Wood Lake                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_236'>236</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grantsburg                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Canute Anderson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_237'>237</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Hickerson Family                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Anderson Family                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robert A. Doty                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Cranberry Marshes                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_239'>239</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Washburn County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description, Town Organization                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_240'>240</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Events                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_240'>240</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shell Lake, Summit Lake                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Board of County Officers                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shell Lake Lumber Company                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_241'>241</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sawyer Creek                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spooner Station                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Veazie Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sawyer County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization, Description                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_242'>242</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">County Indebtedness                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_243'>243</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Town of Hayward                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_243'>243</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Village of Hayward                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_243'>243</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Events, Schools, Churches, etc.             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_244'>244</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank, Lumber Company                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_244'>244</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Malcomb Dobie                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_245'>245</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Milton V. Stratton                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_245'>245</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Barron County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description, Organization                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_245'>245</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turtle Lake, Town and Village                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_245'>245</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barron, Perley Village                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cumberland Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sprague                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_246'>246</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comstock and Barronett Villages                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_247'>247</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles Simeon Taylor                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_247'>247</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER IX.<br />
+<br />
+ASHLAND, BAYFIELD AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ashland County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History, Location, Description                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isles of the Apostles                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_248'>248</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude Allouez at Madeline Island               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early History of La Pointe                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Remarkable Epitaph                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pointe County Election                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John W. Bell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ashland                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">History, First Events                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_250'>250</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Asaph Whittlesey                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_251'>251</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. P. T. Haskell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_251'>251</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. S. Vaughn                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_251'>251</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. Edwin Ellis                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_252'>252</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Martin Beaser                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_252'>252</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hon. Sam S. Fifield                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_252'>252</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Bayfield County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Location and History                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_253'>253</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bayfield Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_253'>253</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washburn, Drummond, etc.                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Douglas County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description and History                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Election                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_254'>254</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Superior City                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">History                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Early Speculation                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_256'>256</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Period of Depression                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_257'>257</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Superior                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Bardon Brothers                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William H. Newton                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Judge Solon H. Clough                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vincent Roy                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_259'>259</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D. George Morrison                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_259'>259</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">August Zachau                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_259'>259</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER X.<br />
+<br />
+PINE COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_260'>260</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_260'>260</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Events                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Finances, Railroads                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Losses by Fire                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_262'>262</a></span></span><br />
+Pokegama Lake and Mission                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_262'>262</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Conner's Trading Post                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_262'>262</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterian Mission                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_263'>263</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mushk-de-winini                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_263'>263</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battle of Pokegama                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_264'>264</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cannibalism                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_265'>265</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Noble Chief                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_267'>267</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Confessions                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_267'>267</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Cowardly Deed                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Unjust Accusation                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_268'>268</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Magnanimity                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rev. Frederic Ayer                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_269'>269</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rev. William T. Boutwell                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_272'>272</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Discovery of Itasca                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_274'>274</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[Pg xxx]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Hester C. Boutwell                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_276'>276</a></span></span><br />
+Chengwatana                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_276'>276</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_276'>276</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chengwatana Village Platted                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chengwatana Town Organized                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Louis Ayd                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Duane Porter                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. A. Hutchinson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_277'>277</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hinckley, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hinckley, Village of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Morrison                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sandstone Village and Quarries                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wm. H. Grant, Sr.                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kettle River, Town of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John C. Hanley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mission Creek                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine City, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_280'>280</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pine City, Village of                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richard G. Robinson                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hiram Brackett                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Randall K. Burrows                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John S. Ferson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel Millet                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rock Creek                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Enoch Horton                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royalton                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_282'>282</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Windermere                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_283'>283</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Neshodana, Fortuna, St. John's                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_283'>283</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Rock Creek Murder                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_283'>283</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burning of a Jail                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_283'>283</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Disfigured Family                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_284'>284</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian Faith Cure                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_284'>284</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian Graves                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_284'>284</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian Stoicism                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_285'>285</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Old Batice                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_285'>285</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">An Indian Dance                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_285'>285</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XI.<br />
+<br />
+KANABEC, ISANTI, AND MILLE LACS COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kanabec County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History, Boundaries, etc.                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_286'>286</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_286'>286</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers, First Election                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_287'>287</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Events                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_287'>287</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arthur                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mora, Village of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stephen L. Danforth                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">N. H. Danforth                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alvah J. Conger                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ira Conger                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bronson, Village of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_288'>288</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Brunswick, Village of                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ground House City                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Pennington                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George L. Staples                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_289'>289</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Daniel Gordon                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_290'>290</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grass Lake, Town of                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_290'>290</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Isanti County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_290'>290</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cambridge                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Branch, Town of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oxford, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stephen Hewson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George W. Nesbit                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rensselaer Grant                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Mille Lacs County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_292'>292</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mille Lacs Reservation                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">County Organization in 1860                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Election and Officers                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_293'>293</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Milacca, Village of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_294'>294</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bridgman, Village of                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_294'>294</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Princeton, Village of                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_294'>294</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel Ross                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joseph L. Cater                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M. V. B. Cater                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edwin Allen                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John H. Allen                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. B. Damon                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[Pg xxxi]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. H. Chadbourne                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XII.<br />
+<br />
+CHISAGO COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Location, Surface, Scenery                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_298'>298</a></span><br />
+Chisago Lake                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_298'>298</a></span><br />
+Dalles of the St. Croix                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_299'>299</a></span><br />
+Origin of the Formation                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span><br />
+The Devil's Chair                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_300'>300</a></span><br />
+The Wells                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_301'>301</a></span><br />
+Settlement and Organization                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_302'>302</a></span><br />
+Joe R. Brown to the Front                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_303'>303</a></span><br />
+Prehistoric Remains                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_303'>303</a></span><br />
+Robinet in Possession                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_303'>303</a></span><br />
+Robinet Bought Off, First Improvements                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span><br />
+Death of B. F. Baker                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span><br />
+The First Log House Built                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span><br />
+First Crops Raised                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span><br />
+First Election                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_305'>305</a></span><br />
+Chisago County Named                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_306'>306</a></span><br />
+First Commissioners                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_307'>307</a></span><br />
+County Seat Located at Taylor's Falls                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_307'>307</a></span><br />
+Removed to Centre City                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_307'>307</a></span><br />
+Amador                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_307'>307</a></span><br />
+First Supervisors                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_308'>308</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thornton Bishop                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_308'>308</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Holmes                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_308'>308</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James M. Martin                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span></span><br />
+Branch                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span><br />
+North Branch Station                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry L. Ingalls                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Lavina L. Ingalls                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span></span><br />
+Chisago Lake, First Settlers                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_310'>310</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Crops                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swedish Lutheran Church                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_311'>311</a></span></span><br />
+Centre City                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Swenson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Van Rensselaer                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_312'>312</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Axel Dahliam                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nels Nord                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Join A. Hallberg                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles A. Bush                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lars Johan Stark                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank Mobeck                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Currie                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew N. Holm                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></span><br />
+Cemetery and other Associations                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span><br />
+Incorporation                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span><br />
+Indian Dance                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span><br />
+Lindstrom Village                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_314'>314</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Lindstrom                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magnus S. Shaleen                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span></span><br />
+Chisago City                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Otto Wallmark                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_316'>316</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Wallmark                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_316'>316</a></span></span><br />
+Fish Lake                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_316'>316</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter Berg                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin Franklin                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span></span><br />
+Franconia                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_317'>317</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franconia Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ansel Smith                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry F. and Leonard P. Day                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Wills                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_318'>318</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Clark Brothers                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Smith                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonas Lindall                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Peaslee                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Vitalis                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">August J. Anderson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_320'>320</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank N. Peterson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_320'>320</a></span></span><br />
+Harris                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harris Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_321'>321</a></span></span><br />
+Lent                                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_322'>322</a></span><br />
+Nessell                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_322'>322</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Nessell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_323'>323</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen B. Clark                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_323'>323</a></span></span><br />
+Rush Seba                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_323'>323</a></span><br />
+Rush City                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_323'>323</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Flynn                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_324'>324</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick Flynn                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_324'>324</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus Crocker                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_324'>324</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank H. Pratt                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_324'>324</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Voloro D. Eddy                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_325'>325</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. S. Christianson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_326'>326</a></span></span><br />
+Shafer                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_326'>326</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Shafer                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_326'>326</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter Wickland                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[Pg xxxii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuver Walmarson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andros Anderson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eric Byland                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Peterson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ambrose C. Seavey                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_327'>327</a></span></span><br />
+Sunrise                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_328'>328</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunrise Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_328'>328</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kost Village                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span></span><br />
+Chippewa                                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span><br />
+Dronthiem                                                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_329'>329</a></span><br />
+Nashua                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span><br />
+Washington                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John A. Brown                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patten W. Davis                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James F. Harvey                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floyd S. Bates                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_330'>330</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac H. Warner                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles F. Lowe                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wells Farr                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John G. Mold                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George L. Blood                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel G. Ryder                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Dean                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></span></span><br />
+Taylor's Falls                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></span><br />
+First Post Office and Mail Service                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_332'>332</a></span><br />
+Mills, First Events                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span><br />
+Religious Organizations                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_333'>333</a></span><br />
+Bridge Company                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span><br />
+Banks, Mining Companies                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_334'>334</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XIII.<br />
+<br />
+BIOGRAPHICAL.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse Taylor                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_336'>336</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joshua L. Taylor                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_336'>336</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan C. D. Taylor                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_337'>337</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas F. Morton                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_337'>337</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry N. Setzer                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_337'>337</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick Fox                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_338'>338</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William F. Colby                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oscar Roos                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Thomson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Susan Thomson Mears                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_339'>339</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George De Attly                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Markley                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Dobney                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Dobney                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry H. Newbury                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emil Munch                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_340'>340</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. M. Wilmarth                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucius K. Stannard                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James W. Mullen                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_342'>342</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Caneday                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_342'>342</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George B. Folsom                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_343'>343</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aaron M. Chase                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_343'>343</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter Abear                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_343'>343</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Levi W. Folsom                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eddington Knowles                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Lucius B. Smith                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Comer                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_344'>344</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. Whiting and Brothers                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_345'>345</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic Tang, Sr.                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward W. Folsom                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George W. Seymour                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James A. Woolley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_346'>346</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick Carroll                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Carroll                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. E. Edwards                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_347'>347</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen J. Merrill                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_348'>348</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Noah Marcus Humphrey                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_348'>348</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal C. Gray                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_349'>349</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John P. Owens                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_349'>349</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Clendenning                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_350'>350</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith Ellison                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_350'>350</a></span></span><br />
+Wyoming&mdash;Settlement and Organization                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_350'>350</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wyoming Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_352'>352</a></span></span><br />
+Deer Garden                                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_352'>352</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. O. Tombler                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_352'>352</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. John Woolman Comfort                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Markley                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joel Wright                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Randall Wright                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic Tepel                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_353'>353</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[Pg xxxiii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Henry Sauer                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_354'>354</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XIV.<br />
+<br />
+WASHINGTON COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Organization in 1849                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_355'>355</a></span><br />
+First Board of Officers                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_355'>355</a></span><br />
+Afton                                                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Afton Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Afton                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valley Creek                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mary Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_357'>357</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Haskell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemuel Bolles                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor F. Randolph                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elijah Bissell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Mackey                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></span></span><br />
+Baytown Settlement                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baytown Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></span></span><br />
+Bangor                                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span><br />
+Middletown                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span><br />
+South Stillwater                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mills, etc.                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Docks, Factories, Cemeteries                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></span></span><br />
+Cottage Grove                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cottage Grove Village                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Langdon                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_362'>362</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph W. Furber                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_362'>362</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel W. Furber                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_362'>362</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theodore Furber                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James S. Norris                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis Hill                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Moshier                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Ferguson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Atkinson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></span><br />
+Denmark                                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_364'>364</a></span><br />
+Point Douglas                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_364'>364</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Levi Hertzell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_365'>365</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oscar Burris                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_365'>365</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Hone                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_365'>365</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William B. Dibble                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_366'>366</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Harris                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_366'>366</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harley D. White                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Hetherington                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Shearer                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simon Shingledecker                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caleb Truax                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_367'>367</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abraham Truax                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George W. Campbell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span></span><br />
+Forest Lake, History of                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_368'>368</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain Michael Marsh                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forest Lake Village                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></span></span><br />
+Grant, History of                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dellwood                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eagle City                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahtomedi                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wildwood                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Elliott                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Lamb                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Rutherford                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse H. Soule                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></span></span><br />
+Lakeland, Description and History of                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lakeland Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_372'>372</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry W. Crosby                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reuben H. Sanderson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newton McKusick                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain John Oliver                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_373'>373</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain Asa Barlow Green                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. A. Huntoon                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span></span><br />
+Marine, Origin of Settlement                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Mill Completed                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marine Mills Village                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Lawsuit                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churches, Improvements                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_377'>377</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Losses by Fire                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vasa Village                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orange Walker                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis Walker                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_379'>379</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Burkelo                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_379'>379</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asa S. Parker                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_379'>379</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hiram Berkey                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George B. Judd                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Hale                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Holt                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_380'>380</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Holt                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_381'>381</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Town                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_381'>381</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthias Welshance                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_381'>381</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benj. T. Otis                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Clark                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James R. Meredith                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[Pg xxxiv]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John D. and Thomas E. Ward                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Judd                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic W. Lammers                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James R. M. Gaskill                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></span></span><br />
+Newport, Town of                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_383'>383</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isle Pelee                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_383'>383</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red Rock                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_383'>383</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mission at Red Rock                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_384'>384</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gray Cloud City                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_385'>385</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newport Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_385'>385</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Holton                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_385'>385</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John A. Ford                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_385'>385</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Hopkins, Sr.                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_385'>385</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William R. Brown                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_386'>386</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Fowler                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_386'>386</a></span></span><br />
+Oakdale, Town of                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_386'>386</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake Elmo Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_387'>387</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. C. Gray                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_387'>387</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arthur Stephens                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_388'>388</a></span></span><br />
+Oneka, Town of                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_388'>388</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oneka Station                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_389'>389</a></span></span><br />
+Shady Side Village                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_389'>389</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Hopkins, Jr.                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_389'>389</a></span></span><br />
+Stillwater, Town of                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_389'>389</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak Park                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_390'>390</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David P. Lyman                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_390'>390</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry A. Jackman                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_390'>390</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic J. Curtis                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_391'>391</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Cover                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_391'>391</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Parker                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_391'>391</a></span></span><br />
+Woodbury, Town of                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_391'>391</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob Folstrom                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_392'>392</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander McHattie                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_393'>393</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John McHattie                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_393'>393</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Middleton Family                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_393'>393</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newington Gilbert                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_394'>394</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ebenezer Ayers                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_394'>394</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XV.<br />
+<br />
+WASHINGTON COUNTY&mdash;CONTINUED.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">City of Stillwater.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stillwater in 1850                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_396'>396</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Freshet of 1850                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_397'>397</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A Real Estate Movement                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_397'>397</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Incorporation of Stillwater                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_398'>398</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">List of Marshals                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_398'>398</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Post Office, Mail Routes                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_398'>398</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statistics                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_399'>399</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hotels                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_399'>399</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">City Banks                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_400'>400</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Board of Trade, Water Company                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_402'>402</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fire Department                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_402'>402</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gas Light, Telegraph, Telephone               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_403'>403</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elevator, Express Companies, Bridge             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_403'>403</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lumbering Interests, Flour Mills               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_404'>404</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manufactories                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_404'>404</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Building Association                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_405'>405</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Churches, etc.                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_406'>406</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Public Buildings                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_408'>408</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Societies, etc.                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_409'>409</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cemeteries                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_410'>410</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Agricultural Society                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_410'>410</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">State Prison                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_410'>410</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fires, Bonds, Indebtedness                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_412'>412</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Isaac Staples                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_413'>413</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel F. Hersey &amp; Sons                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_415'>415</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jacob Bean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_416'>416</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles Bean                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_416'>416</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rudolph Lehmicke                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_417'>417</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hollis R. Murdock                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_417'>417</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George M. Seymour                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_417'>417</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Frank A. Seymour                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_418'>418</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Louis Hospes                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_418'>418</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">David Tozer                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_419'>419</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">David Bronson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Maloy                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Susannah Tepass                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William E. Thorne                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edmund J. Butts                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. B. Easton                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_421'>421</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edwin A. Folsom                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_421'>421</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John B. H. Mitchell                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_421'>421</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[Pg xxxv]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joseph Schupp                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_422'>422</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clifford A. Bennett                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_422'>422</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel Mathews                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_422'>422</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John and James Mathews                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter Jourdain                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Rooney                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James N. Castle                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Abraham L. Gallespie                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John C. Gardiner                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_423'>423</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. C. Seward                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_424'>424</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ralph Wheeler                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_424'>424</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edward S. Brown                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_424'>424</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Lowell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_424'>424</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Albert Lowell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nelson H. Van Voorhes                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Andrew J. Van Voorhes                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Henry C. Van Voorhes                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_425'>425</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. A. Bromley                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_426'>426</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles J. Butler                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_426'>426</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Levi E. Thompson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_427'>427</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George Davis                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_427'>427</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William M. McCluer                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_427'>427</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John N. Ahl                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_427'>427</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel M. Register                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_428'>428</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. A. Johnson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_428'>428</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gold T. Curtis                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_429'>429</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Harley D. Curtis                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_429'>429</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Francis R. Delano                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_429'>429</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Henry W. Cannon                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_430'>430</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dwight M. Sabin                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_430'>430</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XVI.<br />
+<br />
+STEARNS, ANOKA AND SHERBURNE COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stearns County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization and History of                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_432'>432</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Cloud                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_434'>434</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Newspapers and Post Office                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_435'>435</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Village and City Organization                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_435'>435</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Land Office, Expenditures                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_435'>435</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The St. Cloud Dam, Improvements               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_436'>436</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Banks, Public Buildings                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_436'>436</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St. John's University                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_437'>437</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Sauk, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter Schaeler                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John L. Wilson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles T. Stearns                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Henry G. Fillmore                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nathaniel Getchell                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Keough                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Loren W. Collins                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_438'>438</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Henry C. Waite                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. S. B. Lowry                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. and Joseph Edelbrock                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Rengel                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Louis A. Evans                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ambrose Freeman                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nathan F. Barnes                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_440'>440</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nehemiah P. Clark                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_441'>441</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Oscar E. Garrison                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_441'>441</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles A. Gilman                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_441'>441</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Other Citizens                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_442'>442</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Anoka County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_442'>442</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers, Commissioners                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_443'>443</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anoka, Town of                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_443'>443</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anoka, City of                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_443'>443</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Incorporation                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_444'>444</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fires, Public Buildings                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_445'>445</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manufactures, Banks                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_445'>445</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bethel, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blaine, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burns, Town of                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centreville, Town of                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Centreville Village                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbus, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_447'>447</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fridley, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_447'>447</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Banfil                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_448'>448</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grow, Town of                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_448'>448</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ham Lake, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_448'>448</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linwood, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_448'>448</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. S. Arnold                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. Ridge                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. G. Green                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. W. Haskell                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. M. Ryan                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[Pg xxxvi]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hurley Family                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak Grove, Town of                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ramsey, Town of                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_449'>449</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Francis, Town of                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_450'>450</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">An Indian Riot                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_450'>450</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jared Benson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_451'>451</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James C. Frost                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_451'>451</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. J. McKenney                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_451'>451</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Henry Batzle                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_452'>452</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John R. Bean                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_452'>452</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. McC. Fridley                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_452'>452</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Staples                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_452'>452</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Capt. James Starkey                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_453'>453</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sherburne County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_453'>453</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_453'>453</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Towns of Sherburne County                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_454'>454</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villages of Sherburne County                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_455'>455</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orono, Elk River                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_455'>455</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">East St. Cloud                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clear Lake                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Becker                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Big Lake                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. Q. A. Nickerson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Henry Bittner                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_456'>456</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Francis DeLille                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_457'>457</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. F. DeLille                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_457'>457</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Howard M. Atkins                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_457'>457</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. F. Hildreth                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel Hayden                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joseph Jerome                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joshua O. Cater                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. F. Bean                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. H. Felch                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Brady                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joshua Briggs                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robert Orrock                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John G. Jamieson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. B. Heath                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_458'>458</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. B. R. Palmer                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_459'>459</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Judge Moses Sherburne                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_459'>459</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles F. George                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_459'>459</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Royal George                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_459'>459</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">W. L. Babcock                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_459'>459</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XVII.<br />
+<br />
+BENTON, MORRISON AND CROW WING COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Benton County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_460'>460</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers, Organization                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_461'>461</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Towns of Benton County                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_461'>461</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villages                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_461'>461</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sauk Rapids, Incorporation                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_461'>461</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dam and Public Buildings                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_462'>462</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Cyclone of 1886                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_462'>462</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Watab Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_462'>462</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Philip Beaupre                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_462'>462</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">David Gilman                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_463'>463</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Beatty                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_463'>463</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ellis Kling                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_463'>463</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George W. Benedict                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_464'>464</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. Q. A. Wood                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_464'>464</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William H. Wood                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_464'>464</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mrs. Wm. H. Wood                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_465'>465</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. DeLacy Wood                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_465'>465</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. H. Wood                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_465'>465</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rev. Sherman Hall                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_465'>465</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jeremiah Russell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_466'>466</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edgar O. Hamlin                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_467'>467</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Morrison County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_468'>468</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_468'>468</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Feuds                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_469'>469</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_469'>469</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winnebago Indiana                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_470'>470</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Towns of Morrison County                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_471'>471</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Falls Village                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_471'>471</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Little Falls Water Power                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_472'>472</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Incorporation                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_473'>473</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Schools and Churches                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_473'>473</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royalton Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_473'>473</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Incorporation, First Officers                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_473'>473</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter Roy                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_473'>473</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Sturgis                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_474'>474</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Fergus                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_474'>474</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nathan Richardson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_475'>475</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[Pg xxxvii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Moses La Fond                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_475'>475</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">O. A. Churchill                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_475'>475</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John M. Kidder                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Warren Kobe                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ola K. Black                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ira W. Bouch                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robert Russell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter A. Green                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rodolphus D. Kinney                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John D. Logan                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Crow Wing County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_477'>477</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Settlers                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_477'>477</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reorganization                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murderers Lynched                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brainerd                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_478'>478</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First Settlers                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_479'>479</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Northern Pacific Sanitarium                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_480'>480</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The Kindred Dam                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_480'>480</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. P. White                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_480'>480</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Allen Morrison                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_480'>480</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles F. Kindred                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_481'>481</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XVIII.<br />
+<br />
+AITKIN, CARLTON, ST. LOUIS, LAKE AND COOK COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Aitkin County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_482'>482</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization, Officers                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_482'>482</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aitkin Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_483'>483</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William A. Aitkin                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_483'>483</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alfred Aitkin                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_483'>483</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nathaniel Tibbett                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_484'>484</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Carlton County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History and Organization                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_484'>484</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Towns of Carlton County                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_485'>485</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomson Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_485'>485</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cloquet Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_485'>485</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moose Lake Station                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_485'>485</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barnum Station                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_486'>486</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahtowa Station                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_486'>486</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Pacific Junction                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_486'>486</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Francis A. Watkins                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_486'>486</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">St. Louis County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_486'>486</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picturesque Scenery                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_487'>487</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commissioners' Meetings                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_487'>487</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Commissioners                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_488'>488</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duluth, Early History                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_488'>488</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Growth, Population                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_489'>489</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mills, Warehouses, Shipments                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_489'>489</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duluth Harbor                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_490'>490</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fish Commission                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_490'>490</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fond du Lac Village                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_491'>491</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oneota Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clifton Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portland Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endion Village                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Middleton Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montezuma Village                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buchanan Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Louis Falls Village                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_492'>492</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fremont Island                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_493'>493</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tower                             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_493'>493</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George R. Stuntz                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_494'>494</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George E. Stone                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_494'>494</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles H. Graves                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_494'>494</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ozro P. Stearns                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_494'>494</a></span></span><br />
+Lake County.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_495'>495</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Harbors                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_496'>496</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Cook County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History and Organization                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_496'>496</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XIX.<br />
+<br />
+HENNEPIN COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Organization and History, Towns                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_497'>497</a></span><br />
+Fort Snelling                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_497'>497</a></span><br />
+Treaty of 1837                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_499'>499</a></span><br />
+First Land Claims, 1838                                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_499'>499</a></span><br />
+Cheever's Tower                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_500'>500</a></span><br />
+St. Anthony Village Platted                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_500'>500</a></span><br />
+First Marriage in the Territory                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_500'>500</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[Pg xxxviii]</a></span>First Courts, School, Post Office                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_501'>501</a></span><br />
+Church Organizations                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_501'>501</a></span><br />
+The Suspension Bridge Built                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span><br />
+St. Anthony Incorporated 1855                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Annexation to Minneapolis, 1872                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span></span><br />
+St. Anthony Falls                                                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Salle's Description                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span></span><br />
+Minneapolis, Early Settlers                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Land Claims                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_504'>504</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Business Enterprises                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_505'>505</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mills Erected                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_505'>505</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Anthony Water Power Company                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_506'>506</a></span></span><br />
+Minneapolis Named, Land Office                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_506'>506</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Incorporation as a City, 1867                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_506'>506</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Annexation of St. Anthony                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_506'>506</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Mayors                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_507'>507</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water vs. Steam                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_507'>507</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terrific Explosion at the Flour Mills             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_508'>508</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suburban Resorts                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_508'>508</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Public Buildings                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_509'>509</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Post Office Statistics                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_510'>510</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lumber Manufactured                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_511'>511</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bonded Debt, Taxes, Expenses                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_511'>511</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Minneapolis                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_511'>511</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Biographies.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calvin A. Tuttle                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_512'>512</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyrus Aldrich                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_512'>512</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Alfred E. Ames                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_514'>514</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Albert A. Ames                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_514'>514</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesse Ames                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_515'>515</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cadwallader C. Washburn                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_515'>515</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William D. Washburn                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_517'>517</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph C. Whitney                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_517'>517</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Hoag                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_518'>518</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin Steele                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_518'>518</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roswell P. Russell                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_519'>519</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horatio P. Van Cleve                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_520'>520</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte O. Van Cleve                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_520'>520</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ard Godfrey                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_520'>520</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Chute                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_521'>521</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lucius N. Parker                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_521'>521</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain John Rollins                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_521'>521</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John G. Lennon                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_521'>521</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John H. Stevens                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_522'>522</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caleb D. Dorr                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_522'>522</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Edward D. Neill                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_522'>522</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Wensignor                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_523'>523</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert H. Hasty                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen Pratt                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. John Tapper                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. W. Cummings                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elias H. Conner                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. F. Stimson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Dugas                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_524'>524</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Gorham                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edwin Hedderly                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Neudeck                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew J. Foster                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. D. Foster                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles E. Vanderburgh                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_525'>525</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorillius Morrison                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_526'>526</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. G. O. Morrison                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_526'>526</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F. R. E. Cornell                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_526'>526</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen. A. B. Nettleton                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_527'>527</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Atwater                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_527'>527</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. David Brooks                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_527'>527</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. Jabez Brooks                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_527'>527</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Pillsbury                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_528'>528</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry T. Welles                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_528'>528</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Blakely                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_528'>528</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Lochren                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_528'>528</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugene M. Wilson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_528'>528</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. B. Langdon                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_529'>529</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William M. Bracket                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_529'>529</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thos. B. and Platt B. Walker                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_529'>529</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Austin H. Young                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_530'>530</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry G. Hicks                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_530'>530</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John P. Rea                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_530'>530</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Martin                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_520'>520</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Dudley                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_531'>531</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XX.<br />
+<br />
+RAMSEY COUNTY.<br />
+<br />
+Organization, First Officers                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_532'>532</a></span><br />
+St. Paul in 1840, Known as Pig's Eye                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_532'>532</a></span><br />
+First Settlers                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_532'>532</a></span><br />
+Father Ravoux, 1841                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_533'>533</a></span><br />
+Henry Jackson Established a Trading Post                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_533'>533</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[Pg xxxix]</a></span>Accessions of 1843                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_533'>533</a></span><br />
+Accessions of 1844                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_534'>534</a></span><br />
+First Deed                                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_534'>534</a></span><br />
+Accessions of 1845                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_534'>534</a></span><br />
+First School                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_535'>535</a></span><br />
+Second Deed, Phalen's Tract                                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_535'>535</a></span><br />
+Accessions of 1846                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_535'>535</a></span><br />
+Reminiscences                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_536'>536</a></span><br />
+Accessions in 1847                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_536'>536</a></span><br />
+St. Paul Platted                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_537'>537</a></span><br />
+Miss Bishop's School                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_537'>537</a></span><br />
+First Steamboat Line                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_537'>537</a></span><br />
+Accessions of 1848                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_538'>538</a></span><br />
+Progress in 1849                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_539'>539</a></span><br />
+St. Paul Made the Capital of the State                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_539'>539</a></span><br />
+The First Newspapers                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_539'>539</a></span><br />
+Early Items and Advertisements                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_540'>540</a></span><br />
+Pioneers of 1849                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_540'>540</a></span><br />
+Some Comparisons                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_541'>541</a></span><br />
+Statistics of Population, Schools, Buildings                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_542'>542</a></span><br />
+List of Mayors                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_543'>543</a></span><br />
+West St. Paul                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_544'>544</a></span><br />
+Towns of Ramsey County                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_544'>544</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">White Bear                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_545'>545</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First Settlers                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_545'>545</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indian Battle Ground                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_546'>546</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Town Organization                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_547'>547</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">White Bear Lake Village                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_548'>548</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hotels and Cottages                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_548'>548</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Daniel Getty                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_549'>549</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South St. Paul                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_549'>549</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North St. Paul                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_550'>550</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of St Paul                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_550'>550</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Post Office History                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_551'>551</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XXI.<br />
+<br />
+BIOGRAPHICAL.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Hastings Sibley                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_553'>553</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Ramsey                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_556'>556</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H. Forbes                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_557'>557</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry M. Rice                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_558'>558</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edmund Rice                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_560'>560</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Robert                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_561'>561</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste L. Larpenteur                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_562'>562</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H. Nobles                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_562'>562</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simeon P. Folsom                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_563'>563</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacob W. Bass                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_563'>563</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin W. Brunson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_564'>564</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abram S. and Chas. D. Elfelt                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_564'>564</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. A. J. Baker                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_565'>565</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin F. Hoyt                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_565'>565</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Fletcher Williams                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_566'>566</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. John H. Murphy                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_566'>566</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William H. Tinker                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_567'>567</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George P. Jacobs                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_567'>567</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lyman Dayton                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_567'>567</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry L. Moss                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_567'>567</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Rainey Marshall                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_568'>568</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Cooper                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_569'>569</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bushrod W. Lott                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_570'>570</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. F. Davidson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_570'>570</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. H. Fisher                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_571'>571</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles H. Oakes                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_572'>572</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. W. W. Borup                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_572'>572</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. Russell Blakely                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_573'>573</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rensselaer R. Nelson                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_573'>573</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George L. Becker                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_574'>574</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aaron Goodrich                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_575'>575</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan Myrick                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_575'>575</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Melvin Gilman                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_576'>576</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles E. Flandrau                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_576'>576</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John B. Sanborn                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_577'>577</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John R. Irvine                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_579'>579</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace R. Bigelow                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_580'>580</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cushman K. Davis                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_580'>580</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. J. R. McMillan                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_581'>581</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willis A. Gorman                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_581'>581</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John D. Ludden                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_582'>582</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elias F. Drake                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_582'>582</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norman W. Kittson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_583'>583</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hascal R. Brill                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_583'>583</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ward W. Folsom                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_584'>584</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[Pg xl]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gordon E. Cole                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_584'>584</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Smith, Jr.                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_584'>584</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William P. Murray                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_585'>585</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Hale                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_585'>585</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Gilfillan                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_585'>585</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Duncan Gilfillan                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_586'>586</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Wilkin                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_586'>586</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westcott Wilkin                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_587'>587</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. C. Whitcher                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_587'>587</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T. M. Newson                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_587'>587</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alvaren Allen                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_588'>588</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harlan P. Hall                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_589'>589</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen Miller                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_589'>589</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XXII.<br />
+<br />
+DAKOTA, GOODHUE, WABASHA AND WINONA COUNTIES.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dakota County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_591'>591</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hastings                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_591'>591</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farmington                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_591'>591</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ignatius Donnelly                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_591'>591</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Francis M. Crosby                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_592'>592</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. W. Le Duc                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_593'>593</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Goodhue County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red Wing, Barn Bluff                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_595'>595</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cannon Falls                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_595'>595</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Burying Ground                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_596'>596</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hans Mattson                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_596'>596</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lucius F. Hubbard                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_597'>597</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Colville                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_599'>599</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Martin S. Chandler                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_599'>599</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles McClure                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_600'>600</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Horace B. Wilson                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_600'>600</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Wabasha County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wabasha Village                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_601'>601</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bailey and Sons                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nathaniel S. Tefft                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Wells                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Winona County.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scenery                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_602'>602</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winona City                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_603'>603</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Daniel S. Norton                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_603'>603</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Windom                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_603'>603</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles H. Berry                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_604'>604</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thomas Wilson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_604'>604</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thomas Simpson                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_605'>605</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wm. H. Yale                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_605'>605</a></span></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER XXIII.<br />
+<br />
+MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.<br />
+<br />
+Pierre Bottineau                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_606'>606</a></span><br />
+Andrew G. Chatfield                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_606'>606</a></span><br />
+Hazen Mooers                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_607'>607</a></span><br />
+John McDonough Berry                                              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_607'>607</a></span><br />
+Mark H. Dunnell                                                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_608'>608</a></span><br />
+James H. Baker                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_608'>608</a></span><br />
+Horace B. Strait                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_609'>609</a></span><br />
+Judson Wade Bishop                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_610'>610</a></span><br />
+John L. McDonald                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_610'>610</a></span><br />
+Thomas H. Armstrong                                               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_611'>611</a></span><br />
+Augustus Armstrong                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_611'>611</a></span><br />
+Moses K. Armstrong                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_611'>611</a></span><br />
+James B. Wakefield                                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_611'>611</a></span><br />
+William Wallace Braden                                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_611'>611</a></span><br />
+Reuben Butters                                                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_612'>612</a></span><br />
+Michael Doran                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_612'>612</a></span><br />
+Andrew McCrea                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_613'>613</a></span><br />
+John W. Blake                                                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_613'>613</a></span><br />
+Knute Nelson                                                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_613'>613</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[Pg xli]</a></span>William R. Denny                                                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_613'>613</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+APPENDIX.<br />
+<br />
+MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS, INDIAN TREATIES, ETC.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Brief History of the Northwest Territory</span>                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_616'>616</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spanish Claims                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_616'>616</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French Claims                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_617'>617</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louisiana in 1711                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_618'>618</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Settlement of Marietta, Ohio                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_618'>618</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio Territory                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_619'>619</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Statistics                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_619'>619</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Boundary Question</span>                                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_625'>625</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wisconsin Constitutional Convention, 1846           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_625'>625</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wisconsin Constitutional Convention, 1847           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_626'>626</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some Resolutions                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_627'>627</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Under What Government?                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_628'>628</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. H. Sibley Elected Congressional Delegate          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_628'>628</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queries                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_629'>629</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minnesota Territory Created                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_629'>629</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land Office at Stillwater                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_629'>629</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Indian Treaties</span>                                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_629'>629</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Sioux (Mendota) 1805              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_629'>629</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Chippewas (Mendota) 1837            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_630'>630</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Sioux (Washington) 1837            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_630'>630</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Winnebagoes (Washington) 1837         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_631'>631</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Chippewas (Fond du Lac) 1847          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_631'>631</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Pillager Band (Leech Lake) 1847        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_632'>632</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Sioux (Traverse des Sioux) 1851        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_632'>632</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Sioux (Mendota) 1851              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_632'>632</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Chippewas (La Pointe) 1854           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_634'>634</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Pillagers (Washington) 1855          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_634'>634</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Chippewas (Red Lake River) 1863        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_634'>634</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Gen. Pike and the Indians</span>                                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_635'>635</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty of 1805                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_636'>636</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pike's Address to the Council                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_636'>636</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Details of Treaty                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_636'>636</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pike Hospitably Entertained                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_637'>637</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">United States Surveys in the Northwest</span>                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_637'>637</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Establishment of Land Offices                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_638'>638</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Establishment of the Present System of Surveys         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_638'>638</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Surveyor General's Office at Marietta, O       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_638'>638</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">United States Land Offices in the Northwest</span>              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Registers and Receivers, Wisconsin           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_639'>639</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Entries                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_640'>640</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Auction Sale of Land                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_641'>641</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Registers and Receivers, Minnesota           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_641'>641</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Wisconsin Territorial and State Officers, Governors, Senators, and Representatives from St. Croix Valley      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_641'>641</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Legislative Representation                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_642'>642</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First and Second Constitutional Conventions          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_643'>643</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governors of Wisconsin                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_643'>643</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States Senators                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_643'>643</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States Representatives                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_644'>644</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[Pg xlii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">District Judges                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_644'>644</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Legislature                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_644'>644</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Minnesota Territorial and State Officers        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_647'>647</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Census of the Territory in 1849                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_647'>647</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Territorial Legislature                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_648'>648</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Prohibition Law                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_649'>649</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Constitutional Convention                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_649'>649</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of State Officers and Judicial              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_649'>649</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senators and Representatives                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_650'>650</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minnesota State Legislatures                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_651'>651</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Constitutional Convention of 1857               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_654'>654</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Division of Convention                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_654'>654</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union of Conventions on a Constitution             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_656'>656</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Have We a Constitution                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_656'>656</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First, Minnesota State Legislature               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_657'>657</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Protests Against Legislation                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_657'>657</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Five Million Bill Passed and Adopted              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_657'>657</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Seal Adopted                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_658'>658</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Seal Design                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_659'>659</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adjourned Session of Legislature                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_660'>660</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Protests Against Recognizing Gov. Medary            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_660'>660</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reports on Protests                      <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_661'>661</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land Grants&mdash;Railroad Surveys and Construction         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_665'>665</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Northern Pacific Railroad                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_665'>665</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Omaha Railroad        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_667'>667</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_668'>668</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minnesota &amp; Manitoba Railroad                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_669'>669</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stillwater, White Bear &amp; St. Paul Railroad           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_670'>670</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Paul, Stillwater &amp; Taylor's Falls Railroad         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_671'>671</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wisconsin Central Railroad                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_671'>671</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taylor's Falls &amp; Lake Superior Railroad            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_672'>672</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago, Milwaukee &amp; St. Paul Railroad             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_672'>672</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Memorial for "Soo" Railroad                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_673'>673</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization of Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic Railroad   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_674'>674</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mileage of Railroads Centring in St. Paul and Minneapolis   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_675'>675</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago, Burlington &amp; Northern Railroad            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_675'>675</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Congressional Appropriations                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_675'>675</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inland Navigation                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_676'>676</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George R. Stuntz on Lake Superior and St. Croix Canal     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_680'>680</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waterways Convention, 1885                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_682'>682</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. W. Durant's Valuable Statistics               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_683'>683</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resolution for St. Croix and Superior Canal          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_685'>685</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Early Steamboat Navigation                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_686'>686</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steamboat Accommodations                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_687'>687</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Mississippi Steamboat Officers              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_689'>689</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Mississippi Steamboat Organizations           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_689'>689</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">List of Steamboats                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_690'>690</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Later Navigation on Northwest Rivers              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_691'>691</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steamboating on the St. Croix                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_692'>692</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ice Boats                           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_693'>693</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James W. Mullen's Reminiscences, 1846             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_694'>694</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Croix Boom Company                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_696'>696</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Surveyors General of Logs                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_696'>696</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Organization                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_696'>696</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conflict over State Boundary                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_697'>697</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Language of Logs                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_698'>698</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Logs Cut from 1837 to 1888                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_700'>700</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chartered Dams                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_701'>701</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lumbering and Lumbermen in 1845                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_702'>702</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lumbering and Lumbermen in 1887                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_705'>705</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Croix Dalles Log Jams                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_706'>706</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of Northwest Territory in 1790           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_709'>709</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of Wisconsin Territory in 1836           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_709'>709</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subsequent Census                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_709'>709</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of Minnesota in 1849                <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_709'>709</a></span></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[Pg xliii]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minnesota State Capitol                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_710'>710</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burning of State House                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_711'>711</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Selkirk Visitors                        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_712'>712</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyclones                            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_713'>713</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isanti and Chisago Cyclone                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_713'>713</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cottage Grove and Lake Elmo Cyclone              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_715'>715</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington County and Wisconsin Cyclone            <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_717'>717</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids Cyclone               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_718'>718</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curious Lightning Freaks                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_721'>721</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asiatic Cholera on the Royal Arch               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_721'>721</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Decree of Minnesota Citizenship             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_722'>722</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">International Hotel, St. Paul, Burned             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_723'>723</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grasshoppers                          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_723'>723</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ancient Mounds                         <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_724'>724</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lake Itasca, Schoolcraft and Boutwell Form the Name Itasca.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Description of Itasca                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_726'>726</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elk and Boutwell Lakes                     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_727'>727</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capt. Glazier's False Claim                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_727'>727</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Copper Mining on St. Croix                   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_728'>728</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. Julius S. Webber; Reminiscences              <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_729'>729</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judge Hamlin&mdash;Amusing Incident                 <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_730'>730</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minnesota Old Settlers Association               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_731'>731</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Croix Valley Old Settlers Association           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_740'>740</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newspaper History                       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_741'>741</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen. Scott, Maj. Anderson, and Jeff. Davis           <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_752'>752</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeff. Davis' Marriage at Fort Crawford             <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_753'>753</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dred Scott at Fort Snelling                  <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_754'>754</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Incidents in Dred Scott's History               <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_755'>755</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old Betz and Descendants                    <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_757'>757</a></span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Addenda.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Military History of the Rebellion, 1861 to 1865        <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_759'>759</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gov. Alex. Ramsey's Address to Loyal Legion          <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_759'>759</a></span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Legislative Sessions of Wisconsin   <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_762'>762</a></span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[Pg xliv]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ERRATA.</h2>
+
+<p class="notes">[Transcriber's note: Errata corrected in the text.]</p>
+
+<p>Chapter II, page 32, read Stillwater and St. Croix County, instead of
+Counties.</p>
+
+<p>Page 140, read Cyrus G. Bradley, instead of Cyrus Q.</p>
+
+<p>Page 166, read Philip B. Jewell, instead of Philip P.</p>
+
+<p>Page 422, read Clifford A. Bennett, instead of Clifton.</p>
+
+<p>Page 432, read Stearns, Anoka and Sherburne Counties, instead of
+Stearns, Anoka and Morrison Counties.</p>
+
+<p>Page 420, read Edmund J. Butts, instead of Edward J. Butts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Going West.</span>&mdash;In June, 1836, I again visited the Penobscot in quest of
+employment, in which I was unsuccessful. At Stillwater, above Bangor,
+I met my kind friend Simeon Goodrich, also out of employment. After
+mature deliberation we concluded to go West. Returning to Bloomfield,
+I collected the money held for me by Capt. Ruel Weston and was soon in
+readiness for the journey. But a few days before the time agreed upon
+for leaving, I received a letter from Simeon Goodrich, which contained
+the unpleasant information that he could not collect the amount due
+him and could not go with me. Truly this was a disappointment. I was
+obliged to set out alone, no light undertaking at that early day, for
+as yet there were no long lines of railroad between Maine and the
+Mississippi river. The day at last arrived for me to start. My
+companions and acquaintances chaffed me as to the perils of the
+journey before me. My mother gave me her parting words, "William,
+always respect yourself in order to be respected." These words,
+accompanied with her farewell kiss, were long remembered, and, I doubt
+not, often kept me from evil associations.</p>
+
+<p>The stage took us directly to the steamboat at Gardiner. The steam was
+up and the boat was soon under way. It was the New England, the first
+boat of the kind I had ever seen. I felt strangely unfamiliar with the
+ways of the traveling world, but observed what others did, and asked
+no questions, and so fancied that my ignorance of traveling customs
+would not be exposed. It was sunset as we floated out into the wide
+expanse of the Atlantic. The western horizon was tinged with fiery
+hues, the shores grew fainter and receded from view and the eye could
+rest at last only upon the watery expanse. All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> things seemed new and
+strange. Next morning a heavy fog hung over the scene. The vessel was
+at anchor in Boston harbor and we were soon on shore and threading the
+crooked streets of the capital of Massachusetts. I was not lost in the
+wilderness maze of streets, as I had feared I should be, but on
+leaving Boston on the evening train I took the wrong car and found
+myself uncomfortably situated in a second or third class car, crowded
+and reeking with vile odors, from which the conductor rescued me,
+taking me to the pleasant and elegant car to which my first class
+ticket entitled me. On arriving at Providence I followed the crowd to
+the landing and embarked on the steamer President for New York, in
+which city we remained a day, stopping at the City Hotel on Broadway.
+I was greatly impressed with the beauty of part of the city, and the
+desolate appearance of the Burnt District, concerning the burning of
+which we had read in our winter camp. I was not a little puzzled with
+the arrangement of the hotel tables and the printed bills of fare, but
+closely watched the deportment of others and came through without any
+serious or mortifying blunder. Next morning I left New York on the
+steamer Robert L. Stevens for Albany, and on the evening of the same
+day went to Schenectady by railroad. Some of the way cars were hauled
+by horses up hills and inclined planes. There were then only three
+short lines of railroad in the United States, and I had traveled on
+two of them. At Schenectady I took passage on a canal boat to Buffalo.
+I had read about "De Witt Clinton's Ditch," and now greatly enjoyed
+the slow but safe passage it afforded, and the rich prospect of
+cities, villages and cultivated fields through which we passed. At
+Buffalo we remained but one day. We there exchanged eastern paper for
+western, the former not being current in localities further west. At
+Buffalo I caught my first glimpse of Lake Erie. I stood upon a
+projecting pier and recalled, in imagination, the brave Commodore
+Perry, gallantly defending his country's flag in one of the most
+brilliant engagements of the war, the fame whereof had long been
+familiar to the whole country and the thrilling incidents of which
+were the theme of story and song even in the wilderness camps of
+Maine.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer Oliver Newberry bore me from Buffalo to Detroit. From
+Detroit to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, I went by stage and stopped at the
+last named place until October 14th, when, being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> satisfied that the
+climate was unhealthy, fever and ague being very prevalent, I returned
+to Detroit, and on the fifteenth of the same month took passage on the
+brig Indiana, as steamers had quit running for the season. The brig
+was aground two days and nights on the St. Clair flats. A south wind
+gave us a splendid sail up the Detroit river into Lake Huron. We
+landed for a short time at Fort Gratiot, at the outlet of the lake,
+just as the sun was setting. The fort was built of stone, and
+presented an impressive appearance. The gaily uniformed officers, the
+blue-coated soldiers, moving with the precision of machines, the whole
+scene&mdash;the fort, the waving flags, the movement of the troops seen in
+the mellow sunset light&mdash;was impressive to one who had never looked
+upon the like before. A favorable breeze springing up, we sped gaily
+out into the blue Lake Huron. At Saginaw bay the pleasant part of the
+voyage ended. The weather became rough. A strong gale blew from the
+bay outward, and baffled all the captain's skill in making the proper
+direction. Profane beyond degree was Capt. McKenzie, but his
+free-flowing curses availed him nothing. The brig at one time was so
+nearly capsized that her deck load had rolled to one side and held her
+in an inclined position. The captain ordered most of the deck load,
+which consisted chiefly of Chicago liquors, thrown overboard.
+Unfortunately, several barrels were saved, two of which stood on deck,
+with open heads. This liquor was free to all. The vessel, lightened of
+a great part of her load, no longer careened, but stood steady against
+the waves and before the wind. It is a pity that the same could not be
+said of captain, crew and passengers, who henceforth did the
+careening. They dipped the liquor up in pails and drank it out of
+handled dippers. They got ingloriously drunk; they rolled unsteadily
+across the deck; they quarreled, they fought, they behaved like
+Bedlamites, and how near shipwreck was the goodly brig from that day's
+drunken debauch on Chicago free liquor will never be known. The vessel
+toiled, the men were incapacitated for work, but notwithstanding the
+tempest of profanity and the high winds, the wrangling of crew and
+captain, we at last passed Saginaw bay. The winds were more favorable.
+Thence to Mackinaw the sky was clear and bright, the air cold. The
+night before reaching Mackinaw an unusual disturbance occurred above
+resulting from the abundance of free liquor. The cook, being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> drunk,
+had not provided the usual midnight supper for the sailors. The key of
+the caboose was lost; the caboose was broken open, and the mate in the
+morning was emulating the captain in the use of profane words. The
+negro cook answered in the same style, being as drunk as his superior.
+This cook was a stout, well built man, with a forbidding countenance
+and, at his best, when sober, was a saucy, ill-natured and impertinent
+fellow. When threat after threat had been hurled back and forth, the
+negro jumped at the mate and knocked him down. The sailors, as by a
+common impetus, seized the negro, bound him tightly and lashed him to
+a capstan. On searching him they found two loaded pistols. These the
+mate placed close to each ear of the bound man, and fired them off.
+They next whipped him on the naked back with a rope. His trunk was
+then examined and several parcels of poison were found. Another
+whipping was administered, and this time the shrieks and groans of the
+victim were piteous. Before he had not even winced. The monster had
+prepared himself to deal death alike to crew and passengers, and we
+all felt a great sense of relief when Capt. McKenzie delivered him to
+the authorities at Mackinaw.</p>
+
+<p>Antique Mackinaw was a French and half-breed town. The houses were
+built of logs and had steep roofs. Trading posts and whisky shops were
+well barred. The government fort, neatly built and trim, towered up
+above the lake on a rocky cliff and overlooked the town, the whole
+forming a picturesque scene. We remained but a few hours at Mackinaw.
+There were ten cabin passengers, and these, with two exceptions, had
+imbibed freely of the Chicago free liquor. They were also continually
+gambling. Capt. McKenzie had fought a fist fight with a deadhead
+passenger, Capt. Fox, bruising him badly. What with his violence and
+profanity, the brutality of the mate and the drunken reveling of crew
+and passengers, the two sober passengers had but a sorry time, but the
+safe old brig, badly officered, badly managed, held steadily on its
+course, and October 30th, fifteen days from Detroit, safely landed us
+in Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>After being so long on the deck of a tossing vessel, I experienced a
+strange sensation when first on shore. I had become accustomed to the
+motion of the vessel, and had managed to hold myself steady. On shore
+the pitching and tossing movement seemed to continue, only it seemed
+transferred to my head,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> which grew dizzy, and so produced the
+illusion that I was still trying to balance myself on the unsteady
+deck of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>Chicago, since become a great city, had at that time the appearance of
+an active, growing village. Thence I proceeded, November 1st and 2d,
+by stage to Milwaukee, which appeared also as a village, but somewhat
+overgrown. Idle men were numerous, hundreds not being able to obtain
+employment. Here I remained a couple of weeks, stopping at the
+Belleview House. After which I chopped wood a few days for Daniel
+Wells. Not finding suitable employment, I started west with a Mr.
+Rogers, December 2d. There being no other means of conveyance, we
+traveled on foot. On the evening of the second we stopped at Prairie
+Village, now known as Waukesha. On the evening of the third we stopped
+at Meacham's Prairie, and on the fifth reached Rock River, where I
+stopped with a Mr. St. John. The evening following we stopped at an
+Irish house, where the surroundings did not conduce to comfort or to a
+feeling of security. Several drunken men kept up a continuous row. We
+hid our money in a haystack, and took our turn sleeping and keeping
+watch. We ate an early breakfast, and were glad to get away before the
+men who had created such a disturbance during the night were up. We
+moved onward on the seventh to Blue Mound, where we found a cheerful
+resting place at Brigham's. The eighth brought us to Dodgeville, where
+we stopped at Morrison's. On the ninth we reached Mineral Point, the
+locality of the lead mines, where I afterward lost much time in
+prospecting. Mineral Point was then a rude mining town. The night of
+our arrival was one of excitement and hilarity in the place. The first
+legislature of the territory of Wisconsin had been in session at
+Belmont, near Mineral Point, had organized the new government and
+closed its session on that day. To celebrate this event and their
+emancipation from the government of Michigan and the location of the
+capital at Madison, the people from the Point, and all the region
+round about, had met and prepared a banquet for the retiring members
+of the legislature. Madison was at that time a paper town, in the
+wilderness, but beautifully located on Cat Fish lake, and at the head
+of Rock river. The location had been accomplished by legislative tact,
+and a compromise between the extremes. In view of the almost certain
+division of the Territory, with the Mississippi river as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> boundary,
+at no very distant day, it was agreed that Madison should be the
+permanent capital, while Burlington, now in Iowa, should be used
+temporarily. Milwaukee and Green Bay had both aspired to the honor of
+being chosen as the seat of government. Mineral Point, with her rich
+mines, had also aspirations, as had Cassville, which latter named
+village had even built a great hotel for the accommodation of the
+members of the assembly. Dubuque put in a claim, but all in vain.
+Madison was chosen, and wisely, and she has ever since succeeded in
+maintaining the supremacy then thrust upon her.</p>
+
+<p>In my boyhood, at school, I had read of the great Northwest Territory.
+It seemed to me then far away, at the world's end, but I had
+positively told my comrades that I should one day go there. I found
+myself at last on the soil, and at a period or crisis important in its
+history. The great Northwest Territory, ceded by Virginia to the
+United States in 1787, was no more. The immense territory had been
+carved and sliced into states and territories, and now the last
+remaining fragment, under the name of Wisconsin, had assumed
+territorial prerogatives, organized its government, and, with direct
+reference to a future division of territory, had selected its future
+capital, for as yet, except in name, Madison was not. In assuming
+territorial powers, the boundaries had been enlarged so as to include
+part of New Louisiana, and the first legislature had virtually
+bartered away this part of her domain, of which Burlington, temporary
+capital of Wisconsin, was to be the future capital.</p>
+
+<p>Two more days of foot plodding brought us to Galena, the city of lead.
+The greeting on our entering the city was the ringing of bells, the
+clattering of tin pans, the tooting of ox horns, sounds earthly and
+unearthly,&mdash;sounds no man can describe. What could it be? Was it for
+the benefit of two humble, footsore pedestrians that all this uproar
+was produced? We gave it up for the time, but learned subsequently
+that it was what is known as a charivari, an unmusical and disorderly
+serenade, generally gotten up for the benefit of some newly married
+couple, whose nuptials had not met with popular approval.</p>
+
+<p>At Galena I parted with Mr. Rogers, my traveling companion, who went
+south. On the fifteenth of December I traveled to Dubuque on foot.
+When I came to the Mississippi river I sat down on its banks and
+recalled the humorous description of old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> Mr. Carson, my neighbor, to
+which I had listened wonderingly when a small boy. "It was," he said,
+"a river so wide you could scarcely see across it. The turtles in it
+were big as barn doors, and their shells would make good ferryboats if
+they could only be kept above water." Sure enough, here was the big
+river, but covered with ice, scarcely safe to venture on. Several
+persons desiring to cross, we made a portable bridge of boards,
+sliding them along with us till we were safe on the opposite bank. I
+was now at the end of my journey, on the west bank of the Mississippi,
+beyond which stretched a vast and but little known region, inhabited
+by Indians and wild beasts.</p>
+
+<p>As I review the incidents of my journey in 1836, I can not but
+contrast the conditions of that era and the present. How great the
+change in half a century! The journey then required thirty days. It
+now requires but three. I had passed over but two short lines of
+railroad, and had made the journey by canal boat, by steamer, by
+stage, and a large portion of it on foot. There were few regularly
+established lines of travel. From Michigan to the Mississippi there
+were no stages nor were there any regular southern routes. Travelers
+to the centre of the continent, in those days, came either by the
+water route, via New Orleans or the Fox and Wisconsin river route, or
+followed Indian trails or blazed lines from one settlement to another.
+The homes of the settlers were rude&mdash;were built principally of logs.
+In forest regions the farms consisted of clearings or square patches
+of open ground, well dotted with stumps and surrounded by a dense
+growth of timber. The prairies, except around the margins or along
+certain belts of timber following the course of streams, were without
+inhabitants. Hotels were few and far between, and, when found, not
+much superior to the cabins of the settlers; but the traveler was
+always and at all places hospitably entertained.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DUBUQUE.</h3>
+
+<p>Dubuque was a town of about three hundred inhabitants, attracted
+thither by the lead mines. The people were principally of the mining
+class. The prevailing elements amongst them were Catholic and Orange
+Irish. These two parties were antagonistic and would quarrel on the
+streets or wherever brought in contact. Sundays were especially days
+of strife, and Main<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> street was generally the field of combat. Women
+even participated. There was no law, there were no police to enforce
+order. The fight went on, the participants pulling hair, gouging,
+biting, pummeling with fists or pounding with sticks, till one or the
+other party was victorious. These combats were also accompanied with
+volleys of profanity, and unlimited supplies of bad whisky served as
+fuel to the flame of discord. Dubuque was certainly the worst town in
+the West, and, in a small way, the worst in the whole country. The
+entire country west of the Mississippi was without law, the government
+of Wisconsin Territory not yet being extended to it. Justice, such as
+it was, was administered by Judge Lynch and the mob.</p>
+
+<p>My first employment was working a hand furnace for smelting lead ore
+for a man named Kelly, a miner and a miser. He lived alone in a
+miserable hovel, and on the scantiest fare. In January I contracted to
+deliver fifty cords of wood at Price's brickyard. I cut the wood from
+the island in front of the present city of Dubuque, and hired a team
+to deliver it.</p>
+
+<p>While in Dubuque I received my first letter from home in seven months.
+What a relief it was, after a period of long suspense, spent in
+tediously traveling over an almost wilderness country,&mdash;amidst
+unpleasant surroundings, amongst strangers, many of them of the baser
+sort, drinking, card playing, gambling and quarreling,&mdash;what a relief
+it was to receive a letter from home with assurances of affectionate
+regard from those I most esteemed.</p>
+
+<p>Truly the lines had not fallen to me in pleasant places, and I was
+sometimes exposed to perils from the lawless characters by whom I was
+surrounded. On one occasion a dissolute and desperate miner, named
+Gilbert, came to Cannon's hotel, which was my boarding house while in
+Dubuque. He usually came over from the east side of the river once a
+week for a spree. On this occasion, being very drunk, he was more than
+usually offensive and commenced abusing Cannon, the landlord, applying
+to him some contemptuous epithet. I thoughtlessly remarked to Cannon,
+"You have a new name," upon which Gilbert cocked his pistol and aiming
+at me was about to fire when Cannon, quick as thought, struck at his
+arm and so destroyed his aim that the bullet went over my head. The
+report of the pistol brought others to the room and a general melee
+ensued in which the bar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> was demolished, the stove broken and Gilbert
+unmercifully whipped. Gilbert was afterward shot in a drunken brawl.</p>
+
+<p>I formed some genial acquaintances in Dubuque, amongst them Gen.
+Booth, Messrs. Brownell, Wilson and others, since well known in the
+history of the country. Price, the wood contractor, never paid me for
+my work. I invested what money I had left for lots in Madison, all of
+which I lost, and had, in addition, to pay a note I had given on the
+lots.</p>
+
+<p>On February 11th I went to Cassville, journeying thither on the ice.
+This village had flourished greatly, in the expectation of becoming
+the territorial and state capital, expectations doomed, as we have
+seen, to disappointment. It is romantically situated amidst
+picturesque bluffs, some of which tower aloft like the walls and
+turrets of an ancient castle, a characteristic that attaches to much
+of the bluff scenery along this point.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRAIRIE DU CHIEN.</h3>
+
+<p>I reached this old French town on the twelfth of February. The town
+and settlement adjacent extended over a prairie nine miles long, and
+from one to two miles broad, a beautiful plateau of land, somewhat
+sandy, but for many years abundantly productive, furnishing supplies
+to traders and to the military post established there. It also
+furnished two cargoes of grain to be used as seed by the starving
+settlement at Selkirk, which were conveyed thither by way of the
+Mississippi, St. Peter and Red rivers. The earliest authentic mention
+of the place refers to the establishment of a post called St.
+Nicholas, on the east bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the
+Wisconsin, by Gov. De La Barre, who, in 1683, sent Nicholas Perrot
+with a garrison of twenty men to hold the post. The first official
+document laying claim to the country on the Upper Mississippi, issued
+in 1689, has mention of the fort. This document we transcribe entire:</p>
+
+<p>"Nicholas Perrot, commanding for the king, at the post of the
+Nadouessioux, commissioned by the Marquis Denonville, governor and
+lieutenant governor of all New France, to manage the interests of
+commerce amongst the Indian tribes and people of the Bay des Puants
+(Green Bay), Nadouessioux (Dakotahs), Maseontins, and other western
+nations of the Upper Mississippi, and to take possession in the king's
+name of all the places where he has heretofore been, and whither he
+will go.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"We, this day, the eighth of May, one thousand six hundred and
+eighty-nine, do, in the presence of the Reverend Father Marest, of the
+Society of Jesus, missionary among the Nadouessioux; of Monsieur de
+Borieguillot (or Boisguillot), commanding the French in the
+neighborhood of the Ouiskonche (Wisconsin), on the Mississippi;
+Augustin Le Gardeur, Esq., Sieur de Caurnont, and of Messeurs Le
+Sueur, Hibert, Lemire and Blein:</p>
+
+<p>"Declare to all whom it may concern, that, being come from the Bay des
+Puants, and to the lake of the Ouiskonches, and to river Mississippi,
+we did transport ourselves to the country of the Nadouessioux, on the
+border of the river St. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St.
+Pierre (Minnesota), on the bank of which were the Mantantans; and
+further up to the interior to the northeast of the Mississippi, as far
+as the Menchokatoux, with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitens,
+and other Nadouessioux, who are to the northeast of the Mississippi,
+to take possession for, and in the name of, the king of the countries
+and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are
+proprietors. The present act done in our presence, signed with our
+hand and subscribed."</p>
+
+<p>Then follow the names of the persons mentioned. The document was drawn
+up at Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>There is little doubt that this post was held continuously by the
+French as a military post until 1696, when the French authorities at
+Quebec withdrew all their troops from Wisconsin, and as a trader's
+post or settlement, until the surrender in 1763 to the British of all
+French claims east of the Mississippi. It was probably garrisoned near
+the close of the latter period. It remained in the possession of the
+French some time, as the English, thinking it impossible to compete
+for the commerce of the Indian tribes with the French traders who had
+intermarried with them, and so acquired great influence, did not take
+actual possession until many years later.</p>
+
+<p>The post is occasionally mentioned by the early voyageurs, and the
+prairie which it commanded was known as the "Prairie du Chien," or
+praire of the dog, as early as 1763, and is so mentioned by Carver. It
+was not formally taken possession of by the United States until 1814,
+when Gov. Clarke with two hundred men came up from St. Louis to
+Prairie du Chien, then under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> English rule, to build a fort and
+protect American interests at the village. At that time there were
+about fifty families, descended chiefly from the old French settlers.
+These were engaged chiefly in farming, owning a common field four
+miles long by a half mile wide. They had outside of this three
+separate farms and twelve horse mills to manufacture their produce.
+The fort, held by a few British troops under Capt. Deace, surrendered
+without resistance, but soon after the British traders at Mackinaw
+sent an expedition under Joe Rolette, Sr., to recapture the post,
+which they did after a siege of three days, the defenders being
+allowed to withdraw with their private property on parole. They were
+followed by the Indians as far as Rock Island. Meanwhile, Lieut.
+Campbell, with reinforcements on his way from St. Louis, was attacked,
+part were captured and the remainder of his troops driven back to St.
+Louis. Late in 1814 Maj. Zachary Taylor proceeded with gunboats to
+chastize the Indians for their attack on Campbell, but was himself met
+and driven back. The following year, on the declaration of peace
+between Great Britain and America, the post at Prairie du Chien was
+evacuated. The garrison fired the fort as they withdrew from it.</p>
+
+<p>The fort erected by the Americans under Gen. Clarke in 1814 was called
+Fort Shelby. The British, on capturing it, changed the name to Fort
+McKay. The Americans, on assuming possession and rebuilding it, named
+it Fort Crawford. It stood on the bank of the river at the north end
+of St. Friole, the old French village occupied in 1876 by the
+Dousmans. In 1833 the new Fort Crawford was built on an elevated site
+about midway in the prairie. It was a strong military post and was
+commanded at this time by Gen. Zachary Taylor. Many officers, who
+subsequently won distinction in the Florida Indian, Mexican, and late
+Civil War, were stationed here from time to time. Within a time
+included in my own recollections of the post, Jefferson Davis spirited
+away the daughter of his commanding officer, Gen. Taylor, and married
+her, the "rough and ready" general being averse to the match.</p>
+
+<p>Prairie du Chien derived its name from a French family known as du
+Chien, in English "The Dog." By this name the Prairie was known long
+prior to the establishment of the French stockade and post. By that
+name it has been known and recognized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> ever since. It has been
+successively under the French, English and United States governments,
+and lying originally in the great Northwestern Territory, in the
+subsequent divisions of that immense domain, it has been included
+within the bounds of the territories of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+Michigan, and Wisconsin. Gov. Wm. H. Harrison, of Indiana Territory,
+recognized Prairie du Chien by issuing commissions to Henry M. Fisher
+and &mdash;&mdash; Campbell as justices of the peace, the first civil
+commissions issued for the American government in the entire district
+of country including West Wisconsin and Minnesota east of the
+Mississippi. Prior to this time, about 1819, the inhabitants had been
+chiefly under military rule. In 1819 the county of Crawford was
+organized as a part of Michigan Territory, and blank commissions were
+issued to Nicholas Boilvin, Esq., with authority to appoint and
+install the officers of the new county government. Gov. Lewis Cass
+established by proclamation the county seat at Prairie du Chien, and
+John W. Johnson was installed as chief justice of the county court.
+The entire corps of officers were qualified. In January, 1823,
+Congress passed an act providing for circuit courts in the counties
+west and north of Lake Michigan, and James Duane Doty was appointed
+judge for the district composed of Brown, Mackinaw and Crawford
+counties, and a May term was held in Prairie du Chien the same year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Indian Troubles.</span>&mdash;There were some Indian troubles, an account of which
+is given in the biographical sketch of J. H. Lockwood. There were
+other incidents which may be worthy of separate mention. In 1827 an
+entire family, named Methode, were murdered, as is supposed, by the
+Indians, though the murderers were never identified. The great
+incentive to violence and rapine with the Indians was whisky. An
+intelligent Winnebago, aged about sixty years, told me that
+"paganini," "firewater" (whisky), was killing the great majority of
+his people, and making fools and cripples of those that were left;
+that before the pale faces came to the big river his people were good
+hunters and had plenty to eat; that now they were drunken, lazy and
+hungry; that they once wore elk or deer skins, that now they were clad
+in blankets or went naked. This Indian I had never seen drunk. The
+American Fur Company had huts or open houses where the Indians might
+drink and revel.</p>
+
+<p>At an Indian payment a young, smart looking Indian got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> drunk and in a
+quarrel killed his antagonist. The friends of the murdered Indian held
+a council and determined that the murderer should have an opportunity
+of running for his life. The friends of the murdered Indian formed in
+a line, at the head of which was stationed the brother of the dead
+man, who was to lead in the pursuit. At a signal the bands of the
+prisoner were cut, and with a demoniacal yell he bounded forward, the
+entire line in swift and furious pursuit. Should he outrun his
+pursuers, he would be free; should they overtake and capture him, they
+were to determine the mode of his death. He ran nearly a mile when he
+tripped and fell. The brother of the dead Indian, heading the pursuit,
+pounced upon him and instantly killed him with a knife.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the fact that the Indians were gathered together under the
+guns of a United States fort, and under the protection of a law
+expressly forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors to them, the
+people of the United States were certainly justified in expecting
+better results, not only in regard to the protection of the frontier
+settlers but for that of the Indians themselves. All came to naught
+because of the non-enforcement of law. Liquors were shamelessly sold
+to the Indians and they were encouraged to drunken revelry and orgies
+by the very men who should have protected and restrained them.</p>
+
+<p>The prosperity of Prairie du Chien depended upon the Indian trade, and
+upon government contracts which the presence of a military force
+rendered necessary. The Indians gathered here in great numbers.</p>
+
+<p>Here the Winnebagoes, part of the Menomonies and some Chippewas
+received their annuities, and here centred also an immense trade from
+the American Fur Company, the depot being a large stone building on
+the banks of the Mississippi, under the charge of Hercules Dousman.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FORT CRAWFORD ROBBED.</h3>
+
+<p>Two discharged soldiers (Thompson and Evans) living at Patch Grove,
+thirteen miles away, visited the fort often. On a morning after one of
+their visits a soldier on guard noticed a heap of fresh earth near the
+magazine. An alarm was given, an examination made, and it was found
+that the magazine had been burst open with bars and sledge hammers,
+entrance having been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> obtained by digging under the corner picket.
+Three kegs of silver, each containing $5,000, were missing. The kegs
+had been passed through the excavation underneath the picket. One keg
+had burst open near the picket, and the silver was found buried in the
+sand. The second keg burst on the bank of the Mississippi, and all the
+money was found buried there except about six hundred dollars. The
+third keg was found months after by John Brinkman, in the bottom of
+the river, two miles below the fort. He was spearing fish by
+torchlight, when he chanced to find the keg. The keg he delivered at
+the fort and received a small reward. On opening the keg it was found
+to contain coin of a different kind from that advertised as stolen.
+Brinkman, however, made no claims on account of errors. Thompson,
+Evans, and a man named Shields were arrested by the civil authorities
+on suspicion; their trial was continued from term to term and they
+were at last dismissed. One man, who had seen the silver in the sand
+during the day and gone back at night to fill his pockets, was seized
+by a soldier on guard, imprisoned for a year, and discharged.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARLY JUSTICE.</h3>
+
+<p>A Frenchman shot and killed a couple of tame geese belonging to a
+neighbor, supposing them to be wild. Discovering his mistake, he
+brought the geese to the owner, a Dutchman, who flew into a great
+rage, but took the geese and used them for his own table, in addition
+to which he had the goose-killer arrested and tried before Martin
+Savall, a justice of the peace. The defendant admitted the killing of
+the geese, the plaintiff admitted receiving them and using them for
+food, nevertheless the justice gave judgment in favor of plaintiff by
+the novel ruling that these geese, if not killed, would have laid eggs
+and hatched about eight goslings. The defendant was therefore fined
+three dollars for the geese killed, and eight dollars for the goslings
+that might have been hatched if the geese had been permitted to live,
+and costs besides. Plaintiff appealed to the district court which
+reversed the decision on the ground that plaintiff had eaten his
+geese, and the goslings, not being hatched, did not exist. Plaintiff
+paid the costs of the suit, forty-nine dollars, remarking that a
+Dutchman had no chance in this country; that he would go back to
+Germany. The judge remarked that it would be the best thing he could
+do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>A SOUTHWARD JOURNEY.</h3>
+
+<p>My original plan on leaving Maine was to make a prospecting tour
+through the West and South. I had been in Prairie du Chien for a
+season, and as soon as my contract to cut hay for the fort and my
+harvesting work was done. I started, with two of my comrades, in a
+birch bark canoe for New Orleans. This mode of traveling proving slow
+and tedious, after two days, on our arrival at Dubuque, we sold our
+canoe and took passage on the steamer Smelter for St. Louis, which
+place we reached on the seventeenth of October. We remained five days,
+stopping at the Union Hotel. St. Louis was by far the finest and
+largest city I had yet seen in the West. Its levee was crowded with
+drays and other vehicles and lined with steamers and barges. Its
+general appearance betokened prosperity. On the twenty-second, I left
+on the steamer George Collier for New Orleans, but the yellow fever
+being reported in that city, I remained several days at Baton Rouge.
+On the second of November I re-embarked for New Orleans, where I found
+a lodging at the Conti Street Hotel. New Orleans was even then a large
+and beautiful city. Its levee and streets were remarkable for their
+cleanness, but seemed almost deserted. Owing to a recent visitation of
+the yellow fever and the financial crisis of 1837, business was almost
+suspended. These were hard times in New Orleans. Hundreds of men were
+seeking employment, and many of them were without money or friends. It
+was soon very evident to me that I had come to a poor place to better
+my fortunes. After a thorough canvass, I found but one situation
+vacant, and that was in a drinking saloon, and was not thought of for
+an instant. I remained fifteen days, my money gradually diminishing,
+when I concluded to try the interior. I took steamer for Vicksburg,
+and thence passed up the Yazoo to Manchester, where I spent two days
+in the vain search for employment, offering to do any kind of work. I
+was in the South, where the labor was chiefly done by negroes. I was
+friendless and without letters of recommendation, and for a man under
+such circumstances to be asking for employment was in itself a
+suspicious circumstance. I encountered everywhere coldness and
+distrust. I returned to Vicksburg, and, fortunately, had still enough
+money left to secure a deck passage to the North, but was obliged to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+live sparingly, and sleep without bedding. I kept myself somewhat
+aloof from the crew and passengers. The captain and clerk commented on
+my appearance, and were, as I learned from a conversation that I could
+not help but overhear, keeping a close eye upon me for being so quiet
+and restrained. It was true that the western rivers were infested with
+desperate characters, gamblers and thieves such as the Murrell gang.
+Might I not be one of them. I was truly glad when, on the fifth of
+December, we landed at St. Louis. It seemed nearer my own country; but
+finding no employment there, I embarked on the steamer Motto for
+Hennepin, Illinois, where I found occasional employment cutting
+timber. There was much talk here of the Murrell gang, then terrorizing
+the country; and I have good reason to believe that some of them at
+that time were in Hennepin. After remaining about two months, I left,
+on foot, valise in hand or strapped upon my back, with J. Simpson, for
+Galena, which place we reached in four days. Finding here Mr. Putnam,
+with a team, I went up with him on the ice to Prairie du Chien, where,
+after an absence of five months of anxiety, suspense and positive
+hardships, I was glad to find myself once more among friends.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer of 1838 I cultivated a farm. I had also a hay
+contract for the fort. My partner was James C. Bunker. I had worked
+hard and succeeded in raising a good crop, but found myself in the
+fall the victim of bilious fever and ague. I continued farming in 1839
+and furnishing hay to the fort, but continued to suffer with chills
+and fever. Myself and partner were both affected, and at times could
+scarcely take care of ourselves. Help could not be obtained, but ague
+comes so regularly to torture its victims that, knowing the exact hour
+of its approach, we could prepare in advance for it, and have our
+water, gruel, boneset and quinine ready and within reach. We knew when
+we would shake, but not the degree of fever which would follow. The
+delirium of the fever would fill our minds with strange fancies. On
+one occasion I came home with the ague fit upon me, hitched my horses
+with wagon attached to a post and went into the house. Banker had
+passed the shaking stage, and was delirious. I threw myself on the
+bed, and the fever soon following, I knew nothing till morning, when I
+found the team still hitched to the post, and, in their hunger, eating
+it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In November of this year I made a somewhat perilous trip with team to
+Fort Winnebago, at the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. The
+weather was cold and the military road, much of the distance, covered
+with snow. There was scarcely a trail over the rolling prairie to
+guide me. Exposure brought on the chills as I was returning. Fatigued,
+sick and suffering, I coiled myself on the top of the load. The second
+day, as the sun was setting, I came in sight of Parish's Grove, but
+the horses were unwilling to obey my guidance. Coming to a fork in the
+road they insisted on going to the right. I pulled them to the left.
+Had I been guided by their "horse sense" they would have brought me in
+a few moments to the door of Parish's hotel. As it was, I drove on
+until far in the night, when we came to a steep hill, two steep for
+descent in the wagon. I unhitched the team, loaded them with the
+portable things in the wagon to keep them from the wolves that were
+howling around, mounted one of the horses and descended the hill and
+found myself at Parish's door, the very place I had been trying to
+find for a day and a night. Lieut. Caldwell, quartermaster at Fort
+Crawford, received the load, and learning something of the perils of
+the journey, gave me eighty dollars instead of the forty he had
+promised.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RETURN TO MAINE.</h3>
+
+<p>During the spring and summer of 1840, I fulfilled heavy hay and wood
+contracts for the fort, and in the autumn of that year concluded to
+revisit my early home in Maine. I set out September 23d, and reached
+Chicago in seven days, traveling with a team. I traveled thence by
+steamer to Buffalo, by canal boat to Rochester, by railroad and stage
+to Albany and Boston, by railroad to Lowell, and by stage to Tamworth,
+New Hampshire. After spending four years amidst the prairies of the
+West it was indeed a pleasure to look again upon the grand ranges of
+mountains in this part of New England. When eleven years of age I had
+lived where I could look upon these mountains, and now to their
+grandeur was added the charm of old association. I looked with
+pleasure once more upon "Old Ossipee," Coroway Peak, and White Face.
+Time had written no changes upon these rugged mountains. There were
+cottages and farms on the mountain side. Sparkling rivulets gleamed in
+the sunlight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> as they found their way, leaping from rock to rock, to
+the valleys beneath. Tamworth is situated on beautiful ridges amongst
+these mountain ranges. Near this place is the old family burying
+ground containing the graves of my grand parents and other near
+relatives. These mountain peaks seemed to stand as sentinels over
+their last resting place. I remained at Tamworth a short time, visited
+the graves of my kindred, and on October 20th pursued my journey to
+Bloomfield, Maine, my old home. I found great changes. Some kind
+friends remained, but others were gone. The old home was changed and I
+felt that I could not make my future home here. The great West seemed
+more than ever attractive. There would I build my home, and seek my
+fortune. I found here one who was willing to share that home and
+whatever fortune awaited me in the West. On January 1st I was married
+to Mary J. Wyman, by Rev. Arthur Drinkwater, who gave us good counsel
+on the eve of our departure to a new and still wilderness country. On
+February 16th we bade adieu to our friends in Maine, visited awhile at
+Tamworth, and March 20th reached Prairie du Chien, having traveled by
+private conveyance, stage and steamer, passing through New Haven, New
+York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Frederick City, Maryland, over the
+National road to Wheeling, Virginia, by steamer down the Ohio and up
+the Mississippi to our destination. Here we made our home until the
+autumn of 1845, I continuing in the business in which I had been
+previously engaged. At this time a failure in my wife's health
+rendered a change of climate necessary.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRAIRIE DU CHIEN IN 1836-37.</h3>
+
+<p>Our history of Fifty Years in the Northwest commences properly at
+Prairie du Chien in the years 1836-37. The entire country west and
+north was at that time but little better than a wilderness. Prairie du
+Chien was an outpost of civilization. A few adventurous traders and
+missionaries had penetrated the country above, planting a few stations
+here and there, and some little effort had been made at settlement,
+but the country, for the most part, was the home of roving tribes of
+Indians, and he who adventured among them at any distance from posts
+or settlements did so at considerable peril. Prairie du Chien, as we
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> shown, had been for an indefinite period under various
+governments, at first a French, and later an American settlement,
+generally under the protection of a military force. It was a primitive
+looking village. The houses were built for the most part of upright
+timber posts and puncheons, and were surrounded by pickets. There was
+no effort at display. Every thing was arranged for comfort and
+protection.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICAN RESIDENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>There were living at Prairie du Chien in 1837 the following Americans
+with their families: Alfred Brunson, Thomas P. Burnett, Joseph M. and
+Thomas P. Street, Ezekiel Tainter, John Thomas, Milo Richards, John H.
+Fonday, Samuel Gilbert, and William Wilson. The following were
+unmarried: James B. Dallam, Ira B. Brunson, William S. Lockwood, and
+Hercules Dousman. In addition to these were perhaps near a hundred
+French families, old residents. Among the more noted were the
+Brisbois, La Chapelle, Rolette and Bruno families.</p>
+
+<p>We include in the following biographical sketches some names of
+non-residents, prominent in the early territorial history, and others
+who came to Prairie du Chien later than 1837.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHIES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Duane Doty.</span>&mdash;The life of this eminent citizen is so interwoven
+with the history of Wisconsin that it might well claim more space than
+is here allotted to it. The plan of this work forbids more than a
+brief mention, and we therefore give only the principal events in his
+life. Mr. Doty was born in Salem, Washington county, New York, where
+he spent his early days. After receiving a thorough literary education
+he studied law, and in 1818 located at Detroit, Michigan. In 1820, in
+company with Gov. Cass, he made a canoe voyage of exploration through
+Lakes Huron and Michigan. On this voyage they negotiated treaties with
+the Indians, and returning made a report on the comparatively
+unexplored region which they had traversed. Under his appointment as
+judge for the counties of Michigan west of the lake, which appointment
+he held for nine years, he first made his home at Prairie du Chien,
+where he resided one year, thence removing to Green Bay for the
+remainder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> of his term of office, at which place he continued to
+reside for a period of twenty years. In 1830 he was appointed one of
+the commissioners to locate military routes from Green Bay to Chicago
+and Prairie du Chien. In 1834 he represented the counties west of the
+lake in the Michigan legislative council at Detroit, at which council
+the first legislative action was taken affecting these counties. At
+that session he introduced a bill to create the state of Michigan,
+which was adopted. The result of this action was the creation of the
+territory of Wisconsin in 1836. In 1838 Mr. Doty was chosen
+territorial delegate to Congress from Wisconsin, in which capacity he
+served four years, when he was appointed governor. He served as
+governor three years. He acted as commissioner in negotiating Indian
+treaties. In 1846 he was a member of the first constitutional
+convention. In 1848 he was elected member of Congress, and was
+re-elected in 1851.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhere in the '50s he built a log house on an island in Fox river,
+just above Butte des Mortes, and lived there with his family many
+years. There he gathered ancient curiosities, consisting of Indian
+implements, and relics of the mound builders. This log house still
+stands and is kept intact with the curiosities gathered there by the
+present owner, John Roberts, to whom they were presented by Mrs.
+Fitzgerald, a daughter of Gov. Doty, in 1877. The cabin overlooks the
+cities of Menasha and Neenah, and the old council ground at the outlet
+of Lake Winnebago, where the Fox and Sioux Indians held annual
+councils, also the old battle ground where the Fox Indians routed the
+Sioux in one of the hardest fought battles on record.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 Judge Doty was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs, and
+subsequently was appointed governor of Utah Territory, which place he
+held until his death in 1865. Wisconsin had no truer friend nor more
+faithful and efficient servant. His aims were exalted, and he
+deservedly held a high place in the affections of his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James H. Lockwood.</span>&mdash;Mr. Lockwood was the only practicing lawyer at the
+organization of Judge Doty's court. He was the pioneer lawyer in
+Prairie du Chien, and the first lawyer admitted to the bar in what is
+now Wisconsin. He practiced in Crawford, Brown and Mackinaw counties.
+He was born in Peru, Clinton county, New York, Dec. 7, 1793. He
+married Julia Warren in 1822. She died at Prairie du Chien in 1827.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+He married his second wife, Sarah A. Wright, in St. Louis, Missouri,
+in 1834. She died at Prairie du Chien in 1877, much esteemed as one of
+the pioneer women of the Upper Mississippi, and respected as a devout
+Christian, whose faith was proven by her works. The early years of Mr.
+Lockwood were spent on a farm. He had not the privileges of a
+classical education, and he may be said to be self educated. In 1810
+he commenced the study of law. In 1814 he was sutler in the United
+States army, and in 1815 at the post at Mackinaw. From 1816 to 1819 he
+was an Indian trader, his home being at Prairie du Chien. In 1826
+orders came to abandon the fort at Prairie du Chien. The soldiers were
+transferred to Fort Snelling, but arms and ammunition were left in
+charge of John Marsh, sub-Indian agent. Mr. Lockwood's family was the
+only American family at the post. On June 25th of the ensuing year he
+left for New York by the Wisconsin River route, Mrs. Lockwood
+remaining at home. The Winnebagoes were a little troublesome at this
+time, the more so as the soldiers were removed from the post, but no
+serious disturbance was anticipated. The first night after leaving
+Prairie du Chien Mr. L. met some Winnebagoes, and all camped together
+for the night; but the Indians, under their chief, Red Bird, left the
+camp stealthily before morning, and, proceeding to Prairie du Chien,
+entered the house of Mr. Lockwood with loaded rifles. Mrs. L., greatly
+frightened, fled to the store, then in charge of Duncan Graham, an old
+English trader. The Indians followed Mrs. L. into the store. Graham
+counseled with them and they left. As they were acting suspiciously a
+messenger was sent after Mr. Lockwood in haste. He returned on the
+twenty-seventh and found the inhabitants assembled, but without
+ammunition or means of defense. The Indians told the people not to go
+into the fort, as they would destroy it. As the day passed pickets and
+embankments were built around an old tavern. About sundown a keelboat
+came down the river and landed, bearing three dead bodies and several
+wounded. The sides of the boat had been riddled by bullets. This
+ghastly arrival increased the panic. Mr. Lockwood urged organization
+for defense. He was selected as captain but declined, and Thomas
+McNair was chosen, who ordered an immediate removal to the fort.
+Repairs were made and preparations for successful defense. On the day
+the fighting commenced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> Red Bird and his companions shot and killed
+Gagner and Lipcap. Mrs. Gagner, with rifle in hand, held Red Bird at
+bay till she escaped with one child into the rushes, whence she was
+rescued by a soldier on patrol duty. The soldier went to the house,
+where he found Gagner and Lipcap lying dead upon the floor, and an
+infant child, scalped and with its throat cut, lying under the bed.
+Gov. Cass, of Michigan, arrived on the fourth of July, greatly to the
+relief of the besieged garrison, which he mustered into the service of
+the United States, appointing Mr. Lockwood quartermaster. Another
+company, under Capt. Abner Field, was sent from Galena to their
+relief. Mr. Lockwood sent a messenger to Col. Snelling at Fort
+Snelling, who promptly sent down a company in a keelboat. The force
+thus concentrated at the fort was sufficient to overcome the Indians,
+who were in no plight to engage in a war with the United States. As
+the result of a council held by the Winnebagoes in the presence of the
+officers of the garrison, the Indians agreed to surrender Red Bird and
+Kee-Waw to Maj. Whistler, the Indians asking that the prisoners should
+not be ironed or harshly treated. Maj. Whistler promised that they
+should be treated with consideration, and Red Bird, rising from the
+ground, said, "I am ready," and was marched off with his accomplice,
+Kee-Waw, to a tent in the rear and placed under guard. The prisoners
+were handed over to Gen. Atkinson, and given into the hands of the
+civil authorities. They were chained and imprisoned, which so chafed
+the proud spirit of Red Bird that he drooped and soon died of a broken
+heart. Kee-Waw was afterward pardoned by the president of the United
+States. For this and other outrages perpetrated upon the settlers, not
+a single Indian suffered the penalty of death, excepting Red Bird,
+whose pride may be said to have been his executioner.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lockwood continued in mercantile business at Prairie du Chien many
+years. He held many positions of honor and trust, acquitting himself
+with credit. He built the first saw mill north of the Wisconsin river,
+on the Menomonie river. The famous Menomonie mills now occupy the same
+site. A small mill had been commenced prior to this on Black river,
+but the Indians had burned this mill before it was completed. Mr.
+Lockwood died at his home, Aug. 24, 1867.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Lockwood.</span>&mdash;John S., the brother of James H. Lockwood,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> was
+born in 1796 in New York; came to Prairie du Chien in 1838, and
+thereafter engaged in merchandising. He was a man of exemplary habits
+and a member of the Presbyterian church most of his life. He raised an
+interesting family. He died at his home at Prairie du Chien in 1858.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Gilbert</span> settled at Prairie du Chien in 1830. He was of Kentucky
+birth, a blacksmith by trade, and a model man in habits. Mr. Gilbert,
+in 1842, became one of the proprietors of the Chippewa Falls mill. He
+afterward lived at Albany. He followed Mississippi river piloting,
+removed to Burlington, Iowa, and died in 1878. Mr. Gilbert left four
+sons, Oliver, lumberman in Dunn county, Wisconsin, John and I. Dallam,
+lumber merchants at Burlington, Iowa, and Samuel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael Brisbois.</span>&mdash;We find the names of Brisbois and some others
+mentioned in the proceedings of the commission held by Col. Isaac Lee
+in 1820, to adjust claims to land in Prairie du Chien and vicinity.
+Michael Brisbois testified that he had been a resident of the Prairie
+thirty-nine years, which would date his settlement as far back as
+1781. Mr. Brisbois lived a stirring and eventful life. He died in
+1837, leaving several children. Joseph, the oldest, became a man of
+prominence and held many offices in state and church. Charles, the
+second son, while yet a boy went to McKenzie river, British
+possessions, in the employ of the Northwestern Fur Company, where he
+lived thirty years beyond the Arctic circle, and raised a large
+family. In 1842 he returned to Prairie du Chien, but his children,
+reared in the cold climate of the frozen zone, soon after his return
+sickened, and most of them died, unable to endure the change to a
+climate so much milder. Bernard W., a third son, was born at Prairie
+du Chien, Oct. 4, 1808. He was well educated and grew up a leading and
+influential citizen. As a child he had witnessed the taking of Fort
+Shelby by the British in 1814, and its recapture as Fort McKay by the
+United States troops in 1815. During the Red Bird Indian war he served
+as second lieutenant, and for several years was stationed at Fort
+Crawford. He was also a prominent agent or confidential adviser in the
+fur company which had its headquarters at Prairie du Chien. He was
+sheriff of Crawford county and held the office of county treasurer and
+other positions of trust. In 1872 President Grant appointed him consul
+to Vernier, Belgium, but ill health compelled an early<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> return. Mr.
+Brisbois married into the La Chapelle family. He died in 1885, leaving
+an interesting family.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pierre Lapoint</span> was also before the commission of Col. Lee as an early
+resident, having lived at the Prairie since 1782. The testimony of
+these early citizens served to establish the ancient tenure of the
+lands by French settlers, a tenure so ancient that no one could
+definitely give a date for its commencement. Mr. Lapoint was a farmer.
+He reared a large family of children, and died about 1845.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Rolette.</span>&mdash;Joseph Rolette was at one time chief justice of the
+county court of Crawford county. He was of French descent and was born
+in Quebec, L. C., in 1787. He was educated for the Catholic
+priesthood. In 1804 he came to Prairie du Chien. In the early part of
+his mature life he was an active and successful trader with the
+Indians on the Upper Mississippi. He was a man of keen perceptions and
+considerable ambition. He joined the British at the siege of Detroit,
+and was an officer at the capture of Mackinaw. He was in command of a
+company in the campaign of the British from Mackinaw to Prairie du
+Chien, and aided in taking the American stockade. His early education
+and associations inclined him to espouse the British cause during the
+war of 1812, which he did with all the ardor and enthusiasm of his
+nature. To his family he was kind and indulgent, giving his children
+the best education possible. One daughter, married to Capt. Hoe, of
+the United States army, was a very superior woman. One son, Joseph,
+received all the aid that money could give, and might have risen to
+distinction, but he early contracted intemperate habits which became
+in later life tenaciously fixed. This son was at one time a member of
+the Minnesota legislature. Joseph Rolette, Sr., died at Prairie du
+Chien in 1842.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hercules Dousman.</span>&mdash;The leading Indian trader of the Upper Mississippi,
+the prominent adviser at Indian treaties and payments and the trusted
+agent of the American Fur Company, was Hercules Dousman, a keen,
+shrewd man, and universally influential with the Indians, with whom it
+might be said his word was law. He understood all the intricacies
+involved in the Indian treaty and the half-breed annuities and
+payments. His extended favors and credits to the Indians, properly
+proven, of course, would be recognized and paid at the regular
+payments.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> He accumulated through these agencies great wealth, which
+he retained to his dying day. He came to Prairie du Chien, in the
+employ of Joseph Rolette, in 1828. He afterward married the widow of
+Rolette. He died in Prairie du Chien in 1878.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. David Lowry.</span>&mdash;A noble, big hearted Kentuckian, a minister of the
+Cumberland Presbyterian church, he was located by the government as
+farmer and teacher of the Indians on Yellow river, near Prairie du
+Chien, in 1833. For years this good man labored with unquestioned zeal
+for the welfare of the untutored Indian. Mr. Lowry informed me, while
+at his post, that he was fearful that all his labor was labor lost, or
+worse than useless. The Indian pupil learned just enough to fit him
+for the worst vices. The introduction of whisky was a corrupting
+agency, in itself capable of neutralizing every effort for the moral
+and intellectual advancement of the Indian, with whom intoxication
+produces insanity. He felt quite disheartened as to the prospect of
+accomplishing any good. He died at St. Cloud some time in the '50s.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chief Justice Charles Dunn.</span>&mdash;When Wisconsin Territory was organized in
+1836, Charles Dunn was appointed chief justice. He served as judge
+until Wisconsin became a state in 1848. He was of Irish descent and
+was born in Kentucky in 1799. He studied law in Kentucky and Illinois,
+and was admitted to practice in 1820 at Jonesboro, Illinois. He was
+chief clerk of the Illinois house of representatives five years. He
+was one of the commissioners of the Illinois and Michigan canal. In
+1829 he was one of a party which surveyed and platted the first town
+of Chicago, and superintended the first sale of town lots there. He
+was captain of a company during the Black Hawk War in 1832, and was
+severely wounded through mistake by a sentinel on duty. In 1835 he was
+a member of the Illinois house of representatives. In 1837, as judge,
+he held his first court in Crawford county. In this court, in 1838,
+indictments were found against certain individuals for selling liquor
+to whites and Indians contrary to law, when, by evasions, continuances
+and technicalities, the suits would go by the board. In one case the
+charge given to the jury by this dignified and courteous Judge Dunn
+was as follows: "Gentlemen of the Jury: Unless you are satisfied that
+the defendants in this case did deal out, in clear, unadulterated
+quantities, intoxicating drinks, it is your imperative duty to
+discharge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> them." The jury, of course, discharged the defendants.
+Aside from his drinking habits, which interfered much with his
+usefulness, he was a genial gentleman and regarded by his associates
+as an eminent jurist. He sometimes kept the court waiting till he
+should become sober, and on one occasion came near losing his life in
+a drunken spree. He jumped through an upper window of Tainter's hotel,
+and escaped with only a broken leg. Judge Dunn was a member of the
+second Wisconsin constitutional convention. He was state senator in
+1853-4-5 and 6. He died at Mineral Point, April 7, 1872.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Alfred Brunson</span>, a distinguished pioneer preacher in the West, was
+born in Connecticut, 1793, and received there a common school
+education. His father died while he was yet a minor, and with
+commendable zeal and filial love he devoted himself to providing for
+his mother and her bereaved family, working at the trade of a
+shoemaker till he was seventeen years of age, when he enlisted as a
+soldier under Gen. Harrison and served under him until the peace of
+1815, when he entered the Methodist ministry, in which, by industry
+and close application, he became quite learned and eminent as a
+divine. His active ministry extended to the long period of sixty-seven
+years. He was the first Methodist minister north of the Wisconsin
+river. In 1837 he established a mission at Kaposia and thence removed
+to Red Rock (Newport), in Washington county, Minnesota. In 1840 he was
+a member of the Wisconsin legislature. In 1842 he was Indian agent at
+Lapointe, on Lake Superior. Mr. Brunson was very prominent in the
+councils of his own church, having represented his conference several
+times in the general conference of that body. He is also the author of
+many essays and other publications, among them "The Western Pioneer,"
+in two volumes, a most entertaining and instructive account of life in
+the West.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brunson was married to Eunice Burr, a relative of the famous Aaron
+Burr. She was a woman of great intelligence and of excellent qualities
+of heart as well as mind. Her heart overflowed with sympathy for the
+sick and distressed, and she won by her care for them the affectionate
+title of "Mother Brunson." She died in 1847.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Alfred Brunson, though an itinerant, was so favored in his
+various fields of labor that he was able to have his permanent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> home
+at Prairie du Chien, where he lived from 1835 until the time of his
+death in 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Many incidents in Mr. Brunson's career are worthy of permanent record.
+He was among the most hardy and daring of the pioneers. He came down
+the Ohio and up the Mississippi in a barge to Prairie du Chien in
+1835, the barge laden with household furniture and the material for a
+frame building which, on landing, he proceeded immediately to erect.
+This house, which he and his family occupied till his death, is still
+standing.</p>
+
+<p>When he established his mission at Kaposia he was greatly in need of
+an interpreter. An officer at Fort Snelling owned a negro slave who
+had been a Methodist before going into the army in the service of his
+master. Afterward he had married a Dakota woman and by associating
+with the Indians had learned their language. This young negro, James
+Thompson, was a slave, and Mr. Brunson could only secure his services
+by purchasing him outright, which he did, paying the price of $1,200,
+the money for which was raised by subscription in Ohio. "Jim" was
+presented with his "free papers," and was soon interpreting the Gospel
+to the Indians at Kaposia. This is the only instance on record of a
+slave being sold on Minnesota soil. It will be remembered, however,
+that the historical "<span class="smcap">Dred Scott</span>" was also the property of an officer
+at the Fort, Surgeon Emerson. James Thompson resided in St. Paul in
+the later years of his life, and died there in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ira Brunson.</span>&mdash;Ira, the eldest son of Rev. A. Brunson, was born in Ohio
+in 1815, and came to Prairie du Chien in 1836. He was a member of the
+legislature during the years 1837-38-39 and 40. He was also postmaster
+many years. He was continuously in office in Crawford county until his
+death in 1884. In 1840 he was appointed special deputy United States
+marshal for the purpose of removing the settlers from the Fort
+Snelling reservation. These settlers were mostly from Selkirk,
+Manitoba. They had been driven out by the grasshoppers and, fleeing
+southward, had settled about Fort Snelling to be under the protection
+of the Fort. The government, however, considered them intruders and
+ordered Mr. Brunson to remove them outside the reservation, and to
+destroy all their dwellings and farm improvements, which disagreeable
+duty he performed as well, perhaps, as it could be performed; he, as
+he afterward told me, being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> satisfied in his own mind that the
+removal would be for their ultimate good, the influences of the Fort
+and of the associations of the motley crowd of hangers on around it
+being somewhat demoralizing. At any rate the eviction of these western
+Acadians has never aroused the sympathies of the poet and
+sentimentalist as did that of the Acadians of the East.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John H. Folsom</span>, brother of W. H. C. Folsom, was born in Machias,
+Maine, Dec. 27, 1813. He was engaged during his youth in clerking. In
+1835 he made a voyage as supercargo of a vessel to the Congo coast. In
+1836 he came to Michigan, and in 1837 to Prairie du Chien, where he
+has since continuously resided. He was married in 1839 to Angelica
+Pion, who died in 1878, leaving no children. He has a very retentive
+memory, and is quoted as an authority in the local history of Prairie
+du Chien. The writer is indebted to him for many particulars referring
+to the early history of that city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ezekiel Tainter.</span>&mdash;Mr. Tainter came to Prairie du Chien in 1833 from
+Vermont. He had at first fort contracts, but afterward engaged in
+merchandising, farming and hotel keeping. He also served as sheriff.
+He was eccentric and original in his methods, and some amusing stories
+are told of his prowess in arresting criminals. On one occasion he was
+about to arrest a criminal. Having summoned his <i>posse</i>, he followed
+the man until he took refuge in a cabin with one door and two windows.
+Stationing his men before the door, he thus addressed them: "Brave
+boys, I am about to go through this door. If I fall, as I undoubtedly
+will, you must rush over my dead body and seize the ruffian." Giving
+the word of command, he plunged through the door and captured the
+criminal, apparently much astonished at finding himself still alive.
+At his tavern, one morning, a boarder announced that he had been
+robbed. Uncle Zeke quieted him, and, quickly examining his rooms,
+found one boarder missing. It was gray twilight. He ordered all to
+retire but the man who had been robbed. The two sat quietly down as
+they saw a man approaching the house from the bluffs. To their
+surprise it was the absentee approaching. As he stepped on the piazza,
+Uncle Zeke dexterously tripped him up with his stiff leg, and seizing
+him by the throat, shouted to the astonished miscreant: "Where is the
+money you stole? Tell me at once, or you will never get up." The
+prostrate culprit, thoroughly frightened, tremblingly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> answered, "I
+hid it in the bluff." They marched him to the spot, recovered the
+money and generously allowed the thief his freedom on the condition of
+his leaving the country. Uncle Zeke lived to a good old age, and died
+at the residence of his son Andrew, in Menomonie, Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wyram Knowlton.</span>&mdash;Mr. Knowlton was born in Chenango county, New York,
+in 1816, came to Wisconsin in 1837, and commenced the study of law. He
+was admitted to practice in Platteville, and in 1840 came to Prairie
+du Chien and opened a law office. In 1846 he enlisted and served in
+the Mexican War, after which he resumed practice. In 1850 he was
+appointed judge of the Sixth Judicial district of Wisconsin, and
+served six years. He held the first court in Pierce county in 1854. He
+was a man of fine ability. He died in the north part of the State in
+1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Lester.</span>&mdash;A melancholy interest attaches to the memory of this
+man on account of his early tragical death. He had come to Prairie du
+Chien in 1840, and in 1842 had been elected sheriff. Next year his
+official duties called him to the Menomonie and Chippewa valleys. On
+his return he had left Lockwood's mills on the Menomonie, and had
+passed through Trempealeau and was coasting along the west shore, when
+an Indian hailed him, calling for bread. Lester passed on without
+responding. As he reached a point of land the Indian ran across the
+point and, awaiting his approach, shot him through the heart. Lester
+rose as the ball struck him, and fell overboard. Mr. Jean Bruno,
+proprietor of the Chippewa mills, was on his way up river in a canoe,
+and witnessed the whole transaction. Mr. Bruno described the whole
+tragic scene. Popular excitement ran high at Prairie du Chien. A party
+of men volunteered to search for Lester's body, which was found at the
+place of the murder and brought back for interment at Prairie du
+Chien. The Indian, a Sioux, was arrested and kept in jail a long time,
+and although he had acknowledged to some of his Indian friends that he
+had killed Lester, he was acquitted. It was a cold blooded and
+atrocious murder, and the proof of the Indian's guilt was
+overwhelming, as he was, by his own confession, the murderer; still he
+was not punished. In this case the prisoner did not languish and die
+in jail of a broken heart as did Red Bird, the murderer of Gagner and
+Lipcap. As a rule the courts dealt very leniently with Indian
+criminals.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Pendleton Burnett</span> was born in Virginia in 1800. He studied law
+and was admitted to the bar in Paris, Kentucky. He was appointed
+sub-Indian agent under J. M. Street, in 1829. He came to Prairie du
+Chien in 1830 and entered upon the duties of the agency. He also
+practiced law. In 1835 he was a member of the Michigan territorial
+council and its president. In 1836, after his term of office expired,
+he married a daughter of Alfred Brunson and, continuing the practice
+of law, became quite eminent for his skill, and acquired an extensive
+practice. He was a fluent speaker, well skilled in the management of
+the cases intrusted to his care. In 1840 he removed to a farm at Patch
+Grove, Grant county. He was a member of the Wisconsin constitutional
+convention which met in 1846. He served but a few weeks when he was
+called home by the death of his mother and the sickness of his wife.
+The fatigue of a twenty-four hours' ride of eighty-five miles in a
+rude lumber wagon was too much for his not very rugged constitution,
+and four days after his mother's death he followed her to the world of
+spirits. His devoted wife survived him but three hours. Under
+circumstances of such unusual sadness did this brilliant and promising
+lawyer and citizen take his departure from earth. His death created a
+profound sensation throughout the entire Northwest, where he was so
+well and favorably known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Dodge</span>, the first governor of Wisconsin Territory, was born in
+Vincennes, Indiana, Oct. 12, 1782. He came to the lead mines of
+Wisconsin in 1828. In 1832 he took part in the Black Hawk War, an
+uprising of the Sac and Fox Indians against the United States
+government. Mr. Dodge participated as a general at the battle of Bad
+Axe, his regiment occupying the front rank in that battle. April 30,
+1836, he was appointed governor of Wisconsin by President Andrew
+Jackson, reappointed in 1839 by President Van Buren, and by President
+Polk in 1845, serving three terms. From 1841 to 1845, during the
+presidency of Harrison and his successor (Tyler), he served as
+territorial delegate to Congress. In 1848 he was elected United States
+senator for the short term, and re-elected in 1851, Senator Walker
+being his colleague. On the occasion of the motion to admit
+California, the Wisconsin senators were instructed by the legislature
+to vote against the measure. Senator Walker disregarded the
+instruction and voted for the measure. Senator Dodge, although
+extremely ill at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> time, had himself carried to the senate chamber
+that he might record his vote adversely to the bill. Gov. Dodge rose
+to the highest position in his State, and chiefly by his own unaided
+efforts. As a soldier he was brave and efficient, as a governor,
+congressional delegate and senator he was clear headed, cautious and
+wise, and altogether a citizen of whom the State might justly be
+proud. He died in Burlington, Iowa, June 19, 1867.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Jones</span> was born in Vincennes, Indiana. He graduated at
+Transylvania University, Kentucky, in 1825. He was educated for the
+law, but ill health prevented him from practicing. He, however, served
+as clerk of the United States district court in Missouri in 1826, and
+during the Black Hawk War served as aid-de-camp to Gen. Dodge. In 1832
+he was appointed colonel of militia, and was promoted to a major
+generalship. After the war he served as judge of a county court. In
+1835 he was elected delegate to Congress from the territory of
+Michigan, or from that part of it lying west of Lake Michigan, and
+remained a delegate until the formation of Wisconsin Territory, in
+1836, when he was elected delegate from the new territory. In 1839 he
+was appointed surveyor general for Wisconsin. He was removed in 1841,
+but reappointed by President Polk, and continued in office until
+elected senator from the state of Iowa, which position he held for six
+years, and was then appointed by President Buchanan minister to New
+Granada. During the Civil War his sympathies were with the South and
+he was imprisoned for awhile at Fort Warren under a charge of
+disloyalty. He has resided in Dubuque, Iowa, since the formation of
+Iowa Territory. He still lives, a hale and hearty old gentleman, and
+served as a delegate to the waterways convention held in St. Paul,
+September, 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. G. and S. L. Tainter and John Thomas</span> (father of Hon. Ormsby Thomas,
+representative from Wisconsin in the Congress of 1887-88) with their
+families came to Prairie du Chien in 1837. The Messrs. Tainter and
+Thomas died many years ago.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>STILLWATER AND ST. CROIX COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In September, 1844, reluctantly I bade adieu to Prairie du Chien with
+its picturesque bluffs and historic associations, and embarked on the
+steamer Highland Mary, Capt. Atchison, to seek a home and more
+salubrious climate further north. The voyage was without incident
+worthy of note, till we reached St. Croix lake, in the midst of a
+crashing thunder storm and a deluge of rain, which did not prevent us
+from eagerly scanning the scenery of the lake. The shores were as yet
+almost without inhabitants. The home of Paul Carli, a two story house
+at the mouth of Bolles creek, was the first dwelling above Prescott,
+on the west side of the lake. A few French residences were to be seen
+above on the west side. On the east bank, below the mouth of Willow
+river, where Hudson is now situated, were three log houses owned by
+Peter Bouchea, Joseph Manesse, and Louis Massey. On the high hill
+west, nearly opposite Willow river, stood the farm house of Elam
+Greely, and on the same side, on the point, in full view of
+Stillwater, stood the farm house of John Allen. With the exception of
+these few dwellings, the shores of the lake were untouched by the hand
+of man, and spread before us in all their primitive beauty. There were
+gently rounded hills sloping to the water's edge, and crowned with
+groves of shrubby oak, amidst which, especially at the outlet of
+streams into the lake, the darker pines stood out boldly against the
+sky. We passed on over the clear, blue expanse of water on which was
+no floating thing save our boat and the wild fowl which were scared
+and flew away at our approach, till we reached the head of the lake at
+Stillwater, the end of our journey. November 30th my family arrived on
+the steamer Cecilia, Capt. Throckmorton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER IN 1845.</h4>
+
+<p>We landed just in front of the store of nelson &amp; co. just below the
+landing was a clear, cold spring, bubbling out of the earth, or the
+rock rather. It was walled in and pretty well filled with speckled
+trout. On the opposite side of the street Walter R. Vail had a house
+and store; north of Vail's store the house and store of Socrates
+Nelson. Up Main street, west side, stood Anson Northrup's hotel and
+Greely &amp; Blake's post office and store. One street back was the
+residence of John E. Mower, and north of this the mill boarding house,
+and in the rear the shanty store of the mill company, where the Sawyer
+House now stands. Up a ravine stood the shanty residence of John
+Smith. In a ravine next to Nelson &amp; Co.'s store was the residence of
+Wm. Cove. On Main street, opposite Greely &amp; Blake's store, was the
+residence of Albert Harris. On the shore of the lake, north of
+Chestnut street, was John McKusick's saw mill. Sylvester Stateler's
+blacksmith shop stood just south of the mill. In Brown's Dakotah, now
+Schulenberg's addition, near the old log court house, was a log hotel,
+kept by Robert Kennedy. This was Stillwater in 1845.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>From 1819 to 1836 this valley was under the jurisdiction of Crawford
+county, Michigan, there being no white inhabitants save Indian
+traders. There was no law dispensed in this region, excepting the law
+that might makes right. In 1836 the territory of Wisconsin, comprising
+all of Michigan west of the great lakes; also all that portion of
+Missouri Territory out of which was formed the state of Iowa, which
+was organized as a territory in 1838, and admitted as a state in 1846;
+also that portion of Minnesota which lies west of the present
+state&mdash;yet unorganized&mdash;known as Dakota, was organized.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1837 forms a new era in our history. Gov. Henry Dodge, of
+Wisconsin, on the part of the national government, was appointed to
+negotiate with the Ojibways. They met at Fort Snelling. A treaty was
+made, the Indians ceding to the United States all their lands east of
+the Mississippi, to near the headwaters of the St. Croix and Chippewa
+rivers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A deputation of Dakotas at Washington, the same year, ceded all their
+lands east of the Mississippi to the parent government, thus opening
+to settlement all this portion of Minnesota and Wisconsin. But few
+adventurers made their way into this far off region, however, for many
+years. A steamer once in two months was the only mode of travel,
+excepting by birch canoe.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1837, at Prairie du Chien, I met a party who had ascended
+the Mississippi and the St. Croix as far as St. Croix Falls. According
+to their account they had found the place where creation ended, where
+a large river, capable of bearing a steamer, burst out of a rock like
+that which Moses smote. They had seen "the elephant with his quills
+erect," and were returning satisfied to their New England home. They
+had entered the since famous Dalles of the St. Croix, located at the
+head of navigation on that river.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1838, being the year succeeding the purchase of the lands
+bordering on the St. Croix river and a portion of her tributaries, may
+be dated the commencement of the settlement of the St. Croix valley;
+but with the exception of the Hon. Joseph R. Brown, the parties that I
+shall enumerate as opening business, came here for the purpose of
+lumbering, and in no instance as permanent settlers. The valley was
+considered too far north and the soil too sterile for cultivation, but
+many of those who came here in 1838 found out their mistake and made
+choice of the valley for their permanent homes. They were afterward
+abundantly satisfied with the healthfulness of the climate and the
+fertility of the soil. Several companies were formed this year for the
+ostensible purpose of lumbering, many members of which became
+permanent settlers.</p>
+
+<p>The first dismemberment of the St. Croix valley from Crawford county
+was by the organization of the county of St. Croix. Joseph R. Brown
+was elected representative to the legislature, from the north part of
+Crawford county. His residence at that time was Gray Cloud, now in
+Washington county. Mr. Brown introduced the bill for the organization
+of St. Croix county, which passed and was approved by the governor of
+Wisconsin, Jan. 9, 1840. The writer of these sketches was employed by
+Messrs. Brown and Brunson (the representatives from this district), in
+December, 1839, to take them with a team from Prairie du Chien to
+Madison. One of the indispensable requirements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> for traveling in those
+days was a large "Black Betty," which was the butt of much wit and
+humor. Mr. Brown said the contents of Old Betty must establish a new
+county away up in the Northwest. The deed was done&mdash;the act did pass.
+I don't know whether Old Betty came back to assist in organizing the
+county or not. It is well to say Mr. Brown acquitted himself with
+honor to his constituents, and was successful in the one great object
+for which he sought the election. This was the precursor to coming
+events&mdash;a shadow cast before. For it was under this organization that
+Northwest Wisconsin and Minnesota first obeyed the mandates of law and
+order.</p>
+
+<p>Under the provision of the act of organization, Hazen Mooers, of Gray
+Cloud, Samuel Burkelo, of Marine, and Joseph R. Brown, of Dakotah,
+were constituted a board of county commissioners with county seat
+located at Dakotah.</p>
+
+<p>This town was located at the head of Lake St. Croix, on the west side,
+on unsurveyed government lands, known as "Joe Brown's Claim." When the
+Wisconsin legislature of 1840 made this the county seat of St. Croix
+county it was named Dakotah.</p>
+
+
+<h4>JUDGE IRWIN'S COURT IN 1840.</h4>
+
+<p>The first district court north of Prairie du Chien was called at
+Dakotah, St. Croix county. This county had been assigned to Judge
+Irwin's district (Green Bay). The time assigned for the court was
+June, 1840. Judge Irwin wended his way up Fox river to the portage,
+down the Wisconsin to Prairie du Chien, up the Mississippi to St.
+Paul, and across from St. Paul to Dakotah with guides. At Dakotah the
+regular officers were all absent, but he found at the court house two
+young men named Brown and six Frenchmen from St. Paul and Little
+Canada, summoned as jurors by Sheriff Lawrence. Judge Irwin remained
+one night, slept in deer skins in the county building, subsisting
+meanwhile on venison and bear steak. No calendar was to be found and
+the judge and jurors left for home.</p>
+
+<p>The first commissioners' meeting was held Oct. 5, 1840. At this
+meeting much important work was done. An acre of ground at the county
+seat was selected for county buildings. A contract to erect a court
+house according to specifications was let to J. R. Brown, he to
+receive for the same eight hundred dollars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> The parties agreed upon a
+deed or conveyance of ground, a synopsis of which we append. The
+conveyance cites and reiterates a Wisconsin legislative law
+establishing St. Croix county, giving to the people the right to
+locate the county seat by vote and to the county commissioners power
+to erect county buildings, the selected location to be the permanent
+seat of justice of said county. It further provides that the county
+commissioners shall carry into effect the law of Congress of the
+United States, entitled "An act granting to counties or parishes, in
+which public lands are situate, the right of pre-emption to one-fourth
+section of land, for seats of justice within the same." Approved May
+20, 1824. It then cites the vote taken Aug. 5, 1840, locating the
+county seat at "Brown's warehouse, at the head of Lake St. Croix."
+Further conditions are set forth in compliance with the law,
+confirming the location on Joseph R. Brown's land claim. This is the
+first recorded deed in St. Croix county.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty dollars was allowed to J. R. Brown and W. B. Dibble, each, for
+carrying election returns to Prairie du Chien. The first abstract of
+votes polled in St. Croix county was for delegate to Congress and for
+county officers. For delegate to Congress the following vote was cast:
+Henry Dodge, seventeen; Jonathan E. Arnold, ten. Samuel Burkelo, Hazen
+Mooers and W. B. Dibble were elected county commissioners; William
+Holcombe, county treasurer and register of deeds; Phineas Lawrence,
+sheriff; J. R. Brown, county clerk and clerk of court, and Philander
+Prescott, assessor.</p>
+
+<p>The first recorded deed of property in Stillwater was from Walter R.
+Vail to Rufus S. King, transferring for a consideration of $1,550 a
+tract bounded east by Lake St. Croix and south and north by lands
+owned by Churchill and Nelson.</p>
+
+<p>Three election precincts had been established in this portion of
+Crawford county prior to the organization of St. Croix county:
+Caw-caw-baw-kank, embracing the county adjacent to St. Croix Falls;
+Dakotah, the county at the head of Lake St. Croix, and Chan-wak-an the
+Gray Cloud settlement, on the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>On July 5, 1841, the commissioners held a meeting and established
+voting precincts as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>Gray Cloud</i>&mdash;Judges of election, Hazen Mooers, David Howe, Joseph
+Haskell.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Mouth of St. Croix Lake</i>&mdash;Judges of election, P. Prescott, Oscar P.
+Burris, John Burke.</p>
+
+<p><i>Marine Mills</i>&mdash;Judges of election, Asa Parker, Samuel Burkelo, T.
+Harrington.</p>
+
+<p><i>Falls of St. Croix</i>&mdash;Judges of election, Joseph W. Furber, Joshua L.
+Taylor, Jesse Taylor.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pokegama</i>&mdash;Judges of election, Jeremiah Russell, E. Myers, E. L. Ely.</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 2, 1844, St. Paul and Stillwater were made election precincts by
+the Wisconsin legislature, and Stillwater was made the county seat.
+The constituted authorities were not successful in making out
+assessments and collecting county revenues. The first estimate of
+expenditures for the county was for 1842, and amounted to $482. This
+included the estimate for holding one term of court. Up to the time of
+changing the county seat to Stillwater much dissatisfaction existed as
+to the manner in which the county finances had been managed, and there
+was a general revolt, a refusal to pay taxes. In consequence, the
+county building at Dakotah remained unfinished and was finally
+abandoned by the county authorities. J. R. Brown lost on his contract
+on account of this failure and abandonment. The first successful
+collection of taxes in St. Croix county, considered legal, was in
+1845. Capt. Wm. Holcombe acted during this period as clerk of the
+commissioners, and register of deeds. In 1846 he deputized W. H. C.
+Folsom as deputy clerk and register of deeds, and transmitted the
+records from St. Croix Falls to Stillwater.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
+EARLY HISTORY OF STILLWATER.</h4>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1843 Jacob Fisher made a claim on unsurveyed lands at
+the head of Lake St. Croix, immediately south of Dakotah, spotting and
+blazing the trees to mark the limits of his claim. Mr. Fisher thought
+it a good site for a saw mill, and made an offer to Elias McKean and
+Calvin F. Leach of the entire claim on condition that they would build
+a mill. McKusick and Greely were looking for a mill site; Mr. Fisher
+referred them to McKean and Leach. It was agreed that the four should
+take the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> claim and erect the mill. Greely improved and held the
+claim, while McKusick went to St. Louis and procured mill irons and
+supplies. McKean and Leach operated in the pinery. By April 1, 1844,
+the mill was finished and in operation. This was the first frame
+building erected in Stillwater. It stood on the lake shore, east of
+Main street, lot 8, block 18. The second frame building was McKusick's
+boarding house, west of Main street, on block 18. John Allen's family
+was the first to locate in Stillwater. Mr. Allen came in the spring of
+1844, and subsequently removed to California. The second family was
+that of Anson Northrup coming soon after. Mr. Northrup built a public
+house on the west side of Main street, just north of Nelson's alley.
+Soon afterward came widow Edwards and family from Ohio, relatives of
+the Northrups; Mrs. Northrup being a daughter of widow Edwards.
+Socrates Nelson came about this time and built the first store in
+Stillwater. His family joined him soon afterward. The first marriage
+was that of Jesse Taylor and Abbie Edwards, J. W. Furber, Esq.,
+officiating justice. The second marriage was that of William Cove to
+Nancy Edwards in May, 1845. The first white child born was Willie
+Taylor, son of Jesse Taylor, in 1845. A daughter, Maud Maria, was born
+to Mr. and Mrs. Paul Carli in Dakotah (Schulenburg's addition to
+Stillwater), in 1843.</p>
+
+<p>Stillwater derives its name from its appropriate location on the banks
+of the still waters of Lake St. Croix. A post office was established
+in 1845, and Elam Greely was appointed postmaster. The first business
+partnership was that of the saw mill company, already noted. We give
+here in full the articles of agreement as the first written and the
+oldest on record in Washington county. This document is important not
+only as fixing a date for the origin or founding of Stillwater, but as
+an important event, as it thus early laid the foundation of the future
+prosperity of the city, and indicated the direction in which its
+energies should be chiefly turned:</p>
+
+
+<h4>[<i>Copy of Agreement.</i>]</h4>
+
+<p>This agreement, made and entered into this twenty-sixth day of
+October, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and forty-three, by the
+following named individuals, viz.: John McKusick, Elias McKean, Elam
+Greely, and Calvin F. Leach, for the purpose of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> building a saw mill
+near the head of Lake St. Croix, Wisconsin Territory, and for carrying
+on the lumbering business in all its various branches.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article first</i>&mdash;It is understood by this agreement, that the
+heretofore named individuals form themselves into a company to
+continue and exist by the name of the Stillwater Lumber Company.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article second</i>&mdash;It is agreed to by the heretofore named individuals,
+that the whole amount of property owned and business done by the
+aforesaid company shall be included in fifteen shares, and to be
+divided and owned by each individual of the aforesaid company as
+follows, viz.: John McKusick, five-fifteenths; Elias McKean,
+three-fifteenths; Elam Greely, four-fifteenths; and Calvin F. Leach,
+three-fifteenths.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article third</i>&mdash;It is furthermore understood, that each proprietor of
+the aforesaid company shall pay his proportion of all the expenses
+arising from all the business done or transacted by the aforesaid
+company, and to continue the same ratio, so long a time as said
+company shall exist and continue to do business under the present
+form, and likewise any gain or loss, arising or accruing from any or
+all of the business done by the aforesaid company, shall be shared or
+sustained by each proprietor of the aforesaid company, in the same
+ratio as above named, in proportion to each above named proprietor's
+share of stock owned in the aforesaid company.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article fourth</i>&mdash;It is furthermore agreed to, that the whole amount
+of money or property that each or either of the proprietors of the
+aforesaid company shall invest, advance, or pay for the benefit or use
+of the aforesaid company, the same amount shall be credited to the
+separate credit of the proprietor or either of the proprietors of the
+aforesaid company making such investments, on the books of accounts
+kept by the aforesaid company.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article fifth</i>&mdash;It is furthermore understood, that for the amount of
+money or property that any one of the proprietors of the aforesaid
+company shall invest, advance, or pay for the benefit or use of the
+aforesaid company, more than his proportional share of the whole
+amount of money or property invested by the aforesaid company, the
+same amount of money, with interest, shall be paid or refunded back to
+said proprietor by the aforesaid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> company, out of the first proceeds
+arising from the business done by the company aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article sixth</i>&mdash;It is furthermore understood, that in case any one of
+the aforesaid proprietors should at any time hereafter be disposed to
+sell, transfer or dispose of his share of stock owned in the aforesaid
+company, he shall first pay to said company all the liabilities or
+indebtedness of said share of stock, and then give said company the
+preference of purchasing and owning said share of stock, at the same
+rates by which said proprietor may have an opportunity to sell said
+shares of stock.</p>
+
+<p><i>Article seventh</i>&mdash;It is furthermore understood that the proprietors
+of the aforesaid company, individually, shall have no right, or power,
+to sign any obligation or due bill, make any contract, or transact any
+business of importance in the name of, or binding on, the aforesaid
+company, except some one proprietor of the aforesaid company should
+hereafter be fully authorized by the aforesaid company to act and
+transact business as agent for the aforesaid company.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, we hereunto set our hands and seals this
+twenty-sixth day of October, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and
+forty-three.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">John Mckusick,<br />
+Elam Greely,<br />
+Elias Mckean,<br />
+C. F. Leach.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Attest: <span class="smcap">C. Simonds.</span></p>
+
+<p>This agreement and dates are taken from the original book of records
+in the possession of John McKusick.</p>
+
+<p>After this agreement was signed, until Mr. McKusick became the sole
+owner, the business was conducted by mutual agreement, there being no
+constituted agent, except in case of an emergency.</p>
+
+<p>The mill boarding house, a two story building, erected in 1845, was
+burned in 1846, and immediately rebuilt. In 1846 J. H. Brewster built
+a small store. McKusick's store was built the same year, on the
+southwest corner of Main and Myrtle streets. Some smaller buildings
+were erected this year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845 a verbal agreement was made with regard to land claims, by
+which Brown's claim was recognized as extending along the lake shore
+north of Battle Hollow, where the Minnesota<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> state prison now stands.
+South of Battle Hollow, along the lake shore to Nelson, extending
+three-fourths of a mile west, was the claim of the mill company,
+originally held by Fisher. South of Nelson's alley, one-half mile down
+the lake, three-fourths of a mile west, was S. Nelson's claim. When
+the government survey was made these claims and lines were amicably
+adjusted and confirmed. A congressional law was in existence making
+provisions for villages and cities built on unsurveyed lands, that
+such lands should be equitably divided and surveyed into lots, and the
+actual settler or occupant should be protected in his rights.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1846, a desire was expressed by citizens of St. Paul and
+Stillwater for the opening of new roads between these cities. The
+traveled road up to that time was by Haskell's and Bissell's Mounds.
+Louis Roberts and the writer examined a route by White Bear lake. A
+road was established south of this route in June.</p>
+
+<p>In July I started up the St. Croix river with Joseph Brewster, in a
+batteau, to put up hay for Elam Greely on Kanabec river. We poled our
+batteau with outfit and camped where now stands the village of
+Franconia. The next morning early we entered the picturesque Dalles of
+the St. Croix, then cordelled our boat over Baker's falls, and landed
+at the village of St. Croix Falls. This village, the first American
+settlement on the St. Croix, had one large mill with six saws. The
+water power was utilized by means of a permanent dam with massive
+piers. A warehouse was perched in a romantic situation amidst the
+cliffs of the Dalles and furnished with a tramway or wooden railway
+extending to the summit of the cliffs, for the transportation of
+goods. A boarding house dubbed the "Barlow House," another the "Soap
+Grease Exchange," and a few small tenement houses, constituted the
+village. The leading business men were James Purinton, Wm. Holcombe,
+Joseph Bowron and Lewis Barlow. We spent half a day in making a
+portage around the St. Croix falls. The wind being fair, on the third
+day we sailed as far as Sunrise island. At Wolf creek we passed an
+Indian trading post. In front of Sunrise island and on the west side
+of the St. Croix river, a little below the mouth of Sunrise river,
+stood the trading post of Maurice M. Samuels, long known as one of the
+most remarkable and notorious men on the frontier. He was a Jew, but
+had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> married a Chippewa woman, claiming that he had married one of his
+own people, the Indians being, according to his theory, descendants of
+the Lost Tribes of Israel.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixth day we came to the farm of Jeremiah Russell, on Pokegama
+lake. We found him a pleasant gentleman, engaged as an Indian farmer.
+We paddled across the lake to the Presbyterian mission. Mr. Boutwell,
+the superintendent, was absent. The mission was pleasantly located,
+the management was excellent, the crops were in fair condition, and
+well cultivated. Everything about the mission betokened good
+management. Next day we went to a hay meadow opposite the mouth of
+Ground House creek, where we put up on this and adjacent meadows sixty
+tons of hay. We left on the twenty-fourth, camping the first night at
+Chengwatana. On the morning of the twenty-fifth, while passing down
+Kanabec river, our ears were greeted with some most horrible and
+unearthly noises. On turning a bend in the river we saw a large body
+of Indians cutting indescribable antics, in the river and on the
+shore, chasing each other, reeling and staggering to and fro, yelling
+and firing guns. They seemed a lot of Bedlamites turned out as if to
+dispute our passage down the river. Pass them now we must. It was too
+late to retreat. Our batteau was light. I was in the bow, Brewster was
+in the stern. The yelling and uproar grew each moment more horrible.
+Brewster said: "Keep the bow in the best water and pass them in a
+hurry." He was of great strength; every set of his pole would almost
+lift the boat from the water. While we were passing several guns were
+leveled at us, but such was the noise that if any were fired we did
+not hear them. We were glad when we passed out of range and hearing.
+While passing we caught a glimpse of the cause of the unusual
+disturbance, some whisky barrels, and drunken savages around them,
+staggering, fighting or lying on the ground in drunken stupor. Landing
+at Samuels' camp, we learned of him that one Myers had hidden a couple
+of barrels of whisky on Kanabec river, that the Indians had found
+them, and the jollification we had witnessed would last till the
+whisky was all gone. We arrived at Stillwater without further
+adventure.</p>
+
+<p>In July I made another visit to Prairie du Chien. The mail packet for
+Fort Snelling, on which I expected to return, broke her shaft and
+returned to St. Louis for repairs. The postmaster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> at Prairie du Chien
+offered me seventy dollars to carry the mail to the Fort, which offer
+I accepted. I bought a skiff, blankets and provisions, hired one man
+and started. We poled, paddled and rowed against a strong current, the
+low water compelling us to keep near the centre of the river. We
+arrived at Bully Wells' on Lake Pepin on the fifth evening and
+politely asked the privilege of stopping with him and were promptly
+refused. It was raining very hard at the time. We drew our skiff up on
+the shore, turned it over for a shelter, and crawled beneath it with
+the mail. As it was a cold, wet night, we suffered severely. As we
+were passing an island above Red Wing, the day following, we saw some
+Sioux Indian wigwams, and, as we had no firewater and no food to spare
+we kept close to the opposite shore. We were, however, observed. An
+Indian appeared on the shore near the wigwams and beckoned to us to
+cross over. We made no reply but kept steadily on our course,
+observing, meanwhile, that the Indian, with his gun, was skulking
+along through the brush, apparently bent on overtaking and waylaying
+us. We kept a respectful distance, and fortunately were able to
+increase it, but not till we were beyond rifle shot did we dare to
+pause for rest. That night we camped without striking a light, and
+next day arrived at Point Douglas. I went no further. The hardship and
+exposure of this trip brought on a severe illness. Mr. David Hone, at
+whose house I remained for two weeks, under the care of Dr. Carli, of
+Stillwater, took the mail to Fort Snelling. Soon as able I returned to
+Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p>In May of this year I had made a claim of government unsurveyed land,
+covering springs sufficient for a water power. While I was sick at
+Point Douglas, Joseph Brewster, Martin Mower and David B. Loomis
+formed a company to build a mill and carry on a logging business. They
+had agreed upon me as a fourth partner and to build on my claim; Mower
+and Loomis to attend to getting logs, Brewster and Folsom to build the
+mill. We moved to our claim Oct. 6, 1846, and went to work in earnest.
+We agreed upon the name of Arcola for the new settlement. The mill was
+not finished until April 3, 1847, at which time Brewster and Folsom
+sold out their interest and returned to Stillwater.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER IN 1846.</h4>
+
+<p>Living in Stillwater, Jan. 1, 1846, were the following married men:
+Cornelius Lyman, Socrates Nelson, Walter R. Vail, Robert Kennedy,
+Anson Northrup, Albert Harris, John E. Mower, William E. Cove, John
+Smith, and W. H. C. Folsom. Among the unmarried men were: John
+McKusick, C. Carli, Jacob Fisher, Elam Greely, Edward Blake, Elias
+McKean, Calvin F. Leach, Martin Mower, David B. Loomis, Albion
+Masterman, John Morgan, Phineas Lawrence, Joseph Brewster, John
+Carlton, Thomas Ramsdell, William Rutherford, William Willim, Charles
+Macey, and Lemuel Bolles.</p>
+
+<p>Here follows a list of the pioneers of the St. Croix valley, in 1846,
+not mentioned elsewhere: Nelson Goodenough, who became a river pilot
+and settled at Montrose, Iowa; James Patten, Hugh McFadden, Edwin
+Phillips, a millwright, an ingenious, eccentric man, who left the
+valley in 1848; Joseph Brewster, who left in 1848, and settled in
+Earlville, Illinois; Sylvester Stateler, blacksmith, who removed to
+Crow Wing county, Minnesota, and O. H. Blair, who followed lumbering,
+a man of talent, but eccentric. He died in 1878. The first school was
+taught in 1846, by Mrs. Ariel Eldridge, formerly Sarah Louisa Judd.
+The second school was taught in 1847, by Mrs. Greenleaf; the third in
+1848, by Wm. McKusick. A school house was built in 1848. Rev. W. T.
+Boutwell, a Presbyterian minister, preached occasionally in the
+reception room of Northrup's hotel. Rev. Eleazer Greenleaf, an
+Episcopalian, came the next summer and established regular services.
+Prior to the organization of Stillwater, Rev. J. Hurlbut, a Methodist
+minister, had preached in Dakotah, St. Croix Falls and Marine, but
+organized no societies.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1845-46 was very open. All teaming business was done on
+wheels, except for a few days in December, in which there was snow
+enough for sledding. A new feature in the trade of the valley this
+year was the rafting and running of logs to St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1845, Dr. Borup, of La Pointe, and others went by ice and
+overland with teams to Prairie du Chien, I accompanying them. The
+first day we came to Point Douglas, at the confluence of the St. Croix
+and the Mississippi. Between Stillwater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> and Point Douglas, on the
+route we followed, some distance west of the lake, we found but one
+settler, Joseph Haskell. At Point Douglas there were David Hone, a
+hotel keeper; Hertzell &amp; Burris, merchants, and Wm. B. Dibble, farmer.
+We reached Red Wing the second day. At this place lived the famous
+Jack Frazier, a Sioux half-breed and Indian trader, one Presbyterian
+missionary, Rev. &mdash;&mdash; Denton, and a man named Bush. James Wells, more
+familiarly known as "Bully Wells," lived with an Indian squaw on the
+west shore of Lake Pepin, where stands the town of Frontenac. On the
+third day we went as far as Wabasha, on the west side, three miles
+below Lake Pepin, where we found several French families. We stopped
+at Cratt's hotel. On the fourth day we reached Holmes' Landing, now
+Fountain City. There were then but two houses, both unoccupied. About
+noon we passed Wabasha prairie, now the site of Winona. It was then
+covered with Indian tepees. At Trempealeau, in the evening of the
+fifth day, we found two French families. On the next day we reached La
+Crosse and found there two American families. Two days more brought us
+to Prairie du Chien. On the way we passed a few French families, and
+these, with those previously named, constituted the entire white
+population between Stillwater and Prairie du Chien.</p>
+
+<p>We started on our return with four two horse teams. We took the river
+road, passing over the ice. In our company was one Tibbetts, from Fort
+Crawford, and Jonathan E. McKusick, emigrating from Maine to St. Croix
+valley. They were a social, jovial pair. At Capilaux bluff, Dibble's
+team was ahead, and my team second. At this place all halted to allow
+the thirsty an opportunity of liquoring up, which was done at the rear
+team. Dibble, in going back, left his team unfastened, and while he
+was "smiling" with his jovial companions the team ran away. The horses
+soon broke loose from the sled. One horse made for the shore, the
+other plunged into an air hole in the ice. The entire company rushed
+to the rescue, and with ropes and poles managed, at last, to float the
+horse upon the ice in an unconscious condition. All the whisky left by
+the "smiling" throng was poured down the horse's throat, but in vain.
+The animal was dead. No other event of interest occurred except some
+difficulties experienced in the transportation of the first cat ever
+brought to Stillwater. "Tom" was caged in a narrow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> box, and the
+confinement so chafed his proud spirit that he sickened and at one
+time was reported dead. At the inquest held over his remains by Capt.
+McKusick, signs of life were discovered, and by liberal blood-letting
+the cat was restored to consciousness and lived several years
+afterward, a terror to the rats in Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER IN 1847.</h4>
+
+<p>For about a year the writer had been officiating as justice of the
+peace with but little official business, but now and then a marriage
+to celebrate. On one occasion I walked to Marine to marry W. C. Penny
+to Jane McCauslin. The marriage was celebrated at Burkelo's boarding
+house. The wedding supper consisted of cold water and cold pork and
+beans. The following morning I did not wait for breakfast but returned
+to Stillwater as I had come, on foot. Another day I rode to Bissell's
+Mounds and united in marriage John Kenny and a mulatto woman. Friend
+Kennedy threatened to disown me for thus aiding miscegenation. "Such
+things are intolerable," he said, but from aught I have ever known to
+the contrary the couple were well assorted.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TERRITORIAL ELECTION.</h4>
+
+<p>On the sixth day of April an election was held for the ratification or
+rejection of the constitution adopted by the late territorial
+convention for the anticipated state government; also a resolution
+relative to negro suffrage, and an election was ordered for sheriff.
+The vote resulted as follows:</p>
+
+<p>For the constitution, 65; against, 61. For equal suffrage to colored
+persons, 1; against, 126. For sheriff, Walter R. Vail, 58; W. H. C.
+Folsom, 72.</p>
+
+<p>There were five precincts that held elections&mdash;Stillwater, St. Paul,
+Gray Cloud, Marine, and St. Croix Falls.</p>
+
+<p>I immediately gave bonds and qualified as sheriff, and the same day
+took charge of two criminals, Chippewa Indians, who had been committed
+by me for murder, while acting as justice. I had previously deputized
+Ham Gates to take care of them. While in Stillwater they were confined
+in the basement of the post office building. Their names were Nodin
+and Ne-she-ke-o-ge-ma.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> The latter was the son-in-law of Nodin. They
+were very obedient and tractable, and I treated them kindly, for which
+Nodin repeatedly told me he would show me a copper mine on Kanabec
+river. Nodin died not long after his trial, and before he could redeem
+his promise. The copper mine is yet undiscovered. Fort Snelling was,
+at that time, the receptacle for criminals in this region, and to the
+Fort I carried these prisoners with a team,&mdash;Ham Gates being
+driver,&mdash;unshackled, unbound, my only weapon a pistol without a lock.
+In May I summoned jurors and visited Kanabec river to procure
+witnesses in the case against Nodin and Ne-she-ke-o-ge-ma for the
+murder of Henry Rust. The first night I stopped with B. F. Otis, on
+the St. Croix, where Taylors Falls is now situated. On the second day
+I crossed the river and proceeded up the east side to Wolf creek,
+thence crossing to the west side, up as far as Sunrise river. There
+was no inhabitant, Samuels having vacated his shanty. I crossed the
+river with great difficulty. The water was high, the current was
+strong and swift, and I could not swim. I found a fallen tree, partly
+under water, cut a pole, waded out as far as I could into the current,
+and then by the aid of the pole floated down some distance, until by
+pawing and splashing I was able to reach the other shore. That night I
+stopped with an old Indian trader, Mr. Connor, who, with his Indian
+wife, welcomed me to his bark shanty, divided into rooms by handsome
+mats, and made me quite comfortable. He had plenty of good food, and
+entertained me besides by a fund of anecdotes, incidents in Indian
+history, and adventures of traders, trappers and missionaries in the
+Lake Superior and St. Croix region. He was a very intelligent and
+genial man. Next day I went to Russell's farm, paddled a canoe to
+Ground House river, and traveled thence on foot to Ann river, where I
+found the parties of whom I was in quest, Greely, Colby, Otis and
+others, a jolly log driving crew, with whom I spent a very pleasant
+evening. On the return journey, about two miles above the mouth of
+Ground House river, I saw the ruins of the trading house in which
+Henry Rust was killed. Rust, at the time of his murder, was selling
+whisky for Jack Drake. Rev. W. T. Boutwell gives the following account
+of the murder: "In the winter of '46 and '47 I visited the camps of
+Kent &amp; True and Greely &amp; Blake. On one occasion I met Rust, and asked
+him to come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> and hear me preach. He did not attend. On this day I
+preached at three camps. On the following night, at Greely's camp,
+came a midnight visitor with word that Rust had been shot.
+Seventy-five men armed themselves with all kinds of weapons, proceeded
+to the scene of the tragedy, removed the body of Rust and all
+valuables from the house, knocked out the heads of two whisky barrels
+and fired the house, the whisky greatly aiding the combustion. I
+removed the body to Pokegama and buried it there. Forty men attended
+the funeral. They held a meeting and resolved to clear the country of
+whisky. They commenced by destroying two barrels of it for Jarvis. He
+begged hard for his whisky, saying he was a poor man, and in debt to
+Frank Steele at Fort Snelling. The response was, 'Out with your
+whisky,' and it was destroyed before his eyes. The whisky of two other
+trading stations followed. For a brief period there was peace, but the
+whisky soon put in an appearance again."</p>
+
+<p>The first term of district court held in Minnesota, then Wisconsin,
+was convened in Stillwater, the county seat of St. Croix county, June
+1st. It was held in the upper story of John McKusick's store,
+southwest corner of Maine and Myrtle streets, Hon. Charles Dunn
+presiding. The session lasted one week. The bounds of St. Croix county
+then included Crawford county, Wisconsin, on the south, Brown county,
+Wisconsin, and the Lake Superior country on the east, the region as
+far as the British possessions on the north, and to the Mississippi
+river on the west. The jurors were found within a circuit of a hundred
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>The grand jury was composed of the following gentlemen:</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan McKusick, J. W. Furber, J. L. Taylor, W. R. Brown, Chas.
+Cavalier, J. A. Ford, Hazen Mooers, C. Lyman, C. A. Tuttle, Hilton
+Doe, Elam Greely, Martin Mower, Jr., Edward Blake, W. B. Dibble,
+Harmon Crandall, Jerry Ross, James Saunders, Joseph Brown, J. R.
+Irving, J. W. Simpson, John Holton, Pascal Aldrich, and Albert Harris.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph R. Brown acted as clerk of court, Jonathan E. McKusick as
+foreman of the grand jury, and Morton S. Wilkinson as prosecuting
+attorney.</p>
+
+<p>The attorneys present were: M. S. Wilkinson, of Stillwater; A.
+Brunson, of Prairie du Chien; Ben C Eastman, of Platteville, Crawford
+and Frank Dunn, of Mineral Point. There were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> but few civil cases.
+Nodin and Ne-she-ke-o-ge-ma were indicted for murder, tried and
+acquitted on the ground that the killing was the result of a drunken
+brawl.</p>
+
+<p>This season, in addition to attending to my duties as sheriff, I went
+to St. Louis with a raft of logs. The steamer War Eagle, Capt. Smith
+Harris, towed through the two lakes, St. Croix and Pepin, a fleet
+containing ten acres of logs. During the winter of 1847-8, I was
+engaged in logging. It was difficult to get supplies to the pineries
+before the swamps were frozen over. This season my goods were taken by
+batteaus from Stillwater to Clam lake.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMUSEMENTS.&mdash;SOCIETY BALL IN STILLWATER.</h4>
+
+<p>A writer in the Stillwater <i>Lumberman</i>, April 23, 1877, gives a
+sketchy account of an old time ball, from which we select a few items:</p>
+
+<p>Anson Northrup kept what we called a first class hotel. If a man had
+blankets he could spread them upon the floor and sleep till the bell
+rang. If he had none he spread himself on the floor and paid for his
+lodging by tending stove and keeping the dogs from fighting. It was
+one of the aristocratic rules of the house that a man who slept in
+blankets was not to be disturbed by dogs.</p>
+
+<p>At one time our popular landlord got up a ball. He sent round a copper
+colored card,&mdash;a half-breed Indian boy,&mdash;to tell all the folks to
+come. Everybody was invited. At the appointed hour they began to
+assemble. Soon all in town arrived except one Smith. Frequent
+inquiries were made for Smith, and at last a deputation was sent to
+inquire the cause of his absence; when it transpired that he had
+broken his leg. He said he was helping the landlord roll a barrel of
+whisky from the landing when the barrel slipped, and, rolling back on
+his leg, broke it. Northrup said that he had bet him one gallon of
+whisky that he could not lift the barrel to his lips and drink from
+the bung. In attempting to do this the barrel had slipped from his
+grasp with the result before mentioned. The wife regretted the
+accident very much, and said that if it had not been for that barrel
+of whisky, or some other whisky, they might have both attended the
+dance. She could have put out the fire, locked up the house,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> tied up
+the dog and taken her nine days' old baby with her. "There would be
+younger babies at the dance," she said.</p>
+
+<p>Everything was ready. The ball opened with three "French fours," or
+two over. They danced a French two, the music consisting of one old
+violin with three strings, played by a half-breed from St. Croix
+Falls. He played but one tune and called it, "Off she goes to
+Miramachee." This carried a "French four" well enough, but when we
+danced a cotillion or hornpipe there was a great deal of rolling
+around instead of dancing. We often called for a new tune. "Oh, yes,
+gentlemen, you shall have him," but when we got him it was the same
+old "Off she goes." He worked hard to please the company and the sweat
+rolled down his manly cheeks like the droppings from the eaves of a
+saw mill; but all this would not do; it was the same old "Off she
+goes." There were twenty-four couples at the ball. The ladies brought
+with them their babies, fourteen in number, and ranging from six weeks
+to six months old. The night passed merrily, uproariously, but without
+tragic incident. The fiddler became at last so tipsy that he could no
+longer play "Off she goes to Miramachee," and staggered off to that
+locality himself. The only thing direful occurred at the breaking up,
+about five o'clock in the morning. The fourteen babies had been laid
+to sleep on a bed, but some malevolent genius during the dance mixed
+them up and changed their wraps, so that the mothers, in the hurry of
+their departure, gathered and took home with them each one some other
+mother's darling, and this deponent saith not that the snarl has ever
+been untangled and the babies restored to their rightful mothers.</p>
+
+<p>With the year 1848 a new era dawned upon Stillwater and the valley of
+the St. Croix. Great changes had taken place in the little town. There
+were many new citizens, new buildings had been erected and the streets
+were much improved. Slabs had been placed over the quagmires on Main
+street. A stage route had been established to St. Paul, on which
+stages ran regularly. This was the first stage route in Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>The correction lines of the government survey had been run in 1846-7,
+chiefly in the latter year. Township, range and section lines were run
+in 1847, and in the early part of 1848. Prior to this claims had been
+made and were held subject to the limitations of the first legal
+survey. The creation of the new state of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> Wisconsin and the
+prospective organization of Minnesota Territory, the development of
+the lumbering business and the formal opening of the government lands
+to entry, gave an impetus to immigration. Stillwater profited largely
+by this immigration, it being an objective point. Population
+increased. The village was regularly surveyed and platted in the fall
+of 1848, Harvey Wilson, surveyor. Stillwater, although it never
+aspired to be the future capital of the Territory, became a
+headquarters for political characters and a place for public meetings
+for the discussions of territorial and other public questions. It was
+convenient of access, and contained up to that time a greater
+population than was to be found in St. Paul, and it seemed likely to
+become the commercial metropolis of the Territory.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> For the facts in this history I am indebted to John
+McKusick, Jacob Fisher, Elias McKean, and Elam Greely.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHIES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Renshaw Brown</span>, one of the best known of the pioneers, came to
+Dakotah, Schulenberg's addition, in 1839. For items in his history I
+am personally indebted to him. He was born in 1805, and, when old
+enough, apprenticed to a printer. On account of ill treatment he ran
+away and enlisted in the United States army at the age of fourteen
+years, serving as a drummer boy. He came with the army to the
+Northwest Territory in 1819. After enlistment he made his first home
+at Gray Cloud on the Mississippi, where he married a half-breed woman.
+Wisconsin history says she was the daughter of Robert Dickson, Indian
+trader and friend of the English in 1812. He learned and spoke the
+Chippewa and Sioux languages fluently. In 1839 he founded the town of
+Dakotah, at the head of Lake St. Croix, and erected some log
+buildings. Through his influence, in part, St. Croix county was
+organized, and the county seat located in Dakotah.</p>
+
+<p>He built here a two story log court house, which, the county failing
+to pay for, was left upon his hands. He kept a trading station, was
+clerk of the county court and county commissioner. He filled several
+offices of trust and was by far the most important and universally
+serviceable man in the new county of St. Croix. In 1843 he left
+Dakotah, and returning to Gray Cloud, continued his Indian trade at
+that point and further west by means of branch houses. He was a member
+of the territorial Wisconsin legislature two sessions at Madison. He
+returned to Stillwater in 1848, left again in 1849, and in 1850
+removed to St. Paul, where, in 1852, he purchased of Mr. Goodhue the
+<i>Pioneer</i>, then the leading Democratic paper of the Territory. Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+Brown was chief clerk in the Minnesota territorial legislature during
+the sessions of 1849, 1850 and 1851. In 1854 and 1855 he was a member
+of the territorial council. In 1857 he was a member of the Democratic
+wing of the constitutional convention. During his residence in St.
+Paul he was interested in building up the town of Henderson, to which
+place he ran a stage line from St. Paul. About this time, also, he
+busied himself with the invention of a steam wagon, calculated to
+traverse the western plains and drag after it trains of cars.
+Financial and other difficulties prevented the completion of his
+design, which, however, he never entirely abandoned during the
+remainder of his life. In fact he went East in 1870 expressly to get
+his invention perfected, but from this journey he never returned. He
+died somewhat suddenly in New York in that year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brown was a man of iron will and muscular frame. He owed but
+little to schools, but was a close observer of men and of the times in
+which he lived. He was a genial companion and true friend, and a man
+of honorable principles. His was a rugged but generous nature. He was
+public spirited, far seeing and far reaching in his plans. He believed
+in the great Northwest. He predicted its future greatness as a wheat
+growing and agricultural country, and, as far back as 1839, predicted
+that a great city would rise at the head of Lake St. Croix or at the
+Falls of St. Anthony. Yet so little schooled was he in the wisdom of
+the speculator that he sold the property in St. Paul now known as
+Kittson's addition, and worth several millions of dollars, for one
+hundred and fifty dollars, and a lot on Third street, now valued at
+$25,000, for a box of cigars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Paul Carli.</span>&mdash;Mr. Carli was of German and Italian descent. He was born
+in Italy, July 25, 1805. His father was a merchant. He was married in
+Chicago, in 1834, to a sister of Joseph R. Brown, and moved in 1841 to
+the outlet of Bolles creek, on the west side of Lake St. Croix, to a
+place near the site of Afton. In 1846 he was accidentally drowned in
+the lake, within sight of his dwelling. His children, Joseph R. and
+Maria, are residents of Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Christopher Carli</span>, brother of Paul, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
+Germany, Dec. 7, 1811. The youth of Christopher was devoted to study.
+He was educated at Heidelberg University, and studied medicine. He
+came to America in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> February, 1832. The March following he located in
+Buffalo, where he practiced medicine three years, and returned to
+Europe where he remained two years. Returning to America, he practiced
+a year in Chicago, a year in New Orleans and another year in Chicago.
+He came to Dakotah, St. Croix valley, May 24, 1841. March 12, 1847, he
+was married to the widow of Paul Carli, Joseph R. Brown officiating as
+magistrate. He was the first practicing physician north of Prairie du
+Chien. His home was at Dakotah until the organization of Stillwater.
+He opened his first office on the west side of Lower Main street,
+block 28. His practice extended from Lake Pepin to Lake Superior and
+from Menomonie Mills, Wisconsin, to the Mississippi river. His mode of
+travel was by birch canoe, on horseback, on skates and on foot. He was
+a member of the first city council in Stillwater and has been city and
+county physician. He opened the first bank in Stillwater when
+fractional currency was in demand. His floating scrip was all
+redeemed. Two children, Christopher and Socrates N., are married and
+residents of Stillwater. Dr. Carli died Nov. 6, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lydia Ann Carli.</span>&mdash;Mrs. Carli has passed through many stirring scenes,
+and is one of the first female settlers in the St. Croix valley. A
+fluent and interesting talker, her recitals of early incidents and
+adventures are heart enlivening. Lydia Ann Brown was born in
+Lancaster, Penn., March 18, 1818. In 1834 she came with friends to
+Chicago, where in 1839 she was married to Paul Carli. She came to
+Dakotah in 1841, and lived there until 1844. The village was
+surrounded by Indians and there was no white woman nearer than Marine,
+twelve miles distant. In 1844 the Carlis removed to the mouth of
+Bolles creek, near Afton, on Lake St. Croix, where they built
+themselves a two story house commanding a picturesque view of the lake
+and the adjacent prairies and hills. It was a lone tenement, midway
+between Prescott and Stillwater. Mrs. Carli having lost her husband as
+before narrated, in 1847 was married to his brother, Dr. Christopher
+Carli.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;">
+<img src="images/illus-055.jpg" width="449" height="650" alt="James S. Anderson" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phineas Lawrence.</span>&mdash;But little is known of the early life of Mr.
+Lawrence. He had been a river pilot. He was the first sheriff elected
+in the St. Croix valley, or northwest of Prairie du Chien. He was
+elected and qualified in 1841. On serving the first and only summons
+he was ever called upon to serve, he approached the party summoned,
+holding up to view the documents, and exclaimed: "I, Phineas Lawrence,
+high sheriff of St. Croix county, in the name of the United States and
+of the Immaculate God, command you to surrender." He was a robust,
+fleshy, cheerful man, and felt in all their force the responsibilities
+of the position in which he was placed. His name has been given to a
+creek in Chisago county, where he once logged. He died in Stillwater
+in 1847.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Fisher.</span>&mdash;Jacob Fisher, a millwright, came to St. Croix Falls in
+1842, and being a skilled mechanic found employment at once on the old
+mill at the Falls. He made the first land claim and framed the first
+building in Stillwater. The building framed was the mill of which
+mention has been made. This establishes his claim to priority as the
+first white man who made a movement toward the settlement of
+Stillwater. Others were before him in the settlement of Dakotah or
+Schulenberg's addition. Mr. Fisher is a plain, frank, outspoken man,
+who has no trouble in making his hearers understand exactly what he
+means. He was born in Canada in 1813, and still resides in Stillwater.
+He has a wife and one son in California.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James S. Anderson</span> was born at Marshalltown, West Virginia, on the
+fourth of February, 1826. When he was twelve years old his parents
+removed with him to Burlington, Iowa, where he lived for eight years.
+He came to Stillwater in 1846, where he has since resided. In 1852 he
+was married to Miss Harriet T. McDonald, at St. Louis, by whom he has
+had four children, three of whom are now living&mdash;Robert M. Anderson,
+prominently known in lumber circles, and Misses Sibella S. and Ella P.
+Anderson. Upon Mr. Anderson's arrival at Stillwater, he engaged in the
+employ of Elias McKean, then a prominent lumberman, now a resident of
+Washington county. In 1869 Mr. Anderson formed a partnership with
+William McKusick, John A. Nelson and Alexander Johnson, under the firm
+name of McKusick, Anderson &amp; Co., which firm built and operated the
+large saw mill opposite Stillwater. Four years ago Mr. McKusick
+retired from the firm, since which time the firm has been J. S.
+Anderson &amp; Co. In 1874 Mr. Anderson became the senior member of a
+heavy logging firm known as Anderson &amp; O'Brien, of which the other
+members were the well known lumbermen J. S. and John O'Brien. In
+connection with his other business interests<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Mr. Anderson was a heavy
+owner of pine lands, and a stockholder and director in the Lumberman's
+National Bank. There were two other well known lumber firms of ancient
+date with which he was connected, and these were McComb, Simpson &amp;
+Co., organized in 1850, and also Delano, McKusick &amp; Co., organized in
+1857. From 1857 to 1869 he was also a heavy logger alone. Mr. Anderson
+died May 8, 1885. His death resulted from a mill accident, his rubber
+coat having caught in the belting of a shaft revolving at a rapid
+rate. His body was frightfully mangled, but he survived two days,
+exhibiting, under the circumstances, the most remarkable composure,
+dictating his will and arranging his business matters as calmly as he
+might have done on an ordinary occasion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Emanuel Dixon Farmer</span> was born in Tennessee in 1828, and came to
+Stillwater in 1845, where he has resided ever since, engaged in the
+lumbering and saloon business. He was married to Parmelia A. Collier,
+in Stillwater, 1848.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. John Greely.</span>&mdash;Col. Greely was sixty years of age when he came to
+the West, and although a strong, active and enterprising man in the
+earlier part of his life, owing to advancing years and ill health was
+rather a spectator than an active participant in the stirring scenes
+of his new home. He was born at Southampton, Massachusetts, April,
+1777. He was married to Hannah Greely, a second cousin, at Hopkinton,
+New Hampshire, Oct. 5, 1801. He followed the lumbering business on the
+Merrimac river in early life. He furnished the timber used in erecting
+the first factory in Lowell, Massachusetts, cut on the mountains of
+North New Hampshire. In after life he moved to the west end of Sebec
+lake, Maine, where he founded the town at first named Greely, but
+afterward Willimantic, now the site of extensive manufactories where
+the famous Willimantic thread is made. Col. Greely came to Stillwater
+in 1847.</p>
+
+<p>Born during the Revolutionary struggle, he lived to witness the
+marvelous growth and prosperity of his country and died during the
+first year of the war of the Rebellion. Aged as he was, having entered
+upon his eighty-fifth year, he was intensely interested in the issue
+of that struggle, and ardently desired to live long enough to witness
+the triumph of his country's cause. It was not to be. He sank
+peacefully to rest, Oct. 30, 1861, dying as he had lived, an honest
+man, his memory revered by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> all who knew him, and cherished by three
+generations of descendants. His children were three sons and five
+daughters&mdash;Sarah, Mrs. Blake, Mrs. Greenleaf, and Phebe and Servia,
+wives of John McKusick. Miss Sarah alone survives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Hannah Greely.</span>&mdash;Mrs. Greely, the wife of Col. John Greely, was
+born in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, October, 1787, came to Stillwater in
+1847 and died May, 1878, at the advanced age of ninety years. For
+sixty years she and her husband walked side by side. She survived him
+seventeen years, and, after a life well spent, resignedly folded her
+hands and sank to her last repose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elam Greely.</span>&mdash;Elam, son of Col. John Greely, was born in Salisbury,
+New Hampshire, Aug. 13, 1818, and, with his parents, moved to Maine,
+where they made their home on Sebec lake. In 1840 Mr. Greely came to
+St. Croix Falls, where he was employed by the St. Croix Falls Company
+the greater part of the time until 1843, when he became a settler at
+the head of Lake St. Croix. He was one of the original owners of the
+first mill at Stillwater. In 1844 he sold his interest to John
+McKusick. The same year he was appointed postmaster at Stillwater. The
+office was located at the southwest corner of Main and Chestnut
+streets.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Greely filled many offices of honor and trust meritoriously. He
+was a member of the third and fourth Minnesota territorial councils.
+In 1845, in company with Edward Blake, he did an extensive pine log
+business, running the logs to St. Louis, in which business he
+continued until the death of Mr. Blake in 1848.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Greely early identified himself with the interests of Stillwater,
+of which he was one of the founders, and which owes much of its
+prosperity to his efforts. He was married in Kenosha, Wisconsin, in
+1850, to Hannah P. Hinman, who, with three children, a son and two
+daughters, survives him. His oldest son died Oct. 21, 1876. Mr. Greely
+had many severe reverses in business, but by indomitable energy
+recovered from them, and was able not only to care for his aged
+parents, to bring them from Maine and keep them with him until
+separated by death, but to leave his family well provided for. He died
+suddenly away from home, Sept. 14, 1883. His body was brought to
+Stillwater for burial.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Himan Greely.</span>&mdash;Himan, son of Col. John Greely, was born<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> in Franklin,
+New Hampshire, October, 1828. He came to Stillwater in 1846, where he
+followed the business of lumbering. In 1850 he was married to Lucia
+Darling. After a brief residence in Stillwater, he removed to
+Beauford, Blue Earth county, where he remained until his death in
+1882. His wife survived him but a few months. The bodies of both were
+removed and buried in Fairview cemetery, Stillwater. Mr. Greely
+applied himself closely to business, and was an honest, upright and
+intelligent man. His education was derived chiefly from reading and
+observation. He left two sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aquilla Greely.</span>&mdash;Aquilla, the youngest son of Col. Greely, was born in
+Greely, Maine, June, 1831. During his youth he spent several years
+with friends in Canada, where he learned the art of surveying. He came
+to Minnesota in 1849, and followed surveying and lumbering. He died in
+Stillwater, April 25, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elias McKean.</span>&mdash;A thorough business man, an eccentric man, notably so,
+an apt man, ready in reply, somewhat harsh, if irritated, but kind in
+heart and forgiving in spirit, is Elias McKean. He was born in
+Bradford county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1817, and received a practical
+education. His father was a man of some note, and for twenty-eight
+years a circuit judge in Pennsylvania. Elias McKean came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1841, and for a year was in the employ of the Falls Company,
+but afterward engaged successfully in business for himself. He was one
+of the original proprietors of the Stillwater mill, and one of the
+founders of Stillwater. In 1850 he settled on a farm on the west side
+of Lake St. Croix. In 1855 he was married to the widow of Calvin F.
+Leach, and a family of six sons has grown up around them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calvin F. Leach.</span>&mdash;We are not able to give date or place of birth. Mr.
+Leach came to St. Croix Falls in 1842 and soon after came to the head
+of Lake St. Croix, and became one of the original owners of the mill,
+and a founder of the city of Stillwater. In 1850 he was married to
+Miss &mdash;&mdash; Smith, of St. Anthony. He died in St. Louis in 1853. He was
+modest and retiring in his demeanor, correct in his deportment and
+respected by all his acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Socrates Nelson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Nelson was born in Conway, Massachusetts, Jan.
+11, 1814, received an academic education, was married<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> to Mrs. Bertha
+D. Bartlett in 1844, at Hennepin, Ill., and the same year came to
+Stillwater, and engaged in selling goods. Previous to his removal to
+Stillwater he engaged in merchandising in Illinois, in 1839, and in
+St. Louis from 1840 to 1844, where he established a trading post on
+the Mississippi nearly opposite Reed's Landing, at a place since known
+as Nelson's Landing. Mr. Nelson was the first merchant in Stillwater.
+His store stood on Main street. He built a substantial dwelling and
+lived in it until his death, May 6, 1867. He filled many public
+positions, was territorial auditor from 1853 to 1857, and was a
+senator in the second state legislature. As a merchant he was very
+successful, being fitted by nature for commercial pursuits. In 1853,
+he, with others, built a saw mill in South Stillwater and engaged in
+lumbering. He was of a free and generous disposition in all his
+relations of life. He conveyed, as a donation to Washington county, a
+half interest in the block of land on which the court house stands.
+His liberality and public spirit did much for the prosperity of
+Stillwater. His wife and one daughter, Mrs. Fayette Marsh, survived
+him, but Mrs. Marsh died in 1880. She was a woman of great sweetness
+of disposition, and beloved by all who knew her. His widow died in
+1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Socrates Nelson.</span>&mdash;Bertha D. was born at Conway, Franklin county,
+Massachusetts, Sept. 6, 1813. She was married to Geo. A. Bartlett, of
+Conway, in 1838, and removed with him to Knoxville, Illinois, where he
+died. She returned to her parents in Massachusetts, and removed with
+them to Hennepin, Illinois. In the fall of 1844 she was married to
+Socrates Nelson, and came with him to Stillwater. She died Oct. 8,
+1885. She was the last of her family, husband and daughter having
+preceded her to the world of spirits. The large attendance of old
+settlers from Washington county and elsewhere at her funeral, and the
+beautiful floral tributes contributed by her friends, attested but
+partially the respect and veneration in which she was held.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward Blake.</span>&mdash;Of Mr. Blake's early history we have no data. He came
+to the St. Croix valley in company with Elam Greely in 1840, engaged
+in lumbering, and died in 1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Walter R. Vail.</span>&mdash;Mr. Vail, the second merchant in Stillwater,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> came
+West in 1844. He built a store, with dwelling attached, just south of
+Socrates Nelson's store, which buildings are still standing and
+occupied (1886). Mr. Vail was not successful in business and moved
+away in 1848.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;">
+<img src="images/illus-060.jpg" width="427" height="450" alt="MARTIN MOWER. A PRACTICAL AND SUCCESSFUL LUMBERMAN OF
+STILLWATER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MARTIN MOWER. A PRACTICAL AND SUCCESSFUL LUMBERMAN OF
+STILLWATER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John E. Mower.</span>&mdash;Mr. Mower was born in Bangor, Maine, Sept. 15, 1815.
+He was married to Gratia Remick, in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1842, and removed
+to St. Croix Falls, where he entered the employ of the Falls Lumbering
+Company. Two years later he removed to Stillwater, where he built the
+second frame dwelling, still standing. Mr. Mower was a millwright and
+carpenter, but was engaged in lumbering most of his time. He purchased
+an interest in the mill property at Arcola, in 1847, which place he
+made his home until his death, which occurred June 11, 1879. He left a
+widow and three daughters, Helen, wife of the late Louis Torinus;
+Emily, wife of Henry Van Voorhees; and Mary,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> wife of &mdash;&mdash; Richardson.
+One son died after arriving at manhood. Mr. Mower was a pleasant,
+reliable man, a kind husband and loving father. He was honored by his
+fellow citizens with an election to the fifth and sixth territorial
+councils, and to the seventeenth state legislature (house). The
+territorial legislature affixed his name to a county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martin Mower.</span>&mdash;Martin, brother of John E. Mower, came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1842, and worked in the employ of the Falls Company.
+Afterward he engaged in lumbering and became one of the original
+proprietors of the Arcola mill. He was also engaged in manufacturing
+and merchandising in Stillwater. He built a fine block of buildings on
+Chestnut street, recently burned down and rebuilt on a larger scale.
+He has been one of the managing owners of the St. Croix Boom Company
+from its origin. His business interests have been divided between
+Stillwater and Arcola, but he has made the latter place his home since
+1846. As a business man he is capable and shrewd, giving close
+attention to his business; in his manner somewhat eccentric. He has
+done in much to improve the farming and other interests of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Willim.</span>&mdash;A firm, consistent, worthy citizen and true friend of
+his adopted country is William Willim. He was born in the parish of
+Woolhope, Herefordshire, England, June 26, 1821; came to America in
+1838, and to Stillwater in 1844. He was married in 1847 to Clara G.
+Haskell, and, after her death in 1850, to Joanna W. Hinman. Mr. Willim
+is a stonemason, plasterer and contractor. He was a member of the
+sixth Minnesota territorial legislature, and has filled many
+responsible positions in Stillwater. Mr. Willim's was the first
+naturalization that occurred in the limits of Minnesota. The oath of
+allegiance, a somewhat unique and original document of its kind, bears
+date of June 18, 1847, Stillwater, St. Croix county, Wisconsin
+Territory, and is signed by Joseph R. Brown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert Harris.</span>&mdash;Mr. Harris was a native of Maine. He was born in 1815
+and married to Miss Greenleaf in 1841, who died in 1853. He came to
+Stillwater in 1845, where he died in 1856, leaving one daughter, wife
+of the late Levi Thompson, attorney at law in Stillwater, and one son
+in California. Mr. Harris was a house carpenter and much respected by
+his neighbors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cornelius Lyman.</span>&mdash;Mr. Lyman is of the seventh generation of the Lyman
+family that came over from England in 1631. He was born in Brookfield,
+Vermont, Aug. 11, 1792. He was married in Brookfield to Betsey Cushman
+and came to Illinois at an early date, whence he removed to Marine
+Mills, in 1842, where he kept a boarding house until 1844, when he
+removed to Stillwater, where he kept a boarding house until 1848. He
+then removed to his farm three miles above Stillwater, where, by
+industry and economy, aided by his faithful wife, he was able to build
+a comfortable home, in which they continued to live until at a good
+old age they were removed by death, which claimed them in the same
+year, the husband dying January, 1864, and the wife in April. They
+were members of the Presbyterian church from early life, and respected
+as citizens, honored as Christians. Mrs. Lyman was one of the
+excellent of the earth. Mr. Lyman had an inexhaustible fund of humor,
+and was rather fond of practical joking. Many of his jokes were of the
+rarest description. They left two sons, Cornelius Storrs and David
+Pride.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David B. Loomis.</span>&mdash;Few men have been more active in business and public
+life than David B. Loomis. He was born in Wilmington, Connecticut,
+April 17, 1817. In 1830 he came with his parents to Alton, Illinois,
+where, at the age of fifteen, he engaged as clerk in a store and
+served in that capacity five years. Mr. Loomis was in the building in
+Alton in which Lovejoy was shot and killed for the expression of
+sentiments which the nation has since been compelled to adopt. In 1843
+he came to the St. Croix valley and engaged in lumbering. In 1846 he
+was one of the four original owners of the Arcola mill, but in 1849
+sold his interest to Mr. Mower, and for four succeeding years was in
+charge of the St. Croix boom. In 1847 he was surveyor general of logs
+and lumber. In 1851 he was a member of the Minnesota territorial
+council, and was re-elected in 1853, serving in all four years, during
+one of which he was president of the council. In 1853 he was one of a
+company that built a mill in South Stillwater. He sold out in 1859. In
+1861 he entered the army as lieutenant, Company F, Second Minnesota
+Volunteers, and was promoted to a captaincy. He served three and a
+half years. Stillwater has been his home since the war. In 1873 he
+represented Washington county in the legislature.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William E. Cove.</span>&mdash;The year of Mr. Cove's birth is not known. He came
+to Stillwater in 1844. His marriage to Nancy Edwards, elsewhere noted,
+was the second marriage in the village. He was by trade a house
+carpenter. He removed to Minneapolis in 1864.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Smith.</span>&mdash;Of the eight first families, that of John Smith was one.
+Of this particular "John Smith" little is known, except that he was
+sober and industrious, and, in 1848, moved to parts unknown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Morgan.</span>&mdash;We have no account of the early days of Mr. Morgan,
+except that he was a native of Pennsylvania. He was living in
+Stillwater in 1845, in the employ of Churchill &amp; Nelson. In 1848 he
+was elected sheriff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin. In the same year
+he was married to Hannah Harnish. He settled on a farm and kept a
+"half way house" on the road from Stillwater to St. Paul, when the
+pioneer stages of Willoughby &amp; Power were placed on this route. In
+1848 he obtained a charter from the Wisconsin legislature for a ferry
+across Lake St. Croix at Stillwater. This ferry changed ownership
+repeatedly and was discontinued when the bridge was built.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anson Northrup.</span>&mdash;This gentleman, whose name was borne by the first
+steamboat ever launched on the Red River of the North, and who brought
+the first drove of cattle through from Illinois to St. Croix Falls,
+deserves a conspicuous place in the annals of the Northwest. He was
+born in Conewango, Cataraugus county, New York, Jan. 4, 1817. His
+education was limited, but he was a man of more than ordinary native
+ability and energy. He lived in Ohio some years, and came West in
+1838. In 1839 he drove the first herd of cattle through a wilderness
+country from the Wisconsin river to the St. Croix. In 1841 he removed
+his family from Ohio to St. Croix Falls. He came by way of St. Louis,
+from that point embarking on the steamer Indian Queen for the Falls.
+The steamer was three weeks making the trip. Above Prairie du Chien
+crew and passengers were obliged to cut wood to run the boat. Mr.
+Northrup had married Betsey Edwards, daughter of widow Edwards, one of
+the pioneers of Stillwater. Charles H., their eldest son, was the
+first white child born at St. Croix Falls. In the spring of 1844 he
+moved to Stillwater, where he built and kept the first hotel in that
+place. From 1847 to 1848 he was part owner of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Osceola saw mill
+along with Mahony and Kent. In 1849 he removed to St. Paul, and built
+the American Hotel on Third street, east from Seven Corners. In 1851
+he removed to St. Anthony Falls and built there the St. Charles Hotel.
+In 1853 he removed to Minneapolis, and built the Bushnell House, the
+first brick building in the city. Subsequently he became a resident at
+Long Prairie, Swan River and Duluth. Although Mr. Northrup's genius
+tended chiefly in the direction of hotel building, his abilites in
+other directions were beyond question. With equal facility he turned
+his hand to lumbering, steamboating and statesmanship. His great
+steamboat enterprise was the attempted transfer of the steamer North
+Star by water from the Mississippi to the Red River of the North. The
+boat was one hundred feet long by twenty wide, and of light draught.
+Starting from St. Cloud in the spring of 1859 he performed the
+wonderful feat of ascending the Mississippi as far as Pokegama Falls,
+hoping to ascend further, and during a high stage of water to float
+the boat over the height of land into some of the tributaries of the
+Red river. The water was not sufficiently high. The winter following
+he took the boat to pieces, and removed it by land to Red river,
+opposite the mouth of the Cheyenne, where it was reconstructed and
+launched, taken to Fort Garry and afterward sold to Mr. Burbank. This
+boat, its name being changed to Anson Northrup, was the first
+steamboat on the waters of Red river.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Northrup's political career commenced and closed with the first
+Minnesota legislature, 1857-58, he representing the counties of
+Morrison, Crow Wing and Mille Lacs in the senate.</p>
+
+<p>During the Rebellion he served as wagon master. He lived in Texas
+three years, returned to St. Paul, where he lived in 1874-75-76, and
+now lives in Bismarck, Dakota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Kennedy.</span>&mdash;Mr. Kennedy, in 1839, located at Holmes' Landing, now
+Fountain City, on the banks of the Mississippi, above Winona. In 1844
+he removed to Dakotah, where he kept a hotel in the old tamarack court
+house, built by Joseph R. Brown. In 1846 he kept a hotel in the
+Northrup House, Stillwater; in 1848 he kept the American Hotel,
+Shakopee. Subsequently he returned to St. Paul and kept a boarding
+house, and for three years the hotel known as "Moffett's Castle."
+Afterward he kept the Snelling House, and last the Bernard House.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+From 1853 to 1856 he was collector of customs for the port of St.
+Paul, and during that time the fees amounted to the enormous sum of
+forty six dollars and forty-two cents. Mr. Kennedy spent about thirty
+years as a landlord, in which capacity he was very popular.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harvey Wilson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Wilson was born in Corinth, Saratoga county, New
+York, December, 1815. He resided in his native county twenty-five
+years, then removed to St. Louis, where, for three years, he engaged
+in surveying. He came to St. Croix Falls in 1843 and to Stillwater in
+1847. He acted as J. R. Brown's deputy clerk of court, June term,
+1847. He was appointed clerk of the first Minnesota territorial term
+of court, Aug. 13, 1849, in which office he continued until his death,
+Nov. 3, 1876. Mr. Wilson was married in 1851 to widow Mary
+Stanchfield.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson Short.</span>&mdash;Mr. Short was born in St. Clair county,
+Illinois, in 1818. He came thence to the St. Croix valley and located
+at Marine in 1843, and commenced running rafts with W. B. Dibble. In
+1857 and 1858 he gathered logs as agent in Lake St. Croix, rafted and
+run them below, but lost heavily and was in fact financially wrecked.
+He afterward engaged in the logging and hardware business in
+Stillwater. In 1868 he built the famous Dudley mills at Point Douglas,
+at a cost of $35,000. Mr. Short made Stillwater his home until 1862,
+when he removed to Hastings. Much credit is due him for what he has
+accomplished. When he came to the St. Croix valley he could neither
+read nor write, but by energy, industry and native force of character,
+notwithstanding a few reverses, he has done far more than many other
+men in his position could have done. As a man he is genial and social.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James D. McComb.</span>&mdash;Mr. McComb was born in Washington county,
+Pennsylvania, Feb. 13, 1827, came to Stillwater June 10, 1846, and
+engaged in mercantile business with John H. Brewster three years, when
+he entered the firm of Anderson, McComb &amp; Co., Robert Simpson being
+the third member. They did an extensive business for years. They built
+the large stone store on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. Mr.
+McComb in 1860 became clerk in the surveyor general's office, which
+position he held ten years. He was surveyor general of logs and lumber
+four years, his accurate knowledge of the various marks used admirably
+fitting him for the position. He served as deputy sheriff in 1846
+under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> James Fisher, of Prairie du Chien, and in 1847 under W. H. C.
+Folsom, of Stillwater. Mr. McComb has passed all the degrees in Odd
+Fellowship. He was married to Eliza T. McKusick in Stillwater, March
+4, 1851. Mrs. McComb died in Stillwater Sept. 17, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Rutherford.</span>&mdash;Mr. Rutherford was born in 1823, in Stanton
+county, New York, and came to Stillwater in 1844. He married Christina
+J. Holcombe, at Jackson, Mississippi, in 1849. In 1848 he removed to
+his farm near Stillwater, where he has since lived. He has been quite
+successful as a farmer. Mr. Rutherford died March 15, 1888. His name
+will be remembered with honor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albion Masterson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Masterman has also prospered as a farmer. He
+was born in Franklin county, Maine, in 1823; received a common school
+education; was married to Eliza Middleton in 1848; came to Stillwater
+in 1844, and in 1850 removed thence to his farm, where he died, Aug.
+8, 1886. Mr. Masterman's life has been an industrious and exemplary
+one.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph N. Masterman.</span>&mdash;Mr. Masterman came to Stillwater, September,
+1848. He engaged in lumbering and scaling continuously. He was born in
+Franklin county, Maine, in 1814, and spent his youth at home, but his
+education was somewhat limited. At the age of sixteen years he moved
+to Schoodic, lived there fourteen years, when he married Alice M.
+Prescott, and four years later came to Stillwater. His two sons,
+Wellington and Joseph P., reside in Stillwater. Wellington is auditor
+of Washington county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mahlon Black.</span>&mdash;Mr. Black is of Scotch descent. His grandfather was a
+naval officer during the war of the Revolution, and a soldier in the
+war of 1812. Mahlon Black was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, Oct. 4,
+1820. He spent his youth on his father's farm, and received a common
+school and academic education. When seventeen years of age he began
+the study of medicine in Cincinnati Medical College, but did not
+complete the course. In 1842 he came to Menomonie Mills, Wisconsin,
+and engaged in lumbering until 1846. In 1847 he was connected with
+government surveys, and the same year located in Stillwater. He was a
+representative in the first, third, and last territorial legislature,
+also a member of the extra session in 1857. He was mayor of Stillwater
+in 1860-61. In 1862 he enlisted in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> a company of sharpshooters, which
+was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. He was promoted to be
+captain, and provost marshal in the second division of the Second Army
+Corps, and one of Gen. Gibbon's staff officers. He was in fifty-four
+battles and skirmishes, in some of which over 100,000 men were engaged
+on each side. He was wounded four times, once severely, by a bayonet
+thrust received in a charge at the battle of Petersburgh. He served
+until the close of the war, and received a special and honorable
+discharge from his commander, Gen. Smyth, on the face of which are
+recorded the names of the battles in which he participated. In 1867 he
+removed from Stillwater to Minneapolis, where he has held the
+positions of land examiner and auditor of Hennepin county. He has the
+distinction of being the first Odd Fellow initiated in Minnesota.
+Sept. 21, 1850, he was married to Jane M. Stough, of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Morton S. Wilkinson.</span>&mdash;The record of Mr. Wilkinson, though brief, is
+brilliant. He was born in Skaneateles, Onondaga county, New York, June
+22, 1819; received an academic education in his native town; read law;
+was admitted to the bar at Syracuse, New York, in 1842; commenced
+practice in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, and in 1847 came to Stillwater.
+Mr. Wilkinson was the first practicing lawyer northwest of Prairie du
+Chien, was the prosecuting attorney at Judge Dunn's court in
+Stillwater, June, 1847, and was a member from Washington county of the
+first territorial legislature in 1849. He removed to St. Paul in 1850,
+to Mankato in 1857, and in 1859 was elected United States senator. In
+1860 he was one of the commissioners to compile the state statutes. In
+1868 he was elected representative to Congress and at the close of the
+term was re-elected. From 1874 to 1877, inclusive, he served as state
+senator from Blue Earth county. Mr. Wilkinson is an eloquent and
+forcible speaker, and a man of unusual ability, a sound and logical
+reasoner, and withal fluent. He has been twice married. His first wife
+was a daughter of Rev. Lemuel Nobles, of Michigan. Mrs. Wilkinson died
+in Michigan. He married a second wife before coming West. They reside
+in Wells, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Stanchfield.</span>&mdash;Mr. Stanchfield was a native of Maine, born in
+the year 1820, was married to Mary Jackins, in Bangor, Maine, in 1840,
+and came to Stillwater in 1846, where he engaged in keeping a hotel on
+Main street, which was burned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> while he was in charge. Mr. Stanchfield
+died in 1850, leaving a widow who subsequently married Harvey Wilson,
+and an infant daughter, who became, years after, the wife of George
+Davis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Ramsdell.</span>&mdash;Mr. Ramsdell was born at Falmouth, England, Dec. 28,
+1820. He married in England and came to this country with his wife in
+1843. He settled in Stillwater in 1844, and removed to his farm in
+1846, where he has been successful in raising apples and smaller
+fruits. His wife died in 1851. His second wife was Jane Willey. Mr.
+Ramsdell has been a quiet, good citizen, reliable and trustworthy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Macy.</span>&mdash;An orphan at thirteen years of age, Mr. Macy's early
+life was full of changes, adventures and vicissitudes. He was born in
+Canada East in 1821. He lived a somewhat wandering life until 1845,
+when he came to Fort Snelling, and shortly after to Stillwater, where,
+in 1846, he made a claim which became his permanent home. He was
+married in 1854.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jonathan E. McKusick.</span>&mdash;There was no more genial, pleasant, off-hand
+man than Jonathan E. McKusick. He was the life of public gatherings.
+His remarks, full of wit and sentiment, would keep his audience in a
+pleasant frame of mind. At old settlers' meetings his fund of
+anecdotes, historical incidents and reminiscences were in the highest
+degree interesting and entertaining. Mr. McKusick was born in Cornish,
+Maine, in 1812; was married to Minerva King in 1836, and came up the
+Mississippi on the ice, in December, 1845, to Stillwater, which he
+made his home until his death, which occurred Aug. 21, 1876. He took
+an active interest in the welfare of the city and held many offices of
+trust. He served his country during the war of the Rebellion, and in
+1863 was appointed quartermaster with the rank of captain, which
+position he held until mustered out at the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John McKusick.</span>&mdash;Prominent amongst the pioneers of the St. Croix
+valley, and deserving of special mention for his enterprise and public
+spirit, is the subject of this sketch. He was born in Cornish, Maine,
+in 1815; received a common school education; came to Illinois in 1839,
+and to St. Croix Falls in 1840, where he engaged in the lumbering
+business, getting logs to the Falls mill, and sawing them. Through
+industry and economy he saved enough to enable him to become part
+owner and builder of the first mill in Stillwater. He has held many
+positions of trust. He served as state senator in 1863-64-65 and 66.
+He was active in aiding to secure the land grant to build railroads
+into Stillwater, in the welfare of which city he has ever manifested
+the deepest interest. He has been one of the largest proprietors, and
+most liberal in improving and adorning the city, has encouraged a
+sound system of finances, and has steadily opposed the bonding system.
+Mr. McKusick was married to Phebe Greely in 1847, who soon afterward
+died. He married his second wife, Servia Greely, in November, 1849. He
+has three children living, Newton, Chester and Ella. Mrs. McKusick
+died Feb. 18, 1887.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 464px;">
+<img src="images/illus-068.jpg" width="464" height="629" alt="John McKusick" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William McKusick</span>, a younger brother of Jonathan E. and John McKusick,
+came to Stillwater in 1847, and engaged in lumbering. He was a member
+of the fifth territorial house, and a senator in the second, sixteenth
+and seventeenth state legislatures. In 1870, with the firm of
+McKusick, Anderson &amp; Co., he built the large saw mill at Houlton,
+opposite Stillwater. In 1882 he made his home upon a farm at Big Stone
+Lake.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Noah McKusick</span>, another brother, came to Stillwater in 1847, followed
+lumbering some years, removed to Oregon, and died there in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Royal McKusick</span> came to the valley in 1848, and died a few years later,
+leaving a large and respectable family.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ivory E. McKusick.</span>&mdash;Ivory E., brother of John and J. E. McKusick, was
+born in Maine, July 2, 1827. In 1847 he came to Stillwater, with which
+city he has since been permanently identified. He spent two years
+working in the old mill, the first built at Stillwater, and then
+engaged in lumbering until 1859. In 1862 he was appointed prison
+guard, and served two years. In 1864 he was in the service of the
+government, and helped build Fort Wadsworth, Dakota. He served as
+surveyor general several years, and later has engaged in the
+forwarding and commission business. He was married to Sophia A.
+Jewell, Feb. 9, 1854. He is a man of probity and merit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles E. Leonard.</span>&mdash;The subject of this sketch was born Feb. 25,
+1810, at Worthington, Massachusetts. His father died when he was four
+years old. In his early life he experienced some vicissitudes. He
+tried farming and hotel keeping, but owing to poor health was obliged
+to give up these employments. He started West in 1846, remained awhile
+in Hancock county, Illinois, and in 1847 came to Stillwater, where he
+engaged in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> mercantile pursuits. He removed to St. Anthony in 1850, to
+St. Paul in 1855, to Point Douglas in 1866, to Sioux City in 1880, and
+to Princeton, Mille Lacs county, in 1881. Mr. Leonard has held several
+official positions. In 1852 he was appointed territorial treasurer,
+and in 1857, serving four years; was a member of the Democratic wing
+of the constitutional convention. He did some military service during
+the Indian outbreak in 1862. He was married to Catherine Yendes, of
+Rodman, New York, January, 1835.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel McLean.</span>&mdash;Mr. McLean was born in the north of Ireland in 1800
+and came to America in his youth with his brothers. He lived
+successively in Philadelphia, Indianapolis and St. Louis, whence he
+embarked for St. Croix Falls in 1839, in the employ of the Falls
+Manufacturing Company. He came to Stillwater in 1848. Through industry
+and economy he accumulated a handsome fortune, which, at his death, he
+left to his heirs in Stillwater. He was an upright christian man. He
+died in Stillwater in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Simpson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Simpson was born in Sussex, England, in 1815. He
+married Mary Ann Shelley in 1840 and came the same year to the United
+States. After spending two years in New York and other places, he came
+to St. Croix Falls in 1842, where he followed lumbering until 1850,
+when he came to Stillwater. He belonged to the firm of Simpson,
+Anderson &amp; McComb, lumbering and merchandising, and engaged in other
+branches of business. He was a member from Stillwater of the first
+state legislature. He is a quiet, unobtrusive gentleman, greatly
+esteemed by those who know him. Mrs. Simpson and an only child died in
+Stillwater in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Hooper.</span>&mdash;This gentleman attained considerable notoriety in
+later life as an influential Mormon and a delegate to Congress from
+Utah from 1859 to 1868. He was a man of unquestioned ability and an
+eloquent speaker. His plea for "religious liberty," made against the
+Cullom bill, is said to have been one of the most eloquent speeches
+ever delivered in Congress. Mr. Hooper was born in Warwick Manor,
+Maryland, Dec. 25, 1813. In 1835 he moved to Galena and engaged in
+mercantile business. In the panic of 1838 Mr. Hooper and his partner
+failed to the amount of $200,000, but, after years of struggling, the
+debt was entirely paid. In 1843 Mr. Hooper engaged in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> steamboating as
+clerk on the steamer Otter, on the Upper Mississippi and its
+tributaries, and was well known at Stillwater. His boat in 1843 landed
+the mill irons for McKusick &amp; Co.'s mill. In 1844 he built the steamer
+Lynx and several other boats, the last being known as the Alex.
+Hamilton, of which he was part owner. This was burned at St. Louis in
+1849, which left him again penniless. In 1850 he emigrated to Salt
+Lake and there in his business enterprises greatly prospered. Although
+he espoused Mormonism and became one of its leaders, he was opposed to
+polygamy. He died in Salt Lake City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James H. Spencer.</span>&mdash;James H. Spencer came to Stillwater in 1845, a boy
+of sixteen. His educational privileges had been limited, but he was
+ambitious and studious, and by his own unaided exertions acquired a
+practical business education. He followed lumbering and exploring, and
+was employed as state timber agent for fifteen years. He was born in
+Boone county, Missouri, in 1829, and was married to Rose M. Winters,
+in Stillwater, in 1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John T. Blackburn.</span>&mdash;The brothers Blackburn were born in Cincinnati,
+Ohio, John, the elder, in 1823. He came to Stillwater in 1844, and has
+since been actively engaged in lumbering. His home has been at
+Stillwater, Marine, Taylor's Falls, and Shell Lake, where he now
+resides.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph T. Blackburn.</span>&mdash;Joseph, the younger brother, was born in 1834,
+and in 1847 came to Stillwater. He has followed lumbering and Indian
+trading. He has made his home at Stillwater, at Taylor's Falls, and,
+since 1860, on Totogatic river, in Douglas county, Wisconsin, ten
+miles from Gordon. Mr. Blackburn enjoys wilderness life, is eccentric
+in manner, and attends strictly to his own business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace K. McKinstry.</span>&mdash;We have no data of Mr. McKinstry's early life.
+He came to Stillwater in 1846. His family consisted of his wife, three
+daughters, and son, John, who afterward married the eldest daughter of
+Anson Northrup. Mr. McKinstry was a justice of the peace in 1847 and
+1848, and was engaged in mercantile business the two succeeding years.
+He removed to Maiden Rock, Wisconsin, a year or two after and died
+there March 12, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seth M. Sawyer.</span>&mdash;Mr. Sawyer was born in Skowhegan, Maine, in 1822. He
+came to Stillwater in 1846, followed lumbering,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> and afterward engaged
+in building a saw mill in the firm name of Sawyer &amp; Heaton. In 1850 he
+was married to Eliza McKinstry. Mr. Sawyer left Minnesota in 1866 for
+an extended sojourn in the Southern States, and engaged in business
+there, but nothing is known positively of his present whereabouts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Sawyer.</span>&mdash;Henry, the younger brother of Seth, came from Skowhegan
+to Stillwater in 1849, and engaged in mercantile pursuits for two
+years in partnership with Horace McKinstry. In 1856 he built the first
+stone block in Stillwater, on lot 2, block 27. In 1857 he built the
+Sawyer House, a four story hotel. Mr. Sawyer married Lucy Noyes. He
+died in Stillwater, Dec. 27, 1865, and his remains were buried in the
+Kah-ba-kong cemetery, at Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alvah D. Heaton.</span>&mdash;Mr. Heaton was the partner of Seth Sawyer in
+building the second saw mill in Stillwater. He came to St. Croix in
+1847 and worked at the Osceola mills some time. He was a partner in
+logging with O. H. Blair and afterward with Wm. Kent. He was a
+brother-in-law to Hon. Cyrus Aldrich, representative in Congress from
+Minnesota. In after years he removed to Idaho.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John McKinzie.</span>&mdash;Mr. McKinzie was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1818,
+and came to America in 1841. He located in Stillwater in 1846, and
+followed lumbering until 1856, when he removed to a farm in the Lyman
+settlement. He married Rose Carlton in 1872 and removed to Miles City,
+Montana, in 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George McKinzie</span>, a younger brother of John, came to Stillwater in
+1851, and engaged in lumbering and exploring. In 1885 he was adjudged
+insane and sent to the St. Peter's hospital, from which he was soon
+released. He afterward visited California, where he was drowned in San
+Francisco bay. He was unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Kattenberg.</span>&mdash;Mr. Kattenberg was born in Prussia in 1821, and
+married to Arnebia C. Silova, at Kemper, on the banks of the Rhine, in
+1844. He came to America in June, 1847, and to Stillwater in 1848. Mr.
+Kattenberg opened a shop and engaged in the tailoring business. By
+industry and close application to business, he prospered and secured a
+pleasant home. By liberality and kindness in extending credits, and an
+unfortunate venture in lumbering, he lost $14,000, which effectually
+closed his business operations. With characteristic honesty, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+turned over to his creditors his homestead and all he had to meet his
+liabilities. In 1880 he removed to Taylor's Falls and commenced
+keeping hotel at the Falls House, on Bench street. In October, 1886,
+he purchased the Dalles House of Mrs. C. B. Whiting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Julius F. Brunswick.</span>&mdash;Mr. Brunswick was born in Switzerland in 1826;
+came to this country in 1846, remained a year in Illinois, and came to
+Stillwater in 1848, where he engaged in lumbering, farming,
+merchandising, and dealing in pine lands. Mr. Brunswick applied
+himself closely to business and was successful. Feb. 29, 1859, he
+married Margaret Darms, of Stillwater. He died at his home in
+Stillwater in 1874, leaving a widow and seven children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry McLean.</span>&mdash;Mr. McLean was born in Washington county, Maine, in
+1828, and in 1848 came to Stillwater, which has since been his home.
+He is engaged in lumbering. In 1851 he married Caroline Cover.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hugh Burns.</span>&mdash;Hugh Burns came from Ireland to America in 1830, when he
+was but eight years of age, lived in the province of New Brunswick
+until 1848, when he came to Stillwater, where he has since been
+engaged in lumbering and farming. In 1850 he removed to St. Anthony,
+in 1855 to St. Paul, and in 1856 to Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sylvanus Trask.</span>&mdash;Mr. Trask was born in Otsego county, New York, Nov.
+16, 1811. He secured a liberal education, and taught school several
+years in the state of New York. He came to Stillwater in 1848, and in
+1852 was married to Euphenia Turner, of St. Paul. He represented the
+Stillwater district in the first and second territorial legislatures,
+1849-51. For many years he has been a surveyor and scaler of logs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ariel Eldridge.</span>&mdash;Mr. Eldridge was born in Hartford, Vermont, June 10,
+1815. He was reared during his minority by an uncle, at Cambridge, New
+York. In 1844 he came to the Wisconsin lead mines, at Platteville, and
+in 1848 to Stillwater, where he worked afterward at his trade of house
+carpenter until 1862, when he opened a book and stationery store. He
+has held several city and county offices. In 1849 he was married<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> to
+Sarah L. Judd. Mrs. Eldridge died in Stillwater, Oct. 12, 1886, aged
+eighty-four years. Mrs. Eldridge taught the first school in
+Stillwater.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;">
+<img src="images/illus-074.jpg" width="418" height="450" alt="E. W. DURANT. A PROMINENT MINNESOTIAN OF RENOWNED
+REPUTATION." title="" />
+<span class="caption">E. W. DURANT. A PROMINENT MINNESOTIAN OF RENOWNED
+REPUTATION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward White Durant.</span>&mdash;Mr. Durant is of Huguenot descent. During the
+eighteenth century his ancestors lived in Massachusetts and were
+active participants in the agitation against English oppression.
+Edward Durant, Jr., an ancestor five generations from the present, was
+a delegate to the Provincial Congress of 1774 and 1775, and chairman
+of the committee on commercial correspondence. He died in 1782. Others
+of the family filled prominent places, and were noted for their
+whole-souled patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Durant was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, April 8, 1829. He
+received a common school education, and a year in the academy. He came
+to Cincinnati in 1838, and in 1844 we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> find him with his parents in
+Albany, Illinois. In 1848 he left his parents and came to Stillwater,
+where he worked three seasons on the river, running logs. He then
+became a pilot on the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers and continued
+in this business about sixteen years. He acted as salesman for Hersey,
+Staples &amp; Co. some years. He has been since then engaged in lumbering
+and a portion of the time as a member of the firm of Durant, Wheeler &amp;
+Co. The annual sales of this firm amount to over half a million
+dollars. In 1874 he was a candidate on the Democratic ticket for
+lieutenant governor and in 1876 was president of the state Democratic
+convention. He represented his district in the fifteenth, seventeenth
+and twenty-fourth state legislatures. He was several years grand
+master of the Masons of Minnesota. He has served as mayor of
+Stillwater, and often as a member of the council. Mr. Durant, as his
+record shows him, is one of the most industrious men of the time, and
+possessed of good executive and business abilities. Mr. Durant was
+married Dec. 29, 1853, to Henrietta Pease, of Albany, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oliver Parsons.</span>&mdash;Mr. Parsons was born in South Paris, Maine, and is
+also descended from Revolutionary stock. He came to Stillwater in
+1848, where he engaged in merchandising and farming. He removed to
+Minneapolis in 1876, where he is at present engaged in selling goods.
+He was married to C. Jewell, April, 1855. Mr. Parsons has ever been an
+exemplary man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert Stimson.</span>&mdash;A native of York county, Maine, Mr. Stimson spent
+there his early life, and, after a few years in New Brunswick, came to
+Stillwater in 1849. He followed lumbering in his native state and on
+the St. Croix. He served as surveyor general of the First district,
+Minnesota, three years. He was a member of the Minnesota territorial
+councils of 1854 and 1855 and a member of the house in 1853. He was
+mayor of Stillwater one year, alderman two years, and was also a
+supervisor of Washington county. From 1870 to 1872 Mr. Stimson was a
+citizen of Kanabec county, which county he helped organize, and of
+which he was one of the first commissioners. His present residence is
+Anoka.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abraham van Voorhees.</span>&mdash;Mr. Van Voorhees' ancestors were patriots
+during the Revolution, and lived in New York and New Jersey. He was
+born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, Dec. 2, 1793. He was reared
+as a farmer. His school privileges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> were limited. "The Major," as he
+was familiarly styled, once told me that the educational advantages he
+had received in youth were very few, and that his desires and
+ambitions were far beyond his means to satisfy and fulfill, and he
+remarked with justifiable pride: "And what I am now, if I amount to
+anything, I owe to strong nerves and will power; God has always
+sustained me, and I have always acknowledged allegiance to Him." The
+major had an ingenious and inventive mind. Being studious and
+industrious, he accomplished much without scholastic training, and
+became well versed in the sciences, and an acute reasoner. In 1832 he
+removed to Athens county, Ohio, where for five years he devoted
+himself to mechanical pursuits and the study of the sciences. In 1837
+he removed to Athens, and became editor and proprietor of the <i>Hocking
+Valley Gazette</i>, and retained the editorship six years. While living
+in Ohio, he served as county treasurer, county surveyor, member of the
+legislature, and state senator. In the latter position he served four
+years. In 1849 he was appointed by President Taylor register of the
+United States land office at Stillwater, which place he held until
+1853. In 1852 Gov. Ramsey appointed him territorial auditor. He was a
+representative in the territorial legislature of 1856 and of the state
+legislature of 1859-60. He was one of the commissioners for locating
+the capitol and university lands. He was postmaster in Stillwater many
+years, and when he was eighty years of age acted as surveyor of
+Washington county. Such is a brief record of an unusually active and
+useful life. Maj. Van Voorhees was a thoroughly good citizen and
+christian gentleman. In politics he was Whig and Republican. His
+church membership was in the Presbyterian church, of which he became a
+member in 1832. In 1817 he was married to Mary Workman Voorhees. He
+died at his home in Stillwater, Jan. 24, 1879, aged eighty-six years,
+and was buried with christian and masonic honors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael E. Ames</span>, an attorney from Boston, came to Stillwater in 1849,
+and became one of the leading lawyers of the Territory. He was urbane
+and dignified, both in society and at the bar. He was a charming
+conversationalist, and such a ready and fluent speaker that it was a
+pleasure to listen to him. Many of his witty sayings will long be
+remembered. He was twice married, but his domestic life was by no
+means a happy one. He died in St. Paul in 1861, his life, no doubt,
+shortened by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> intemperate habits, but he was polite and genial and
+witty to the last.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Bonin</span> is of French descent. He was born in Montreal, Canada,
+Aug. 26, 1820. He was married to Margaret Bruce in 1851. The writer
+first met Mr. Bonin in Stillwater in 1845. He was then in the employ
+of John McKusick. He had spent much of his life on the frontier as an
+employe of the fur companies, and could relate many stirring incidents
+and perilous adventures. Mr. Bonin located at Baytown at an early day.
+During the Rebellion he was a member of Company B, First Minnesota
+Heavy Artillery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marcel Gagnon.</span>&mdash;Mr. Gagnon was born in Lower Canada, Aug. 17, 1825. On
+arriving at manhood he came to the United States, and was an employe
+of the American Fur Company several years. He removed to Stillwater in
+1845, engaging in lumbering. In 1863 he enlisted in the Minnesota
+Volunteer Independent Battalion, and served three years. Mr. Gagnon is
+a polite, pleasant, hard working and independent man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sebastian Marty</span> was born in Switzerland in 1809, came to America in
+1836, to Stillwater in 1845, and located on a farm in section 32, town
+of Stillwater, now known as the Jackman homestead. In 1850 he made his
+home in section 30, town of Lakeland, where he resided until his
+death, Nov. 3, 1885. His widow was formerly Christine Mamsche. He was
+a quiet, unobtrusive, thoroughly honest and reliable man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Marty</span> was born in Switzerland in 1823. He learned the art of
+manufacturing straw goods in France. He came to America in 1846, to
+Stillwater in 1848 and not long after settled on his farm in Baytown.
+He was married to Anna M. Henry, in St. Paul, 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adam Marty.</span>&mdash;Mr. Marty was born in Switzerland in 1839. In 1846 he
+came with his grandparents to America and located at St. Louis. In
+1849 he came to Stillwater and learned the printer's trade. He was
+employed one year by John McKusick. He enlisted April 29, 1861, in
+Company B, First Minnesota Volunteers, was severely wounded at the
+battle of Gettysburg, and honorably discharged. He resides in
+Stillwater, where he has held responsible positions, and has taken a
+deep interest in the Grand Army of the Republic, of which he has been
+post commander.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael McHale.</span>&mdash;Mr. McHale came from Ireland in 1836;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> located first
+in Quincy, Illinois; then, 1840, in Galena; in 1842 in Potosi,
+Wisconsin, and in 1849 at Stillwater. He was interested in a saw mill
+(McHale &amp; Johnson's), and operated also as a contractor in prison
+work. He was married to Rosanna McDermott in Wisconsin, 1847. She died
+in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Watson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Watson is, in common parlance, a self-made man.
+Left alone in the world and dependent entirely on his own exertions
+for a livelihood, he learned the carpenter's trade, learned it well,
+and followed it industriously through life. Mr. Watson was born in
+Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, Sept. 13, 1823, and came to the St.
+Croix valley in 1849. He lived a few years in Hudson, and then removed
+to Stillwater, where he has the credit of building many fine
+structures. He was married in 1860 to Frances Lyman, of Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Eleazer A. Greenleaf</span> was educated at Bangor Theological Seminary.
+He came to Stillwater in 1846, and became pastor of the first
+Protestant Episcopal church organized north of Prairie du Chien,
+excepting at Fort Snelling and some Indian mission charges. Mr.
+Greenleaf was married to Susan P. Greely, of Williamsburg, Maine, in
+1838. He became a great sufferer in the later years of his life. He
+died in Stillwater in 1878. Mrs. Greenleaf died in Minneapolis in
+1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. B. Covey.</span>&mdash;Dr. J. B. Covey came to Stillwater in 1844. He was born
+in Duchess county, New York, in 1784. He practiced medicine many years
+in Missouri. He died in Stillwater in 1851.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Shaesby</span> was born in Warwick, England, in 1811; came to America in
+1836, to Stillwater in 1848; removed to St. Croix county in 1850,
+thence to St. Joseph, to Rush River and to Baldwin in 1874, where he
+died in 1880, leaving two children and his widow in comfortable
+circumstances. His eldest daughter was the wife of Capt. Isaac Gray.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Proctor.</span>&mdash;Mr. Proctor is of English descent, and was born in
+Cavendish, Windsor county, Vermont, Feb. 26, 1826. He was favored with
+a common school education. In 1846 he came to St. Louis, Missouri, and
+served as mercantile clerk until 1849, when he came to Stillwater and
+engaged in lumbering and mercantile pursuits. He was a member of the
+firm of Short, Proctor &amp; Co., hardware merchants. In 1860 he was
+appointed warden of the Minnesota state prison, which office he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> held
+until 1868. In 1860 he was also appointed secretary and treasurer of
+the St. Croix Boom Company. He performed the duties of both positions,
+but continued to serve the boom company twenty years. His experience
+and reliability made him almost the umpire of this company. He was
+appointed surveyor general for the years 1881 to 1884, inclusive. Mr.
+Proctor was married to Caroline Lockwood, daughter of John Lockwood,
+of Prairie du Chien, in 1854. They have one son, Levi.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Barron Proctor</span>, brother of John S. Proctor, came to Stillwater when a
+young man, but after a few years removed to New Orleans, whence he
+returned to Stillwater, and in 1873 engaged in flour manufacturing as
+one of the firm of Cahill, Townshend &amp; Co. He disposed of his interest
+in 1880. Mr. Proctor was married to Hettie Carson, adopted daughter of
+Socrates Nelson and widow of John A. Hanford. He lives in St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Westing</span> is a native of Hanover. He emigrated to America in 1840
+and came to Stillwater in 1848. He commenced his business career as a
+day laborer and by industry, perseverance and tact, rose to a position
+of wealth and influence. He died in Stillwater, Feb. 26, 1885, much
+esteemed by his associates for his sterling qualities of character.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Dunn</span> was born in 1823, in Queens county, Ireland. He emigrated
+to America in 1826, locating at Miramachi, on the northeast coast of
+New Brunswick. He came thence to Maine, where he spent two years. He
+came to the St. Croix valley in 1846, located in Stillwater, where he
+has since lived and been engaged in lumbering. He is the owner of a
+valuable land property at Yellow Lake, Burnett county, Wisconsin. He
+has been a member of the Catholic church since infancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles J. Gardiner</span> was born at Charlotte, Maine, in 1826, and came to
+Stillwater in 1849, where he followed lumbering and farming. He served
+as surveyor of the First Minnesota district five years. He was married
+in 1853 to Pamela Jackman. They have five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Staples</span> was born in Topsham, Maine, September, 1805. He came
+west from Brunswick, Maine, in 1854, and located in Stillwater, where
+he died, Dec. 26, 1887. He is the elder brother of Isaac, Silas and
+Winslow Staples. He leaves a widow (his second wife), two daughters,
+Mrs. E. A. Folsom and Mrs. G. M. Stickney, and two sons, Josiah and
+Winslow, besides a step-son, William Langly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Josiah Staples</span>, son of Samuel, was born in Brunswick, Maine, June 20,
+1826. He received a good common school education. At the age of
+thirteen his family removed to Penobscot county, and later to the
+province of New Brunswick, but returned to Maine in 1840. In 1848 he
+came to Stillwater, and has since been continuously engaged in milling
+and lumbering operations, and, latterly, in steamboating. He was
+married to Lydia McGlaughlin in 1853. His children are six sons and
+one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel M. Darling</span> was born in Madison county, New York, in 1842. He came
+to Galena, Illinois, in 1840, and to Stillwater in 1848, where he
+engaged in farming. He served three years during the Civil War in
+Company F, Seventh Minnesota, and has since been pensioned for
+disabilities incurred in the service. He is unmarried. He lives in
+South Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARLY RIVER PILOTS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joe Perro.</span>&mdash;"Big Joe" as he was familiarly called, was large of frame
+and big-hearted as well, honest, manly, of good report for courage and
+honesty. He was fearless and prompt in taking the part of the weak and
+oppressed. We were once passing together up Broadway, St. Louis, when
+we passed a peanut stand. A small negro boy was crying piteously and
+begging the peanut vender to give him back his money, to which appeal
+the peanut vender was obdurate. We halted. Joe Perro organized a
+court, heard the testimony of man and boy, and satisfied himself that
+in making change the man had wrongfully withheld a dime due the boy.
+Joe decided in favor of the boy and ordered the vender of peanuts to
+pay him the ten cents. He replied insolently: "It is none of your
+d&mdash;&mdash;d business." That was enough to kindle the magazine of Joe's
+wrath. A sudden blow of his fist, and the man was prostrate on the
+sidewalk and his peanuts and apples scattered. The last seen of the
+discomfited street merchant he was on his hands and knees scrambling
+with the boys for the possession of his scattered fruits, and casting
+an occasional vengeful glance at the towering form of "Big Joe"
+departing slowly from the scene of conflict. Mr. Perro is of French
+parentage, and a native of Kaskaskia, Illinois. He has been a resident
+of Stillwater since 1844.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James McPhail.</span>&mdash;Mr. McPhail, as his name indicates, is of Scotch
+parentage. He was born in Inverness, Scotland, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> 1824, and came to
+America in early life. He was one of the first log pilots on the
+waters of the Mississippi and St. Croix. He settled in Stillwater in
+1848, was married to Eliza Purinton in 1849, and died in St. Louis in
+1857. Mrs. McPhail died in Stillwater in 1885. They left no children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Cormack.</span>&mdash;Mr. Cormack commenced piloting on the St. Croix in
+1845. He was married in 1860 to Miss Jackins. He made his home in
+Stillwater continuously for thirty years, during which time he served
+as pilot. He died at Princeton, Mille Lacs county, in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Hanford.</span>&mdash;Mr. Hanford was a St. Croix river pilot in the '40s. He
+married an adopted daughter of Socrates Nelson, of Stillwater. He died
+at Stillwater. Mrs. Hanford subsequently married Barron Proctor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Leach.</span>&mdash;Mr. Leach made his home at Marine many years, during
+which time he engaged in piloting on the St. Croix; subsequently he
+removed to Stillwater. In the later years of his life he has been
+blind.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen B. Hanks.</span>&mdash;Mr. Stephen B. Hanks, formerly of Albany, Illinois,
+piloted the first raft from St. Croix Falls to St. Louis in 1842. He
+followed piloting rafts and steamboats until 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel S. Hanks.</span>&mdash;Samuel, a brother of Stephen B., commenced piloting
+in the '40s, and is still active.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Among the early pilots on the St. Croix and Mississippi
+rivers were Antoine Lapoint, Augustus Barlow, Richard
+Whiting, James Hickman, George M. Penny, and Daniel McLean.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>POLK COUNTY&mdash;DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Polk county contains 700,000 acres of land, well diversified with
+timber and prairie, uplands and valleys, rivers and lakes, and fertile
+enough to sustain a large population. The county was established by
+the Wisconsin legislature in 1853, and originally included much more
+territory than it now contains, new counties having been formed north
+and east of its present domain. Indian traders had visited it at an
+earlier period, but the first permanent white settlement was made in
+1837, and the first pioneer who came with the serious intention of
+making permanent improvements was Franklin Steele. As Mr. Steele's
+history is in a great part the history of the early settlement, we
+insert it here, and very nearly in the language of Mr. Steele himself,
+as he communicated it to the writer some years since:</p>
+
+<p>"I came to the Northwest in 1837, a young man, healthy and ambitious,
+to dare the perils of an almost unexplored region, inhabited by
+savages. I sought Fort Snelling (which was at that time an active
+United States fort) as a point from which to start. In September,
+1837, immediately after the treaty was made ceding the St. Croix
+valley to the government, accompanied by Dr. Fitch, of Bloomington,
+Iowa, we started from Fort Snelling in a bark canoe, also a scow
+loaded with tools, supplies and laborers, descended the Mississippi
+river and ascended the St. Croix to the Dalles. We clambered over the
+rocks to the Falls, where we made two land claims, covering the Falls
+on the east side and the approach to it in the Dalles. We built a log
+cabin at the Falls, where the Upper Copper trap range crosses the
+river and where the old mill was afterward erected. A second log house
+we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> built in the ravine at the head of navigation. Whilst building,
+four other parties arrived to make claim to this power. I found the
+veritable Joe Brown on the west side of the St. Croix, trading with
+the Indians, a few rods from where Baker &amp; Taylor built their mill
+(near the end of the present toll bridge). Brown had also cut pine
+logs, part of which, in 1838, were used by Baker &amp; Taylor, but most of
+them were burned by forest fires on the ground where they were felled.
+In February, 1838, I made a trip to the Falls with a dog team for the
+relief of one Boyce, who was cutting logs at the mouth of Snake river,
+and had had some trouble with the Indians. I helped him until he left
+the country. Peshick, a chief of the Chippewas, said, 'We have no
+money for logs; we have no money for land. Logs can not go.' He said
+he could not control his young men and would not be responsible for
+their acts.</p>
+
+<p>"In the spring of 1838, from Fort Snelling we descended the
+Mississippi river to Prairie du Chien in bark canoes, thence by
+steamer to St. Louis, Missouri, where a co-partnership was formed by
+Messrs. Fitch, of Muscatine, Iowa, Libbey, of Alton, Illinois,
+Hungerford and Livingston, of St. Louis, Hill and Holcombe, of Quincy,
+Illinois, and myself. We chartered the steamer Palmyra, loaded her
+with all the materials with which to build a saw mill, including
+mechanics to do the work, and started for the scene of operations.
+Plans for procedure, rules and by-laws were discussed and adopted
+during the journey on the steamer, and the new organization was
+christened the St. Croix Falls Lumbering Company. Calvin A. Tuttle was
+the millwright."</p>
+
+<p>The trip was made in safety, our immediate plans executed, and the
+Palmyra was the first steamboat that ever sailed the St. Croix river
+and lake. Mr. Steele made an estimate for the construction of the mill
+and dam at $20,000, which he submitted to the company. It was
+accepted, and Calvin A. Tuttle, a millwright, was placed in charge of
+the work, but Mr. Steele sold his interest to the company before the
+mill was completed. On examination of the records we find that W.
+Libbey was the first agent of the company. We find also from the same
+record that Libbey knew little or nothing of the business he had
+undertaken. With a few barrels of whisky and one of beads he busied
+himself trading with the Indians. This was the first whisky sold in
+the valley, and it was sold in defiance of government law.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Much could be written about this old pioneer company of the Northwest,
+and its history, could it be truly written, would contain many
+thrilling incidents and scenes worthy of remembrance; but much is
+already forgotten and many of the most prominent actors have passed
+away, leaving no record of their lives. The company, as a corporation,
+passed through many changes of name and ownership. Its history would
+be a history of litigations, of wranglings and feuds, of losses and
+gains, of mistakes, of blunders and of wrongs. In the first place, the
+mill was planned by men practically unfitted for such work,
+inexperienced in lumbering and unacquainted with the vast expenditures
+requisite for the opening up of a new country, hundreds of miles from
+labor and the supplies needed for manufacturing. There were three
+requisites present, a splendid water power, abundance of timber at
+convenient distances and a healthful climate; but these alone did not
+and could not make the enterprise a success. Had practical,
+experienced lumbermen been employed the result might have been
+different, but impractical methods, enormous expenses, with no profits
+or dividends, caused most of the company to withdraw, forfeiting their
+stock in preference to continuing with the prospect of total
+bankruptcy. Goods were brought annually, at great expense, from St.
+Louis by the large steamers which then controlled the trade of the
+Mississippi and the St. Croix. The navigation of the St. Croix grew
+annually more difficult, the immense number of logs floated down since
+1838 wearing away the banks and increasing the number and area of sand
+bars and not infrequently obstructing the channel with jams.</p>
+
+<p>It is not known exactly how or when the name of St. Croix came to be
+applied to the beautiful river bearing it, but La Harpe, in his
+"Louisiana," gives the most plausible account of its origin: "This
+name is not ecclesiastical in its associations, but named after
+Monsieur St. Croix, who was drowned at its mouth." Le Sueur, who
+explored the Upper Mississippi in 1683, says he left a large river on
+the east side, named St. Croix, because a Frenchman of that name was
+drowned at its mouth. As Duluth was the first white man to embark in
+the waters of the St. Croix, descending it in canoes, from near Lake
+Superior, which he did in 1680; and as Hennepin and La Salle ascended
+the Mississippi the same year, the name could not have had an earlier
+origin, but may be fixed as given sometime between 1680<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> and 1683. An
+old map in my possession, one hundred and twenty-five years old, gives
+the present name of the river and lake. The St. Croix valley embraces
+an area of territory from 20 to 90 miles in width, and about 120 miles
+in length. Its northern water, Upper Lake St. Croix, is about 20 miles
+from Lake Superior. The southern portion is a rich prairie country,
+interspersed with groves of hardwood timber. The more northern portion
+is interspersed with groves of pine, tamarack, cedar, balsam and
+hardwoods. The whole district, with a small exception, is a cereal
+country. It abounds in wild meadows, and much of the swampy portion
+will ultimately be utilized by ditching, which will transform it all
+into a good stock raising country. About eight-tenths of this entire
+valley is fitted by nature for agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Wheat, the leading cereal, averages ten to thirty bushels per acre;
+the growth of tame grasses can not be excelled; vegetables grow to
+wonderful size; native wild fruits abound; cultivated fruits are being
+successfully introduced; cranberries are being cultivated in the
+northern part. Wheat, stock, and pine lumber are the principal
+articles of export. The southern portion is well watered by the St.
+Croix and its tributaries&mdash;Kinnikinic, Willow, Apple, Sunrise, and
+smaller streams, lakes and springs. The northern portion is abundantly
+watered by the St. Croix and tributaries&mdash;Wolf, Trade, Wood, Clam,
+Yellow, Namakagan, Rush, Kanabec and Kettle rivers. Small streams and
+lakes are numerous, of which only the largest are named on the maps.
+The valley is abundantly supplied with water power, capable of running
+enough manufactories to work up all the products of the country. The
+soil is, as a general thing, dry and arable. April and May are the
+seeding months. Crops mature, and are seldom injured by frosts. The
+whole country adjacent to this valley will answer to this general
+description.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-ninth day of July, 1837, our government purchased the
+valley of the St. Croix of the Indians at a treaty held at Fort
+Snelling, Gov. Henry Dodge and Gen. Wm. R. Smith acting as
+commissioners. The purchase was ratified in Congress in the spring of
+1838. Polk county, originally a part of Crawford, in 1840 became a
+part of St. Croix, and in 1853 received its present organization and
+name, the latter in honor of James K. Polk, eleventh president of the
+United States. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> country occupies the eastern part of the valley
+of the St. Croix lying between Burnett and St. Croix counties on the
+north and south, and Barron on the east, the St. Croix river forming
+its western boundary. The surface is agreeably diversified with forest
+and prairie land, and is supplied with excellent springs, rivers and
+lakes. Most of the underlying rock is sandstone. This rock crops out
+along the banks of the St. Croix and is extensively used for building
+purposes. Lime rock is also found along the river banks, some of which
+is of a superior grade, notably that below Osceola, which is
+manufactured into lime and exported. The natural scenery can scarcely
+be surpassed in the West. The towering, precipitous bluffs along the
+St. Croix, the picturesque trap rocks of the Dalles, and the bright
+clear lakes of the interior have long been an attraction to the
+tourist. The lakes and smaller streams abound in fish, and the latter
+are famous for their abundance of brook trout.</p>
+
+<p>The county seat at the organization of the county was located at St.
+Croix Falls. The first election held in the limits of the present
+county of Polk, prior to its organization, was at St. Croix Falls,
+then a voting precinct, known as Caw-caw-baw-kang, a Chippewa name,
+meaning waterfall. The returns of this election were made to Prairie
+du Chien. I was present at the canvassing of these returns. They were
+found to be accurate. Annually since then elections were held at this
+point and returns made, first to Prairie du Chien, Crawford county,
+then to Stillwater, St. Croix county, to Hudson, St. Croix county, and
+to Osceola Mills, Polk county. By an election held in Polk county just
+after its organization the county seat was removed to Osceola Mills,
+by a unanimous vote. The records of the first elections can not be
+found, they having been stolen from the safe in 1864. The following
+county officers were elected in 1853: Isaac Freeland, clerk of court
+and register of deeds; E. C. Treadwell, sheriff; Oscar A. Clark,
+surveyor; Wm. Kent, county treasurer; Harmon Crandall, coroner; Nelson
+McCarty, district attorney; J. Freeland, clerk of board of
+supervisors. The first meeting of the board of supervisors was held in
+Osceola, in Isaac Freeland's building, where the offices were located
+for many years. The first court was held in the school house, Wyram
+Knowlton presiding. Both petit and grand juries were in attendance.
+Isaac Freeland was the first attorney admitted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> practice. Isaac W.
+Hale was the first county judge. The first marriage was that of Lewis
+Barlow to &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, at St. Croix Falls. The first birth in the county
+was that of Charles Northrup, son of Anson Northrup, at St. Croix
+Falls (1844). The first death was that of John Kelly, by drowning
+(1839), at St. Croix Falls. The first school in the county was
+established at St. Croix Falls by Miss Tainter, from Prairie du Chien,
+in 1848. The first school house was built in Osceola in 1852, the
+second at St. Croix Falls in 1861. The first mail, established in
+1840, was carried up the St. Croix river by batteaus in summer and by
+sleds over the ice in winter. The mail was weekly; the carrier was Dr.
+Philip Aldrich. The first land mail route was in 1847, from Willow
+River to St. Croix Falls. The mail was carried by Dr. Aldrich through
+the woods. The first stage route was established in 1855. The first
+deed we find of Polk county property is recorded at Prairie du Chien
+Sept. 2, 1845, from James Purinton to John Witherell, of St. Louis,
+Missouri, for $4,933,&mdash;a deed of trust covering a saw mill at St.
+Croix Falls. The second deed is from Benj. T. Otis to Edmond Johnson,
+conveying an undivided interest in a pre-emption claim, known as the
+Northrup or Jerusalem claim, about one mile east of St. Croix Falls,
+for $200. The first deed recorded in the county of old St. Croix was
+Sept. 29, 1845, from James Purinton, of St. Croix Falls, to John H.
+Ferguson, of the city of St. Louis, Missouri,&mdash;consideration
+$1,552,&mdash;of St. Croix Falls water power property. The first store was
+built in St. Croix Falls in 1839 and stocked with goods by the St.
+Croix Falls Company. The first blacksmith shop and the first hotel
+were built at St. Croix Falls. The first grist mill was built at
+Osceola in 1853. The first crops were raised at "Jerusalem," the first
+farm in the county, in 1839. "Jerusalem" was the farm now owned by Wm.
+Blanding, and was early noted as a resort for pleasure seekers, as a
+place for picnics and base ball games. The first pre-emption and entry
+of land was made in 1848, by Harmon Crandall, of Farmington. Settlers
+came into the county slowly until about 1866, since which time the
+population has more rapidly increased.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC.</h4>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly the greatest curse to the pioneers of a new settlement,
+and to the aborigines as well, is the liquor traffic.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> The Indians,
+under the influence of whisky, became infuriated and were capable of
+committing any atrocity; the effects upon the whites were not so
+violent but just as surely demoralizing, and in time as fatal. Among
+dealers in the vile fluid there was no one more persistent and
+unscrupulous than Capt. M. M. Samuels. During the summers of 1848 and
+1849 there was no other whisky selling house at the Falls. The
+character of the whisky sold was vile beyond description. Mrs. H&mdash;&mdash;
+and son informed me that they were employed by Samuels during the
+summer in compounding various roots with tobacco and boiling them, for
+the manufacture of a strong drink that was sold for whisky. Many, both
+whites and Indians, were poisoned by this compound. As an emphatic
+evidence against the vileness of the liquor, I append some of the
+blighting results:</p>
+
+<p>A talented young lawyer, Hall by name, from Philadelphia, became
+infatuated with the peculiar whisky furnished by Samuels, and when
+insane from its effects ran from Barlow's boarding house to a high
+rock overhanging the St. Croix river, just below the falls, plunged in
+and was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>Another, named Douglas, under the same influence, tried repeatedly to
+drown himself, when his friends bound him securely with cords. He then
+managed to stab himself.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander Livingston, a man who in youth had had excellent advantages,
+became himself a dealer in whisky, at the mouth of Wolf creek, in a
+drunken melee in his own store was shot and killed by Robido, a
+half-breed. Robido was arrested but managed to escape justice.</p>
+
+<p>Livingston, once, when on his way from Wolf creek to Clam falls,
+sought refuge in my camp, having with him two kegs of whisky. The
+Indians soon collected at the camp in fighting trim and sung and
+danced madly about the door of the cabin, and clamored for
+scoot-a-wa-bo (whisky). I refused to allow any whisky to be issued.
+The Indians were furious. Livingston cowered with fear. Foreseeing
+trouble I ordered Nat Tibbetts and Jonathan Brawn to take the kegs and
+follow me. The Indians stopped their gymnastic performances and gazed
+intently. With an axe and with a single blow on each keg I knocked in
+the heads, and the whisky was soon swallowed up in the snow. The
+Indians sprang forward with demoniac yells and commenced licking up
+the saturated snow, after which they danced around me,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> calling me
+"Oge-ma" (captain). I gave them food and they went away sober and
+apparently satisfied.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRONTIER JUSTICE.</h4>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1848 there were two rival whisky sellers at or near
+Balsam lake. Miles Tornell, a Norwegian, was located midway between
+the lake and the Falls. Miller, a German, had his post at the lake.
+Miller was an older trader, and claimed exclusive rights. A bitter
+feeling sprang up between them, which resulted, as the testimony
+afterward proved, in the murder of Tornell. His house was burned, and
+his body found concealed in a coal pit. One McLaughlin, who was
+stopping with Tornell, was also murdered. An investigation was set on
+foot. Samuels and Fields acted as detectives, and fixed the crime upon
+an Indian, whom they arrested on an island in Blake's lake, and
+brought to the Falls for trial. H. H. Perkins acted as judge, a jury
+of good men was impaneled, and the trial was held in Daniel Mears'
+store. A prosecuting attorney and counsel for the accused were
+appointed. The Indian frankly confessed the killing, and said that he
+had been hired to do the bloody work by Miller. Another Indian
+testified to being present on the occasion of the murder. After brief
+remarks by the lawyers, the jury brought in a verdict of guilty. There
+was no formal sentence. The Indian was kept under guard till next
+morning, when, by the unanimous consent of all present, he was hanged
+to a tree, since blighted, that stood near the old burying ground
+(later Louisiana street), and was hanged, Samuels officiating as
+sheriff. The Indians present were permitted to take the body, which
+they buried with Indian rites. Toward Miller, who ought to have been
+held as principal, the crowd were unexpectedly lenient. Instead of
+being hanged upon the same tree, he was merely lashed to it, and
+flogged, Pat Collins administering fifteen strokes on the bare back
+with a beech withe. He was then placed on a steamboat and ordered to
+leave the country, never to return. Of the more active participants in
+the hanging, Pat Collins, who officiated as hangman, and who flogged
+Miller, was undeniably a hard citizen. He had a bitter grudge against
+Miller, and administered the strokes with a will. He was himself
+hanged some years later in California for highway robbery. Chas. F.
+Rowley, who assisted in the hanging, lived for some years on a farm
+at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> Wolf creek, enlisted in 1861 in the Union army, and was killed in
+battle.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POPULATION OF ST. CROIX FALLS IN 1848.</h4>
+
+<p>The following heads of families resided in St. Croix Falls in 1848: H.
+H. Perkins, Edward Worth, G. W. Brownell, Otis Hoyt, J. Saunders, R.
+Arnold, L. Barlow, A. L. Tuttle, M. M. Samuels, Geo. De Attley, Moses
+Perin, and W. H. C. Folsom.</p>
+
+<p>The following single men claimed this as their home: D. Mears, J. L.
+and N. C. D. Taylor, P. Kelly, A. Romain, J. and W. R. Marshall, W. F.
+Colby, Dr. De Witt, W. J. Vincent, C. Dexter, A. Youle, H. H.
+Newberry, J. and O. Weymouth, Geo. Field, W. W. Folsom, J. H. Tuller,
+J. Dobney, J. Paine, and some others whose names I can not readily
+recall.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NATURAL LANGUAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Indians, when unable to talk English, nevertheless managed to
+express themselves intelligibly by gestures, picture writing, and
+vocal utterances, imitating the sounds which they wished to describe.
+A kind old Chippewa occasionally visited my camp. He would sit by the
+camp fire and mark out in the ashes the outlines of lakes and streams.
+In tracing South Clam river, at a certain point he drew a line across
+the stream, and blew his breath between his teeth and lips in such a
+way as to perfectly imitate the sound of falling water. Sometime
+afterward, in exploring Clam river, on rounding a curve I heard the
+sound of falling water, and found the fall just as he had located it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DROWNING OF HAMLET H. PERKINS.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Perkins had been in the village since 1847, acting as agent for
+the Falls company until the winter of 1850-51, when he was
+accidentally drowned while attending to his duties. He was engaged in
+repairing the dam, and was standing on a block of ice. In an unguarded
+moment he lost his foothold and was carried by the swift current under
+the ice. It was two days before his body was recovered. His family
+left the valley, taking the body with them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A QUAILTOWN MURDER.</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>St. Croix Falls. The buildings consisted of a dwelling house, whisky
+shop, bowling alley, Indian house and stable, the whole
+inappropriately styled Quailtown, as the name was a gross slander upon
+the innocent birds. The quails in this "Partridge" nest were evil
+birds. The resort was noted for its riotous disorder. The worst
+classes met there for revelry and midnight orgies. In the summer of
+1849 Alfred Romain and Patrick Kelly met at Quailtown, disputed,
+fought, were parted, and the neat day met by agreement to continue the
+fight with pistols. They were to meet at sunrise in front of Daniel
+Mears' store. An attempt was made to pacify them, but in vain. Only
+Romain appeared at the appointed place, and not finding Kelly, hunted
+through the village for him. About 9 o'clock <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> he found him at the
+house of Kimball, a mulatto man. Romain shot him at sight, fatally. At
+the inquest, held by Dr. Hoyt, it was proven that Romain fired four
+shots into the body of Kelly, each taking effect, and then crushed his
+skull with the pistol, and that Kelly fired one shot at Romain. Romain
+was held for murder, but was never brought to trial. After two years'
+confinement he escaped from the jail at Prairie du Chien.</p>
+
+<p>Romain afterward removed to St. Louis, reformed his mode of life and
+became a steady and respectable man. Kelly was a native of Ireland,
+and at the time of his death was engaged to be married to an estimable
+lady, one of the corps of teachers sent out by Gov. Slade.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MINERAL PERMITS.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1846 a party of speculators, composed of Caleb Cushing, Rufus
+Choate, Robert Rantoul, and others, located a mineral permit, one mile
+square, covering part of the site of the two towns of St. Croix and
+Taylor's Falls, with the water power as the centre. Their permit was
+filed in the general land office at Washington. They located another
+permit at or near the mouth of Kettle river. As no money was ever
+expended in improving them, these permits were never respected.
+Subsequently the government resurveyed the lands and sold them. The
+present title to these lands is perfectly good.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MARRIAGE UNDER DIFFICULTIES.</h4>
+
+<p>In the olden time officers could not always readily be found to
+execute the laws. Parties desiring to be married, being unable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> to
+secure the services of a minister or justice of the peace, would seek
+for an officer on the other side of the river, get on a raft or boat,
+cast off the fastenings and under the concurrent jurisdiction of the
+state and territorial authorities, would be pronounced "man and wife."
+Parties have had the same rite performed in the winter season while
+standing on the ice of the St. Croix midway between the two shores.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN SCARE.</h4>
+
+<p>During the excitement following the Indian outbreak, there was a
+general feeling of insecurity and alarm. The half-breeds were
+especially apprehensive of some kind of violence. One bright moonlight
+evening, at St. Croix, a surveyor was taking some observations, and as
+his instrument glittered brightly in the moonlight, the half-breeds
+saw it and fled, badly frightened, fancying a Sioux behind every bush.
+The whites seeing them running, as if for their lives, caught the
+panic, and fled over to the Minnesota side. The Taylor's Falls people
+were aroused from their peaceful slumbers to find, soon after, that it
+was a false alarm. Some of the fugitives hid underneath the bridge and
+clung to the trestle work till morning.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST FIRE CANOE.</h4>
+
+<p>I am indebted to Calvin A. Tuttle for the following reminiscence: In
+July, 1838, the steamer Palmyra, Capt. Middleton, of Hannibal,
+Missouri, in command, the first steamer on St. Croix waters, brought
+me to St. Croix Falls, landing in the Dalles, east side, opposite
+Angle Rock. The snorting of the Palmyra brought many curiosity seeking
+Indians to the Dalles. They gathered on the pinnacles of the trap
+rock, peered curiously over and jumped back, trembling with fright at
+the "Scota Cheman" or "fire canoe," the first that had ever floated on
+the placid waters of the St. Croix. I had been employed as millwright
+to erect mills in the new, and, as yet, almost unknown settlement. On
+the Palmyra came the proprietors, Steele, Fitch, Hungerford, Libbey,
+Livingston, Hill, and Russell, with mill irons, tools and provisions
+for the enterprise.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILL BUILDING.</h4>
+
+<p>After climbing over the cragged rocks we came to an Indian trail which
+led to the Falls, where we found two men, Lagoo and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> Denire holding
+the claim for Steele. The fanciful scheme of building a mill up in the
+wild land looked now like a reality. The men lived in a log cabin just
+below the Falls, in a small clearing in the timber, near a copper rock
+range. Boyce and his men had been driven in by Indians from above.
+Andrew Mackey and others of Boyce's men went to work with us.
+Thirty-six men had come from St. Louis on the steamer Palmyra. We
+moved our machinery from the Dalles to the Falls by water and
+commenced work immediately. Steele's men had been hindered by the
+Indians from procuring timber for the building of the mill. We
+obtained a supply from Kanabec river, which arrived September 15th.
+Building the mill and blasting the rock occupied our attention during
+the winter. The mill was soon completed and running. During this
+period the work was often interrupted and the men were greatly
+demoralized by the threatening behavior of the Indians. Many of them
+were frightened into leaving the settlement, but their places were
+supplied by the company whenever practicable. During 1840 we received
+some reliable accessions, among them J. L. Taylor, John McKusick,
+Joseph Haskell, Elam Greely, J. W. Furber and A. McHattie. Some frame
+houses were built near the mill. Washington Libbey was our first
+agent, Darnes our second (1839), Capt. W. Frazer our third (1840),
+Capt. Wm. Holcombe our fourth (1841). The first death was of a man
+drowned in 1840. The first white woman who visited the Falls was Mrs.
+David Hone. Rev. Boutwell preached here in 1839. A. Northrup and
+family came in 1840.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN MURDERS.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1840 Jeremiah Russell, the Indian farmer at Pokegama, Pine county,
+Minnesota, sent two Chippewa Indians to St. Croix Falls for supplies,
+who arrived in safety. A band of fifty Sioux Indians were concealed at
+this (St. Croix Falls) settlement for some days. Within an hour after
+the arrival of the two Chippewas, the settlement was surrounded by
+these Sioux. The whites, seeing that trouble was brewing, secreted the
+Chippewas for two days, the Sioux closely watching. The white men were
+restless, and afraid to go to work. Capt. Frazer, Rev. Ayers and
+myself held a council and explained the situation to the Chippewas,
+who replied that they would not expose the whites to trouble. They
+resolved on leaving and started in open day north over the trap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> rock
+ridge, thence through the bushes, where they discovered two Sioux. The
+Chippewas were armed and fired on the Sioux, killing them instantly.
+The Chippewas then started to run. The report of the guns brought
+squads of Sioux immediately in pursuit, who, firing on the Chippewas,
+killed one. The two dead Sioux were sons of Little Crow. They were
+placed by the Sioux in a sitting posture, with backs to a tree, facing
+the enemy's country, on the second bench near where the mill dam was
+subsequently built, a double barreled gun standing on the ground
+between them. They decorated the corpses with war paint, ribbons and
+mosses. The two Chippewas who killed Little Crow's sons bore the
+titles Julius and Wezhaymah. The Sioux in pursuit killed Julius, and
+his head was hung up in a kettle before those he had slain. His body
+was chopped in pieces and scattered to the four winds.</p>
+
+<p>From an historical letter, written by Mrs. E. T. Ayer, who lives at
+Belle Prairie, Minnesota, and whom we have elsewhere mentioned, we
+have the following description of the death of the sons of Little
+Crow:</p>
+
+<p>"Julius was of medium height, stout build, very neat, and when in full
+dress very few Indians would favorably compare with him. Being a good
+hunter he had the means of gratifying his taste. His hair was long and
+abundant, and was kept clean and shining by the frequent use of comb
+and brush, with the help of a little marrow or bear's oil. Three or
+four of his numerous long braids, studded with silver brooches, hung
+gracefully on both sides of his face and over his arms&mdash;the rest of
+his dress in a manner corresponding. His hair, like Absalom's, did not
+save him from his enemies. The Dakotas may dance around it for
+generations and never see its equal.</p>
+
+<p>"Wezhaymah made his appearance at Pokegama. As he drew near the houses
+he gave a salute from his double barreled gun. The Ojibways were much
+frightened. They believed the Sioux had returned to make another trial
+for scalps and plunder. The first impulse of the women was to hide.
+The chief's wife and oldest daughter being at the mission house, went
+through a trap door into a dark cellar. But when the supposed dead
+stood before them, alive and well, there was great rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>"Wezhaymah said that Julius killed both of Little Crow's sons; that
+the Sioux followed him but a short distance, then all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> turned after
+Julius. He took a circuitous route home, traveling in the night and
+hiding in the day. Julius' parents, Joseph and Eunice, and other
+members of their family, were members of the mission church. He and
+his wife made no profession, though they sometimes attended religious
+worship."</p>
+
+<p>About twenty days after, about one hundred Sioux came from little
+Crow's band at Red Rock for the bodies of their dead comrades and the
+gun, having first, by means of spies, satisfied themselves that there
+were no Chippewas in the vicinity. One morning, as the whites were
+going to work, they were surprised by the sudden appearance of these
+Indians, who rushed suddenly down upon them from different trails,
+gorgeously painted and without blankets. Their movements were so
+sudden that the whites were completely surprised, and at the mercy of
+the Indians, who, however, satisfied themselves with searching the
+camp and appropriating all the victuals they could find, ostensibly
+searching for the gun which was not to be found where they had left
+it. Complaining bitterly of its loss, they withdrew to a trap rock
+ledge near by, where they formed a circle, danced, sung and fired
+several guns into the air. They then asked to see "Oge-ma," the agent,
+and formally demanded the gun. Everyone in camp denied any knowledge
+whatever of the missing article. The Indians were at first much
+dissatisfied, but finally Little Crow advanced, smoked a pipe and
+offered it to. Capt. Frazer, shook hands and withdrew, apparently in
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>As it is not the custom for Indians to molest the dead, they firmly
+believed a white man had taken the gun. Little Crow applied to Maj.
+Plympton at Fort Snelling, charging the theft upon the whites. The
+major in turn wrote to Capt. Frazer at the Falls to make an
+investigation, as a result of which the gun was found in a tool chest
+belonging to Lewis Barlow, concealed under a false bottom. Barlow
+professed entire innocence and ignorance of the matter, suggesting
+that his brother must have placed the gun there. Capt. Frazer severely
+reprimanded him for imperiling the lives of all the whites in the
+settlement by his foolish and thievish act. The gun was sent to Maj.
+Plympton, who wrote to Capt. Frazer cautioning him to be on his guard,
+as the Indians were much irritated. Barlow had earned the contempt and
+dislike of his fellow workmen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN BATTLE OF STILLWATER</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Tuttle was at the Falls at the time of the famous battle between
+the Sioux and Chippewas, which was fought in the ravine where the
+Minnesota state prison now stands, July 3, 1839, and has given me the
+following account:</p>
+
+<p>The Chippewas of the St. Croix had been invited by the officer in
+command at Fort Snelling to a council, the object of which was to
+effect a treaty of peace. Two hundred and fifty or three hundred
+Chippewas, including their women and children, passed down the St.
+Croix in canoes, rested in fancied security in the ravine near the
+present site of Stillwater, and made a portage thence to Fort
+Snelling, where, under protection of government soldiers, the council
+was held. The pipe of peace had been smoked and the Chippewas were
+quietly returning home, and had encamped a second time in the ravine,
+expecting to re-embark the next morning on the waters of the St.
+Croix. Just at the dawn of the ensuing day, and while they were still
+asleep, a large body of Sioux, who had stealthily followed them, fell
+upon them suddenly, and with wild yells commenced an indiscriminate
+slaughter. The Chippewas rallying, drove the Sioux from the ground,
+thereby retaining possession of their dead, to the number of about
+thirty. After the smoke of peace at Fort Snelling it was reported that
+a Sioux had been killed. This incensed them so that they followed in
+two parties, one party pursuing the St. Croix band and another the
+Mille Lacs band up Rum river. The latter party overtook the Chippewas
+at the point where Princeton is now located, and slew sixty of their
+number. It was afterward ascertained that the Sioux killed near Fort
+Snelling was killed by a Pillager of the Upper Mississippi, an Indian
+of a band that was not in the council. The Sioux and Chippewas, it is
+true, are bitter, relentless, hereditary foes, but this slaughter
+occurred through a grievous mistake. The Chippewas, on their return,
+rested at the Falls. Capt. Frazer gave them medicine, dressed their
+wounds and fed them. The Indians gave way to the wildest grief at
+their losses, and when they heard of the sixty killed of the Mille
+Lacs band, their mourning cries and moans baffled description.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST LOGGERS.</h4>
+
+<p>The first logs were cut by J. R. Brown on the Taylor's Falls flat in
+the winter of 1836-37, but the first regular outfit and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> camp was that
+of John Boyce, who came up in a mackinaw boat from St. Louis with
+eleven men and six oxen, landing at St. Croix Falls late in the fall
+of 1837. Mr. Andrew Mackey, who was in his party, has furnished me
+with some items regarding this adventure. The boat was cordelled over
+the rapids, and, with poles and lines, taken as far as the mouth of
+Kanabec river, where a camp was established. Boyce had considerable
+trouble with the Indians. Little Six, a Chippewa chief, came to the
+camp with two hundred warriors in a defiant, blustering manner,
+telling him to "go away," to "go back where they came from." Boyce
+proceeded to the Indian mission at Lake Pokegama and invoked the aid
+of Rev. Mr. Boutwell, Ely, Ayers and Seymour, who came back with him
+to the camp and had a "talk" with Little Six, who claimed that the
+whites had paid no money. Mr. Seymour explained to them the provisions
+of the treaty, of which they would soon hear; that under its
+provisions the whites had a right to the timber; that they were not
+usurpers, that they would live peaceably and not disturb their game.
+The Indians granted assent, but refused to allow the whites to remove
+any of their chingwack (pine). Mr. Seymour, apprehending trouble,
+advised Mr. Boyce to leave. He determined to remain. The Indians being
+still troublesome, Mr. Boyce descended the river to the falls, the
+Indians following. On going over the falls the boat filled and Mr.
+Boyce lost nearly all he had. The Palmyra shortly after broke the
+silence of the Dalles with its shrill whistle and brought the news of
+the ratification of the treaty by Congress. Boyce sent his boat down
+the river, built small boats and made haste to return to his camp on
+Kanabec river, where he remained through the fall and winter cutting
+logs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST RAFTING.</h4>
+
+<p>In April and May of 1839, Boyce rafted his logs with poles and ropes
+made of basswood strings. The high water swept them away. He gathered
+from the broken rafts enough for one raft, made it as strong as
+possible, and continued the descent. The raft struck upon the first
+island and went to pieces. Boyce saved the canoe and a part of the
+provisions. Boyce was by this time in a furious rage at his want of
+success, but tried a third time to make a raft. The crew, tired and
+hungry, refused to work. A new contract was made and written on a
+slate, there being no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> paper. The logs were left in the river. Some of
+them floated down and were sold to the Falls company and to the
+company at Marine. Boyce lost all his labor and investment; the men
+got but little for their work. Frank Steele had assisted in supplying
+provisions and clothing for the men, the value of which he never
+received. Boyce was disgusted and left the country.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN PAYMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>Levi W. Stratton, who came up on the Palmyra, July, 1838, gives a few
+reminiscences from which we select an account of a payment made to the
+Chippewa Indians the year of his arrival. The crew and passengers of
+the Palmyra had been greatly annoyed by the Indians, who expected
+their first payment in July, and besieged the boat in great numbers,
+demanding it at the hands of the first whites who had come up the
+river, unable to understand the difference between the regularly
+constituted authorities and those immigrants who had nothing to do
+with the payments. It was not until the first week of November that
+their goods came for payment. The place where Stillwater now stands
+was selected as the place where they should assemble.</p>
+
+<p>The old stern wheel Gipsey brought the goods and landed them on the
+beach. The Chippewas came there to the number of 1,100 in their
+canoes, nearly starved by waiting for their payment. While there
+receiving it the river and lake froze up, and a deep snow came on;
+thus all their supplies, including one hundred barrels of flour,
+twenty-five of pork, kegs of tobacco, bales of blankets, guns and
+ammunition, casks of Mexican dollars, etc., all were sacrificed except
+what they could carry off on their backs through the snow hundreds of
+miles away. Their fleet of birch canoes they destroyed before leaving,
+lest the Sioux might have the satisfaction of doing the same after
+they left.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the old as well as the young died from overeating, they being
+nearly starved. Thus their first payment became a curse rather than a
+blessing to them, for their supplies soon gave out, the season for
+hunting was past, they were away from home and had no means of getting
+there, except by wading through deep snow. Many perished in the
+attempt. As is usual in such cases, I suppose, no one was to blame,
+but the poor Indians had to suffer the consequences of somebody's
+neglect. The old Gipsey had scarcely time to get through the lake
+before the ice formed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN DANCING AND THEFT.</h4>
+
+<p>In the rough log cabin at St. Croix Falls were three females, the
+wives of Messrs. Orr and Sackett, employes of the company, and Miss
+Young, daughter of a widower of that name. Life in that cabin was by
+no means a dream of bliss, for in consequence of the mosquitoes, more
+relentless persecutors than the Indians, a smudge had to be kept
+burning night and day, or at least by day when the sun was not
+shining. The old cabin served for a kitchen, while an arbor was
+improvised outside for a dining room. Shortly after the arrival of the
+immigrants, and before they had learned all the peculiarities of
+Indian character, they were visited by a party of fifteen or twenty
+braves, who set about adorning themselves, and spent the forenoon in
+painting and getting themselves up in gorgeous rig, regardless of
+expense, preparatory to giving a free entertainment. Just before
+dinner was called, they arranged themselves near the table and gave a
+dance, which was very much applauded, after which they were given
+presents of bread and meat, and dismissed, apparently highly pleased
+with the success of their exhibition. The household gathered about the
+table to enjoy their repast, but to their consternation, not a knife,
+fork or spoon could be found. While the majority of the Indians were
+riveting the attention of the new comers by their extraordinary
+antics, the remainder were quietly abstracting the tableware. They
+were afterward charged with the theft, but protested innocence. The
+missing articles were never heard of again. A pig of lead, left
+outside, disappeared at the same time. The poor Indians denied ever
+having seen the lead. Mr. Stratton remarked, however, that all their
+war clubs, pipes and gun stocks had been lately and elaborately
+ornamented with molten lead.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OTHER THEFTS.</h4>
+
+<p>At another time, shortly before payment, when the Indians were
+unusually hungry and troublesome, two barrels of pork and one of
+butter mysteriously disappeared. The pork barrels were found empty in
+the river, and also the butter barrel with one-third of the contents
+missing. The Indians lay all day in camp sick, but protested their
+innocence. Nevertheless, at payment day a claim of two hundred dollars
+for the pork and one hundred and fifty for the butter was allowed and
+kept back.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> They made no objections to paying for the pork, but
+protested against paying for the butter, as it did them no good and
+made them all sick.</p>
+
+<p>In September, an old Indian came to the cabin, begging for something
+to eat. The agent went to the pork barrel and held up a fine piece of
+pork weighing about twelve pounds, to which the tail was still
+attached. At sight of this his countenance fell and he went away
+silently and sullenly.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterward a yoke of oxen was missing. They had been driven off
+over some bare ledges of trap to break the trail. An Indian was hired
+to hunt for them. He found that this same beggar who had been so
+disgusted with the offer of a piece of pork with the tail attached had
+driven them off and slaughtered them. Payment day made all right, and
+the Indians were compelled to pay a good price for rather poor beef.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HARD TIMES.</h4>
+
+<p>Mrs. Mary C. Worth communicated to the writer the following incidents,
+illustrating some of the vicissitudes of the early settlers:</p>
+
+<p>It was in the fall of 1842. There were about two hundred people in the
+village, most of them in the employ of James Purinton, company agent.
+They were already short of provisions and the winter was rapidly
+coming on, and the expected boat, with its cargo of provisions for the
+winter supply, was long delayed. September passed, October came and
+nearly passed, and still no boat. Snow covered the ground, and thin
+ice the river. The ice, in finely broken pieces, floated down the
+rapids and was beginning to gorge in the Dalles, and still no boat.
+Provisions were allotted to the resident families, and the gloomiest
+anticipations filled all minds at the prospect of the long, dreary
+winter without food; when, on the twenty-eighth of October, the long
+expected whistle was heard from the coming steamer. The people rushed
+frantically down to the old warehouse, but the ice was so gorged in
+the Dalles that no boat could make the landing. No boat was in sight,
+nor was the whistle heard again. Had it all been an illusion? The
+eager throng were again in despair. Another night of cold would
+blockade the river. Just then the voices of white men were heard from
+the rocks of the Dalles, and to their great joy they perceived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> the
+boat's officers and passengers clambering down from the rocks, with
+the glad tidings that the boat had reached the landing, half a mile
+below, and was then unloading her cargo. The boat, as soon as
+unloaded, hurriedly departed to avoid being frozen in. The winter
+passed merrily enough, but clouds and darkness gathered in the spring.
+Provisions were again short, and had to be apportioned sparingly and
+equally. Occasionally a deer or a fish eked out the supply, but
+starvation was again imminent. On this occasion they were relieved by
+the reception of condemned pork from Fort Snelling. The St. Louis
+proprietors sent up another boat load of supplies after the opening of
+navigation, and all seemed well, when, during the prevalence of high
+water, the boom and mill race gave way and the logs, their main
+dependence, were swept down the river and beyond their control. This
+important occurrence, as it then seemed to be, opened up for the
+company and people a new trade from the valley below, which has been a
+source of immense profit. It suggested the idea of booming and rafting
+their logs for points down the river, and led to the building of the
+first saw mill at Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UGH! UGH!</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Purinton at one time invited a few noted Indians who were begging
+for food to be seated at his table. He politely asked them if they
+would have tea or coffee. "Ugh! Ugh!" (equivalent to yes, yes) replied
+the whole party. So Mr. Purinton mixed their tea and coffee.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MRS. WORTH AND MUCKATICE.</h4>
+
+<p>Muckatice, a Chippewa chief, heard that a barrel of whisky had been
+stored for safe keeping in the cellar of Mrs. Worth, at Balsam Lake.
+Muckatice forced himself into the house and attempted to raise the
+cellar trap door. Mrs. Worth forbade him and placed herself upon the
+door. Muckatice roughly pushed her aside. He raised the trap door,
+and, while in the act of descending, fell. While falling Mrs. Worth
+suddenly shut the trap door upon him, by which one of his legs was
+caught. Mrs. Worth held the door tightly down. When at last Muckatice
+was released, gathering a crowd of Indians he returned and demanded
+the whisky. Thayer, with ropes, managed to get the barrel out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> of the
+cellar and out upon the ground, and seeing the peril of giving so much
+whisky to the Indians, knocked in both heads of the barrel with an
+axe, and the earth drank the poisonous fluid. Muckatice then shook
+hands with Mrs. Worth, called her very brave, and departed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHIES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The biographical histories of the early settlers of Polk county
+considerably antedate the organization of the towns to which they
+would be referred as at present belonging, and we therefore group
+together those earliest identified with the history of the valley, and
+its first settlement at St. Croix Falls, referring also some, such as
+Joseph R. Brown, Gov. W. R. Marshall and Frank Steele, to localities
+in which they had been more intimately connected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gov. Wm. Holcombe</span> was one of the active resident proprietors and agent
+of the St. Croix Falls Lumber Company from 1838 to 1845. He was born
+at Lambertville, New Jersey, in 1804; left home when a boy; went to
+Utica, New York, where he learned the wheelwright trade. He married
+Martha Wilson, of Utica; moved to Columbus, Ohio, and was successful
+in business, but lost all by fire, when he moved to Cincinnati, and
+from thence to Galena. While in Galena he embarked in steamboating on
+the Mississippi. Mrs. Holcombe died in Galena. From Galena he came to
+St. Croix Falls, where he devoted his time as agent to selling lumber
+and keeping books. Mr. Holcombe took a deep interest in opening the
+valley to public notice and improvement. He traveled over the
+wilderness country from Prairie du Chien to St. Croix Falls before
+there was a blazed path, driving horses and cattle. He helped locate
+the two first roads in the valley from the mouth of St. Croix lake,
+via Marine, to St. Croix Falls and from St. Croix Falls, via Sunrise
+and Rush lakes, to Russell's farm, on Pokegama lake. He supervised the
+cultivation of the first crops raised in Polk county, at Jerusalem.
+He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> settled in Stillwater in 1846, where he became an active worker in
+behalf of education, and did much to establish the present excellent
+system of schools. In 1846 he was a member of the first constitutional
+convention of Wisconsin Territory, representing this valley and all
+the country north of Crawford county. He was a faithful worker on the
+boundary question, and effected a change from the St. Croix to a point
+fifteen miles due east, from the most easterly point on Lake St.
+Croix, from thence south to the Mississippi river and north to the
+waters of Lake Superior. His course was approved by his constituents.
+In 1848 he took an active part in the formation of Minnesota
+Territory, and was secretary of the first convention called for that
+purpose in Stillwater. He was receiver of the United States land
+office at Stillwater four years. He was a member of the Democratic
+wing of the constitutional convention for Minnesota in 1857, and was
+honored by being elected first lieutenant governor of Minnesota in
+1857. The name of Gov. Holcombe will long be remembered in the valley
+of the St. Croix. He died in Stillwater, Sept. 5, 1870, and was buried
+with masonic honors. He left two sons, William W. and Edward Van
+Buren, by his first wife. He married a second wife in Galena, in 1847,
+who died in 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William S. Hungerford</span> was born in Connecticut, Aug. 12, 1805. He was
+married to Lucinda Hart, at Farmington, Connecticut, in 1827. He came
+to St. Louis, Missouri, at an early age and engaged in mercantile
+pursuits in the firm of Hungerford &amp; Livingston. In 1838 he became one
+of the original proprietors of the St. Croix Falls Lumbering Company,
+and gave his time and talents to its welfare. He was of a hopeful
+temperament, and even in the darkest hour of the enterprise in which
+he had embarked, cherished a most cheerful faith in its ultimate
+success.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Caleb Cushing, whose name was to be associated intimately with
+that of Mr. Hungerford in the future history and litigation of the
+company, recognizing St. Croix Falls as a point promising unrivaled
+attractions to the manufacturer, in 1846 purchased an interest in the
+company, which was at once reorganized with Cushing and Hungerford as
+principal stockholders. The acute mind of Gen. Cushing recognized not
+only the prospective advantages of the water power, but the
+probability of the division of Wisconsin Territory, which might result
+in making<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> St. Croix Falls the capital of the new territory, and
+formed plans for the development of the company enterprise, which
+might have resulted advantageously had not he been called away to take
+part in the Mexican War and thence to go on a political mission to
+China. During his absence there was a complete neglect of his American
+inland projects and the enterprise at St. Croix suffered greatly; the
+new company accomplished but little that was agreed upon in the
+consolidation. Cushing had inexperienced agents, unfitted to attend to
+his interest. He furnished money sufficient, if judiciously handled,
+to have made a permanent, useful property here. Conflicting questions
+arose between Hungerford and Cushing's agents, which terminated in
+lawsuits. The first suit was in 1848, Hungerford, plaintiff. Different
+suits followed, one after another, for over twenty years, which cursed
+the property more than a mildew or blight. During this time the
+parties alternated in use and possession, by order of court.
+Hungerford, during these trials, pre-empted the land when it came in
+market. For this he was arrested on complaint of perjury. Hungerford,
+by order of court, was, on his arrest, taken away in chains. He was
+soon after released. Hungerford was an indefatigable worker. The labor
+of his life was invested in the improvements of the company. Cushing,
+being a man of talent and influence, could fight the battle at a
+distance. He employed the best legal talent in the land; he met
+Hungerford at every turn, and Hungerford became a foe worthy of his
+steel. They unitedly accomplished the ruin of their town. Mr.
+Hungerford had an excellent family, making their home at the Falls
+during all their perplexities. On the occasion of his arrest he was
+manacled in presence of his family, who bore it with a fortitude
+worthy the name and reputation of the father and husband. The
+litigation ended only with the death of the principal actors. The
+perishable part of the property, mills and other buildings, has gone
+to ruin. The whole history is a sad comment on the folly of attempting
+to manage great enterprises without harmony of action and purpose. Mr.
+Hungerford died in Monticello, Illinois, in 1874. Mrs. Hungerford died
+in Connecticut in 1880. Mr. Cushing died in 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Henry D. Barron.</span>&mdash;Henry Danforth Barron was born in Saratoga
+county, New York, April 10, 1832. He received a common school
+education, studied law, and graduated from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> law school at Ballston
+Spa, New York. He came to Wisconsin in 1851; learned the printer's
+trade, and was afterward editor of the Waukesha <i>Democrat</i>. In 1857 he
+removed to Pepin, Wisconsin, and in 1860 received the appointment of
+circuit judge of the Eighth district.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1861, he came to St. Croix Falls, as agent for Caleb
+Cushing and the St. Croix Manufacturing and Improvement Company.</p>
+
+<p>He was elected to the lower house of the Wisconsin legislature in
+1862, and served as assemblyman continuously from 1862 to 1869, and
+for the years 1872 and 1873. During the sessions of 1866 and 1873 he
+was speaker of the assembly. A portion of this time he held the
+responsible position of regent of the State University, and was also a
+special agent of the treasury department. In 1869 President Grant
+appointed him chief justice of Dakota, which honor was declined. The
+same year he was appointed fifth auditor in the treasury department,
+which office he resigned in 1872 to take a more active part in
+advancing the interests of his State. He was chosen a presidential
+elector in 1868, and again in 1872, and served as state senator during
+the sessions of 1874, 1875 and 1876, and was at one time president
+<i>pro tem</i>. of the senate. In 1876 he was elected judge of the Eleventh
+Judicial circuit. During his service as judge he was highly gratified
+that so few appeals were taken from his decisions, and that his
+decisions were seldom reversed in higher courts. He had also held the
+offices of postmaster, county attorney, county judge, and county
+superintendent of schools.</p>
+
+<p>Although formerly a Democrat, at the outbreak of the Rebellion he
+became a Republican. Of late years he was a pronounced stalwart.
+Throughout his life he never received any profit, pecuniarily, from
+the prominent positions in which he was placed, his only endeavor
+seeming to be to advance the interests, influence, worth and ability
+of the younger men with whom he was associated, and hundreds who
+to-day hold positions of prominence and responsibility, owe their
+success and advancement to his teachings and advice. Of a disposition
+kind, courteous and generous, he was possessed of a remarkably
+retentive memory, which, with his intimate associations with leading
+men, and familiarity with public life, legislative and judicial,
+afforded a fund of personal sketches, anecdotes and biographies, at
+once entertaining, amusing and instructive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The judge was twice married, his first wife having died at Waukesha,
+leaving him an only son, Henry H. Barron, who was with him at the time
+of his death. His second marriage was to Ellen K. Kellogg, at Pepin,
+in 1860. For some time she has made her home with her mother in
+California, on account of ill health. At the time of his death, which
+occurred at St. Croix Falls, Jan. 22, 1882, he was judge of the
+Eleventh Judicial circuit. His remains were buried at Waukesha.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Brownell.</span>&mdash;Mr. Brownell, though not among the earliest of
+the pioneers of St. Croix valley, yet deserves special mention on
+account of his scientific attainments, his high character as a man,
+and the fact that he was an influential member, from the St. Croix
+district, of the Wisconsin territorial constitutional convention, he
+having been elected over Bowron on the question of establishing the
+new state line east of the St. Croix.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brownell was born in Onondago, New York, and when a youth lived in
+Syracuse, where he learned the trade of a carriage maker. He was a
+resident of Galena, Illinois, over thirty years, where he engaged in
+mining and geological pursuits. He spent two years in the lead mines
+of Wisconsin. He was connected with the Galena <i>Gazette</i> some years.
+In 1846 he visited the Superior copper mining region for a Boston
+company. He formed the acquaintance of Caleb Cushing, Rufus Choate,
+Horace Rantoul, and others, and located for them mineral permits at
+St. Croix Falls and Kettle river, and became, this year, a resident of
+St. Croix Falls. In 1847 he was married to Mrs. Duncan, of Galena. He
+was elected this year to the constitutional convention. In 1851 he
+returned to Galena and engaged in the grain trade and cotton planting
+near Vicksburg, Mississippi, in which he was not successful. In 1865
+he visited Colorado and made investments there. When on a trip to
+Colorado, in 1866, the stage was attacked by Indians. Brownell and
+another passenger alighted to resist the attack. He was armed with a
+rifle, and, if properly supported, would probably have been saved; but
+most of the passengers remained in the stage. The driver, getting
+scared, whipped his horses and drove rapidly away, leaving Brownell
+and companion, who were overpowered and killed. Their bodies were
+recovered, shockingly mutilated. His remains were forwarded to Galena
+for burial. Mr. Brownell had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> a scientific mind, and passed much of
+his life in scientific studies and practical experiments. He attained
+a good knowledge of geology, mineralogy and chemistry. The foresight
+of Mr. Brownell on the Wisconsin boundary, and in other public
+matters, has been, in time, generally recognized. He was a good
+neighbor and kind friend.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Robert C. Murphy.</span>&mdash;Col. Murphy, a man of fine address and
+admirable social qualities, made his home at St. Croix Falls in
+1860-61 and 62, during which time he was in charge of the Cushing
+interest and property, which position he left to accept the colonelcy
+of the Eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. His military career was
+not fortunate and its abrupt termination was a sad disappointment to
+himself and friends. An article in the Milwaukee <i>Weekly Telegraph</i>,
+from the pen of one who knew Col. Murphy well, thus sums up some of
+the salient points in his character and career. We make a few
+extracts:</p>
+
+<p>"Col. Murphy was educated and accomplished. He had been instructed in
+the Patridge Military School, and was possessed of some experience in
+Indian fights on the plains with Burnside, bearing scars of that
+experience, and a recommendation of skill and courage from Gen.
+Burnside to Gov. Randall. His great intuitiveness, his ready manner,
+his cultivation of mind, gained for him the respect and charity of his
+superiors, and brought him the respect and confidence of his regiment.
+His father, a native of Ireland, was a successful practicing lawyer
+and politician in Ohio, without much education; a man of strong
+natural talent and integrity. Upon his son he showered all his
+earnings, in the form of that which the father lacked the most&mdash;books,
+schooling and polish. Judge Murphy (the father) was the bearer of
+important dispatches to Texas from the Tyler and Polk administrations
+in connection with the annexation of that republic to this country,
+and is referred to in Benton's 'Thirty Years' as Tyler's 'midnight
+messenger.' Young Murphy was appointed by President Pierce American
+consul in China, while Gen. Caleb Cushing was minister to that
+country, and he discharged important consular and judicial duties
+there with credit to himself and his government. Upon his return Gen.
+Cushing selected him to take charge of the Cushing interest and
+property at St. Croix Falls, in this State. From there he went 'to the
+front,' and his military career was cut short by his failure at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Iuka
+and Holly Springs. Gen. Grant dismissed him in brief, terse words, but
+was willing afterward that he should be heard by a board of army
+officers detailed for that purpose. Stanton was inexorable and
+refused."</p>
+
+<p>After his dismissal from the army he removed to Washington and
+accepted a clerkship in the post office department where he still
+remains. It is due to him to say that his own version of his military
+troubles is ingenious and plausible, and would, if sustained, quite
+exonerate him from the charges that have pressed so heavily upon him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward Worth.</span>&mdash;Mr. Worth came to St. Croix Falls from New York State
+in 1842, where he continued to reside the remainder of his life,
+experiencing the vicissitudes of pioneer life to their fullest extent.
+He died in 1863, leaving a widow, an only son (Henry) and two
+daughters, Myra, wife of W. T. Vincent, and Sarah, wife of John
+Blanding.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Mary C. Worth.</span>&mdash;Mrs. Worth was born Oct. 14, 1812, was married to
+Edward Worth, Dec. 24, 1835, and came to St. Croix Falls in 1842,
+where she lived till Jan. 12, 1886, when she peacefully passed away.
+She was a woman of rare mental ability, untiring industry and skill in
+managing her household affairs, and unquestioned courage, as many
+incidents in her St. Croix experience will evidence. She was a member
+of the Episcopal church and went to her grave with the respect and
+admiration of all who knew her.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maurice Mordecai Samuels</span>, better known as Capt. Samuels, was born in
+London, of Jewish parentage. It is not known exactly when he came to
+this country. I first met him in 1844, at Prairie du Chien, at which
+time he was a traveling peddler. In 1846 I found him in the Chippewa
+country, living with an Indian woman and trading with the Indians at
+the mouth of Sunrise river. In 1847 he established a ball alley and
+trading post at St. Croix Falls, where he lived until 1861, when he
+raised a company (the St. Croix Rifles) for the United States service,
+received a commission and served till the close of the war. After the
+war he became a citizen of New Orleans, and in 1880 changed his
+residence to Winfield, Kansas. While in St. Croix he reared a family
+of half-breed children. He was a shrewd man and an inveterate dealer
+in Indian whisky. Capt. Samuels was sent as a government agent to the
+Chippewas of St. Croix valley and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> southern shore of Lake
+Superior, in 1862, to ascertain and report their sentiment in regard
+to the Sioux war. It may be said of Capt. Samuels that, however
+unprincipled he may have been, he was no dissembler, but outspoken in
+his sentiments, however repellant they may have been to the moral
+sense of the community. He died at Winfield, Kansas, in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph B. Churchill</span> was born in New York in 1820; was married in New
+York to Eliza Turnbull, and came to St. Croix Falls in 1854. He has
+filled various offices creditably, and has the respect and confidence
+of his acquaintances. His oldest daughter is the wife of Phineas G.
+Lacy, of Hudson. His second daughter is the wife of Joseph Rogers. He
+has one son living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John McLean.</span>&mdash;Mr. McLean was born 1819, in Vermont; was married in
+1844 to Sarah Turnbull and settled on his farm near St. Croix Falls in
+1850. Through untiring industry and honorable dealing he has secured a
+sufficiency for life, a handsome farm and good buildings. A large
+family has grown up around him, and have settled in the county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gilman Jewell</span> came from New Hampshire; was married in New Hampshire
+and came to the West in 1847. He settled on a farm near St. Croix
+Falls. He died in 1869. Mrs. Jewell died January, 1888. One son,
+Philip, resides on the homestead. Ezra, another son, resides at the
+Falls. The other members of the family have moved elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elisha Creech</span> was born in West Virginia, 1831. He came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1849, and was married to Mary M. Seeds in 1863. They have
+four children. Mr. Creech has been engaged much of his life in
+lumbering. Through industry and temperate habits he has made a good
+farm and a pleasant home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James W. McGlothlin</span> was born in Kentucky; came to St. Croix Falls in
+1846, and engaged successfully in sawing lumber at the St. Croix mill
+in 1846 and 1847, but in 1848 rented the mill, being sustained by
+Waples &amp; Co., of Dubuque, Iowa, but by reason of bad management, he
+failed and left the valley in 1849. He afterward went to California,
+where he met a tragic fate, having been murdered by his teamster.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew L. Tuttle.</span>&mdash;Mr. Tuttle came to St. Croix Falls in 1849, and was
+engaged many years as a lumberman and as keeper of a boardinghouse. He
+settled on his farm at Big Rock in 1856, where he made himself a
+comfortable home. He went to Montana<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> in 1865, and died there in 1873.
+Mrs. Tuttle still resides at the homestead, an amiable woman, who has
+acted well her part in life. One of her daughters is married to Wm. M.
+Blanding. One son, Eli, died in 1883, another son, Henry, died in
+Montana. Perly, John and Warren are settled near the homestead.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Weymouth</span> was born at Clinton, Maine, in 1815, and came to St.
+Croix Falls in 1846, where he followed lumbering and made himself a
+beautiful home on the high hill overlooking the two villages of St.
+Croix Falls and Taylor's Falls. By frugality and industry Mr. Weymouth
+has accumulated a competence. He was married in St. Croix Falls in
+1850, to Mary McHugh. One son, John, is married to Miss Ramsey, of
+Osceola, and a daughter, Mary J., is married to Samuel Harvey, of St.
+Croix Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. W. Reynolds</span>, a tall, thin, stoop-shouldered man of eccentric
+manners, was receiver at the St. Croix land office from 1861 to 1864.
+He was a native of South Carolina, and a graduate of Middlebury
+College, Vermont. He had studied for the ministry, and, if we mistake
+not, had devoted some years of his life to pastoral work, but devoted
+later years to secular pursuits. At the close of the war he returned
+to South Carolina as a reconstructionist, but in two or three years
+came North, and located at La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he edited the
+La Crosse <i>Star</i>. He died at La Crosse Aug. 17, 1877.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Augustus Gaylord.</span>&mdash;Mr. Gaylord was a merchant in St. Croix Falls prior
+to the Rebellion. In 1861 Gov. Harvey appointed him adjutant general
+of the State. In this office he acquitted himself well. He was an
+efficient public officer and in private life a high minded, honorable
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James D. Reymert.</span>&mdash;Mr. Reymert was born in Norway in 1821, and came to
+America and settled in Racine in 1845. He was a practical printer, and
+editor of the first Norwegian paper west of the lakes, if not the
+first in America, and was a man of recognized literary ability. He was
+a member of the second Wisconsin constitutional convention, 1847, from
+Racine. In 1849 he was a member of the Wisconsin assembly. He came to
+St. Croix Falls in 1859, and served two years as agent of the St.
+Croix Falls Company. He was the organizer of a company in New York
+City, known as "The Great European-American Land Company," in which
+Count Taub, of Norway, took an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> active part. This noted company
+claimed to have purchased the Cushing property, a claim true only so
+far as the preliminary steps of a purchase were concerned. For a time
+there was considerable activity. The town of St. Croix Falls was
+resurveyed, new streets were opened, and magnificent improvements
+planned, but failing to consummate the purchase, the company failed,
+leaving a beggarly account of unpaid debts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William J. Vincent.</span>&mdash;Mr. Vincent is of Irish descent. He was born June
+10, 1830, and came West when a youth. In 1846, at the age of sixteen,
+he enlisted in Company H, Mounted Rifles, and served through the
+Mexican War. In 1848 he came to St. Croix Falls, where he followed
+lumbering and clerking. He was married to Myra Worth in 1855. In 1861
+he enlisted in Company F, First Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, of which
+company he was appointed second lieutenant. He resigned in 1862. He
+has held the office of county commissioner eleven years, that of
+county clerk seven years, that of state timber agent four years. In
+1879 he served as representative in the Wisconsin assembly. In 1880 he
+commenced selling goods with his son-in-law, under the firm name of
+Vincent &amp; Stevenson. He erected the first brick store building in St.
+Croix Falls in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thompson Brothers.</span>&mdash;Thomas Thompson was born in Lower Canada, Nov. 11,
+1833, and was married to Eliza Clendenning in 1861. James Thompson was
+born in Lower Canada, Nov. 11, 1840, and was married to Mary A. Gray
+in 1871. The brothers came to the Falls in 1856 and engaged in
+lumbering about ten years, and then in merchandising, jointly, but in
+1868 formed separate firms. Thomas built the first brick dwelling
+house in St. Croix in 1882. Mrs. Thomas Thompson died in 1886. James
+erected a large flour mill in 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Amery</span> was born in London, England, in 1831. He learned the
+carpenter's trade in London and came to America in 1851, locating at
+first in Stillwater, but the ensuing year removing to St. Croix Falls.
+He pre-empted the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of
+section 31, township 34, range 18, and adjoining lands in 1853, and
+this has been his continuous home since. He has served as county
+treasurer four years and held many town offices. He was married to
+Sarah Hackett in 1855. The town of Amery is named in honor of this
+respected man. Mr. Amery died Sept. 4, 1887, leaving a widow, two sons
+and three daughters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Barlow.</span>&mdash;Among the first immigrants to St. Croix Falls was Lewis
+Barlow, an eccentric, sensitive man. He was a millwright, and, being
+of an unhappy disposition, led a troubled life. He was the first man
+married at the Falls. In 1847 he moved to the Minnesota side, where he
+owned considerable land. He lived here until 1852 when his family left
+him. He sold his interests and followed and reunited them at Rock
+Island, Illinois. Here he suffered much and became blind. He traveled
+with a panorama and so earned a scanty livelihood. In later life he
+revisited his old home at the Falls, but broken and dejected in
+spirit. He died at Rock Island in 1872.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Levi W. Stratton.</span>&mdash;Mr. Stratton was one of the passengers of the
+Palmyra in 1838. He worked for the St. Croix Company two years. After
+leaving the Falls, he changed his residence several times, and finally
+settled at Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota, where he died in
+1884. Mr. Stratton wrote for the Minneapolis papers many interesting
+reminiscences of pioneer life on the St. Croix.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elma M. Blanding.</span>&mdash;Mr. Blanding was born in Harford, Susquehanna
+county, New York, Feb. 14, 1800. He was married to Eliza Tuttle in
+1826. He settled on a farm near St. Croix Falls in 1856, where he
+died, Sept. 16, 1871. Father Blanding, as he was affectionately called
+in the later years of his life, was a man of exemplary habits, of
+strong religious convictions, and a consistent member of the
+Presbyterian church. He left a widow, five sons and three daughters.
+Mrs. Eliza Blanding died Jan. 18, 1887. Wm. M. Blanding, the oldest
+son, owns a fine farm near the Falls, formerly known as "Jerusalem."
+He is a surveyor, lumberman and farmer, and a prominent citizen. He
+was married to Eliza Tuttle. A family of thirteen children has grown
+up around him. In 1887 he was appointed receiver in the St. Croix land
+office. John, the second son, is also a farmer in St. Croix Falls. He
+was married to Sarah, daughter of Edward and Mary C. Worth. Eugene E.
+is engaged in the drug business at Taylors Falls, and is also surveyor
+and express agent. He married Joanna Ring, of Taylors Falls, in 1871.
+Fred, the fourth son, was married in 1885 to Emma Sly. He was
+appointed United States land receiver at St. Croix Falls in 1887. He
+died in California, Jan. 30, 1888. Frank, the youngest son, was
+married to Annie McCourt, and lives on the homestead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> Josephine, the
+oldest daughter, is the wife of Wm. Longfellow, and resides in
+Machias, Maine. Flavilla, the widow of Charles B. Whiting, lives at
+St. Paul, Minnesota. Her husband died in 1868. Mrs. Whiting was
+executrix of the will of Dr. E. D. Whiting, and successfully
+controlled a property valued at about $80,000. Mary, wife of Wm.
+McCourt, died in 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;">
+<img src="images/illus-114.jpg" width="378" height="450" alt="WILLIAM M. BLANDING." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WILLIAM M. BLANDING.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederick K. Bartlett</span> was a native of New England. He came to St.
+Croix Falls in 1849, as attorney and land agent for Caleb Cushing. He
+was candidate for judge of the district court in 1850, but was
+defeated. He subsequently settled in Stillwater, and later in Hudson,
+where he died in 1857, leaving a wife and one son, who became a civil
+engineer and died in St. Paul in 1885, and one daughter, Helen, who
+achieved some reputation as a writer for periodicals.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael Field</span> was born June 8, 1806. He came from a New England
+family, his father and mother having resided in Connecticut. In early
+life he removed to New York and resided awhile at Rochester. He
+engaged principally in transportation business. The earliest work he
+ever did was on the Erie canal. He was married in 1833 to Miss
+Reynolds, who died in 1874. His children are Capt. Silas Wright Field
+(mortally wounded at Shiloh), Norton, a resident of Racine, Wisconsin,
+Mrs. Fanny Nason, wife of Hon. Joel F. Nason, Phebe and Mary,
+unmarried and resident in Brooklyn. Mr. Field was married to his
+second wife, Mrs. Harriet Lee Bracken, in 1882. He was appointed
+register of the land office at St. Croix Falls by President Lincoln in
+1861, and served twenty-six years. Though over eighty years of age he
+retains his faculties and general health, and his mind is a store
+house of the early history of the country.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALDEN.</h3>
+
+<p>The town of Alden embraces township 32, range 17, and twenty-four
+sections of range 18. It has both prairie and timber land, and is
+abundantly supplied with water. Apple river traverses it from
+northeast to southwest. There are many tributary small streams, and a
+large number of small lakes, of which Cedar lake is the largest. This
+lies only partially in Alden. The surface is gently undulating.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Alden was organized in 1857. The first board of
+supervisors were Stephen Williams, William Folsom and H. Sawyer. The
+first post office was established at Wagon Landing in 1862, V. M.
+Babcock, postmaster. The first settlers were Wm. Folsom, V. M.
+Babcock, V. B. Kittel, I. L. Bridgman, Charles Vassau, Jr., and
+Humphrey Sawyer, in 1856. Mr. Bridgman raised the first crops in 1857.
+The first marriage was C. Vassau to Alma Kittel, in 1858, by Rev. A.
+Burton Peabody. The first white child born in Alden was P. B. Peabody,
+July 28, 1856. The first death was that of a child, Nicholas W.
+Gordon, June 10, 1857. Alden has two post towns, Little Falls and
+Alden.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. A. Burton Peabody</span> was born May 22, 1823, in Andover, Windsor
+county, Vermont. He was the youngest of four minor children, and was
+left fatherless at eight years of age, and motherless at fifteen. He
+obtained a good English education<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in the common schools, and at
+Chester and Black River academies. The winter terms he spent in
+teaching. In 1844 he came to Janesville, Wisconsin, where he spent two
+years, partly on a farm and partly in a law office, as a student and
+clerk. In 1847 he went to Iowa county, and taught school through the
+winter at Mineral Point. The next year he went to Clarence, Green
+county, Wisconsin, where he spent four years in teaching. In 1852 he
+entered the Nashotah Theological Seminary, where he completed the
+course, and was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church,
+June 3, 1855, by the Rev. Bishop Kemper, and took temporary charge of
+Grace church, Sheboygan. He was married to Charity Esther Kittel,
+Sept. 22, 1855, at Clarence, by the Rev. Wm. Ruger. In November of the
+same year he removed to Mississippi, spending the winter at Jackson.
+In February he went to Middleton, Mississippi, to take charge of a
+mission work, including several appointments. He came, the June
+following, to Polk county, Wisconsin, and spent the summer at Wagon
+Landing, on Apple river, where his wife's friends had made a
+settlement, but in the winter returned to his mission work in the
+South, and there remained until 1857. Owing to the troubled political
+condition of the South, he did not deem it advisable to remove his
+family thither, and so returned to Wagon Landing and obtained mission
+work, visiting at intervals Foster's Mills, now New Richmond,
+Huntington, Cedar Valley, and St. Croix Falls. The intervening country
+was, much of it, an unbroken wilderness, and he was obliged to make
+his journeys not infrequently on foot, to cross the swollen streams
+and dare all the perils of the winter storm. In 1859 Mr. Peabody
+accepted a call to the rectorship of St. Paul's church, Plymouth,
+Sheboygan county, but in 1862 returned to the valley of the St. Croix,
+and settled on a farm, undertaking meanwhile ministerial work at
+Prescott and other points, in a line extending as far north as St.
+Croix Falls. Three years later Prescott and River Falls were made
+independent, another man taking charge. In 1879 Mr. Peabody undertook
+additional work on the North Wisconsin railroad, including a large
+number of places, to be visited monthly. In 1882 his railroad work was
+limited to Clayton, Cumberland and Hayward. He still has charge, as
+rector, of Star Prairie and Wagon Landing. Few men have led more
+laborious lives or been more useful in their calling. He has witnessed
+the erection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> of eight churches on the field in which he labored,
+though concerned directly in the building of only four. Mr. Peabody's
+family consists of seven sons and seven daughters. One of the latter
+died in infancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">V. M. Babcock</span> settled at Wagon Landing, town of Alden, in 1856. He was
+born in Rensselaer county, New York; married his first wife in New
+York and his second wife at Somerset, St. Croix county, Wisconsin.
+They have four children. He has held town offices ever since the
+organization of the town. He has been sheriff, and was county
+superintendent of schools for seven years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>APPLE RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Apple River includes township 34, range 16, and derives
+its name from its principal river. The town is well watered by Apple
+river and its tributaries, and it also has numerous lakes, the most
+considerable of which is White Ash lake. The surface of the town is
+gently undulating, and was originally covered with pine, interspersed
+with hardwood groves. There is good wheat soil, and natural meadows
+are found in some parts. The town was organized Jan. 22, 1876, having
+been set off from Balsam Lake. There are two post offices, Apple River
+on the west, and Shiloh on the east town line.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BALSAM LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Balsam Lake embraces township 34, range 17, and takes its
+name from a lake within its bounds. It has an undulating surface,
+covered with heavy oak, pine, and maple timber principally. Balsam
+creek, the outlet of Balsam lake, flows through it in a southerly
+direction, affording fine water powers. About one-sixth of the surface
+is covered with lakes. The largest of these, Balsam lake, in the
+Indian language An-in-on-duc-a-gon, or evergreen place, gives name to
+the town. Deer, Long, Wild Goose, and Mud lakes are fine bodies of
+water with bold, timbered shores, and abundance of fish. The town is
+near the geographical centre of the county. The first white man, prior
+to the organization of the town, to locate within its present bounds
+was a disreputable trader named Miller, who in 1848 built a shanty on
+Balsam lake, from which he dispensed whisky to the Indians. This man
+was not long afterward driven out of the country. (See history of St.
+Croix Falls.) The town was organized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> in 1869. The first board of
+supervisors consisted of Geo. P. Anderson, Wright Haskins, and Joseph
+Loveless. The clerk was H. J. Fall; the treasurer, F. R. Loveless. The
+first school was taught by Jane Husband. Aaron M. Chase built a
+shingle mill at the outlet of Balsam lake in 1850, and he seems to
+have been the first actual settler or the first man to make
+improvements. As he had neither oxen nor horses, the timbers for the
+mill were hauled by man power with the aid of yokes and ropes. Other
+persons came to the mill and lived there awhile, but the first
+permanent settlers came in in 1856. They were J. Shepherd, Joseph
+Loveless, Joseph Ravett, and John M. Rogers. Mr. Rogers raised the
+first crops in the town; Joseph Ravett was the first postmaster. The
+first marriage was that of J. K. Adams to Miss L. A. Millerman, by W.
+H. Skinner. The first white child born was a daughter to R. S.
+Haskins. The first death, that of a child, occurred in 1870. A first
+class flouring mill has been erected at the outlet of Balsam lake. It
+is owned by Herman Corning; a saw mill is also in operation at this
+point. A Methodist church, 30 &times; 40 feet ground plan, was erected at
+Balsam Lake by the Methodist society in 1886.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BEAVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Beaver includes township 34, range 15. It was set off from
+Apple River and organized Nov. 15, 1885. The name was suggested as
+being appropriate from the work of the beaver in past ages. Beaver
+dams are numerous on all the creeks. These ancient works will mostly
+disappear with the progress of agriculture. The town is drained by
+streams flowing into Apple river. Horseshoe lake, in the northeast
+corner, is three miles in length.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BLACK BROOK.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Black Brook includes township 32, range 16. Apple river,
+with its tributaries, supplies it with abundant water privileges.
+Black Brook, the principal tributary, gives the town its name, and
+drains the southern portion. There are many small lakes. The surface
+is undulating and most of the soil good. The post office of Black
+Brook is in section 32. The North Wisconsin railroad passes through
+sections 25, 35 and 36. This town was originally a part of Alden, but
+was organized and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> set off as a new town Aug. 5, 1867. J. C. Nelson
+and G. H. Goodrich were the first supervisors. The first settlers
+(1863) were John Gorsuch, John Reed and Jacob Polwer; the first
+postmaster was &mdash;&mdash; Gates; the first school teacher, Tina
+Starkweather; the first marriage that of S. D. Starkweather and Mary
+Danforth; the first death that of Mrs. Ben Gilman.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLAM FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Clam Falls comprises township 37, range 16, and derives its name from
+the falls on Clam river. The surface is rolling and timbered with
+hardwood and pine. It is well watered by South Clam creek and its
+tributaries. Somers' lake, in section 27, is the only lake. An
+upheaval of trap rock on Clam creek has caused the waterfall from
+which the town has taken its name. It is a fine water power. A dam for
+collecting tolls on saw logs has been placed just above the Falls.
+Good specimens of copper ore are found in the trap. The town was set
+off from Luck and organized Nov. 15, 1876. The first town meeting was
+held April, 1877. The first supervisors were Daniel F. Smith, John
+Almquist and John Bjornson. D. F. Smith was the first settler, built
+the first saw mill, and raised the first crops.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel F. Smith, a peculiar and eccentric man, was born in Chautauqua
+county, New York, in 1813; emigrated to Michigan in 1834, where he
+married Eliza Green the following year, and moved to Racine county,
+Wisconsin. In 1842 he engaged in lumbering on the Wisconsin river, his
+home being at Stevens Point. He was of the firms of Smith &amp; Bloomer
+and Smith &amp; Fellows. Mr. Bloomer was accidentally killed, on which
+account the business of these firms was closed, Mr. Smith removing to
+Galena to facilitate the settlement of their affairs. In 1852 he
+removed to St. Louis; in 1853 to Memphis, Tennessee, where he engaged
+in the wholesale grocery business, losing heavily, in fact all the
+accumulations of his life. In the spring of 1855 he leased the St.
+Croix Falls saw mill, and operated it for two years, when trouble
+arose and litigation ensued, in which Smith obtained a judgment
+against Cushing for $1,000. In 1860 he removed to Clinton, Iowa, and
+thence in the same year to California. He traveled much, visiting
+mines. He spent some time in mining, and also manufactured shingles.
+In 1862 he returned to St. Croix Falls and engaged in lumbering for
+three years. In 1868 he built<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> a saw mill at Butternut Lake,
+Wisconsin. He did much to open that country to settlement. He was the
+founder of a town which he called "Luck." In 1872 he was the first
+settler at Clam Falls, where he built a saw mill with but one man to
+assist, and around that mill has sprung up a flourishing settlement.
+Dan Smith, with undaunted perseverance, has battled his way through
+life, and has come out victorious over difficulties and opposition
+that would have discouraged and turned back other men. Mr. Smith is a
+plain, direct, outspoken man; a man of energy and ability. He has ably
+and satisfactorily filled many places of trust. For many years he has
+been a commissioner of Polk county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLAYTON.</h4>
+
+<p>Clayton includes township 33, range 15. The town was set off from
+Black Brook. The surface of a great part of the town is level and was
+originally marshy, but these marshes have been gradually drained, and
+fine farms and hay meadows have taken their place. The town was
+organized Nov. 10, 1875. The first supervisors were Morris De'Golier,
+Worthy Prentice and H. D. West. The first homestead entries were made
+in 1865 by Peter Bouchea and John McKay, a Frenchman, both Indian
+traders, who established a post at Marsh lake, but in six months
+abandoned it and never returned. The next settlers were Vandyke,
+Morehouse and Tanner, near the west line of the town, about 1870. The
+first improvements were made by Elam Greely in 1862, who dug a canal
+into Marsh lake to get water to float logs out of Beaver brook,
+thereby draining great tracts of swamp land. The laying of the North
+Wisconsin railroad track gave a fresh impetus to business, and
+conduced greatly to the building of the village of Clayton in section
+24. The first sermon in the town of Clayton was preached by Rev. W. W.
+Ames, a Baptist; the first school was taught by S. M. De'Golier; the
+first store was opened by A. M. Wilcox, 1874. D. A. Humbird was the
+first postmaster. The North Wisconsin railway passes through the
+southeast part and the Minneapolis, Soo &amp; Atlantic passes from the
+west side to the northeast corner of the town, and has a station,
+Gregory, in the west part.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reuben F. Little</span> was born June 13, 1839, in Topsham, Devonshire
+county, England. At ten years of age he began to care for himself,
+working for sixpence per week, carrying pottery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> in a moulding house.
+Before leaving England his wages had increased to three shillings per
+week. In the spring of 1853 he had saved three pounds sterling, and
+his grandfather gave him two pounds sterling. This five pounds paid
+his passage to Quebec and Montreal, where he got four dollars per
+month. Soon after he apprenticed himself for five years to learn the
+baker's and confectioner's trade at London, Upper Canada. Subsequently
+he took a homestead from the British government at Trading Lake, Upper
+Canada.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 379px;">
+<img src="images/illus-121.jpg" width="379" height="450" alt="REUBEN F. LITTLE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">REUBEN F. LITTLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1861, at Detroit, Michigan, he enlisted in the United
+States infantry, regular army, and was promoted successively to first
+sergeant, to sergeant major, to second lieutenant, to first
+lieutenant. He resigned in September, 1865. During the war he served
+continuously in Gen. George H. Thomas' division, and took part in all
+the engagements under him, from Miles Springs, Kentucky, to Nashville,
+Tennessee. On the twenty-second of September, 1863, Mr. Little had the
+honor of being the last man to leave the Rossville Gap in front of
+Chattanooga after the disastrous fight of Chickamauga. He was wounded
+in the battle of Hoover's Gap and Smyrna, and at the siege of Corinth.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Little was married in 1865, and divorced in 1869, and re-married
+in St. Paul in 1878. He lost his Canada homestead, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> took another
+homestead in Lincoln, Polk county, Wisconsin, in 1866. Afterward he
+went to St. Paul and became one of the firm of Little &amp; Berrisford in
+the wholesale confectionery business. In 1879 he returned to Clayton,
+formerly part of Lincoln, and reclaimed a swamp of over six hundred
+acres, making it a productive meadow and tillage farm. Mr. Little has
+served several years as Clayton's town supervisor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLEAR LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>Clear Lake embraces township 32, range 15. It derives its name from a
+beautiful clear lake on the western boundary near Clear Lake village.
+The west part of the town is timbered principally with hardwood, and
+is good farming land. The eastern part is more diversified, and there
+are some large groves of pine. Willow river runs through the town. The
+North Wisconsin railroad traverses the town diagonally from northeast
+to southwest: The town was organized June 20, 1877; S. D. Mann, J. C.
+Gates, and W. R. Ingalls, supervisors. The first settlers were John
+Hale, L. P. Nash, S. D. Starkweather, and Perry Clark. Lawrence
+O'Connor was first postmaster; Mr. Starkweather carried the mail on
+foot. Israel Graves, in 1875, built the first saw mill in Clear Lake
+village and the first house. There is now at the village a stave mill
+owned by Symme &amp; Co. Jewett Bros. own a saw mill on Willow river,
+three miles from the village, which has a capacity of 8,000,000 feet.
+The lumber is delivered to the railway at the village by a wooden
+tramway. The lots for the village were purchased from the government
+by A. Boody and A. Coventry, in 1856. The plat was made by Symme,
+Glover &amp; Co. The survey was made by G. W. Cooley. Thomas T. McGee was
+the first settler (1875), and Stephen H. Whitcomb the second. The
+first school house was built in 1875, and the first school was taught
+by Clara Davis in the same year. The village has now a good graded
+school with three departments, Charles Irle, principal. Its two church
+buildings, Congregational and Methodist, were destroyed by the cyclone
+of 1884, but are being rebuilt. The Swedish Lutherans have a church a
+mile from the village. Chas. Decker was the first postmaster; A. Symme
+&amp; Co. were the first merchants; P. Gates, M.D., the first practicing
+physician; F. M. Nye the first lawyer. The first marriage was that of
+John C. Gates and Ella Scovill. The first birth was Chas. W. Whitcomb,
+and the first death that of a child of Hans Johnson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>PINEVILLE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Pineville, a railroad station and village in section 9, is
+a lumbering centre. The Pineville Lumbering Company have here a saw
+mill with a capacity of 7,000,000 feet. The logs are brought on wooden
+railways three to ten miles. P. B. Lacy &amp; Co., of Hudson, are the
+proprietors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank M. Nye</span> was born in Shirley, Piscataquis county, Maine, in 1852.
+His parents removed to Wisconsin in 1854. He was educated at the
+common schools and at River Falls Academy. He came to Clear Lake in
+1879, and was elected district attorney for Polk county in 1880, and
+representative in the Wisconsin assembly in 1885. He removed to
+Minneapolis in 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EUREKA.</h4>
+
+<p>Eureka embraces township 35, range 18 and a fractional part of range
+19. The west part is somewhat broken by the St. Croix bluffs; the
+remainder is undulating and capable of agricultural improvement. There
+are many good farms in this town. There are a few small lakes in the
+eastern part. Eureka was set off from St. Croix Falls, and organized
+Dec. 16, 1877. The first supervisors were Lucius A. Harper, Jens
+Welling and William Booth. The first settlers were L. A. Harper, John
+C. Beede, Henry Cole and others. There are three post offices in the
+town,&mdash;Harper, Cushing and North Valley. At the mouth of Wolf creek,
+in the extreme northwestern section of this town, J. R. Brown had a
+trading house in the '30s, and Louis Roberts in the '40s. At this
+place Alex. Livingston, another trader, was killed by Indians in 1849.
+Livingston had built him a comfortable home, which he made a stopping
+place for the weary traveler, whom he fed on wild rice, maple sugar,
+venison, bear meat, muskrats, wild fowl and flour bread, all decently
+prepared by his Indian wife. Mr. Livingston was killed by an Indian in
+1849.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 Carma P. Garlick surveyed a quarter section here and laid it
+off into town lots, and had lithograph maps published, calling the
+prospective village Sebatanna, an Indian town signifying "Water
+Village."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Nevers</span> settled here about 1860, and has now a fine farm and
+good buildings.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FARMINGTON.</h4>
+
+<p>Farmington was organized as a town in 1858. It contains forty-two
+sections of land, in township 32, ranges 18 and 19, with some
+fractions of sections on the St. Croix. It is a rich agricultural
+town, well diversified with prairie and timber land. Its western
+portion, along the St. Croix, has the picturesque bluffs common to
+that river, with some unusually beautiful cascades and hillside
+springs, of which the most notable are the well known mineral spring
+and the springs at the lime kiln. The mineral spring is situated on
+the St. Croix river, at the base of the bluff, and about one mile and
+a half below Osceola Mills. A beautiful hotel was built in 1876 on the
+cliff above, at a cost of about $20,000, which became quite a popular
+place of resort until 1885, when it was burned. It has not been
+rebuilt. The property was improved by Currant &amp; Stevens, but afterward
+sold.</p>
+
+<p>The following analysis shows the chemical constituents of a gallon of
+the water of the spring:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>grains.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chloride of sodium</td><td align='right'>.053</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sulphate of soda</td><td align='right'>.524</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bicarbonate of soda</td><td align='right'>.799</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bicarbonate of lime</td><td align='right'>11.193</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bicarbonate of magnesia</td><td align='right'>7.248</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iron and alumina</td><td align='right'>.492</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Silica</td><td align='right'>.265</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Organic matter</td><td align='right'>a trace</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>20,565</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>South Farmington Corners has a prosperous cheese factory, owned and
+operated by Koch Brothers, erected in 1883, turning out in 1884
+sixteen tons of cheese and in 1885 over twenty tons. South Farmington
+has a Catholic church building.</p>
+
+<p>The first crops in Farmington were raised by Wm. Kent on a farm near
+Osceola in 1846, and the same year Harmon Crandall and Richard Arnold
+improved land and raised crops not far from the present village of
+Farmington. Here, owing to the sandy nature of the soil, well digging
+proved rather perilous to the two farmers. Mr. Arnold attempted to dig
+a well in a depression, a sinkhole, in the prairie. As he dug deeper
+the sides of the well caved in, almost burying him. He managed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> by his
+own utmost exertions and those of his friend Crandall to escape, but
+left his boots deeply imbedded in prairie soil.</p>
+
+<p>In 1887 the Soo Railroad Company bridged the St. Croix, at the cedar
+bend at the south point of the leaning cedars, and extended their
+grade along the base of the precipice overlooking the river above, and
+commanding an extensive view of bold, picturesque and beautiful
+scenery.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harmon Crandall.</span>&mdash;The Crandall family were the first to settle in
+Osceola Prairie, in the town of Farmington. Mr. Crandall moved to his
+farm in 1846, and lived there many years; sold out and removed to
+Hudson, where, in later life, he became blind. He had three sons born
+in Farmington. In 1882 he moved to Shell Lake, Washburn county, where
+he died, Aug. 8, 1886. Mrs. Crandall died May 11, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Wall.</span>&mdash;Mr. Wall was born in 1824, in Shropshire, England; went
+as a British soldier to the West Indies in 1840; two years later came
+to New York City; one year later to St. Louis; in 1844 to St. Paul and
+in 1846 to the St. Croix valley, where he made a permanent home at the
+lime kiln, which he bought of William Willim. He was married to Anna
+Maria Moore in 1857. They had been educated as Episcopalians, but are
+now Catholics and have educated their children in that faith in the
+schools at St. Paul. Mr. Wall served five years in the British army
+for thirteen pence a day, but West India rum was cheap, only ten pence
+per gallon, and this, Mr. Wall pathetically remarked, "was an
+unfortunate element for the lime-kiln man." After twenty-six years of
+struggle Mr. Wall came out victorious and now strongly advises all
+young men to "touch not, taste not, handle not," anything that can
+intoxicate. The writer trusts he may stand firm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Ramsey</span> was born in Ireland in 1814, and came to America with
+his parents in his youth, first settling in Nova Scotia. In 1834 he
+came to Washington county, Maine. In 1839 he was married to Sarah
+Stevens, at Crawford, Maine. In 1849 he went to California. In 1850 he
+returned, and located on his farm in Farmington, Polk county, where he
+still resides, an efficient citizen, who has borne his full part in
+the organization of town and county, and filled various offices.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hiram W. Nason.</span>&mdash;Mr. Nason was born in Waterville, Maine, in 1792.
+When of age he settled in Crawford, Maine. In 1852 he was married. He
+came to Polk county, and settled in Farmington in 1853. Mr. Nason died
+in 1859. Mrs. Nason died some years later. They were members of the
+Baptist church. Their children are Joel F., Levi, Merrill, Crocker,
+Albert, James, Maria, wife of Thos. Ford, of Farmington, and Frances,
+wife of Moses Peaselee, of Farmington. Mr. Ford died in 1880. He was a
+well to do farmer. Mr. Peaselee, also a farmer, has served as sheriff
+of Polk county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel F. Nason.</span>&mdash;Mr. Nason was born Aug. 31, 1828, in Washington
+county, Maine. He was married to Bertha Hanscomb, of Crawford, Maine,
+in July, 1851. Their children are Everett, Fred, Louisa, wife of
+Albert Thompson, and Bertha. Mrs. Nason died in 1862. Mr. Nason was
+married to Mary Ann Godfrey, of Osceola, in 1867. Mrs. Nason died
+February, 1885. He was married to Miss Fanny Field, of St. Croix
+Falls, in 1887. Mr. Nason settled in Farmington in 1852. He engaged in
+lumbering many years, and was called by his fellow citizens to fill
+several important offices. He served eight years as county clerk. He
+was appointed receiver of the United States land office at St. Croix
+Falls in 1871, which office he resigned in 1884, when he was elected
+state senator.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John McAdams</span> was born in Tennessee in 1808. He was employed for many
+years on the Louisville (Ky.) canal. He was married to Eliza Robinson
+in 1840. Mrs. McAdams died in 1844, leaving one son, Melville, born
+1842, who came with his father to the St. Croix valley in 1849. He
+first located at Osceola, but in 1854 removed to Farmington, where he
+died in 1883. Mr. McAdams was a mineralogist of some ability.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Tea</span> was born in Pennsylvania in 1817; came into the St. Croix
+valley in 1849; was married in 1850 to Mary McAdams, sister of John
+McAdams, and in the same year settled on a farm in Farmington. In 1880
+he removed to Southern Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GARFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>Garfield includes thirty sections of range 17, and six sections of
+range 18, township 33. It is well watered and has many small lakes,
+while Sucker lake, a lake of considerable size, is about equally
+divided between its own territory and that of Lincoln.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> Garfield was
+organized in 1886. The first supervisors were Abraham Sylvester, James
+T. Montgomery and Martin Hanson. In 1887 the Minneapolis, Soo &amp;
+Atlantic railway built through the town from west to southeast and
+established one station, Deronda, in the southeast corner of the town.
+The post office of El Salem is in Garfield.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GEORGETOWN.</h4>
+
+<p>Georgetown comprises township 35, ranges 15 and 16. This town is
+abundantly supplied with water by Apple river and its tributaries, and
+numerous lakes, some of them of considerable size. The largest are
+Bone, Blake, Powder and Pipe. The timber is hardwood and pine
+intermingled. Immense quantities of pine have been taken from this
+town, and still much remains. Wild meadows are plentiful. Georgetown
+was set off from Milltown and organized Nov. 15, 1879. The first
+supervisors were David H. Smith, Elisha E. Drake and August Larbell.
+George P. Anderson was the first settler (1873), and his christian
+name was affixed to the town. The first school was taught in 1874 by
+John Burns. A post office was established in 1881 at Bunyan, G. P.
+Anderson, postmaster. The first sermon was preached by Rev. C. D.
+Scott, a Methodist. The first birth was that of Lucy Anderson; the
+first marriage that of Henry King to Etta Clark. The first death was
+that of August Larbell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWO MEN MURDERED.</h4>
+
+<p>Oliver Grover and Harry Knight, two prominent lumbermen of Stillwater,
+on July 2, 1864, were exploring for timber and hay on Pipe lake,
+section 10, in Georgetown. Not returning to their camp, two miles
+distant, the watchman at the camp, after waiting two days, went to St.
+Croix Falls and gave the alarm. Many parties went in pursuit of the
+lost men. Some traces of their presence were discovered on the shore
+of this lake, but the search was finally abandoned. After some months
+the Indians confessed that two of their young men shot the two men,
+disemboweled them, burned the entrails and sunk the bodies in the
+lake. Their bodies were never found. We append the following newspaper
+clipping:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Finale.</span>&mdash;The friends of the two Indians that shot Grover and Knight,
+last Tuesday delivered to P. B. Lacy, of St. Croix<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Falls, the
+valuables that were taken from the bodies of the murdered men. They
+consisted of $113 in gold, $282.05 in greenbacks, $160 in silver, one
+silver watch, one wallet and one pocket knife. This is probably the
+closing act of the bloody tragedy which cost two innocent men their
+lives at the hands of Indians steeped in liquor, and who, fearing the
+vengeance of the white man, committed suicide."</p>
+
+<p>The two murderers had confessed the crime and shot themselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George P. Anderson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Anderson was born in Fulvana county,
+Virginia, 1825; was educated in the common schools; lived in Ohio
+eighteen and in Indiana fifteen years, and came to Balsam Lake in
+1866. Few men have been more active in the opening up of a new
+settlement. Mr. Anderson has been several times elected to office in
+the new county, and was a principal actor in the establishment of the
+Polk County Agricultural Society in 1886. He has a family of fifteen
+children living.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAKETOWN.</h4>
+
+<p>Laketown includes township 36, range 18. It is named from the lakes
+that dot almost every section in the town. Trade lake, with its
+tributary from Butternut lake, are the principal streams. The town was
+set off from Sterling and organized April 6, 1875. The first
+supervisors were L. Bell; S. P. Heard and N. Fornell. The town was
+settled largely by Swedes, Norwegians, Danes and Alabamians. The
+latter settled in the northwestern part of the town. In 1869 Caleb
+Cushing bought the agricultural college lands in the town to the
+amount of 7,200 acres. The first school house was built in 1870, in
+section 8. P. Tierney taught the first school. Lindsey McKee was the
+first settler. He was also the first to sell out and leave. Daniel
+Swensbarger, a German, bought him out, and a number of his countrymen
+settled near him. Jacob Swensbarger started a store. N. Grondund built
+the first blacksmith shop. Peter Olsen built the first saw mill, at
+the foot of Long lake, in 1875. The first marriage was that of L.
+McKee and Mary Addington, by L. Bell, Esq.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+<p>Lincoln includes township 33, range 16, and the eastern tier of
+sections of township 33, range 17. It is abundantly watered by Apple
+river and its tributaries, and has numerous lakes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> which Sucker
+lake is the largest. The soil is well adapted to the culture of wheat.
+There are many fine farms in this township. The surface, originally
+covered with timber, is undulating. The town was organized in 1860,
+being set off from Osceola. The first town meeting was held April,
+1861. A. A. Heald, M. C. Lane and John Hurness were the first
+supervisors. The post town is at Lincoln Centre. The Polk county poor
+farm is pleasantly situated on a lake in Lincoln, and has been well
+managed for a series of years by Capt. Wilkie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Amery</span> village is located on Apple river, at the crossing of the "Soo
+Line" railway. It has two saw mills and a stave factory. The
+Minneapolis, Soo &amp; Atlantic railway passes through Lincoln from
+southwest to east, and has a station at Apple River crossing, named
+Amery, in honor of William Amery, one of Polk county's best citizens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Wilson</span> was born in 1828, at Armagh county, Ireland. At four years
+of age he came to America with his parents, who located at Canada
+West, where he learned the baker's trade. In 1849 he came to Osceola
+and followed lumbering eight years. He was married at Osceola to Leah
+Moody and located on his homestead in Lincoln in 1870. He has three
+sons. Mr. Wilson has been a useful citizen and has done his full share
+of pioneer work.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LORAINE.</h4>
+
+<p>Loraine includes townships 36 and 37, range 15. It is a heavily
+timbered district, with hardwood and pine interspersed. The surface is
+undulating and the soil is much of it good. It is well watered by
+South Clam creek and tributaries, and has a multitude of small lakes.
+There are some fine farms in the northern part of the township.
+Loraine was organized Nov. 14, 1872. The first town meeting was held
+April, 1873. The first supervisors were, Frank J. Williams, George
+Phelps and John Klinch. Wm. Gallespie built the first hotel and opened
+it in 1873. The first school was taught by Georgia Lacy. The first
+marriage was that of James Lago and Almeda Johnson. The first white
+child was George Phillips; the first death that of a child of J. L.
+Ellis.</p>
+
+<p>The first settler was C. Loraine Ruggles. He was somewhat eccentric.
+He published a book embodying his own adventures during the Rebellion,
+which he called "The Great American Spy." The town was named after
+him. N. B. Bull and Chas. Anderson were the next settlers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Wallace Gallespie</span> was born in Louisville, Kentucky; lived in his
+youth in Illinois and came to Marine Mills in 1844. In 1851 he married
+Cecilia M. Ring, widow of Charles Turner, of Taylor's Falls. In 1878
+he moved to his homestead in Loraine, where he has a good farm and
+hotel. He has two sons and one daughter.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LUCK.</h4>
+
+<p>Luck includes township 36, ranges 16 and 17. It is a good agricultural
+region and contains already many valuable farms. The eastern half of
+the town was originally a rich pine wood region. Much of the timber is
+yet standing. The town is well watered by Upper Trade and Straight
+rivers and has many beautiful lakes, the principal of which are
+Butternut and North. Luck was organized as a town Nov. 9, 1869. The
+first supervisors were Wm. H. Foster, M. C. Pederson and J. J. Bille.
+The first settlers were Wm. W. Gallespie, W. H. Foster and D. F. Smith
+(1857). The first marriage was that of W. H. Foster, and his oldest
+child was the first white child born in Luck. Wm. Gallespie raised the
+first crops. D. F. Smith built the first saw mill. W. H. Foster was
+first postmaster. At present there are two post offices, one at the
+village of Luck, the other at West Denmark. Laura Jones taught the
+first school in Luck. The town has been settled chiefly by Danes,
+mostly direct from Denmark. A Danish high school was established in
+1884, K. Noregaad, principal, at which different languages are taught.
+The building cost $3,000. It is beautifully located on Butternut lake.
+The Lutherans have three flourishing church organizations in this
+town.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Foster</span> was born in Bangor, Maine, in 1828; came to St.
+Croix valley in 1844; settled in Luck in 1857 and engaged in farming
+and lumbering. He served in the army during the Rebellion, and was
+postmaster at Luck for eighteen years. His father, Daniel Foster, came
+with him to the St. Croix valley in 1844 and died in 1876. His native
+place was New Hampshire.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILLTOWN.</h4>
+
+<p>Milltown includes township 35, range 17. It is a good agricultural and
+stock growing town. It is watered by the small streams flowing into
+Balsam, Half Moon and other lakes. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> timber is mostly hardwood.
+There is pine in the eastern part. The Patterson post office is
+located in section 7, Milltown in section 36. Milltown was set off
+from St. Croix Falls Dec. 20, 1869. The first town meeting was held
+Jan. 8, 1870. The first supervisors were John Lynch, M. Fitzgerald,
+Sr., and John Hurley. The Roman Catholic church was organized here in
+1864. Their new house of worship was built in 1870. The first settlers
+were James and John Rogers. The first school (1865) was taught by
+Maggie Crawford. The first school house was built in 1866. A grange
+was organized in 1884. The town has now a good brick school house and
+a saw and flour mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patrick Lillis</span> was born in Ireland in 1807. He came to Polk county in
+1856, and, with his amiable wife and enterprising sons, made a claim
+on what was afterward styled Milltown, an inappropriate name, but
+given by Mr. Lillis himself, as he humorously remarked, "because there
+was not a stream large enough for a mill site in the town," and
+Milltown it remains to this day. Mr. Lillis prospered and made himself
+a good home. He died Feb. 26, 1886. Mrs. Lillis died December, 1885.
+They left six sons. John C. is in Greene county, Texas, Simon C. is in
+Southern California, and Richard is in Memphis, Tennessee. Henry, the
+youngest, aged twenty-nine years, has for the past six years been a
+resident of Tacoma, Washington Territory. The residence of Martin and
+James is not known.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OSCEOLA.</h4>
+
+<p>Osceola contains all of township 33, range 18, except the eastern tier
+of sections, and ten whole sections and some fractions of range 19,
+made somewhat irregular by the St. Croix river boundary, and the
+obtrusion of three sections of Farmington in the southwestern part. It
+is a rich agricultural town, consisting chiefly of prairie, the whole
+forming a tableland, terminating westward on the precipitous bluffs of
+the St. Croix. It has a good steamboat landing and two good water
+powers, Osceola and Close's creeks. These are both fine trout brooks.
+The bluffs overlooking the St. Croix are bold and high, and, for a
+great part, precipitous. Most conspicuous of these bluffs is the
+promontory known as Eagle Point, situated just below the Osceola
+landing. An escarpment of limestone, about two hundred feet above the
+river, projects over its base, not much unlike the celebrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> table
+rock at Niagara Falls. A tall and solitary pine tree stands upon the
+extreme verge of this rock, the whole forming a conspicuous landmark,
+visible to a distance of several miles down the river. The cascade on
+Osceola creek, a few rods above its mouth, has scarcely a rival
+amongst the waterfalls of the West. It has sometimes been called the
+Minnehaha of Wisconsin, but while it resembles somewhat in the lower
+part of its descent that celebrated cascade, the scenery around it is
+much wilder, perpendicular rocks towering over it to a great height,
+while the upper part of the fall is over an inclined plain, broken
+into steps. It is a favorite haunt for artists and photographers.
+There are several minor waterfalls of great beauty in the vicinity.
+The trap rock formation crops out in the eastern and northern parts of
+the town, rich in specimens of copper and silver. Silver is also found
+in ledges at East Lake.</p>
+
+<p>The first land claim in the town, made May 14, 1844, by Milton V.
+Nobles and Lucius N. S. Parker, included the cascade and the present
+site of the village. The claim was made with the intention of building
+a saw mill at the outlet of Osceola creek. The mill company, organized
+in 1841, consisted of M. V. and W. H. Nobles, Wm. Kent, Wm. O. Mahony
+and Harvey Walker. Mr. Nobles sold his interest and removed to Willow
+River; Wm. Parker removed to St. Anthony. The mill commenced cutting
+timber in 1845. It was run at first with a small flutter wheel, which
+was replaced by a an overshot wheel, 30 feet; that by another, 45
+feet, and that by one 50 feet in diameter. In 1845 the company built a
+two story boarding house, also a shop and office, near the mill. After
+the completion of the mill Walker withdrew from the firm and Anson
+Northrup was for a short time a member. Kent &amp; Mahony for a number of
+years operated the mill, selling lumber in Galena and St. Louis.
+Mahony left for California in 1852. Around this mill, as a nucleus,
+the settlement of Osceola and the village were built up. The mill,
+with its immense water wheel, for so many years a conspicuous object
+on the river, has long since disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Osceola has had many enterprising business men engaged in
+merchandising and manufacturing. The first flouring mill was built by
+Kent Brothers in 1853, just above the cascade. This mill changed
+owners several times, and was burned in 1880. It was rebuilt by
+Lovejoy &amp; Sutton in 1883. Its present capacity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> is one hundred barrels
+per day. The second flouring mill was built by Dresser &amp; Wilson in
+1867. It is situated on the same stream, a few rods above the first.
+It has also changed owners several times. Its capacity is fifty
+barrels per day. The first merchants were Wyckoff and Stevenson, in
+1856. These have been succeeded by Rice, Webb, Clark Brothers,
+Armstrong &amp; Co., Talboys &amp; Staples, Dresser &amp; Wilson, Lacy &amp; Johnson,
+W. A. Talboys, Gridley &amp; Co., Heald &amp; Thing, Dresser Brothers, and
+others. Dr. Gray was the first practicing physician. After him, at
+different periods, came Drs. Hilton, Brooks, Gaskill, Garlick,
+Marshall, Searles, Cornbacker and Clark. The first deed recorded of
+Osceola property was a quitclaim from Wm. H. Nobles to Anson Northrup,
+consideration $3,250, in 1847. The first lawyer settled here was I. P.
+Freeland. His successors were Button, Dowling, Dyke, McDill, and
+others. The first sermon preached in Osceola was by Rev. Lemuel
+Nobles, a Methodist minister, in 1851. There are two church
+organizations; each has respectable church buildings. The first
+Baptist preacher was Rev. S. T. Catlin, in 1854. The Baptists built
+the first church in the county in Osceola, 1856. The first log house
+in the town was built by Richard Arnold in the locality of the famous
+Drake Troutmere springs. This house was built in 1848. Mr. Arnold
+raised the first crops in the town of Osceola. The first school house
+was built in 1852. A high school building was erected in 1868. W. A.
+Talboys taught the first public school in 1852. Until 1861 the schools
+were under the town system. In 1875 a free high school was
+established. The first post office was established in 1854, and W. C.
+Guild was postmaster for twenty years. The first town election was
+held April 5, 1853, when the following supervisors were elected: Wm.
+Ramsey, chairman; Nelson McCarty and W. C. Guild. At this meeting the
+town voted a tax of thirty dollars for school and fifty dollars for
+town expenses. The first Sunday-school was organized by W. A. Talboys
+in 1852.</p>
+
+<p>The first marriage, that of John Buckley to Elizabeth Godfrey, was in
+1853. The first white child born was John Francis, in 1847. The first
+death was that of Leroy Hubble, by accident, in 1845.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHANGE OF NAME.</h4>
+
+<p>The name of the town was originally Leroy, in honor of Mr. Hubble
+above mentioned. It is to be regretted that this name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> was not
+retained, inasmuch as Osceola, though the name of one of the most
+celebrated Indians in American history, is shared by a post town in
+the eastern part of the State. It was therefore necessary to call this
+post town Osceola Mills, a distinction that correspondents and
+postmasters are not always careful to note. Osceola village remained
+unorganized until Aug. 10, 1887. The first officers were: President,
+H. B. Dyke; trustees, W. C. Reilly, R. S. Sutton, G. W. De Long, H. E.
+Cornbacker, Paul Filzen, S. C. Benjamin; clerk, S. Rowcliff;
+treasurer, C. W. Staples; supervisor, G. D. McDill; justice of the
+peace, George Wilson; police justice, T. Post. The village has a
+splendid situation upon the bluffs overlooking the river, and
+communicates with points on the river by boat, and with overland
+points by the Minneapolis, Soo &amp; Atlantic railway, completed to this
+place Aug. 21, 1887. There is also a branch road from Dresser's
+station to St. Croix Falls. The village was visited by destructive
+fires at various times. Most prominent of these was the burning of the
+Freeland Hotel in 1857, the Western Hotel in 1878, and the first
+flouring mill in 1880.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Mears.</span>&mdash;Mr. Mears was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1819. His
+first wife, Emeline Mendon, died in 1850, leaving three sons, Charles,
+David, and Daniel. In 1852 he was married to Susan Thompson. They have
+one daughter, Lulu, now Mrs. Wheeler, of Stillwater. Mr. Mears came
+West in 1848, and sold goods one year at Taylor's Place (since
+Taylor's Falls). In 1849 he removed his store to St. Croix Falls,
+where he continued merchandising and lumbering until 1852, when he
+went to Willow River as agent in building the first saw mill in what
+is now Hudson. In 1860 he made himself a permanent home on a farm near
+Osceola. He served as state senator from the Twenty-eighth district in
+1858-59, and as state timber agent in 1874-75. As an officer Mr. Mears
+acquitted himself well. In politics he is a Democrat, and while in the
+senate took an active part in debates. The oldest son, Charles, is
+editor and proprietor of the <i>Polk County Press</i>. The three sons are
+married.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nelson McCarty.</span>&mdash;Mr. McCarty was born July 4, 1819, in Pike county,
+Pennsylvania; in 1834 was married to Mary McKune, and came to St.
+Croix valley in 1846, where he engaged in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> piloting and lumbering. In
+1847 he made him a farm on Osceola prairie. He died in 1856. His
+brother Philip came to Osceola in 1850, and settled on Osceola
+prairie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William O. Mahony</span>, a native of Ireland, born about 1810, came to
+America while he was yet a minor, and to St. Croix Falls in 1843. He
+had learned the trade of a baker, but in 1844 became one of the
+proprietors of the saw mill at Osceola, and sold his interest in 1860.
+He was a man of original and eccentric mind. He went to California in
+1862, and died there in 1866.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Richard Arnold</span> is of Illinois birth. He came to Osceola in 1845, and
+moved to his farm near the village in 1848. In 1852 he removed to
+Taylor's Falls and built the Cascade House. In 1855 he was the first
+farmer in the town of Amador, Chisago county. In 1859 he left the
+valley for Pike's Peak, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Kent Sr.</span>, was born in Scotland sometime in 1790. He was married in
+Scotland, and, with his wife and two eldest children, came to America
+in 1823. He seems to have lived awhile in New Brunswick, probably till
+1829 or 30, when he removed to Eddington, Maine, whence he removed to
+the West and made his home at Osceola in 1852, where he and his wife
+died at an advanced age, honored by all who knew them. His family of
+six sons and five daughters all grew to mature age, and, except
+Andrew, who located in Farmington, had homes in Osceola The daughters
+are Anna, wife of Curtis Guild; Agnes (deceased), wife of I. W.
+Freeland; Jane, wife of Jerry Mudget; Mary (deceased), wife of Chapin
+Kimball; and Eva, wife of Henry C. Goodwin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Kent</span>, oldest son of Wm. Kent, Sr., was born in Scotland in
+1819; came to Galena, Illinois, in 1840, and to Osceola in 1848, where
+he has filled many responsible public positions. His first wife, to
+whom he was married in Galena in 1841, died in 1847, leaving four
+children. In 1859 Mr. Kent was married to Susan Babb, of Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Kent</span> was born in Scotland in 1821. He was married in New
+Brunswick in 1838, but his wife died soon after. He came to Osceola in
+1852 and was married to Esther Hill, of Osceola, in 1855. Mr. Kent
+followed lumbering for many years but finally settled on a beautiful
+farm in Farmington, where he still resides, an industrious, thrifty
+farmer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Kent, Jr.</span>, was born in New Brunswick in 1824; came to Galena
+in 1843 and to St. Croix Falls in 1844. He was one of the original
+owners and builders of the first mill at Osceola. From time to time he
+purchased the interests of other partners until he became sole owner
+of mill and town site. In 1853 he sold the mill to B. H. Campbell, of
+Galena. Mr. Kent engaged in steamboating for many years and was a
+popular commander. He built the Nellie Kent, the Helen Mar and Maggie
+Reany. Of late years he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He
+was married to Nellie Kidder in 1855. They have no children. Mr. Kent
+is an influential member of the masonic order, and has filled many
+positions of public trust.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Kent</span> was born in Frederickton, New Brunswick, in 1826; came to
+Wisconsin in 1850; and was married to Mary Jane Wilson at Osceola in
+1858. In 1874 he removed to Ashland, Wisconsin, where he died in 1878,
+leaving a wife and five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Kent</span> was born in Richmond, New Brunswick, in 1828. He came to
+Osceola in 1849 and was married in 1856 to Achsah Hale. He was a
+practical lumberman and a very active man. He was accidentally killed
+in 1847, while breaking a jam of logs in Clam river. He left a wife
+and one child.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Kent</span> was born in Eddington, Maine, in 1831. He came to Wisconsin
+with his parents in 1852. He was married to Jennie Kidder in 1866. He
+was a house carpenter. Lived in Duluth some years but returned and
+settled in Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Close</span> in 1845 made a land claim for a mill at the falls of
+Close creek. Shortly after he abandoned the claim and left the
+country, leaving his name to the creek and slough.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Ayres</span> came from Maine to the St. Croix valley in 1850, and
+settled on a farm in Osceola, where he made his home during the
+remainder of his active life. During his last years he became very
+feeble and partially insane, and his friends placed him in the asylum
+at Madison, where he died, Aug. 20, 1876. His wife, familiarly known
+in later years as "Mother Ayres," and greatly esteemed for her
+excellence of character, died two years later. They reared a family of
+four sons and seven daughters. The sons Charles, Seth and Andrew are
+farmers on typo for Osceola prairie. Warren, a fourth son, died in
+Iowa. The daughters were married&mdash;Elizabeth to Ambrose Sevey, Ruth to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+Walter Carrier, Mary (deceased) to Frank S. Eddy, Sarah to E. R. St.
+Clair, and to a second husband, H. H. Newberry, all of Taylor's Falls;
+Abigail to Wm. E. Doe, and to a second husband, the distinguished
+phrenologist, O. S. Fowler, of New York; Almena to &mdash;&mdash; Clough, of
+Osceola prairie, and, after his decease, to Wallace, of Osceola; and
+Emma to Charles P. Fenlason, of Pipestone, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Carmi P. Garlick</span> was born in Erie county, Pennsylvania, in 1818; was
+married in 1842 to Elizabeth Thompson, of Ohio, and come to Amador,
+Chisago county, Minnesota, in 1854, where he built a saw mill. Not
+succeeding as he had expected, he betook himself to farming and to the
+practice of medicine while in Amador. In 1858 he removed to Osceola,
+where he practiced medicine until he entered the United States service
+as surgeon during the war of the Rebellion. He died at Milwaukee, Jan.
+12, 1864, while in the United States service. He was educated in
+Columbus (Ohio) Medical College. He left a wife, one son (Louis), and
+one daughter, wife of Henry Jones, of Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Godfrey</span> was born in Sackville, Halifax county, Nova Scotia,
+Dec. 18, 1809; was married to Sarah Wright, in Stonnich, Nova Scotia,
+in 1832; came to Easton, Wisconsin, in 1849, to Taylor's Falls in
+1851, and to their beautiful homestead in Osceola in 1852, where he
+still lives, respected and honored by all his neighbors as an honest,
+worthy and industrious man. He has sometimes engaged in lumbering, but
+his chief success has been as a farmer. Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey are
+members of the Baptist church. They have four sons and five daughters.
+Of his sons, George died in 1872. Of his daughters, Mary Ann, wife of
+Joel F. Nason, died in 1885. John, the youngest son, was married to
+Mamie Maxwell, and died January, 1888. The daughters are
+married&mdash;Elizabeth to John Buckley, Charlotte to S. B. Dresser, Eunice
+to George Clark, and Sarah to Joseph A. Brown. The two oldest sons are
+married&mdash;James to M. Fenlason, Arthur to Mary J. Daniel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William A. Talboys</span> was born in Bristol, England; was married to Mary
+Rowcliff, in London, in 1845; came to America in 1845, and to Osceola
+in 1851, where for some years he clerked for Kent Brothers. He taught
+the first school in Osceola and served four years as county treasurer.
+He has held many positions of trust. For many years he has been
+engaged in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> lumbering and merchandising. In 1874 he built an elevator
+for handling wheat. Mr. Talboys and his wife are members of the
+Methodist church. They have three children living. The oldest, W. E.,
+is editor of the Grantsburg <i>Sentinel</i>, Burnett county. Frederic C. is
+in St. Paul. Adelaide E. was married to Benj. Knapp, captain of the
+steamboat Cleon. Her husband died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Staples.</span>&mdash;Mr. Staples was born in Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, in 1824. In 1848 he came to Bunker Hill, Illinois, and in
+the same year was married to Hannah Garland. He was engaged seven
+years in the milling business, and in 1856 came to Osceola, where he
+engaged in lumbering, selling goods and medicines. He has filled
+several county offices. Of their four children, Charles W. was married
+to May Foster, of Osceola, in 1878, Eva is married to H. B. Dyke, and
+Frank to Ella Fiske.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Peake</span> was born Dec. 2, 1822, in Schoharie county, New York. At
+the age of twenty-one he settled near La Salle, Illinois, and kept a
+hotel. He came to Osceola in 1854, and settled on a farm. On July 15,
+1862, he enlisted in the Tenth Wisconsin Battery, and served till the
+close of the war. He served several years as town supervisor and
+assessor. He died at his home, March 13, 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Wilson</span> was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in 1836.
+His privileges for education were good. He taught school in
+Pennsylvania; came to Osceola in 1857; followed clerking and teaching
+school; was nine years in flouring mill and merchandising; was two
+years register of deeds, and has filled minor offices. He was married
+to Emma R. Fiske in 1854, at Osceola. They have two sons and two
+daughters, one the wife of Capt. George Knapp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel B. Dresser.</span>&mdash;Mr. Dresser was born in Buxton, Maine, in 1832.
+During his youth he lived with his parents, chiefly at Bangor, where
+he received the rudiments of a good education in the common schools,
+and in Kent Seminary at Readfield. He came to Taylor's Falls in 1851,
+and followed lumbering and merchandising until 1862, when he settled
+on his farm homestead on Osceola prairie. Mr. Dresser was a member of
+the Twenty-third Wisconsin assembly. He was married to Charlotte M.
+Godfrey, June 23, 1859. They have one daughter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Helen A., and six
+sons, Elma T., William A., Lester B., Wyman H., Mark S., and Frank E.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic A. Dresser</span>, brother of Samuel B., was born at Moscow, Maine,
+Nov. 2, 1841, came to Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, in 1858, and remained
+some years, when he removed to Osceola. He served three years during
+the Civil War in the Thirtieth Wisconsin Infantry, and left the
+service with the rank of quartermaster. After the war he was married
+to Mary E. Thoms, of Biddeford, Maine. During his subsequent residence
+in Osceola he engaged in mercantile pursuits, served as county
+treasurer four years and as register of deeds five years, which office
+he held at the time of his death which occurred Oct. 23, 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oscar A. Clark</span> came to Taylor's Falls in 1881, settled on a farm in
+Osceola in 1852, and brought hither his parents from Vermont, both of
+whom have since died. Oscar was a surveyor. He engaged also in the
+lumbering and commercial business. He was of the firm of Clark
+Brothers. He enlisted in a Wisconsin regiment during the Rebellion,
+and served till mustered out, but never returned to his home, and as
+nothing has since been heard from him, his friends have concluded that
+he must have been murdered after his discharge, possibly on the way
+home. Cornelius, a brother, lives at the Clark homestead; George, a
+brother, married a daughter, of John S. Godfrey. He died in 1873. The
+widow was subsequently married to Cornelius. Leman, a brother, settled
+on a farm in Osceola, and died in 1879, leaving a large family.
+Andrew, another brother, of the firm of Clark Brothers, died in
+Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oscar F. Knapp.</span>&mdash;Capt. Knapp has been conspicuous as a steamboat
+maker, owner and captain for the last thirty years. He was born in
+Clinton county, New York, in 1831. At the age of fifteen years he came
+West and located in Delavan, Wisconsin. In 1852 he removed to Osceola,
+Wisconsin, where he engaged in lumbering for about four years. In 1856
+he was married to Miss Angeline Hayes, of Osceola. In the same year he
+engaged in the business of steamboating, with which he has been since
+identified more or less. His first steamboat was the H. S. Allen,
+which, in company with E. B. Strong, he bought of H. S. Allen, of
+Chippewa Falls, in 1856, for $5,000. In 1862 he built the Enterprise,
+a small but serviceable boat of light draft and fair speed. In 1864
+Capt. Knapp built the Viola, owned by a stock<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> company. In 1866 he
+built the G. B. Knapp, in 1879 the Jennie Hayes, and ran these two
+boats fourteen years. In 1877 he entered the employment of the United
+States government, improving the navigation of the St. Croix river, in
+which work he is still engaged. His two sons, Ben and George,
+succeeded him in the steamboat business. Ben, the oldest son, was born
+in Osceola in 1857; George, the second son, in 1859. These two boys
+spent their childhood and youth on the river, and have grown up to be
+expert pilots and captains, and inherit their father's popularity as
+river men. Ben was married to Addie Talboys, June, 1880; George to
+Claribel Wilson, in 1883. Capt. Knapp has two other children, Viola,
+now Mrs. Arthur Johnson, and Guy, still a minor. Mrs. Angeline Knapp
+died at her home in Osceola, March 6, 1883, respected and lamented by
+all who knew her. Capt. Ben Knapp died Oct. 5, 1887, leaving a wife
+and two children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Elisabeth B. Hayes.</span>&mdash;Mrs. Hayes was born in 1811, in Dundee,
+Yates county, New York. In 1854 she removed with her husband to
+Missouri. After his death, in the fall of the same year, she came with
+her children to Osceola, where she built the Osceola House, which she
+kept a number of years. The daughters were Angeline B. (Mrs. O. F.
+Knapp), Mrs. Hubbell and Mrs. Milroy, of New York, and Mrs. Truman
+Foster, widow, since the wife of Capt. C. G. Bradley. Her sons were
+George, Frank and David. Capt. George Hayes followed piloting and
+steamboating, excepting during the Rebellion, when he served as a
+soldier in the Fourth Wisconsin Volunteers. In the latter part of the
+war he served as a scout for Gen. Canby. At the present time he has
+the appointment of steamboat inspector, with office in St. Paul. David
+has been prominent as a steamboat captain. He now resides in Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyrus G. Bradley</span> was born in Kaskaskia, Illinois, in 1825. In 1845 he
+came to the lead mines in Wisconsin and to Osceola in 1848. He was
+married in 1846 to the widow of Truman Foster, of Osceola. Mr. Bradley
+engaged in lumbering, became a river pilot, running rafts to St.
+Louis, with stems and blades, called oars and sweeps, before steamboat
+towing was in vogue. When steamboats became useful in running rafts,
+he built two steamers especially for raft towing. He had much to do in
+introducing the steamboat towing business. Mr. Bradley moved to his
+farm near Osceola in 1874, where he still resides.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. Hale.</span>&mdash;Judge Hale's early life was spent on a farm. He commenced
+lumbering in 1822, and followed that business and piloting on the Ohio
+and Alleghany rivers until 1851, when he came to Osceola prairie and
+opened a farm. Mr. Hale was the first county judge of Polk county, and
+held the position eight years. He has also served as county
+superintendent of schools. He was born in Harmony, Susquehanna county,
+Pennsylvania, in 1802; was married to Nancy McKeene, of Orange county,
+New York, in 1826. They have four sons, John, Isaac, Silas F., and
+Reuben W., and three daughters, Esther (Mrs. Treadwell), Malvina (Mrs.
+Merrick), and Achsah (Mrs. Thomas Kent).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edgar C. Treadwell</span> was born March 29, 1832, in Susquehanna county,
+Pennsylvania. He came with a team from Pennsylvania to Osceola in
+1846, where he engaged in lumbering and piloting until 1863, when he
+enlisted in Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry. He was wounded at
+Yazoo river. He returned to Osceola in 1865 and was married to Esther
+Hale in 1866. Mr. Treadwell was the first sheriff of Polk county, and
+has filled other places of trust. Since the war he has resided on his
+farm.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Extended mention has already been made of the village of St. Croix
+Falls in the general history of the first settlement of the county.
+The town includes township 34, range 18, and two partial sections of
+range 19. It was organized in 1854, but unfortunately no records of
+its organization can be obtained. The surface is agreeably diversified
+by hill and plain, and is supplied with many species of timber,
+including maple, elm, and several varieties of oak. The St. Croix
+river forms its western boundary, and presents here some of its
+wildest and most beautiful scenery, including the trap rock ledges of
+the Dalles.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX FALLS VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The buildings of the Falls company formed the nucleus of a village
+which took the name of the Falls. Its history has been given somewhat
+at length in the history of the settlement, and in "Reminiscences." It
+is situated on the east bank of the river, between the upper and lower
+falls. It contains one first class flouring mill, owned by James
+Thompson, one wagon and plow factory, owned by Comer Brothers, one
+agricultural warehouse,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> two livery stables (Harvey &amp; Co., and Lillis
+&amp; Co.), two excellent hotels (J. W. Mullen, and C. C. Fiske), one
+United States land office, one church building (Presbyterian), costing
+about $2,500, one graded school building, costing $6,000, one town
+hall and several commodious stores and dwellings. The village was
+platted in 1857, by Marion T. Chandler. The post office was
+established in 1844. Harvey Wilson was the first postmaster. The
+Minneapolis, Soo &amp; Atlantic Railway Company have a branch road
+extending to this place from Dresser's station, a distance of three
+miles. The village was incorporated Feb. 21, 1888, with the following
+board of officers: President, J. H. McCourt; trustees, John Comer,
+Jacob Berger, George Thompson, Charles Amery, Barney O'Neal, Sidney
+Wall; clerk, Thomas Peck; treasurer, A. Hoagland; assessor, P. B.
+Jewell; supervisor, S. W. Blanding; constable, Hoover Christopher;
+justice of the peace, W. B. Bull; police justice, Thomas Peck. St.
+Croix village has suffered from fires. The heaviest losses were
+without insurance. The flouring mill was burned April 30, 1863; loss,
+$8,000. The company's hotel was burned May, 1880; loss, $3,000.
+Fiske's hotel was burned Sept. 16, 1885; loss, $6,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WEST SWEDEN.</h4>
+
+<p>West Sweden embraces township 37, range 17. This is almost exclusively
+a hardwood timbered district, with some pine in the north. The soil is
+rich and well watered with Spirit creek and Upper Wood river. The
+surface is undulating. The north part has numerous lakes and meadows.
+There is an upheaval of trap rock in section 2 and copper specimens
+abound. The principal settlers are Swedes. The town was organized Nov.
+10, 1875. The first supervisors were N. C. Johnson, A. Larson and A.
+Dolberg.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STERLING.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Sterling is composed of township 36, ranges 19 and 20. The
+east part is heavy hardwood timber land, with rich soil suitable for
+wheat; the west portion is very sandy and covered with a few
+scattering oaks and black pines. The whole town is well supplied with
+hay meadows, which afford great advantages to the stock raiser. The
+first actual settlers were Samuel Deneen and William Trimmer, who came
+in the fall of 1855. The year following William Lowell, from
+Stillwater, entered three hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> and twenty acres in sections 14 and
+15, range 19, and made extensive improvements. Daniel F. Smith took up
+the same amount of land in section 9, same town and range, and made
+improvements. The first white child born was the son of James Cragin,
+August, 1858. The first white couple married was John Berry and Emily
+Stout, in 1859. The first death was that of Mrs. Dunlap, sister of
+William Trimmer, in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>The town was organized in 1855. The first town meeting was held at the
+residence of William Lowell, and Samuel Deneen was the first chairman
+of the town. The town was called Moscow, which name was changed one
+year after to that of Sterling. It was the largest town in the county
+then. It was organized into two school districts, but District No. 1
+not being able to build a good school house, an old log shanty was
+fixed up for school purposes, and in this Miss Fanny Trimmer taught
+the first school. The first saw and grist mill was built by Dr.
+Deneen. Olaf Strandburg established the first blacksmith shop and with
+it a gun shop. In 1849 Charles F. Rowley built a "stopping place," so
+called in those days, on the banks of Wolf creek, at the old crossing,
+half a mile west of Deneen's, and cultivated a few acres of land. This
+house was burned one night by a lot of teamsters in a drunken orgie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Samuel Deneen</span>, the first white settler in Sterling, was born Dec.
+27, 1801, in Youngstown, Ohio. He was married in 1825 to Margaret
+Conly. He studied medicine in Michigan, and came to Wisconsin in 1854,
+and to Sterling in 1855. Dr. Deneen practiced his profession, made him
+a farm, built a saw and grist mill on Wolf creek, established a post
+office and took an active part in the interests of the new settlement.
+He and his wife still live on the homestead which they have held for
+the past thirty years. Mrs. Deneen was born in 1800.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William W. Trimmer</span> came to Sterling in 1855 and made a home, building
+and occupying what was for many years known as "Trimmer's Hotel." Mr.
+Trimmer died in St. Croix Falls in 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arnold Densmore</span> was born in Nova Scotia, in 1822; was married to
+Matilda Wallace in 1845, and came to Sterling in 1867, where he died,
+Jan. 20, 1886, much respected as a neighbor, citizen and Christian.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>ST. CROIX COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Jan. 9, 1840, the Wisconsin legislature created a new county out of
+Crawford county, including territory west of the Chippewa river,
+extending northward to the British possessions, and named it St.
+Croix. By the same act, a day was designated for an election, at which
+a county seat was to be chosen and county officers elected. "Mouth of
+St. Croix," now Prescott, and Caw-caw-baw-kang, now St. Croix Falls,
+were designated as voting places. Two places only were voted for,
+"Mouth of St. Croix," and Dakotah, Brown's claim, now Schulenberg's
+addition to Stillwater. Dakotah was chosen by a vote of forty-five to
+thirteen. The returns were made to Prairie du Chien, county seat of
+Crawford county, and certificates issued to the county officers
+elected by C. J. Leonard, clerk of Crawford county. The legislature
+had at the time of creating the new county made it a probate district,
+Philip Aldrich being appointed judge.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the county until 1848 has been given elsewhere, as
+connected with the early history of Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p>The admission of Wisconsin Territory as a state in 1848 divided the
+county, giving it the St. Croix river and state line as its western
+boundary. The Wisconsin portion of the old county was consequently
+left without a county seat, while the portion west of the St. Croix
+had a county seat, but was without state or territorial jurisdiction.
+Congress, however, declared Wisconsin territorial laws to be still in
+force in the excluded territory, and they so remained until the
+organization of Minnesota Territory. Soon after the admission of
+Wisconsin, that part of St. Croix county within its limits was
+reorganized for county and judicial purposes, and a new county seat
+chosen, located in section<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> 24, township 29, range 19, at the mouth of
+Willow river. This county seat was at first called Buena Vista. On
+Sept. 9, 1848, the county commissioners, under the law creating the
+county, held their first meeting at the county seat, in the house of
+Philip Aldrich. The commissioners present were Ammah Andrews,
+chairman; W. H. Morse, and W. R. Anderson, clerk. Philip Aldrich was
+appointed treasurer. Four voting precincts were established, Mouth of
+St. Croix, Willow River or Buena Vista, Osceola, and Falls of St.
+Croix. These early commissioners performed duties of the most varied
+character incident to the government of a new county. There was as yet
+no county seal, and they were required to draw with the pen upon legal
+documents a scroll representing a seal, and to use other forms,
+appliances and devices without legal precedent.</p>
+
+<p>At the second meeting of the county commissioners Osceola was
+represented by Harmon Crandall, he having been absent at the first
+meeting of the board. Moses Perin was appointed collector. License for
+selling intoxicating liquors was fixed at twenty dollars per annum.
+The rate of taxation was fixed at seven mills on the dollar. The first
+state election in the county was held at Buena Vista, Nov. 7, 1848.
+One hundred and fifteen votes were the whole number cast in the
+county. The following officers were elected: Senator, James Fisher, of
+Crawford county; representative, Joseph Bowron, Buena Vista; county
+commissioners, Wm. H. Morse, Ammah Andrews, Harmon Crandall, Buena
+Vista; county clerk, W. Richardson, Buena Vista; register of deeds, W.
+R. Anderson, Buena Vista; judge of probate court, Alvah D. Heaton,
+Osceola; county treasurer, Philip Aldrich, Buena Vista; coroner, Wm.
+O. Mahony, Osceola; surveyor, Alex. S. Youle, St. Croix Falls.</p>
+
+<p>At the commissioners' meeting, Feb. 28, 1849, the county was divided
+into the following towns: St. Croix Falls, Buena Vista, and Elisabeth.
+At an election held Sept. 3, 1849, Hamlet H. Perkins received
+forty-nine votes for judge, and Joel Foster forty-one. Mr. Perkins was
+drowned at St. Croix Falls soon after, and the governor appointed Mr.
+Foster to fill the vacancy. Judge Foster held his first court at Buena
+Vista. Daniel Noble Johnson was appointed prosecuting attorney in
+1849. James Hughes was appointed in 1850. The first district court was
+held in August, 1850.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At a special meeting of the commissioners in 1849, James Hughes and J.
+M. Bailey were appointed a building committee to make estimates for
+the erection of a courthouse and jail. At the special meeting of the
+commissioners, Jan. 15, 1851, the town of Kinnikinic was organized.
+They had also under consideration the erection of county buildings,
+and appointed Ammah Andrews to erect the same. Otis Hoyt, for
+non-attendance at this meeting of the board, was fined fifty dollars,
+but the fine was subsequently remitted. The legislature of 1851
+changed the name of the town of Buena Vista to Willow River, also of
+the town of Elisabeth to Prescott. At a subsequent meeting the
+contract with Ammah Andrews to erect public buildings was rescinded,
+and Daniel Mears was made special agent to build a jail, and three
+hundred and fifty dollars was appropriated for that purpose. The town
+of Rush River was organized Nov. 13, 1851. At the request of
+petitioners, the town of Leroy (now Osceola) was organized Nov. 9,
+1852. A day was fixed in 1852 to vote on the change of name, Willow
+River to Hudson. The name Hudson was adopted by a two-thirds majority.
+The legislature of 1853 created from the territory of St. Croix county
+the counties of Polk, St. Croix and Pierce, Polk being located on the
+north, Pierce on the south, and St. Croix occupying the central
+portion of the original St. Croix county, and retaining the county
+seat.</p>
+
+<p>St. Croix county, as at present constituted, lies on the east bank of
+the river and Lake St. Croix, forming, but for slight irregularities
+on the western line, a parallelogram. It includes townships 28 to 31,
+and ranges 15 to 19, with fractions of range 20 on the west. The
+surface varies from gently undulating to hilly. The bluffs along the
+lake are not precipitous, as on the Upper St. Croix, but are even and
+continuous, with gently rounded slopes. From the river, eastward, the
+country is broken and somewhat hilly; the central portions are rolling
+prairies on which are fine farms, and the eastern portions are level
+and originally heavily timbered. The eastern tier of townships is
+covered by a heavy growth of timber known as the Big Woods. The timber
+is composed of basswood, maple, butternut, several species of oak, and
+a sprinkling of white pine. The soil is a rich clayey loam and well
+adapted for grass, grain and root crops. Good building and limestone
+crop out in places. The county is well drained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> by the St. Croix and
+its tributaries, Apple, Willow and Kinnikinic on the west and Rush
+river on the east. Of these tributaries Apple river is the largest. It
+rises in Polk county, where it is supplied by numerous lakes, enters
+St. Croix county and passes diagonally across the northwest corner and
+empties into the St. Croix river a few miles above Stillwater. Willow
+river rises in Cylon township and empties into St. Croix lake, just
+above Hudson. This river passes through a deep gorge in the limestone
+rock, a few miles above its mouth, falling in its passage over several
+ledges of rock, producing falls famed far and near for their wildness
+and grandeur. Kinnikinic river in the south part of the county is
+famed also for the beauty of its scenery and for its waterfalls. It
+passes into Pierce county and then, uniting with its southern branch,
+flows into Lake St. Croix. Rush river rises in Eau Galle, and turns
+and flows thence to Lake Pepin. These streams have unfailing supplies
+from springs and small lakes. There is a remarkable formation in the
+Kinnikinic valley about seven miles above River Falls, called the
+Monument. It is a ledge of pure white sandstone rock, nearly circular,
+and rising to a height of sixty feet. It stands on a natural elevation
+far above the level of the valley and so forms a very conspicuous and
+curious object. The base is forty or fifty feet wide, and the summit
+is a turret-shaped mass of rock about fifteen feet wide and as many
+high. The part upon which the turret rests is dome-shaped, its sides
+worn by the rains into deep furrows. Years ago a tree grew upon the
+summit. The soft sandstone is being gradually worn away by the winds
+and rains.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOW THE SCHOOL LANDS WERE SELECTED.</h4>
+
+<p>Philip Aldrich was appointed commissioner in 1848 to locate the state
+school lands in St. Croix county, at that time including Polk and
+Pierce counties. It is said that Dr. Aldrich would climb to the
+summits of the highest mounds, and, casting his eyes east, west, north
+or south, would proclaim such and such numbers or sections as school
+lands. Where all were so arable and fertile there was no use in
+discriminating. At the division of the county in 1853 the part
+designated as St. Croix county was subdivided into three towns, Buena
+Vista or Hudson, Willow River and Kinnikinic or Troy. As the
+population increased these towns were divided and subdivided until
+they numbered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> twenty-three. We append their names and dates of
+organization. Where more than one name is given the last is the
+present name:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Buena Vista, Willow River, Hudson</td><td align='left'>1849</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Malone, Troy</td><td align='left'>1851</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush River</td><td align='left'>1851</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pleasant Valley</td><td align='left'>1851</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Somerset</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hammond</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Star Prairie</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dayton, Malone, Kinnikinic</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cold Spring, Richmond</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Erin Prairie</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brookville, Eau Galle</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Joseph</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cylon</td><td align='left'>1859</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Warren</td><td align='left'>1860</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Springfield</td><td align='left'>1860</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Emerald</td><td align='left'>1861</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stanton</td><td align='left'>1870</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cady</td><td align='left'>1870</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td align='left'>1872</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Forest</td><td align='left'>1881</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glenwood</td><td align='left'>1885</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Some changes were also made in the boundaries of the towns. No
+progress was made in the erection of county buildings until 1856, when
+a contract was made by the commissioners with Ammah Andrews to build a
+court house for $14,300 on the ground originally purchased of Moses
+Perin. The final cost was $20,045.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.</h4>
+
+<p>An important event to the county was the organization of the St. Croix
+Agricultural Society, in 1857. Beautiful grounds were chosen on the
+bluffs one-half mile south of the city of Hudson. The annual fairs of
+this association, formerly held in rotation at various points in the
+county, now limited to the grounds south of the city, have always been
+well patronized and successful.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POMONA GRANGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Pomona Grange of St. Croix county holds quarterly meetings at
+various points, alternately. There are subordinate granges at Hudson,
+Richmond, Hammond, and Warren. There is a co-operative store in the
+city of Hudson which is well sustained. These granges are in a
+flourishing condition.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.</h4>
+
+<p>At the taking of the last census there were 2,289 farms in St. Croix
+county, containing 202,588 acres of improved land, valued at
+$7,015,198. The farm implements were then placed at a valuation of
+$346,374; live stock, at $810,525; and all soil products at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+$1,815,266. The stock numbered 6,272 horses, 319 mules, 442 oxen,
+5,624 cows, and 6,149 other cattle.</p>
+
+<p>The average yield of products throughout the county can be fairly
+placed at these figures: Wheat, 1,375,000 bushels; oats, 800,000
+bushels; rye and barley, 35,000 bushels; corn, 200,000 bushels;
+potatoes, 150,000 bushels; hay, 20,000 tons; cheese, 180,000 pounds;
+butter, 350,000 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>During the past few years agriculture has steadily increased while
+rapid strides have been made in manufactures, so that the totals would
+be quite materially enlarged now over those of 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MANUFACTURES.</h4>
+
+<p>In manufactures the statisticians have the county down for 112
+establishments with a capital of $740,197, utilizing materials to the
+amount of $1,105,203, evolving products to the sum of $1,488,192, and
+paying $107,469 in wages per annum.</p>
+
+<p>As to manufactures, in round numbers there is produced in the county:
+Lumber, 50,000,000 feet; shingles, 18,000,000: laths, 7,000,000;
+furniture, $120,000; barrels, 125,000; flour, 160,000 barrels.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX POOR FARM</h4>
+
+<p>Is located in the northwest part of Kinnikinic, section 11, on each
+side of the Kinnikinic river. It was purchased in 1870 for $1,000, and
+the probable present value is $10,000.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIRST TAX ROLL OF ST. CROIX COUNTY, 1848.</h3>
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX FALLS.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>NAMES.</td><td align='left'> AMT. PROPERTY.</td><td align='left'> TOTAL TAX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John McKusick</td><td align='right'> $1,500.00</td><td align='right'> $10.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leach &amp; McKean</td><td align='right'> 5,400.00</td><td align='right'> 37.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward Johnson</td><td align='right'> 1,115.00</td><td align='right'> .81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Falls of St. Croix Company</td><td align='right'> 59,700.00</td><td align='right'> 417.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dexter &amp; Harrington</td><td align='right'> 2,585.00</td><td align='right'> 18.09</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. W. Russell</td><td align='right'> 405.00</td><td align='right'> 2.83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward Worth</td><td align='right'> 199.00</td><td align='right'> 1.39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Peter Lombair</td><td align='right'> 40.00</td><td align='right'> .28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Serno Jonava</td><td align='right'> 75.00</td><td align='right'> .52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. McLanglin</td><td align='right'> 2,204.00</td><td align='right'> 15.43</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>[Pg 150]Wm. Town</td><td align='right'> 144.00</td><td align='right'> 1.01</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. Cornelison</td><td align='right'> 75.00</td><td align='right'> .52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George De Attley</td><td align='right'> 50.00</td><td align='right'> .35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S. Partridge</td><td align='right'> 418.00</td><td align='right'> 3.37</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dan Foster</td><td align='right'> 30.00</td><td align='right'> .21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. Livingston &amp; Kelly</td><td align='right'> 185.00</td><td align='right'> 1.29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Powers</td><td align='right'> 21.00</td><td align='right'> .14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thos. Foster</td><td align='right'> 10.00</td><td align='right'> .08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Field</td><td align='right'> 45.00</td><td align='right'> .31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Adam Sebert</td><td align='right'> 240.00</td><td align='right'> 1.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Weymouth &amp; Brother</td><td align='right'> 130.00</td><td align='right'> .91</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S. S. Crowell</td><td align='right'> 150.00</td><td align='right'> 1.05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lewis Barlow</td><td align='right'> 103.00</td><td align='right'> .72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I. S. Kimball</td><td align='right'> 30.00</td><td align='right'> .21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Philip B. Jewell</td><td align='right'> 7,235.00</td><td align='right'> 50.64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kent &amp; Mahoney</td><td align='right'> 3,631.00</td><td align='right'> 25.42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>H. Crandall</td><td align='right'> 219.00</td><td align='right'> 1.53</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Coite</td><td align='right'> 85.00</td><td align='right'> .57</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M. M. Samuels</td><td align='right'> 375.00</td><td align='right'> 2.62</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. H. C. Folsom</td><td align='right'> 800.00</td><td align='right'> 5.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. W. Folsom</td><td align='right'> 210.00</td><td align='right'> 1.47</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. Sanders</td><td align='right'> 207.00</td><td align='right'> 1.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>G. W. Brownell</td><td align='right'> 1,755.00</td><td align='right'> 12.28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Richard Arnold</td><td align='right'> 205.00</td><td align='right'> 1.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. R. Marshall</td><td align='right'> 15.00</td><td align='right'> .10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dr. Palmer</td><td align='right'> 10.00</td><td align='right'> .07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Lagroo</td><td align='right'> 25.00</td><td align='right'> .17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. Bascan</td><td align='right'> 25.00</td><td align='right'> .17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>B. Cheever</td><td align='right'> 1,100.00</td><td align='right'> 7.70</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>H. H. Perkins</td><td align='right'> 2,000.00</td><td align='right'> 14.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Levi Lagoo</td><td align='right'> 50.00</td><td align='right'> .35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>M. Shults</td><td align='right'> 2,000.00</td><td align='right'> 14.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align='right'> $94,801.00</td><td align='right'> $1,642.72</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>WILLOW RIVER.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>NAMES.</td><td align='left'> AMT. PROPERTY.</td><td align='left'> TOTAL TAX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Purinton</td><td align='right'> $800.00</td><td align='right'> $5.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. R. Anderson</td><td align='right'> 75.00</td><td align='right'> .52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Samuel Clift</td><td align='right'> 15.00</td><td align='right'> .10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Kelner</td><td align='right'> 15.00</td><td align='right'> .10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P. D. Aldrich</td><td align='right'> 195.00</td><td align='right'> 1.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Moses Perin</td><td align='right'> 240.00</td><td align='right'> 1.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ammah Andrews</td><td align='right'> 409.00</td><td align='right'> 2.86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John B. Page</td><td align='right'> 1,128.00</td><td align='right'> 7.89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lewis Massey</td><td align='right'> 185.00</td><td align='right'> 1.29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Lagrew</td><td align='right'> 190.00</td><td align='right'> 1.33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. H. Nobles</td><td align='right'> 299.00</td><td align='right'> 2.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lemuel Nobles</td><td align='right'> 40.00</td><td align='right'> .28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milton E. Nobles</td><td align='right'> 339.00</td><td align='right'> 2.37</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Collier</td><td align='right'> 125.00</td><td align='right'> .87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Philip Aldrich</td><td align='right'> 361.00</td><td align='right'> 2.52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Peter F. Bouchea</td><td align='right'> 136.00</td><td align='right'> .96</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. Smith</td><td align='right'> 105.00</td><td align='right'> .73</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McKnight</td><td align='right'> 149.00</td><td align='right'> 1.03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. Steets</td><td align='right'> 143.00</td><td align='right'> .79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Abear</td><td align='right'> 38.00</td><td align='right'> .24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align='right'> $4,949.00</td><td align='right'> $38.71</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF LAKE ST. CROIX.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>NAMES.</td><td align='left'>AMT. PROPERTY.</td><td align='left'> TOTAL TAX.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas M. Finch</td><td align='right'> $176.00</td><td align='right'> $1.23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mrs. Lockwood</td><td align='right'> 1,181.00</td><td align='right'> 8.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Freeman, Larpenteur &amp; Co</td><td align='right'> 300.00</td><td align='right'> 2.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frank Trudell</td><td align='right'> 50.00</td><td align='right'> .35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Louis Barlow</td><td align='right'> 600.00</td><td align='right'> 4.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fog &amp; Crownenbald</td><td align='right'> 2,625.00</td><td align='right'> 18.39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>I. L. Minox</td><td align='right'> 183.00</td><td align='right'> 1.26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. R. Rice</td><td align='right'> 545.00</td><td align='right'> 2.81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>G. W. McMurphy</td><td align='right'> 425.00</td><td align='right'> 2.97</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>H. Doe</td><td align='right'> 340.00</td><td align='right'> 2.38</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wm. Kimbrough</td><td align='right'> 60.00</td><td align='right'> .42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. H. Morse</td><td align='right'> 135.00</td><td align='right'> .61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilson Thing</td><td align='right'> 385.00</td><td align='right'> 2.69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>W. C. Copley</td><td align='right'> 50.00</td><td align='right'> .35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Willard Thing</td><td align='right'> 164.00</td><td align='right'> 1.15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Shagor</td><td align='right'> 1,000.00</td><td align='right'> 7.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George Barron</td><td align='right'> 180.00</td><td align='right'> 1.26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Monjon</td><td align='right'> 235.00</td><td align='right'> 1.64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Monjon, Jr.</td><td align='right'> 60.00</td><td align='right'> 42.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry Thaxter</td><td align='right'> 75.00</td><td align='right'> .52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aaron Cornelison</td><td align='right'> 325.00</td><td align='right'> 2.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>James Cornelison</td><td align='right'> 265.00</td><td align='right'> 1.85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lewis Harnsberger</td><td align='right'> 75.00</td><td align='right'> .52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Totals</td><td align='right'> $9,434.00</td><td align='right'> $68.91</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The above roll was published in pamphlet form, certified to by Wm. R.
+Anderson, clerk of board of county commissioners, and an order issued
+to Moses Perin to collect such taxes, and pay over to the treasurer of
+St. Croix county. The amounts were duly collected.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HUDSON CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The first settlement in St. Croix county was made on the present site
+of Hudson city in 1838 by Peter Bouchea, Louis Massey, Wm. Steets and
+Joseph Lagroo, Frenchmen, who subsisted chiefly by hunting and
+fishing, but who also raised garden crops of corn, beans and other
+vegetables. These people were contented and jovial, fond of dancing
+and social enjoyment. Beyond the mere pleasure of living they seemed
+to have but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> little care and were without enterprise or ambition. More
+enterprising and industrious people followed them to the new
+settlement, and as the public lands were not open for entry until
+1848, settled upon the lands and made some improvements, awaiting
+patiently the time when they could acquire a legal title. The original
+claimants of the town of Buena Vista in 1848 were Peter Bouchea, Louis
+Massey, Wm. Steets, Joseph Lagroo, Joseph Lenavil, &mdash;&mdash; Revere, Ammah
+Andrews, W. H. and M. V. Nobles, John B. Page, Philip Aldrich, and W.
+R. Anderson. These parties, after the survey and prior to the entry of
+the land, made an equitable division of their claims. Peter Bouchea
+and Louis Massey were then delegated to purchase the lands, which they
+did, Bouchea purchasing the southwest quarter of southeast quarter of
+section 24, township 29, range 20, and Massey, the northwest quarter
+of the southeast quarter of section 24, township 29, range 20. Deeds
+were then made to the various claimants according to the original
+agreement. The first individual survey of lots was made on Massey's
+entry, Harvey Wilson, of Stillwater, being the surveyor. The village
+thus platted was at first called Buena Vista, but some confusion
+arising as to the title of lots in 1851, the legislature changed the
+name of the town and village to Willow River, which, by vote of the
+people in 1852, was changed to Hudson. The original proprietors of the
+village of Buena Vista were Paschal Aldrich, James Sanders, Moses
+Perin, James R. Patten and Joseph Abear. Additions were surveyed in
+1849 and 1850 by Gibson, Henning and others. To avoid confusion we
+shall discard the earlier names applied to what has since become the
+city of Hudson and speak of it solely by its later and better known
+name.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840 the locality, as seen from a passing steamer, seemed a
+wilderness of orchard oaks and maples, filling the valley of Willow
+river, and clothing the slopes of the hills. A closer view might have
+revealed an occasional shanty, a cabin of the first French settlers,
+with small gardens, the whole inclosed by high picket fences as a
+protection against strolling Indians. Seven years later loggers were
+at work on Willow river under Capt. J. B. Page. The same year a couple
+of frame houses appeared in the oak openings. The first was built by
+W. H. Nobles, which is still standing and is occupied by Mrs. Col.
+James Hughes. The second was built by Ammah Andrews and is now
+occupied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> by Horace Champlin. In 1848 James Purinton commenced a saw
+mill and dam at the mouth of Willow river, which were not, completed
+until 1850. In 1848 Wm. H. Nobles started a ferry over the lake. James
+Purinton opened a store and Moses Perin built a hotel and boarding
+house, which stood opposite Champlin's present livery stable. In 1849
+Miss Richards, from Prairie du Chien, taught the first school. Mrs. A.
+M. Richardson, the wife of the Methodist minister, the second. A
+school house was not built until 1855. John G. Putman built the
+Buckeye House, corner of First and Buckeye streets. Horace Barlow
+built a residence. Mr. Stone also put up a store building. The first
+attorneys, Daniel Noble Johnson and Col. James Hughes, commenced
+practice in Hudson in 1849. The first public building stood on the lot
+now occupied by the Methodist church. It burned down in the spring of
+1851, and an account of the fire, as published at that time, stated
+that the "court house, Methodist, Baptist, Congregational and
+Episcopal churches, together with the high school buildings, were all
+consumed." It is but fair to say that there were no regular church
+organizations at this time, but occasional services by local and
+transient ministers. Rev. Lemuel Nobles, a Methodist minister,
+preached the first sermon in 1847. The first society organization was
+that of the Baptists, Rev. S. T. Catlin, pastor, in 1852. In the same
+year Rev. A. M. Richardson was regularly appointed as pastor of the
+Methodist Episcopal church. In 1855 the First Presbyterian church was
+organized under the pastorate of Rev. Chas. Thayer, and Rev. Wilcoxson
+became the first rector of the Episcopal church. In 1856 Rev. Father
+McGee took charge of the Catholic church. In 1857 Rev. C. H. Marshall
+was called to the pastorate of the Congregational church. A Norwegian
+Lutheran church was organized in 1876. All of these church
+organizations have good church buildings, and the Catholic church has
+a flourishing school connected with it. School interests were not
+neglected by the early settlers. A good school house was built in 1855
+and graded. The first deed recorded covering Hudson property was by
+Louis Massey and Frances, his wife, to Wm. H. Nobles; warranty;
+consideration, $67.18; situate in east half of southwest quarter of
+section 24, township 29, range 20.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CITY GOVERNMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>Hudson was incorporated as a city in 1857, and the first municipal
+election was held in April of that year. The city was divided into
+three wards. A. D. Gay was the first mayor. The following were the
+first aldermen: First ward, James B. Gray, Milton V. Nobles, J. M.
+Fulton; Second ward, Alfred Day, R. A. Gridley, Chas. E. Dexter; Third
+ward, Chas. Thayer, N. P. Lester, N. Perry. The remaining city
+officers were: City clerk, O. Bell; city attorney, Cyrus L. Hall;
+surveyor, Michael Lynch. At the first meeting of the city council,
+after the appointment of committees on by-laws, bond sales, salaries,
+etc., license for selling intoxicating liquors was fixed at fifty
+dollars per annum for hotel keepers, two hundred dollars for wholesale
+dealers, with various grades for retail saloons. The first license
+issued was to John Cyphers, for keeping saloon and billiard hall.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MAYORS OF HUDSON CITY.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1. A. D. Gray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">2. Alfred Day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">3. Silas Staples,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">4. John Comstock,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">5. S. N. Clough,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">6. A. D. Richardson,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">7. C. R. Coon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">8. H. L. Humphrey,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">9. J. H. Brown,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">10. Simon Hunt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">11. Lemuel North,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">12. C. H. Lewis,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">13. H. A. Wilson,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">14. A. J. Goss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">15. P. Q. Boyden,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">16. D. C. Fulton,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">17. M. A. Fulton,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">18. Samuel Hyslop,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">19. Sam. C. Johnson, M. D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">20. Wm. H. Phipps.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>CITY SCHOOLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Graded schools were established in 1859. They have ever maintained an
+excellent reputation. In 1860 Charlotte Mann was chosen principal, and
+taught the eight ensuing years. A new school building was completed in
+1887 at a cost of $25,000. This building is devoted to high school
+purposes. The schools of the city are graded. There are eleven
+departments and twelve teachers. Each ward of the city has a separate
+building. The school fund amounts to about $5,000 per annum. The
+schools are under the control of six commissioners.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>A MILITARY INSTITUTE</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized at River Falls by Prof. J. R. Hinckley, and shortly
+afterward removed to Hudson, and a building worth $7,000 erected for
+its accommodation. In 1880 it was purchased by the Catholics, and it
+is now known as St. Marys Academy.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILLS AND MANUFACTORIES.</h4>
+
+<p>The first saw mill, as already noted, was completed in 1850. It was
+known as Purinton's saw mill. Other saw mills were built, but
+destroyed by fire. We have no record of ownership and losses, but
+estimate the aggregate of the latter as near $100,000. The Willow
+River mills, built in 1867, consist of two flouring mills, with a
+capacity of four hundred barrels per day. Connected with these are a
+large elevator and cooper shop. The present proprietors are Cooper,
+Clark &amp; Co. The invested capital is $150,000. The Hudson Lumber
+Company, in 1883, built a saw mill, below the steamboat landing. This
+mill has a capacity of 18,000,000 feet per annum, and has a planing
+mill attached. It is complete in all its departments, manufacturing
+all classes of lumber, from timber to mouldings. The capital stock
+amounts to $100,000. The officers are H. A. Taylor, president; C. R.
+Coon, vice president; M. Herrick, secretary; F. D. Harding, treasurer;
+S. W. Pierce, superintendent. The Hudson Foundry and Machine Shop was
+established in 1870. The North Hudson Foundry and Car Shops are doing
+a fine business. The Hudson Carriage Works were established in 1885,
+and the Hudson Furniture Manufactory in 1883. The amount invested in
+this enterprise is $180,000, and it furnishes employment to one
+hundred men. C. R. Coon is president of the company. There are two
+breweries&mdash;Moctreman's, established in 1857, and Yoerg's in 1870.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BANKS.</h4>
+
+<p>The St. Croix Valley Bank was organized in 1855. It was a bank of
+issue, payable at Gordon, Wisconsin. It closed in 1857. The Hudson
+City Bank, organized Sept. 10, 1856, went into operation under the
+general law of Wisconsin, capital stock $25,000, secured by Michigan
+and Missouri state stocks. J. O. Henning was president and M. S.
+Gibson, cashier. It soon closed. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank, a
+state bank, went into operation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> in 1857 and closed the following
+year. The Hudson First National Bank was organized in 1863, with a
+capital of $50,000. The first officers were John Comstock, president;
+Alfred J. Goss, cashier. The officers in 1888 are John Comstock,
+president; A. E. Jefferson, cashier. The surplus fund is $53,000. The
+directors are H. A. Taylor, H. L. Humphrey, John C. Spooner, A. L.
+Clark, F. D. Harding, A. T. Goss, and W. H. Crowe. The Hudson Savings
+Bank was organized in 1870, with a capital stock of $50,000. Alfred
+Goss, president; A. J. Goss, cashier. Alfred Goss died in 187&mdash;, but
+the bank is in successful operation, the son still retaining his
+father's name as head of the firm.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES HOSPITAL.</h4>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/illus-157.jpg" width="650" height="375" alt="OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES HOSPITAL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES HOSPITAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The beautiful private hospital which takes the name of America's
+popular poet, Oliver Wendell Holmes, was opened June 7, 1887. The
+credit of this hospital scheme is entirely due to Dr. Irving D.
+Wiltrout, of Hudson, who for some years has been assiduously at work
+maturing the plans. The owners are Dr. Wiltrout and the Johnston
+Brothers, of Boardman. The site is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> upon a beautiful wooded slope of
+Willow river, about a mile from its mouth, overlooking Lake Mallalieu,
+an expanse of the river, and a broad sweep of the St. Croix with its
+undulating banks, commanding the most delightful and extensive views.
+The building is lighted by the Mather self regulating, incandescent
+system of electricity. The dynamo, engine and boilers are located in a
+fireproof brick structure, some distance from the building proper,
+communicating with the hospital by an underground passageway. The
+hospital is under the direction of the following board: President, A.
+J. Goss; first vice president, John Comstock; second vice president,
+John E. Glover; secretary, Thomas Hughes; treasurer, Rev. M. Benson.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WATER WORKS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Hudson water works, supplied from Lake St. Croix, are situated
+upon Liberty Hill, in the rear of the southern part of the city. They
+are owned by W. S. Evans. The hill is two hundred and seventeen feet
+above the lake, and commands a magnificent view of the surrounding
+country. The summit is easily accessible. The city is also well
+supplied with water from artesian wells, which were sunk to a depth of
+five hundred feet, and afford a flow of two hundred gallons per
+minute.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HOTELS.</h4>
+
+<p>The principal hotels are the Chapin House, first built in 1867, but
+twice destroyed by fire. The last structure was erected in 1879, by H.
+A. Taylor. The Tracy House was built in 1867, the Seely House in 1873,
+the Commercial Hotel in 1875, and the Central House in 1876.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GREAT FIRE.</h4>
+
+<p>May 19, 1866, Hudson city was visited with a destructive
+conflagration. Sixty-four business houses and twenty-five residences
+were destroyed. It was probably the result of accident or
+carelessness. It commenced in the rear of H. A. Taylor's furniture
+rooms and printing office, and spread with such rapidity that it was
+with the greatest difficulty that merchants and others were able to
+save their valuable papers. The wind blew a gale and the flames spread
+and caught in every direction. The fire occurred fortunately in the
+daytime or it might have been attended with a frightful loss of life.
+As it was, there were many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> narrow escapes. The total losses from this
+fire were $325,000, on which there was but $75,000 insurance. A
+destructive fire occurred in 1872, destroying the Chapin Hall House,
+valued at $50,000, and other property to the value of $35,000, on
+which there was but $15,000 insurance. During the same year another
+fire occurred, destroying 30,000 bushels of wheat and the furniture of
+the Chapin Hall House, which had been saved from the previous fire.
+The loss was estimated at $60,000 with $16,355 insurance.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOCIAL AND BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>St. Croix Lodge, A. F. and A. M., founded 1855; Colfax Lodge, No. 85,
+I. O. O. F., founded 1856; Hudson City Lodge, No. 486, I. O. G. T.,
+founded 1867; Ladies' Library Association, founded 1868; St. Croix R.
+A. Chapter, founded 1874; Y. M. C. A., founded 1875; Nash Lodge, I. O.
+G. T., founded 1877; Temple of Honor, founded 1877; St. Croix
+Commandery, founded 1879; St. Croix Lodge, A. O. U. W., founded 1880;
+Equitable Union, founded 1880. In addition to the foregoing there is a
+volunteer fire company, a boat club, an old settlers' club, a bible
+society, a building and loan association, and a cemetery association.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Massey</span> came of a long-lived French-Canadian family. His father
+lived to the age of one hundred and seven and his mother to one
+hundred and five and he himself lived to the age of ninety-nine years.
+He was born in Canada, near Montreal, in 1788. In 1805 he left home to
+enter the service of the British fur traders at Detroit. In his
+eventful life he had many adventures and passed through many perils.
+He was once arrested with his employer by the American authorities and
+once made prisoner by the Indians. In 1812 he entered the employ of
+the notorious Col. Dickson, and, while with him, made a trip from
+Detroit by way of Mackinaw, Green Bay, Fox and Wisconsin rivers to
+Prairie du Chien in a birch canoe. He made two trips in mackinaw boats
+from Prairie du Chien to New Orleans and return. In one trip he was
+four months making his way from New Orleans to St. Louis. He made one
+voyage in a birch canoe from Montreal via Ottawa river, Georgian bay,
+Lake Huron, St. Marie's river and Lake Superior to Fond du Lac, at the
+mouth of St. Louis river, via Sandy lake and the Mississippi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> river to
+Lake Winnibagoshish, and another from Fond du Lac to Brule river,
+across to St. Croix river, thence to the Mississippi, and by way of
+St. Peter's river to Lake Traverse by canoe. In 1818 he entered the
+service of the American Fur Company, and lived at Fond du Lac, the
+headquarters of the company, for ten years. There he was married to a
+sister of Peter Bouchea. In 1828 he settled on the reservation near
+Fort Snelling, where he was held in such estimation that, on the
+expulsion of the settlers, the officers of the Fort assisted him in
+his removal to Willow River, whither he came in 1838 with Peter
+Bouchea. Wm. Steets and Joseph Lagroo soon followed them. These four
+were the first settlers in Hudson. Mr. Massey lived at his old home
+with a son-in-law, Richard Picard, until his death, Oct. 14, 1887. His
+only child living is Mrs. Picard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Bouchea</span> was born at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, about 1815. He
+spent his early life in the neighborhood of Lake Superior, was married
+to a daughter of &mdash;&mdash; Bruce, and came to the mouth of Willow river in
+1838. Mr. Bouchea had been educated for the Catholic priesthood. He
+was a truthful, intelligent, reliable man and filled some positions of
+responsibility. He had many stirring adventures and was once wounded
+by Indians and cared for by Gov. Cass, of Michigan, at Detroit and
+Fort Gratiot. He died in 1875, at Fort Edward, on the north shore of
+Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Streets</span> came to Willow River in 1838, a refugee from the Fort
+Snelling reservation. He was frozen to death in the winter of 1851.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. John B. Page</span> came from Piscataquis county, Maine, to the St.
+Croix valley in 1844, and engaged for awhile in cutting pine logs on
+Willow river. While rafting on the Mississippi he met, and after a
+brief courtship married, a woman who returned with him to his home on
+Willow river and who survives him. Mrs. Page had some reputation as a
+(Thomsonian) physician. They made their home in Hudson in 1847. Their
+daughter Abigail was the first white child of American descent born in
+Hudson. Abigail married George Bailey, and their sons, George W. and
+David, were for a long time residents of Hudson, and have but lately
+deceased. Mr. Page died Feb. 11, 1865.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Philip Aldrich</span>, although not a permanent settler till 1847, was an
+occasional or transient visitor, and had made a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> land claim in section
+24. He took a deep interest in the affairs of the pioneer settlement,
+and at his house many of the public gatherings, political and social,
+were held. He was the first postmaster, and, in the exigencies of the
+service, sometimes carried the mail on foot. While a resident of St.
+Croix Falls in 1844, he was appointed probate judge. In 1848 he was
+appointed treasurer of the county of St. Croix, and at the election in
+November of the same year, elected to that office. Dr. Aldrich was
+born in New York in 1792, and died at his home in Hudson, March 16,
+1858.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Nobles Family</span> settled in Hudson in 1847. Rev. Lemuel Nobles, the
+father, was a Methodist local minister, and in 1847 preached the first
+sermon at the mouth of Willow river. He came originally from New York,
+lived a few years in the valley and removed to Michigan, where he
+died. His children were William H., Milton V., John, Mrs. Battles and
+Mrs. Morton S. Wilkinson, deceased. Wm. H. became a resident of
+Minnesota and a noted man. His biography is given elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Milton V. Nobles</span> was born in New York in 1818; removed to Michigan;
+was married to Matilda Edwards, Sept. 2, 1846, in Stillwater, and came
+to Hudson in 1847, where he followed lumbering until 1860, when he
+returned to New York and located at Elmira, where he resided until his
+death. While at Elmira he became an inventor and took out several
+valuable patents. His fortunes varied, and as is frequently the case
+with inventors, at one time he was wretchedly poor. In the midst of
+his galling poverty he sold one of his patents for a beautiful
+homestead in Elmira. Mrs. Nobles had not been informed of the
+transaction, but with her husband had visited the occupants of the
+homestead. Mrs. Nobles could not but contrast this pleasant home with
+her own poverty stricken surroundings, and in inviting her
+entertainers to return the call, told them plainly that she lived in a
+very humble home, and feared she could not make a visit pleasant to
+them. At this point the host stepped forward, and, by a preconcerted
+arrangement, presented her a deed to the mansion and grounds&mdash;a joyful
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Nobles</span>, the youngest son, returned to Michigan and New York,
+where he became a Methodist minister. Some time subsequently he
+removed to Colorado, where he died.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Purinton</span> was born in 1797, in Tamworth, New Hampshire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> He was
+married to Mary Mann, in Sandwich, New Hampshire. He afterward removed
+to Maine. He came to St. Croix Falls in 1842, and leased the St. Croix
+mills, and some time after became part owner. This venture not being
+successful, he removed to Willow River in 1847, where he built a large
+dam across the river, and with others erected a saw mill on the point
+of land between the lake and river. This venture was not successful
+and the mill property passed into other hands. Mr. Purinton was an
+experienced lumberman and an active, energetic man. The north side of
+Willow River, in which he was so much interested, became afterward
+quite valuable on account of the centralization of shops, depots and
+business of the West Wisconsin and North Wisconsin railroads. Mr.
+Purinton died in Hudson in 1849, leaving two married daughters&mdash;Mrs.
+----Graves and Mrs. James McPhail.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ammah Andrews</span> was born in Herkimer county, New York, in 1801, and
+passed his early life in that place. In 1829 he was married to Laura
+Andrews, and in the same year moved to Michigan. He came to Hudson in
+1847. Mr. Andrews was a carpenter and took some important building
+contracts. He was one of the first commissioners of St. Croix county
+under the state government, and also one of the first school
+directors. He has been an active and influential member of the
+Methodist Episcopal church the greater part of his life. He has three
+sons, now living in Nebraska, and one daughter, the wife of F. D.
+Harding, of Hudson, Wisconsin. Mr. Andrews died Jan. 5, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Walstow.</span>&mdash;Mr. Walstow was born in Nottingham, England, in 1815;
+was married there, and came to Hudson in 1849. He removed to Nebraska
+in 1863.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Sanders</span> was born in Devonshire, England, in 1818; came to
+America in 1841, and lived for years in New York. In 1844 he married
+Mary Walstow, removed to St. Croix Falls in 1845 and to Hudson in
+1850, where he opened and improved the first farm in the present St.
+Croix county. Mrs. Sanders died in 1873. She left two sons, William
+and Walstow. Mr. Sanders removed to Osceola in 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. W. Stone</span> was born in Connecticut in 1800. He came to Hudson in 1849
+and opened the first store the same year. He died in 1860.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Bowron</span> was born Aug. 1, 1809, in Essex county, New York. His
+parents were from Newcastle on the Tyne, England. His mother was a
+member of the Society of Friends. She died when Joseph was five years
+old, and he was reared by his aunt until nineteen years of age, when
+he engaged in business for himself in Lower Canada. Some time
+afterward he removed to the United States and obtained work on the
+Illinois canal. He next removed to St. Louis, and from thence, in
+1841, to St. Croix Falls, where he acted as clerk, scaler of logs and
+mill superintendent. He was a member of the first state legislature of
+Wisconsin, in 1848. W. R. Marshall had received the certificate of
+election, but Mr. Bowron successfully contested the election. Mr.
+Bowron removed in 1848 to Hudson, where he attended to general
+collections, and served as justice of the peace. In 1849 Mr. Bowron
+was married to Celia Partridge, of Columbia county, Wisconsin, who
+died three years later. In 1854 he was married to Rosanna Partridge,
+who died in 1863. Mr. Bowron died April 10, 1868, leaving two
+children, who now reside in Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moses Perin</span> was born in 1815; came to St. Croix Falls in 1847 and to
+Hudson in 1849. He was the first collector of St. Croix county. In
+1853 he built a warehouse and saw mill at Lakeland, Minnesota. The
+warehouse was burned, and the saw mill removed. In 1847 Mr. Perin
+removed to San Diego, California.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John O. Henning</span> was born at Bellefonte, Centre county, Pennsylvania,
+in 1819. His great grandfather was the first settler in that county.
+In 1825 his father removed to Ithaca, New York, and there the youthful
+Henning received his education at the academy. During the excitement
+of the Jackson administration he became an ardent Democrat, and, that
+he might enter more fully into the political strife of the day,
+learned the printer's trade and devoted himself more or less to
+newspaper work. He visited the Mississippi valley in 1838, remained
+some time at St. Louis, Missouri, Springfield, Illinois, Burlington,
+Iowa, and some other places. In 1846 he established the <i>Journal</i> at
+Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and in 1849 removed to Hudson, Wisconsin,
+where he still resides. He served eight years as register of the
+United States land office at that place. He represented St. Croix
+county in the assembly of the Fourth Wisconsin legislature and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> has
+held many other positions of trust. Mr. Henning was married, Jan. 29,
+1840, to Fidelia Bennet. Mrs. Henning died June 27, 1886, aged
+sixty-six years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moses S. Gibson</span> was born in 1816, in Livingston county, New York. He
+received the rudiments of a common school education. He was engaged in
+mercantile pursuits a large portion of his life. He settled at
+Sheboygan, Wisconsin, in 1844, but afterward moved to Fond du Lac. He
+represented Fond du Lac county in the constitutional convention in
+1847. He was appointed receiver of the United States land office at
+Hudson in 1849. In 1856 he was married to Carrie F. Gilman. During the
+Rebellion he acted as paymaster, United States army, and was assigned
+to the department of Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1878
+he was appointed assistant in the sixth auditor's office, Washington,
+District of Columbia. Mr. Gibson has led a busy and useful life and
+has acquitted himself well in the various positions of responsibility
+to which he has been called.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. James Hughes.</span>&mdash;Col. Hughes was born in Prince Edwards county,
+Virginia, Oct. 12, 1805. He received a classical education at
+Hampdon-Sydney College, Virginia, studied law, and was admitted to
+practice in Virginia. He came to Ohio in 1835, and was elected to the
+legislature in 1838 and 1839. He was married in 1839 to Elisabeth
+Mather, in Jackson county. He remained in Ohio until 1849, publishing
+successively the <i>Jackson Standard</i> and the <i>Meigs County Telegraph</i>,
+both Whig papers. In 1849 he came to St. Paul and brought with him the
+first printing press and outfit in that city, and established the
+<i>Minnesota Chronicle,</i> which subsequently united with the <i>Register</i>.
+The first number bears the date June 1, 1849. In November of the same
+year he sold his interest in the <i>Chronicle and Register</i> and removed
+to Hudson, where he established the <i>St. Croix Banner</i>, the first
+paper printed and issued in the St. Croix valley. Mrs. Hughes was
+associated with him in its management. They subsequently published the
+Hudson <i>Republican</i>. Mr. Hughes died at Hudson in 1873, leaving a
+widow and eleven children, seven sons and four daughters. Of the sons,
+Eleazer is a farmer in St. Croix county; Geo. R. is engaged in the
+real estate business in St. Paul; Edward P. is a lawyer in Anoka;
+James S., a surveyor; Chas. V. is manager of the Western Telegraph
+Company; and Lucius A. is a telegraph operator in St. Paul.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Anderson</span> was born in 1806, in New York; received a common
+school education, and removed with his parents to Macoupin county,
+Illinois, in 1820; was married in 1831 to Eliza Hoxsey; lived in
+Dubuque in 1847 and 1848, and moved to Hudson in 1849, where he
+followed merchandising until 1876. He was county treasurer in 1877 and
+part of the year following. He died July 1, 1878: Mrs. Anderson died
+in September of the same year, leaving a daughter, Medora, wife of
+Alfred Day, of Hudson, and one son, Jarret, now a resident in Montana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Day</span> was born in 1824, in Vermont, and came to Hudson in 1849,
+where he engaged in the real estate, farming and livery business. Mr.
+Day was married in Hudson, to a daughter of Daniel Anderson. He died
+in St. Paul, Nov. 18, 1880, leaving a widow, three sons and two
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Otis Hoyt.</span>&mdash;Dr. Hoyt was born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, Dec. 3,
+1812. His parents were George and Mary Hoyt. Both grandfathers were
+soldiers in the war of the Revolution. He received a common school
+education; prepared for college in the academy at Fryburg, Maine;
+graduated at Dartmouth in 1833, and from Jefferson Medical College, at
+Philadelphia, in 1836. He practiced his profession at Mason, New
+Hampshire, and Framingham, Massachusetts, until 1846, when he entered
+the service as surgeon in the United States army during the Mexican
+War. In 1849 he came to St. Croix Falls, and practiced medicine. In
+1852 he removed to Hudson. The same year he was elected to the Fifth
+Wisconsin legislature, as assemblyman. In 1862 he entered the United
+States service as surgeon of the Thirtieth Wisconsin Volunteer
+Infantry, but was on detached service most of the time. For awhile he
+had charge of the hospital at Camp Randall, Madison, Wisconsin. He was
+examining surgeon of 11,000 recruits, and was medical director at
+Bowling Green and Louisville, Kentucky. He was eminent in his
+profession, yet public spirited, and engaged at times, successfully,
+in real estate and railroad enterprises. As a physician, it is said,
+to his credit, that he was impartial to the last degree, and as prompt
+and punctilious in visiting the log cabin of the poor man as the
+parlor of a state or government official. He was married in 1837 to
+Mary King. Two children were born to them, Charles and Mary (Mrs. H.
+A. Wilson, deceased). Mrs. Hoyt died at Framingham. In 1843 Dr. Hoyt
+was married to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> Eliza B. King, sister of his first wife. Their
+children are Ella Frances, married to Dr. Chas. F. King, Hudson;
+Annie, married to Dr. Eppley, of New Richmond; Hattie, married to
+&mdash;&mdash; Wyard, Crookston, Minnesota; Ida, a teacher at Stillwater, and
+Lizzie, married to Rev. W. R. Reynolds, of Hudson. Dr. Hoyt died at
+his home in Hudson, Nov. 12, 1885. Mrs. Hoyt died Oct. 1, 1886, in
+Boston, Massachusetts. Her remains were brought to Hudson for burial.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. N. Fuller.</span>&mdash;Mr. Fuller was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, in
+1814. He removed to Harford, Pennsylvania, with his parents when six
+years of age. He was educated at Harford. He studied law and was
+admitted to practice at Montrose. He practiced at Great Bend,
+Pennsylvania. He came to Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, in 1844, where
+he was seven years district attorney. He came to Hudson in 1857,
+removed to Iowa in 1865 and died at Logan, Harrison county, Iowa, in
+1851. He was married to Clarissa A. Day in 1841, who with one son and
+four daughters, all married and resident in Iowa, survives him. He was
+district judge some years for the St. Croix Valley district.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miles H. Van Meter</span> was born in Kentucky in 1810. He received a common
+school education and learned the trade of a builder. He was married to
+Mary P. Litsey, in Kentucky, in 1830, moved to Illinois in 1836 and to
+Hudson in 1850. He has six sons and two daughters. Abe C. is editor of
+the <i>St. Croix Republican</i> at New Richmond. Two of his sons are in
+Illinois, three in Dakota. Mrs. Van Meter died in 1875.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philip B. Jewell</span> was born in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, Oct. 25, 1816;
+was raised on a farm; obtained a common school education; in 1841 was
+married to Hannah J. Fuller, and in 1847 came to St. Croix Falls,
+where he lived until 1851, when he removed to Hudson. He engaged in
+lumbering and piloting on the St. Croix. At the beginning of the late
+war he enlisted in the Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry and served during
+the war. In 1874 he was appointed inspector of logs and lumber of the
+Fourth district. Mrs. Jewell died in 1875. He married, as his second
+wife, Ellen Restiaux.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Tobin.</span>&mdash;Mr. Tobin was born in Ireland in 1818. His father died in
+1830, and he came with an uncle to this country. He settled at Marine
+in 1842, and in 1853 came to St. Joseph's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> township, where he resided
+until his death, Jan. 22, 1880. He was married in Illinois in 1848 and
+his widow still lives at the old homestead. Of twelve children seven
+are now living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace A. Taylor</span>, son of Rev. Adolphus Taylor, of Norfolk, New York,
+was born in 1837. His father died in 1842. At the age of ten years
+Horace was earning his living on a farm. At thirteen he came to River
+Falls. Some time after he returned East and spent four years on a
+farm. Returning to Wisconsin he established a stage line between
+Prescott and Hudson. In 1857, with his brother Lute A., he established
+the River Falls <i>Journal</i>, and, in 1860, purchased the Hudson
+<i>Chronicle</i> and changed its name to the Hudson <i>Times</i>. Four years
+later the <i>Times</i> and the <i>North Star</i> were consolidated under the
+title of the <i>Star and Times</i>. Mr. Taylor is a man of energy and
+enterprise and has engaged in real estate transactions on a large
+scale. He is a man of quick perceptions and of ready wit and has been
+honored with some important public positions. He was for some time
+state agent of railroad lands. He was appointed consul to Marseilles
+by President Garfield in 1881, but resigned the position in 1884. In
+1860 he was married to Lizzie Madden, of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Whaley</span> was born in 1818, in Castile, New York. His father
+dying he aided in caring for his widowed mother. He was married in
+Pike county, New York, in 1839, and came to Hudson in 1851, where he
+engaged in the mercantile and real estate business and acted as
+postmaster. Mr. Whaley died in Hudson in 1884, leaving a widow, two
+sons in Michigan, one in Pipestone, Minnesota, and four daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Simon Hunt</span> was born in Camden, Maine, in 1826. He lived at home until
+seventeen years old; acquired a common school and academic education;
+served an apprenticeship of five years at boot and shoe making in
+Georgetown, Massachusetts, and came to Hudson in 1851. He was married
+to Jane C. Arcy in Maine in 1854. Mr. Hunt has served as mayor of
+Hudson and was for several years superintendent of schools. Mrs. Hunt
+died in 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Moffatt</span> was born in Tompkins county, New York, in 1814. He
+received a common school and academic education. In 1844 he was
+married to Nancy Bennett. He removed to Hudson in 1854, and was in the
+land office several years. He is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> lawyer by profession; has served
+thirteen years as police justice, and eight years as county judge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James H. Childs</span> was born in Montear county, Pennsylvania, in 1825;
+came to Wisconsin in 1848; settled in Hudson in 1849, and engaged in
+the real estate and lumbering business. He was married to Elisabeth
+McCartney, in Hudson, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Dwelley</span> was born in Foxcroft, Maine, in 1816; came to the St.
+Croix valley in 1850, and settled in Hudson in 1854. Mr. Dwelley was
+an explorer, scaler of logs, and surveyor. He died April 8, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James M. Fulton</span>&mdash;The ancestors of Mr. Fulton came from Scotland and
+settled in New York about 1770. His father served in the army during
+the war of 1812 and died while in the service. James M. Fulton with
+his family came to Hudson in 1854, where he died, March 30, 1858, aged
+about forty-six. Mrs. Fulton still lives in Hudson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marcus A. Fulton</span>, oldest son of James M. Fulton, was born in Bethel,
+Sullivan county, New York, in 1826. He came with his parents to Hudson
+in 1854, and engaged with his brother in the mercantile and real
+estate business. He was elected to the state senate in 1866 and 1867.
+In 1878 he was elected mayor of Hudson. He has also served on the
+board of education, and as alderman. He was married in 1863 to Augusta
+Ainsley, who died in 1876. In 1877 he was married to Adelia Frances
+Ainsley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David C. Fulton</span>, second son of James M. Fulton, was born in New York,
+February, 1838. He came to Hudson with his parents, and, after
+completing a common school and academic education, engaged in
+mercantile and real estate business. Mr. Fulton has been elected to
+various important positions. He was mayor of Hudson one term,
+supervisor of St. Croix county three years, member of the board of
+education, alderman, and member of the state assembly (1873). He
+served three years during the Civil War as captain in the Thirtieth
+Wisconsin Infantry, and was promoted to position of major. Since the
+war, he served six years as one of the board of managers of the
+National Home for Disabled Soldiers, and is now serving, by
+appointment of President Cleveland, as United States marshal for
+Western Wisconsin. Mr. Fulton was married in 1866 to Minnie Champlin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N. S. Holden</span> was born in 1822; was one of the early settlers of the
+St. Croix valley, and for many years a citizen of Hudson.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> He followed
+surveying and scaling. He died suddenly, July 4, 1882. He left a
+widow, two sons and four daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Semmes</span> was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He came to Hudson
+in 1851, and practiced law, as a partner of Judge McMillan, in
+Stillwater. He was a young man of great promise, but died early and
+much lamented, Sept. 13, 1854.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sterling Jones</span> was born in Steuben county, New York, in 1812. He
+removed to Indiana in 1833, and in 1835 was married to Elisabeth
+Sines. They removed to Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1847, and to Hudson in
+1850. Mr. Jones died in 1874. Mrs. Jones, five sons and two daughters
+are still living. Edwin B. married a daughter of Rev. W. T. Boutwell.
+Jerome B. married a daughter of Rev. Wm. Egbert, of Hammond, and
+resides in Hudson. He has been sheriff and treasurer of St. Croix
+county and has held town and city offices. The remaining sons, George
+R., Henry B. and Harvey J., and the daughters, Eunice M. and Sarah E.,
+are married and reside in Hudson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. R. Bailey</span> was born April 27, 1833, in Vermont. He attended Oberlin
+College, Ohio, and graduated in law at Albany Law School, in 1859. He
+was collector of customs at Highgate, Vermont, from 1860 to 1864. He
+practiced law at St. Albans, Vermont, ten years, and was state
+representative in 1866 and 1867. He was a delegate to the Republican
+National convention in 1878, and a member of the Vermont senate from
+1870 to 1872. He made his residence in St. Croix county in 1877, where
+he resided till 1883, when he removed to Sioux Falls, Dakota. While in
+St. Croix county he engaged in farming, lumbering and manufacturing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry C. Baker</span> was born in 1831, in Genesee county, New York;
+graduated at Albany University, New York, in 1854, and was admitted to
+the bar in 1858, and came to Hudson in 1859. He has practiced law
+continuously since; has also held many town and county offices; has
+been attorney of the various railroads centring in Hudson, and is now
+attorney of the Minneapolis, Soo St. Marie &amp; Atlantic railroad. He was
+married in 1860 to Ellen M. Brewster.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mert Herrick</span> was born in Orleans county, New York, in 1834. He
+received a common school education. He came to St. Croix in 1857; was
+married in 1859 to Lois P. Willard; enlisted at the beginning of the
+Civil War in the Thirtieth and later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> in the Fortieth Wisconsin
+Volunteer Infantry, and served during the war. He has held the office
+of treasurer of St. Croix county for six years. He is at present a
+member of the Hudson Lumber Company.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. A. Baldwin</span>, president of the West Wisconsin railroad, built a fine
+residence on the shore of the lake, north of Willow river, in the
+latter part of the '50s, and did much to promote the interests of
+North Hudson, which he surveyed into village lots in 1873. D. A. and
+H. A. Baldwin erected a commodious hotel in North Hudson in 1873. The
+hotel was subsequently sold to H. A. Taylor and removed to Hudson,
+where it was known as the Chapin Hall House. Mr. Baldwin removed from
+Hudson when the West Wisconsin railroad passed into other hands.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Comstock</span> was born in Cayuga county, New York, in 1813. When he
+was twelve years old his parents removed to Pontiac, Michigan. He here
+served an apprenticeship of three years to a millwright, and afterward
+engaged in business at Pontiac until 1851. He came to Hudson in 1856,
+and was city contractor six years. In 1863 he founded the First
+National Bank of Hudson, in which he has ever since been a director.
+Mr. Comstock has been engaged in many public enterprises and has been
+uniformly successful. He is one of the most reliable and substantial
+of the business men of Hudson. He was married in 1844.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucius P. Wetherby</span> was born in Onondago county, New York, October,
+1827. At eighteen years of age, he went to Weston, New York, where he
+studied law with Martin Grover and W. J. Angell. He was married in
+1849 to Sophia Antremont, and in 1856 removed to Hudson. In 1860 he
+was elected judge of the Eighth district, Wisconsin, and served six
+years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John C. Spooner.</span>&mdash;Mr. Spooner was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, Jan.
+6, 1843. He was educated at the district schools until 1859, when his
+father, Judge Spooner, removed to Madison, Wisconsin. This removal
+afforded the son an opportunity of entering upon a course of classical
+instruction in the State University, which he would have completed but
+for the Civil War. In 1864 he enlisted as a private in the Fortieth
+Wisconsin Infantry. He did honorable duty at the front until compelled
+by sickness to retire from the army. After having served a short time
+as assistant state librarian, and having been restored to health, he
+raised a company which was attached to the Fiftieth Wisconsin
+Regiment, and became its captain. His regiment was sent to the
+Missouri river to do service among the Indians, and was stationed at
+Fort Rice, Dakota. In July, 1866, it was mustered out of the service.
+He then returned to Madison and commenced the study of law.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 532px;">
+<img src="images/illus-170.jpg" width="532" height="650" alt="John Comstock" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When Gen. Lucius Fairchild was elected governor, Mr. Spooner was
+chosen as his private and military secretary. He held this position
+for eighteen months, when he resigned and entered the office of the
+attorney general of the State as assistant. In 1870 he removed to
+Hudson and began a general law practice. The following year he was
+elected a member of the state legislature. While a member of this body
+he vigorously championed the State University, which institution was
+at that time in sore trouble. His service in this matter was afterward
+recognized by the governor, who appointed him a member of the board of
+regents of the university, which position he still retains. He was for
+twelve years general solicitor of the West Wisconsin Railroad Company
+and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Omaha Company. In May, 1884,
+he resigned. Mr. Spooner stands deservedly high in his profession, and
+has acquired eminence also as a political speaker.</p>
+
+<p>The Wisconsin legislature elected him to the United States Senate,
+January, 1885, and he at once took rank among the most eloquent and
+able members of that body. He is of small physique, not weighing over
+one hundred and twenty-five or one hundred and thirty pounds, has a
+dark complexion and a smoothly shaven face, and is possessed of great
+bodily as well as mental energy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Porter.</span>&mdash;Mr. Porter was born in Tyrone, Ireland, in 1830;
+received a common school education, and learned the trade of
+wagonmaker. He came to America in 1855; served three years during the
+Civil War as a private in Company A., Thirtieth Regiment, Wisconsin
+Volunteers; moved to Hudson in 1871, and represented St. Croix county
+in the assembly in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Herman L. Humphrey</span> was born at Candor, Tioga county, New York, March
+14, 1830; received a public school education, with the addition of one
+year in Cortland Academy; became a merchant's clerk at the age of
+sixteen, in Ithaca, New York, and remained there for several years;
+studied law in the office of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> Walbridge &amp; Finch, was admitted to the
+bar in July, 1854, and removed to Hudson, Wisconsin, where he
+commenced practice in January, 1855; was soon after appointed district
+attorney of St. Croix county, to fill a vacancy; was appointed by the
+governor county judge of St. Croix county, to fill a vacancy, in the
+fall of 1860, and in the spring of 1861 was elected for the full term
+of four years from the following January; was elected to the state
+senate for two years, and in February, 1862, resigned the office of
+county judge; was elected mayor of Hudson for one year; was elected in
+the spring of 1866 judge of the Eighth Judicial circuit, and was
+re-elected in 1872, serving from January, 1867, until March, 1877. He
+was elected a representative from Wisconsin in the Forty-fifth
+Congress as a Republican, and was re-elected to the Forty-sixth
+Congress. During the past three years he has devoted himself to his
+profession in Hudson. Mr. Humphrey has been twice married. In June,
+1855, he was married to Jennie A. Cross, in Dixon, Illinois. Mrs.
+Humphrey died in January, 1880, leaving two sons, Herman L., Jr., and
+William H., and three daughters, Fanny S., Mary A., and Grace J. Mr.
+Humphrey was married to Mrs. Elvira Dove, at Oswego, New York, October
+1881. In 1887 he served again as a member of the assembly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theodore Cogswell</span> was born in 1819, at Whitehall, New York. He
+received a common school education and learned the trade of a painter.
+He removed to Stillwater in 1848 and to Hudson in 1861 and to St. Paul
+in 1882. He was married to Augusta B. Kelly in 1855. His son was for
+many years editor of the Hudson <i>Republican</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank P. Catlin</span> is of Revolutionary and Connecticut stock. His father
+entered the war of the Revolution at eleven years of age as a
+musician. He served seven years. His discharge is signed by George
+Washington. Mr. Frank P. Catlin is the youngest of fourteen children.
+He was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in 1815. He was
+married in 1840 to Elizabeth Dubois, who died in 1852, leaving three
+sons, Charles L., Frank E. and Fred. Mr. Catlin was married to his
+second wife in 1857, who died in 1872, leaving one son, William W. Mr.
+Catlin moved to Green Bay in 1840, to Green Lake in 1844, and to
+Hudson in 1849, having been commissioned by President Taylor as
+register of the Willow River land office. This position<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> he held four
+years. Mr. Catlin spent some time traveling in foreign lands. In 1868
+he removed to Ripon, Wisconsin, but returned in 1870 to Hudson, where
+he still lives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Y. Denniston</span> was born in Orange county, New York, in 1832;
+graduated at University of Vermont in 1852; studied law in Iowa in
+1853-54, and came to Hudson in 1855, where he engaged in real estate
+and insurance business, in which he has been quite successful. He was
+married in 1856 to Maria A. Coit, of Hudson. Mrs. Denniston died Aug.
+31, 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. E. Jefferson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Jefferson came from Genesee county, New York, to
+Hudson in 1859. For the past fifteen years he has officiated as
+cashier of the Hudson First National Bank.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel C. Symonds</span> was born in 1831, in Hooksett, New Hampshire. He
+graduated at the University of Vermont in 1852 and the ensuing year
+came to Hudson, where he taught school and studied law for three years
+and afterward engaged in the real estate business and subsequently
+officiated as county judge four years. He was married in 1860 to Mary
+C. Bloomer. In 1886 he was commissioned postmaster of the city of
+Hudson by President Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John E. Glover</span>, an old citizen and successful lawyer of Hudson, has
+gained a prominent position amongst the solid business men of the city
+by his untiring industry, combined with rare judgment and knowledge of
+men. In addition to his law business he is an extensive operator in
+real estate, flouring and lumber mills.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lemuel North</span>, a reliable merchant of Hudson, a public spirited citizen
+and a kind hearted man, merits the respect which his townsmen accord
+him. He has been successful in business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edgar Nye</span>, much better known under his <i>nom de plume</i> "Bill Nye," was
+born in 1846. When a boy he came West with his parents to the
+Kinnikinic valley. Mr. Nye studied law and practiced some years in
+Laramie City, Wyoming Territory, where he obtained a national
+reputation as a wit from his connection with the Laramie newspaper
+known as the <i>Boomerang.</i> Mr. Nye's mirth-provoking sketches have been
+published in book form. His parents still live at River Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Thompson Price.</span>&mdash;Mr. Price was born in Barre, Huntington
+county, Pennsylvania, June 17, 1824. After receiving a fair education,
+he came West, and in 1845 settled in Black<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> River Falls, Wisconsin,
+where he at once entered upon the occupation of a lumberman. In 1851
+he was elected to the assembly as a Democrat, but on the organization
+of the Republican party in 1854, he united with the organization, with
+which he remained during the balance of his life. In 1853 and 1854 he
+was judge of Jackson county; in 1855 he was under sheriff. He was a
+member of the state senate in 1858, 1870, 1878, 1879, 1880, and 1881;
+a member of the assembly in 1882; was collector of internal revenue
+from 1863 to 1865, and held many local offices in his county. For many
+years he was president of the Jackson County Bank. In 1882 he was
+elected to the Forty-eighth Congress; was re-elected in 1884 to the
+Forty-ninth, and in 1886 to the Fiftieth. He died at his home at Black
+River Falls, Dec. 6, 1886. He was a man of immense energy and
+endurance; and was ever ready to do his full share of labor in all
+places. As a public man he acquitted himself well. In addition to
+business tact and energy, and practical common sense, he was a public
+speaker of unusual readiness and ability. In private life he was a
+generous hearted man, strongly attached to his friends, and greatly
+respected for his sterling qualities of character.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. B. Bundy.</span>&mdash;Judge Bundy was born in Broome county, New York, in
+1833. He received a common school and academic education and attended
+one year at Hamilton College. He came to Dunn county, Wisconsin, where
+he practiced law until 1877, when he was elected judge of the Eighth
+Judicial circuit, to which position he was re-elected and is still
+serving. He stands high in the estimation of his associates and the
+people as a judge, and not less high in social life.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BALDWIN.</h4>
+
+<p>This town is coextensive with township 29, range 16. It was set off
+from the township of Springfield and organized Dec. 3, 1872. Wm.
+Whewell was chairman of the first board of supervisors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BALDWIN VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the West Wisconsin railroad, on the west boundary of the
+township, has a population of eight hundred, about evenly divided
+between the Norwegian and American elements, the latter being
+principally from Vermont. The <i>Bulletin</i>, a lively weekly paper,
+established in 1873, is published by B. Peachman.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> The graded school
+has three departments, with two hundred and twenty-five scholars,
+under the control of Prof. J. E. Brainard. The school building cost
+$4,000. A state bank, organized in 1883, has a capital stock of
+$25,000, and a surplus of $12,500. F. A. Decker is cashier. Baldwin
+has one elevator, of 750,000 bushels capacity, two flour mills&mdash;one
+with a capacity of two hundred and fifty barrels per day, built at a
+cost of $55,000; the other of one hundred and twenty-five barrels, at
+a cost of $20,000; one creamery, one cheese factory, one tannery, a
+good town hall, capable of seating six hundred persons, four good
+church buildings&mdash;Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopal and
+Congregational&mdash;and over thirty stores or shops. The water supply is
+ample, the village being furnished with public cisterns and wells, and
+having an excellent fire department, with hook and ladder company. The
+village is surrounded by a rich agricultural country.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WOODVILLE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated four miles east of Baldwin, on the West Wisconsin
+railroad, at the junction of a branch road extending into Pierce
+county. It is the centre of heavy lumbering operations, and is a
+flourishing village. It has one church.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CADY.</h4>
+
+<p>Cady is the southeastern township in St. Croix county, and occupies
+township 29, range 15. It is drained by Eau Galle waters. Amongst the
+first settlers were Irving Gray, Charles, John, and Brazer Bailey. A
+post office was established near the centre of the town in 1860. D.C.
+Davis was first postmaster. A branch railroad traverses the town from
+northwest to southeast. There are two lumber mills. The town was
+organized in 1870. The supervisors were William Holman, Charles Palmer
+and Mead Bailey. The village of Brookville is on the west line of the
+town.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CYLON,</h4>
+
+<p>Including township 31, range 16, lies on Willow river. It is a rich
+and populous township, consisting originally of mixed prairie and
+timber lands. The first settlement in this town was made in 1855. The
+early settlers were Otto Natges, J. Smith, H. Fouks, E. Johnson,
+George Goodrich, S. W. Beel, and J.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> Tomlinson. The town was organized
+in 1859. The supervisors were C. A. Hall, chairman; John Sweet and
+John Gibson. A post office was established in 1861, Mrs. John B.
+Gibson, postmistress. The Wisconsin Central railroad passes through
+the southwest, and the North Wisconsin through the northwest part of
+the township. There are four church buildings, one on section 18, one
+near Cylon post office, and two in Deer Park village. This village, a
+station located on the North Wisconsin railroad, is a wheat buying
+centre of considerable importance, and has several business houses.
+The school house is one of the best buildings in the county outside of
+Hudson. The Catholics and Methodists have churches here.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EAU GALLE,</h4>
+
+<p>Township 28, range 16, is drained by the Eau Galle and Rush rivers. We
+have not the date of the first settlement, but it was amongst the
+earliest in the county. The first settlers were William Holman, Andrew
+Dickey, Joseph Barnish, and Uriah Briggs. The town was organized in
+1858, with the following as supervisors: Wm. Holman, &mdash;&mdash; Babcock, and
+---- McCartney. A post office was established in 1853, of which W.
+Holman was postmaster. Mr. Holman built a saw mill the same year, the
+first in the region. There are now six, mostly lumber mills. The
+township is traversed from north to south by a branch of the West
+Wisconsin railroad. Wildwood, a thriving station on this road is the
+headquarters of the St. Croix Land and Lumber Company, a stock company
+with a capital of $300,000. The town of Eau Galle has one church
+building belonging to the evangelical society.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EMERALD</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 30, range 16. It is drained by the waters of Willow
+and Menomonie rivers, and was originally covered with pine and
+hardwood timber. It was organized in 1861. The Wisconsin Central
+railroad passes through the northeast part of the township and has one
+station, Emerald. A high mound is a conspicuous object near the centre
+of the township.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ERIN PRAIRIE.</h4>
+
+<p>Erin Prairie, township 30, range 17, lies on Willow river. John Casey
+entered the first land in 1854. The first house was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> built on section
+17, in May, 1855, by John Ring. Among the settlers of 1855, of whom
+there were about twenty families, we have the names of Michael Hughes,
+Peter Queenan and James, Michael and Thomas McNamara. The town was
+organized in 1858, with the following board of supervisors: Richard
+Joyce, chairman; Alexander Stevens and Peter Queenan, and Wm. McNally,
+clerk. Richard Joyce was first school teacher and first postmaster.</p>
+
+<p>There are now two post offices, one at Erin Centre village, and the
+other at Jewett's Mills, two and a half miles apart. There are at Erin
+Centre one store, one wagon shop, one blacksmith shop, and a Catholic
+church; at Jewett's Mills a store, a saw, a planing and a flour mill,
+all run by water. There are six good school houses in the township. It
+is traversed by the Wisconsin Central railroad.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOREST,</h4>
+
+<p>Embracing township 31, range 15, occupies the northeast corner of the
+county. It is heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods, is a new town
+and is fast being converted into an agricultural district. Willow
+river has its sources in this town. It was organized Dec. 10, 1881,
+with S. D. Love as chairman of the first board of supervisors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GLENWOOD,</h4>
+
+<p>Set off from the town of Emerald at its organization in 1885, embraces
+township 30, range 15. It was originally a pine and hardwood region.
+Its waters flow eastward into the Menomonie. The Wisconsin Central
+railroad crosses the township from east to west. Its only station is
+Glenwood. It is being rapidly settled and has already some good farms
+and several saw mills. H. J. Baldwin was the chairman of the first
+board of supervisors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HAMMOND</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 29, range 17. It is drained by tributaries of the
+Rush river. Of the first settlers were the Peabodys, James R. Ismon,
+Rev. Wm. Egbert, Rev. George Spalding, Mert Herrick, John Thayer, Mrs.
+Adams, John Nelson, and Thomas Byrnes. The town was organized Sept.
+16, 1856, with A. G. Peabody as chairman of supervisors and John G.
+Peabody, clerk. It is now a prosperous farming town. The West
+Wisconsin railroad passes through the south part of the township.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>HAMMOND VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the line of this road, in sections 27 and 28, has seven
+hundred inhabitants. It is situated on a commanding elevation, giving
+an extended view of the rich farming country surrounding it. It has a
+school house, built at a cost of $2,500, with rooms for three grades,
+and one hundred and seventy-five scholars, one elevator of 20,000
+bushels capacity, one first class hotel, the Gardiner House, Odd
+Fellows', Good Templars' and Grangers' halls, and three church
+buildings, with parsonages&mdash;the Catholic, Congregational and
+Methodist. The village contains about twenty-five stores and shops.
+The water supply, on account of the elevation, is from wells and
+cisterns. Rev. George Spalding preached the first sermon and was the
+first merchant in the village. Hammond was incorporated Sept. 20,
+1880, with J. B. Fithian as president of supervisors and John W. Owen,
+clerk.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Thayer</span> was born in 1809, in Worcester county, Massachusetts, from
+which place he moved to Ohio, and, after residing there fifteen years,
+came to Wisconsin and settled at Hammond village. He has been twice
+married, his second wife still living, and has one son, Andrew P. The
+father and son are engaged in merchandising in Hammond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Wm. Egbert</span> was born in 1815, in Oneida county, New York. He
+obtained a common school and academic education. He spent his early
+life in New York City; came to Indiana in 1837 and to Hammond,
+Wisconsin, in 1856. The first trial in Hammond was before Mr. Egbert,
+as justice of the peace, in 1856. He has been for forty-one years a
+local minister in the Methodist Episcopal church. He has been twice
+married, his second wife still living. He has four children.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HUDSON.</h4>
+
+<p>Hudson includes sections 7 to 36, inclusive, of township 29, range 19.
+Willow river flows through the northwest part. The North Wisconsin and
+West Wisconsin railroads pass through the township. It is one of the
+handsomest and richest farming townships in the State. It was
+organized as a town in 1849. Its history is given in that of the
+county of St. Croix and in the biographies of its early inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Kelly</span> was born at Osnabruck, Ireland, where he grew to manhood.
+In 1850 he came to Hudson and located<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> on a farm, where he prospered,
+and became an honored citizen. In 1857 he married Catherine, daughter
+of Wm. Dailey. He died at Turtle Lake, Barron county, Wisconsin, of
+injuries received from a rolling log, Feb. 19, 1888, leaving a widow,
+three sons and one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Coit</span> was born in Vermont in 1801. He learned the trade of a
+house carpenter; came West as far as Galena, Illinois, in 1845, to St.
+Croix Valley in 1848, and to Hudson in 1850. He died in Baldwin in
+1884. He was a man of eccentric manners, but upright life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Virtue</span> came to Willow River Mill in 1849, settled in the town of
+Hudson, and died in 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theodore M. Bradley</span> was born in 1831, in Jackson county, Illinois. He
+lived three years in Lafayette county, Wisconsin; came to Osceola
+Mills in 1850, and to Hudson in 1867. He has engaged chiefly in
+farming. In 1857 he was married to Margaret Wilson. They have two sons
+and three daughters. Mr. Bradley died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Dailey</span> was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1800; came to America in
+1819, and settled in Hudson in 1849, where he lived, a successful
+farmer, until his death in 1867. He left five sons&mdash;William, Guy W.,
+Jacob, Edward, and Asa, all farmers, industrious and prosperous, all
+good citizens, and church members, all married and settled in St.
+Croix county. Guy W. represented St. Croix county in the state
+assembly of 1877. In 1866 he was president of the St. Croix
+Agricultural Society.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert and William McDiarmid</span>, brothers, came from St. Stevens, New
+Brunswick, and settled in Hudson in 1851, on a farm in sections 10 and
+14. By industry and perseverance they have become independent, and own
+fine farms, with blooded stock, improved agricultural implements, and
+all the appliances for successful farming. Robert married in 1857, and
+has three sons and three daughters. William married Laura Rabold, in
+1860, and has three sons and four daughters. William has been chairman
+of the county board of supervisors several years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Martin</span> was born in Vermont, in 1800. In 1846 he moved to
+Janesville, Wisconsin, and in 1851 to Hudson, where he engaged in
+farming. He was an exemplary christian man, and a member of the
+Baptist church. His son, Geo. W. Martin, succeeds him on the farm. He
+died in 1885.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Paschal Aldrich</span> was born in the state of New York, in 1820; came to
+Illinois with his parents in 1826; was married in Illinois, to Martha
+Harnsberger, in 1841, and came to Marine in the same year. He
+returned, for a short time, to Illinois, and again moved to the valley
+of the St. Croix, settling at Hudson in 1846, where he died in 1860,
+leaving three sons and five daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>KINNIKINIC</h4>
+
+<p>Originally included nine towns of townships 27 and 28, from St. Croix
+lake east. By the setting off of Pierce county from St. Croix, the
+towns in township 27 were stricken off, and the territory has since
+been reduced until comprised in township 28, range 18. It is a wealthy
+agricultural township. Its surface is agreeably diversified with
+undulating prairies and high hills. The Kinnikinic, a beautiful and
+clear winding stream, drains it from the northeast. The famous
+Monument Rock, an outlying sandstone formation, is in the centre of
+this township. From the summit a magnificent view may be obtained of
+this fine farming region. The farmers have fine dwellings and barns,
+and the town has numerous school houses; one church is located on
+section 15. The history of the town, as far as we were able to obtain
+it, may be found in the biographies of the Mapes brothers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duncan McGregor</span> was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1821. His educational
+advantages were limited. He emigrated to Canada while yet a youth,
+served seven years in the British Army, and was one year in Canada
+during the Papineau Rebellion. He was married to Jane Morse, in
+Canada, Jan. 31, 1848, and in 1849 removed to the United States and
+settled at River Falls, where he still lives on the homestead which he
+pre-empted. Mrs. McGregor was the first resident white woman, and Mr.
+McGregor the second person who settled at the Falls.</p>
+
+<p>His mother, an aged lady living with him at the Falls, at one time
+found the house surrounded by over a hundred Sioux Indians, who
+commenced plundering the garden of everything eatable. Mrs. McGregor
+bravely confronted and drove them away. The only crops in the valley
+at the time were those of Messrs. Foster and McGregor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McGregor learned in early life the trade of a mason. While a
+resident of River Falls he followed farming except during a few years
+in which he kept a hardware store. He was three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> years county
+commissioner of St. Croix county. He has three children living,
+Roderick, Malcolm and Neville.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. B. and Jas. A. Mapes</span>, brothers, from Elmira, New York, landed at
+Willow River Sept. 7, 1849. They proceeded at once with an ox team and
+cart, on which last was placed all their worldly goods, to the valley
+of the Kinnikinic. Having selected a claim and erected a temporary
+shanty, William B. returned by river as far as Galena, for a breaking
+team, wagon and plow, and other farm furniture and provisions, while
+James remained to make hay. After the brother's return, a substantial
+winter cabin was built. The ensuing spring they broke ground and
+raised a fair crop, consisting of 80 bushels of oats, 200 of
+buckwheat, 100 of corn and 100 of potatoes. The winter of their
+arrival, Duncan McGregor came to the settlement and spent the winter
+with Judge Foster. In the fall of 1850 came Ira Parks and family, and
+settled on lands adjoining the Mapes farm. This family and others were
+entertained by the Mapes brothers, with genuine frontier hospitality.
+Among the families coming in at this time were those of Dr. Whipple,
+Mrs. Sprague, Lorenzo Daggett, and the widow of Josephus Medley, of
+Stillwater. This year came also the Pomeroy brothers, Luke and Frank,
+from New York State, and J. G. Crowns, James Penn, and William Tozer,
+from Illinois. During 1851 several families settled in the valley,
+among them James Chinnoch and Elisha Walden, from Ohio; Alanson Day
+and John Scott, from Pennsylvania; the brothers W. L. and J. E.
+Perrin, single men, from New York State, and Mrs. Lynch, from
+Illinois. Previous to the settlement of these families there were no
+young ladies in the town. The arrival of fifteen young ladies, mostly
+marriageable, produced a flutter of excitement among the lonesome
+bachelors of the colony, and the services of Rev. S. T. Catlin were
+soon called into requisition. The first couple married was James A.
+Mapes and Eunice E. Walden, in 1852. The next year W. B. Mapes and
+Catherine Scott were married. In 1852 J. W. Mapes, a younger brother,
+joined the colony. In 1857 G. W. Mapes located a Mexican War land
+warrant on adjoining laud. W. B., J. A. and C. W. Mapes had also
+Mexican War land warrants.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860 J. W. Mapes sold his farm and returned to New York, enlisted
+in the One Hundred and First Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served
+through the Peninsular Campaign under McClellan,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> and afterward in
+North Carolina, where he was captured at Plymouth, April 23, 1864, and
+taken to Andersonville, where he died, June 30, 1864. W. B. Mapes sold
+his farm to Chas. Davies and removed to Macon county, Mississippi, in
+1866, at which place he died in 1877. His widow and five children
+still reside there. C. W. Mapes sold his farm to G. I. Ap Roberts, and
+kept store for awhile in the village, and in 1879 removed to Sussex
+county, Virginia, where he still resides. He has four children living.
+Jas. A. Mapes still resides on the old homestead. Mr. Mapes was
+honored with an election to the office of treasurer for St. Croix
+county in 1883 and 1884.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PLEASANT VALLEY.</h4>
+
+<p>Pleasant Valley includes the west half of township 28, range 17. It is
+drained by the headwaters of the Kinnikinic. The first settlement was
+made Sept. 19, 1856. Among the first settlers were Sheldon Gray, Asa
+Gray, S. W. Mattison, and Allen Webster. The town was organized March
+30, 1857, with Peleg Burdick as chairman of supervisors. The first
+school was taught in 1857, by Miss Mary Munson. A post office was
+established in 1866 with Peter Hawkins as postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RICHMOND.</h4>
+
+<p>Richmond is a rich agricultural township, consisting chiefly of
+undulating prairie land. It is included in township 30, range 18.
+Willow river flows diagonally through it from northeast to southwest.
+The following persons settled within the present limits of the town
+prior to 1855: Eben Quinby, Lewis Oaks, James Taylor, Harvey Law,
+Norman Hooper, J. J. Smith, A. S. Kinnie, W. R. Anderson, Francis
+Kelly, Clinton Boardman, S. L. Beebe, the Beal brothers, E. P. Jacobs
+and E. W. Darnley.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Richmond was organized in 1857, with the following
+officers: Supervisors, Robert Philbrick, chairman; C. A. Boardman and
+Harvey Law; clerk, W. M. Densmore; assessor, W. R. Anderson;
+treasurer, G. W. Law. The first post office was established at the
+house of Joel Bartlett, who served as postmaster. This post office was
+known as the Richmond post office. It was a small affair. The first
+mail, brought on a mule's back from Maiden Rock, contained but one
+letter. The first quarter's commission amounted to but one dollar and
+fifty-nine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> cents. The post office case contained but four boxes, five
+by six inches in size. This case is preserved at the <i>Republican</i>
+office, as an interesting relic. Small as was the office, and meagre
+as were the receipts, the postmaster was able to employ a deputy, F.
+W. Bartlett. By way of agreeable contrast we give the commission for
+the first quarter of 1886 as $674.89.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BOARDMAN VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located on the east bank of Willow river and near the western
+boundary of Richmond. It is a flourishing village. Its public
+buildings are a Methodist church and a large school house. Boardman
+has a good flour mill. Everything in the village bespeaks enterprise
+and thrift.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GRIDLEY VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted by Gridley &amp; Day in 1857, and, together with Fremont
+village, platted by Henry Russell, was incorporated in the village of</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW RICHMOND</h4>
+
+<p>in 1878. The first officers of the new village were: President, F. W.
+Bartlett; trustees, B. C. B. Foster, Wellington Pierce, Thos. Porter,
+Peter Schore, S. M. Bixby, Geo. C. Hough.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW RICHMOND CITY</h4>
+
+<p>Was incorporated in 1884. It includes the northwest quarter of section
+2 and the northeast quarter of section 3 of township 30, range 18, and
+the south half of section 36, township 31, range 18. This latter half
+section originally belonged to Star Prairie, but is now attached to
+New Richmond. The first election was held April 8, 1884, at which the
+following officers were elected: President, Ward S. Williams;
+aldermen, First ward, F. W. Bartlett, Geo. A. Gault, Th. Gaskell;
+Second ward, A. L. Greaton, A. H. Stevens, J. C. Sabine; Third ward,
+John Halversen, D. H. Dodge, H. F. Fall; treasurer, L. Taft; clerk, W.
+F. McNally; assessor, D. A. Kennedy.</p>
+
+<p>The city is beautifully located on a level prairie. The streets are
+from eighty to one hundred feet wide and bordered with maple, elm and
+boxwood trees. The city lots and grounds attached to the residences
+are beautifully adorned with shrubbery and flowers and are without
+fences. The commons and unoccupied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> spaces in the city are covered
+with a luxuriant growth of white and red clover, filling the air with
+its pleasant odor, and suggesting the title of "Clover City." It has
+many fine business buildings and tasteful residences. It is in the
+midst of a fine farming country, on the banks of a beautiful stream,
+Willow river, and two railroads, the North Wisconsin and Wisconsin
+Central, furnish abundant means of communication with the outer world.
+It has one steam saw mill with a capacity of 60,000 feet per day, and
+a water power flour mill with a capacity of one hundred barrels per
+day.</p>
+
+<p>The Bank of New Richmond was organized in 1878, with a paid up capital
+of $35,000. In 1885 the bank did a business of about $8,000,000. The
+bank had a surplus in 1886 of $9,000. It has an extensive agency in
+flour, wheat and other agricultural products, also in lumber and real
+estate. The officers are: President, F. W. Bartlett; vice president,
+Mathias Frisk; cashier, John W. McCoy. The annual business of the city
+amounts to $12,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The city has a high school, established in 1884, with six departments.
+The building cost $12,000. The Baptists, Catholics,
+Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and Methodists have church
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p>There are several fraternities here, including the Masonic, the Odd
+Fellows, Good Templars, Women's Christian Temperance Union and
+Catholic Knights of St. John. There are also a hook and ladder company
+and a library association. There are two cemeteries, one belonging to
+the masonic order.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin B. C. Foster</span> was born in New Portland, Maine, in 1816. When
+seventeen years of age he bought his time of his father and commenced
+life for himself. He lived eight years in Atkinson, Maine, where he
+taught school and engaged in farming. In 1842 he was married to
+Charlotte S. Gilman. In 1852 he went to California where he remained
+three years. He came to New Richmond in 1855 and built a saw mill and
+dam, and a board shanty in which he lived with his wife and two
+children. Around the mill has since grown up the beautiful city of New
+Richmond. The first school taught in New Richmond was taught at the
+house of Mr. Foster by Amanda Dayton. In his house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> was organized the
+first Sunday-school, the first sermon was preached in it and the first
+school meeting was held there.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Philbrick</span> was born in Old Town, Maine, in 1814. He learned the
+trade of a millwright, and in 1847 moved to North Hudson. He was
+married in 1851 to Frances Cook. They stood on a raft, afloat in the
+St. Croix river, just below the Falls, while Ansel Smith, of Taylor's
+Falls, performed the ceremony. Mr. Philbrick removed to New Richmond
+and built a frame house in 1855. The house is still standing. One
+daughter of Mr. Philbrick is the wife of D. L. Nye. Amaziah, a son by
+his first wife, is a stonemason. Alice M., daughter by his first wife,
+is married to John McGregor. Mr. Philbrick died prior to 1865.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Linden Coombs</span> came to New Richmond in 1855, built the first hotel in
+1856, and some years later moved away.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eben Quinby</span> was born in Lisbon, New Hampshire, in 1809, and came to
+New Richmond in 1849, where he has since continuously been engaged in
+farming. In 1865 he was married to Mrs. Philbrick, widow of Robert
+Philbrick.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Oaks</span> was born in Sangerville, Maine, in 1826; came West in 1846
+and to New Richmond in 1854. He is a farmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Russell</span> was born in Vermont in 1801. His ancestors took part in
+the Revolution. He was married in Vermont, lived seventeen years in
+New York, came to Hudson in 1853, and to New Richmond in 1857, where
+he bought the pre-emption made by Robert Philbrick, and had it
+surveyed and platted as the village of Fremont. He died in 1878. Mrs.
+Russell survives him and is now (1886) eighty-five years of age. Their
+sons Alexander and Austin are prominent citizens of New Richmond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph D. Johnson</span> was born in Huron county, Ohio, May 12, 1829. From
+eight years of age he was thrown upon his own resources. The greater
+part of his youth was spent in Michigan. In 1848 he removed to
+Winnebago, Illinois, where he married Marcella L. Russell. He settled
+at New Richmond in 1853. One son, Ezra O., is editor of the
+<i>Northwestern News</i>, at Hayward, Wisconsin, and one daughter is
+married to Frank F. Bigelow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel Bartlett</span> was born in Hebron, Maine, in 1804. He received an
+academic education and became a teacher. He was principal of a high
+school in Bath, Maine, before he was twenty-one years of age. In 1825
+he went to Harmony, Maine, where he was engaged in lumbering until
+1848. In 1830 he was a member<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> of the Maine legislature; in 1849 and
+1850 he followed lumbering in Fairfield, Maine, and then removed to
+New York where he lived six years. In 1858 he came to New Richmond,
+where he has since led an active business life. Mr. Bartlett was
+married in Maine in 1826. One of his sons, J. A., is a Presbyterian
+clergyman in Centreville, Iowa. He graduated at Waterville College,
+Maine, and practiced law three years in New York City before entering
+the ministry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis W. Bartlett</span>, the second son of Joel Bartlett, was born in
+Maine in 1837. He received an academic education, and has been an
+active and successful business man. He came to New Richmond in 1858,
+and served as register of the land office at Bayfield from 1861 to
+1867. He was married in 1867 to Mary J. Stewart, of Pennsylvania. He
+was engaged in the coal trade in Milwaukee three years, and two years
+at Detroit and Toledo, but returned to New Richmond and is now
+president of the New Richmond Bank, and dealer in furniture, hardware,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George C. Hough</span> was born in Fairfax county, Virginia, in &mdash;&mdash;. He has
+led a somewhat adventurous life. He served awhile as a soldier in the
+Black Hawk War under Gen. Dodge. Afterward he went to Missouri,
+graduated at the State University, and engaged in lead mining and
+prospecting. He went to California in 1862, where he practiced law. He
+returned in 1876, and located in Richmond where he still resides.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Silas Staples</span> was born in Lisbon, Maine, Sept. 18, 1814. He came to
+Hudson, Wisconsin, in 1854, took charge of the Willow River mills,
+buying a quarter interest at $20,000, including 5,000 acres of land on
+Willow river. In 1856 he sold his interest to Jewell and Bodie, of
+Maine, for $55,000, and for three years carried on a banking business
+in Hudson. In the winter of 1859-60 he removed to New Richmond. In
+1861 he returned to Hudson and put up a shingle and lath addition to
+his saw mill. He built a flouring mill at New Richmond in 1864. He
+built large dams on Willow river for driving logs, and carried on
+lumbering operations until 1868, when he removed to Canada and carried
+on milling and lumbering enterprises four years, at Collins' Inlet,
+Georgian bay. In 1872 he returned to Hudson and to a farm, and was
+also engaged with Mr. Gibson in mercantile business. In 1873 he
+returned to New Richmond, and, buying a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> half interest in the mill,
+took charge of it for one year, then removed to Stillwater and took
+charge of his brother's (Isaac Staples) saw mill.</p>
+
+<p>In 1875 he removed to Elk River, Minnesota, and took charge of a farm.
+The next year he returned to New Richmond, where he settled his family
+and bought a half interest in a saw and grist mill at Jeweltown. He
+also built an elevator there with a capacity of 20,000 bushels.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Staples was married in 1837 to Hannah Williams, of Bowdoinham,
+Maine, who died in 1838. He was married in 1841 to Abigail Ann Rogers
+of Oldtown, Maine, who died in the spring of 1845. He was married in
+the fall of 1846 to Nancy D. Gilman, who died in 1873. He was married
+to Mrs. Nancy B. Jamison in the fall of 1874. He has six children,
+Charles A., Silas G., Nellie B., Nettie, Edward P, and Lizzie G.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry M. Murdock.</span>&mdash;Dr. Murdock was born at Antwerp, New York, in
+October, 1823. His father, Dr. Hiram Murdock, moved to Gunning, at
+which place the son attended school till he was fifteen years of age.
+The father moved to Pulaski, New York. Henry studied medicine with his
+father until he was nineteen years of age, then attended medical
+lectures at Castleton, Virginia, where he graduated at the age of
+twenty-one. After practicing three years at Dexter, and after a
+co-partnership of seven years with his father in a drug store at
+Pulaski, he came West and settled in Stillwater, where he bought the
+drug store and business of Dr. Carli. In 1858 he went to Taylor's
+Falls and practiced medicine until the spring of 1860, when he removed
+to Hudson and formed a partnership with Dr. Hoyt. In the fall of 1861
+he accepted the position of assistant surgeon of the Eighth Wisconsin,
+and served during the war, having been promoted meanwhile to the
+position of brigade surgeon. In 1866 he removed to New Richmond, where
+he has since resided, having now retired from business. He was twice
+married, in 1845 to Cornelia A. Sandford, who died childless, and in
+1865 to Sarah J. Allan. His children are Cornelia A. and Henry A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Steven N. Hawkins</span> was born in Galway, Ireland, Dec. 26, 1846, but
+while he was a mere child his parents emigrated to America; remained a
+few years in Connecticut; came West in 1855, and made their home in
+Pleasant Valley, St. Croix county. His early life was marked by the
+usual vicissitudes of life in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> new country. He tried for a time
+various occupations&mdash;farm work, rafting, sawing lumber, teaching, and,
+during the later months of the war, was a volunteer soldier. He
+managed to secure a good education in the common schools and at the
+River Falls Academy. He studied medicine and surgery a few months, but
+devoted himself chiefly to teaching until 1872, when he engaged in a
+mercantile enterprise at which he continued four years, but at the
+close of that period found himself obliged to suspend, with an
+aggregate of $5,000 against him. This he afterward paid, but he
+concluded, perhaps wisely, to change his occupation. He studied law,
+and was admitted to the bar, July, 1876. In this profession he has
+achieved an enviable success. In 1872 he was married to Margaret
+Early, of Alleghany county, New York. They have had four children, the
+first of which died in infancy.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RUSH RIVER</h4>
+
+<p>Occupies the east half of township 28, range 17. The first settlement
+was made in 1850. The following came in 1850-51: Daniel McCartney,
+Amos Babcock, Joseph King, Stephen Claggitt and Z. Travis. The town
+was set off from Kinnikinic and organized in 1851, with Daniel
+McCartney as chairman of the board of supervisors. At his house was
+held the first election.</p>
+
+<p>Woodside has one church and several buildings, is near the centre of
+the town, and New Centreville in the southern part. The date of
+settlement is second to that of Hudson. It was traversed by the old
+Hudson and Prairie du Chien stage route. It was originally a mixed
+timber and prairie district.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOMERSET</h4>
+
+<p>Occupies sections 1 to 18, inclusive, of township 30, range 19, two
+sections of township 30, range 20, and all of township 31, range 19,
+lying east of the St. Croix river. The surface is generally
+undulating, but along the St. Croix and Apple rivers abrupt and hilly.
+The first settlers were French colonists at Apple River Falls in 1851.
+They built a school house and Catholic church upon the bluffs below
+the falls. The latter is a conspicuous object as seen from the St.
+Croix river. The falls of Apple river, about one and a half miles
+above its junction with the St. Croix, is one of the finest of the
+Wisconsin waterfalls. Apple river traverses the county from northeast
+to southwest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> The Wisconsin Central railroad crosses the southern
+part. The town of Somerset was organized Sept. 19, 1856, with Thomas
+J. Chappell as chairman of supervisors. Mr. Chappell was also
+appointed postmaster in 1854 at Apple River Falls.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOMERSET VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located about three miles above the Falls, has a good improved water
+power, a flour mill with a capacity of one hundred and fifty barrels
+per day, and a saw mill, built and owned by Gen. Sam Harriman, the
+founder of the village. In 1856 a church and school house were erected
+at a cost of about $12,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Harriman.</span>&mdash;Gen. Harriman was born in Orland, Maine. He spent
+four years in California, engaged in mining and lumbering, and dug the
+second canal in the State for sluicing purposes. He came to Somerset
+in 1859, and has ever since made it his residence. He is one of the
+founders and platters of the village, and built most of the houses,
+including the hotel and two stores on the east side of Apple river,
+and all the dwelling houses on the west side. He has been remarkably
+successful in the various pursuits to which he has turned his
+attention, and may well be considered a man of remarkable executive
+ability. He has a farm of five hundred and fifty-five acres, and his
+agricultural and stock products are second to none. As a lumberman he
+has cut 3,000,000 feet per year. He has a rotary saw mill with a
+planing, lath and shingle mill attached, and under the same roof he
+has a flouring mill and six run of stone; he has a large store in
+which he keeps a general stock of merchandise; he has also a cooper
+shop, where he makes his own barrels, a warehouse and a blacksmith
+shop. He has also an excellent stone quarry on his premises.</p>
+
+<p>We look in vain for his name in the Wisconsin blue book, or among the
+list of office holders. He has been too busy to turn aside in quest of
+political preferment. We believe, however, that he was commissioned as
+notary public by Govs. Taylor and Smith. When men were needed for the
+defense of the country he left his interests to enlist as a private.
+His military record is brilliant. He enlisted in Company A, Thirtieth
+Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, June 10, 1862, was made captain on the
+organization of the company, which position he held till Feb. 16,
+1864, when he was commissioned colonel of the Thirty-seventh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+Wisconsin Infantry. This regiment was recruited by Col. Harriman, he
+having been commissioned for that purpose. Its services on many a hard
+fought field, and especially about Petersburg, is a matter of well
+known history. Its most memorable action occurred on the thirtieth of
+July, just after the explosion of the mine under the enemy's fort.
+Col. Harriman, with the Thirty-seventh Wisconsin, was ordered to
+occupy the dismantled fort, which he did under a heavy fire, and the
+walls had been so leveled as to afford but slight protection from the
+enemy's batteries. While in possession they repelled all attempts to
+dislodge them until four o'clock the next morning, when, receiving no
+support, the Thirty-seventh Regiment,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"All that was left of them,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>fell back to the line. At roll call that evening, of two hundred and
+fifty men that answered to their names before the action, only
+ninety-five responded. The remnant of the regiment was attached to a
+new brigade, of which Col. Harriman was commissioned commander. On the
+tenth of September, the war having ended, the tattered flag of the
+Thirty-seventh was returned to the governor of the State and Brig.
+Gen. Harriman returned to private life and his business enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>The general is a genial, kind hearted man, fond of a good joke and
+story, even though they are at his own expense. He narrates of
+himself, that when mustered out of the service at Washington he was
+addressed as <i>General</i> Harriman; on his way home he was saluted as
+<i>colonel</i>; when nearing Wisconsin, he was hailed as <i>major;</i> in the
+State, as <i>captain</i>; in St. Croix county and at home as Mr. Harriman;
+when met by the boys, they greeted him with "<i>Hello, Sam.</i>"</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. JOSEPH</h4>
+
+<p>Includes the three lower tiers of sections of township 30, range 19,
+fractions of range 20, and the six upper sections of township 29,
+range 19. Willow river traverses the southeast corner. The surface
+varies from undulating to hilly. In the eastern part of the town is
+Balsam lake, a picturesque body of water two miles in length. There
+are also two high elevations of land, or ridges, that serve as
+conspicuous landmarks. The earliest settlers came in 1850, and located
+on farms in different parts of the town. St. Joseph was organized in
+1858. The North Wisconsin railroad passes through the southeast corner
+of the town.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>HOULTON.</h4>
+
+<p>Opposite Stillwater, on the shore of the lake, is a platted village
+known as Houlton, which has improved much during the last few years.
+J. S. Anderson &amp; Co. built a large saw mill at this place, which has
+changed ownership several times. The residences of the village are on
+the high bluffs overlooking the lake, and commanding from a point two
+hundred feet above the level of the water a most magnificent view,
+including Stillwater, Hudson and Lakeland.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BURKHARDT VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated upon Willow river, just above the Falls. Joseph Bowron and
+others built a mill here in 1851. The mill property changed hands many
+times, and finally passed into the hands of Burkhardt. In March, 1887,
+the mill was consumed, with a loss to Mr. Burkhardt of $100,000, an
+immense loss, representing the earnings of a lifetime; but with
+tireless energy Mr. Burkhardt went to work rebuilding, and, it is to
+be hoped, will soon re-establish his thriving business. There is one
+church near Burkhardt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPRINGFIELD,</h4>
+
+<p>At its organization in 1860, embraced its own territory and that of
+Baldwin, set off in 1872. It now includes township 29, range 15. It
+was originally covered with pine and hardwood timber. Within the last
+few years it has been improved and much of the timber land is used for
+farming. It is drained by the headwaters and tributaries of Rush and
+Menomonie rivers. The West Wisconsin railroad passes through the
+southern tier of sections, and a branch road, leading southward into a
+pine district, has a junction at Hersey. Most of the early settlers
+were Union soldiers. Among them were S. T. Adams, Thomas Ross, Isaac
+Burgitt and Capt. Rogers. Springfield was organized Nov. 15, 1860,
+with J. R. Ismon as chairman, and Perrin and Hall as supervisors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HERSEY.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Hersey, located on section 28, is a station on the West
+Wisconsin and branch railroad, has a lumber mill, and is a flourishing
+village.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>WILSON VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Section 35, is also a station on the West Wisconsin road, and an
+important manufacturing place. The village is owned and controlled by
+the Wilson Manufacturing Company, which has a capital stock of
+$150,000. There is one church in the village.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STANTON</h4>
+
+<p>Was set off from Star Prairie and organized Dec. 30, 1870, with
+Trueworthy Jewell as chairman of supervisors. It is a rich prairie
+town, well drained by the waters of Apple and Willow rivers, and well
+cultivated. The North Wisconsin railroad passes southwest to northeast
+through this town. Star Prairie village lies partly in this town and
+partly in the town of Star Prairie. There are two church buildings in
+the town of Stanton.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STAR PRAIRIE,</h4>
+
+<p>Township 31, range 18, was organized Jan. 28, 1856. At its
+organization it included township 31, ranges 17 and 18, and north half
+of township 30, ranges 17 and 18. The first election was held at the
+house of B. C. B. Foster, in New Richmond. Apple river flows through
+the town from northeast to southwest. Cedar lake, in the northeast
+part, furnishes at its outlet a good water power. Among the first
+settlers were the Jewell brothers, Ridder and sons.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HUNTINGTON VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located near the outlet of Cedar lake and on the stream by which
+the waters of the lake are borne to Apple river. It has a large
+flouring mill.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STAR PRAIRIE VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Lying partially in sections 1 and 12 and partially in Stanton, has a
+saw and flouring mill, a hotel, a school house and two churches, with
+some fine residences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. R. K. Fay</span>, born in 1822, came from New York to Wisconsin in 1849,
+locating at Princeton, where he resided for nine years, most of the
+time engaged as the principal of the high school at that place. He was
+a man of sterling character, who is remembered as an able teacher and
+public spirited citizen. He has been assemblyman from Adams and St.
+Croix counties, and a county superintendent of schools, and has taught
+school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> forty-nine terms. When a member from St. Croix county, he
+introduced the bill requiring the constitutions of the United States
+and of Wisconsin to be taught in the common schools. He died at his
+home in Star Prairie, Jan 5, 1888. Five sons and five daughters
+survive him. His wife died about three years ago.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TROY,</h4>
+
+<p>Township 28, range 19, and fractional township 28, range 19,
+consisting of about three sections, lying along the shore of Lake St.
+Croix, has a fine frontage of bluffs overlooking the lake, with rich,
+level prairie lands stretching away eastward. The Kinnikinic river
+flows through the southeast corner of the township. It was organized
+in 1851 as Malone, the name having been chosen by the Perrin brothers,
+who came from Malone, New York, in 1851. The name, some years later,
+was changed to Troy. The Hudson &amp; Ellsworth railroad passes diagonally
+through the township from northwest to southeast.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Glenmont, section 25, township 28, range 20, lies on
+the shore of Lake St. Croix. It contains a large saw mill, built by
+the Lord brothers. It has since changed hands.</p>
+
+<p>The village of East Troy, in section 36, has recently been annexed by
+legislative enactment to the city of River Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Chinnock</span>, the first settler in Troy, was born in Somersetshire,
+England, in 1810. He officiated twelve years at Bristol Harbor,
+England, as superintendent of docks and vessels. He was married in
+England to Harriet Owens; came to America in 1841, lived in Ohio until
+1850, when he came to Hudson and immediately located a claim within
+the present limits of Troy. He raised the first crop in the town, and
+built the first house, of stone, for greater protection from the
+Indians. Mr. Chinnock made his home upon this farm until his death in
+1870. He left a widow and four sons, three of them farmers in Troy.
+One son, James T., has been register of deeds for St. Croix county
+from 1885 to 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Lewis Perrin</span> was born in 1825, and with his brother came to
+Troy in 1851, where he has since lived. He has been a successful
+farmer and public spirited citizen, and has filled offices in the town
+organization. He was married in 1855 to Julia F. Loring. They have
+three sons and one daughter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>WARREN,</h4>
+
+<p>Township 29, range 18, is a rich prairie town, drained by the
+tributaries of Kinnikinic and Willow river. George Longworth and
+family, of Waukegan, Illinois, settled here in October, 1855. In the
+year following, Lyman and David Sanford, brothers, came from Ohio, and
+made their home here. Mr. Longworth, in 1856, broke the first ground
+on land now within the limits of Hudson. Henry M. Sanford came in the
+spring of 1857.</p>
+
+<p>Warren was organized as a town in 1860, with the following
+supervisors: Beach Sanford, George Frissell and Seth Colbeth; L. J.
+Sanford, clerk. A post office was established in 1860, and Mrs. Beach
+Sanford was appointed postmistress, at Warren village, now Roberts.
+The village of Roberts is located on the West Wisconsin railroad,
+which traverses sections 19 to 24, inclusive, of this town. It
+contains one elevator, one storage house, one feed mill, one cheese
+factory, one machine shop, one syrup mill, several stores and shops,
+one hotel, one school house, one public hall, and one church building
+belonging to the Congregationalists.</p>
+
+<p>No intoxicants are sold in the village. The first school was taught in
+1859, by Jane Sanford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Hill</span> was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, Feb. 15, 1825, and
+settled in Warren, St. Croix county, in 1863, where he engaged in
+farming and dealing in grain. He represented St. Croix county in the
+Wisconsin assembly of 1878-79-80.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TOWN PLATS LOCATED IN ST. CROIX COUNTY.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>NAME OF VILLAGE.</td><td align='left'> TOWN LOCATION.</td><td align='left'> DATE OF PLAT.</td><td align='left'> SURVEYOR.</td><td align='left'> PROPRIETORS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Buena Vista</td><td align='left'>Hudson</td><td align='left'> In 1849</td><td align='left'> Harvey Wilson</td><td align='left'>Louis Massey &amp; Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Centreville</td><td align='left'>Rush River</td><td align='left'> Mch. 26, 1856</td><td align='left'> Geo. Strong</td><td align='left'>Daniel McCartney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hammond</td><td align='left'>Hammond</td><td align='left'> July 15, 1856</td><td align='left'> A. W. Miller</td><td align='left'>Hammond &amp; Spaulding.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>De Soto</td><td align='left'>Hudson</td><td align='left'> Aug. 15, 1857</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Aptemards Burkhart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Somerset</td><td align='left'>Somerset</td><td align='left'> Aug. 28, 1857</td><td align='left'>Geo. Strong</td><td align='left'>Harriman &amp; Reed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glenmont</td><td align='left'>Troy</td><td align='left'> Jan. 5, 1858</td><td align='left'>C. N. Bates</td><td align='left'>M. Bank, Lake St. Cx.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Huntington</td><td align='left'>Star Prairie</td><td align='left'> Sept. 24, 1858</td><td align='left'>E. W. McClure</td><td align='left'>John Brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gridley, New Richmond and Fremont</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td><td align='left'> 1857</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Gridley &amp; Day.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Troy</td><td align='left'>Troy</td><td align='left'> Dec. 29, 1859</td><td align='left'>J. A. Short</td><td align='left'>Cox &amp; Powell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Boardman</td><td align='left'>Richmond</td><td align='left'> July 5, 1866</td><td align='left'>W. R. Anderson</td><td align='left'>Beebe &amp; Boardman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Star Prairie</td><td align='left'>Star Prairie</td><td align='left'> June 15, 1870</td><td align='left'>John McClure</td><td align='left'>Simonds &amp; Millard.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td align='left'> Mch. 14, 1873</td><td align='left'>H. J. Baldwin</td><td align='left'>D. R. Bailey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Roberts</td><td align='left'>Warren</td><td align='left'> Jan. 4, 1875</td><td align='left'>Geo. Strong</td><td align='left'>Comstock, Platt &amp; Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deer Park</td><td align='left'>Cylon</td><td align='left'> Jan. 25, 1879</td><td align='left'>J. W. Remmington</td><td align='left'>J. A. Humbird.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Saratoga Springs</td><td align='left'>Stanton</td><td align='left'> Sept. 17, 1878</td><td align='left'>John McClure</td><td align='left'>A. P. Muggey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hersey</td><td align='left'>Springfield</td><td align='left'> Dec. 24, 1880</td><td align='left'>Geo. Strong</td><td align='left'>L. T. Adams.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cylon</td><td align='left'>Cylon</td><td align='left'> Sept. 16, 1884</td><td align='left'>Alfred Pierce</td><td align='left'>Beebe &amp; McNarama.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Emerald</td><td align='left'>Emerald</td><td align='left'> July 13, 1885</td><td align='left'>Alfred Pierce</td><td align='left'>Hurd Brothers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glenwood</td><td align='left'>Glenwood</td><td align='left'> Jan. 2, 1886</td><td align='left'>H. J. Baldwin</td><td align='left'>Glenwood Manf. Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilson</td><td align='left'>Springfield</td><td align='left'> 1886</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>West Wis. Manf. Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Woodville</td><td align='left'>Baldwin</td><td align='left'> 1886</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Woodville Lumber Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wildwood</td><td align='left'>Eau Galle</td><td align='left'> 1886</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>St. Cx. L. &amp; Manf. Co.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brookville</td><td align='left'>Eau Galle</td><td align='left'> 1886</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Wood &amp; Decker.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Houlton</td><td align='left'>St. Joseph</td><td align='left'> Not recorded</td><td align='left'></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>PIERCE COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>This county, named in honor of President Pierce, was separated from
+St. Croix county in 1853, and organized by the same act that created
+Polk county, and gave to St. Croix its present limits. It contains
+about six hundred square miles of territory, lying east of the
+Mississippi river and Lake St. Croix. It is somewhat triangular in
+shape, the river and lake forming the hypotenuse, and St. Croix, Dunn
+and Pepin bounding it by right lines on the north and east, Pepin also
+forming a small part of its southern boundary.</p>
+
+<p>The scenery is picturesque and varied. Along the river and lake is a
+series of limestone bluffs, broken at intervals by ravines and
+valleys, and leaving the impression upon the mind of the traveler on
+the Mississippi of a rough, broken and inhospitable country, than
+which nothing could be further from the truth. Beyond these rugged
+escarpments of limestone and out of sight of the traveler, the country
+stretches away toward the interior as an undulating prairie, with
+meadows and rich pasturelands, with occasional forests, the whole
+watered and drained by an intricate network of streams tributary to
+the lake and river, and the three larger streams, the Kinnikinic,
+which empties into the St. Croix and Big rivers, Trimbelle and Rush,
+that empty into the Mississippi. Some branches of the Chippewa also
+take their rise in this county. These streams uniformly have their
+source in springs and their waters are consequently pure, cold and
+invigorating, flowing over beds of white sand or pebbles, and in their
+downward course forming many ripples, rapids, cascades and some
+beautiful waterfalls. Their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> total descent to the bed of the
+Mississippi is about four hundred feet. Pierce county has no inland
+lakes within its limits, nor any indications of their previous
+existence. The soil is formed chiefly from decomposed rocks or ledges
+worn down by the abrading forces of water and wind, of frost and heat.
+The rivers in their downward course have excavated broad valleys,
+having originally precipitous bluffs on either side, and even bluffs
+once islands in the midst of the streams. These, by later agencies,
+have been smoothed to gentle slopes and rounded into graceful mounds,
+towering sometimes as much as eighty feet above the valley or plains.
+In some places mere outlines of sandstone or limestone rock are left,
+turret-like, on the summit of a mound, as monuments on which the
+geologist may read the record of ages gone. As the character of the
+soil of a country depends upon the composition of the rocks underlying
+it, and those removed from the surface, reduced to soil and widely
+distributed, we give what may be considered as the section of any one
+of the mounds near Prescott in the order of the superposition of
+strata:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>At the base&mdash;Lower magnesian limestone</td><td align='right'>250 feet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Above the plain&mdash;Upper sandstone</td><td align='right'>50 feet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>On the summit&mdash;Trenton, or shell limestone</td><td align='right'>30 feet.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Over a great part of the county the Trenton and limestone are worn
+almost entirely away, and their former existence is attested only by a
+few mounds, bluffs and outlines. Drift is not often met with. The soil
+may be considered as formed out of drift, now removed from its
+original position, and out of the sandstone and limestone. It is,
+therefore, soil of the richest quality.</p>
+
+<p>By the same act that created the county of Pierce, passed March 14,
+1853, Prescott was declared the county seat. The town board of
+Prescott was constituted the county board. The commissioners were
+Osborn Strahl, chairman; Silas Wright and Sylvester Moore. At the
+first county election, Nov. 15, 1853, one hundred and ten votes were
+cast. The following were the officers elected: County judge, W. J.
+Copp; sheriff, N. S. Dunbar; treasurer, J. R. Freeman; clerk of court,
+S. R. Gunn; clerk of board, Henry Teachout; coroner, J. Olive;
+district attorney, P. V. Wise; surveyor, J. True; register of deeds,
+J. M. Whipple. Mr. Whipple was authorized to transcribe the records of
+St. Croix county up to date of the organization of Pierce.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first assessment in the county, in 1853, amounted to $24,452. At
+the meeting of the supervisors, Jan. 18, 1854, the district attorney
+was allowed forty dollars per annum as salary. Courts were held
+wherever suitable buildings could be obtained. During this year Judge
+Wyram Knowlton, of Prairie du Chien, held the first district court at
+Prescott. The first records of the court were kept on sheets of
+foolscap paper, and fastened together with wafers. The first case
+before the court was that of "The State of Wisconsin, Pierce County,
+Wm. Woodruff <i>vs.</i> Chas. D. Stevens, August Lochmen, and Chas.
+Peschke, in Court of said County. In Equity." On reading and filing
+the bill in complaint, in this case, on motion of S. J. R. McMillan
+and H. M. Lewis, solicitors for counsel, J. S. Foster, it was ordered
+that a writ of injunction be issued in the case, pursuant to the
+prayer of said bill, upon said complainant. Some one, in his behalf,
+filed with the clerk of said court, a bond for damages and costs in
+the sum of $1,700, with surety to be approved by the clerk or judge of
+said court. The first document recorded in the county is an agreement
+between Philander Prescott and Philip Aldrich, wherein Aldrich agrees
+to occupy lands adjoining Prescott's, at the mouth of St. Croix lake
+on the west, and David Hone on the east. The second document is a
+deed, conveying a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land from
+Francis Chevalier to Joseph R. Brown, the land lying near the mouth of
+Lake St. Croix, and marked by stakes planted in the ground, and
+adjoining Francis Gamelle's claim, dated July 20, 1840.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857 County Treasurer Ayers became a defaulter to the county in the
+sum of $2,287.76, and to the Prescott Bank, $4,000. In 1861, by act of
+the legislature, the question of changing the county seat from
+Prescott to Ellsworth was submitted to the people. The vote as
+declared was six hundred for removal and three hundred and
+seventy-three against it. Technical objections having been raised as
+to the legality of the vote, the subject was submitted to the people a
+second time in 1862. The vote for removal was confirmed. In 1863 the
+district system was adopted and three districts were established by
+legislative enactment, but in 1870 the county returned to the original
+system by which the board of supervisors was made to consist of a
+chairman from each one of the town boards. A poor farm was established
+near Ellsworth in 1869, at a cost of $3,600. The county<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> board also
+appropriated $31,000 for county buildings at Ellsworth.</p>
+
+<p>The finances of the county have been admirably managed. In 1885 there
+was no indebtedness, and a surplus in the treasury of $5,000. The
+educational interests are well cared for. There are over one hundred
+school districts in the county, with well conducted schools, and
+generally with good substantial buildings. The school lands of St.
+Croix, then including Pierce county, were appraised in 1852 by Dr.
+Otis Hoyt, &mdash;&mdash; Denniston and James Bailey, and the lands at once
+offered for sale. Settlers' rights were respected. The county issued
+$5,000 in bonds to aid in establishing the normal school at River
+Falls.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RAILROADS.</h4>
+
+<p>River Falls has direct communication with Hudson by a branch of the
+Chicago &amp; St. Paul railroad. In 1885 the Burlington &amp; Northern
+railroad route was surveyed and established, entering the county on
+the shore of Lake Pepin, and running nearly parallel with lake and
+river to Prescott, where it crosses Lake St. Croix near its mouth, on
+a bridge, the total length of which is 520.5 feet, with one draw span
+367.5 feet in length, and one piled span of 153 feet. This bridge was
+completed, and the first train entered Prescott, May 31, 1886. The
+grade of this road does not exceed fifteen feet to the mile.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Grand Army of the Republic have posts at the following places:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 72, A. W. Howard Post</td><td align='left'>Rock Elm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 117, I. M. Nichols Post</td><td align='left'>River Falls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 118, Ellsworth Post</td><td align='left'>Ellsworth.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 189, R. P. Converse Post</td><td align='left'>Prescott.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 204, U. S. Grant Post</td><td align='left'>Maiden Rock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>No. 209, Plum City Post</td><td align='left'>Plum City.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The following are the village plats of Pierce county, with date of
+survey and location:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Prescott, town of Prescott</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kinnikinic, town of River Falls</td><td align='left'>1854</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Monte Diamond (Diamond Bluff), town of Diamond Bluff</td><td align='left'>1854</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Saratoga, town of Isabelle</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>River Falls (Greenwood and Fremont), town of River Falls</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maiden Rock, town of Maiden Rock</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Warren, town of Maiden Rock</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trimbelle, town of Trimbelle</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Franklin, town of Trimbelle</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Martell (Rising Sun), town of Martell</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Beldenville, town of Trimbelle</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trenton, town of Trenton</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Plum City, town of Union</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>El Paso, town of El Paso</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Esdaile, town of Hartland</td><td align='left'>1870</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rock Elm, town of Rock Elm Centre</td><td align='left'>1876</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hogan, town of Trenton</td><td align='left'>1886</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bay City, town of Isabelle</td><td align='left'>1887</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h4>ORGANIZATION OF TOWNS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following is the chronological order in which the towns of Pierce
+county were organized:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Prescott<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>.</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Greenwood (now River Falls)</td><td align='left'>1854</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Martell</td><td align='left'>1854</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Isabelle</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trimbelle</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Diamond Bluff</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Clifton</td><td align='left'>1855</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oak Grove</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Perry (Ellsworth)</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spring Valley (Maiden Rock)</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trenton</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>El Paso</td><td align='left'>1858</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hartland</td><td align='left'>1859</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Union</td><td align='left'>1861</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Salem</td><td align='left'>1862</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rock Elm</td><td align='left'>1862</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Deerfield (Gilman)</td><td align='left'>1868</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Spring Lake</td><td align='left'>1868</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h4>CLIFTON,</h4>
+
+<p>Situated in the northwestern part of the county, contains a little
+over thirty full sections of land, those on the St. Croix having a
+somewhat irregular boundary. The surface is somewhat broken where
+traversed by the Kinnikinic and its tributaries. It includes
+twenty-four sections on the west side of township 27, range 19, and
+fractional township 27, range 20. It was established in 1855. Its
+first board of officers were: Supervisors&mdash;Geo. W. McMurphy, chairman;
+Osborne Strahl and G. W. Teachout. C. B. Cox was the first postmaster,
+in 1852, at a place called Clifton Mills, from which the town
+afterward derived its name. This post town is situated on the
+Kinnikinic,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> in section 18, township 27, range 18 west. It has one
+grist mill and two saw mills, belonging to Cox, King &amp; Goodsall. No
+intoxicants are sold here. The Glenwood saw mills, having a capacity
+of 3,000,000 feet, are located on the lake shore. In 1868 a limestone
+quarry was opened on the lake shore, by Oakley &amp; Nichols. In 1881 the
+firm became Oakley &amp; Hall. They have a patent kiln and good machinery,
+and some seasons have manufactured as much as 5,000 barrels of lime.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. McMurphy</span> was born at Newcastle, Delaware, in 1821. In 1845
+he came to St. Croix Falls, and in 1848 to Clifton, where he
+pre-empted the beautiful homestead which he still holds, and where he
+has successfully followed the business of farming. He has been
+repeatedly elected to town and county offices. In 1848 he was married
+to Maria A. Rice. Their children are Augustus (resident of St. Paul),
+George (a physician living in Ortonville, Minnesota), James A.,
+Robert, Albert and Edward, and two married daughters. Mr. McMurphy is
+a member of the Congregational church.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Osborne Strahl</span> was born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1818; came to
+Galena, Illinois, in 1838, in 1845 to Mauston and Stevens Point,
+Wisconsin, and to Chippewa Falls in 1847. During these years he
+followed lumbering. In 1850 he came to the town of Elisabeth, St.
+Croix county, which on subsequent division of towns and counties left
+Mr. Strahl in Clifton, where he has been engaged in farming. He was
+married in 1860 to Rebecca McDonald. They have two sons, Wm. Day,
+living in Dakota, Howard P., in River Falls; three daughters, Mabel,
+wife of Joseph M. Smith, banker at River Falls, and two daughters
+unmarried. Mr. Strahl filled various town and county offices.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles B. Cox</span> was born June 25, 1810, in Chenango county, New York.
+He learned the trade of a miller, lived in Ohio seventeen years and
+came to Clifton in 1849. He built at Clifton the first saw and grist
+mill in the Kinnikinic valley, in 1850. He changed his residence to
+River Falls in 1854, where he lived till 1874, when he removed to
+California. During the year 1851 he ground three hundred bushels of
+wheat, the sole product of the valley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ephraim Harnsberger</span> was born in Kentucky, Nov. 21, 1824, moved with
+his parents to Illinois in 1832, and to Prescott in 1847, where he
+pre-empted a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres. He was married
+at Alton, Illinois, in 1858, to Lizzie Johnson. Their children are
+Charles, Sarah Etta, and Jennie.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>DIAMOND BLUFF</h4>
+
+<p>Is a triangular shaped town, the hypotenuse being formed by the
+Mississippi river. It contains ten sections and three fractional
+sections in town 25, range 18, and five sections and five fractional
+sections in town 25, range 19. It is traversed in the eastern part by
+Trimbelle river. The town was established in 1857, and the first town
+meeting was held that year at the home of David Comstock. The town
+board consisted of: Supervisors&mdash;James Akers, chairman; Wilson Thing
+and C. F. Hoyt; justice, S. Hunter. Susan Rogers taught the first
+school. This town has the honor of claiming the first white settler,
+aside from traders, in the Upper Mississippi valley. He came to the
+site of the present village of Diamond Bluff in 1800, and named it
+Monte Diamond. We give elsewhere a somewhat extended account of this
+ancient pioneer, with some speculations concerning him and his
+descendants that are plausible enough to warrant their insertion. In
+historic times a post office was established here in 1854, called at
+the time, Hoytstown, from C.F. Hoyt, the first postmaster.</p>
+
+<p>On the organization of the town the name was changed to Diamond Bluff.
+Quite a village has since grown up around it. The first frame house
+was built in 1855, by Enoch Quinby. The first sermon was preached by
+Rev. J. W. Hancock, a Presbyterian minister, for some years a
+missionary among the Indians. The first birth was that of Mary Day, in
+1851, and the first death that of Daniel Crappers, in 1854.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. John Paine.</span>&mdash;Jack Paine, as he is familiarly called, was born in
+England, and for the greater part of his life has been a seafaring
+man. For the past thirty years he has been a steamboat man on the
+Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri rivers. He has been married three
+times: first in Rhode Island, second to Mrs. La Blond, of St. Louis,
+and last to Miss Ressue, of Diamond Bluff. He came to Diamond Bluff in
+1848, with four children of his first wife, his second wife having
+died childless. He is now living with his third wife in La Crosse.
+They have three children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Day</span> was born in Martinsburg, Virginia. In 1850 he and his wife
+and three children, with Allen B. Wilson and his wife, came to Diamond
+Bluff. Mr. Day is well known as a fearless and enthusiastic hunter. In
+1852 he had a close encounter with a large black bear, which, after a
+desperate struggle, he killed with an axe. The Indians considered Mr.
+Day as "waukon,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> supernatural, averring that their bravest warriors
+would not have attacked singly so large an animal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sarah A. Vance</span>, the wife of Mr. Day, was born in Kentucky. The Vance
+family were famous pioneers, and some of them were noted Methodist
+preachers. Miss Vance's first marriage was to John R. Shores, by whom
+she had two children, one of whom, Isabella, became the wife of A. R.
+Wilson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allen R. Wilson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Wilson was born in Kentucky; spent his early
+boyhood in Shawneetown, Illinois; was married to Miss Shores at
+Potosi, Wisconsin, April 16, 1848, and in 1850 came to Diamond Bluff.
+Mr. Wilson took great interest in politics, was an ardent Republican,
+and was among the first to volunteer his services for the suppression
+of the Rebellion in 1861. He enlisted in Company B, Sixth Regiment,
+Wisconsin Volunteers, and fell in battle, Sept. 14, 1862, at South
+Mountain. Mr. Wilson was well informed, a close observer of political
+events at home and abroad, and was a brave and efficient soldier. He
+left five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. S. Coulter.</span>&mdash;Mr. Coulter is a Virginian by birth. In early manhood
+he traveled extensively as a book agent, and finally settled at
+Diamond Bluff, where he successfully engaged in farming and dealing in
+wheat and merchandise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Bamber</span>, ex-musician in the British and United States armies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Mead</span>, ex-shoemaker, ex-soldier and miner, a man of superior
+natural and acquired talent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Walbridge</span> came to Diamond Bluff in 1852.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Mead</span> died in 1884, leaving a large property.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles F. Hoyt</span>, with his wife and one child, came to Diamond Bluff
+from Illinois, in 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Enoch Quinby</span> was born at Sandwich, New Hampshire; was married to
+Matilda Leighton, originally from Athens, Maine. Mr. Quinby and his
+wife came from Pittsfield, Illinois, to Diamond Bluff in 1854.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST SETTLER.</h4>
+
+<p>There is a pretty well grounded tradition that the first white man who
+found his way to Diamond Bluff was a French Vendean loyalist of the
+army of Jacques Cathelineau; that he fled from France in 1793 or 1794,
+landed at Quebec, and was traced by his enemies to Mackinaw and
+Chicago, where they lost his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> trail. He came to Diamond Bluff in 1800,
+and named it "Monte Diamond." He had for his housekeeper the daughter
+of an Indian chief. He died here about 1824. After his death the
+Indians always called the place the "Old White Man's Prairie." E.
+Quinby, of Diamond Bluff, to whom we are indebted for this account,
+adds: "All the additional evidence I can give in regard to this
+pioneer is that prior to 1793 his wife died, leaving him one daughter,
+who was deformed. A former friend of his had a beautiful daughter of
+about the same age of his own. After the uprising and defeat of the
+Vendeans, they became enemies, and he, to save his life, took his
+former friend's daughter, instead of his own, and fled to this
+country. The father pursued them as far as Chicago, where he saw his
+daughter in company with some Indian girls, and having on her person
+some ornaments once worn by her mother. He at once seized her and
+carried her back with him to France, and the old Frenchman found his
+way to Diamond Bluff." Faribault's son,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> now living somewhere in
+Minnesota, wrote me a few years since, inquiring about the old
+Frenchman, saying that his grandmother claimed that her husband was a
+French nobleman, and that he lived near Lake Pepin. He believed the
+old Frenchman was his grandfather. The above statements were
+communicated to the late Capt. Orin Smith, of Galena, Illinois, Allen
+B. Wilson and myself, in 1854, or in 1855, by an old Frenchman then
+residing at Potosi, Wisconsin, who claimed to have seen and gathered
+these facts from the old man himself. Capt. Smith was well acquainted
+with the Frenchman at Potosi, and gave the fullest credence to his
+account.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EL PASO</h4>
+
+<p>Occupies township 26, range 16. It is drained chiefly by Rush river
+and its tributary, Lost creek, on the west. The two post villages in
+this town are, El Paso, located in section 5, and Lost Creek, in
+section 3. George P. Walker was the first settler. He built the first
+house and raised the first crop; Thomas T. Magee came in 1855. In 1860
+the town was organized, Thomas Hurley and Geo. P. Walker being
+supervisors. In 1862 Mr. Magee built a saw and flour mill in section
+5, and platted the village of El Paso. In 1875 he removed to Clear
+Lake, Polk county, of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> which town he was the first settler. Clara
+Green taught the first school in El Paso, in 1861. There is one
+Catholic and one Lutheran church in the village. The name El Paso
+signifying a crossing, is of somewhat obscure derivation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ELLSWORTH</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized under the name of Perry, March 3, 1857, but in 1862 it
+received its present name. It occupies a central position in the
+county and includes township 26, range 17. This is a rich farming
+town, originally timbered with hardwood. The surface is elevated and
+gently undulating. It is drained on the east by the tributaries of
+Rush river, but has no large or important streams. The first
+supervisors were: P. M. Simons, chairman; Caleb Bruce and Wilson
+Kinnie. The first settler was Anthony Huddleston, who came April 23,
+1856, and pre-empted the southeast quarter of section 20. On November
+26th, of the same year, came Caleb, Elihu W. and Eli T. Bruce, who
+pre-empted farms on sections 18 and 19. During the same year Wilson
+and Norris Kinnie and David Klingensmith pre-empted farms in sections
+18 and 19. Lilly, Miscen, Russ, and Campbell came also in 1855. The
+first log house in the town was built by Anthony Huddleston in 1855.
+Norris Kinnie built the first in what was afterward the village of
+Ellsworth. The first school house, a log building, built was in 1857,
+and Mary Filkins, now Mrs. G. H. Sargeant, of Minnesota, taught the
+first school. The first marriage was that of Charles Stannard and Mary
+Leonard, in 1855. The first birth, that of the twin children of
+Wilson. Both died. The first death of an adult was that of Mrs. Jacob
+Youngman in the winter of 1855. The post office was opened in 1860,
+with Seely Strickland as postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ELLSWORTH VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The original owners of the southern half of section 18, and the
+northern half of 19, Norris Kinnie, Eli T. Bruce, Henry P. Ames, and
+Wm. Crippin laid out and platted the village of Ellsworth in 1862. Wm.
+Crippin, built a frame hotel there in 1860. C. S. Dunbar opened a
+store in 1861. The prospect of Ellsworth becoming the county seat gave
+a great impetus to business enterprises. This was decided by a popular
+vote in 1861, but owing to some technical defects was resubmitted to
+the people of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> county in 1862, and then definitely decided. In the
+year 1862 the citizens of Ellsworth built a log house in which the
+first terms of court were held; meanwhile the county officers had
+their offices in the basement of Crippin's hotel. The permanent county
+buildings were not erected until 1869. They are built of stone and
+cost $60,000. In 1863 a frame schoolhouse took the place of the old
+log structure, and in 1874 a commodious brick building was erected, at
+a cost of $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Methodists, Lutherans and Catholics have church buildings. There
+is one newspaper, the <i>Pierce County Herald</i>, edited by E. F. Case and
+E. S. Doolittle. The Barnes saw mill built in 1867, burned down and
+rebuilt, has a capacity of about 5,000 feet per day. A branch
+railroad, built from Hudson to River Falls, was extended to Ellsworth
+in 1885. The depot is one mile from the village. The Pierce County
+Central fair grounds, containing seventeen acres, are located near the
+village. The grounds are inclosed and are covered with a fine maple
+grove, in the midst of which is a large flowing spring. D. W.
+Woodworth was first president of the fair association. Ellsworth has
+two handsome cemeteries, Maplewood and the Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>The village itself is beautifully situated on an elevated plateau
+originally covered with hardwood timber. The streets are tastefully
+adorned with maple trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anthony Huddleston.</span>&mdash;Mr. Huddleston is of Irish descent. He was born
+in West Virginia in 1804; had but limited educational privileges;
+lived for a part of his life in Ohio and Indiana, and settled in
+Ellsworth in 1855, being the first settler in the town. He was a house
+carpenter for over sixty years. He was a member of the Dunkard church
+sixty-two years. He was married in 1826, in Ripley, Indiana, to
+Susannah Whetstone. They have three sons and six daughters living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Perry D. Pierce</span> was born in Harpersfield, Delaware county, New York.
+He traces his lineage to ancestors who came across in the Mayflower
+and landed at Plymouth Rock. He received an academic education,
+studied law with A. Reckor, Oswego, New York, and was admitted to
+practice at Cooperstown in 1843, practiced in Albany three years, and
+in 1854 came to the St. Croix valley, locating first at Prescott,
+where he served as district attorney for four years, and county judge
+eight years. He was married in 1860, to Lua E. Searsdall. He is now a
+resident of Ellsworth.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 487px;">
+<img src="images/illus-207.jpg" width="487" height="650" alt="Very Respectfully Hans B. Warner[Pg 207" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span><span class="smcap">Hans B. Warner</span>, of Ellsworth, Pierce county, was born at
+Gulbrandsdalen, Norway, July 12, 1844; received a common school
+education; is by occupation a farmer; emigrated and settled in Dodge
+county, Wisconsin, in 1853, and thence removed to Pierce county in
+1855, where he has since resided. He enlisted in March, 1864, as a
+private, in Company G, Thirty-seventh Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteer
+Infantry; was wounded and captured in front of Petersburg, Virginia,
+July 30, 1864, and was held a prisoner of war in Danville and Libby
+prisons until paroled, September, 1864; was discharged from service on
+account of wounds received in battle July 18, 1865. He has held
+various local offices, and the position of county clerk of Pierce
+county from January, 1869, to Dec. 21, 1877, when he resigned, to
+assume the duties of secretary of state, to which office he was
+elected in 1877, and was re-elected in 1879, serving in all four
+years. He was elected to the state senate in 1882 and served until
+1886. His home business is farming and real estate. He was married in
+1866, to Julia E. Hudson.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GILMAN.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Gilman includes township 27, range 16. The postal villages
+are Gilman, section 10, and Olivet, section 36. Gilman was organized
+as the town of Deerfield, in 1868, but in 1869 the name was changed to
+Gilman. The first supervisors were Oliver Purdy, Caleb Coon, Bardon
+Jensen. The first school was taught in 1870, by M. L. Maxgood. A
+Norwegian Lutheran church was built in 1883, at a cost of $1,500.
+There are six school houses with an aggregate cost of $2,000. The
+first marriage was that of Caleb Coon and Cenith Preston, in 1867. The
+first birth was a child of this married couple. The first death was
+that of Mrs. Rufus Preston. The first post office was at Gilman, U. F.
+Hals, postmaster. The first settlers were B. F. Gilman, in 1859, still
+a resident; N. B. Lawrence, soon after, now removed; Rufus Preston and
+family; Joseph and Caleb Coon and families, in 1865, still resident.
+J. R. Maxgood, B. Jensen and son, E. B. Jensen, the Matthieson
+brothers, Z. Sigursen, H. Bredahl, S. J. Goodell, Nels Gulikson, M. O.
+Grinde, Albert Martin, P. Vanosse, and T. B. Forgenbakke are among the
+oldest citizens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>HARTLAND.</h4>
+
+<p>Hartland occupies township 25, range 17. It has one post village,
+Esdaile. It has one saw mill and a factory for the manufacture of hubs
+and bent wood work, operated by Charles Betcher, of Red Wing,
+Minnesota, which gives employment to seventy-five men and ten teams
+the year round. The village of Esdaile has also two general
+merchandise stores and a hotel. Hartland was organized in 1859. The
+first supervisors were A. Harris, chairman; Joseph Sleeper and R. M.
+Sproul. Amongst the first settlers were Augustus E. Hodgman, section
+24, 1854; James Buckingham, section 28, 1854; Lewis Buckmaster,
+section 1, 1853. The first school was taught in 1858, by Mary Ann
+Stonio. The first post office was at Esdaile, Hiram Patch, postmaster.
+There are three church organizations, Presbyterian, Methodist and
+Lutheran (Norwegian), with buildings valued at from $700 to $1,000.
+There are nine school houses, ranging in cost from $500 to $1,400. The
+Good Templars have an organization.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ISABELLE.</h4>
+
+<p>Isabelle consists of the two upper tiers of section 7, township 24,
+range 17, the lower tier being much broken in outline by Lake Pepin on
+the south. It contains also fractions of sections in the third tier.
+Bay City, on the shore of the lake, is the postal town. It was
+organized in 1855. In 1869 it was annexed to Hartland, but in 1871 it
+was re-established. The first chairman of supervisors was John
+Buckingham. The election was held at the house of Abner Brown. Charles
+R. Tyler and Lorenzo D. Philips settled here in 1854, and built a saw
+mill where now stands the thriving village of Bay City. Saratoga plat
+was laid out upon this ground in 1856, by A. C. Morton. A. J. Dexter
+was the original claimant of the land. Mr. Morton purchased the land
+which covered a part of Bay City from the government. A surveyor named
+Markle was employed by Morton to run the lines, which Mr. Dexter
+considered an intrusion upon his rights, and he shot Markle. Dexter
+was tried before Judge S. S. N. Fuller, in 1855, was convicted, and
+sentenced to prison for life. After a few years he was pardoned by
+Gov. Barstow.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>MAIDEN ROCK.</h4>
+
+<p>Maiden Rock occupies the four upper tiers of sections of township 24,
+ranges 15 and 16, except such portions on the southwestern corner as
+are cut off by Lake Pepin. It contains about forty sections. The town
+was organized under the name of Spring Valley, in 1857. Its postal
+villages are Maiden Rock, on the lake shore, section 15, range 15, and
+Warren, also on the lake shore, section 7, range 15. The site of
+Maiden Rock village was purchased from the government in 1853, by
+Albert Harris and J. D. Trumbull. In 1855 they erected the first
+house, and in 1856 built a saw and shingle mill. J. D. Trumbull
+platted the village in 1857, and christened it Maiden Rock, from the
+celebrated rock of that name a few miles further down the lake. Among
+the first settlers in the village were J. H. Steel, J. D. Brown, John
+Foster, and Joseph B. Hull.</p>
+
+<p>The first hotel was run by G. R. Barton, in a house built by J. D.
+Trumbull. This hotel has since been enlarged and is now the Lake View
+House. The first marriage was that of A. J. Smith and Corinda
+Eatinger, in 1857; the first birth was that of Ida Trumbull, in 1858,
+and the first death that of William Trumbull, in 1858. The first
+school was taught by Lottie Isabel, of Batavia, Illinois. The first
+sermon was preached by Rev. James Gurley, a Methodist preacher from
+North Pepin.</p>
+
+<p>A post office was established in 1856, of which J. D. Trumbull was
+postmaster. The receipts the first year were eleven dollars, the
+expenses, fifty dollars, paid by the postmaster. The town of Maiden
+Rock has six school houses, one saw and one grist mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Christopher L. Taylor</span> was born in Oneida county, New York, in 1829;
+came to Chicago at an early day, and to Maiden Rock in 1868, where he
+engaged in manufacturing. He served as county supervisor for eight
+years, and as member of the Wisconsin legislature in 1876. He removed
+to St. Paul in 1880, where he still resides. He is a dealer in real
+estate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MARTELL.</h4>
+
+<p>Martell occupies township 27, range 17. Joseph Martell, John Dee,
+Louis Lepau and Xerxes Jock, Frenchmen, were the first settlers. They
+located here in 1847, and remained till 1860, when they moved further
+west, allured by the attractions of frontier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> life. Martell was
+organized in 1854, with the following supervisors: Amos Bonesteel,
+chairman; M. Statten and R.J. Thompson. The first school was taught in
+1857, by W. Bewel. Martell is the postal village. The first postmaster
+was O. Rasmunson. There are two evangelical Lutheran churches in the
+town, built at a cost of $3,500 and $5,000. There is also a good town
+hall, valued at $600. The Martell Mutual Insurance Company is in
+successful operation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OAK GROVE.</h4>
+
+<p>Oak Grove includes township 26, range 19 (with the exception of
+section 31 and parts of 30 and 32), and six sections of range 20, in
+all about forty sections. It is drained by Big river. It was set off
+from Clifton in 1856. Hart Broughton was the first chairman of
+supervisors. It contains a flouring mill on Big river; Catholic,
+Lutheran, and Methodist church buildings; that of the Catholic cost
+$4,000, and has a school attached. There are seven school houses. Big
+River is the postal village. John Berry was first postmaster. The
+first settlers were (1848) the Thing brothers, the Harnsberger
+brothers, the Cornelius brothers, Rice, Schaser, McMurphy, Rissue, and
+the Miner brothers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lewis M. Harnsberger</span> was born in Kentucky, April 18, 1822, and moved
+with his parents to Illinois, where he lived nine years. He came to
+Prescott in 1846, and pre-empted a farm in Oak Grove, where he has
+since continuously resided. He has filled many public positions
+creditably. He was married to Annie Jeffreys, of Illinois, in 1860.
+Their sons are Ephraim, Lewis and John.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PRESCOTT CITY</h4>
+
+<p>Is beautifully located at the junction of the St. Croix and
+Mississippi rivers. The business portion of the city is on a terrace
+at the base of the bluff, and between it and the river and lake. The
+public buildings, churches, school house and residences are chiefly on
+the upper terrace, or bluff, and command an extensive view of the
+valley of the two rivers, the whole forming a landscape of unrivaled
+beauty. The advantages of the position are by no means limited to its
+picturesque surroundings. Prescott, from its position at the junction
+of the two rivers, was early recognized as an important point for the
+reshipping of freight and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> re-embarkation of passengers. The St.
+Croix, which comes in from the north, rises within a few miles of Lake
+Superior, and after running a course of two hundred miles, empties its
+waters into Lake St. Croix, twenty-four miles above its outlet. The
+lake is navigable at all times to Stillwater and to Taylor's Falls at
+the Dalles. The Mississippi comes in from the northwest, and is
+navigable to St. Paul, a distance of thirty miles. The two channels at
+the junction are each about 1,000 feet wide, with an average depth of
+fifteen feet, and the banks slope to the water's edge, or stand in
+some places in vertical ledges, thus forming a natural quay along the
+entire front of the city. The quay, or landing, is semicircular in
+shape, the upper terrace, or bench, about one hundred feet in height,
+is likewise semicircular, the convexity being toward the river and
+lake. The crest of the terrace is worn down by the rains into ravines,
+leaving rounded points, or promontories, on the summit of which the
+ancient mound builders have left traces of their peculiar art. The
+first settlement of Prescott was made by Philander Prescott, Col.
+Thompson, Dr. Emerson, and Capt. Scott, the three last named being
+army officers at Fort Snelling. Mr. Prescott, acting as agent for the
+others, made the claim in 1836, remaining three years to hold it, when
+it was left in the care of Joseph Mosier until 1851.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837 seven acres were broken and fenced, constituting the entire
+landed improvements within the present bounds of Pierce county. In
+1849 one hundred and fifty acres were improved. Geo. Schaser and H.
+Doe were the first resident farmers. From 1838 to 1849 a trading post
+for Indian supplies was kept by persons holding the claim. W. S.
+Lockwood opened a store in 1842, and other improvements were made. As
+the army officers were called to other fields of labor, Mr. Prescott
+soon found himself in sole possession of the original claim, he
+purchasing their interests, and in 1849, when the lands had been
+surveyed by the government, he entered sixty-one acres. In 1853 Dr. O.
+T. Maxon and W. J. Copp purchased a greater part of the town site and
+surveyed and platted it as the city of Prescott. A charter was
+obtained in 1857. A post office had been established here in 1840,
+called the "Mouth of St. Croix," but it was removed across the lake
+and named Point Douglas. The post office was re-established at
+Prescott in 1852. Dr. O. T. Maxon was first postmaster. The number of
+persons who came that year to Prescott<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> is estimated at about one
+hundred and fifty.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> Mr. Schaser platted an addition to the city of
+sixty-one acres in 1855. When the city received its charter the
+following officers were elected: Mayor, J. R. Freeman; aldermen, First
+ward, N. S. Dunbar, Thomas Dickerson and Seth Ticknor; Second ward,
+Hilton Doe, George W. Oakley, N. A. Miller; president of the council,
+Seth Ticknor; justices of the peace, I. T. Foster, O. Edwards; city
+attorney, P. V. Wise; city surveyor, Wm. Howes; superintendent of
+schools, Thomas Dickerson.</p>
+
+<p>Wm. Schaser built the first frame house, and Mrs. Wm. Schaser was the
+first white woman. Their daughter Eliza was the first white child born
+in the new settlement. The first marriage was that of G. W. McMurphy
+to a daughter of Mr. Rice, April 24, 1848. The first death was that of
+W. S. Lockwood, in 1847.</p>
+
+<p>When the county of Pierce was organized Prescott was designated as the
+county seat, and so remained until 1862, when, by popular election,
+Ellsworth was chosen.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856 Messrs. Silverthorn &amp; Dudley started a saw mill, which they
+operated until 1861, when Mr. Dudley purchased his partner's interest,
+and erected a flouring and saw mill.</p>
+
+<p>A wagon and carriage manufactory was established by F. Menicke, in
+1862, the Prescott brewery in 1866, by N. P. Husting, and the Prescott
+machine shops in 1876, by H. B. Failing. The City Bank of Prescott was
+organized in 1858, Charles Miller, president; W. P. Westfall, cashier;
+capital stock, $50,000. It closed in 1862. The National Bank was
+established in 1877, by W. S. Miller. The first school in Pierce
+county was taught by a missionary named Denton, at Prescott, in 1843.
+In 1851 Miss Oliver taught a private school. In 1853 the first
+district school was established. The school board were: Directors, M.
+Craig, George W. McMurphy; treasurer, N. S. Dunbar; clerk, Dr. O. T.
+Maxon; teacher, Miss Matthews. The first school house was built in
+1854. A building for a graded school was erected in 1859. A high
+school building was erected in 1847, at a cost of $20,000.</p>
+
+<p>The first religious society was that of the Methodists, organized in
+1853, under the labors of Rev. Norris Hobart. Their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> first building
+was erected in 1856. Its dimensions were 20 &times; 32 feet, ground plan. In
+1868 they erected a building 40 &times; 70 feet, ground plan, at a cost of
+$4,000.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 the Baptist church was organized by Rev. E. W. Cressy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 the Congregationalists organized, with Rev. P. Hall as pastor,
+and in 1855 built a brick church, 40 &times; 50 feet, ground plan.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855 the Presbyterians organized, and in 1866 built a church.</p>
+
+<p>The Lutheran church was organized in 1865, by Rev. C. Thayer.</p>
+
+<p>Under the preaching of Rev. M. Guild the Episcopal church was
+organized in 1872. Previous to this date Revs. Breck, Wilcoxson and
+Peabody had labored from time to time. The Catholic church was
+organized by Rev. Father Vervais in 1860. In 1868 a church edifice was
+built.</p>
+
+<p>The following social and benevolent orders have organizations in
+Prescott:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Northwestern Lodge, A. F. and A. M</td><td align='left'>organized</td><td align='left'>1856</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Prescott Lodge, I. O. O. F</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1868</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lodge No. 319, I. O. G. T</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1876</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Prescott Juvenile Temple, No. 108</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1877</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Prescott Temple of Honor</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1878</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Converse Post, G. A. R.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1884</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pierce County Agricultural Society, O. T. Maxon, president</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>1859</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Agricultural Society has fair grounds just east of the city, well
+arranged, with a half mile race track, and buildings in good
+condition. Fairs are held annually. Pine Glen cemetery is situated on
+the bluff half a mile below the city. It was established in 1856.
+Nature has done much for the site. The view of the Mississippi valley
+is unobstructed for a distance of from twelve to twenty miles on the
+south, and to the bend of the river bluffs above Hastings. The grounds
+are handsomely laid out and adorned with shrubbery.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DESTRUCTIVE FIRES.</h4>
+
+<p>Prescott has suffered severely from fires. The following is a partial
+list of losses:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Lowry &amp; Co., saw mill</td><td align='center'>loss</td><td align='left'>$3,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Todd &amp; Horton's mill</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stevens, Lechner &amp; Co. (1854)</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fire on Main street (1871)</td><td align='center'>loss</td><td align='left'> $22,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fire on Main street (1872)</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fire on Main street (1874)</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Redman, Cross &amp; Co., flour mills (1877)</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>40,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The latter was insured for $20,000. Total loss, nearly $75,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philander Prescott</span> was born in 1801, at Phelpstown, Ontario county,
+New York. Late in the year 1819 he came to Fort Snelling and remained
+there, or in the vicinity, the greater part of his life. From his
+constant association with the Indians, especially with the Sioux, he
+learned to speak their language. He was also related to them by his
+marriage with a Sioux woman. This fact, added to his influence among
+them, and being a man not only of a high character for integrity, but
+well educated and intelligent, he was able to render the officers of
+the Fort much service. He made a translation into the Sioux dialect of
+a number of English and French hymns for the use of the mission
+schools near Prescott. He gave his children an English education. In
+1835, while acting as Indian interpreter, he came to the present site
+of Prescott, and in conjunction with several officers of the Fort, he
+acting as their agent, laid claim to considerable territory, and made
+some improvements in the shape of log buildings. When the army
+officers were sent to other posts, Mr. Prescott purchased their
+interests and held the claim. In 1849, after the government survey, he
+pre-empted sixty-one acres and laid out what he called the city of
+Prescott. He resided here and at the Fort alternately until his death,
+which occurred in 1862. He had been sent by the government on a peace
+mission to the Indians in rebellion, met them at a point near Mankato,
+and was cruelly assassinated by those to whom he had ever proven a
+true friend, and whom he had every reason to suppose friendly to him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Schaser</span> is a native of Austria, and came to the mouth of the
+St. Croix in 1841. In 1842 he returned to St. Louis and married
+Christine Bucher. Mrs. Schaser was the first white woman resident in
+Prescott. Mr. Schaser built the first frame house in the settlement,
+in 1844. This house was regarded for many years as the finest house
+between Prairie du Chien and St. Paul. In 1855 Mr. Schaser surveyed an
+addition to Prescott on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> land he had pre-empted in 1849. In 1858 he
+built the brick hotel known as the St. Nicholas. Mr. Schaser died May
+3, 1884, leaving a widow, three sons and one daughter. His sons are
+Henry, Edward and George A. His daughter Emma was married to Capt.
+John E. Ball (deceased 1881). An older daughter, Eliza, the first
+child born in Pierce county, was married to E. W. Haviland, and died
+in 1880, near New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William S. Lockwood</span>, a native of New York State, came to Prairie du
+Chien in 1833, and to Prescott in 1842. The year following his family
+followed. Mr. Lockwood died in 1847. His widow, Georgiana Barton, was
+married to Orange B. Walker, of Marine Mills, and died at Marine, Oct.
+9, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Monroe Bailey</span> was born in 1824, in Sullivan county, New York,
+where his youthful days were passed. He came to Prescott in 1849,
+where he has since been engaged in farming, mercantile and real estate
+business. He was married in 1856, in Prescott, to Nettie Crippin. They
+have one son, Victor, and two daughters, Myrtle, wife of E. L.
+Meacham, of Prescott, and Jessamine. Mr. Bailey has a very pleasant
+home in Prescott. He has filled various offices, among them that of
+treasurer and clerk of St. Croix county, prior to the organization of
+Pierce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adolph Werkman</span> was born in Germany in 1826; came to America in 1847,
+and to Prescott in 1848. He was married at Prescott in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Manese</span> (alias Joseph Abear) was of French extraction and a
+native of Lower Canada. While yet a youth he came into the Lake
+Superior region, where he was employed most of his time in hunting and
+trapping by the fur companies. His history, if written in full, would
+abound in stirring incidents and adventures. He was a man of unusual
+strength and activity, and in disposition light hearted, vivacious and
+gay even to hilarity. He died in Prescott in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hilton Doe</span> was a native of New York State, and came to Red Wing, as
+Indian farmer, about 1840. He settled in Prescott in 1844, in sections
+9 and 10, pre-emptions subsequently surveyed into town lots. Mr. Doe
+married Miss Daily, in Illinois, in 1844. Mrs. Doe died in 1860, Mr.
+Doe in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lute A. Taylor</span>, a young man of decided talent, a good classical
+scholar, a brilliant writer and humorist, came to River Falls in 1856,
+and in 1857, with his brother Horace, established the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> River Falls
+<i>Journal</i>, which they continued to publish jointly for three years,
+when Horace removed to Hudson and established the <i>Times</i>. Lute A.
+removed to Prescott, taking with him the material of the <i>Journal</i>
+office, and established the Prescott <i>Journal</i>, which he edited and
+published until 1869, when he removed to La Crosse and published the
+La Crosse <i>Leader</i> until his death, which occurred in 1872.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Taylor was a correspondent of various papers and an entertaining
+lecturer. As a conversationalist and wit, he was without a rival. A
+slight impediment in his speech, if anything, added to the humorous
+effect of his pithy sayings. He is well remembered in the valley of
+the St. Croix. A volume containing his biography and some
+characteristic sketches has been published since his death.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Huitt</span>, a Canadian, came to Prescott in 1847, and erected the
+first blacksmith shop in the village. He was married in Prescott to a
+daughter of Joseph Mosier, and subsequently pre-empted a quarter
+section of land on Prescott prairie. He built a saw and planing mill
+on Trimbelle river. He died at Trimbelle in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John M. Rice</span> was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 1805; was married
+in 1828, in Massachusetts, to Mary A. Goodenough; came in 1837 to
+Marine, Illinois, and in 1847 to Prescott. Mr. Rice was a house
+carpenter, but followed also the business of farming. He was an
+upright man and a member of the Congregational church. He died in
+1878, leaving one son, David O., living in Prescott; a daughter, Maria
+A., wife of G. W. McMurphy, of Prescott, and a daughter in Illinois.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN BATTLE.</h4>
+
+<p>The feud between the Sioux and Chippewas originated in prehistoric
+times and from causes not now known. It has been a tribal vendetta,
+continuous and relentless, with the advantages in favor of the
+Chippewas, who, in the course of time, have steadily forced the Sioux
+westward from the Sault Ste. Marie to the Mississippi at Prescott. We
+give the following account of one of their battles, being an Indian
+version, translated and written out by Philander Prescott. This fight
+occurred in 1711, on the site of the city of Prescott. As the Indians
+had been supplied by the French with firearms as early as 1700, there
+is nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> improbable in their alleged use on this occasion. But for
+the story:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Chippewas, a thousand strong, attacked a camp of
+eighteen Sioux lodges by night and killed most of the
+warriors. The women and children fled to the canoes, and,
+jumping in, pushed from the shore, but, in their hurry,
+without paddles. A large eddy in the river carried the
+canoes round and round, and, as they swept near the shore,
+the Chippewas seized them, pulled them to the shore and
+butchered the women and children. A few Sioux warriors had
+fled up the bank of the lake, where they hid in crevices and
+caves of the rocks. The Chippewas discovered their hiding
+places and killed all but one, who rushed from his retreat,
+and, diving again and again in the lake, swam for the
+opposite shore. As often as his head appeared above the
+water the Chippewas fired a volley of bullets, which fell
+around like hail, but harmlessly. The bold swimmer finally
+reached the opposite shore unharmed, when he gave a whoop of
+joy and disappeared in the thicket. The Chippewas, filled
+with admiration at his daring exploit, returned his farewell
+whoop with interest."</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>RIVER FALLS</h4>
+
+<p>Occupies township 27, range 18, and a tier of two sections from range
+19. Trimbelle river drains the eastern portion and the Kinnikinic the
+northwest. Its early history is identified with the history of River
+Falls city, its first settlement. It was organized in 1854, as
+Greenwood, but in 1858 the name was changed to River Falls. As River
+Falls city was not incorporated until 1885, we shall give its early
+history in connection with that of the town.</p>
+
+<p>The first settler was Joel Foster, in the fall of 1848. In 1849, came
+D. McGregor, James and Walter Mapes; in 1850, Messrs. Hayes, Tozer,
+Penn and Parks, and not long after the Powells and Clark Green. These
+early settlers chose locations at, or near, the present site of River
+Falls city, and along the banks of the Kinnikinic, which here, owing
+to its numerous waterfalls, offered unusual facilities for milling and
+manufacturing. The first crop was raised by Joel Foster, in 1849. The
+first saw mill was built in 1851 by the brothers N. N. and O. S.
+Powell, just below the site of the present Greenwood mill. This was
+burned in 1876. In 1854 the Powell brothers platted the village<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> of
+River Falls, called at first, Kinnikinic, setting apart for that
+purpose two hundred acres of land. This plat included the upper
+waterfalls within the present city limits. The largest water power
+they donated to C. B. Cox as a mill site, to encourage settlement in
+the village. The brothers co-operated in building up the village,
+amongst other things building a frame store and stocking it with
+goods. This was the first store in the Kinnikinic valley. They dealt
+also in real estate and lumber. The name of River Falls, as applied to
+the village, dates from the establishment of the first post office, in
+1854. Charles Hutchinson was the first postmaster, and the office was
+held in this pioneer store. J. S. Rounce, in 1870, built the first
+foundry in Pierce county.</p>
+
+<p>The water powers of River Falls have been extensively utilized, many
+saw and flouring mills having been erected at various times on the
+Kinnikinic. Of these, in 1886, the more notable are, the Junction
+mills, owned by Freeman, Rhyder &amp; Co., with a capacity of 400 barrels
+daily, and a barrel manufactory attached, which gives employment to 40
+men and turns off from 300 to 400 barrels daily. The Greenwood mills,
+owned by Geo. Fortune &amp; Co., capacity 50 barrels; the Cascade mills,
+owned by the Baker estate, capacity 50 barrels; the Prairie mill,
+built by C. B. Cox in 1858, and now owned by J. D. Putnam, capacity
+150 barrels.</p>
+
+<p>In educational matters River Falls has taken and maintained an
+advanced position. The first school house was built in 1854, by seven
+men, at a cost of five hundred dollars. Helen Flint taught the first
+school. In 1856 a joint stock association was incorporated as "The
+River Falls Academy." A building was erected, 36 &times; 66 feet, ground
+plan, and two stories in height. Prof. Wilcox was the first principal.
+This school was maintained as an academy until 1860, at which time it
+was superseded by the free schools. In the fall of 1879 the building
+was destroyed by fire. Subsequently a commodious brick structure was
+erected in its place at a cost of $15,000. Excellent private schools
+were maintained by Hinckley, Cody and Baker, for five years during the
+'60s. The State Normal School, of which a more extended account is
+given elsewhere, was established here, and a building erected in 1874,
+at a cost of about $65,000, the people of River Falls and other towns
+contributing to this fund $25,000,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> with private subscriptions to the
+amount of $12,000, and a donation of ten acres of land. Of the $25,000
+River Falls gave $10,000, Troy $4,000, Clifton $3,000, while Pierce
+county contributed $5,000, and Kinnikinic, St. Croix county, gave
+$3,000. The building, a handsome brick, four stories high, including
+the basement, stands on an elevated plat of ground in the southeastern
+part of the city. The first board of instruction consisted of W. D.
+Parker, president, with the following assistants: J. B. Thayer,
+conductor of teachers' institute; A. Earthman, history, geography,
+music; Lucy E. Foot, English literature, reading, spelling; Julia A.
+McFarlan, mathematics; Margaret Hosford, Latin and English literature.
+Model department, Ellen C. Jones, teacher, grammar grade; Mary A.
+Kelley, teacher, intermediate grade; Lizzie J. Curtis, teacher,
+primary grade.</p>
+
+<p>The following are the churches of River Falls, with date of
+establishment and name of first pastor when known: Congregational,
+1855, Rev. James Stirratt; Baptist, 1857, Rev. A. Gibson; Methodist,
+1858; Episcopal, 1871, Rev. Chas. Thorpe; Catholic, 1875, Rev. Father
+Connelly; Seventh Day Adventist, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the last named, these church organizations have
+good buildings. The Congregational church building erected in 1857 was
+superseded by a building in 1867 that cost $10,000. This was destroyed
+by a tornado in 1868, but has since been rebuilt at the cost of the
+building destroyed, and a parsonage has been added at a cost of
+$2,000.</p>
+
+<p>A Sunday-school was established in River Falls in 1853, and the first
+sermon was preached, in 1850 or 1851, by Rev. Julius S. Webber, a
+Baptist missionary. Rev. John Wilcoxson, an Episcopalian, held
+occasional services as early as 1859.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ASSOCIATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following are the social and benevolent associations of River
+Falls, with dates of organization: Masonic Lodge, June, 1859; I. O. O.
+F., 1872; I. O. G. T., March 15, 1877; Juvenile Temple of Honor, March
+15, 1877; Temple of Honor, March 31, 1878; A. O. U. W., 1878. The
+hall, fixtures and charter of the Odd Fellows Lodge was destroyed in
+the fire of 1876, but the lodge was rechartered the same year.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BANK OF RIVER FALLS</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized Jan. 1, 1874. &mdash;&mdash; Bartlett, president; Joseph M. Smith,
+cashier. Capital, $15,000. It was reorganized in 1883, under state
+law, R. S. Burhyte, president; W. D. Parker, vice president; J. M.
+Smith, cashier. Capital stock, $35,000. Total business in 1885,
+$5,770,733.98.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HUDSON &amp; RIVER FALLS RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>This road was built in 1878, the people of River Falls contributing
+$60,000 to its construction. The road is ten miles in length. In 1885
+it was extended to Ellsworth, a distance of twelve miles.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RIVER FALLS BOARD OF TRADE</h4>
+
+<p>Was established in 1884. A. D. Andrews, president; C. H. Keys,
+secretary.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRES.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1875 the Metropolitan Hotel, costing $15,000, and other buildings
+were burned; loss $30,000. The insurance was light. In 1876 a large
+portion of the town was destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RIVER FALLS CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>River Falls was incorporated as a city in 1885. At the first election
+for city officers, held April 7th, three hundred and nineteen votes
+were cast, and the following persons were declared duly elected to the
+positions named: Mayor, A. A. Andrews; treasurer, G. E. Pratt;
+assessor, E. H. Daniel; aldermen, First ward, W. W. Wadsworth; Second
+ward, L. M. Rosenquist; Third ward, R. N. Jenson; Fourth ward, L.
+Styles; marshal, R. N. Bevens; city clerk, Allen H. Weld. The license
+for the sale of intoxicants was fixed at $200. The population of River
+Falls in 1886 was 1,700. It is a lively, prosperous city, planned on a
+liberal scale, with wide streets, well shaded with ornamental trees.
+The mills have reservations by which they are separated from the
+business part of the city. The beauty of the original waterfalls is
+somewhat marred by the mills and their debris. Originally they were
+very beautiful and picturesque, and were widely celebrated, and much
+visited by the lovers of Nature. Of these falls there are four, two on
+the south branch, one on the north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> branch, and one some rods below
+the junction of the two streams. The falls were not noted for their
+grandeur, but rather for their quiet beauty, the water falling over
+ledges but a few feet in height, and so broken in two of them as to
+present the general appearance of a succession of stairs, or steps, of
+unequal elevation, over which the water falls. An interesting feature
+at the junction of the two rivers is the cave in which the pioneer
+settler, Judge Joel Foster, with his negro boy, spent the winter of
+1848-49. From his cave cabin he had full view of the falls on the two
+streams, no less beautiful in their winter dress of gleaming icicles,
+with the frost-whitened boughs of the willow and alder drooping over
+them, than in their summer brightness. The judge has told me that he
+loved, almost worshiped, this spot. The cave cabin stood about one
+hundred feet from the sparkling stream. There, in the early morning,
+he could cast his line, and have for his regal breakfast the speckled
+trout. Above him towered a precipice crowned with evergreen trees, and
+around him, on the borders of the streams, were the elm and maple, and
+an undergrowth of alder and birch. There certainly could have been no
+fairer scene in the West. To-day no traces remain of the old cave
+cabin. The Junction mills have effaced the more beautiful and poetic
+features of the scene. The judge has passed away, and found a grave on
+an elevation overlooking his old home and the scenes he loved so well.
+The judge, although a friend to progress, and active in advancing the
+material interests of the locality in which he lived, was unalterably
+opposed to the movement to incorporate River Falls, and did all he
+could to defeat the measure. When the incorporative act had been
+passed, he moved outside of the city limits, declaring that he would
+neither live nor die within them; but having been fatally injured by
+an accident, he was brought back to his old home, and died within the
+city.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FOURTH STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT RIVER FALLS&mdash;HISTORY.</h4>
+
+<p>The constitution of the State, adopted in 1848, provides "that the
+revenue of the school fund shall be exclusively applied to the
+following objects:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>First</i>&mdash;To the support and maintenance of common schools
+in each school district, and the purchase of suitable
+libraries and appurtenances therefor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>Second</i>&mdash;That the residue of the income of the school fund
+shall be appropriated to the support of academies and normal
+schools, and suitable libraries and appurtenances therefor."</p></div>
+
+<p>No effort was made to take advantage of this provision of the
+constitution for the endowment of normal schools until 1857, when an
+act was passed providing "that the income of twenty-five per cent of
+the proceeds arising from the sale of swamp and overflowed lands
+should be appropriated to normal institutes and academies, under the
+supervision and direction of a 'board of regents of normal schools,'"
+who were to be appointed in pursuance of the provisions of that act.
+Under this law, the income placed at the disposal of the regents was
+distributed for several years to such colleges, academies and high
+schools as maintained a normal class, and in proportion to the number
+of pupils in the class who passed satisfactory examinations, conducted
+by an agent of the board.</p>
+
+<p>The law under which these schools are organized provides that "the
+exclusive purpose of each normal school shall be the instruction and
+training of persons, both male and female, in the theory and art of
+teaching, and in all the various branches that pertain to a good
+common school education, and in all subjects needful to qualify for
+teaching in the public schools; also to give instruction in the
+fundamental laws of the United States and of this State, and in what
+regards the rights and duties of citizens."</p>
+
+
+<h4>REGULATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO THE NORMAL SCHOOLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Tuition is free to all students who are admitted to these normal
+schools under the following regulations of the board of regents:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>First</i>&mdash;Each assembly district in the State shall be
+entitled to eight representatives in the normal schools, and
+in case vacancies exist in the representation to which any
+assembly district is entitled, such vacancies may be filled
+by the president and secretary of the board of regents.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;Candidates for admission shall be nominated by the
+superintendent of the county (or if the county
+superintendent has not jurisdiction, then the nomination
+shall be made by the city superintendent) in which such
+candidate may reside, and shall be at least sixteen years of
+age, of sound bodily health and good moral character. Each
+person so nominated shall receive a certificate setting
+forth his name, age, health and character.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>&mdash;Upon the presentation of such certificate to the
+president of a normal school, the candidate shall be
+examined, under the direction of said president, in the
+branches required by law for a third grade certificate,
+except history, theory and practice of teaching, and if
+found qualified to enter the normal school in respect to
+learning, he may be admitted after furnishing such evidence
+as the president may require of good health and good moral
+character, and after subscribing to the following
+declaration:</p>
+
+<p>I, &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;, do hereby declare that my purpose in entering
+this State Normal School is to fit myself for the profession
+of teaching, and that it is my intention to engage in
+teaching in the schools of the State.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourth</i>&mdash;No person shall be entitled to a diploma who has
+not been a member of the school in which such diploma is
+granted, at least one year, nor who is less than nineteen
+years of age; a certificate of attendance may be granted by
+the president of a normal school to any person who shall
+have been a member of such school for one term; provided,
+that in his judgment such certificate is deserved.</p></div>
+
+<p>As an addition to the work of the normal schools, the board of regents
+are authorized to expend a sum not exceeding $5,000 annually, to
+sustain teachers' institutes, and may employ an agent for that
+purpose. Institutes are regarded as important auxiliaries and feeders
+to the normal schools. At present one professor from each normal
+school is employed conducting institutes every spring and fall.</p>
+
+<p>The normal school fund now amounts to over $1,250,000, and yields an
+annual income of about $100,000. It will be increased by the further
+sale of swamp lands, and will prove ample for the objects for which it
+is set apart.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865 the legislature divided the swamp lands and swamp land fund
+into two equal parts, one for drainage purposes, the other to
+constitute a normal school fund. The income of the latter was to be
+applied to establishing, supporting and maintaining normal schools,
+under the direction and management of the board of regents of normal
+schools, with a proviso that one-fourth of such income should be
+transferred to the common school fund, until the annual income of that
+fund should reach $200,000. During the same year, proposals were
+invited for extending<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> aid in establishment of a normal school, and
+propositions were received from various places.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866 the board of regents was incorporated by the legislature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel Foster.</span>&mdash;Judge Foster was born at Meriden, Connecticut, Dec. 15,
+1814. He was liberally educated. He came to Edwardsville, Illinois, in
+1830, and to Hudson, then known as Buena Vista, in 1848. After a
+careful exploration of the country he made choice of the valley of the
+Kinnikinic, and made him a home in the fall of 1848, at the junction
+of the two branches of that stream, and within sound of its beautiful
+cascades. He was the pioneer settler of the River Falls of to-day. He
+built the first dwelling house, raised the first crops, and ever
+proved himself a worthy citizen, first in every good work and
+enterprise. He was a man of far more than ordinary intelligence and
+moral worth, was temperate, industrious, public spirited, sagacious
+and independent. He has filled many positions of responsibility,
+amongst them that of judge of St. Croix county. During the Mexican War
+he served as a quartermaster in Col. Bissell's Second Illinois
+Regiment. Judge Foster was married at Chicago in 1856 to Charlotte
+Porch. He died at his home in River Falls, Aug. 9, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse B. Thayer</span> was born Oct. 11, 1845, in Janesville, Wisconsin; was
+educated at Milton College in 1870, and is by profession a teacher.
+During the Rebellion he served in the Fortieth and Forty-ninth
+Wisconsin Volunteers as a private. He served five years as principal
+of the public schools in Menomonie, and since 1875 has been connected
+with the State Normal School at River Falls as conductor of
+institutes. In 1885 he was elected to represent Pierce county in the
+state assembly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. D. Andrews.</span>&mdash;Dr. <span class="smcap">A. D. Andrews</span> was born in Lowell, Maine, Sept. 21,
+1830. He graduated at the Chicago Medical College in 1860, and in 1861
+was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Sixth Wisconsin Infantry, of
+the famous Iron Brigade, with which he served up to the battle of
+Gettysburg. After retiring from the army he came to River Falls and
+engaged in milling, in which business he successfully continued until
+1880, when he retired. He was elected state senator in 1878. He was
+appointed a regent of the Fourth State Normal School in 1877. He died
+at his home an River Falls, after a short illness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> July 23, 1885. He
+was mayor of the city at the time of his death.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph A. Short.</span>&mdash;Mr. Short was born in Madison county, New York,
+April 16, 1806. He learned the trade of a millwright. He visited the
+East and West Indies. He came to Milwaukee in 1842. In 1849 he went to
+California, but returned in 1854, and settled in River Falls, where he
+built a saw and planing mill, laid out an addition to the village and
+in various ways promoted the interests of the settlement. Mr. Short
+was a member of the Methodist church sixty years, and of the Masonic
+fraternity fifty years. He was married Aug. 25, 1831, in New York, to
+Olive Prossen. He died at his home, May 6, 1886, aged eighty years,
+leaving a son and three daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allen H. Weld.</span>&mdash;Prof. A. H. Weld, widely known as a pioneer educator,
+and as the author of an excellent grammar, was born in Vermont in
+1810. He graduated at Yale College. He came to River Falls in 1858 and
+taught the first graded school in the village. For two years he was
+principal of the high school at Hudson, and for six years was
+superintendent of schools in St. Croix county. He was a member of the
+state board of regents nine years, and was prime mover in securing the
+location of the State Normal School at River Falls. The excellent
+character of the schools in St. Croix county, and the high educational
+position of River Falls, are due to his untiring effort and wise
+direction. Mr. Weld was a member of the Congregational church and a
+consistent Christian as well as a progressive, public spirited man. He
+died in 1882, at his home in River Falls, leaving a widow and one son,
+Allen P.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allen P. Weld</span> was born in North Yarmouth, Maine, in 1839. In 1859 he
+graduated at Dartmouth College. He studied law and was admitted to
+practice in 1867, at Albany, New York. He taught school at Albany
+three years, and came to River Falls in 1859, where he is a dealer in
+real estate. He was married in 1872 to Alice Powell, daughter of Lyman
+Powell.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Nichols</span> was born in 1795, at Braintree, Vermont. His father
+was a soldier in the Revolution. At the age of seventeen he enlisted
+and served in the war of 1812. He lived in Vermont fifty years, in
+Massachusetts ten years, and in 1855 came to River Falls, where he
+engaged in farming until he was eighty years of age. He was married in
+Vermont to Deborah Hobart,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> who died in 1874. His sons George H. and
+William H. reside in River Falls. They were soldiers during the war of
+the Rebellion. His son Isaac N. was a member of Capt. Samuels'
+company, and was killed at Perrysville, Kentucky. The Grand Army of
+the Republic post at River Falls has his name. He died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. D. Parker</span>&mdash;Prof. Parker was born in Bradford, Orange county,
+Vermont, in 1839. He received a common school and academic education.
+At the age of sixteen years he entered the Janesville High School, and
+four years later graduated. He taught two years in Janesville, four
+years at Delavan, and one year in Monroe, Green county, Wisconsin. In
+1867 he visited Europe, after which he taught two years at Lake
+Geneva, Wisconsin. He was superintendent of schools five years at
+Janesville. In 1875 he was elected to the presidency of the Fourth
+State Normal School at River Falls. In 1886 he was elected state
+superintendent of public instruction. Prof. Parker was married to
+Justine B. Hewes, of Chicago, in 1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Powell Family.</span>&mdash;William Powell, the father, came to River Falls in
+1849, where he lived with his sons until his death, Nov. 30, 1865. His
+second wife was the widow of &mdash;&mdash; Taylor, and the mother of Horace and
+Lute Taylor, the well known journalists. Mrs. Powell died in July,
+1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyman Powell</span> came to River Falls with his family in 1855. He was
+married to Lucinda Taylor, sister of Horace and Lute Taylor. Mr.
+Powell died at River Falls, Nov. 9, 1872, leaving a wife, two sons and
+five daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel N. Powell</span>, the second son, born May 11, 1827, in St.
+Lawrence county, New York, came to River Falls in 1849, and pre-empted
+the northeast quarter of section 1, now a part of the site of River
+Falls city. He was married to Martha Ann Hart, Sept. 28, 1842, at
+Hudson. He died at River Falls, Sept. 28, 1862, leaving one son and
+one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oliver S. Powell</span>, the youngest son, was born June 19, 1831, and came
+to Hancock county, Illinois, in 1843, where he lived eight years. He
+had no great opportunities for gaining an education. He came to
+Stillwater in 1849, bringing with him the first threshing machine
+north of Prairie du Chien. He threshed the first grain threshed in the
+county in the fall of that year, for Fiske, on a farm three miles
+below Stillwater. In November,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> 1849, he located in River Falls,
+pre-empting the south half of the southeast quarter of section 36,
+town 28, range 19, lands lying just north of those claimed by his
+brother, and which afterward became a part of River Falls. Mr. Powell
+was a representative in the state assembly in 1870-71-72, and was a
+county commissioner many years. He was married in 1860 to Elmira
+Nichols. They have three sons, Harvey C., Newell N. and Lyman T., and
+four daughters, Lucy M., Sarah H., Amy E., and Miriam.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nils P. Haugen</span> was born in Norway in 1849; came to America in 1853 and
+to River Falls in 1854. He graduated in the law department of Michigan
+State University in 1874. Mr. Haugen was phonographic reporter of the
+Eighth and Eleventh Judicial circuits for several years, and a member
+of the assembly from Pierce county in 1879 and 80. He was elected
+railroad commissioner for Wisconsin in 1881, and re-elected in 1884.
+In 1886 he was elected representative to Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. L. Wadsworth</span> was born July 10, 1821, in Erie county, New York. He
+learned the trade of a shoemaker, came West in 1846, and settled at
+River Falls some time in the '50s, and engaged in farming. He has
+filled many positions of trust in the St. Croix valley, and in 1867
+represented St. Croix county in the assembly. In 1841 he was married
+to Miss A. R. Baldwin. Eight children have been born to them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ROCK ELM</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 26, range 15. It was organized as a town Nov. 16,
+1866. The first town meeting was held at the house of J. Prickett. The
+first commissioner was Sylvester Fox, chairman. The post offices are
+at Rock Elm, on the western line of the town, section 19, and Rock Elm
+Centre, sections 16 and 17. At the latter place is located Rock Elm
+Institute, a school of high grade, founded in 1880. Harrison Lowater
+is the principal. The town is well supplied with schools, there being
+as many as nine within its limits. Among its first settlers were
+Loomis Kellogg, Charles A. Hawn and Sylvester Fox.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SALEM.</h4>
+
+<p>Salem occupies township 25, range 16. It is drained by Rush river. It
+was organized as a town Jan. 13, 1862. First<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> board of supervisors, C.
+C. Carpenter, Eben White and J. H. Shults. The first school was taught
+in 1857, by Thompson McCleary. The first marriage was that of Harvey
+Seeley and Kate McKinstry. The first child born was Sarah Fuller. The
+first death was that of John McCleary, Sept. 2, 1863. The first post
+office was established at Rush River, May 1860, Joseph Seeley,
+postmaster. The first settlers were Jeremiah Fuller, from Ohio, and W.
+Wells, 1846; Harvey Seeley, 1848; Thomas Boyle and James White, 1854;
+John F. Davis from Ireland, 1856 (town clerk twenty years); John H.
+Brasington, from Pennsylvania (town treasurer fifteen years); Eben
+White, James Walsingham, John Strong, H. M. Hicks, from Pennsylvania,
+1858; John Foley and brothers, from Ireland, 1856; James H. Shults,
+Joseph Seeley, H. C. Brown, John McClure, from Ireland; C. C. and Ira
+W. Carpenter, from Connecticut, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Fuller, the wife of the pioneer, was here over six months, during
+which time she did not see a white woman.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPRING LAKE</h4>
+
+<p>Is the extreme northeastern town of the county, occupying township 27,
+range 15. The post offices are Oak Ridge and Spring Valley. The town
+was organized Nov. 10, 1868. The first town meeting was held at the
+house of A. M. Wilcox. The first supervisors were: W. D. Akers,
+chairman; Jonas Nebb; Levi Hess, clerk. The first school was taught in
+1866, by Agnes Harriman. The Methodist and Baptist churches have
+organizations, and the Methodists have a building worth five hundred
+dollars. The first marriage was that of H. M. Wilcox to Mrs. Kate
+Rice, of Lake City, by W. D. Akers, justice of the peace. The first
+child born was a daughter of Ole P. Gardner. The first death was that
+of Leota Wilcox, in 1864. The first postmaster was B. H. Preston,
+1871. The first settlers in the order of their coming were James
+Gilmore, O. P. Gardner, George Wilcox, John Francisco and W. D. Akers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TRENTON.</h4>
+
+<p>Trenton contains about twenty-eight sections, those on the Mississippi
+having very irregular boundaries. Twenty-four whole sections lie in
+township 25, range 18, and the remainder in township 24, range 18.
+Trenton, in section 33, township 25, is its post village. Trenton was
+organized in 1857; James Akers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> chairman of supervisors. Wilson
+Thing, the pioneer settler, came in 1848.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TRIMBELLE.</h4>
+
+<p>Trimbelle includes township 26, range 18. Its post villages are
+Trimbelle and Beldenville. It was organized March 2, 1855. Its
+supervisors were F. Otis, chairman, and Aaron Cornelison. Among its
+earliest settlers were the Cornelisons, F. Otis and M. B. Williams. It
+has four saw mills and one flouring mill, five school houses and one
+church (Methodist).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martin B. Williams</span> was born in New York in 1812. He received a common
+school education, and at the age of sixteen years was thrown upon his
+own resources. He learned the trade of blacksmith. He was married in
+New York, and has four sons, Clark M., Frank T., G. Glen and A. Judd.
+Mr. Williams is one of the pioneer settlers of Trimbelle, and has held
+many public town and county positions. He served as treasurer of
+Pierce county four years. He has been a local preacher in the
+Methodist Episcopal church for over thirty years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNION.</h4>
+
+<p>Union consists of township 25, range 15. It is drained by Plum creek.
+It has two post offices, Plum Creek, in section 24, and Ono, section
+6. It was organized Aug. 15, 1863. Among its first settlers were
+Eleazer Holt, Hiram N. Wood, and Capt. Horst, who made their homes
+here in the early '50s.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> In 1849 the town of Elisabeth was organized by St. Croix
+county, and included what is now Pierce county. The first board of
+supervisors were William Thing, chairman; Aaron Cornelius, and L. M.
+Harnsberger; clerk, Hilton Doe; treasurer, Geo. W. McMurphy. In 1851,
+by legislative enactment, the name Elisabeth was changed to Prescott.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> A member of the well known Faribault family, after whom
+the town of Faribault has been named.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;When I touched at Prescott in 1845, it was
+generally known as the "Mouth of St. Croix," though by some called
+"Prescott's Landing." The residents were Hilton Doe, a farmer; Geo.
+Schaser, boarding house keeper; W. S. Lockwood, merchant; Joseph
+Mosier, an Indian trader or storekeeper. The principal trade was with
+Indians.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>BURNETT, WASHBURN, SAWYER AND BARRON COUNTIES.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>BURNETT COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Burnett county was named in honor of a genial, kind hearted and
+eccentric lawyer, Thomas Pendleton Burnett, of Prairie du Chien. It is
+somewhat irregular in outline, and is bounded on the north by Douglas,
+on the east by Barron, on the south by Polk and Barron counties, and
+on the west by the St. Croix river. It includes townships 37 to 42,
+range 14; from 38 to 42, range 15; from 38 to 41, ranges 16 and 17;
+from 37 to 40, ranges 18 and 19; from 37 to 38, range 20. Seven of
+these townships bordering on the St. Croix are fractional. Much of the
+soil of the county is a sandy loam admirably suited to cereals and
+vegetables. Some townships in the southeast are first class wheat
+lands. The timber is mostly a thicket-like growth of small pines,
+constituting what is called pine barrens. The southeast portion of the
+county is timbered with hardwoods. It is drained by the St. Croix,
+Trade, Wood, Clam, Yellow, and Namakagon rivers, with their
+tributaries, and with the Wood lakes (Big and Little), Mud Hen, Trade,
+Yellow, Spirit, and numerous other lakes. There are besides many
+thousand acres of marsh land. These marsh lands are by no means
+valueless, as they have given rise to a very important industry&mdash;the
+growing of cranberries. There are fine deposits of iron. Large tracts
+of bog ore are found in townships 38 to 41, ranges 16 to 19. There is
+an abundance of wild meadow land, easily drained and profitable to
+stock growers.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers of this county are, for the greater part, Swedish and
+Norwegian emigrants, an intelligent, moral and religious class of
+people who, while they cherish the traditions, manners,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> customs and
+language of their native country, still readily adapt themselves to
+American institutions, taking kindly to our common school system and
+to other distinctive features of their adopted country. A liberal
+spirit has characterized these people in building roads, bridges,
+school houses, churches, and making other public improvements. They
+have succeeded well also in their private enterprises, the cultivation
+of farms and the building of homes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ORGANIZATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The county, originally a part of Polk, was set off March 1, 1856, and
+included also at that time, and till the year 1877, the present county
+of Washburn. It was organized in 1865. The first county officers,
+appointed by the governor, were: Judge, Nimrod H. Hickerson; clerk of
+court, Canute Anderson; register of deeds, Peter Anderson; treasurer,
+S. Thompson; sheriff, Martin B. Johnson; district attorney, Jacob
+Larson. Grantsburg was selected as the county seat. The first county
+supervisors, consisting of Michael Jenson, chairman, Thore Ingebritson
+and Peter Anderson, met Jan. 24, 1865. The first election was held at
+the house of Nimrod H. Hickerson, Nov. 7, 1865. The first frame house
+in the county was built at Grantsburg in 1865, by W. H. Peck. The
+first crops were raised in township 39, range 18, by Charles Ayer. The
+finances of the county have been managed discreetly. The state
+drainage fund was judiciously expended. The first deed recorded in
+Burnett county was a tax deed from Polk county to Simon Estonson, of
+the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 35, township
+38, range 19. It bears date Jan. 20, 1866.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PINE BARRENS.</h4>
+
+<p>So prominent a feature in Burnett and other counties in Northwest
+Wisconsin, consist of sandy stretches of undulating, though sometimes
+of level lands, sparsely covered with a growth of young pines,
+generally of the Black Prince variety. In some places, where the trees
+are crowded thickly together, they are not unlike immense cane-brakes.
+The trees, from their proximity, have grown very tall and slender. The
+lateral branches, crowded together and deprived of sunshine, have
+perished early and the growth of the young trees is chiefly vertical.
+The lower dead limbs remaining attached to the trunks give the young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+forest a peculiarly ragged and tangled appearance. There is abundant
+evidence to prove the existence of ancient pine forests where these
+pine barrens are now the only growth. In fact some of the larger trees
+are still standing, and the charred trunks and decaying remnants of
+others. The gradations from the younger to the older growth may be
+very plainly seen. Fire is undoubtedly the efficient cause of the
+stunted and irregular growth of the pine barrens. The matured forests
+are destroyed by fire, and are succeeded by the young pines which are
+further reduced and injured by annual fires. It is a mistake to
+suppose that the soil of these barrens is necessarily poor. Many of
+them have a black, sandy soil, capable of producing fine crops. In
+most of them there is a dense undergrowth of blueberry bushes,
+producing annually millions and millions of bushels of their small but
+luscious fruit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MURDERS.</h4>
+
+<p>Burnett county is not without the traditions of lawlessness and murder
+that tarnish so many frontier settlements, and here, as elsewhere, the
+primal cause of most of such crimes is whisky. Whisky maddens the
+brain and nerves the arm of the assassin. Whisky hardens the heart and
+blinds the eyes to what is right, and the sale of whisky on the
+frontier, authorized or unauthorized, in nearly all cases the latter,
+is the bartering of the human life for gold. The money received for it
+is the price of blood, although in some instances the seller himself
+may be the victim. It is whisky that does the work.</p>
+
+<p>Jack Drake, a whisky seller at Wood Lake, whose outfit was supplied by
+Samuels &amp; Partridge, naturally of a quarrelsome disposition, was
+especially so when under the influence of liquor. On one of these
+occasions he was killed by a half-breed known as Robideau, and his
+body was buried on the shores of Little Wood lake. Robideau was
+imprisoned a short time at St. Croix Falls, but being carelessly
+guarded, easily made his escape and was not heard of afterward. What
+did it matter? It was only the result of a drunken row.</p>
+
+<p>The body of a murdered stranger was found by a crew of men working on
+Little Wood river, in the spring of 1843. He had left Superior City
+with an Indian guide for St. Paul, and was not afterward seen alive.
+His land warrants and watch, which had been taken from him, were
+afterward recovered, and the Indian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> who had been his guide was
+himself mysteriously assassinated the following spring.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geezhic.</span>&mdash;At Wood Lake, Burnett county, Wisconsin, lived in 1874 an
+aged and blind Indian woman who calculated her pilgrimage on earth by
+moons. All traces of her traditional beauty as an Indian maiden had
+long since departed. Shriveled, decrepit, bent, she was the
+impersonation of all that is unlovely and repulsive in age. Taciturn
+and sullen, her mind lethargic and dull, she seemed but little more
+than half alive, and could not easily be aroused to the comprehension
+of passing events, or to the recognition of those around her. She must
+have been very old. When aroused to consciousness, which was but
+seldom, she would talk of things long past. A light would come into
+her sightless eyes as she recounted the traditions, or described the
+manners and customs of her people, and spoke with evident pride of
+their ancient power and prowess when her people planted their tepees
+on the shores of the "Shining Big Sea Water" (Lake Superior) and drove
+their enemies, the Dakotahs, before them. Her people wore blankets
+made from the skins of the moose; elk and buffalo, with caps from the
+skins of the otter and beaver. There was then an abundance of "kego"
+(fish) and "wash-kish" (deer). There were no pale faces then in all
+the land to drive them from their tepees and take their hunting
+grounds. Of course there had been occasional whites, hunters, trappers
+and missionaries, but the formidable movements of the now dominant
+race had not fairly commenced. Counting the years of her life on her
+fingers, so many moons representing a year, she must have numbered a
+score beyond a century, and she had consequently witnessed, before her
+eyes were dimmed, the complete spoliation of her people's ancestral
+domain.</p>
+
+<p>The physical features of the country have undergone a change. The
+towering pines have decayed or been leveled by the woodman's axe. Some
+of the small lakes have receded, and tall grasses wave and willows
+grow where once the "kego" sported in the clear blue waters. "The sun
+drew the waters up into the heavens," but the old shores may still be
+traced, by the fresh water shells that are crushed by the foot of the
+explorer, and by the ineffaceable mark of the water breaking upon the
+beach and undermining the rocky ledges.</p>
+
+<p>A few Indians still linger on the old hunting grounds and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> about the
+graves of their fathers, but as a race they are doomed, and the time
+is not far distant when their only memorials will be the printed or
+striped rocks that are found along the streams and lakes, and here and
+there the sunken graves of the vanquished race.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST MISSION.</h4>
+
+<p>In the autumn of the year 1833 the first mission was established in
+the St. Croix valley, at the outlet of Yellow lake, in Burnett county.
+This may be considered the first actual movement in opening the way
+for white settlements in the St. Croix valley. The good and
+indefatigable laborers, who came away into these western wilds, spent
+many years in this valley endeavoring to improve the benighted
+aborigines. Their labors were successful, until the bane of the human
+family&mdash;alcoholic drinks&mdash;was introduced by the corrupt border
+traders. Rev. Fred Ayer (since a resident of Belle Prairie, Minnesota,
+and a member of the convention that framed our constitution), Mrs.
+Ayer, with Miss Crooks (afterward Mrs. Boutwell) as teacher, arrived
+at Yellow Lake Sept. 16, 1833. Miss Crooks opened her school on the
+twenty-fourth, with eight scholars. This was evidently the first
+school in the St. Croix valley. This mission was under the patronage
+of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Thirty or
+forty Indians came to the trading house, a mile from the mission, for
+the purpose of obtaining ammunition and moccasins for making what is
+called the fall hunt. During their visit at the traders', Mr. Ayer had
+the opportunity of explaining the object of his mission&mdash;schooling
+their children, and aiding them in agriculture, planting their
+gardens, and furnishing them with seeds. To the objects of the mission
+all listened with interest, but, as the chiefs were not present, no
+reply was made to Mr. Ayer. After obtaining their supplies from the
+traders, they dispersed for their fall hunt. The school in the
+meantime progressed, and frequent opportunities occurred for giving
+religious instructions to adults during the winter. In April some
+twenty-five families encamped near the mission; many were interested
+in the objects which the mission proposed. In the spring of 1834 four
+families made gardens by the mission and schooled their children;
+three of the families belonged to the influential in the band. One of
+these, the chief who visited Washington during the administration of
+Adams, was Gis-kil-a-way, or "Cat Ear."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Indian mind is suspicious of the white man. Waiingas, "The Wolf,"
+another chief of considerable note, was prejudicing the minds of his
+friends against the whites. He openly declared that if the Indians
+would join him, he would burn the mission house and drive the teachers
+from his country. On one occasion a party of Indians, including this
+hostile chief, passed the evening at Mr. Ayer's. The chief closed his
+speech at midnight with these words: "The Indians are troubled in mind
+about your staying here, and you must go&mdash;you shall go; not only I say
+so, but all here present say so!" The next morning all the Indians
+assembled. The trader, the late Dr. Borup, and his wife were present.
+The Wolf and his party were determined to expel all the whites. The
+friend of the white man, Cat Ear, took the floor and shaking hands
+with Dr. Borup and Mr. Ayer, began a speech of half an hour's length.
+Pointing to The Wolf and to two other chiefs sitting side by side, he
+says: "I speak for them. Look at them. To them belong this land. Since
+last evening we have considered this subject. We have changed our
+minds. The Great Spirit made us all&mdash;made us red&mdash;you white. He gave
+you your religion, manners and customs&mdash;he gave us ours. Before we saw
+white man we dressed in skins and cooked with stones. You found our
+land on the map and come&mdash;since then you have clothed and provided for
+us. Why should we send you away? We only should be the sufferers&mdash;all
+of us tell you to stay&mdash;again we say, stay. We do not wish you to go;
+no, no&mdash;we say to you all, stay; you may plant and build, but the land
+is ours. Our Great Father has sent you here&mdash;we are glad&mdash;we will tell
+you why we fear the whites&mdash;we fear you will get our land away. If
+this room were full of goods we would not exchange our lands for them.
+This land is ours and our children's; it is all we have."</p>
+
+<p>The mission at Yellow Lake had been in progress two years. Several
+families had listened with glowing interest to religious instruction,
+schooled their children, and cultivated gardens near the mission, when
+Mr. Ayer visited the band of Indians at Pokegama. Here were some
+thirty-five or forty families in the year 1835. The chief and two or
+three families expressed to him a desire to settle down and school
+their children. They requested him to come and bring all with him who
+wished to come from Yellow Lake. The reasons that induced him to
+Pokegama were,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> first, the means of subsistence were more abundant,
+both for the Indians and the mission family&mdash;wild rice and fish in
+particular; this being the case the Indians could be more stationary
+and send their children to school. Second, the soil for agricultural
+purposes was superior to that of Yellow Lake. As one of the leading
+objects of the mission was to induce the Indians to settle down and
+adopt habits of civilization, this object could be better attained at
+this place than at Yellow Lake, where it was comparatively sterile and
+sandy. A third object gained would be to locate in the midst of a
+larger number of Indians, with whom we could come in more frequent
+contact, and last, but not least, put the mission in a nearer point of
+communication with St. Peter, from whence all the family necessaries
+were obtained at that day. These reasons, together with the
+solicitation of one of the chiefs, and his permission to build on his
+land, and use his wood, water and fish, led Mr. Ayer, in the fall of
+1835, to remove to Pokegama.</p>
+
+<p>For the continued history of this mission the reader is referred to
+the history of Pine county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chippewas of Wood Lake.</span>&mdash;A small band of Chippewas, as late as 1870,
+lingered about Big Wood lake, unwilling to leave their old hunting
+grounds. Though brought directly in contact with civilization, they
+adopted its vices, otherwise remaining savages, taking no part in
+cultivating the soil or educating their children, contented to live
+and die in the old fashion of their race. They subsist, as far as
+possible, by hunting and fishing, and are by no means above begging
+when occasion may offer. They retain their annual dances and
+festivals, at the occurrence of which other bands join them from a
+distance. A dance with its accompanying feasts occupies generally
+about ten days, and is conducted according to rigid formulas. These
+dances are intended as representations of hunting, fishing or
+fighting, and are honored accordingly. They are accompanied with music
+upon rude instruments, and a weird chant in guttural and nasal tones,
+which may be understood as a poetic recital of their deeds or
+expression of their feelings. Their dead are buried in conspicuous
+places. The graves are decorated with splints of timber. A pole with
+rags and trinkets is planted near the graves. There is nothing that
+can long mark their resting places or keep them from being desecrated
+by the share of the plowman.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>GRANTSBURG</h4>
+
+<p>Was founded by Canute Anderson, in 1865, in section 14, town 38, range
+19. He built a flour and saw mill, the first in the county, a good
+hotel, and opened a store. It became the centre of trade for the
+county, prospered continuously, and now (in 1886) contains a good
+court house, built at a cost of $7,000 (burned December, 1887), a
+school house, four churches, two hotels, five stores and numerous
+shops and dwellings. There are two resident lawyers and one physician.
+Grantsburg is the terminus of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth (branch) railroad,
+completed in 1884. The scheme of building a branch road to connect
+with the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad at Rush City was long cherished by
+Canute Anderson, and through his efforts the road was finally built.
+The county voted $20,000 bonds, at seven per cent interest, which
+bonds the state of Wisconsin cashed. The road was graded from
+Grantsburg to the St. Croix river in 1878, from Rush City to St. Croix
+in 1882. The St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad Company built the railroad and
+assumed the bonded indebtedness, payable in fifteen annual
+installments. Cars ran to the St. Croix river in 1883. The bridge over
+the St. Croix, completed in 1883, cost $20,000. The road was opened to
+Grantsburg Jan. 22, 1884. At this opening over a thousand persons were
+present, five hundred of whom came in on the train. Canute Anderson
+made an address of welcome, followed by James Smith, president of the
+road. Congratulatory letters were read from Hons. S. S. Fifield, Henry
+M. Rice, and W. H. C. Folsom, the tenor of which was highly
+complimentary to Mr. Anderson, and full of hope for the future of the
+railroad and its terminus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canute Anderson</span> was born in Norway, 1830. He came to America in 1851,
+and three years later settled in the northeast quarter of section 2,
+township 37, range 19, making a large stock farm, part of it being a
+fine natural meadow, with running stream. In 1858 the first post
+office in the county (called Anderson) was established at his house,
+and he was appointed postmaster. In 1878 he represented Ashland,
+Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, and Polk counties in the
+legislature. He is and ever has been a master spirit in his county,
+using all his influence to further the interests of his adopted home.
+Many of the early settlers were poor,&mdash;strangers in a strange
+land,&mdash;and for them Mr. Anderson's house was ever a resort. It was
+also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> an intelligence office, where the inquiring immigrant could
+obtain reliable information as to the country and its resources, and
+facilities to the settler. In 1860 Mr. Anderson was married to
+Catharine Nelson, daughter of Magnus Nelson, one of Burnett county's
+first settlers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hickerson Family</span> came from Ohio to Wisconsin. Nimrod H., the
+oldest brother, settled on Wood river in 1859, built a saw mill, kept
+a hotel and established a post office on the St. Paul and Bayfield
+stage route in 1860. Mr. Hickerson went to California in 1875, and
+died there. Joel, the second brother, is a merchant at Grantsburg. He
+served during the later years of the Civil War as a soldier, Company
+C, Seventh Minnesota Volunteers, and was pensioned for disabilities.
+He was married in 1868 to Mary Anderson. Perry D., the third brother,
+keeps a hotel in Grantsburg. He was also a member of Company C,
+Seventh Minnesota Volunteers, and with his brother was mustered out at
+the close of the war, and has received a pension for disabilities. He
+was married to Ellen M. Anderson, daughter of Peter Anderson. They
+have eleven children. Newton, the fourth son, lives in Grantsburg. He
+was a soldier in Company D, Twenty-first Ohio, during the war. Was
+wounded and totally disabled. He has no pension. He is unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Anderson Family.</span>&mdash;The four brothers, Peter, George, Hans and
+Martin, with their aged parents, came from Norway and settled in
+Grantsburg in 1883. The father but recently died. The mother is still
+living, having reached the extreme age of ninety-seven years. During
+the last six years she has been blind. Peter Anderson was married in
+Norway in 1846. His wife died in 1877, leaving three sons and four
+daughters. He was married to his second wife in 1878. Peter has served
+as county supervisor, and filled other offices. The brothers have been
+active in promoting the interests of their town and county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert A. Doty</span> was born in Niagara county, New York; lived some years
+in Genesee county, Michigan, and settled in Sterling, Polk county, in
+1865. He subsequently became the first settler in the town of
+Marshfield, Burnett county. He was accidentally killed in 1879 by
+being thrown from his wagon. His widow and two sons live in
+Grantsburg. John H., the oldest son, resides on the old homestead in
+Sterling.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CRANBERRY MARSHES.</h4>
+
+<p>The cultivation of the cranberry is an important industry in Burnett
+county. The berry is raised chiefly in townships 38 and 39, ranges 17
+and 18. The writer of these sketches visited the localities named in
+1873, and although there have been many changes and improvements since
+then, the description quoted from an essay read before the
+Horticultural Society will still be generally applicable:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The scene on approaching these marshes, where the native
+cranberry was found, before the white man had commenced to
+improve them, was picturesque in the extreme to those who
+have a taste for Nature's handiwork. There are extensive
+tracts of land covering thousands of acres, dotted here and
+there with islands of young pine and points of highland
+projecting in various shapes into the marshes. It reminded
+me of an ocean bay, in a calm, only changing the ocean water
+color to endless green. There are in these marshes somewhere
+from one to two townships of land, on which cranberries were
+then growing, or susceptible of being improved so that
+cranberries can be raised thereon. One township contains
+23,040 acres. The parties operating on the marshes I visited
+already have some 30 or 40 miles of ditch made, averaging 5
+feet at the top, 3 feet at the bottom, with an average depth
+of 4 feet, at a cost of about 75 cents per rod. These
+ditches are to drain the water from the marshes when
+desired. They have dams across these ditches, to flood the
+marshes when desired. The flooding of the marshes aids in
+subduing the wild grasses and other incumbrances, also is
+essential to the growth of the berries. On these marshes,
+wherever the flowage is killing the grass, the vine is
+rapidly spreading, without transplanting. Undoubtedly they
+would yield a quicker return by transplanting. Large tracts
+of these lands, which, at this time have no vines, are
+bought by companies, mostly from the cranberry lands in
+Eastern Wisconsin, who are experienced in this business, and
+know what they are doing. They openly declare that vines can
+be grown on these marshes, where sufficient water can be
+obtained and controlled to flow the lands. Mr. Irvine
+informed me that this flooding process, and the manner in
+which it was controlled, was the key to success. I examined
+the effect which one year alone had accomplished, as these
+companies commenced operations in 1872. It surprised me when
+I saw the mode, and heard it explained,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> that so little was
+generally known of this business. After the marshes are
+subdued, dams and ditches built, there is comparatively
+small cost in raising the fruit until the harvest, when men,
+women and children flock in from the farming countries to
+pick, to pack, to store, to dry, to box, and convey to
+market. An expert will pick from five to ten bushels per day
+by hand, no rakes being allowed. In 1873 these marshes had
+an abundant yield. These companies paid to outsiders one
+dollar and fifty cents per bushel. There are several
+companies operating in Burnett county. They have made and
+are making substantial improvements, in building roads, dry
+houses, dwelling houses, etc. The past year a saw mill was
+erected for sawing staves for barrels, lumber for boxes,
+etc. These marshes are about twenty miles east of the
+Superior railroad."</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>WASHBURN COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Washburn county was organized in 1883, and embraces townships 37 to
+42, inclusive, and ranges 10 to 13, inclusive, a total of 24
+townships. It is drained by St. Croix waters with the exception of the
+southeast corner, which is drained by a branch of the Chippewa river.
+It has been a rich timbered region and large forests of pine still
+remain. The greater part of the county is adapted to agriculture, and
+is settling rapidly. Two lines of railway traverse the county, one
+from south to north, and the other from southwest to northeast, giving
+the county excellent facilities for transportation and marketing of
+products. The county is divided into two towns, Bashaw in the south
+and Veasie in the north. These towns were organized in 1877, while
+Washburn was a part of Burnett county. The first supervisors of Bashaw
+were: L. E. Thomas, chairman; John Arbuckle and John McMullen. The
+town of Bashaw was the first settled. John McMullen settled in
+township 38, range 13, in 1872, in Bashaw valley. He married a member
+of the Hart family, old settlers of the town. He died in 1878. L. E.
+Thomas was the second settler in Bashaw and in Washburn county, and
+has been officially connected with the town and county organization.
+He is a native of Michigan, and has followed lumbering and farming. L.
+E. Thomas built the first house. Nellie Raberge taught the first
+school in Bashaw, in 1881. Miss Raberge has since become the wife of
+Milton Stratton. The first post office was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> established in 1880, Mrs.
+Malcolm Dobie, postmistress. The first sermon was preached by Rev.
+Ellingwood. G. P. Pearly was the first physician; A. L. Bugbee, the
+first lawyer. Messrs. Hart, Baker, Gardner and others have large farms
+in Bashaw valley. By the act organizing the county,</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHELL LAKE</h4>
+
+<p>was made the county seat. It is beautifully located on the shores of
+Summit lake. It has a court house, built at a cost of $11,000, in
+1885, one of the most tasteful buildings of the kind in the St. Croix
+valley. The town is built on railroad lands, purchased by the Shell
+Lake Lumber Company, and by them surveyed into lots. The streets are
+from sixty-six to eighty feet wide. A restriction in the deeds to the
+lots and lands against the sale of alcoholic drinks has been
+continuously violated. In 1883 the town board fixed license at five
+hundred dollars, a plain violation of the original agreement.</p>
+
+<p>A fine school building with four apartments was built in 1885, at a
+cost of $5,000. Prof. Halphyde is principal of the schools. The
+Episcopalians and Catholics have church buildings. The Baptists,
+Methodists, Lutherans and Presbyterians have church organizations. The
+Masons, Good Templars and Knights of Labor have organizations.</p>
+
+<p>Summit lake, on the west bank of which the town is situated, is about
+two and a half miles broad by three and a half long. It has bold,
+gravelly shores. The water is deep, clear and pure. The slopes
+surrounding it are covered with evergreen, and hardwood timber. One
+small steamer floats upon its waters.</p>
+
+<p>The first board of county officers was as follows: Treasurer, Leander
+E. Thomas; clerk, Frank B. Nelson; sheriff, James Wynne; attorney,
+Frank Gudette; register of deeds, Albert L. Bugbee; judge, L. H. Mead;
+clerk of court, A. Gibson; superintendent of schools, Clara Stratton;
+surveyor, Patrick Kelly. The first circuit court was held in June,
+1883, Hon. S. S. Clough, presiding. The county has two court terms for
+the year, in June and December.</p>
+
+<p>The Shell Lake Lumber Company was organized in 1880, under Iowa laws.
+It is composed of C. Lamb and David Joice and sons, of Clinton, Iowa;
+Laird, Norton &amp; Co., of Winona; Weyerhauser &amp; Dinkeman, of Rock
+Island, Illinois; S. T. McKnight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> of Hannibal, Missouri; D. R. Moore,
+Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Their mills are located on the northwest side
+of Summit lake. They have a capacity of 50,000,000 feet per year. The
+capital stock amounts to $500,000. Employment is furnished to 250 men.
+In 1880 the hour system of labor was adopted. A narrow gauge railroad,
+twelve miles long, supplied with two locomotives and fifty cars, is
+used for bringing logs to mill. This road has a steel track and 3,000
+feet of piling. The refuse burner of the mill is 20 feet in diameter
+and 102 in height. There are 63 tenement houses to accommodate the
+laborers. A. H. Earle superintends this vast concern.</p>
+
+<p>Sawyer creek obtained its name from Seth M. Sawyer, of Stillwater.
+This stream flows into Yellow river, five miles from Summit lake. It
+rises from springs three hundred feet from the lake, and one hundred
+feet lower down, and may be considered its subterranean outlet, as
+visible outlet there is none. The lake, literally a summit lake, the
+receding and descending slopes, the springs uniting to form a larger
+stream, form a peculiar landscape, quite park-like in some of its
+features, and worthy of being converted into a park.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPOONER,</h4>
+
+<p>In the township of Veazie, on the north branch of the Yellow river,
+township 39, range 12, is a dinner station on the North Wisconsin
+railroad. The railroad company have fitted up an elegant eating house,
+and a few neat buildings, the nucleus of a much larger village,
+cluster around it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VEAZIE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is in township 41, range 10, and has a post office. The town of
+Veazie, occupying the northern part of the county, was organized in
+1877. Millions of feet of pine timber have been gathered and marketed
+from this town, and it is estimated that 150,000,600 feet still
+remain. Ames and Sinnot station are in the township of Veazie.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SAWYER COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Sawyer county was organized March 9, 1883. It is comprised of
+townships 37 to 42, and ranges 5 to 9, inclusive. Of these townships
+twenty-five are drained by Chippewa waters and five by Namakagon
+river. The county is heavily timbered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> with pine, though vast
+quantities have been taken and marketed. The county seat was located
+at Hayward in the bill organizing the county. The county officers,
+appointed by Gov. Rusk, were: Sheriff, A. Blaisdell; clerk, C. H.
+Clapperton; register of deeds, H. E. Ticknor; treasurer, R. L.
+McCormack; county judge, H. W. Hart; attorney, N. E. Ticknor;
+superintendent of schools, Miss M. Mears; surveyor, W. J. Moulton;
+coroner, E. G. Gregg.</p>
+
+<p>The court house was built in 1885, at a cost of $18,000. The county at
+its organization assumed the following indebtedness:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>To Ashland county</td><td align='right'>$25,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To town of Ashland, Ashland county</td><td align='right'>1,870</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To town of Butternut, Ashland county</td><td align='right'>2,050</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To Chippewa county</td><td align='right'>1,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To town of Flambeau, Chippewa county (disputed claim)</td><td align='right'>5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To town of Big Bend, Chippewa county</td><td align='right'>3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>To town of Sigel, Chippewa county</td><td align='right'>2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Outside indebtedness, total</td><td align='right'>$40,820</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>All this indebtedness, with the exception of the unsettled claim of
+Flambeau, Chippewa county, has been paid. Since its organization the
+county has expended $30,000 on roads to Chippewa waters. This, added
+to the cost of the court house, $18,000, a school house for the town
+of Hayward, $6,500, town hall for Hayward $5,000, makes a total of
+expenditures for the county within the past three years of $106,420, a
+remarkable sum for a new county with so sparse a population to pay,
+but not so remarkable when we take into account the immense value of
+its lumber products and standing timber.</p>
+
+<p>Hayward is the only town in the county. Its first board of supervisors
+were: A. J. Hayward, chairman; Thos. Manwarin and Michael Jordan. A.
+L. McCormack was first treasurer, and C. C. Claghorn, clerk. The
+village is situated in sections 21 and 22, township 41, range 9, upon
+a level pine plateau on the north side of Namakagon river, a tributary
+of the St. Croix. The village was platted in 1883, but a post office
+had been established the year before, C. H. Clapperton being the first
+postmaster. The first marriage in the town of Hayward and county of
+Sawyer was that of Fred Emmons and Mary Lindmark, in 1883. The first
+birth was that of a daughter to Al. Blaisdell. The first death was
+that of Nels J. Eggin. Rev. A. Safford preached the first sermon. Anna
+Shafer taught the first school. E. G. Gregg<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> opened the first store.
+H. E. Ticknor was the first lawyer and J. B. Trowbridge the first
+physician.</p>
+
+<p>The first school house, built at a cost of $5,000, was burned. There
+was an insurance of $4,500. A new building was erected at a cost of
+$6,000, with three departments, and with steam heating apparatus.
+Prof. F. A. Nichols was the principal.</p>
+
+<p>The Congregational church at Hayward is one of the finest church
+buildings in the Northwest. It is built in the Queen Anne style, with
+circular seats, the whole finished in exquisite taste. Senator Sawyer,
+after whom the county was named, contributed a town clock and bell
+worth $1,000. The Catholics have a church here, and the Lutherans an
+organization. The Odd Fellows and Knights of Labor have organizations.</p>
+
+<p>The Sawyer County Bank was organized March 9, 1884, with a capital
+stock of $200,000, divided equally between three stockholders, R. L.
+McCormack, A. J. Hayward and E. H. Halbert, the latter being general
+manager and cashier. The bank deals in real estate, abstracts,
+insurance and general monetary business. The business transacted for
+the year ending June 6, 1886, amounted to $3,000,000. The bank
+building is a substantial brick. The Hayward Lumber Company has a mill
+on the Namakagon river. The water power has a fall of eighteen feet
+and a flowage of about three miles. A sixty foot channel has been left
+through the flowage for slucing logs. The saw mill has a capacity of
+35,000,000 feet per annum. It has a planing mill attached. The company
+is composed of T. F. Robinson, Weyerhauser &amp; Dinkeman and R. L.
+McCormack. Mr. Weyerhauser is president of the company. Mr.
+Weyerhauser is also president of the Rock Island Lumber Company and of
+Weyerhauser, Dinkeman &amp; Co., of Rock Island, and is a stockholder in
+Renwick, Crosset &amp; Co., Cloquet, Minnesota, Shell Lake, Barronett,
+Masons, White River, and Chippewa Falls Lumber companies, and is
+president of the Beef Slough Boom and Chippewa and Mississippi Logging
+companies. Mr. Weyerhauser is the most extensive holder and owner of
+unoperated pine lands in the West, or probably on the continent. The
+stockholders of the Hayward Lumber Company are all men of wealth
+accumulated by their own industry. Mr. R. L. McCormack, the resident
+stockholder and manager, is admirably adapted for the position he
+holds. Mr. McCormack was a citizen of Minnesota for fourteen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> years,
+and a member of the Minnesota legislature in 1881. He was born in
+Pennsylvania in 1847.</p>
+
+<p>Dobie &amp; Stratton, contractors for pine stumpage on the Lac Oreilles
+Indian reservation, reside in Hayward. They cut 28,000,000 feet of
+logs in the winter of 1885-86.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Malcomb Dobie</span>, of this firm, is a native of Canada. He came to the St.
+Croix valley in 1864, and was married to Harriet Stratton, at St.
+Croix Falls, in 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Milton V. Stratton</span>, brother of Mrs. Dobie, was raised at St. Croix
+Falls, and engaged in business with Mr. Dobie. In 1886, his health
+failing, he removed to California.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BARRON COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Barron county was formerly a heavily timbered tract of country, but is
+now being rapidly cleared and settled. It is well watered by the Red
+Cedar and its tributaries, and has many beautiful lakes, among them
+Turtle, Beaver, Chetek, Red Cedar, Rice, Bear, and Long lakes. The
+county was first established as Dallas county, in 1859, and attached
+to Polk for judicial purposes. In 1868 it was organized for county and
+judicial purposes, and the county seat was changed from Manhattan to
+Barron, section 26, township 34, range 12. By act of legislature in
+1869, the name of the county was changed to Barron, and the county
+seat was called by the same name, in honor of Hon. Henry D. Barron,
+then judge of the Eleventh circuit. It comprises townships 32 to 36,
+inclusive, and ranges 10 to 14, in all 25 townships. Barron county has
+three railroads, on the lines of which thriving settlements have
+sprung up. The railroads are three, the North Wisconsin, a branch line
+of the Omaha, and the Minneapolis, Soo Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic. The
+North Wisconsin railroad passes through the northwestern part of the
+county. The Chippewa Falls &amp; Superior City branch of the Omaha enters
+the southeast corner, and traverses the county in a direction west of
+north. The Minneapolis, Soo Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic passes through the
+middle of the county in a direction from east to west.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TURTLE LAKE TOWN</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized in 1879. The village of Turtle Lake is situated in
+sections 30 and 31, township 34, range 14. It contains a large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> saw
+mill with a capacity of 40,000,000 feet per annum; a union depot, used
+by the North Wisconsin, and Minneapolis, Soo Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic
+railroads, and stores, shops and dwellings, all new. The Minneapolis,
+Soo Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic railroad was built through the county in
+1885, and completed in 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BARRON,</h4>
+
+<p>The county seat, is a growing lumber town, with farming lands to the
+south. It has a population of over 1,000. The "Soo Line" railway has a
+station here.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PERLEY VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located also in Turtle Lake town, in section 8, township 34, range
+14, and on the line of the North Wisconsin railroad. It has a large
+saw mill with a capacity of 16,000,000 feet per annum. The village is
+beautifully located on Horse Shoe lake.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CUMBERLAND VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated in the town of Cumberland, section 7, township 35, range
+15, on Beaver Dam lake. It is pleasantly situated, and is the largest
+village on the line of the Northwestern railroad. Its appearance gives
+evidence of enterprise and thrift on the part of its citizens. The
+Beaver Dam Lumber Company have here a saw mill with a capacity of
+24,000,000 feet per annum. Cook &amp; Co. have a saw mill (burned and
+rebuilt) with a capacity of 6,000,000 feet. The village has a bank and
+one newspaper, the Cumberland <i>Advocate</i>, first issued in 1880 as the
+<i>Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Cumberland was organized as a village in 1881, and organized under a
+city charter in 1885. The population is now about 1,700. The
+mercantile business will aggregate about $500,000 annually. The
+aggregate output of lumber is 30,000,000 feet, while other industries
+aggregate $200,000 per annum. There are four churches, one graded
+school of five departments in which students are prepared to enter
+college. There is here one banking house.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPRAGUE</h4>
+
+<p>Is a village in Cumberland, on the Northwestern railroad. It has a saw
+mill with a capacity of about 15,000,000 feet per annum.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COMSTOCK,</h4>
+
+<p>In Cumberland, on the Northwestern railroad, has a shingle mill and
+saw mill, the latter having a capacity of about 5,000,000 feet.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BARRONETT,</h4>
+
+<p>In Cumberland, is located in township 36, range 13, in the midst of a
+well timbered region. Its saw mill, directly on the county line, has a
+capacity of 25,000,000 feet. M. Bowron has a farm adjoining the
+village of 250 acres, improved and yielding tame grass.</p>
+
+<p>De Graw and Granite Lake Mills are also located on the Northwestern
+railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Turtle Lake, Scott's Siding, Cosgrove, Barron, the county seat,
+Cameron and Canton, are on the Minneapolis, Soo Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic
+railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Chetek, Cameron Junction, Rice Lake and Bear Creek are located on the
+Omaha branch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Simeon Taylor.</span>&mdash;Mr. Taylor was born in Geneva, Wisconsin,
+October, 1851; graduated at the Wisconsin State University; studied
+law and settled at Barron, Barron county, in 1876, where he practices
+his profession and edits the <i>Barron County Shield</i>. He was elected
+member of the Thirty-seventh Wisconsin assembly in 1885-86 and
+represented the counties of Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas, and
+Washburn.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>ASHLAND, BAYFIELD AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>ASHLAND COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Ashland was originally a part of Crawford county, afterward of St.
+Croix and La Pointe, and was set off from the latter March 27, 1860.
+It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior and Montreal river, on the
+east by Oneida, on the south by Price and Chippewa, and on the west by
+Bayfield and Chippewa counties. It includes townships 41 to 47, ranges
+1, 2, and 3 east of the fourth principal meridian, and townships 41 to
+48 west of the same; the northern towns bordering on Montreal river
+and Lake Superior are fractional. The group of Apostle islands belongs
+to this county. The surface is generally level except where broken by
+the iron and copper ranges in the middle and southern part of the
+county. The Gogebic range, southeast of Ashland, is especially rich in
+iron. A railroad along this range connects Ashland with the Michigan
+roads. The soil is somewhat varied, ranging from sandy loam in the
+interior, to red clay on the lake shore. The county is drained by Bad,
+White and Montreal rivers and their tributaries, and the headwaters of
+the Chippewa. The timber is pine, fir, birch, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Apostle islands, situated in Lake Superior at the mouth of
+Chequamegon bay, form a fine natural harbor. The group consists of
+twenty-two islands, the most considerable of which are Madeline,
+Oatez, Oak, Hemlock, Rice, Basswood, Presque, Bear, Sand, and
+Michigan. The islands range in area from a very few acres up to
+14,804. They are heavily timbered with hardwood, have fertile soil,
+and are well adapted to farm and garden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> culture. The largest of these
+islands is Madeline, situated directly at the entrance to Chequamegon
+bay, and noted as containing the oldest settlement on the lake. Claude
+Allouez, a Jesuit missionary, landed at Madeline island Oct. 1, 1665,
+and erected a bark chapel at the place now known as La Pointe, and
+commenced instructing the Indians of the Algonquin and Huron tribes.
+Since that time the island has been held by missionaries and trading
+companies, with some pretty long intervals of abandonment. In 1800, M.
+Cadot, a French trader, came to La Pointe, erected fortified dwellings
+and lived here till his death, in 1837. At the commencement of the
+present century the American Fur Company made its headquarters on the
+southern part of the island, and occupied a post there until 1835,
+when they removed to La Pointe. Rev. Sherman Hall, of the Presbyterian
+church, established a mission here in 1830. In 1835 Rev. Father
+Baraga, a Catholic missionary, arrived, and built a church which he
+occupied until 1841, when he built a better one, which still stands in
+the inclosure of an ancient burying ground. This church contains a
+painting said to be over two hundred years old. Some of the graves are
+quite ancient, and have quaint inscriptions upon their tombstones. One
+that has often been copied and commented on by tourists is as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+"ERECTED<br />
+TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM BEAULIEAU<br />
+WHO WAS ACCIDENTALLY SHOT<br />
+AS A MARK OF AFFECTION<br />
+BY HIS BROTHER."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>These islands are becoming a fashionable resort for tourists, and many
+of them have been utilized as pleasant summer residences. Some of them
+are occupied by lighthouses of which there are five in all. The
+islands abound in brown stone, which is being quarried extensively for
+building purposes. The stone for the Milwaukee court house was taken
+from the quarries on Basswood island.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La Pointe County Election.</span>&mdash;In 1848 La Pointe county was set off from
+St. Croix county, and at an election held Nov. 10, 1848, John H. Wells
+and Leonard Wheeler were elected justices of the peace, and J. F.
+Hughes was elected clerk of the board of county commissioners. Returns
+of their election and that of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> members of the legislature were made to
+Hudson, county seat of St. Croix county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. John W. Bell</span>, born in New York City in 1805, in his eighth year
+went to Canada with his parents, learned to be a watchmaker, a ship
+builder and a cooper, and came to La Pointe in 1835, where he has
+since resided. He carried on the coopering business first, for the
+American Fur Company, and then for himself established a trading post,
+became interested in mining stocks, and filled various county offices,
+having served as county judge and register of deeds a great many
+years. In later life he was postmaster at La Pointe. He was married in
+1837 to Miss Margaret Brahant, in the Catholic chapel, by Bishop
+Baraga. He died in 1888.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ASHLAND</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated on a plateau of about thirty feet elevation, on the south
+shore and near the head of Chequamegon bay. The first house, a cabin,
+was built in 1854. Other cabins were added the same year. In the cabin
+erected by Mr. Asaph Whittlesey, in the winter of 1854-55, was
+preached the first sermon in Ashland by Rev. L. H. Wheeler, of the
+Odanah mission. A post office was established in March, 1855, Mr.
+Whittlesey, postmaster. The first American child born was the second
+daughter of Asaph Whittlesey. The name of Ashland was conferred upon
+the town by Martin Beaser, an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, it being
+the name of Mr. Clay's homestead. The village and post office was
+first known as Whittlesey, but on the organization of the county in
+1860, the name of Ashland was applied to both. The new town was not
+destined to immediate and continuous prosperity, and at one time, in
+1863, had decreased so much in population that its post office was
+discontinued for a period of nine years. After that date it entered
+upon an era of prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>Julia Wheeler taught the first school in 1859. The Methodists
+organized the first Protestant society in 1872. The Catholics
+commenced a church building in 1873. In 1872 the first newspaper in
+Ashland, the <i>Press</i>, was established by Sam S. and Hank O. Fifield,
+under whose charge it remained until 1874, when S. S. Fifield bought
+his brother's interest in the paper and has since published it
+continuously, and in 1888 established a daily.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1872 the Wisconsin Central railroad commenced work at the bay, and
+the outlay for improvements that year amounted to $244,800. The
+Wisconsin Central railroad built the Hotel Chequamegon in 1877. It is
+built in the form of an L, 120 feet front and 80 feet deep with 400
+feet of veranda, and accommodations for 100 guests. There are numerous
+other hotels in the city, and several boarding houses receive guests
+during the summer season. Ashland has vast lumber interests. The
+Ashland Lumber Company built the first mill, in 1872, which had a
+capacity of about 15,000,000 feet per annum. The Union mill, built in
+1878, has a capacity of about 18,000,000 feet. Mueller &amp; Richie's
+mill, built in 1881, has a capacity of about 20,000,000 feet. There is
+also a planing mill belonging to Geo. White. Ashland has become a
+railroad centre. The Wisconsin Central, St. Paul &amp; Omaha, Milwaukee &amp;
+Lake Shore and Northern Pacific concentrate a heavy freight for their
+elevators and lake docks. The largest dock in the world was built in
+Ashland in 1887. It was built almost expressly for iron ore shipments
+from Penoka and Gogebic ranges.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Asaph Whittlesey</span> selected the site of Ashland in 1854, and in
+conjunction with George Kilborn built the first dwelling. He was the
+first postmaster. He was appointed in 1855. He represented Ashland,
+Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, Polk, and St. Croix in the Wisconsin
+assembly in 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. P. T. Haskell</span> was the second settler in Ashland. He came with his
+wife, Nov. 2, 1854, but did not long remain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Vaughn</span> was born in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, Sept. 2, 1830. He came
+with his brother to La Pointe in 1852, and engaged in the fishing and
+fur trade until 1855, when he returned to Ohio. After taking a course
+in a commercial college, he returned to Wisconsin in 1856, took a
+claim of one hundred and sixty acres at Ashland and opened a store at
+Bayfield. In 1856 he surveyed and platted what is known as Vaughn's
+addition to Ashland. In 1871 he represented Ashland, Barron, Bayfield,
+Burnett, Douglas, and Polk counties in the Wisconsin assembly. At
+Ashland he built docks, warehouses and a store, and in later years
+dealt largely in iron mines and in lumber. He was married to Miss E.
+Patrick, of Ohio, in 1864. He died at Ashland, February, 1886. He
+induced the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company to make Ashland their
+lake terminus. He did more for that city than any other man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Ellis</span>, M.D., was born in Oxford county, Maine; was educated in
+Farmington Academy, Colby University and Bowdoin College, where he
+graduated and afterward completed a medical course at the University
+of New York. He came West in 1854, and located first at St. Paul, but
+in 1855 removed to Ashland where he made a claim, which, in part,
+became in 1873 Ellis' addition to Ashland. He practiced his profession
+at Ashland and Ontonagon, Michigan. He was married in 1850 to Martha
+B. Baker, of Sharon, Maine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martin Beaser</span>, one of the pre-emptors of the site of Ashland, was born
+in Erie county, New York, Oct. 22, 1822. For many years he was a
+seafaring man. He spent seven years in whaling, at the close of which
+time he came to Ontonagon in a sailing vessel, and thence with three
+companions in a dog sledge to Ashland, arriving February, 1856. Here
+he pre-empted land, and assisted in laying out the village. He engaged
+in the mercantile business. He was drowned in November, 1866, while
+trying to cross Chequamegon bay in an open boat during a storm. Mr.
+Beaser was a public spirited man and freely used his wealth in
+attempting to build up Ashland. He never lost faith in the ultimate
+prosperity of his adopted home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Sam S. Fifield</span> was born in Corinna, Penobscot county, Maine, June
+24, 1839. His early days were spent in Bangor, and he had but limited
+school privileges. He was early thrown upon his own resources and
+learned lessons in the rough school of life. He spent his time
+variously, as errand boy, hotel clerk, night watch on a steamboat,
+toll keeper; but finally, having served a brief apprenticeship in a
+printing office, he became the proprietor of the <i>Polk County Press</i>
+in 1862. In 1872 he and his brother Hank O. established the Ashland
+<i>Press</i>, of which he is now sole editor and publisher. Mr. Fifield
+entered the political arena as a Republican and has been remarkably
+successful. His record from the Wisconsin blue book is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>
+1868-69&mdash;Assembly proof-reader and assistant sergeant-at-arms.<br />
+1871-72&mdash;Assembly sergeant-at-arms.<br />
+1874-75-76&mdash;Member of assembly from Ashland, Barron, Burnett, Douglas, and Polk counties.<br />
+1876&mdash;Speaker of the assembly.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>1877&mdash;Member of the senate.<br />
+1880-81&mdash;Member of the senate.<br />
+1882-86&mdash;Lieutenant governor.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fifield was married to Stella Grimes, at Prescott, 1863.
+Considering the disadvantageous circumstances of his youth, Mr.
+Fifield's career has been a notable one.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAYFIELD COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Bayfield county includes townships 43 to 52, except as affected by the
+irregular outline of its lake boundary on the north, and ranges 5 to
+9. It has seventy-five miles of lake shore, with some fine harbors,
+the finest of which are those in the shelter of the Apostle islands,
+on the northeast. The country is covered with dense growths of
+evergreen and hardwood timber. Numerous streams flow into the lake on
+the north, and into the tributaries of the St. Croix on the south. The
+Chippewa Indians formerly occupied the country. The Red Cliff Indian
+reservation is located at Buffalo Bay, a short distance north of
+Bayfield City. The territory of Bayfield county has been successively
+in the bounds of Crawford, St. Croix and La Pointe. By subsequent
+subdivisions Douglas and Ashland counties were set off from La Pointe,
+and the Apostle islands given to Ashland, and the remaining part of La
+Pointe was organized as Bayfield county, with the county seat at
+Bayfield, in 1868. Aside from traders and adventurers and the
+occasional advent of a missionary, the first settler was Elisha Pike,
+who came with his family in 1855, and settled in section 21, township
+50, range 4, not far from Bayfield. Bayfield was named in honor of
+Admiral Bayfield of the British Navy, who made a survey of Lake
+Superior in 1822-23.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAYFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Bayfield was platted in 1856, by H. M. Rice. It has
+since been incorporated. It is beautifully situated. The site slopes
+gently from high timbered regions to the shores of the bay. The waters
+of the bay are deep, clear, and, from the shelter afforded by the
+Apostle islands, almost unruffled. The harbor thus afforded is among
+the best on the lake. Bayfield was made a port of entry in 1858. The
+city is well supplied with stores, mills, hotels, school houses, and
+churches. There are many pleasant homes, with fountains playing in
+front, lawns, shade trees and ornamental shrubs. The landscape,
+especially to those residing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> in the rear of the city on the higher
+grounds, is exquisitely beautiful. There are many beautiful trout
+brooks and ponds in the suburbs. As a summer resort Bayfield is
+becoming every year better appreciated. The Bayfield <i>Press</i>,
+established in 1874, is the local newspaper. It is edited and
+published by Currie C. Bell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHBURN</h4>
+
+<p>Is a new town on the west side of Chequamegon bay. It is the lake
+terminus of the Omaha railroad. It has a fine harbor, large mills and
+other enterprises that mark it as a growing town.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DRUMMOND, PRATT AND MASON</h4>
+
+<p>Are prosperous manufacturing villages, with large saw mills, located
+on White river, on the line of the North Wisconsin railroad.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CABLE STATION,</h4>
+
+<p>On the railroad, in township 43, range 7, contains about a dozen
+buildings. Mathews, Olson &amp; Co. are working a silver mine near Cable
+which yields twenty-three dollars per ton. There are several other
+villages and stations on the line of the two railroads passing through
+this county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DOUGLAS COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>This county occupies the extreme northwestern corner of the State,
+having a frontage of six townships on the lake by six on the Minnesota
+state line, making a total of thirty-six whole townships and five
+fractional, the latter lying along the lake. The northern part of the
+county is drained by the tributaries of St. Louis river and Lake
+Superior, the principal streams being the Nemadji, Middle and Brule
+rivers. The southern part is drained by the St. Croix and tributaries.
+The Omaha railroad intersects the county from south to north, having
+its northern terminus at West Superior. The Northern Pacific crosses
+the upper tier of towns, having its principal station at Superior.
+Thriving villages are growing up along these lines of railroad, and
+the county is being rapidly settled. It was organized as a county in
+February, 1854, from territory originally belonging successively to
+Crawford, St. Croix and La Pointe counties.</p>
+
+<p>The first election was held Nov. 7, 1854. The following officers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> were
+elected: County judge, J. A. Markland; sheriff, Asa A. Parker;
+district attorney, R. R. Nelson; register of deeds, F. A. Whitaker;
+county treasurer, Bradley Salter; supervisors, Frank Perfect, Chas. H.
+Kimball and Alexander Paul; supervisors' clerk, C. H. Kingsbury;
+superintendent of schools, J. J. Post; coroner, R. H. Barrett. Judge
+J. A. Markland held the first term of court, June 4, 1854. The first
+deed filed in the county was from William Herbert to Geo. L. Becker,
+being a warranty in section 14, township 47, range 14. Consideration,
+$250. The deed was recorded February, 1854. At the organization of the
+county, Superior was made the county seat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SUPERIOR CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The site is on a beautiful plateau originally covered with pine, lying
+on the southern shore of Lake Superior, separated, however, from it by
+the waters of Superior bay, a fine natural harbor shut in from the
+lake by tongues of land called Minnesota and Wisconsin Points. These
+approach within a half mile of each other, the space thus left being
+the original outlet of the bay. Between Wisconsin Point and the main
+land lie the waters of Allouez bay, extending in length a distance of
+three miles, and in width in its widest part about one mile. The
+Nemadji river flows into Superior bay near its outlet. The bay of St.
+Louis finds an outlet into Superior bay between Rice's Point and a
+tongue of land a mile or more in length, projecting from the Wisconsin
+main land. Minnesota Point, which separates Superior bay from Superior
+lake, is a strip of land seven miles in length, with an average width
+of seven hundred feet, beautifully fringed with pines. At the outlet
+of Superior bay two piers have been constructed, extending into the
+lake three-fourths of a mile. On one of these piers is a forty-day
+lighthouse, constructed by the government. The bay forms one of the
+finest harbors in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The plateau on which Superior City is located is about thirty-five
+feet above the waters of the bay. The site occupies the triangular
+space lying between St. Louis bay and the bays of Allouez and
+Superior, and has at least eleven miles of frontage on these bays,
+along which numerous docks and piers have been built and projected,
+some of them costing as much as $200,000. The government surveys were
+made in 1853, by George R. Stuntz.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> In July of the same year J.
+Addison Bulmer made a location on Allouez Point. In August, John T.
+Morgan settled at the mouth of the Nemadji river. They were followed
+by Wm. H. Newton, George E. Nettleton, Benjamin Thompson, Col. D. A.
+Robertson, R. R. Nelson, and D. A. J. Baker, of St. Paul. In September
+the Roy brothers and &mdash;&mdash; Cadott came. The same autumn Frank Roy,
+Abraham Emmuit and Louis Souvenard made pre-emptions of frontage on
+Superior bay. Several buildings were erected. Mr. Roy and others give
+to Col. Robertson the honor of building the first house in Superior.
+It is still standing.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1853 mineral explorations were made, and mines were
+worked during the ensuing winter. An Indian trail was widened and a
+road opened into the St. Croix valley by which supplies were brought
+from St. Paul. This road was not wide enough for wagons, but was
+traveled during the winter in dog sledges and on snowshoes. The winter
+following the opening of the road, Messrs. Robertson, Nelson and Baker
+went over it to St. Paul on foot. In the spring of 1854 Newton and
+others made additional surveys of the town site of Superior City, and
+the same was recorded Nov. 6, 1854. Settlers came in rapidly. O. K.
+Hall built a hotel. At the organization of Douglas county, in 1854,
+Superior was made the county seat, the proprietors donating twelve
+acres of land for county buildings. Two lots for every eight blocks
+were donated for schools, twenty lots for churches, and a square for a
+park. A weekly mail to and from St. Paul was established in July of
+that year. A saw mill was erected. A land office was established at
+Superior that year. Rev. David Brooks, a pioneer Methodist minister,
+preached the first sermon, using a carpenter's shop as an audience
+room.</p>
+
+<p>An old settlers' association was organized September, 1855, known as
+the Fond du Lac Historical Society. Its officers were: R. B. Carlton,
+president; W. H. Norton and E. F. Ely, vice presidents; E. W. Perry,
+secretary. The Superior <i>Chronicle</i> issued its first number June 12,
+1855. It was the first newspaper published at the head of Lake
+Superior. Ashton &amp; Wise were the publishers. The second number
+contained the announcement of the opening of the Ste. Marie canal and
+the passage through it of the first boat, the steamer Illinois. It
+contained also the astonishing announcement, from the St. Anthony
+<i>Express</i>, that a salt lake had been discovered by W. H. Ingersoll,
+one hundred and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> fifty miles west of St. Cloud. The salt was said to
+be of good quality, and in such quantity that it could be gathered by
+the bushel. Large beds of coal had also been discovered near the lake.
+The <i>Chronicle</i> was discontinued in 1863 and succeeded by the Superior
+<i>Gazette</i> in 1864. The <i>Gazette</i> has been succeeded by the Superior
+<i>Times</i>, now edited by J. Lute, Thomas Bardon, proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>Superior City has passed through periods of depression as well as of
+advancement. At an early period speculators were lured to the spot by
+the manifest advantages it presented for the building of a great city.
+The favorable site attracted attention throughout the Union. Wealthy
+men and men prominent in the political history of the country invested
+largely. Amongst these we find the names of W. W. Corcoran, of
+Washington; Robert J. Walker, of New York; G. W. Cass, of Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania; Horace S. Walbridge, of Toledo, Ohio; the Breckenridges
+of Kentucky; the Rice brothers, of St. Paul; and James Stinson, of
+Chicago. With the influence of these names, and the means furnished,
+the new city had a rapid, if not healthy growth. The prosperity was
+short lived. The adjacent country was not sufficiently developed, the
+shipping interests languished, and those who had been attracted hither
+by dreams of becoming suddenly rich, were discouraged and moved away,
+till, in 1858, the city was half deserted. The period of depression
+continued through the Civil War, and for years afterward, until, by
+the building of railroads and the consequent development of the
+country, the claims of Superior as a centre of trade were again
+acknowledged, and the tide of emigration was turned back. With
+Allouez, Superior and Duluth bays for its harbor, with its railroads
+already built, building or projected, its enterprising people are
+ready to contest with Duluth for the sovereignty of the Unsalted Seas.</p>
+
+<p>Superior, being a combination of Old Superior and West Superior under
+one municipality, was organized as a village Aug. 27, 1887, and held
+her first village election Sept. 24, 1887, with a population of 6,000
+people. It was organized with the following officers: President, L. F.
+Johnston; trustees, Wm. Munro, Neil Smith, L. G. Moran, A. Lederman,
+A. A. Cross, and Howard Thomas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>WEST SUPERIOR</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1884. The first buildings were erected in October of
+the same year. The city has now a population of 3,000. It has
+excellent graded schools, under the supervision of Prof. G. Glen
+Williams. The Catholics, Presbyterians and Congregationalists have
+church buildings, and the Methodists are about to build. A hotel is in
+process of building that will cost when completed $100,000. West
+Superior is supplied with water works, the electric light, extensive
+coal docks and elevators, and has three newspapers, the Superior
+<i>Inter-Ocean</i>, established June 3, 1886; the West Superior <i>News</i>,
+established June 24, 1886; and the <i>Sunday Morning Call</i>, established
+July, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bardon Brothers.</span>&mdash;James, Thomas and John A. Bardon came early to
+Superior City and upheld her doubtful fortunes in the days of trial,
+never losing faith in her prospective greatness. They have not toiled
+and watched and waited in vain. The expected railways have been built;
+the improved harbor, with dredge boats, well built piers and
+lighthouse, has been completed. Surveys and terminal approaches of
+other roads insure the commercial prosperity of the city. Thomas has
+for some years been a resident of Ashland, Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. H. Newton</span>, an early citizen of Superior City, is among those who
+have never lost faith in its future prosperity, believing the head of
+the lake to be the natural terminus of European trade and a centre of
+American commerce. He is an engineer, surveyor, real estate dealer,
+and is interested in some of the converging lines of railroad at
+Superior City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Solon H. Clough.</span>&mdash;Mr. Clough was born in Madison county, New York,
+Aug. 31, 1828; was educated at Fulton Academy, since known as Falley
+Seminary, Oswego county, New York. He attended for a short time
+Hamilton College, New York, studied law, and was admitted to the bar
+at Syracuse in 1851. He came to Hudson, Wisconsin, in the fall of
+1857; in 1861 was elected mayor of Hudson; in 1864, judge of the
+Eleventh circuit, and removed to Osceola. In 1869 he removed to
+Superior City; in 1876 returned to Hudson, but removed again to
+Superior in 1881, where he still resides. He was re-elected circuit
+judge in 1870, and in 1882 was appointed by Gov. Rusk to fill the
+vacancy caused by the death of Judge Barron. At the conclusion of his
+term he was re-elected for the ensuing term. Judge Clough was married
+in 1851 to Kate Taylor, of New York.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vincent Roy</span>, a brother of Peter Roy, well known among the pioneers of
+the Northwest, was born in Fort Francis in 1825; came to La Pointe in
+1839; attended school a few terms, and engaged in the fur trade. In
+1854 he came to Superior, where he still resides, and is an active,
+enterprising merchant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. George Morrison</span>, a son of William Morrison, the discoverer of the
+source of the Mississippi, resides at Superior City, where he has
+served as register of deeds for Douglas county since 1856, a period of
+thirty-one years. He came to Superior an 1854.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August Zachau</span> came to Superior in 1852, from Chicago, where he had
+been for three years, working at the carpenter's trade. He was then
+twenty-seven years of age, and a Prussian by birth. He was engaged by
+the Superior Town Site Company to superintend the building
+improvements going on at what is now the East End. When he came up, no
+Ste. Marie canal had been dug, and a portage was necessary between
+Lakes Superior and Huron, involving a change in the line of vessels.
+He built the first hotel in Superior, the old Pioneer House, which
+burned in 1857, and also the present Nicollet House, which was built
+of logs, cut on what is now Tower Slip. He also built the Quebec pier,
+the first dock ever built at the head of Lake Superior. He also
+assisted in cutting the old government trail through to the St. Croix
+river. He was an active participant in the defense of the town site
+people in their battles with the claim jumping pre-emptioners, who had
+settled on the lands adjoining, and who filed contests on much of the
+town site as soon as the plats were returned to the land office at
+Willow River, now known as Hudson. In cutting the sixty miles of trail
+to the St. Croix, every able-bodied man turned out, except enough to
+guard the homes and cut kindling wood. The axemen ground their axes at
+Fond du Lac, the only trading station of importance at that time on
+the St. Louis river. He pre-empted, in the interest of his fellow
+sufferers on the town site, eighty acres of land, now part of
+Superior. He has always led a quiet, laborious life; now runs a small
+general store at the East End, and does a little general contracting
+for ties and bridge timbers and dock piling. He has a family of five
+boys and one girl now living, all in Superior.</p>
+
+<p>Among the first settlers were Judge Hiram Hayes, &mdash;&mdash; Ritchie and &mdash;&mdash;
+Gates.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>PINE COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Prior to the organization of Minnesota Territory, in 1849, Pine county
+was included within the limits of St. Croix county, Wisconsin. Until
+the organization of Chisago county, in 1852, it was within the limits
+of Ramsey, and from thence until 1854, within the limits of Chisago,
+when it was organized under its present name. Until 1858 it included
+the territory of the present counties of Kanabec and Carlton. It is
+bounded on the north by Carlton county, on the east by the St. Croix
+river and the state line, and on the west by Aitkin and Kanabec
+counties. It is well watered by the St. Croix, Kettle and Kanabec
+rivers with their numerous tributaries. There are many fine lakes
+within its borders. The finest of these are Cross, Pokegama, Pine and
+Sturgeon lakes. This county was originally heavily timbered with pine,
+from which fact it derived its name. Though immense quantities have
+been removed, the supply is still great enough to make this region a
+lumberman's paradise for years to come.</p>
+
+<p>The facilities for floating logs to the St. Croix are scarce equaled
+elsewhere. Since 1837 the Kanabec river has been a principal feeder to
+the lumber trade of the St. Croix valley. In some of the forests a new
+growth has succeeded the old, and should the land be not otherwise
+used, the lumberman may yet reap successive harvests in periods
+ranging from eight to fifteen years. Much of the land in this county
+is well adapted for agriculture. The soil is chiefly a sandy loam with
+clay subsoil. Much of the county will eventually become a good grazing
+and cereal growing region. The southern townships are heavily timbered
+with hardwood and are rapidly being converted into good wheat farms. A
+large quantity of cordwood, piles and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> ties is annually marketed by
+means of the railroad. Kanabec river is navigable from Chengwatana and
+Pine City to Brunswick, in Kanabec county. The same steamboat that
+since 1881 has navigated the Kanabec, also makes trips, six miles up
+the Rice and Pokegama rivers. The first crops raised in the county,
+except those raised by traders and missionaries, were raised on the
+Greeley farm, Kanabec river, near the western limits of the county, by
+Royal C. Gray.</p>
+
+<p>At the organization of the county, Herman Trott, George W. Staples and
+Royal C. Gray were appointed commissioners. The county was attached
+for judicial purposes to Chisago until 1872, at which date the county
+seat, located at Chengwatana by legislative enactment, was changed by
+a popular vote to Pine City. The first district court was held in
+October, 1872, Judge Crosby, presiding; John D. Wilcox, clerk; Edward
+Jackson, sheriff.</p>
+
+<p>The first marriage license, issued in 1872, was to John Kelsey and
+Mary Hoffman. The first board of county officers, after the removal of
+the county seat, were: Commissioners, Hiram Brackett, George Goodwin
+and Edward Jackson; auditor, Adolph Munch; register of deeds, Don
+Willard; county attorney, treasurer and superintendent of schools,
+John D. Wilcox. The first article recorded by the register of Pine
+county was a military land warrant, No. 12702, in the name of Prudence
+Rockwell, located by William Orrin Baker upon the southeast quarter of
+section 32, township 38, range 20, subject to forty days' pre-emption,
+dated Stillwater, June 19, 1855; T. M. Fullerton, register. Assigned,
+June 14, 1856, to Enos Jones. The second record is of a warranty deed
+from John F. Bradford to W. A. Van Slyke, of Ramsey county, of the
+west half of the northwest quarter of section 30, township 39, range
+19, and the west half of the northwest quarter of the same section.</p>
+
+<p>The finances of the county were in good condition until 1872, from
+which time, owing to heavy expenditures for new roads, with possibly
+injudicious management, and two defalcations of county auditors,
+considerable embarrassment ensued. In 1876 the state legislature
+bonded the county indebtedness of $10,000, in ten year bonds, at ten
+per cent interest. These bonds were readily received by the creditors,
+and the county is now free from debt. During the last year a bridge
+800 feet long was built across the Kanabec river near Pine City, at a
+cost of $3,350, for which the State appropriated $1,500 and the county
+$1,850.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi railroad was completed to Kanabec
+river in 1868, and in 1869 extended northwest to the county line. The
+building of this road was speedily followed by the erection of
+numerous mills along its line, a list of which is appended, with the
+very remarkable statistics of the losses by fire, from which but four
+of these mills were exempt:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>North Branch, Swenson &amp; Co., flour mill; burned; loss,
+$8,000.</p>
+
+<p>Rush City, Taylor &amp; Co., capacity 1,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $3,000.</p>
+
+<p>Rock Creek, Edgerton &amp; Co., capacity 2,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $8,000; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Rock Creek, Strong &amp; Co., capacity 1,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $1,500; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Rock Creek, Long &amp; Co., capacity 1,000,000 feet yearly;
+removed.</p>
+
+<p>Pine City, Ferson &amp; Co., capacity 10,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $50,000; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Pine City, Ferson &amp; Co., capacity 10,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $25,000; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Pine City, Munch &amp; Burrows, stave mill; burned; loss,
+$10,000.</p>
+
+<p>Pine City, Brackett &amp; Co., capacity 3,000,000 feet yearly.</p>
+
+<p>Mission Creek, Taylor &amp; Co., capacity 3,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $12,500; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Mission Creek, Taylor &amp; Co., capacity 3,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $12,500.</p>
+
+<p>Hinckley, Grant &amp; Co., capacity 1,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $3,000.</p>
+
+<p>Hinckley, McKean &amp; Butler, capacity 3,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $7,000; rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>Miller Station, Robie &amp; Co., shingle mill; burned; loss,
+$3,000.</p>
+
+<p>Kettle River, S. S. Griggs &amp; Co., capacity 3,000,000 feet
+yearly; never operated; loss, $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>Moose Lake, McArthur &amp; Co., capacity 2,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $30,000.</p>
+
+<p>Barnum, Cooley &amp; Co., capacity 1,000,000 feet yearly;
+burned; loss, $5,000.</p>
+
+<p>Barnum, Bliss &amp; Co., capacity 10,000,000 feet yearly.</p>
+
+<p>Northern Pacific Junction, Payne &amp; Co., two mills burned;
+loss, $50,000; rebuilt the third time.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4>POKEGAMA LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>This beautiful lake lies in township 39, range 22. It is about five
+miles in length by one in breadth and finds an outlet in Kanabec
+river. It is celebrated for its historical associations. Thomas
+Conner, an old trader, informed the writer of these sketches, in 1847,
+that he had had a trading post on the banks of this lake thirty years
+before, or about the year 1816. This was before Fort Snelling was
+built. Mr. Conner said that there was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> a French trading post at
+Pokegama long before he went there. It was in the spring of 1847,
+after a wearisome day's tramp, that I made his acquaintance and shared
+his unstinted hospitality. His post, at that time, was located at the
+mouth of Goose creek, Chisago county, on the banks of the St. Croix.
+His rude, portable house was built of bark, subdivided with mats and
+skins into different apartments. Although at an advanced period in
+life, his mind was clear and he conversed with a degree of
+intelligence which caused me to ask him why he lived thus secluded,
+away from all the privileges of a civilized life. His reasons, some of
+them, were forcible; he liked the quiet of the wilderness, away from
+the turmoils of the envious white race. I learned from him many
+interesting facts connected with travelers, traders and explorers of
+our St. Croix valley. This was the last season he spent on the river.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847, when I visited Pokegama, Jeremiah Russell, an Indian farmer,
+had a very pretty farm on a point of land on the southwest side of the
+lake, and between the lake and the river. A Frenchman, Jarvis, lived a
+short distance from Russell. Across the lake from Russell's were the
+neat and tasteful log buildings and gardens of the Presbyterian
+mission. The mission was established in the spring of 1836, by Rev.
+Frederic Ayer and his associates, under the auspicies of the American
+Board of Foreign Missions. Mr. Ayer had been laboring at Yellow Lake
+mission, but, owing to the growing unfriendliness of the Indians, had
+been removed to Pokegama. Much pertaining to the mission work, both at
+Pokegama and elsewhere, will be found in the biographies of the
+principal missionaries. We mention here only such incidents as may be
+of more general interest. For many of these incidents we are indebted
+to Mrs. Elisabeth J. Ayer, of Belle Prairie, the widow of Rev.
+Frederic Ayer, for a long time missionary to the Ojibways. This
+estimable lady has passed her eighty-fifth year, but her mind is still
+clear and her hand steady, her manuscript having the appearance of the
+work of a precise young schoolmistress. She mentions an old Canadian,
+who had been in the country sixty years, and for seven or eight years
+had been entirely blind. He was known as Mushk-de-winini
+(The-old-blind-prairie-man), also the old trader, Thomas Conner, the
+remains of whose mud chimney and foundation of the old trading house
+may still be seen on the southern shore of the lake.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Franklin Steele was the first white man to visit the mission. In the
+spring of 1837 the mission aided three or four families in building.
+February, 1837, Rev. Mr. Hall, of the La Pointe mission, visited
+Pokegama, and organized a church of seven members,&mdash;three of whom were
+natives,&mdash;administered the ordinance of baptism to eight persons, and
+solemnized two marriages, probably the first in the valley of the St.
+Croix. Revs. Boutwell and Ely came to the mission in 1837. A school
+had been opened, some Indian houses built, and gardens enlarged, and
+the future of the mission seemed assured. Mrs. Ayer relates the
+following account of the</p>
+
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF POKEGAMA.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1811 the Sioux selected this settlement as the place to avenge the
+wrongs of the Ojibways&mdash;some of recent date; the principal of which
+was the killing of two sons of Little Crow (done in self defense)
+between Pokegama and the falls of the St. Croix. The Sioux arrived at
+Pokegama in the night, and stopped on the opposite side of the lake,
+two miles from the mission. The main body went to the main settlement,
+and, after examining the ground where they intended to operate, hid
+among the trees and brush back of the Indian gardens, with orders that
+all keep quiet on both sides of the lake till a given signal, when the
+Indians were busy in their gardens, and then make quick work. But
+their plans failed. Most of the Ojibways of the settlement had, from
+fear of the Sioux, slept on an island half a mile out in the lake (I
+mean the women and children), and were late to their gardens. In the
+meantime a loaded canoe was nearing the opposite shore and the few
+Sioux who had remained there to dispatch any who, in time of battle,
+might attempt to escape by crossing over, fired prematurely. This gave
+the alarm, and saved the Ojibways. The chief ran to Mr. Ayer's door
+and said, expressively: "The Sioux are upon us," and was off. The
+Indians seemed at once to understand that the main body of the enemy
+was at hand. The missionaries stepped out of the door and had just
+time to see a great splashing of water across the lake when bullets
+came whizzing about their ears, and they went in. The Sioux had left
+their hiding place and the battle commenced in earnest. Most of the
+women and children of the settlement were yet on the island. The house
+of the chief was well barricaded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> and most of the men gathered in
+there. The remainder took refuge in a house more exposed, at the other
+end of the village. The enemy drew up very near and fired in at the
+window. One gun was made useless, being indented by a ball. The owner
+retired to a corner and spent the time in prayer. The mother of the
+house, with her small children, was on her way to the island under a
+shower of bullets, calling aloud on God for help.</p>
+
+<p>The missionaries seeing from their windows quantities of bloody flesh
+upon stumps in the battle field, thought surely that several of their
+friends had fallen. It proved to be a cow and calf of an Ojibway. The
+mission children were much frightened and asked many questions, and
+for apparent safety went up stairs and were put behind some well
+filled barrels. In the heat of battle two Ojibways came from the
+island and landed in front of Mr. Ayer's house. They drew their canoe
+ashore and secreted themselves as well as the surroundings would
+permit. Not long after three Sioux ran down the hill and toward the
+canoe. They were fired upon and one fell dead. The other two ran for
+help but before they could return the Ojibways were on the way back to
+the island. Not having time to take the scalp of their enemy, they
+hastily cut the powder horn strap from his breast, dripping with
+blood, as a trophy of victory. The Sioux drew the dead body up the
+hill and back to the place of fighting. The noise ceased. The battle
+was over. The missionaries soon heard the joyful words, quietly
+spoken: "We still live." Not a warrior had fallen. The two school
+girls who were in the canoe at the first firing in the morning were
+the only ones killed, though half the men and boys in the fight were
+wounded. The Sioux women and boys who had come with their warriors to
+carry away the spoils had the chagrin of returning as empty as they
+came.</p>
+
+<p>The Ojibways were careful that no canoe should be left within reach of
+the Sioux. From necessity they took a canoe, made by Mr. Ely, and
+removed their dead two miles up the river, dressed them (seemingly) in
+the best the party could furnish, with each a double barreled gun, a
+tomahawk and scalping knife, set them up against some large trees and
+went on their way. Some of these articles, including their
+head-dresses, were sent to the museum of the American board, in
+Boston.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the closing scene the missionaries had the opportunity of seeing
+the difference between those Indians who had listened to instruction
+and those who had not. The second day after the battle the pagan party
+brought back to the island the dead bodies of their enemies, cut in
+pieces, and distributed parts to such Ojibways as had at any time lost
+friends by the hands of the Sioux. One woman, whose daughter was
+killed and mutilated on that memorable morning, when she saw the
+canoes coming, with a head raised high in the air on a long pole,
+waded out into the water, grabbed it like a hungry dog and dashed it
+repeatedly on the stones with savage fierceness. Others of the pagans
+conducted themselves in a similar manner. They even cooked some of the
+flesh that night in their kettles of rice. Eunice (as she was named at
+her baptism) was offered an arm. At first she hesitated; but for
+reasons, sufficient in her own mind, thought best to take it. Her
+daughter-in-law, widow of her son who had recently been killed and
+chopped into pieces by the Sioux, took another, and they went into
+their lodge. Eunice said: "My daughter, we must not do as some of our
+friends are doing. We have been taught better," and taking some white
+cloths from her sack they wrapped the arms in them, offered a prayer,
+and gave them a decent burial. About this time a Mr. Kirkland was sent
+from Quincy, Illinois, by a party who wished to plant a colony not far
+from the mission station. He arrived at Pokegama very soon after the
+battle. Notwithstanding what had happened he selected a location on
+Cross lake, just where a railroad has now been in operation for some
+years. He worked vigorously for two or three weeks, and then went to
+consult the Indian agent and the military at Fort Snelling. They gave
+him no encouragement that the two tribes would ever live in peace; and
+he went home. The Ojibways lived in constant fear, and the place was
+soon deserted. This was a great trial to the missionaries; but they
+did not urge them to stay. They separated into small parties and went
+where they could get a living for the present and be out of danger.
+The teachers remained at their post, occasionally visiting the Indians
+in their retreat, hoping they might soon think it safe to return to
+their homes. In this they were disappointed. These visits were not
+always very safe. On one of these trips Mr. Ayer was lost, and from
+cold and hunger came near perishing. Not finding the party he sought,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
+he wandered about for a day or two. In the meantime the weather became
+much colder. Not expecting to camp out he took only one blanket and
+food enough for one meal. In crossing Kettle river on a self-made
+conveyance, and there being ice on the opposite shore, he got wet. The
+Indians, anticipating his visit, had sent a young man to the mission
+station to guide him to, their new locality. He returned in haste,
+fell on Mr. Ayer's track, and a light sprinkle of snow enabled him to
+follow it until he was found.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Ayer relates several incidents illustrative of Indian character.
+As her husband had been stationed at Yellow Lake, and afterward at Red
+Lake, these incidents are not necessarily located at Pokegama:</p>
+
+
+<h4>A NOBLE CHIEF.</h4>
+
+<p>The Red Lake Indians were a noble band&mdash;they had a noble chief. In
+civilization he led the way, in religion he did not oppose. He
+shouldered a heavy axe, and could be seen chopping on one side of a
+large tree, in perspiration, while his wife was on the other side,
+helping all she could with her hatchet. This chief was also an
+advocate of temperance. Not that he didn't love whisky, but he hated
+the effect of it on his band. He dictated a letter to the president,
+begging him not to let the white faces bring any more firewater to his
+people, giving as one reason that they had teachers among them who
+must be protected, and if they had whisky he did not know what might
+happen.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRANK CONFESSIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the church there was much childish simplicity. Once when Mr. Ayer
+was lecturing on the eighth commandment, he paused, and without
+expecting an answer, said: "Now who is there among you who has not
+stolen?" One woman began to confess&mdash;another followed, then another.
+One thought she had stolen about seven times. Another entered more
+into particulars, mentioning the things she had stolen, till the scene
+was quite amusing. Another rose to confess, but was cut short by her
+husband, who said: "Who knows how many times he has stolen? We are a
+nation of thieves." And with a few remarks the meeting closed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>A COWARDLY DEED.</h4>
+
+<p>After a medicine dance, according to Indian custom, they proposed a
+feast, but there was nothing on which to feast. There was a large
+company and all were hungry. Mr. Ayer's cow was in the barnyard near.
+Three daring fellows sitting by themselves began to taunt each other
+in regard to their comparative prowess. After an excitement was
+created, one of them, to show his bravery, shot the cow. Mr. Ayer was
+in his garden and witnessed the performance. Two or three of the
+leading men in this pagan party came immediately to Mr. Ayer to learn
+whether he would take the cow for his own use. While they were talking
+(perhaps twenty minutes) the cow was cut in pieces, and in the
+Indians' kettles preparatory to a good time. After the Indians had
+sold their land they paid for the cow.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN UNJUST ACCUSATION.</h4>
+
+<p>Indians are said to be revengeful. They are. So are white men. They
+fight for their rights. So do white men. They are thieves and liars.
+So are white men. Quarrelsome, envious, jealous. So are white men.
+Experience teaches that according to their knowledge they compare
+favorably with Anglo-Saxons. Sin is none the better, nor less
+mischievous, for being civilized.</p>
+
+<p>A missionary, a good man, too, he was, accused an innocent woman of
+stealing his shirts that were laid out on the snow to whiten. His
+wife, not remembering that she had brought them in early in the
+morning, asked him to go out and get them. But they were not to be
+found! "Who has been here this morning?" was asked. "Ekwazans; I don't
+remember any other." "Well, she shan't have those shirts. I'll
+overtake her before she gets home." He followed her four miles,
+determined to have his shirts. The woman declared her innocence, and
+told him to search the wigwam. He did so, but said himself that it was
+done rather roughly. In the meantime the wife espied the shirts just
+where she had put them. This affair was ever after a source of regret
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Indians laughed heartily; others made remarks rather
+sarcastic. The woman herself felt disgraced by the accusation, but
+never manifested signs of wanting to "pay back," or in any way to
+avenge the wrong.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN MAGNANIMITY.</h4>
+
+<p>An employe of the American Fur Company, a "green hand," was crossing a
+portage. The load on his back was topped off with a bag of flour. The
+hill was steep and long. Steps were cut in it like a flight of stairs.
+As he reached the top a mischievous Indian touched the bag, and it
+went tumbling to the foot of the hill. The Frenchman immediately sent
+the Indian tumbling after it. Some of the company advised the
+Frenchman to run away, for the Indian might kill him. He told them
+boldly that he would not run away. The Indian gathered himself up,
+came to the top of the hill, told the Frenchman he had done just
+right, offered his hand and they were firm friends. Magnanimous had it
+been a white man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Frederic Ayer</span> was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1803.
+When he was two years old the family moved to Central New York. His
+father was a Presbyterian minister, and they intended that their son
+should follow the same profession; but before he was prepared his
+health failed and he turned his attention to other business.</p>
+
+<p>He commenced his labors for the Indians in 1829, by teaching the
+mission school at Mackinaw, under the superintendency of Rev. M.
+Ferry. The pupils of this school were not all Ojibways but were from
+many different tribes, and spoke different languages. Mackinaw was
+then a general depot of the North American fur traders. They brought
+not only their own children to the school but such others as parents
+among whom they were trading wished to send. They were gathered from
+Lake Winnipeg, British America north, to Prairie du Chien and the head
+of Lake Michigan south. They were taught in English only.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1830 Mr. Ayer went to La Pointe, Lake Superior, with
+Mr. Warren, opened a school and commenced the study of the Ojibway
+language. In 1831 he met at Mackinaw, Revs. Hall and Boutwell, who
+were sent out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
+Missions to the Indians, and he returned with Mr. and Mrs. Hall and
+their interpreter to spend another winter at La Pointe.</p>
+
+<p>The next year, 1832, Mr. Ayer wintered with another trader at Sandy
+Lake. He opened a school there and completed a little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> Ojibway
+spelling book which was commenced at La Pointe. In the spring of 1833
+he left Sandy Lake for Utica, New York, to get the book printed. Mr.
+Aitkin, with whom he had wintered, gave him eighty dollars, and with a
+pack on his back and an experienced guide, he started on his journey.
+Before they reached Sault Ste. Marie the ice on Lake Superior was so
+weak that Mr. Ayer broke through and was saved only by carrying
+horizontally in his hands a long pole to prevent his sinking.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ayer hastened on to complete the object of his journey, that he
+might return to Mackinaw in time to go up Lake Superior with the
+traders. Mr. Ayer, hitherto an independent worker, now put himself
+under the direction of the "American Board," and was sent to Yellow
+Lake, within the present bounds of Burnett county, Wisconsin. Miss
+Delia Cooke, whose name should never be forgotten among the early
+missionaries of the American board to the Indians, and Miss Hester
+Crooks, a girl educated at Mackinaw, and who had some experience in
+teaching, were among the number who coasted up Lake Superior in a
+Mackinaw boat; the former to La Pointe mission, the latter to Yellow
+Lake with Mr. and Mrs. Ayer. They wintered in Dr. Borup's family. Mrs.
+Borup also had, for some years, been a pupil at Mackinaw. The next
+year Miss Crooks married Rev. Mr. Boutwell and went to Leech lake, and
+J. L. Seymour and Miss Sabrian Stevens, also Henry Blatchford, an
+interpreter from Mackinaw, were added to Yellow Lake mission. When Mr.
+Ayer told the Indians his object in coming among them, they gave him a
+welcome. But six months later, seeing two or three log houses in
+process of building, they were much troubled, and met in a body to
+request him to go away. A Menomonie from the region of Green Bay had
+stirred them up, not against the missionaries, but against the general
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The speaker said: "It makes the Indians sad to see the white man's
+house go up on their land. We don't want you to stay; you must go."
+Further on he said: "You shall go!" Mr. Ayer answered him. The party
+left at midnight, and the missionaries went to bed with heavy hearts,
+thinking they might be thurst out almost immediately. But before
+sunrise the next morning about two-thirds of the same party returned,
+and said they had come to take back what they said the night before.
+The war chief was speaker, but his words were mild. "Why," said he,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+"should we turn these teachers away before they have done us any
+harm?" They would like to have us stay, he said, but added that they
+did not want any more to come, for the result might be the loss of
+their lands. We might use whatever their country afforded, but they
+would not give us any land, or sell us any. "For," said the speaker,
+"if we should sell our land where would our children play?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ayer finished his school house, and went on with his work as
+though nothing had happened. But evidently things were not as they
+should be. The chief seemed to "sit on the fence," ready to jump
+either way. The war chief was always friendly, but he had not so much
+control over what concerned us. He did what he could without giving
+offense, and was anxious that his daughter of fourteen years should be
+taken into the mission family. Mr. Ayer remained two years longer at
+Yellow Lake. In the meantime the chief of the Snake River band sent
+messages inviting the teachers to come and live among them.
+Accordingly in the spring of 1836 the mission was removed to Pokegama
+lake, eighteen miles up the river. The chief did all he had promised,
+and showed himself a man. Nothing was said here to remind the
+missionaries that they were using the Indians' wood, water and fish.
+On the contrary, when they sold their land, it was urged that the
+teachers' children should be enrolled for annual payment, the same as
+their own. The chief said that as they were born on the land it was no
+more than right, and he wished it might be done.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842 Mr. Ayer went with his family to the States; and in Oberlin
+was ordained preacher to the Ojibways. He soon returned to the Indian
+country, and David Brainard Spencer, an Oberlin student, with him.
+They spent the winter of 1842-3 in traveling from one trading post to
+another, selecting locations for missionary labor. For their own field
+they chose Red Lake. When Mrs. Ayer, with her two little boys, six and
+eight years old, went to join her husband at the new station, Alonzo
+Barnard and wife and S. G. Wright, all of Oberlin College, went with
+her. Other missionaries soon followed, and that station was for many
+years supplied with efficient laborers. More recently the work there
+was assigned to Bishop Whipple, and is still carried on.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Ayer, in 1865, offered their services to the freed-men of
+the South and were employed at Atlanta, Georgia.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ayer organized a Congregational church and a baptistry connected
+with the house of worship, that he might baptise by immersion or
+otherwise, according to the wishes of the candidate. He also formed a
+temperance society, which some months before his death numbered more
+than six hundred members.</p>
+
+<p>There was great grief at his death amongst all classes. An aged man,
+who had lost a small fortune in his devotion to the Confederacy,
+embraced the corpse, and said: "If he had not holpen me, I should have
+before gone him." Many others, in word or action, expressed a similar
+feeling. All classes of people were represented at his funeral. His
+remains were buried in the Atlanta cemetery, Oct. 1, 1867. Thus passed
+away one who had spent a life for the benefit of others.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Ayer in some instances taught three generations of
+Ojibway blood, and North and South, they were, in the course of their
+labors, associated for a longer or shorter time, with more than eighty
+different missionaries,&mdash;a noble band,&mdash;with few exceptions worthy the
+name they bore. Most of them have passed away, and their graves are
+scattered here and there from British America to Georgia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. William T. Boutwell</span>, who figures so prominently in the history of
+the early missions in the St. Croix valley, was born in Hillsborough
+county, New Hampshire, Feb. 4, 1803. He was educated at Dartmouth and
+Andover colleges, and in 1831, the year of his graduation at Andover,
+he came to the Northwest as a Presbyterian missionary. He spent one
+year at Mackinaw, learning the Chippewa language, under the
+instruction of Rev. W. M. Ferry, father of Senator Ferry, of Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 our government sent an embassy of thirty men, under the
+control of the Indian agent at Ste. Marie, Henry R. Schoolcraft, to
+tranquilize the tribes and effect some advantageous treaties. The
+embassy was accompanied by an outfit of soldiers under the command of
+Lieut. Allen, Dr. Houghton, physician, George Johnson, interpreter,
+and Mr. Boutwell. The embassy had a liberal outfit of provisions,
+equipages and trinkets for the Indians, and was conveyed in a large
+bateau of several tons capacity, and some birch canoes, the largest of
+which was thirty feet long, and capable of containing nine persons. On
+arriving at Fond du Lac, the head of navigation on the St. Louis
+river, Mr. Boutwell wrote as follows to the missionary board:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<img src="images/illus-273.jpg" width="392" height="450" alt="WILLIAM T. BOUTWELL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WILLIAM T. BOUTWELL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"On arriving here I was not a little surprised to find four hundred
+souls, half-breeds and white men. The scene at our landing was such as
+I never before witnessed, and enough to fill one, unaccustomed to the
+like as myself, with wonder, if not with fear. The yelling of Indians,
+barking of dogs, crying of children, running of the multitude,
+discharge of musketry, and flourish of flags, was noise in the
+extreme. At ten o'clock I preached to about forty in English, the
+first sermon ever preached here, and at 4 <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> I addressed, through
+Mr. Johnson, more than twice that number of French, half-breeds and
+Indians; many of the latter of whom for the first time listened to the
+word of Life. All listened with attention and interest. My interpreter
+sat on my right, while a chief occupied a seat at my left. Around and
+below me, on the floor, sat his men, women and children, in a state of
+almost entire nudity, many of whom had no more than a cloth about the
+loins, and a blanket, but some of the children not even a
+blanket,&mdash;all with their pipes and tobacco pouches, painted with all
+the variety of figures that can be imagined."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From Fond du Lac he proceeded with the expedition up the St. Louis
+river, crossing the falls by a portage, and ascending to the point
+nearest Sandy lake, which was reached by a portage. The expedition
+proceeded up the Mississippi to Leech lake. Learning from the Indians
+at this point that Cass lake, the reputed source of the Mississippi,
+was not the real source, the expedition proceeded, under the guidance
+of a chief and a number of his tribe, to ascend the river further.
+When they reached the lake, now known as Itasca, five of the party,
+Lieut. Allen, Schoolcraft, Houghton, Johnson, and Boutwell, were sent
+in canoes with Indian guides to explore the shores of the lake. No
+inlet being found the party came to the conclusion that this was, as
+the Indians claimed, the true source of the Mississippi river. Mr.
+Schoolcraft being satisfied as to the correctness of the observations,
+landed his party on an island near the middle of the lake.</p>
+
+<p>He was puzzled to know what name to give the lake, and asked Mr.
+Boutwell if he knew of any word that would express the term "true head
+of the river." Mr. Boutwell said he could think of no single word that
+would express it, but there were two Latin words that would answer the
+purpose, and those were <i>veritas</i>&mdash;true, and <i>caput</i>&mdash;head. Mr.
+Schoolcraft immediately wrote on a piece of paper the two words, and
+then erasing the first syllable of the first word and the last
+syllable of the latter, joined the remaining syllables. He then
+planted the stars and stripes on a little eminence, and formally
+christened the lake "Itasca." They then proceeded to descend the
+Mississippi. "As we were passing through the outlet of the lake," said
+Mr. Boutwell, "I stopped my canoe on the shore and jumped across the
+Mississippi. I considered that a great thing to relate in after
+years."</p>
+
+<p>The party with their own boats descended the Mississippi, distributing
+tobacco, medals and flags to Indians on their way.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> "When I see the
+great cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul now," said Mr. Boutwell, "I
+have to reflect that when we made our memorable trip down the river in
+1832 we stopped at St. Anthony falls, and I stood on the east bank and
+looked across the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> river in profound admiration of the most beautiful
+landscape I had ever seen, with only a few head of government cattle
+belonging at Fort Snelling grazing upon it. The whole country on both
+sides of the river was as God had made it. When we passed the locality
+of St. Paul there was not even an Indian tepee to be seen."</p>
+
+<p>The party halted at a Sioux Indian village at Kaposia, a few miles
+below St. Paul, and after a short consultation proceeded to the mouth
+of the St. Croix, and ascending the St. Croix to its source, made a
+portage of two miles to the source of the Burnt Wood river, which they
+descended to Lake Superior, and thence returned to their starting
+place. In the following year Mr. Boutwell established a mission at
+Leech lake. In giving an account of his reception by the Indians, he
+says: "When I arrived the men, with a few exceptions, were making
+their fall hunts, while their families remained at the lake and its
+vicinity to gather their corn and make rice. A few lodges were
+encamped quite near. These I began to visit, for the purpose of
+reading, singing, etc., in order to interest the children and awaken
+in them the desire for instruction. I told them about the children at
+Mackinaw, the Sault, and at La Pointe, who could read, write and sing.
+To this they would listen attentively, while the mother would often
+reply: 'My children are poor and ignorant.' To a person unaccustomed
+to Indian manners and Indian wildness it would have been amusing to
+have seen the little ones, as I approached their lodge, running and
+screaming, more terrified, if possible, than if they had met a bear
+robbed of her whelps. It was not long, however, before most of them
+overcame their fears; and in a few days my dwelling, a lodge which I
+occupied for three or four weeks, was frequented from morning till
+evening by an interesting group of boys, all desirous to learn to
+read, sing, etc. To have seen them hanging, some on one knee, others
+on my shoulder, reading and singing, while others, whether from shame
+or fear I know not, who dared not venture within, were peeping in
+through the sides of the cottage, or lying flat upon the ground and
+looking under the bottom, might have provoked a smile; especially to
+have seen them as they caught a glance of my eye, springing upon their
+feet and running like so many wild asses colts. The rain, cold and
+snow were alike to them, in which they would come, day after day, many
+of them clad merely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> with a blanket and a narrow strip of cloth about
+the loins. The men at length returned, and an opportunity was
+presented me for reading to them. The greater part listened
+attentively. Some would come back and ask me to read more. Others
+laughed, and aimed to make sport of both me and my mission."</p>
+
+<p>He continued to labor here until 1837, when the Indians becoming
+troublesome, and having murdered Aitkin, an agent of the fur company,
+he deemed it advisable to remove the mission to Pokegama lake. He
+labored here faithfully, much respected by the Indians for his
+firmness and christian devotion. In 1847 he removed to Stillwater and
+settled on a farm near the city, where he is spending the remainder of
+his days, cared for by his affectionate daughter Kate and her kind
+husband, &mdash;&mdash;Jones. Though infirm in body on account of advanced age
+his mind is clear and his memory retentive. He enjoys the respect
+accorded to venerable age, and that which pertains to an early and
+middle life spent in unusual toils and hardships in the noblest work
+intrusted to the hands of man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Hester Crooks Boutwell</span> deserves honorable mention as the early
+companion of the devoted missionary. She was the daughter of Ramsey
+Crooks, of New York, an Indian trader. Her mother was a half-breed
+Ojibway woman. Hester Crooks was born on Drummond island, Lake Huron,
+May 30, 1817. Her father gave her a superior education at Mackinaw
+mission. She was a woman of tall and commanding figure, her black hair
+and eyes indicating her Indian origin. She was a fluent
+conversationalist, and careful and tidy in her personal appearance.
+She died in Stillwater in 1853, leaving a family of seven children.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHENGWATANA.</h4>
+
+<p>This town derived its name from the Chippewa words, "cheng-wa" (pine)
+and "tana" (city), applied to an Indian village which from time
+immemorial had been located near the mouth of Cross lake. This
+locality had long been a rallying point for Indians and traders. When
+the writer visited it, in 1846, it had the appearance of an ancient
+place of resort. Half-breeds and whites with Indian wives settled
+here, and in 1852 there were several log houses, and a hotel kept by
+one Ebenezer Ayer. There was also a dam built for sluicing logs. Among
+the early settlers were Duane Porter, George Goodwin, Herman Trott,
+John G. Randall,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> Emil, Gustave and Adolph Munch. Mr. Trott built a
+fine residence on the shore of Cross lake, afterward the home of S. A.
+Hutchinson. The Munch brothers built a store and made other
+improvements. John G. Randall, in 1856-7-8, manufactured lumber, ran
+it down the Kanabec and St. Croix rivers to Rush Seba, Sunrise and
+Taylor's Falls. In 1852, and soon after the building of the government
+road to Superior City, a post office and a stage route from St. Paul
+to Superior City were established. The dam, to which reference has
+been made, was built in 1848, by Elam Greely. It is at the outlet of
+Cross lake and has ten feet head. The flowage covers many thousands of
+acres. The ownership has changed several times. The tolls levied
+amount to from ten to fifteen cents per thousand feet. The chartered
+operators control the flowage completely, opening and shutting gates
+at their pleasure. Many of the first settlers removed to other
+localities. Mr. Trott and the Munch brothers to St. Paul, J. G.
+Randall to Colorado, and Louis Ayd to Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856 an effort was made to found a village on the site of the old
+Indian town of Chengwatana. Judd, Walker &amp; Co. and Daniel A. Robertson
+surveyed and platted the village of Alhambra, but the name was not
+generally accepted, and the old Indian name of Chengwatana superseded
+it. The town of Chengwatana was organized in 1874. The first
+supervisors were Duane Porter, Resin Denman and Ferdinand Blank.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Ayd</span> was born in Germany in 1840; came to America in 1852 and
+settled in Chengwatana. He served three and a half years as a soldier
+during the Rebellion, and was seriously injured in the service. On his
+return he settled in Taylor's Falls. He is a well-to-do farmer and
+dealer in live stock for the meat market. He has been a member of the
+Roman Catholic church from childhood. He was married to Rosabella
+Hoffman, of Hudson, Wisconsin, in 1871.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duane Porter</span>, the son of a surgeon in the United States Army in the
+war of 1812, was born in Washington county, New York, in 1825; came
+West as far as Illinois in 1852, and to St. Croix Falls in 1844. He
+was married in 1848 to Mary Lapraire, and in the same year located at
+Chengwatama. His occupation is that of an explorer and lumberman. He
+has ten children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. A. Hutchinson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Hutchinson was a native of Maine,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> and while
+yet a youth came to the valley of the St. Croix, and located at
+Chengwatana, where he married a Chippewa woman, and raised a family of
+half-breed children. "Gus" Hutchinson, as he was familiarly called,
+had many noble traits of character and was very popular with his
+associates. He had a well trained mind; was skilled as a lumberman and
+explorer, and was of a genial disposition, honest in heart and true in
+his friendships. He was elected sheriff of Pine county, and served
+four years. On the night of Aug. 16, 1880, he was found in a sitting
+posture on his bed, lifeless, a rifle ball having pierced his heart.
+It appeared, on investigation, that his oldest son wanted to marry an
+Indian girl, to which his father objected. On the night after the
+murder the marriage took place in Indian style. Suspicion pointing
+strongly toward mother and son, they were arrested, and an indictment
+found by the grand jury against the son. He was tried and acquitted.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HINCKLEY.</h4>
+
+<p>The township of Hinckley was organized in 1872. It includes a large
+area of land; heavily timbered with pine and hardwood. The soil is
+varied, consisting of black and yellow sand loam with clay subsoil. It
+abounds in meadows, marshes, tamarack swamps, pine and hardwood
+ridges, and is capable of cultivation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE VILLAGE OF HINCKLEY</h4>
+
+<p>Lies midway between St. Paul and Duluth, on the St. Paul &amp; Daluth
+railroad. It was founded soon after the completion of the road. The
+Manitoba railroad passes through the village, running from St. Cloud
+to Superior. It was incorporated in 1885. The following were the first
+officers: President, James J. Brennan; recorder, S. W. Anderson;
+trustees, James Morrison, Nels Parson, John Perry; treasurer, John
+Burke; justices of the peace, John Brennan, A. B. Clinch; constable,
+Andrew Stone. Prior to this incorporation, Hinckley had suffered
+considerably from the lawlessness of its occasional or transient
+residents and visitors, and the large majority of the vote in favor of
+incorporation is justly considered as a triumph of law and order. The
+village has a saw mill doing a large business, a good depot, round
+house, four hotels, several stores, shops, and fine residences, a
+commodious school house, and two churches&mdash;a Lutheran and Catholic.
+The Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba railroad connects<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> here with the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth railroad, and is being extended to Superior.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Morrison</span> was born on Cape Breton island in 1840. Mr. Morrison
+was one of the first settlers of Hinckley, having come to the
+settlement in 1869, in the employ of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad.
+He has followed farming and hotel keeping. He is an active and
+industrious man, the proprietor of a large hotel, and a member of the
+Presbyterian church.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SANDSTONE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located in the northwest quarter of section 15, township 42, range
+20. It contains about forty dwellings, three large boarding houses,
+two stores, one hotel and a stone saw mill with diamond-toothed saw,
+built by Ring &amp; Tobin, at a cost of $30,000. The stone quarries of the
+Kettle River &amp; Sandstone Company are located on sections 3, 10 and 15,
+in township 42, range 20, and extend two and three-quarters miles on
+each side of Kettle river. The first work in opening the quarries was
+done Aug. 22, 1885. The village plat was surveyed in June, 1887, and a
+post office established there the February preceding, W. H. Grant,
+Jr., being the first postmaster. The saw mill and the quarries give
+employment to about four hundred men. Sandstone is located on the old
+site of Fortuna. The Kettle River railroad was built to the quarries
+in 1886, from the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad, a distance of five
+miles. The Manitoba railroad, running to Superior, passes through the
+village.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Grant, Sr.</span>, one of the founders of Hinckley, and the
+proprietor and founder of the Sandstone enterprise, was born Dec. 23,
+1829, at Lyndborough, New Hampshire. He received his education at
+Hancock Academy, New Hampshire, and Yates Academy, Orleans county, New
+York. He studied law and was admitted to practice in 1854 at
+Hillsborough, New Hampshire. He came to St. Paul in 1859, where he
+still resides, his property interests at Sandstone being immediately
+under the super vision of his son, W. H. Grant, Jr. He sold his
+interest in May, 1888, for $100,000. He was married to Martha McKean
+in New Hampshire, January, 1855.</p>
+
+
+<h4>KETTLE RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Kettle River, including townships 43 and 44, lying on the
+west line of the county, was organized in 1874. S. S.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> Griggs was
+chairman of the first board of supervisors. The town contains but one
+school district. The first settler was S. S. Griggs, who, in company
+with John S. Prince, of St. Paul, built a saw mill at the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth railroad crossing on Kettle river, in 1871-72. This was not a
+successful venture. A post office was established at the mill, and S.
+S. Griggs was appointed postmaster. The Manitoba and St. Paul &amp; Duluth
+railroads pass through the town from south to north. The township now
+has no settlement except about twenty-four families at the station and
+village. It is heavily timbered with pine and hardwood. There are
+meadows, marshes and tamarack swamps, fine streams and beautiful
+lakes, and much excellent farming land besides. The Pine lakes in
+township 43, range 21, are beautiful sheets of water. There are no
+good roads or public improvements.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John C. Hanley</span> was born in Covington, Kentucky, and was educated at
+Oxford College, Ohio. He came to St. Paul in 1849, as a machinist and
+millwright. He was married in 1853, at St. Anthony, to Sophia
+Ramsdale. In 1862 he enlisted in Company M, Minnesota Mounted Cavalry,
+a company recruited principally at Sunrise, Chisago county, by Capt.
+James Starkey. He was commissioned second lieutenant and was with Gen.
+Sibleys expedition against the Sioux. Subsequently he received a
+captain's commission, and recruited Company M, Second Minnesota
+Cavalry, stationed on the frontier. He was mustered out in 1865. He
+resides at Kettle River.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MISSION CREEK</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized as a town in 1880. The first supervisors were M. Thomas,
+T. Johnson, Wm. McKean; Messrs. H. A. Taylor and Philip Riley &amp; Co.,
+of St. Paul, were the first operators here. They built a saw mill with
+a capacity of 3,000,000 feet per annum. This property has changed
+owners, and is now held by the John Martin Lumber Company, of St.
+Paul. It was burned down in 1885, but was immediately rebuilt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PINE CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Pine City was organized in 1874. The first supervisors
+were Hiram Brackett, H. B. Hoffman and James Griffith. The village of
+Pine City was platted in 1869. The original proprietors were James and
+Stephen H. Petrie, Catherine Sloan and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> Luther Mendenhall. The survey
+was made by B. W. Brunson. Wm. Branch acted as attorney and the
+acknowledgment was made by J. J. Egan, notary public, of St. Louis
+county. The village was organized in 1881, but the officers did not
+qualify until the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest settler was probably a Mr. Kirkland, of Quincy, Illinois,
+who worked for some time on the banks of Cross lake, on the present
+site of Pine City, hoping to be able to plant a colony there, but,
+according to the testimony of Mrs. E. T. Ayer, the missionary became
+disheartened by the Indian troubles, and left in 1841, abandoning his
+scheme. The completion of the railroad which crosses the Kanabec river
+at this point gave a great impetus to the prosperity of the village
+and neighborhood. It now contains a fine court house, built at a cost
+of $8,000, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian and Lutheran churches, good
+buildings for graded and common schools, and three hotels. Pine City
+has besides a pleasant park, the gift of Capt. Richard G. Robinson,
+which has been adorned and embellished and named after the donor,
+"Robinson Park."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Richard G. Robinson</span> was born in Jackson county, Iowa, in 1829; he
+moved thence with his parents to Illinois, and to St. Croix Falls in
+1848, where he followed lumbering, scaling, surveying and exploring.
+He lived at St. Croix and Taylor's Falls until 1872, when he received
+the appointment of land examiner for the Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi
+Railroad Company. He was in the employ of the company twelve years,
+making his home at Pine City, where he still lives, engaged in
+lumbering and real estate. He was married to Catharine A. Fullenwider,
+of Iowa. Mrs. Robinson died at Pine City in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hiram Brackett</span> was born in 1817, in China, Maine, and came to Pine
+City in 1868 from Aroostook county, Maine. He was among the first to
+make improvements. He built a hotel and was the first postmaster in
+the town. He died in 1883, leaving an estimable widow, three sons,
+John, Albert and Frank, and two daughters, Emily, married to Henry A.
+Linn, of Milwaukee, and Louise, married to Henry D. Crohurst, of Pine
+City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Randall K. Burrows</span>, a native of Connecticut, came to Pine City in
+1869, and, with Adolph Munch, built a large stave mill on the shores
+of Cross lake. This proved an unfortunate investment, resulting in
+litigation, during the progress of which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> mill was destroyed by
+fire, in 1878. Mr. Burrows was an active, enthusiastic man, and worked
+hard for the interests of Pine City, filling many positions of trust.
+He was elected to the state senate from the Twenty-eighth district, in
+1874. His seat was contested by John Hallburg, of Centre City. The
+Senate referred the question to the people, but in the election that
+followed (1875) he was defeated. In 1879 he removed to Dakota, where
+he died three years later.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Ferson</span> came from Michigan to Pine City in 1869. During that
+and the succeeding year he was principal in building a first class
+steam saw mill. It was located on a bay in the western part of the
+city. This mill was burned in 1872, rebuilt and burned again. Mr.
+Ferson has since removed to Dakota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Millet</span> settled in Pine City in 1869, and in 1870 erected the
+Bay View House, on an elevated plateau commanding a fine view of Cross
+lake and Kanabec river. Mr. Millet died in 1879, leaving a widow, two
+sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ROCK CREEK</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized March, 1874. The first supervisors were Enoch Horton,
+Frank England, and S. M. Hewson. Obadiah Hewsom was town clerk. Enoch
+Horton and C. W. Gill were justices of the peace. Mr. Horton was the
+first settler, he having come to the county in 1872. The year
+following he raised the first crop. Mr. Horton was from Colchester,
+New York. He was born in 1811, and came to Minnesota in 1862. He was
+the first postmaster at Rock Creek. Other settlers came in slowly.
+Edgerton, Gill &amp; Co. built a saw mill in 1873, with a capacity of
+3,000,000 feet. This property has changed hands several times.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. Enoch Horton</span> commenced official life at the age of twenty-two
+years, in New York, where he served twenty-eight years as justice of
+the peace and county judge. He served during the Rebellion as captain
+of a company of sharpshooters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ROYALTON</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized in 1880. The first supervisors were Edward Peterson,
+Alexis Kain and Joseph Heiniger. It is a good farming township with
+many good farms. The first settlement was made by Elam Greely, in
+1849, who made a farm and built a large barn, hauling the lumber from
+Marine Mills, a distance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> seventy miles. The town was named in
+honor of Royal C. Gray, who located on the Greely farm in 1854, in the
+northwest quarter of section 15, township 38, range 22, on the banks
+of the Kanabec river.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WINDERMERE</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized as a town Jan. 3, 1882. The first supervisors were
+August Schog, William Champlain and Frank Bloomquist.</p>
+
+<p>The towns of Kettle River, Hinckley and Pine City were organized, and
+Chengwatana reorganized by special act of the legislature in 1874, and
+at that time embraced all the territory in the county. Since 1874,
+Mission Creek, Rock Creek and Royalton have been set off from Pine
+City and Windermere from Kettle River.</p>
+
+<p>The following villages were platted at the dates named: Neshodana, by
+Clark, Cowell &amp; Foster, in townships 41 and 42, ranges 15 and 16, in
+1856; Fortuna, by W. A. Porter, surveyor, at the crossing of Kettle
+river and the military road, January, 1857; St. John's, by M. L.
+Benson, surveyor, in section 26, township 41, range 17, October, 1857;
+Midway, by Frank B. and Julia L. Lewis, proprietors, in the northwest
+quarter of section 34, township 40, range 21, September, 1855.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A ROCK CREEK MURDER.</h4>
+
+<p>A man passing under the name of Harris had been arrested for stealing
+horses. George Hathaway started with the prisoner to Sunrise. Five
+days afterward Hathaway's dead body was found, and the inquest decided
+that he probably met his death by stabbing or shooting at the hands of
+his prisoner, who made his escape, and was never again heard from.
+Hathaway was a native of Passadumkeag, Maine.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BURNING OF A JAIL.</h4>
+
+<p>March 22, 1884, a couple of young men, John Cope and William Leonard,
+were arrested for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and confined in
+the Pine City jail, a wooden structure. About three o'clock the next
+morning the jail was found to be on fire. All efforts to extinguish
+the flames or rescue the unhappy prisoners were unavailing. The fire
+originated from within, in all probability from the careless action of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> prisoners themselves in striking matches, either for the purpose
+of smoking or of exploring their cells.</p>
+
+
+<h4>A DISFIGURED FAMILY.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Redman, the agent at the Kettle River railroad station, called my
+attention to the fact that old Batice is singularly disfigured. He was
+born without thumbs or big toes. The fingers and remaining toes
+resemble birds' claws. Two of the fingers of each hand and two of the
+toes on each foot are united to the tips but have distinct nails. Of
+his four children three are disfigured like the father. His
+grandchildren are many of them worse than himself, one having but one
+finger.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN FAITH CURE.</h4>
+
+<p>A woman at Pokegama was badly burned by the explosion of gunpowder
+while she was putting it in a flask. Her face became terribly swollen
+and black. The missionaries did what they could for her, but thought
+she must die. After two days the Indian doctors held a medicine dance
+for her benefit. After they had gone through with their magic arts the
+woman arose, and, without any assistance, walked around distributing
+presents to the performers of the ceremony. It was truly wonderful.
+She recovered rapidly.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN GRAVES.</h4>
+
+<p>The Chippewas bury their dead much as the whites do. The body is
+deposited in a grave and covered with earth. A low wooden covering,
+somewhat like the roof of a house, is reared above it, the gables
+resting on the ground. The roof is covered with white or bleached
+muslin, and surmounted by a board cross. An aperture about six inches
+square is left in each end of the structure. The head of the grave is
+toward the west, and here are deposited offerings of fruits and
+trinkets of various kinds. We found at one grave a broken saucer, an
+oyster can filled with blueberries, a large red apple, and a pair of
+old shoes. Friends of the deceased visit the graves for one or two
+years, renewing their tributes of affection, and bringing offerings of
+fruit according to the season, and various foods, from acorns to dried
+venison, but in time these visits are discontinued and the graves are
+neglected and forgotten.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>STOICISM OF THE INDIAN.</h4>
+
+<p>On the banks of the Kettle river a five-year-old boy burned his hand
+badly. The mother, after examining the wound, decided that it was
+incurable, ordered the boy to place his hand upon a block, and by a
+single blow from a common hatchet severed it from the wrist. The boy
+endured the suffering without flinching.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Old Batice</span>, <i>alias</i> "Kettle," lived on Kettle river in 1880. Counting
+by moons he claims to have lived there ninety-nine years. He is
+certainly very old. He says that he has always been a friend to the
+whites, and that in the Sioux outbreak of 1862 he counseled his people
+to remain quiet; that he was the enemy of the Sioux, three of whom he
+had killed and scalped. To commemorate his warlike deeds in
+slaughtering his enemies, he wore three large eagle feathers in his
+gray hair. He claims to be half French.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN DANCE.</h4>
+
+<p>In June, 1880, the Indians were practicing a new dance near the Kettle
+River railroad station, part of which it was my privilege to witness.
+The dance house was a rudely constructed pole frame covered with birch
+bark, fastened down with willow twigs. About thirty dancers, male and
+female, and of all ages, were crowded in the dance house, sweating,
+grunting, hopping and bounding at the tap of a deer skin drumhead, and
+the "chi-yi-chi-yi-chi-hoo" of a quartette of boys and girls, squatted
+in a corner of the bark house. The din was incessant, the chant of the
+singers, or howlers, monotonous and wearisome, yet the dancers stepped
+and bounded to their rude music as readily as do civilized dancers to
+the more exquisite music of stringed instruments. This dance was the
+same that so frightened the Burnett county people, and required at
+least ten days for its complete performance. A few minutes'
+observation amply satisfied us, and we gladly withdrew.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Several years prior to this William Morrison had a
+trading station upon the shores of this lake, and is probably the
+first white man who visited it, but it does not appear that he
+identified it as the source of the Mississippi.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>KANABEC COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Kanabec county, prior to 1849, was included in St. Croix county,
+Wisconsin; thence until 1852 it was a part of Ramsey county,
+Minnesota; until 1854 a part of Chisago county; and thence until its
+organization in 1859, a part of Pine county. It was attached for
+judicial purposes at various times to Chisago, Isanti and Pine
+counties. In 1882 it was organized for judicial purposes, Judge Crosby
+holding the first term of court at Brunswick. The second term was held
+at Mora in 1884, in the new court house.</p>
+
+<p>The writer, when a member of the Minnesota senate in 1858, selected
+the name and introduced the bill for the formation of the county. Its
+boundaries are Aitkin county on the north, Pine on the east, Isanti on
+the south, and Mille Lacs on the west. It is well watered and drained
+by the Kanabec and its tributaries. This river is navigable to
+Brunswick, and one of its tributaries, Rice river, is navigable six
+miles from its mouth to Rice lake. The soil is a rich, sandy loam,
+deep, strong and productive. One-fifth of the entire surface was
+originally covered with pines. About 25,000 acres are natural meadows,
+while much of the remainder is covered with hardwood, and a small
+portion is brush prairie, which can be easily rendered fit for
+cultivation. The best crops are wheat, oats and potatoes, but Indian
+corn can be grown profitably as compared with other localities in
+Minnesota. Small fruits, wild and cultivated, grow luxuriantly.
+Cranberries have been shipped in considerable quantities. Redtop,
+clover, and timothy grow rank, and are profitably cultivated. Upward
+of 5,000 tons of hay are cured annually. The lumbering interests are
+still important, about 75,000,000 feet of logs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> being annually driven
+to the Stillwater boom. This county is spotted with lakes and abounds
+in streams capable of being utilized as water powers. Good building
+granite is found on the Kanabec river above Mora, which will
+eventually be quarried and exported.</p>
+
+<p>The first permanent settlers were George L. Staples and James
+Pennington, who came in 1855. They were followed by Stephen W. Tolman,
+Alvin De Wolf, John L. Spence and others. Gov. Sibley appointed the
+following as the first board of officers, June 10, 1859: County
+commissioners, Geo. L. Staples, chairman; Daniel Gordon, Benj. L.
+Gifford; clerk and register of deeds, James C. Morrison; treasurer,
+Alvah Lougee; sheriff, Benj. L. Gifford. The first election was held
+in October, 1859. The following were elected county officers: County
+commissioners, Geo. L. Staples, chairman; James Pennington, Geo.
+Morrison; auditor, Benj. Bill.</p>
+
+<p>In the bill organizing the county, Brunswick was designated as the
+county seat, and so remained until 1882, when by popular vote Mora was
+selected. In 1883 the county built a court house at a cost of $5,000,
+and a jail costing $2,000. In 1874 the county built a bridge across
+the Kanabec at Brunswick, the bridge and its approaches being 1,300
+feet in length, at a cost of $5,000. In 1879 the county built a bridge
+across the Kanabec at Grass Lake at a cost of $4,000. As this bridge
+obstructed navigation in 1884, the county, at a cost of $4,000,
+rebuilt it in such a way that steamers could pass underneath. In 1883
+another bridge was built across the Kanabec in the town of Arthur at a
+cost of $4,000.</p>
+
+<p>The first post office was established at Brunswick in 1859, Geo. L.
+Staples, postmaster. The first mail was from Anoka via Cambridge to
+Brunswick. In 1847 Rev. W. S. Boutwell preached the first sermon
+within the present limits of the county. The first deed recorded was a
+warranty deed from Ralph Potter to John A. Snyder, both of Illinois,
+in June, 1857, conveying lands in sections 3 and 10, township 38,
+range 25. The second deed recorded was from David Bagley to Hersey,
+Hall, Whitney and Fenno, of Boston, and Isaac Staples of Stillwater,
+conveying the northeast quarter of section 1, township 38, range 24,
+and other lands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ARTHUR.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Arthur includes township 39, ranges 23, 24 and 25. It was
+organized in 1883. The first supervisors were: Ira A. Conger, Andrew
+E. Westling and Charles A. Staples; clerk, Stanton D. Seavey. The
+village of Mora was the first settlement. Anna C. Larson was the first
+child born in the town. The first marriage was that of Frederick G.
+Turner and Edith Perkins. The first death was that of Henry Rust, in
+1847, killed by Indians. There is one house of worship, at what is
+known as the Swedish mission.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MORA,</h4>
+
+<p>A village, platted in 1882, is located in section 11, township 39,
+range 24, on the Hinckley branch of the Manitoba railroad. Myron R.
+Kent, owner of the town plat, made the first improvements, building a
+hotel and post office, of which he became postmaster. Alvah J. Conger
+opened the first store in 1882. The village now contains a court
+house, school house, two hotels, five stores, three saloons, and many
+fine residences. Lake Mora, a lovely sheet of deep, blue water, about
+one hundred and fifty acres in extent, is located within the village
+limits. The village is beautifully situated on a plateau on the east
+side of Kanabec river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen L. Danforth</span> lived in the county of Kanabec during the '70s.
+His occupation was that of a farmer or lumberman. He died in
+Stillwater in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">N. H. Danforth</span>, brother of S. L., also settled here in the '70s, and
+still resides here, an active business man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alvah J. and Ira Conger</span> are cousins. They came from Maine to Minnesota
+in 1850. Alvah J. kept the Tombler House in Wyoming. Subsequently he
+removed to Cambridge, where he kept a hotel and store, and thence
+removed to Pine City, where he kept a store until 1882, when he moved
+to Mora. He was married to Charlotte Pennington. They have no
+children. Ira Conger has been actively engaged in business at
+Cambridge and other places, and moved to Mora in 1883, where he is
+proprietor of a hotel and store. His oldest son, John, has charge of
+his business interests.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRONSON.</h4>
+
+<p>This village is yet unplatted. It is located in section 21, range 24,
+on the line of the Manitoba railroad. A post office was established<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+here in 1884, of which Frank P. Burleigh is postmaster. Adjoining and
+including this village is the large farm of Isaac Staples, including
+2,000 acres, of which six hundred and fifty acres are under
+cultivation. The improvements on the farm are two large barns, one
+store, one blacksmith shop, one wood working shop, and commodious
+dwellings for employes. This farm is headquarters for the lumbering
+interests of Mr. Staples in Kanabec county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRUNSWICK</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 38, ranges 24 and 25. The town was organized in
+1883. The first supervisors were Eric Hokansen, John Rines and Haquin
+Ekman. The first school was taught by Charlotte Pennington, in 1856.
+The first death was that of &mdash;&mdash; Cowan, killed accidentally, in 1857.
+There are two church organizations, Swedish Baptist and Swedish
+Lutheran. Stephen E. Tallman built a saw mill in 1870, and a flour
+mill in 1879. The village of Brunswick is located in the southwest
+quarter of section 1, township 38; range 24. It was platted in 1856,
+by Isaac and George Staples. It was originally designated as the
+county seat.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GROUND HOUSE CITY</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted by Isaac Staples for Hersey, Staples &amp; Co., Jan 17, 1857,
+in section 7, township 38, range 24.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Pennington</span> was born in Queensborough, New Brunswick, in 1799. He
+lived in Houlton, Maine, fifteen years, and came to Kanabec county in
+1854 with his family, who were the first permanent settlers in the
+county. Mr. Pennington farmed and lumbered. He died in December, 1887.
+Mrs. Pennington died in 1878. Six sons and three daughters are living.
+The sons are residents of Minnesota. The daughters are married as
+follows: Elisabeth to &mdash;&mdash; Grant, of Detroit, Minnesota; Charlotte to
+A. J. Conger, of Mora, Minnesota; Augusta to B. C. Newport, of
+Pipestone, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George L. Staples</span> settled in section 1, township 38, range 24, in
+1855. He lived there eight years and filled various responsible
+offices. He was an upright, conscientious man, much respected by all
+who knew him. In 1863 he removed to Monticello, Minnesota, and died in
+1877, leaving a widow, five sons and a daughter. Mr. Staples raised
+the first crop in the county,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> opened the first store, and gave the
+name of Brunswick to the town. Isaac Edwin Staples, son of George, was
+the first white child born in the county. He was clerk of court in
+Morrison county in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Gordon</span> was born in Readfield, Maine, in 1809. In 1856 he
+settled in the southeast quarter of section 1, township 38, range 24.
+He was married to widow Tallman in Brunswick. This was the first
+marriage in the town. Mrs. Gordon died in June, 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GRASS LAKE</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 38, range 23. It was organized in 1883. It is
+thickly settled, mostly by Swedes. They have good farms, roads and
+schools. The first settler was Solomon Anderson; the second, Benjamin
+Norton; both were farmers. There are in this town three houses of
+worship, two belonging to the Swedish mission, and one to the
+Baptists. There are five school houses.</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of the county, consisting mostly of pine lands, and
+including nine townships, is without organization or township
+government. It is divided into three assessment districts over which
+the county exercises jurisdiction, making levies and collecting taxes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ISANTI COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Isanti county lies directly west of Chisago and south of Kanabec. It
+is bounded on the west and south by Sherburne, Mille Lacs and Anoka
+counties, and contains about fourteen towns. The soil is well adapted
+for agriculture. The county has no large lakes, but is well watered by
+tributaries of Rum and Sunrise rivers. It is well timbered in the
+north with sugar maple. The settlers are chiefly Scandinavians, who,
+by their industry, have made the plains and oak ridges to blossom with
+clover and the cereals. The county was organized Feb. 13, 1857. It
+took its name from a tribe of Indians who some time ago occupied the
+country about Mille Lacs. The first board of county commissioners
+consisted of Oscar Smith, Hugh Wylie and Elbridge G. Clough. The first
+county officers were: William Tubbs, auditor; F. H. Moon, treasurer;
+G. G. Griswold, register of deeds; Stephen Hewson, judge of probate;
+H. M. Davis, clerk; George L. Henderson, sheriff. The first court was
+held by Judge C. E. Vanderburgh in October, 1871. Prior to this time
+Isanti had been attached to Auoka county for judicial purposes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CAMBRIDGE,</h4>
+
+<p>The county seat of Isanti, was incorporated as a village in 1876. It
+is pleasantly located on the west side of Rum river. It has one
+flouring mill, a newspaper office, and several stores, shops,
+dwellings and churches. The county buildings are neat and convenient.
+The new court house cost $7,000. It is worthy of mention that B. A.
+Latta, as county treasurer, paid the first money into the hands of the
+state treasurer for war purposes. The first postmasters in the county
+were Van Vliet Ainsley, of Spencer Brook, and G. G. Griswold, in 1858.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTH BRANCH TOWN</h4>
+
+<p>Lies on the headwaters of the Sunrise river. It was settled, as early
+as 1855, by John P. Owens, W. A. Hobbs, B. T. Huntley, and John
+Schinler. It was organized as a town in 1858, John P. Owens being
+chairman of the first board of supervisors. John Schinler raised the
+first crop, in 1857. Schools were established in 1860.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OXFORD.</h4>
+
+<p>Rensselaer Grant, M. Hurley and Stephen Hewson settled within the
+present limits of this town in 1855. At that time the town was not
+organized. In 1865 it was included within the limits of North Branch,
+but in 1878 the town of Oxford was set off as now defined. The first
+supervisors were John Bachelor, P. Lillygrin and P. Berg. Stephen
+Hewson was town clerk, and has retained the office ever since. A post
+office was established in 1863. Stephen Hewson was postmaster, and has
+held the office continuously ever since. The town is well settled by
+farmers. In 1870 a cyclone passed through the town, destroying
+everything in its track, which was about twenty rods wide. Not a
+building was left on the homestead of Mr. Hewson. His fine large barn
+was torn to pieces and the fragments scattered for the distance of a
+mile.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen Hewson</span> is a native of England, which he left in 1844. He
+resided in Canada a few years, then came to Chicago, and later to
+Minnesota. He was for awhile a partner in the publishing firm of E. S.
+Goodrich &amp; Co., then proprietors of the St. Paul <i>Pioneer</i>. He made
+his present home in Oxford in 1855, and has since that time been
+intimately identified with its history<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> and that of the county of
+Isanti. He was a representative from the Fourth district in the
+legislature of 1865. He has filled the offices of county auditor,
+county commissioner and judge of probate court. As an ordained
+minister of the Methodist church he takes an active interest in
+religious matters, serving as superintendent of the Sunday-school, and
+occasionally filling the pulpit. Five of his daughters are school
+teachers, one of whom, Mary, in 1870, taught the first school in
+Oxford. He remains hale and hearty in his seventy-seventh year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Nesbit</span> was born in 1828, in Delaware county, New York. He
+received an academic education. He came in 1856 to St. Francis, Anoka
+county, Minnesota, and in 1863 to Isanti county. He has been engaged
+in farming and selling goods, and is an energetic, busy man. He made
+the first pre-emption timber claim on the Mille Lacs reservation,
+which was rejected. Mr. Nesbit was married in New York and has a
+family of six children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rensselaer Grant</span> was born in New York in 1816. His father was a native
+of Scotland but emigrated to the United States and took part in the
+war of 1812. Mr. Grant was married in Saratoga county, New York, in
+1837, to Libiah Mitchell. The Grants moved to Illinois in 1850, and to
+Isanti county in 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Grant died at North Branch, in
+1886, leaving, three married sons, two living in Isanti county, and
+one at Rush City, and three daughters, the eldest married to J. W.
+Delamater, the second to W. H. Hobbs, the third living in St. Paul.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILLE LACS COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>This county is bounded on the north by Mille Lacs lake and Aitkin
+county, on the east by Isanti, Kanabec and Aitkin, on the south by
+Sherburne and on the west by Morrison and Benton counties, and
+includes about 17 townships extending from south to north a distance
+of 48 miles, and having a breadth of 12 miles, excepting the two upper
+series of towns, which have a width of 18 miles. It is, excepting two
+agricultural towns in the south, heavily timbered, chiefly with pine.
+It is well watered by Rum river and its tributaries, and by the body
+of water known as Mille Lacs, a large picturesque lake, which covers
+over one hundred and five sections of Aitkin, Crow Wing and Mille Lacs
+counties. The tributaries of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> St. Croix also drain the
+northeastern part of the county. The southern townships consist of
+prairies and oak openings, the northern and central parts being
+covered with hardwood and pine. Immense quantities have been already
+marketed. The hardwood ridges and flats offer good farming lands, and
+the wild meadows, scattered over the county, excellent hay and
+pasturage.</p>
+
+<p>Mille Lacs lake, the largest inland lake in Minnesota, is a beautiful
+and picturesque sheet of water, with receding wooded shores, with but
+little low land adjoining. The waters are deep and clear and
+abundantly supplied with fish. This lake, when reached by railways,
+will be one of the most pleasant summer resorts in the Northwest. It
+already attracts the attention of the tourist. A steamer built in 1885
+floats upon its waters. The lake is about eighteen miles long by from
+twelve to fifteen wide, and covers about six townships. Three small
+islands gem its surface, one of which, from its columnar appearance,
+seems to be of volcanic or igneous formation.</p>
+
+<p>The Mille Lacs reservation covers about four fractional towns,
+bordering the southern shore of the lake. Since the treaty these lands
+have been covered by pre-emptions, soldiers' warrants and half-breed
+scrip, but are held by a doubtful tenure owing to the uncertain and
+various rulings of the land department. Under the provisions of the
+treaty, the Indians, a band of Chippewas, were allowed to retain
+possession until ordered to remove. In anticipation of this order
+settlements have been made at various periods, and patents have been
+issued to the pre emptors in a few cases, but in many cases refused.
+Half-breed scrip has been laid upon thousands of acres under one
+administration at Washington, the permission to be countermanded by
+another. Meanwhile the Indians, not having received the order for
+removal, claim to be the owners of the land, and with some show of
+justice. In 1882 the Manitoba Railroad Company built a road through
+the county from east to west, through township 40, ranges 26 and 27.</p>
+
+<p>In the early divisions of Minnesota into counties, the territory of
+Mille Lacs was included in Ramsey and Benton counties. Prior to its
+present organization, a county called Monroe, covering the territory
+of Mille Lacs, was established but never organized. By legislative
+enactment in 1857 Mille Lacs county was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> established and organized by
+the people in 1860, the counties of which its territory was originally
+a part concurring, and Princeton was made the county seat. In 1859
+there had been effected the organization of one town in the county,
+known as Princeton. This has since been subdivided into Princeton
+Greenbush, and Milo. The officers of the town organization in 1859
+were: Supervisors, C. W. Houston, Charles Pratt, Joseph L. Cater. The
+first county election, held April, 1860, resulted in the election of
+the following officers: County commissioners, Joseph L. Cater,
+chairman; Samuel Orton, C. S. Moses; auditor and register of deeds, W.
+W. Payne; clerk of court, S. M. Byers; treasurer, E. J. Whitney;
+sheriff, Wm. McCauley; probate judge, Samuel Ross. The first term of
+court was held June 3, 1861, E. C. Vanderburgh, presiding judge. The
+first recorded deed was from E. J. Whitney to Isaac Staples, and bears
+date Aug. 4, 1854.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILACCA</h4>
+
+<p>Has a pleasant site on the Manitoba railroad, on the banks of Rum
+river at the crossing of the Manitoba &amp; Superior and the junction of
+the Elk River &amp; Princeton railroad. The Manitoba Company have a good
+saw mill here, with a capacity of 125,000 feet per day, built at a
+cost of $50,000. A planing mill is attached. There is a good three
+story hotel, well kept, here.</p>
+
+<p>The village was surveyed and platted March 24, 1886; Chas. Keith,
+surveyor; James J. Hill, president of the Mille Lacs Lumber Company,
+proprietor. It is located in the town of Greenbush.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRIDGMAN VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located in the town of Milo, has a steam saw mill, spoke and hub
+factory, around which are several residences.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PRINCETON.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Princeton is located at the junction of the two
+branches of the Rum river, on a beautiful prairie, surrounded by rich
+prairie and timber lands. The first log house was built in 1849, and
+kept as a stopping place by a mulatto known as "Banjo Bill." This
+house is still standing. The first permanent settlers were A. B.
+Damon, O. E. Garrison, C. H. Chadbourne, Edwin Allen, John W. Allen,
+Chas. Whitcomb, Joseph L. Cater, W. F. Dunham, and Samuel Ross. They
+were also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> the first settlers in the county, and came in 1853-7. In
+1855 Messrs. Damon and Allen farmed on the present site of the
+village. The village was surveyed and platted Feb. 11, 1859, by S.
+Ross &amp; Co. S. Ross also built a hotel where the North Star Hotel now
+stands. This year the first frame building was erected and used as a
+store. W. F. Dunham built a steam saw mill. The first school house was
+built, although school organization was not effected until 1858. James
+M. Dayton taught the first school. A post office was established with
+O. E. Garrison as postmaster. Samuel Ross brought the mail once a week
+from Anoka. A Congregational church was established, of which Rev.
+Royal Twichell was chosen as pastor. The Methodists organized a
+society the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The village was incorporated March 13, 1877, by legislative enactment.
+The commissioners appointed under the organic act were E. C. Giles, H.
+B. Cowles, C. H. Rines, B. F. Whiting, and Charles Keith. At the
+election ordered by them the following officers were chosen:
+President, C. H. Rines; trustees. F. M. Campbell, Isaiah S. Mudgett,
+Thomas F. Caly; recorder, Silas L. Staples; treasurer, D. H. Murray;
+justices of the peace, Scott M. Justice, Charles Keith. The Princeton
+<i>Appeal</i> was established by Rev. John Quigley in 1873, but
+discontinued in 1875. In December, 1876, Robert C. Dunn started the
+Princeton <i>Union</i>, which he still publishes.</p>
+
+<p>The Manitoba branch railroad from Elk River to Milacca village passes
+through Princeton. The first train arrived Nov. 30, 1880. The county
+contributed $47,000 in bonds at five per cent interest for twenty
+years, to aid in building the road. The St. Paul, Mille Lacs,
+Brainerd, Leech Lake &amp; Crookston railroad will, when completed, pass
+through Princeton. An excellent school building was erected in 1885,
+at a cost of about $7,000. Guy Ewing is principal of the school, which
+is graded. The Grand Army of the Republic have a post here known as
+the Wallace Rines post. The Masons have an organization, with a
+splendid hall. A three story hotel, built by Samuel Ross, is kept by
+his only daughter, Mrs. Barker. A two story brick hotel, the
+Commercial House, Henry Newbert, proprietor, a handsome structure, was
+built in 1887. The Mille Lacs County Bank, located here, has a paid up
+capital of $20,000. Charles Erickson is president; L. P. Hyberg, vice
+president; Frank<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> Hewse, clerk. Princeton has one steam saw mill, two
+flouring mills, one feed mill, two elevators with a capacity of 60,000
+bushels, and one brewery. A court house and jail are in process of
+erection at an estimated cost of $10,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Ross</span> was born Aug. 22, 1812. He attended Western Reserve
+College, but through ill health did not graduate. He came to Iowa in
+1839, where he was married to Mary Vaughn in 1841. He came to
+Princeton in 1855, where he took an active part in building up the
+town and county, filled many prominent and responsible positions in
+the village and county, and served as representative of the first
+state legislature. Mrs. Ross died in 1851; Mr. Ross died in 1881,
+leaving an only daughter, Olive R., widow of A. P. Barker, who was a
+prominent lawyer of Princeton. Mrs. Barker was elected superintendent
+of schools in 1880, to which position she has been re-elected and is
+at present filling the office efficiently. She was the first female
+superintendent elected in Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph L. Cater</span> was born in Strafford county, New Hampshire, in 1828.
+He came to Princeton in 1855 and engaged in farming. His name appears
+in all the original organizations of town and county. M. V. B. Cater
+and sons have also been active and prominent citizens of Princeton. M.
+V. B. Cater died some years since.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Allen</span>, originally from Welton, Maine, came to Princeton in 1855
+and engaged in farming.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John H. Allen</span> came from Maine to Princeton in 1854, engaged in farming
+and became prominent as a public spirited citizen. He held various
+positions of trust in the county and was appointed receiver of the
+land office at Fergus Falls by President Hayes, and resides there.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. B. Damon</span> came from Maine to Princeton in 1853 and made the first
+claim on the town site.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. H. Chadbourne</span> was born at Lexington, Massachusetts. At the age of
+sixteen he embarked in a seafaring life in which he continued nine
+years. Mr. Chadbourne, wishing to abandon his seafaring ways, and to
+put himself beyond danger of resuming them, came to the centre of the
+continent and located on a farm near Princeton in 1856. He has since
+followed farming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> continuously. His farm consists of 900 acres under
+cultivation, 500 of which is devoted to tame grass and pasturage, on
+which he feeds 150 head of blooded stock. He has a large dairy which
+nets him $1,200 annually. He was a member of the state legislatures of
+1874-5 and was seven years county commissioner of Sherburne county.
+Mr. Chadbourne was married in 1852 to Deborah Crowell. They have three
+sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>CHISAGO COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>LOCATION&mdash;SURFACE&mdash;SCENERY.</h4>
+
+<p>Chisago county, located on the west bank of the St. Croix river,
+between the counties of Pine on the north and Washington on the south,
+the St. Croix river on the east and the counties of Isanti and Anoka
+on the west, presents an agreeable variety of surface, upland and
+generally undulating, covered with hard and soft wood timber, well
+watered by lakes and streams. Its principal streams are the St. Croix
+and its tributaries, Rush and Sunrise rivers and Goose creek, and its
+principal lakes are Chisago, Sunrise, Green, Rush, and Goose lakes.
+Its lake scenery is unsurpassed in beauty. The county takes the name
+of its largest and most beautiful lake. In its original, or rather
+aboriginal, form it was Ki-chi-sago, from two Chippewa words meaning
+"kichi," large, and "saga," fair or lovely. For euphonic
+considerations the first syllable was dropped.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHISAGO LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>This lake is conspicuous for its size, the clearness of its waters,
+its winding shore and islands, its bays, peninsulas, capes, and
+promontories. It has fully fifty miles of meandering shore line. Its
+shores and islands are well timbered with maple and other hard woods.
+It has no waste swamps, or marsh borders. When the writer first came
+to Taylor's Falls, this beautiful lake was unknown to fame. No one had
+seen it or could point out its location. Indians brought fish and
+maple sugar from a lake which they called Ki-chi-sago Sagi-a-gan, or
+"large and lovely lake." This lake, they said, abounded with "kego,"
+fish.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1851 the writer, with Bart Emery, made a visit to this beautiful
+sheet of water. We found it what its Indian name imports, "fair and
+lovely water." The government had, the year before, completed a survey
+of the lake, and it was high time that it should be given a name by
+which it should be designated on the map and recognized by civilized
+visitors. What name more beautiful and appropriate than that which the
+Indians had already given it. That name we at once recognized and used
+all our influence to perpetuate under somewhat adverse influences; for
+Swedish emigrants having settled in its neighborhood, a strong effort
+was made to christen it "Swede Lake," but the lake is to-day known as
+Chisago, and Chisago it is likely to remain. We believe in the policy
+of retaining the old Indian names whenever possible. As a rule they
+are far more musical and appropriate than any we can apply. The
+Indians have left us their lands, their lakes, their streams; let us
+accept with them the names by which they were known. Some have been
+translated into English and appear on the maps as Goose, Elk, Beaver
+and Snake. By all means let us retranslate them in memory of the race
+that once owned them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DALLES OF ST. CROIX.</h4>
+
+<p>Chisago county shares with Polk county in the ownership of the wildest
+and most peculiar scenery in the valley of the St. Croix. At Taylor's
+Falls, the head of navigation, the river flows between ledges of trap
+rock, varying in height from fifty to two hundred and fifty feet, for
+the most part perpendicular, but wildly irregular, as is common in
+trap rock formations. These ledges are crowned with pine trees and a
+dense undergrowth of bushes and vines. The prevailing color of the
+rock is a cold or bluish gray, but broken occasionally by brilliant
+patches of coloring, red, yellow or green, as they may be stained by
+oxides of the metals, or covered with lichens and mosses. This
+formation is known as "The Dalles," sometimes improperly styled
+"Dells." The rocks composing it are porphyritic trap, an igneous rock
+forced upward from the interior of the earth through crevices in the
+crust while still in a liquid state and then solidifying in masses,
+sometimes prismatic but oftener in irregular polygons, and broken by
+parallel lines of cleavage. Some geological experts claim that these
+rocks are "in place"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> as forming a part of the original crust of the
+earth, but the balance of evidence seems to be in favor of their
+having been erupted at a comparatively modern period. This is
+evidenced by the presence of water-worn boulders and pebbles, imbedded
+in the trap, somewhat like plums in a pudding, while it was yet
+plastic; and now forming a species of conglomerate as hard and compact
+as the trap itself. These rocks are supposed to be rich in copper and
+silver, and miners have spent much time in prospecting for these
+metals.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the origin of the rocks, it is conceded that they were once
+plastic, at which time this region could not have been a safe or
+pleasant dwelling place for such beings as now inhabit the world. The
+theory of a comparatively recent eruption of these rocks is not a
+pleasant one, for the suggestion forces itself upon the mind that that
+which has been, at least in recent times, may occur again. The
+occasional recurrence of earthquakes on our western coast, and the
+recent severe disturbances in South Carolina and Georgia, raise the
+query whether this region may not again be visited with an outburst
+and overflow of trap, terrible and destructive as the first. The
+foundations, however, seem firm enough to last forever. The rocks are
+of unusual hardness, and the crust of the earth is probably as solid
+and thick here as elsewhere. The Dalles proper are about one mile in
+length. The river, in its passage through them, varies in width from
+one hundred and fifty to three hundred feet. It was formerly reported
+unfathomable, but in recent years, owing to a filling up process
+caused by the debris of the log drivers, it is found to be not more
+than a hundred feet in its deepest place. The river makes an abrupt
+bend about a bold promontory of trap known as Angle or Elbow Rock. To
+the first voyageurs this seemed to be the end of the river, and gave
+rise to the story that at this point the river burst out of the rocks.
+Much of the frontage of the rocks upon the river is smooth and
+perpendicular, and stained with oxides of iron and copper. In places
+it is broken. The upper rocks are disintegrated by the action of rain
+and frost, and, where far enough from the river, have fallen so as to
+form a talus or slope of angular fragments to the water's edge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 473px;">
+<img src="images/illus-301.jpg" width="473" height="650" alt="THE DEVIL&#39;S CHAIR." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE DEVIL&#39;S CHAIR.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE DEVIL'S CHAIR.</h4>
+
+<p>There are some instances in which, by the breaking away and falling of
+smaller rocks, larger rocks have been left standing in the form of
+columns. Most notable of these are the "Devil's Pulpit," and the
+"Devil's Chair." The former, owing to surrounding shrubbery, is not
+easily seen. The latter is a conspicuous object on the western shore
+of the river a few rods below the lower landing. It stands on the
+slope formed by the debris of a precipice that rises here about 120
+feet above the river. Its base is about 40 feet above low water mark;
+the column itself reaches 45 feet higher. It is composed of many
+angular pieces of trap, the upper portion bearing a rude resemblance
+to a chair. It is considered quite a feat to climb to the summit. The
+face of the rocks is disfigured by the names of ambitious and
+undeserving persons. The nuisance of names and advertisements painted
+upon the most prominent rocks in the Dalles is one that every lover of
+Nature will wish to have abated. To spend an hour climbing amongst
+these precipices to find in some conspicuous place the advertisement
+of a quack medicine, illustrates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> the adage: "There is but one step
+from the sublime to the ridiculous."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE WELLS.</h4>
+
+<p>A more remarkable curiosity may be found on that bench or middle
+plateau of the Dalles, lying between the upper and the lower Taylor's
+Falls landings, in what has been not inaptly styled "The Wells." These
+are openings, or pits, not much unlike wells, in places where the trap
+is not more than 50 feet above water level, varying in width from a
+few inches to 30 or 40 feet, the deepest being from 20 to 25 feet.
+These seem to have been formed by the action of water upon pebbles or
+boulders, much as "pot holes" are now being formed in the rocky
+bottoms of running streams. The water falls upon the pebbles or
+boulders in such a way as to cause them to revolve and act as a drill,
+boring holes in the rock proportioned to the force of the agencies
+employed. Some of these boulders and pebbles, worn to a spherical
+shape, were originally found at the bottoms of these wells, but have
+been mostly carried away by the curious. Some of the wells are cut
+through solid pieces of trap. The walls of others are seamed and
+jointed; in some cases fragments have fallen out, and in others the
+entire side of the wells has been violently disrupted and partly
+filled with debris. The extreme hardness of the trap rock militates
+somewhat against the theory of formation above given. It is, however,
+not improbable that this hardness was acquired after long exposure to
+the air.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION.</h4>
+
+<p>In the history of St. Croix Falls mention has been made of some of the
+pioneers of Chisago county. St. Croix Falls and Taylor's Falls, the
+pioneer settlement of Chisago county, though a river divides them
+which is also the boundary line of two states, have much that is
+common in their early history. The inhabitants were always greatly
+interested in what was going on over the river. We may add, that
+although they now stand in the attitude of rival cities, their
+interests are still identical, and we believe that, but for the unwise
+policy of making St. Croix river a state line, they might be to-day
+under one city government, and as compact and harmonious as though no
+St. Croix river rolled between them. The river is their joint
+property;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> both have the same heritage of trap rocks and pines, the
+same milling privileges, the same lumbering interests, and, it must be
+confessed, they remain up to the present time about equally mated. J.
+R. Brown was unquestionably the pioneer of the settlement. Frank
+Steele says he found J. R. Brown trading, in 1837, on the spot now the
+site of Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p>He was not, however, the first white man upon the soil. There is some
+documentary evidence of the establishment by the French of a fort
+forty leagues up the St. Croix some time between the years 1700 and
+1703. This fort was in all probability erected on the plateau below
+the Dalles, the distance given, forty leagues, being exaggerated after
+the fashion of the early voyageurs. It was called Fort St. Croix.
+There was also a prehistoric settlement, the ruins of which the writer
+noted as early as 1851, on the school land addition to Taylor's Falls.
+These were the foundations of nine houses, plainly visible. Over some
+of them trees two feet in diameter were growing. The rock foundations
+ranged in size from twenty to thirty feet, with the hearth containing
+ashes underlying the debris of ages, on smooth hearthstones showing
+years of service, being apparently a century old. These were the
+homes, undoubtedly, of a civilized people, and we may claim for
+Taylor's Falls, Chisago county, one of the first improvements made by
+whites in the limits of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>During the last half of the last century a prominent trading post was
+established and maintained for many years on the St. Croix river,
+which was founded by Pierre Grinow, and during the close of the last
+century it was in the charge of one James Perlier, who afterward
+became one of the most useful citizens of Green Bay, Wisconsin.
+Lawrence Barth was also here in 1793. The evidence of the existence of
+this trading post rests upon traditions and the ruins referred to.
+Recurring to the pioneer Brown, the most irrepressible of all the
+advance guard of civilization, we find him only a transient
+inhabitant. He stayed long enough to cut 200,000 feet of pine logs
+from the present site of Taylor's Falls, when the neighborhood lost
+its attractions. These were the first pine saw logs cut in the St.
+Croix valley.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838 a French trader, Robinet, was located at the same place, but
+in the summer of the same year came Mr. Jesse Taylor from Fort
+Snelling where he had been following the business<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> of a stonemason. He
+had heard of the ratification of the Indian treaty by Congress, and he
+greatly coveted some of the rich lands brought into market by that
+treaty. Mr. Taylor, with an Indian guide, came to the Dalles of the
+St. Croix. As Mr. Steele had already claimed the east side, Mr. Taylor
+concluded that he would claim the west side. Returning to Fort
+Snelling he reported to an associate, Benjamin F. Baker, formed a
+partnership and returned with men, boats, provisions and building
+material, but on his return to the falls he found Robinet, the trader,
+in a bark shanty (at the present junction of Bridge and River
+streets). Robinet was in actual possession of the coveted acres.
+Robinet having no other function than that of a trader, and
+consequently having no serious designs on the lands was easily bought
+off, and Baker &amp; Taylor, in August, 1838, commenced improvements,
+building a log house, a blacksmith shop, a mill, and commencing a mill
+race which had to be blasted. They also built piers and a wing dam
+just above the present location of the bridge. The mill was located at
+what has since become the upper steamboat landing. Mr. Taylor named
+the lower falls Baker's falls, and the settlement, Taylor's Place.
+When the town was platted, in 1850, it was called Taylor's Falls. The
+name came also to be applied to the lower falls.</p>
+
+<p>The mill enterprise was a melancholy failure. The builders were not
+practical mill men. The improvements were expensive. The work of
+blasting rock and building made slow progress. There was no income as
+long as the mill was in process of building. In the midst of these
+embarrassments, in 1840, Mr. Baker died. Mr. Taylor took entire
+possession with no other right than that of a squatter sovereign. In
+1843 Mr. Taylor sold the unfinished mill to parties in Osceola, and in
+1844 everything movable was transferred to that place. The double log
+cabin remained, and there Mr. Taylor lived for eight years on the
+proceeds of the sale, performing in all that time no work more worthy
+of the historian's notice than fixing his name upon the settlement and
+falls. Many of the later residents query as to why it was ever called
+Taylor's Falls. It takes a keen eye to discover any fall in the river
+at the point named. The falls indeed were once far more conspicuous
+than they are now, owing to the fact that a large rock rose above the
+water at the ordinary stage, around which the crowded waters roared
+and swirled. That rock, never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> visible in later days, was called Death
+Rock, because three hapless mariners in a skiff were hurled against it
+by the swift current and drowned.</p>
+
+<p>The old log house, the sole remnant of the Baker and Taylor project,
+if we may except some holes in the rock made by blasting, and some
+submerged ruins of the wing dam and pier, has passed through various
+changes. It has been used as a store, as a boarding house, as a
+warehouse, as a church, as a school house, and as a stable. Part of it
+still remains and is habitable. It is located on lot 18, block 15. In
+1846 Jesse Taylor sold his claim to Joshua L. Taylor for two hundred
+dollars. This claim, like most of the claims made prior to the survey
+of government lands, was not accurately defined. It included, however,
+all the lands, on the west side of the river, extending northward to
+the St. Croix Company's claim, at the upper falls, and including the
+present site of Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from mill building, nothing was done in the way of improvements
+until 1846, when Jerry Ross and Benjamin F. Otis commenced farming on
+what was subsequently known as the Morton and Colby farms. Both raised
+potatoes and garden vegetables and built houses. This was the first
+cultivation of the soil in Chisago county. In 1847 Mr. Otis sold his
+improvements to Wm. F. Colby, who, in that year, raised the first corn
+grown by white men in the county. In 1846 Thornton Bishop commenced
+improvements on a farm at the head of the rapids, six miles above
+Taylor's Falls. J. L. Taylor, in 1848, built a pre-emption shanty
+midway between the upper and lower falls. In 1849 he proved up his
+pre-emption to lots 5, 6 and 7, section 30, township 34, range 18. N.
+C. D. Taylor pre-empted the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter
+of section 25, and the west half of the same quarter section; also lot
+1, section 36, township 34, range 19.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849 Lewis Barlow and Wm. E. Bush became citizens. An abstract of
+the canvassed returns of an election held November 26th shows but six
+votes in the settlement. In 1850 W. F. Colby pre-empted the northeast
+quarter of section 25, township 34, range 19, and W. H. C. Folsom the
+southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of the same.</p>
+
+<p>At a regular meeting of the St. Croix county board, held at
+Stillwater, April 2, 1850, the following judges of election were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>
+appointed within the present limits of Chisago county: St. Croix Falls
+precinct, Wm. F. Colby, Wm. Holmes, N. C. D. Taylor; Rush Lake
+precinct, Levi Clark, Walter Carrier and Richard Arnold. At a meeting,
+held Oct. 7, 1850, the petition of Lewis Barlow and ten others, of St.
+Croix Falls precinct, was presented, asking for a special election, to
+elect two justices of the peace. Their petition was granted. The poll
+was: Wm. E. Bush, one vote; John H. Reid, six votes; Ansel Smith, five
+votes. Reid and Smith were declared elected. The first survey of town
+lots was made in 1851, by Theodore E. Parker, of Stillwater, and under
+this survey the village was legally established as Taylor's Falls. The
+first deeds recorded in Chisago county were transcripts from
+Washington county of lands consisting of town site property, dated
+1851, conveyed to W. H. C. Folsom by J. L. and N. C. D. Taylor.</p>
+
+<p>The movement for the organization of a new county from the northern
+part of Washington commenced in the winter of 1851-52. A formidable
+petition to the legislature to make such organization, drawn up and
+circulated by Hon. Ansel Smith, of Franconia, and the writer, was duly
+forwarded, presented and acquiesced in by that body. The writer had
+been selected to visit the capital in the interest of the petitioners.
+Some difficulty arose as to the name. The writer had proposed
+"Chi-sa-ga." This Indian name was ridiculed, and Hamilton, Jackson,
+Franklin and Jefferson were in turn proposed. The committee of the
+whole finally reported in favor of the name, Chisaga, but the
+legislature, in passing the bill for our county organization, by
+clerical or typographical error changed the last "a" in "saga" to "o,"
+which, having become the law, has not been changed.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern boundary of the county was fixed as the St. Croix river;
+the southern boundary, the line between townships 32 and 33; the
+western, the line between ranges 21 and 22, for three townships south,
+and the line between ranges 22 and 23 for the remaining townships
+north. To show how little was known of the geography of the section we
+refer to the record of the county commissioners of Washington county,
+dated Dec. 15, 1848, at which St. Croix district, the present Chisago
+county, was established as "bounded on the north by Sunrise river and
+on the west by line between ranges 21 and 22"&mdash;an utter impossibility,
+as the Sunrise river flows in a northerly direction<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> entirely through
+the county and at its nearest point does not come within three miles
+of the range line mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The election for the first board of county officers was held at the
+Chisago House, Oct. 14, 1851. Twenty-three votes were polled at this
+election. The following officers were elected: Commissioners, Samuel
+Thomson, chairman; N. C. D. Taylor, Thomas F. Morton; clerk of board
+and register of deeds, F. W. Abbott; treasurer, W. H. C. Folsom. The
+bill establishing the county provided that "the seat of justice of the
+county of Chisago shall be at such point in said county as the first
+board of commissioners elected in said county shall determine." In
+accordance with this law, at the first meeting of the commissioners,
+held at the office of N. C. D. Taylor in Taylor's Falls, Jan. 5, 1852,
+the town of Taylor's Falls was chosen as the county seat, "agreeable
+to the Revised Statutes, chapter 1st, section 14th."</p>
+
+<p>As the population of the county increased the project of moving the
+county seat to a more nearly central position was agitated. In 1858 a
+vote was taken which resulted in favor of its removal to Centre City.
+The matter of the legality of the vote was referred to the court, and
+decided by Judge Welch adversely, on the ground that a majority of the
+voters of the county had not voted. The county seat consequently
+remained at Taylor's Falls. In 1861 another vote was taken by which
+the county seat was removed to Chisago City, and there it remained
+under somewhat adverse circumstances. Chisago City having but a small
+population and no conveniences for such a purpose, and being for
+several years without even a post office, repeated efforts were made
+for another removal, until in 1875 a vote to remove it to Centre City
+carried. In January, 1876, the records were removed. The county
+authorities issued $5,000 bonds for a court house which was erected on
+a point of land extending into Chisago lake, a beautiful situation.
+The bonds have been paid and the county is without indebtedness, and
+has a surplus of about $10,000.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Amador comprises two eastern tiers of sections of township
+35, range 20, and two fractional sections of township 36, range 20,
+fractional township 35, range 19, and one fractional section of
+township 36, range 19. The St. Croix river forms its boundary on the
+north and east. The surface is undulating. The western and southern
+part is covered with hardwood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> timber and has rich soil. The northern
+part has oak openings and prairie, with soil somewhat varied, in some
+places more or less sandy. It is well watered and drained. Thornton
+Bishop, the first settler, came in 1846, and located a farm on the
+banks of the St. Croix, at the head of the rapids, in section 34.
+Richard Arnold settled on Amador prairie in 1854, and was followed by
+James P. Martin, Carmi P. Garlick and others. Garlick was a practicing
+physician, but engaged in other work. He built a steam saw mill and
+made many other improvements, among them laying out the village of
+Amador in section 9, township 35, range 20. H. N. Newbury, surveyor,
+not succeeding in his undertaking, issued the prospectus of a paper to
+be called the <i>St. Croix Eagle</i> and to be published at Taylor's Falls.
+This failing he removed to Osceola.</p>
+
+<p>Amador was organized in 1858. The first supervisors were C. P.
+Garlick, R. Arnold and James Martin. A post office was established in
+1857; Henry Bush, postmaster. Mr. Bush had a small farm at the mouth
+of Deer creek, where he built a large public house, two stories high.
+This house burned down. He established a ferry across the St. Croix.
+He had a large family of boys who roamed the woods freely until one of
+their number was lost. The other boys came home as usual but of one
+they could give no account. Parties were organized for the search,
+which at last was given up as unsuccessful. A year afterward the bones
+of the missing boy were found some miles away, by the side of a log,
+where the little wanderer had doubtless perished of starvation and
+exposure. Mr. Bishop raised the first crops of the town. The first
+marriage was that of Charles S. Nevers and Mary Snell, by John Winans,
+Esq., Feb. 23, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thornton Bishop</span> was a native of Indiana. He came to St. Croix Falls in
+1841 and was married to Delia Wolf in 1842, by Rev. W. D. Boutwell, at
+the Pokegama mission. This wife was a well educated half-breed. They
+raised a large family of children. He came to Amador in 1846 and
+farmed for some time at the head of the rapids, when he sold his farm
+and moved to Sunrise. In 1880 he removed to Kettle River station. In
+1883-84-85-86 he served as commissioner for Pine county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Holmes</span> came to Amador and settled on a farm at the head of the
+rapids in 1848. The farm is now held by John Dabney. Mr. Holmes
+married a sister of Mrs. Thornton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> Bishop. She was educated at
+Pokegama mission. They raised a large family of children. In 1852 Mr.
+Holmes removed to Sunrise and thence to Trade River, Wisconsin, in
+1875, where he sickened. His brother-in-law, Bishop, came to his
+relief, removed him to his own home and cared for him till he died,
+May, 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James M. Martin</span> was one of the first settlers in Amador. He came
+originally from Missouri, where he was married. He died July 17, 1887;
+Mrs. Martin dying some years prior. Their sons are James M., Harvey,
+Charles, Isaac, and Theodore. Their daughters are Mrs. Cowan, Mrs.
+Wilkes, Mrs. Nordine and Mrs. Lanon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRANCH.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Branch, occupying township 35, range 21, was set off from
+Sunrise, and organized in 1872. The first supervisors were William
+Winston, Peter Delamater and Frank Knight. A post office was
+established in 1869; Geo. W. Flanders, postmaster. The surface is
+mostly undulating, and the soil a sandy loam. There are oak openings,
+and along the course of the north branch of the Sunrise river, which
+flows through the town from west to east, there are many excellent
+wild meadows. The north part originally contained pine forests; about
+5,000,000 feet have been cut away. Branch contains some pretty and
+well cultivated farms. The St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad traverses the
+town from south to north.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTH BRANCH STATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The only village in the town of Branch was platted in January, 1870,
+the proprietors being the Western Land Association, L. Mendenhall,
+agent. The plat includes the north half of the northwest quarter of
+section 21, and the northeast quarter of section 20, township 35,
+range 21. The first settler was G. M. Flanders, who opened a store
+here in 1868, which was burned in 1869. Henry L. Ingalls erected a
+good hotel and other buildings. In 1870 Gurley &amp; Bros. established a
+store; B. F. Wilkes built a hotel; Winston, Long &amp; Co. established a
+store. In 1874 J. F. F. Swanson built a flouring mill, which was
+burned in 1878. The loss was about $6,000, with but little insurance.
+The village now contains two elevators, three hotels, six stores and
+the usual proportion of dwellings. There are two churches, the
+Episcopalian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> building, erected in 1883; and the Congregational, in
+1884. There is also a good school house. The village was incorporated
+in 1882. In December, 1884, the store of Singleton &amp; Bonnafon was
+burned; loss estimated at $15,000, with but little insurance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry L. Ingalls</span> was born in Abingdon, Connecticut, in 1804. In 1832
+he was married to Lavina L. Child, of Woodstock, Connecticut, and with
+his wife and younger brother emigrated to Illinois, settling at
+Chandler, Cass county. There he remained seventeen years, when, his
+impaired health necessitating a change, with his son Henry he went to
+California. In 1853 he returned and settled on Sunrise prairie, then
+an unbroken wilderness. For seventeen years he lived on his farm and
+kept a popular country hotel. In 1870 he removed to North Branch and
+built a large frame residence, where he lived until his death, which
+occurred Sept. 2, 1876. Mr. Ingalls left three sons, Ephraim, Henry
+and Van Rensselaer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Lavina L. Ingalls</span>, whose maiden name was Childs, was born in
+Connecticut in 1806; was married as above stated in 1832, from which
+time she cheerfully and uncomplainingly shared the fortunes of her
+husband in the West, undergoing the usual toils and privations of the
+pioneer. While at Sunrise, during part of the time she had no
+neighbors nearer than Taylor's Falls. The first post office in Chisago
+county north of Taylor's Falls was at her house, and was known as
+Muscotink. She and her husband, during the later years of their lives,
+were Spiritualists, and derived great comfort from their peculiar
+phase of belief. Mrs. Ingalls was a talented and kind hearted woman,
+charitable in act and beloved by her associates. She died Dec. 29,
+1879.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHISAGO LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Chisago Lake includes the four western tiers of sections
+of township 33, range 20, and township 34, range 20. A permanent
+characteristic of this town is its unrivaled lake scenery, rendering
+it not only attractive for residences but a favorite resort of
+visitors. Its principal lake has already been described. The first
+settler was John S. Van Rensselaer, who located on an island opposite
+the present site of Centre City in the spring of 1851, and raised a
+crop of corn and vegetables. He built him a cabin and lived there
+three years. Eric Norberg, a prominent Swede, came to the lake from
+Bishop's Hill,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> Illinois, in April, 1851, and being pleased with the
+locality, came back with a colony of Swedes, including Peter Berg,
+Andrew Swenson, Peter Anderson, Peter Shaline, Daniel Rattick, and
+others. They came by steamboat, landed at Taylor's Falls June 24,
+1851, cut a road to Chisago lake and took undisputed possession of its
+shores, finding no trace of human occupancy save some deserted Indian
+tepees and the claim cabin of Mr. Van Rensselaer on the island. Mr.
+Berg settled on the west part of lot 3, section 35, and southwest
+quarter of southwest quarter of section 26, township 34, range 20.
+Peter Anderson on the east part of lot 3, and northwest quarter of
+northeast quarter of section 35, township 34, range 20. Andrew Swenson
+on lot 5, section 27, township 34, range 20. Mr. Norberg had come
+first to the country at the invitation of Miles Tornell, who was
+murdered in 1848, near St. Croix Falls, by some Indian assassins,
+hired to commit the deed by one Miller, a whisky seller. Mr. Norberg
+originally intended to make his home at Chisago Lake, but died at
+Bishop's Hill, Illinois, while on a visit in 1853.</p>
+
+<p>The colony in 1852 raised the first rye, barley and flax in the
+county. They also raised potatoes, green corn and vegetables, cut out
+roads, cleared timber, and made other improvements. Peter Berg raised
+flax and made linen thread in 1852, the first made in Minnesota.
+Settlers came in rapidly. Among the arrivals in 1852 and soon after
+were the Petersons, Strands, Johnsons, Frank Mobeck, Dahliam, Porter,
+and others. A post office was established in 1858; A. Nelson,
+postmaster. The town was organized in 1858. The first supervisors
+were: Ephraim C. Ingalls, chairman; Frank Mobeck and Daniel Lindstrom.</p>
+
+<p>The first church organization in the county was that of the Swedish
+Evangelical Lutheran, in 1854. Here was built the first church edifice
+in 1855, a frame structure subsequently enlarged, but in 1882
+superseded by a fine brick building, costing $30,000. Its dimensions
+are 116 &times; 66 feet, ground plan, and the spire is 135 feet in height. A
+fine organ was purchased at a cost of $1,500. This church building is
+an ornament to the town and the State, and would be creditable even to
+our great cities. The first pastor was Rev. P. A. Cedarstam. His
+successors are Revs. C. A. Hedengrand and John J. Frodeen, the present
+incumbent. The communicants number about 1,300.</p>
+
+<p>In 1880 the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad extended a branch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> road from
+Wyoming to Taylor's Falls. This passes through the town of Chisago
+Lake, from west to east, crossing three arms of the lake. To secure
+this road the town gave $10,000 in twenty year bonds. It obtains in
+exchange an outlet for the products of its farms and forests. The
+bridge across Chisago lake was built in 1857, at a cost of $1,500. It
+has since been made an embankment bridge at an additional cost of
+$1,600. Of this the State furnished $1,000 and the county $600.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTRE CITY,</h4>
+
+<p>The county seat of Chisago county, was platted May, 1857, on lot 5,
+section 27, township 34, range 20; Andrew Swenson, proprietor; Alex.
+Cairns, surveyor. It is located on a peninsula midway on the east
+shore of Chisago lake. Few villages are more beautifully situated. It
+contains two hotels, three stores, a saw and feed mill, two church
+buildings, a Swedish Lutheran and Swedish Methodist, a school house
+and many pleasant residences. The court house was built in 1876, at a
+cost of $5,000, on a promontory commanding a fine view of the lake.
+The depot of the branch of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad is located
+half a mile south of the village. Summer excursionists assemble here
+in goodly numbers, and the location bids fair to become very
+attractive as a summer resort. During the Indian outbreak in 1862, and
+the period of uncertainty as to the probable attitude of the Chippewa
+Indians, the people of Chisago Lake built breastworks for protection,
+on the isthmus connecting Centre City with the mainland, and planted
+cannon upon them for defense. The remains of these old fortifications
+may still be seen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Swenson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Swenson, the founder of Centre City, came to the
+shores of the lake in 1851, and made his home on the present site of
+the city. He was born in Sweden in 1817; came to America in 1850, and
+remained a short time in New Orleans before coming to Minnesota. He
+was a farmer and a member of the Methodist church. He was married to
+Catharine Peterson in 1838. He died in July, 1887, leaving two sons
+and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Van Rensselaer</span> came to Chisago Lake in the spring of 1851, and
+settled on an island, where he lived three years in hermit-like
+seclusion, raising corn and vegetables. His cabin, always neat and
+tasteful, was furnished with a choice library.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> In 1854 he removed to
+Sunrise Lake, where he lived fifteen years, engaged in farming. He
+removed thence to Sunrise City. Mr. Van Rensselaer was the founder of
+the first cheese factories in the county, at Sunrise City and Centre
+City. He is an honorable and upright man, whose high aim is to
+exemplify the golden rule in his life and deportment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Axel Dahliam</span> settled on the west shore of East Chisago lake in 1852.
+Mr. Dahliam had been an officer in the Swedish Army. He was a
+cultivated gentleman. He died in 1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nels Nord</span> was born in Lindhopsing, Sweden, in 1819. In his eighteenth
+year he enlisted in the Swedish Army and served twelve years. He came
+to America in 1855 and located on Chisago lake, in the northeast
+quarter of section 32, township 34, range 20. He was married in Sweden
+to Lisa Anderson. They have one son, John P., who has been for seven
+years the popular and efficient auditor of Chisago county. He was
+married in 1878 to Hildah, daughter of Rev. C. A. Hedengrand. They
+have one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John A. Hallberg</span> was born at Smolland, Sweden, in 1830. He came to
+America in 1853 and to Centre City in 1854. In 1872 he purchased a saw
+and feed mill of Shogren Brothers. In 1876 he built a hotel. He has
+held the office of justice of the peace many years and has served four
+years as county commissioner. He was married to Matilda E. Carlson in
+1870.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. A. Bush</span> is of German descent. His father, Wm. H. Bush, lived in
+Wyoming. His great grandfather came to this country in 1765 and fought
+on the side of the colonies. Chas. A. came to Minnesota in 1869 from
+Pennsylvania. He has served as treasurer of Chisago county four years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lars Johan Stark</span> was born in Sweden in 1826; came to America in 1850,
+and settled at Chisago Lake in 1852. He was married in 1865, and again
+in 1870. He has eleven children living. In Sweden he served as clerk
+ten years. In his American home he has followed farming chiefly. He
+has served as justice of the peace and county commissioner, and has
+filled some town offices. He was engrossing clerk of the house of
+representatives in 1864. He was a member of the house in the sessions
+of 1865 and 1875. In 1868 he moved to the town of Fish Lake, and in
+1877 to Harris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank Mobeck</span> was born in Sweden in 1814. He came to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> America in 1851,
+and in 1853 to Chisago Lake, where he settled on lot 5, section 34,
+township 34, range 20. His home is on a beautiful elevation, on a
+point of land projecting into the lake. Mr. Mobeck served in the
+Swedish Army seventeen years. He has raised a large family of
+children, all of whom are good citizens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Currie</span> was born in Ayrshire, Scotland. After reaching manhood
+he was employed many years as superintendent of a fancy manufacturing
+company. He was married in Scotland. In 1854, after the death of his
+wife, he came to America, and in 1855 selected a place for a home on
+the north shore of west Chisago lake, where he lived till his death by
+drowning in 1883. The site of his home was well chosen. It commanded a
+beautiful view of the lake, and in the summer months was luxuriantly
+adorned with flowers. Mr. Currie was a man of fine intellect, well
+cultivated, and an ardent admirer of his countryman Burns, from whom,
+and from Shakespeare and other masters of English literature he could
+quote for hours. Mr. Currie's occupation was farming, but he filled
+several offices acceptably. He was superintendent of schools, judge of
+probate and clerk of district court. Though somewhat eccentric, he was
+a social, kind hearted man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew N. Holm</span>, formerly Andrew Nelson, his name having been changed
+by legislative enactment in 1867, was born in Sweden in 1829. He
+learned the trade of carpenter, came to America in 1855 and located in
+Centre City in 1857, of which city he was first postmaster. He served
+as a soldier during the Civil War and at its close removed his family
+to Taylor's Falls, which is still his home.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LINDSTROM VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the line of the Taylor's Falls branch of the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth railroad, on lot 4, section 33, town 34, range 20, was platted
+in 1880 by G. W. Sewall, surveyor. The proprietors are James and
+Elisabeth Smith. It is situated on high ground and almost surrounded
+by the waters of Lake Chisago. It would be difficult to find a
+lovelier site. Maurice Tombler built the first store and elevator
+here, in 1881. There are now three stores, one hotel, one railroad
+station and several shops and dwellings. A post office was established
+at Lindstrom in 1880; Charles H. Bush, postmaster.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Lindstrom</span> was born in 1825, in Helsingland, Sweden. He had no
+early advantages for obtaining an education, and spent most of his
+youth herding goats amongst the mountains in the north part of Sweden.
+In 1854 he came to America and located on Chisago lake, choosing a
+beautiful location, which has since been laid out as a village, and
+bids fair to become a place of popular resort. Mr. Lindstrom was
+married first in Sweden, and now lives with his second wife, the first
+having died in 1864. He has a family of three children. He has filled
+official positions in his town acceptably.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Magnus S. Shaleen</span> was born in Sweden in 1796; came to America in 1855,
+and made a homestead near Lindstrom in section 29, town 34, range 20,
+where he died in 1869. Mrs. Shaleen died in 1873. John, the oldest
+son, resides on the family homestead. He has served as sheriff of
+Chisago county six years, and state senator eight years. Peter, the
+second son, has served as postmaster of Centre City fourteen years,
+and clerk of the district court five years. Sarah, the eldest
+daughter, married John Swenson. They have three sons, John H., Henry
+A. and Oscar, industrious, reliable young men, all in the employ of
+the St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad Company. Mary married Andrew Wallmark
+at Chisago Lake, in 1856. One daughter is unmarried.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHISAGO CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Chisago City is located on a hardwood ridge, between
+Chisago and Green lakes, in sections 6 and 7, township 34, range 20.
+It was platted by Isaac Bernheimer &amp; Co., of Philadelphia, on lot 4,
+section 7, township 34, range 20, in 1855. They built a hotel, several
+dwellings, and a saw and grist mill on the banks of Chisago lake, at
+an expense of about $7,000. These mills were burned in 1872. A stave
+factory was built on the site of the burned mills, which was operated
+successfully for many years under the management of George Nathan,
+Otto Wallmark, W. D. Webb and others. This stave mill gave a new
+impetus to the prosperity of the village, under the influence of which
+the county seat was transferred to it. Its subsequent growth, however,
+did not justify expectations. It was for many years without even a
+post office. In 1875 the county seat was removed to Centre City. The
+Lutherans have here one of the finest church buildings in the county.
+The branch railroad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> depot is located one mile north, and quite a
+village has grown up around it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Otto Wallmark</span> was born Dec. 7, 1830, in the province of Halland,
+Sweden. In his minority he was nine years clerk in a store. He
+received a common school education. In 1854 he came to America and
+directly to Chisago City, where he lived many years, making a
+homestead, which has since been his permanent home. He served eighteen
+years as Chisago county auditor. He served several years as postmaster
+at Chisago City, and in 1886 was elected state senator for four years.
+His first wife was Mary Helene, his second wife, Eva Palmgreen. They
+have one son and one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Wallmark</span>, brother of Otto, was born in Sweden in 1826; received
+a liberal education, and came to Chisago Lake from Sweden in 1854. He
+has filled several town offices; has been register of deeds for
+Chisago county nineteen years; was married to Mary Shaleen in 1856.
+They have two sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FISH LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Fish Lake includes township 36, range 22. It was
+originally well timbered, chiefly with hardwood, but 25,000,000 feet
+of pine timber has been cut from it and mostly manufactured in the
+town. There are some fine lakes in the town, of which the largest and
+finest are Horseshoe and Cedar. The soil is black clay loam with
+subsoil of clay. The town was cut off from the town of Sunrise and
+organized in 1868. The first supervisors were Chas. F. Stark, Benjamin
+Franklin and John A. Hokanson. A post office was established in 1868;
+Benjamin Franklin, postmaster. The first settlers were Peter Olaf and
+Peter Bergland, in section 25. The first school was taught by Miss
+Mattison. The first marriage was that of John Hokanson and Matilda
+Samuelson. The first death was that of John Erickson. The population
+is mostly from Sweden. There is a good Swedish Lutheran church built
+near the centre of the town. There are also a Swedish Methodist and a
+Swedish Baptist society. The people are a well-to-do, independent
+class. Fish Lake has a saw mill with a capacity of about 1,000,000
+feet. In 1877 Hosburg, the watchman of this mill, was killed by
+Priestly, an Englishman. Hosburg, in accordance with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> rules, had
+ordered him not to smoke on the premises. The Englishman was arrested,
+tried for murder and acquitted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Berg</span> was born in Sweden in 1801; came to America in 1850, and
+settled at Chisago Lake in 1851. Some time subsequently he settled on
+the north shore of Fish lake. In 1886, at the age of eighty-five
+years, he is still a vigorous, active man. Mr. Berg was married in
+Sweden. He has one daughter, Katharine, who married Sam Hamilton, of
+Taylor's Falls. Mr. Hamilton died in 1871. She married as her second
+husband Swain G. Yongren.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>, though he bears the name of America's most
+illustrious philosopher, is a native of Sweden, whence he came with a
+Swedish colony in 1852, settled at Taylor's Falls, and subsequently
+removed to the northern shore of Fish lake. By way of explaining how
+he came by his American name we add that soon after his arrival he
+came to the writer somewhat puzzled as to how he should write his
+Swedish name in English. He gave it as "Ben Franz Norel," but
+pronounced it in such a way that it sounded rather like Benjamin
+Franklin. We suggested that name as a happy solution of the
+difficulty, telling him something about the illustrious man who had
+made it honorable. He adopted it at once, and has never disgraced it.
+He is still a worthy, industrious and honorable citizen of Fish Lake.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRANCONIA</h4>
+
+<p>Includes the two eastern tiers of sections of township 33, range 20,
+and fractional township 33, range 19, including about fifteen whole
+sections, and four fractional. The soil is good, and originally
+supported a growth of hardwood. The surface is undulating. It is well
+watered by Lawrence and several other small creeks tributary to the
+St. Croix, and has several small but clear lakes. Ansel Smith was the
+first settler of the town and village, which he named after Franconia
+in the White mountains. He came here in 1852, and located a claim on
+the present site of the village, on the St. Croix river, section 10,
+township 33, range 19. He did much for the prosperity of the village
+and town. He raised the first crops and was the first postmaster
+(1854). The town was organized in 1858. The first supervisors were
+Ansel Smith, Leonard P. Day and A. J. Adams. The town is now well
+settled and has many excellent farms. The branch St. Paul &amp; Duluth
+railroad has a depot three-fourths of a mile from the village<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> of
+Franconia. A German Methodist church is located near the centre of the
+town.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRANCONIA VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1858, by Ansel Smith. It was incorporated in 1884. Paul
+Munch, in 1860, erected a first class, three storied flouring mill on
+Lawrence creek. A saw mill, erected in 1854 by the Clark brothers and
+Ansel Smith, has passed through many changes of ownership. It is now
+the property of Matthews &amp; Jourdain. Henry F. and Leonard P. Day built
+the first good dwelling in the village, on the banks of the St. Croix,
+just above the steamboat landing. Margaret Smith taught the first
+school. The first death in the village was that of Neil Monroe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ansel Smith</span> came from Vermont to St. Croix Falls in 1850 and engaged
+in teaching. In 1851 he helped erect the Chisago House in Taylor's
+Falls. In 1852 he made a claim on the St. Croix river, in section 10,
+township 33, range 19, and there platted the village of Franconia,
+clearing away the worst of the timber with his own hands. He was an
+energetic, active business man, and took an interest not only in the
+affairs of his town and neighborhood, but in the country at large. He
+represented his district in the fifth, sixth and seventh legislatures.
+He was appointed register of the United States land office at Duluth
+in 1870 and served till 1872. Mr. Smith died at his residence in
+Duluth in 1878, leaving a wife and three promising sons, two of them
+practicing attorneys in Duluth; one cashier of a bank in Duluth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry F. and Leonard P. Day.</span>&mdash;The Day brothers came from St. Lawrence,
+New York, to the St. Croix valley in 1849, and settled in Franconia in
+1852. Henry married Margaret Smith, daughter of David Smith. During
+the Rebellion he served in Company C, Seventh Minnesota Volunteers. He
+moved to Florida in 1886. Leonard P. was married to Mary Mitchell in
+1856. He died in 1874, leaving a widow, two sons and two daughters.
+His widow (in 1886) is the wife of Henry Wills, of Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Wills</span> was born in 1829, in Illinois, and married his first wife
+in Missouri in 1856, who died in 1878, leaving nine children. Mr.
+Wills was one of the first farmers in Franconia, and has been active
+in promoting improvements in his town and county. He moved to Osceola
+in 1886.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Clark Brothers</span> came from Maine and located in Franconia in 1854,
+where they built the first mill in the village. Subsequently they
+became citizens of Taylor's Falls, engaging in the mercantile, livery,
+saw and stave mill business. James, the oldest, married Carrie
+Jellison in 1863, and moved to Windom, Minnesota. Rufus, the next in
+age, married Kate Strand in 1860, and died May, 1880, leaving a widow,
+three sons and one daughter. Charles, the youngest, was married to
+Martha J. Gray in 1868, and removed to Fergus Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Smith</span> was born in Scotland. He came to Franconia in 1855, where
+he has now one of the best farms in Chisago county. His youngest son,
+James, lives on the old homestead with him. His second son, John, has
+made his home in Rush City. Andrew, his oldest, served during the
+Rebellion in company C, Seventh Minnesota. His oldest daughter,
+Margaret, is the wife of H. F. Day. His daughter Nancy is the wife of
+N. H. Hickerson and resides in California,. Barbary, the third
+daughter, is the wife of John Grove of Burnett county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jonas Lindall</span> was for many years an enterprising and prosperous
+business man in Franconia. He opened up an extensive wood trade with
+St. Paul, in which C. J. Vitalis is his successor. Mr. Lindall
+represented his county in the senate of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+state legislatures. He was accidentally drowned from a barge of wood
+at Hastings in May, 1872. His widow is married to Chas. J. Vitalis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Peaslee</span> came from Maine to the St. Croix valley and settled in
+Franconia in 1857, and followed mercantile pursuits at that place and
+at Taylor's Falls. He died at the latter place in 1876. Mr. Peaslee
+was married at Palmyra, Maine, to Sophia E. Harriman, who, with
+Clarence, an only son, survives him. His widow resides in Taylor's
+Falls and superintends a millinery and fancy store. Clarence succeeds
+his father in the grocery and dry goods business at Taylor's Falls. He
+married Rosa, a daughter of Patrick Fox.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Vitalis</span> was born in Smolland, Sweden, in 1843; came to America
+in 1868 and settled in Franconia village. He was for five years
+employed as clerk. In 1873 he embarked in the mercantile and wood
+business. In one year he shipped 13,000 cords of wood, and has
+averaged for the last 14 years 7,000 cords, making a total of 100,000
+cords. He was married to Josephine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> Nelson, widow of Jonas Lindall, in
+1873. They have three children. Elof, John, Elias and Hans are
+brothers of Charles Vitalis, residing in the town of Franconia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August J. Anderson</span> was born near Wexico, Sweden, in 1860; came to
+America with his parents in 1869, and to Franconia. At thirteen years
+of age he commenced clerking for C. Vitalis, with whom he continued
+until 1873, when he associated himself with him in the mercantile
+business. He visited Europe in 1883.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank N. Peterson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Peterson came to America in 1865, and in 1866
+settled in the valley of the St. Croix. He attended school at Carver,
+Minnesota, one year, when he became a traveling salesman for Leopold &amp;
+Co., of Chicago, and in 1881 settled in Franconia. He organized the
+lumbering firm of Borens Brothers &amp; Peterson, which continued until
+1886, when a new organization was formed, called the Franconia Lumber
+Company, consisting of P. Jordan, Sam Mathews, of Stillwater, and the
+subject of our sketch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<img src="images/illus-320.jpg" width="421" height="450" alt="FRANK N. PETERSON." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FRANK N. PETERSON.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Peterson has been the president of Franconia since its
+incorporation. In 1869 he married Miss Ingur Johnson, daughter of Eric
+Johnson, a pioneer of St. Peter, Minnesota, and is the father of two
+children, Axel, a promising son, who died in February,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> 1885, at
+fourteen years of age, and Maria, now a student in the Ladies'
+Seminary at Faribault, who is developing marked ability as a pencil
+artist. Mr. Peterson owns one of the finest houses in the valley,
+romantically situated, which is supplied with pure spring water. It is
+a pride to the village and attracts general attention. He is also the
+inventor and patentee of the Lindholm &amp; Peterson adding machine.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HARRIS.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Harris contains twenty-four sections of township 36, range
+21, the four western tiers of sections. The soil is a sandy loam with
+clay subsoil. The town is well watered and drained by Goose creek,
+which entering the town from the northwest, and bending at first
+southward, then eastward, leaves the town near its southeastern line
+in section 22. The timber consisted originally of oak openings and
+pine; 10,000,000 feet of the latter have been removed from the
+southeastern portion. Luxuriant wild meadows are found along Goose
+creek. The first improvement was a farm, made by W. H. C. Folsom in
+sections 21 and 22 in 1854. The first permanent settler was Henry H.
+Sevy, who located on this farm in 1856. The town of Harris was
+organized in 1884.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HARRIS VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>A charter organizing Harris village was granted by the district court,
+under the general law, in 1882. A question arose as to the legality of
+the act. A subsequent legislature, by legislative act, confirmed all
+similarly organized villages in the State. The supreme court decided
+the organization of such villages illegal and the legislative act
+sanctioning it unconstitutional. It was subsequently organized
+legally. The village was surveyed by A. D. Miller and platted in May,
+1873, in the south half of section 21, township 36, range 21, Philip
+S. Harris and N. D. Miller, proprietors. It derived its name from
+Philip S. Harris, a prominent officer of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth
+railroad. Fred Wolf was the first settler, in 1870, and first merchant
+and first railroad agent, in 1873. He acted as postmaster subsequently
+and filled other offices of trust. His interests are intimately
+blended with those of the village. Isaac Savage was the second settler
+and merchant. He was the first postmaster,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> in 1873. The first school
+was taught by Mary Gwinn, in 1873. The first marriage was that of M.
+P. Smith and Charlotte Swenson. The first child born was Brague, son
+of W. D. Sayers. The first death was that of Isaac Morrill. A good
+school house was built in 1877. The village is rapidly growing. It has
+an extensive trade in hay, wood, ties and piles. Wheat shipments are
+large. It has four stores, two hotels, three elevators, three hay
+presses, two wagon and smith shops, one agricultural warehouse, one
+skating rink, one livery stable, two saloons, one meat shop and a
+railroad depot.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LENT.</h4>
+
+<p>This town includes the whole of township 34, range 21. It is well
+watered and drained by Sunrise river, but has no lakes. The soil is a
+sandy loam; the timber chiefly oak openings. The early settlers were
+Harvey Lent, from whom the town derived its name, William Robinson,
+James Buchanan, who raised the first crops in 1855, Joshua Dawson,
+Jesse Moore and others. The town was organized in 1872. The first
+supervisors were Dawson, Moore and Robinson. The first post office was
+established in 1875, at Stacy, a railroad station on the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth railroad, which traverses this town from south to north. Frank
+Dawson was the first postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NESSELL.</h4>
+
+<p>Nessell includes township 37, range 22. The surface was originally
+covered with a growth of hardwood, with some pine. Of the latter,
+about 10,000,000 feet has been cut. The soil is adapted to wheat
+culture. It is well watered. Rush lake occupies a nearly central
+position, and is a beautiful sheet of water with about fourteen miles
+of meandering shore line, crystal clear, and deep, well stocked with
+fish, and bordered with groves of maple, oak and linden. The town was
+set off from Rush Lake and organized in 1870. The first supervisors
+were Wm. H. McCray, John H. Breit and Matts Colleen. The town is
+settled by a class of industrious, upright people. There are three
+churches, with prosperous societies, the Swedish Baptist, the Swedish
+Lutheran and German Lutheran. Martin Linnell was the first child born.
+The first marriage was that of Wm. Vanetta and Anna Johnson, in 1861.
+Alice Draper taught the first school. Rev. Cedarstam preached the
+first sermon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Nessell</span> was the oldest settler. The town was named for him. He
+was born in Germany in 1834; came to America in 1847, and to Minnesota
+in 1854. He was married at Sunrise to Kate Torbert, of Shafer, in
+1856, and the same year located his present home. Other early settlers
+are John H. Breit, John Lindsey, P. Kelley, and the Jarchow brothers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen B. Clark</span> made Nessell his home in 1867. Mr. Clark was born in
+Vermont in 1830; came to Marine in 1851. He served three years during
+the Rebellion in the Second Wisconsin Cavalry. He removed to Rush City
+in 1856.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RUSH SEBA.</h4>
+
+<p>Rush Seba comprises township 37, range 21, and fractional part of
+township 37, range 20, consisting of about ten sections, irregularly
+bounded by the St. Croix river. It is timbered with hardwood, has good
+soil, chiefly a black clay loam, with clay subsoil, and is well
+watered by Rush river and Rock creek and tributaries. Wild meadows and
+marshes are intermingled with the timber. The town was organized in
+1858, with George B. Folsom, Robert Newell and Timothy Ward as
+supervisors. A post office was established in 1859, in section 14,
+George B. Folsom, postmaster. George B. Folsom was the first settler,
+raising the first crops in the town in 1855. The St. Paul &amp; Duluth
+railroad traverses the town from south to north. It was built in 1868,
+and a branch road to Grantsburg, Wisconsin, was built in 1884.
+Josephine Blanding taught the first school, in 1856. The first death
+was that of James Ward, who died from accidental poisoning.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RUSH CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1868, at the completion of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad, a depot
+was built and a station established at the crossing of Rush river,
+around which rapidly grew up the village of Rush City. It was surveyed
+and platted by Benjamin W. Brunson, surveyor, in January, 1870, in the
+northeast quarter of section 21, township 37, range 26. The Western
+Land Association, L. Mendenhall, agent, was proprietor. Thomas Flynn
+was the first settler, he having in 1857 pre-empted the land which
+afterward became the site of the village. Among the improvements in
+1869 was a steam saw mill, built by Taylor &amp; Co. This mill was burned
+in 1879, at a loss of $13,000. Rush City was incorporated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> in 1874.
+Frank H. Pratt was president of the first village council. Rush City
+has now a commodious town hall, an exchange bank, one elevator, one
+foundry, a good school house, built at a cost of $3,000; a good graded
+school, under the supervision of Prof. V. D. Eddy; a lodge of Ancient
+Order United Workmen (No. 42), a board of trade, a Woman's Christian
+Temperance Union Association, a Sons of Temperance lodge, a post of
+the Grand Army of the Republic (Ellsworth Post, No. 58), and a masonic
+organization (Jasper Lodge). The following denominations have churches
+and societies: Catholic, Episcopalian, German Lutheran, Swedish
+Lutheran, and Swedish Evangelical. The Catholics are building a church
+at a cost of $10,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Flynn</span> was born in county Mayo, Ireland, 1828. He came to
+America in 1831, and lived in Canada East until 1857; when he located
+in Minnesota, pre-empting the northeast quarter of section 21,
+township 37, range 21. His farm became the site of the village of Rush
+City in 1868, and in 1869 he built the first frame house in its
+limits. Mr. Flynn has been married three times, losing each of his
+wives by death. He has two sons living, James H. and Frank A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patrick H. Flynn</span> was born in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1829; came to
+America in 1831; lived in Canada East until 1857, and coming to
+Minnesota pre-empted the northwest quarter of section 21. He was
+married in 1857 to Margaret Kelly, of Illinois. They have two sons and
+two daughters living. Mr. Flynn, in 1880, erected the Globe Hotel in
+Rush City, where he now resides.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rufus Crocker</span> was the second settler in Rush Seba. He was the first
+justice of the peace and held other offices. Mr. Crocker was married
+to Miss Mercy Hewson, of Isanti county. He is now a citizen of Rock
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank H. Pratt</span> was born in Skowhegan, Maine, in 1836. His father,
+Henry P. Pratt, a veteran editor, who had served twenty years on the
+Kennebec <i>Journal</i>, and later was connected with the Somerset
+<i>Journal</i> and Skowhegan <i>People's Press</i>, came to St. Paul in 1854
+with his family, and was associated with John P. Owens as assistant
+editor of the St. Paul <i>Minnesotian</i>. On Sunday, May 6, 1855, Mr.
+Pratt went on board the steamer Royal Arch, which had landed at the
+St. Paul levee that morning with a cargo of passengers, sick, dying
+and dead of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> cholera. Thirteen had already died on the boat. Mr.
+Pratt, Sr., went on board to alleviate the sufferings of the sick and
+dying, and in consequence, within two days, himself sickened and died.
+The writer and his family were passengers on the Royal Arch, and
+witnesses to these scenes of suffering and death and Mr. Pratt's
+heroic self-devotion. After his father's death Frank continued in the
+office of the <i>Minnesotian</i> as printer. He worked also in the offices
+of the St. Paul and St. Peter <i>Tribune</i> and the Prescott <i>Transcript</i>.
+In 1858-59 he served as local editor and foreman in the <i>Transcript</i>
+office. In 1860 he removed to Taylor's Falls, and established the
+Taylor's Falls <i>Reporter</i>, the first newspaper published in Chisago
+county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company C. of the Seventh Minnesota
+Volunteer Infantry; was commissioned second lieutenant, and served
+until he resigned his office in the latter part of 1864, having been
+promoted to the captaincy of Company C. After the war he located in
+Sunrise City, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1872 he removed
+to Rush City, continued in mercantile business, and took an active
+part in all enterprises looking to the welfare of the city. He built a
+store, elevator and a fine residence, which was burned in 1881. Mr.
+Pratt represented his district in the sixteenth legislature. He was
+married to Helen A. Bossout, at St. Paul, in 1858. They have one son,
+Fred, and three daughters. Mr. Pratt moved to St. Paul in 1882, where
+he died, March 25, 1884. Fred, his son, succeeds him in business in
+Rush City. He is married to a daughter of Jonathan Chase, of East
+Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Voloro D. Eddy</span> was born in Java, Wyoming county, New York, Sept. 7,
+1840; received a common school education supplemented by two years'
+attendance at Griffith Institute, Springfield, New York; gave up his
+school to enlist in his country's service, as a member of the
+"Ellsworth Avengers" (the Forty-fourth New York Volunteers). The
+regiment was mustered into service at Albany, New York, Aug. 8, 1861.
+He served in this regiment until June 5, 1864, when he was taken
+prisoner at Old Church, Virginia. He endured the horrors of prison
+life until Feb. 26, 1865, and was discharged from service May 20,
+1865. In 1868 he came to Taylor's Falls and engaged in teaching, which
+he has made his profession, having taught continuously since 1869. He
+has been county superintendent of schools for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> twelve years, during
+which time he has resided at Rush City. Mr. Eddy was married to
+Frances Cowley, at Taylor's Falls, Sept. 30, 1868. Mrs. Eddy died
+June, 1881. He was married to Anna R. Olmstead, July 25, 1883, at
+Arcadia, New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ferdinand Sweedorff Christianson</span> was born in Copenhagen, Denmark,
+April 18, 1837; came to the United States in 1866, to Minnesota in
+1868, and to Chisago county in 1870. He was married to Selma A.
+Willard, at Red Wing, Minnesota, Dec. 12, 1869. He represented Chisago
+county in the legislature of 1878. He was assistant secretary of state
+from 1880 to 1882. In 1882 he established the Rush City Bank. In 1883
+he was appointed member of the state board of equalization, and in
+1885 was one of the committee for selecting a location for the Third
+Hospital for the Insane.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHAFER</h4>
+
+<p>Comprises all of the territory of township 34, range 19, excepting the
+plat of Taylor's Falls, and fractional sections in the northeast
+corner of the township. It was at first heavily timbered with
+hardwood, interspersed with marshes and meadows. The soil is good.
+Lawrence and Dry creeks drain the greater part of the township. It is
+now well settled, and has many fine farms. A Swedish colony settled
+here in 1853, consisting of Peter Wyckland, Andros Anderson, Eric
+Byland, Tuver Walmarson, and others. The town organized first as
+Taylor's Falls, but the name was changed to Shafer in 1873. John G.
+Peterson, John Nelson and John Carlson were the first supervisors. The
+first school was taught by Ella Wyckoff, in the Marshall district, in
+1859. The first marriage was that of Peter Abear to Kittie Wickland.
+The branch St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad passes through the southern part
+of this township. The township contributed to this road $3,000 in
+bonds. A railroad station in the southwest quarter of section 32 bears
+the name of Shafer, derived, together with the name of the township,
+from</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Shafer</span>, who, as early as 1847, cut hay in sections 4 and 5. He
+seems to have been in no sense worthy of the honor conferred upon him,
+as he was but a transient inhabitant, and disappeared in 1849. No one
+knows of his subsequent career. The honor ought to have been given to
+some of the hardy Swedes, who were the first real pioneers, and the
+first to make substantial improvements.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Wickland</span> came from Sweden in 1853, and settled in the northeast
+quarter of section 26. He moved to Anoka in 1860, and was drowned in
+Rum river in 1880. His son Peter is a prominent merchant in Anoka.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tuver Walmarson</span> was born in Sweden in 1812. He was a member of the
+Swedish colony of 1853, settled in the northwest quarter of section
+26. Mr. and Mrs. Walmarson reared a fine family of children. Nelson
+Tuver Walmarson, the eldest son, inherits the industry and frugality
+of both parents. By hard work and close attention to business the
+family has prospered abundantly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andros Anderson</span> came also from Sweden in 1853 and settled in the east
+half of the northeast quarter of section 34. Mr. Anderson moved to
+Taylor's Falls in 1859 and died there in 1873. He left but one child,
+the wife of Daniel Fredine, of Shafer. Mr. Anderson was a born
+humorist and fond of practical jokes. On one occasion his ready wit
+was exercised at the expense of a man to whom he had mortgaged his
+farm. Deeming the house in which he lived his own, in the absence of
+the mortgagee he removed it to Taylor's Falls. The mortgagee, E. W.
+Holman, told him that he had stolen the house and must replace it.
+Anderson told Holman to take the house and replace it himself, but if
+he took his (Anderson's) family along with it he would have him sent
+to the penitentiary. Mr. Holman did not see his way clear and the
+house was not disturbed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eric Byland</span>, another of the Swedish colony, settled in the west half
+of the southeast quarter of section 23. In 1860 he sold out and moved
+further west. The farm he left is now owned by John Nelson and is one
+of the finest farms in Chisago county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Peterson</span> was born in 1847 and came with his parents to Chisago
+county in 1854. They located on a beautiful spot in Franconia, on the
+shore of a small lake, where they made a farm and where Jacob passed
+his boyhood and youth. In 1881 he commenced business at Shafer station
+as a merchant and dealer in wood. He was the first postmaster at
+Shafer. He was married in 1881 to Mary Heline.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ambrose C. Seavey</span> was born in Machias, Maine, in 1824; was married to
+Elizabeth Ayers, in Crawford, Maine, in 1846, and came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1848. In 1852 he removed to Taylor's Falls, and opened the
+first blacksmith shop. He was absent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> two years in Colorado, and when
+he returned settled on a farm in the town of Shafer. He has a family
+of four sons and six daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SUNRISE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Sunrise includes the two eastern tiers of sections of
+township 36, range 21, one whole and eight fractional sections of
+township 36, range 20, and all of township 35, range 20, except the
+two eastern tiers of sections. It is well watered by the St. Croix and
+Sunrise rivers and their tributaries. The latter river rises in
+Washington county, having for its principal source Forest lake, and
+flows through the town in a northerly direction into the St. Croix. It
+has three considerable tributaries from the west known as North,
+Middle and South branches. St. Croix river has, as tributary, Goose
+creek, which flows through the northern part of the town. The soil
+varies from a rich sandy loam to a sandy soil. The town contains many
+fine farms. The old government road from Point Douglas to Superior
+passes through the town.</p>
+
+<p>Sunrise was incorporated as a town Oct. 26, 1858; Isaac A. Parmenter,
+David Lovejoy and A. C. Mattison, supervisors. A post office was
+established in 1856; George S. Frost, postmaster. The first marriage
+was that of Robert Nessell and Kate Torbert, by J. D. Wilcox, Esq. The
+first child born was Joshua Taylor Gallaspie. The first death was of
+an unknown man who died from the kick of a horse. Wm. Holmes, the
+first settler, located on Sunrise prairie in 1853, and raised crops on
+fifteen acres that year. John A. Brown and Patten W. Davis cultivated
+thirty-five acres the same year on Sunrise prairie. Messrs. Brown,
+Davis and Ingalls made a wagon road from Sunrise to St. Paul in 1853.
+John A. Brown, in the same year, built a hotel and opened a store. The
+hotel was built of logs, the store was a frame, the first erected in
+Sunrise. In 1855 he built a saw mill. His hotel was burned in 1856.
+These buildings were the nucleus of Sunrise village.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SUNRISE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted July, 1857, in the north half of the northeast quarter of
+section 8, and the west half of the southwest quarter and the
+northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 4, and the
+southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> 9, all of
+township 3, range 20. The proprietors were John A. Brown, J. S.
+Caldwell and C. L. Willis; surveyor, W. F. Duffy. It contains a first
+class roller flour mill, a saw mill, both owned by Caspar Spivac, two
+stores, a school house and several shops and dwellings. In 1857 a
+colony from Western New York settled in and around Sunrise village.
+The Wilcoxes, Wilkes, Collins, Gwynne, Smith, and others were of this
+colony. The village has suffered greatly from fires. The buildings
+lost at various times were one flouring mill, valued at $10,000, four
+hotels and several private dwellings. The flouring mill was the
+property of Mrs. J. G. Mold. Two lives were lost at the burning of the
+mill.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1862, immediately after the Sioux outbreak, and while
+considerable apprehension was felt as to the attitude of the Chippewas
+toward the white settlers, a company of volunteers under Capt.
+Anderson was stationed at Sunrise. This company built temporary
+quarters of logs, and were very comfortably fixed during the winter.
+They had presumably a very good time, but repelled no savage foes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>KOST VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located in the west half of section 32, township 35, range 20. It
+has a first class roller flouring mill, owned by Ferdinand A. Kost,
+erected in 1883 at a cost of $13,000, and a saw mill, also owned by F.
+A. Kost, erected the same year. It has two stores, a number of shops
+and dwellings and a post office, established in 1884, of which F. A.
+Kost is postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHIPPEWA</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted March, 1856, by Benj. Dinsmore, surveyor, in the northwest
+quarter of section 2, and the west half of the northeast quarter of
+section 2, township 36, range 21. The proprietors were James Starkey,
+Charles S. Patteys, Michael E. Ames, Isaac Van Etten, and Moses
+Sherburne. It makes a fair farm.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DRONTHEIM</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1856, in the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter
+and the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 1,
+township 36, range 20; C. C. P. Myer, proprietor. It is still a brush
+and swamp plat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>NASHUA</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted July, 1857, H. H. Newbury, surveyor, on lots 6 and 7 of
+section 33, and lot 5 in section 34, township 34, range 20.
+Proprietors, N. F. Taylor, W. H. C. Folsom, L. K. Stannard and N. C.
+D. Taylor. It has made two fair farms.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHINGTON</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted August, 1856, W. F. Duffy, surveyor, in the south half of
+section 35, township 35, range 21. Proprietors, James Y. Caldwell and
+L. C. Kinney. On this site the Starkey Indian battle was fought.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John A. Brown.</span>&mdash;Mr. Brown, a native of Pennsylvania, came to Sunrise
+in 1853, and was for awhile quite prominent, building a store, hotel
+and other buildings. In 1855 he was married to Emeline Hartwell. He
+prospered in business, but owing to some domestic difficulties, in
+1857 left suddenly for parts unknown. His property was sacrificed to
+meet obligations, and his wife left helpless. Mrs. Brown died in
+Minneapolis in 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patten W. Davis</span> was a native of Virginia. He came to Stillwater in
+1848, and soon after removed to Osceola Mills, where he lived two
+years. In 1853 he removed to Sunrise, and was associated in business
+for two years with John A. Brown. He has held the positions of
+postmaster, town clerk, treasurer, county commissioner, supervisor,
+and assessor. In 1876 he married a Virginia lady, and returned to his
+native state.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James F. Harvey</span> was born in 1820, in Penobscot county, Maine. He came
+West in 1847 and settled at Marine Mills. In 1854 he removed to
+Sunrise and located in the northeast quarter of section 14, township
+36, range 21, at what was known as Goose Creek crossing. His first
+wife, whom he had married in Maine, died shortly after their arrival
+at Sunrise, leaving one daughter, Maria, wife of Leonard Clark, of
+Stillwater. Mr. Harvey was married in 1856 to widow Patience Knight,
+the mother of Mrs. Floyd S. Bates, Albert S. and Frank E., of Taylor's
+Falls, and Ella Medora Harvey, wife of J. A. Shores, of Minneapolis.
+Mr. Harvey died at his home in 1864. Mrs. Harvey died at Taylor's
+Falls in 1871.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Floyd S. Bates</span>, originally from Maine, has been since 1854 a prominent
+lumberman on the St. Croix, living first at Sunrise,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> and in later
+years at Taylor's Falls. He owns an extensive farm in Cass county,
+Dakota. Of his three brothers, E. Hines resides in Taylor's Falls, and
+J. Herrick and Charles in Dakota Territory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac H. Warner</span> was born in New York in 1830, was married in 1852 and
+came to Sunrise in 1854, where he followed farming and selling goods.
+He has served as postmaster, justice of the peace and held other
+positions. He has three children. His eldest, a daughter, wife of
+Samuel McClure, a lumberman of Sunrise, died February, 1885. Mr.
+Warner removed to Dakota in 1883.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles F. Lowe</span> was born in 1815 in Concord, New Hampshire, received a
+collegiate education and came to Sunrise in 1855. He interested
+himself in real estate but devoted about one-half of his time to
+travel, of which he was passionately fond. He made one trip around the
+globe, writing back interesting letters descriptive of what he had
+seen. He made his last annual tour in 1873, and, while sailing in a
+small boat in some of the waters of Florida, the boat was struck by a
+squall, capsized and Mr. Lowe was drowned. Mr. Lowe was a member of
+the Minnesota constitutional convention.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wells Farr</span> came from New York State to Sunrise prairie in 1854, where
+he has since lived in a comfortable home, a successful farmer. He has
+a family of four sons and two daughters. His oldest daughter is the
+wife of Ephraim C. Ingalls. His second daughter is the wife of Frank
+Dawson, of Lent. Mr. Farr died in March, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John G. Mold</span> came to Sunrise in 1854, where he engaged in milling,
+hotel keeping and mercantile business. He was the proprietor of the
+Sunrise City mills, since burned. He died in 1873, aged fifty years,
+leaving a widow, two sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George L. Blood</span>, during his early life, was a seafaring man, spending
+many years upon the ocean, and visiting during this time many foreign
+ports, keeping a daily record of his journeyings. Mr. Blood had
+learned the trade of house joiner, but coming to Sunrise in 1854,
+attempted farming, at which he was not successful. In 1864 he removed
+to Taylor's Falls, where he died in 1869. His life was an exemplary
+one, and his death that of a Christian. His family returned to their
+old home in Connecticut. His two sons reside in St. Paul.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel G. Ryder</span> came from New York to the St. Croix and settled in the
+town of Sunrise, near the village, about the year 1855. He was
+energetic and able, and was called to fill many town and county
+offices. He was a representative in the fifteenth state legislature.
+In 1860 he was married to Lizzie Perkins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Dean</span> was born in 18&mdash;; was married to Mary Draper in 1860; came
+to Minnesota in 18&mdash;; served some time as river pilot, and settled on
+his farm near Sunrise City in 1860. Mr. Dean represented his district
+in the house of the twenty-first and twenty-second legislatures.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TAYLOR'S FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Taylor's Falls was platted in 1851, a survey of lots
+having been made at that time by Theodore S. Parker, of Stillwater.
+Additions were made from time to time as the increasing population
+demanded. A year before the survey a frame building was erected on
+what was subsequently the northwest corner of River and First streets.
+In 1851 and 1852 some streets were opened, but with considerable
+difficulty, on account of the trap rock, which to be removed required
+blasting. Bowlders that could not be removed were buried. The work of
+cutting a street to the upper steamboat landing was specially
+difficult. There were no roads to the village, and the only means of
+travel was by steamboat, bateaux, or birch bark canoes, until the
+government road was opened sometime in 1856. A post office was
+established in March, 1851, and a weekly mail was ordered from
+Stillwater. Prior to this time a semi-monthly mail had been carried
+between the points named. Of the office established in 1851, N. C. D.
+Taylor was first postmaster. The office was in W. H. C. Folsom's
+store, Folsom acting as deputy postmaster. The successors of Mr.
+Taylor have been, Porter E. Walker, Edward P. Wyman, Thomas Holmes,
+Oscar Roos, George W. Seymour, and N. M. Humphrey; not a long list for
+thirty-five years. The location of the office was changed with each
+successive incumbent. The mail carrier in 1851 was the Hon. Warren
+Bristol, since then four times a representative and senator from
+Goodhue county in the state legislature, and United States judge in
+Arizona. The mail service has passed through all the gradations from a
+semi-monthly to a semi-daily mail. The mail has been carried in canoes
+or bateaux, on foot, on horseback, on steamboat and rail car. It is
+now carried by rail. Of the Baker &amp; Taylor mill an account<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> has been
+given elsewhere. The next mill, a grist mill, was built by N. C. D.
+Taylor, W. H. C. Folsom and the Day brothers, in 1852. It was several
+years later remodeled and changed into a carding mill, and is now the
+property of Jonas Gray. Kingman Brothers built a saw mill in 1857,
+with a capacity of 12,000 feet per day. Several parties succeeded to
+the ownership and control of the mill, but, after doing good service
+for many years, it was abandoned. Clark Brothers built a lumber and
+stave mill in 1868. After ten years this mill was removed.</p>
+
+<p>The first merchant was Daniel Mears, who sold goods as early as 1848.
+W. H. C. Folsom opened a store in 1850; Taylor &amp; Fox in 1852. The
+Chisago House was built by Thomson &amp; Smith in 1852, on the corner of
+Bench and First streets. In 1870 the name was changed to Dalles House.
+It has changed landlords many times, the last being Henry Kattenberg.
+The Cascade House was built in 1853, on the corner of Walnut and Bench
+streets, by Richard Arnold. It is no longer used. The Falls House was
+built in 1870, on Bench street near Walnut, by Erastus Guard, and
+converted into a hotel in 1880, with Henry Kattenberg as proprietor,
+by whom it was conducted as a temperance house. It is now in charge of
+Eugene Fitzgerald.</p>
+
+<p>The first physician was Lucius B. Smith. Susan Thomson taught the
+first school. The first marriage was that of Charles D. Turney and
+Cecilia Ring, Ansel Smith, justice of the peace, tying the knot. Wm.
+Colby was the first white child born in the village. The first death
+was that of a three-year-old daughter of Ansel Smith, in 1852. Rev. W.
+T. Boutwell preached the first sermon, in 1851. In 1852 three young
+Episcopal ministers, Revs. Breck, Myrick and Wilcoxson, alternated in
+holding services, but did not organize a society. Rev. Julius S.
+Webber, Baptist, preached occasionally in 1852 and 1853; Rev. W.
+Miner, Congregationalist, in 1856 and 1857 became the first resident
+minister. In April, 1859, Rev. Silas Bolles, a Methodist, organized a
+society, the first in the village. In June, 1859, Rev. A. M. Torbet
+organized a Baptist society and served as pastor four years. The
+society built a church in 1861 at a cost of $3,000.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860 the Swedish Evangelical Lutherans built a church on the corner
+of Mulberry and Government streets, at a cost of $1,500. Rev. C. A.
+Cedarstam was pastor in 1871-72-73, Rev. &mdash;&mdash; Tornell the three
+succeeding years, and three other pastors have served<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> since. In 1866
+Rev. John G. Hall organized a Presbyterian society, and built a church
+in 1868, on the corner of River and Chisago streets, at a cost of
+$1,500. Mr. Hall served as pastor four years. The Roman Catholics
+erected a church on the corner of Walnut and Centre streets in 1873,
+at a cost of $1,000. They have as yet no settled priest or parish
+school.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Croix Bridge Company was organized in 1854. The incorporators
+were W. H. C. Folsom, Patrick Fox, Joshua L. Taylor, W. S. Hungerford,
+Wm. Kent, Nelson McCarty, John Dobney, W. F. Colby, Orange Walker,
+Fred W. Lammers, and N. C. D. Taylor. The bridge was built in 1856; W.
+S. Sewall, St. Paul, was the engineer. The capital stock amounted to
+$4,925, and was divided into 197 shares at $25 each. The bridge was
+rebuilt in 1870, on the same plan, and in 1884 was replaced by an iron
+bridge, at a cost of $6,253. The bridge has a span of 150 feet and is
+a light and graceful structure. It was the first bridge that spanned
+the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers.</p>
+
+<p>The Chisago County Bank was organized in 1858, under the state banking
+law; capital stock, $25,000; Levi W. Folsom, president; S. C. Gould,
+cashier. It was closed in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>The Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company was organized Dec. 15, 1874;
+W. H. C. Folsom, president; George W. Seymour, secretary; L. W.
+Folsom, treasurer; D. A. Caneday, mining agent. The operations of this
+company extended to sinking a shaft to a depth of one hundred and
+thirty feet.</p>
+
+<p>The Kahbakong Cemetery Association was organized in 1853. The first
+board of officers were W. H. C. Folsom, president; Joshua L. Taylor,
+secretary. The cemetery is located a mile and a half from the village
+and contains fifteen acres of ground beautifully located.</p>
+
+<p>Zion Lodge, No. 55, A. F. &amp;. A. M., was organized March 3, 1866.
+Sherman Post, No. 6, G. A. R., was organized in July, 1882, Caspar
+Hauser, commander. Taylor's Falls Library Association was organized
+Oct. 8, 1871, E. D. Whiting, president; J. A. McGowan, secretary.
+Within two years the library numbered 1,000 volumes and since that
+time the number has been increased to 1,500.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858 the village of Taylor's Falls was regularly incorporated with
+the following board of officers: Trustees, Patrick Fox, president; W.
+H. C. Folsom, E. D. Whiting, L. W. Folsom; recorder, H. H. Newbury;
+treasurer, Wm. Comer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN DANCE.</h4>
+
+<p>The last Indian dance in Taylor's Falls was given by a party of
+Chippewas in 1856. They had come down the St. Croix in birch canoes
+with furs and cranberries to exchange with Samuels in St. Croix
+village for "scootawabo," or whisky. They remained about a week,
+drinking and carousing in their peculiar style. One Sabbath, and when,
+for a wonder, they were quite sober, they visited Taylor's Falls and
+gave a series of grotesque and laughable dances in the street,
+opposite Folsom's store, after which they called for presents as
+tokens of friendship and appreciation, kindly and gravely shook hands
+and recrossed the river.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thus departed Hiawatha."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse Taylor</span>, the first permanent settler of Taylor's Falls, came to
+the Falls in 1838, as narrated in the general history of the village.
+Nothing is known of his life before coming to the Falls, except that
+he was originally from Kentucky, and lived at Fort Snelling, where he
+was employed as a stonemason. By the death of his associate, B. F.
+Baker, he came into possession of the mill property and its
+belongings. This he sold to Joshua L. Taylor in 1846, and removed to
+Stillwater, where he took a contract for stone work on the prison
+walls. His name appears as a member of the house from Stillwater in
+the territorial legislature for 1851 and 1852. He was married in 1844
+to Abigail, daughter of widow Edwards, of Stillwater. He left
+Stillwater in 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joshua L. Taylor</span> was born in Sanbornton, New Hampshire, in 1816. In
+1836 he removed to Alton, Illinois, where he lived until 1840, when he
+came to Taylor's Falls in the employ of the St. Croix Falls Lumber
+Company. In 1846 he purchased the property of Jesse Taylor. He engaged
+in logging until 1849, meanwhile pre-empting portions of the site of
+Taylor's Falls. In the fall of 1849 he went to California, and was
+fairly successful in his mining ventures. He returned to Taylor's
+Falls in 1852, where he has since resided. He was married in October,
+1856, at Skowhegan, Maine, to Clarinda Wyman. Mrs. Taylor died May 4,
+1860, leaving no children. Mr. Taylor built a fine residence in 1856,
+on block 1, River street, Taylor's Falls, commanding a beautiful view
+of the river. Mrs. Gilmore, a sister of Mr. Taylor, and her daughter
+Mary, lived with him many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> years. Mrs. Gilmore died in 1868. Mary
+Gilmore was married to D. G. Sampson in 1881 and now lives in Ashland.
+Mr. Taylor had many opportunities of entering public life, but, with a
+solitary exception, declined them. At the organization of the
+territory of Minnesota, in 1849, he was appointed United States
+marshal, but declined. He was afterward appointed warden of the
+penitentiary at Stillwater, and served two years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathan C. D. Taylor</span>, elder brother of Joshua, was born in Sanbornton,
+New Hampshire, in 1810; removed to Alton, Illinois, in 1832 and was
+for several years in the employ of Godfrey, Gilman &amp; Co., merchants of
+Alton. Mr. Taylor came to St. Croix Falls in 1846. He was one of the
+original pre-emptors of the site of Taylor's Falls. In 1852 he engaged
+with Patrick Fox in the mercantile business. They carried on an
+extensive trade in goods and logs until 1858. The firm of Taylor &amp; Fox
+erected a good store building on lot 16, block 15. He was a member of
+the house in the fifth and seventh territorial legislatures, and
+speaker of the fifth. In 1866 he was elected county treasurer of
+Chisago county, and thereafter to the same office continuously for ten
+years. Mr. Taylor never married. He died at Taylor's Falls, March 20,
+1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas F. Morton</span> was born in South Carolina. He came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1840. In 1850 he settled on a farm adjoining Taylor's Falls,
+known as the Jerry Ross claim. He pre-empted the southwest quarter of
+section 25. In 1852 he was married to Mrs. Margaret Boyce, his second
+wife, mother of Silas Boyce, of Amador. He followed farming
+successfully a few years, and in 1862 enlisted in his country's
+service, as a private in Company C, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer
+Infantry, and along with his friends Colby and Guard did noble
+service, participating in several battles, in one of which, the battle
+of Nashville, he was wounded by the bursting of a shell. He remained
+with the regiment, however, until, disabled by his wound and by
+sickness at the siege of Spanish Fort, he was compelled to return
+home. He never recovered his health, but in 1867 peacefully passed
+away. He was a good man, a brave soldier, and an exemplary Christian.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry N. Setzer.</span>&mdash;Mr. Setzer is a descendant of a North German family.
+He was born in Montgomery county, Missouri, Oct. 6, 1825, and received
+his education at home, which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> left at the age of fourteen years,
+and afterward at St. Charles College, Missouri. In 1843 Mr. Setzer
+came to the St. Croix valley, where he engaged in lumbering for
+himself and others, and devoted some time to public affairs. From 1843
+to 1854 he resided alternately at Stillwater, Marine, Taylor's Falls
+and Chengwatana. Mr. Setzer represented the Fourth district, including
+Marine, Rush Lake, Rice River and Snake River precincts, in the house
+of the first territorial legislature, and the First district,
+including the counties of Washington, Itasca, Chisago, Superior and
+Doty, in the council of the seventh and eighth territorial
+legislatures. He was a member of the Democratic wing of the
+constitutional convention in 1857. In 1857 he was appointed warden of
+the state prison at Stillwater, which position he held until 1860,
+when he was appointed register of the land office at Cambridge, Isanti
+county. He held this position until April,1861. Having devoted his
+leisure time to the study of law, and having been admitted to practice
+in the supreme court of Minnesota, he concluded to devote himself
+entirely to practice. He established a law office in Taylor's Falls
+with L. K. Stannard. He removed to Superior City in 1869, to Duluth in
+1874, and returned to Taylor's Falls in 1877. He has served as town
+and county attorney in Chisago county for many years, and has an
+extensive practice in the higher courts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patrick Fox</span> was born in Tipperary county, Ireland, in 1819; came with
+his parents to America in 1823, and to Davenport, Iowa, in 1836. In
+1841 he came to St. Croix Falls, where he lived three years, moving
+thence to Stillwater, where he engaged in logging until 1851, when he
+removed to Taylor's Falls and engaged in lumbering for a year, then
+entered into a mercantile partnership with N. C. D. Taylor. The firm
+closed business in 1858. Mr. Fox has been a public spirited citizen,
+contributing freely of his means for the improvement of the village,
+aiding in opening roads, building levees and bridges, and school
+houses, before such enterprises could be paid for out of tax revenues.
+Mr. Fox represented Chisago county in the second legislature, 1860.
+Mr. Fox is a good neighbor, industrious and temperate. He was married
+at Davenport, Iowa, to Elisabeth Riley. They have three sons and two
+daughters. The eldest daughter is the wife of Clarence Peaslee; the
+second daughter became the wife of Winfield P. Larcy, of Dakota, in
+1886.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. F. Colby</span> was born in Whitefield, Maine, June 12, 1818. In his early
+life he was a sailor. He came to St. Croix Falls in 1843. He was
+married to Salina De Attly in 1849, and removed to the west side of
+the river, where he located on the Otis farm which he had previously
+bought. He followed lumbering and farming and kept a lodging house for
+travelers. He built a good house, and the first frame barn in Chisago
+county. He sold his property, consisting of one hundred and sixty
+acres and improvements, for $8,000. In 1862 Mr. Colby enlisted in
+Company C, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served until the
+close of the war as sergeant. Mr. Colby is a bluff, square, outspoken
+man, hearty in his manner, and somewhat sailor-like in his expressions
+though almost a lifetime has passed since he trod the deck of a
+vessel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oscar Roos</span> was born in West Gothland, Sweden, in 1827. He came to
+America in 1850, and located in Taylor's Falls, where he has since
+resided continuously, taking an active part in public affairs, and a
+deep interest in everything pertaining to the growth of the village
+and county. Mr. Roos was postmaster at Taylor's Falls 8 years,
+register of deeds 8 years, register of the land office 5 years, and
+county treasurer 8 years. He is engaged in exchange, loaning money,
+etc., and has a branch office in Centre City. He was married to Hannah
+Swanstrom in 1870.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Thomson</span>, a Pennsylvanian by birth, came to Taylor's Falls in
+1851, and in company with Ansel Smith built the Chisago House, a
+notable enterprise at that time, as neither the resources of the
+village or surrounding country had been developed in such a way as to
+give any assurance of success. Mr. Thomson removed in 1854 to Polk
+county; and settled on a farm in Osceola, where he made himself an
+attractive and pleasant home. His farm has long been celebrated for
+its trout pond. Mr. Thomson has given much attention and been quite
+successful in fish culture. The farm was sold in 1885, and Mr.
+Thompson removed to Arkansas, where he died Nov. 5, 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Susan Thomson</span>, sister of Samuel Thomson, taught the first school in
+Taylor's Falls, in 1852. She had just come from Pennsylvania, and had
+traveled on horseback from Stillwater, there being no carriage roads
+above Marine. She was married to Daniel Mears, of Osceola, in 1852.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George de Attly</span>, a native of Virginia, came to St. Croix Falls with
+his family in 1847, and removed to Taylor's Falls in 1851, locating in
+section 25, and making a pre-emption. He was a carpenter. He raised a
+large and respected family. One son is in the Black Hills, Dakota
+Territory. His oldest daughter is the wife of Wm. F. Colby, of
+Taylor's Falls. His second daughter was the widow of Jacob Markley.
+His third daughter is the wife of Alvah Brown. One son, George,
+resides in Taylor's Falls. Mr. De Attly died in Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Markley</span> came from Virginia to the St. Croix valley in 1847,
+settling first at St. Croix Falls, and in 1851 locating at Taylor's
+Falls, where he pre-empted the northeast quarter of the northeast
+quarter of section 24. He went to Montana in 1869, where he died a
+tragic death. His widow and two children reside in the Black Hills,
+Dakota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Dobney</span> was born in England in 1820; came to America when a child,
+to Stillwater in 1845, and to Taylor's Falls in 1852. He followed
+logging for many years, and made himself a permanent home on a farm in
+Amador, on the banks of the St. Croix river, in 1858. He was married
+to Eveline Page, in Michigan, in 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Dobney</span>, younger brother of John, came to Taylor's Falls from
+Michigan in 1852, and engaged, with characteristic energy, in
+lumbering and selling goods until his death, which was the result of
+an accident, he having been thrown violently from a wagon which he was
+driving, in the spring of 1871. He was married in 1855 to Fanny M.
+Gray, who with two children survives him. The oldest, a son, is
+married and resides in Minneapolis. The daughter is the wife of Dr.
+Greely Murdock, of Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry H. Newbury</span> came to St. Croix Falls in 1849, and to Taylor's
+Falls in 1852. Mr. Newbury is a practical surveyor and explorer. He
+served as county surveyor and commissioner many years. He was married
+first to Sarah Ayers, widow of E. R. St. Clair, who died in 1874. In
+1880 he was married to Fanny M. Gray, widow of Wm. Dobney.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Emil Munch</span> was born in Prussia in 1831; came to America in 1849, and
+to Taylor's Falls in 1852, where, until 1857, he worked at the
+carpenter's trade, when he removed to Chengwatana, Pine county, and
+engaged in lumbering and dealing in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> pine lands. He served as register
+of deeds in Pine county, and represented Washington, Chisago, Pine and
+Kanabec counties in the house of the third legislature in 1861. He
+enlisted at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, Oct. 16, 1861, as a private in
+the First Minnesota Battery, and was chosen captain on the following
+month; was wounded at Shiloh, April 5, 1862; returned to his battery
+in September of the same year, took part in the battle of Corinth,
+October 4th and 5th, and in the after campaign was appointed chief of
+artillery, in October, 1862, and from effects of exposure on the march
+was forced to resign in the December following, but again entered the
+service to fight the Sioux Indians on the Minnesota frontier in May,
+June and July, 1863. He entered the Veteran Reserve Corps in August,
+1863. At the close of the war, in 1865, he settled in St. Paul and
+acted as deputy state treasurer. In 1868 he was elected state
+treasurer and held the office until 1872. Mr. Munch lost most of his
+property in a long litigation, in consequence of some unfortunate
+ventures in buying pine lands. Subsequent to his term of office as
+state treasurer he removed to Lakeland and engaged in the lumber
+business. In 1875 he removed to Afton where he took charge of a
+flouring mill. He was married in 1865 to Bertha Segar. He died Aug.
+30, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alvin Mason Wilmarth.</span>&mdash;Mr. Wilmarth came from Massachusetts to the
+valley of the St. Croix in 1849, and to Taylor's Falls in 1852. He has
+followed lumbering and farming. Mr. Wilmarth is a steady, temperate
+man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucius Kingsbury Stannard</span> was born in Franklin county, Vermont, July
+6, 1825. He had good educational advantages and improved them. He
+completed his literary course at Barkersfield Academic Institute,
+Vermont, afterward studied law at St. Albans, and was admitted to the
+bar in 1850. In 1852 he came West and located at Taylor's Falls, where
+for some years he had charge of the business of Taylor &amp; Fox. In 1857
+he was a member of the territorial legislature, representing in the
+house the counties of Washington, Itasca, Chisago, Superior, and Doty.
+He was a member of the Republican wing of the constitutional
+convention of 1857. He represented Chisago, Pine and Isanti counties
+in the state senate of 1859-60. He was a member of the house of the
+thirteenth legislature, 1871, representing Washington, Chisago, Pine
+and Kanabec counties.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> He held the position of receiver in the United
+States land office at Taylor's Falls from 1861 to 1870. He was the
+first lawyer admitted to practice in the courts of Chisago county. He
+was associated in his law practice for several years with H. N.
+Setzer. He has served as prosecuting attorney and probate judge. He
+served several years as county surveyor. He has, in later years, been
+engaged in the lumbering and mercantile business, in the firm of
+Ellison &amp; Stannard. In October, 1884, he was appointed register in the
+land office, which position he now holds. Mr. Stannard has a very
+pleasant home within the village limits, but some distance beyond the
+settled portion. He is a man of sound judgment, of grave and almost
+severe demeanor, outspoken and positive in his views, but withal a
+reliable citizen and kind neighbor. He was married in 1858 to Harriet
+Stevenson, in St. Louis. They have one son, Luke.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James W. Mullen</span> was born in Nova Scotia in 1830. He came to Davenport,
+Iowa, in 1843. He commenced life on a steamboat at the age of fourteen
+years. He was employed on the steamer Boreas, plying between St. Louis
+and Keokuk, and followed river life most of the time until 1878. In
+1885 he built the Vincent House, St. Croix. Taylor's Falls has been
+his home at different times since his marriage in 1854. He was married
+to Margaret Riley, of Davenport, Iowa. Their children are William,
+Edward and Elsa.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Caneday</span> was born in Vermont in 1830, and settled in Taylor's
+Falls in 1853. Mr. Caneday has devoted much of his time to prospecting
+as a mineralogist. During the years 1861-62 he edited the <i>St. Croix
+Monitor</i>, and from 1881-84 the <i>St. Croix Dalles</i>. In 1862 he enlisted
+in Company C., Seventh Minnesota Infantry, and served till the close
+of the war. His record as a soldier was good. After the battle of
+Tupelo he volunteered to remain with the wounded, of whom there were
+about sixty, in the hands of the enemy. Two of these wounded were
+comrades and friends in Company C., Andrew J. Colby and John S.
+Swenson. The former died. Mr. Caneday remained at great personal risk,
+and saw the inside of several prisons before being exchanged. After
+his return Mr. Caneday engaged in mining and prospecting, except such
+time as he edited the <i>St. Croix Dalles</i>. He is now mining on Kettle
+river, in Pine county, Minnesota, and in Burnett county, Wisconsin. He
+was married in 1865 to Laura, daughter of Judge N. M. Humphrey.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George B. Folsom</span> was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick, April 9, 1815.
+He was married to Deborah Sawyer, October, 1842, and came to Taylor's
+Falls in 1853, where he engaged in lumbering. In 1855 he removed to
+Rush Seba, locating in section 14. He was the first settler in the
+town and raised the first crops; built the first log and the first
+frame house, and was prominent in advancing the educational and other
+interests of the town. He was appointed postmaster in 1856, and held
+the office fourteen years. He held the office of county commissioner
+ten years. In 1875 he was appointed receiver of the land office at
+Taylor's Falls, which office he held for ten years, since which time
+he has resided in the village.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aaron M. Chase</span> was born in Machias, Maine, April 7, 1813. He received
+a home and common school education. In the fall of 1848 he came to St.
+Anthony and engaged in lumbering. He and Sumner Farnham ran the first
+logs down the Mississippi from Rabbit river to Fort Ripley and St.
+Anthony, in 1849. In the spring of 1849, in company with Pat Morin, he
+built a tow boat, clearing for that purpose a tow path on the eastern
+side of the river a distance of eighty miles. He carried freight for
+the American Fur Company, but the introduction of steamboats put an
+end to this enterprise. In the fall of 1849 he went to St. Louis and
+remained there till August, 1850, when he returned North, locating at
+the outlet of Balsam lake, Polk county, Wisconsin, where he built a
+saw mill. He built a dam and mill, bringing the materials together
+without other team than himself and five men. After completing the
+mill he engaged for some years in lumbering. He located at Taylor's
+Falls in 1853. In 1869 he supervised the building of a series of dams
+on streams tributary to the Upper St. Croix, the water collected by
+them to be used at low stages to float logs to the St. Croix and down
+that stream to Stillwater. These dams are operated under a charter
+from the state of Wisconsin, and have proved a great benefit to the
+lumbermen. Mr. Chase is president of the company. He is a man of
+strong, clear mind, deliberate in action, positive in his opinions and
+pointed in his expressions, and withal a kind hearted, generous and
+true man. Mr. Chase is unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Abear</span> was born in Canada East in 1830; came to Stillwater in
+1850, but subsequently removed to Taylor's Falls where, in 1855, he
+was married to Kitty Wickland, who died in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> 1860, leaving a son,
+Franklin E., merchant at Anoka. Mr. Abear married again. His second
+wife died in 1868, leaving a daughter, Mary. Mr. Abear married a third
+wife, who died in 1874, leaving no children. Mr. Abear is a machinist
+but has given much of his attention to farming.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Levi W. Folsom</span> was born in Tamworth, Carroll county, New Hampshire,
+Sept. 25, 1821. He was fitted for college at Gilmanton, entered Penn
+College at Gettsyburg, Pennsylvania, and graduated in 1848. Returning
+to New England, he studied law at Cornish, Maine, with Caleb R. Ayer,
+and was admitted to practice in the county of Carroll, New Hampshire.
+He came to Taylor's Falls in 1854, and was admitted to practice in the
+supreme court of Minnesota, and practiced law for a period of fifteen
+years, when he engaged in real estate and other business. He is a
+pleasant and agreeable speaker, stands high in the masonic fraternity,
+is an ardent and uncompromising Democrat, a positive man with strong
+home and social feelings. He has been vice president of the Taylor's
+Falls branch of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad since its organization.
+He was married in 1859 to Abbie Shaw, in St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eddington Knowles</span> was born in Kentucky in 1821; came to St. Croix
+Falls in 1844, and followed lumbering. He was married to Ann Carroll
+at Taylor's Falls in 1854, and made his residence at Taylor's Falls.
+He enlisted for service during the Rebellion in the Third Minnesota
+Volunteers, but was discharged for disability before the close of the
+war. He died at Hayward, Wisconsin, in 1883, leaving a widow and three
+children. His oldest daughter is the wife of Douglas Greely, of
+Stillwater. His body was brought to the Taylor's Falls cemetery for
+interment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Lucius B. Smith.</span>&mdash;Dr. Smith was the first regular physician in
+Taylor's Falls, having located here in 1854. He was born in Berlin,
+Erie county, Ohio, in the year 1824. He was married in 1849, and after
+some years' practice of medicine in his native town he came West and
+located in Taylor's Falls, where he resided until 1862, when he was
+appointed surgeon of the Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, in
+which regiment were many of his friends and associates. He performed
+well his duties in that position, but was killed on the day preceding
+the battle of Tupelo, the division to which he belonged having been
+ambuscaded by Forrest's troops. His remains were carried to the field<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>
+of Tupelo and there buried, but have since been removed to Kahbakong
+cemetery, at Taylor's Falls. Dr. Smith was a tall man, of fine
+presence, with the air of an officer, for which reason, doubtless,
+some sharpshooter singled him out for destruction. Dr. Smith left a
+widow, one son, Charles, and one daughter, Mary, the wife of J. W.
+Passmore. His widow was married to E. D. Whiting. Both are deceased.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Comer</span> was born in Cheshire county, England, in 1812; was
+married to Elisabeth Davis; came to America in 1846 and located in St.
+Louis, where he remained until 1852, when he removed to Pike county,
+Illinois. In 1854 he removed to St. Croix Falls and in 1855 to
+Taylor's Falls, where he has since resided. He has been treasurer of
+Chisago county two terms, and four years register of the United States
+land office. For a number of years he has held the position of town
+and bridge treasurer. He and his two sons, George and William, are
+engaged in the mercantile business. His daughter, Eleanor, is the wife
+of Benj. Thaxter, of Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Erastus D. Whiting.</span>&mdash;The Whiting family, consisting of three
+brothers, Erastus D., Selah and Charles B., came to Taylor's Falls in
+1855, and for many years were prominent merchants and business men in
+the village. Erastus D. Whiting was born in Vernon Centre,
+Massachusetts, in 1811. He was educated in the common schools and at
+Westfield Academy. At the age of sixteen he commenced reading medicine
+and graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1832. He practiced three
+years in Ashtabula, Ohio, and twenty years in Pike county, Illinois.
+When he came to Taylor's Falls he retired from practice and engaged in
+the mercantile and lumbering business until 1867. During this time he
+served in two sessions of the Minnesota legislature as representative,
+1860-61. In 1869 he visited Europe. He died in Taylor's Falls in 1880.
+He was twice married; first in 1837, to Emily Bradley, who died in
+1866; and second in &mdash;&mdash;, to Mrs. Smith (widow of Dr. L. B. Smith),
+who died in 1872.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Selah Whiting</span> was born in Connecticut; came West to Pike county,
+Illinois, in 1836, and to Taylor's Falls in 1855. He engaged in the
+mercantile business. His wife died in 1867. He died in 1868.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles B. Whiting</span> was born in Litchfield county, Connecticut; came to
+Pike county, Illinois, in 1836, and to Taylor's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Falls in 1855. He was
+associated with his brothers in the mercantile business. He was
+register of the land office four years and served as United States
+marshal during the war. His first wife died in Taylor's Falls. He was
+married to Flavilla Blanding in 18&mdash;. Mr. Whiting died in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic Tang</span> was born in Prussia in 1819. He learned the trade of
+house carpenter and served in the Prussian Army one year. He was
+married in Germany, in 1850; came to America in 1852 and to Taylor's
+Falls in 1856. He served three years in Company C, Seventh Minnesota,
+during the Rebellion. One son, Frederic, resides at Taylor's Falls,
+engaged in lumbering. His oldest daughter, Pena, is the wife of Ernest
+Leske, of Taylor's Falls. His second daughter, Bertha, is the wife of
+David Bowsher, of Dakota. Mr. Tang died in November, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ward W. Folsom</span> was born in 1822, in Tamworth, New Hampshire; was
+married to Matilda Stedman in 1844; came to Taylor's Falls in 1856,
+where he kept a boarding house for several years. He died at his home,
+Sept. 28, 1884. His eldest son, Charles W., was editor of the Taylor's
+Falls <i>Reporter</i> for several years. He was married to Luella Gray in
+1865. He died in 1872. Edward H., his second son, for some years has
+edited the Taylor's Falls <i>Journal</i>. He started and conducted for some
+years the Stillwater <i>Lumberman</i>. He was married to Susie Way, in
+September, 1868.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Seymour</span> was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in
+1828, and came to Taylor's Falls in 1857, where he has since resided,
+following the occupation of druggist, but occasionally holding a town
+office. Mr. Seymour held the positions of postmaster and justice of
+the peace for several years, and has been secretary of the Taylor's
+Falls &amp; Lake Superior railroad since its organization. Mr. Seymour is
+an active member of the masonic fraternity, an ardent Democrat and
+thoroughly trustworthy and reliable as a man and friend. He is
+unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James A. Woolley</span>, a native of England, came to Taylor's Falls in 1857.
+He was an engineer and in my employ as engineer and foreman in the
+pinery for fourteen years, during which period our association was
+quite intimate, and I learned to know him and esteem him as a true
+friend, and faithful to all his obligations as a man. He was a true
+Christian and died in full hope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> of immortality. He promised, when he
+knew himself to be dying, to return to earth and revisit me if
+possible, but so far has not returned. He died in 1874. His family
+removed to Dakota. His oldest son, John Alley, was killed in
+Washington Territory by a premature explosion of a blast in a mine, by
+which nineteen others were killed at the same time. Alida married
+William McKenzie and resides at Grand Forks, Dakota. Frank W. F., the
+youngest son, also lives in Dakota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patrick Carroll</span>, was of Irish birth. His wife is a sister of Patrick
+Fox. He is about ninety years of age. They have had two sons, Joseph
+and one drowned, and three daughters, one the wife of E. Knowles,
+deceased, the other two becoming respectively the first and second
+wife of John O'Brien. Mr. O'Brien has two daughters, Minnie and
+Lizzie, and three sons, William, Joseph and Daniel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Carroll</span> was born at Davenport, Iowa, in 1840; came to St. Croix
+when a boy, early in the 50's, and worked for his uncle, Patrick Fox,
+in the pinery; was married to Mary Cotter at Davenport, Iowa, in 1858.
+He resided at Taylor's Falls until 1861, when he enlisted in a Kansas
+regiment. He was severely wounded at Springfield, Missouri. He was
+subsequently transferred to a heavy artillery company of colored
+troops from Tennessee, and commissioned a lieutenant. He was at Fort
+Pillow during the massacre, was taken prisoner and confined at
+Andersonville eighteen months. After his dismissal he went to Memphis
+and was employed in the police service until 1867, when he and his
+wife died of yellow fever, leaving two daughters, one the wife of
+Edward St. John, of Marine, the other of Geo. W. Booth, of Taylor's
+Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. E. E. Edwards</span> was born in Delaware, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1831; was
+educated at Indiana Asbury University, and has been employed most of
+his life in educational work, serving as president of Whitewater
+College, Indiana, professor of Latin in Hamline University, professor
+of natural sciences at St. Charles and McKendre colleges, and
+president of the Colorado State Agricultural College. Mr. Edwards came
+to Taylor's Falls in the winter of 1860, and remained two years as
+pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church, and teacher in the Chisago
+Seminary. During the last year of the war he was chaplain of the
+Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. In the winter of 1885 he again<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+became pastor of the Taylor's Falls Methodist Episcopal church. He was
+married in 1854 to Alice L. Eddy, of Cincinnati, Ohio. His family
+consists of four sons and one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen J. Merrill</span> was born in Schoharie county, New York, in 1827;
+came to the St. Croix valley in 1848, and to Taylor's Falls in 1861.
+He was married to Caroline Nelson in 1861. They have six sons and one
+daughter. He has a beautiful and well improved homestead within the
+town limits, adjoining the cemetery.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;">
+<img src="images/illus-348.jpg" width="381" height="450" alt="REV. E. E. EDWARDS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">REV. E. E. EDWARDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Noah Marcus Humphrey</span> was born in 1809, at Goshen, Smithfield
+Connecticut. He removed to Ohio in 1833, served in the Ohio
+legislature in 1852 and 1853, and was for six years judge of probate
+court in Summit county. He was married twice, the second time to Mrs.
+Young, in 1840. His first wife left two children, Mark, for some time
+a resident of Taylor's Falls, now deceased, and Laura, wife of David
+Caneday. Judge Humphrey has been justice of the peace in Taylor's
+Falls for twenty years, and postmaster for as many more. He was judge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
+of probate court for ten years, and has recently been re-elected to
+that position.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Royal C. Gray</span> was born in Bakersfield, Vermont, October, 1832. He
+spent his early life in Vermont and Massachusetts. He came West in
+1850, and located in Kanabec county, where he farmed and kept a public
+house at Greely station, on Kanabec river, until 1860, when he
+returned to Massachusetts. In 1864 he returned to the St. Croix valley
+and located in Taylor's Falls, where he still resides. He has been
+employed by the St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad Company for ten years as
+surveyor and explorer, and holds some valuable pine lands. In 1861 Mr.
+Gray was married to Ann Eliza Johnson, in Massachusetts. They have one
+son, Orin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Philip Owens.</span>&mdash;William Owens, the father of John Philip, came to
+America from North Wales, and served as a soldier in the war of 1812.
+John Philip was born Jan. 6, 1818. His father died seven years later,
+and the son was brought up on a farm by a stepfather. He received an
+academic education at Cincinnati, Ohio. At the age of seventeen he
+commenced learning the printer's trade, served as an apprentice four
+years, and graduated on his twenty-first birthday. Having some means
+inherited from his father, he commenced a newspaper enterprise at
+Cincinnati, invested and lost all his money. For several years he was
+engaged as a reporter and assistant editor on various papers in
+Cincinnati, Louisville, Vicksburg and New Orleans. In 1849 he formed a
+business partnership with Nat. McLean, of Cincinnati, to establish a
+paper at St. Paul. He arrived at St. Paul May 27th of that year. The
+first number of the <i>Minnesota Register</i> was printed in Cincinnati and
+brought to St. Paul for distribution in July. In October the paper was
+united with the <i>Minnesota Chronicle</i>, and so published until July,
+1850, when it was discontinued. In 1851 Mr. Owens and G. W. Moore
+started the <i>Weekly Minnesotian</i>, adding in 1854 a daily and
+tri-weekly edition. The <i>Minnesotian</i> was ably edited, and was
+Republican in politics. Owing to poor health, Mr. Owens sold his
+interest in the <i>Minnesotian</i>. In 1862 he was appointed quartermaster
+of the Ninth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. This regiment did service
+in the State during the Sioux War, but in 1864 was ordered South and
+attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps. Mr. Owens served as regimental
+and brigade quartermaster until the close<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> of the war. In April, 1868,
+he was appointed register of the United States land office, which
+position he held until his death, Sept. 11, 1884. He was first Grand
+Master of the I. O. O. F. in Minnesota; He left at his death an
+unpublished manuscript, "The Political History of the State of
+Minnesota." His first wife was Helen McAllister, whom he married in
+Ohio in 1848. She left an only daughter, Mary Helen. Mr. Owens' second
+wife was Frances M. Hobbs, whom he married Oct. 26, 1853, in New York
+City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Clendenning</span> was born in 1798, in the north of Ireland. He was a
+Protestant, united with the Methodist church when a young man and
+proved ever after a consistent Christian, strong in his religious
+convictions and a faithful worker. He crossed the ocean in 1835,
+locating first at New Brunswick. In 1855 he came to Michigan, in 1859
+to St. Croix Falls, in 1870 to Taylor's Falls, where he resided until
+his death, in 1875. He left three sons in Taylor's Falls, Andrew,
+James and George, and one son in Oregon. One son, Joseph, died in the
+service of his adopted country, having enlisted in Company C, Seventh
+Minnesota. One daughter, the wife of Thomas Thompson, of St. Croix
+Falls, died in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith Ellison</span> was born in Marine, Madison county, Illinois, March 15,
+1823. He came to Marine Mills in 1844. For two years he was in the
+employ of Judd, Walker &amp; Co. The next three years he spent at Osceola,
+Wisconsin. In 1849 he engaged in logging and continued in that
+business for many years. In 1856 he settled on and improved a farm in
+Sunrise. In 1868 he removed to Taylor's Falls and formed a partnership
+with L. K. Stannard in the mercantile and lumbering business. Mr.
+Ellison was a representative in the eighth legislature, and served as
+county commissioner eight years. In late years he has been interested
+in a saw, planing and flour mill at Stillwater. He is a stockholder
+and director in the First National Bank at Stillwater and owns large
+tracts of pine lands. He has applied himself closely to business, is
+energetic, cautious and thoroughly reliable. Mr. Ellison is unmarried.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WYOMING</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 33, range 21. The eastern half is well timbered, the
+west has oak openings. Sunrise river flows in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> northerly direction
+through the township, and with its tributaries and numerous lakes
+supplies it abundantly with water. There are some wild meadows and
+tamarack swamps. Green lake, in the eastern part of the township, is a
+picturesque sheet of water, five miles in length by one and a half
+broad, with sloping timbered shores and cedar points projecting into
+the lake, in one place forming a natural roadway nearly across, which
+is connected with the mainland opposite by a bridge.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 394px;">
+<img src="images/illus-351.jpg" width="394" height="450" alt="SMITH ELLISON." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SMITH ELLISON.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A colony from Eastern Pennsylvania settled the western part of the
+township in 1855. The colony was composed of L. O. Tombler, Dr. John
+W. Comfort, E. K. Benton, and some others, in all ten families. The
+eastern part had been previously settled by Swedes. The township was
+organized in 1858. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> supervisors were J. W. Comfort, L. O. Tombler
+and Fred Tepel. A post office was established at Wyoming with J. Engle
+as postmaster. The Catholics and Methodists erected churches in 1864.
+The St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad was completed in 1868, and in 1879 the
+branch road to Taylor's Falls. The township was settled rapidly after
+the completion of the railroad. At the junction of the two roads there
+is a good depot, two stores and a fine hotel, the latter kept by L. O.
+Tombler.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WYOMING VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was surveyed and platted by Ben. W. Brunson in 1869, in portions of
+sections 17, 19 and 20, township 33, range 21; proprietors, Western
+Land Association, L. Mendenhall, agent.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DEER GARDEN VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was surveyed and platted by Alex. Cairns, October, 1856, in sections 1
+and 12, township 33, range 21; proprietor, Erastus S. Edgerton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucius O. Tombler</span> was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1823. His
+ancestors were Moravians, who, driven from Germany in the eighteenth
+century, came to America, and founded the colony of Bethlehem, a
+colony famed for its thrift, advancement in educational matters, and
+high morality. Mr. Tombler and his wife, Christiana Brown, to whom he
+was married in 1845, were educated in the Moravian schools. They came
+with the colony from Bethlehem to Wyoming in 1855, and built a two
+story log hotel on the St. Paul and Lake Superior stage road, which
+was long noted as a rest for the weary traveler and a home for the
+invalid. Mr. Tombler was an energetic, worthy man, genial in his
+manners, a good farmer, a good landlord, and an accomplished musician
+besides. Mrs. Tombler possessed superior endowments as a landlady, and
+the house soon gained widespread popularity with the traveling public.
+The first hotel was burned in 1876, but the year following a more
+commodious building was erected on the grounds, which, with its modern
+improvements within, and its park-like surroundings, is more popular
+with the traveling public than its predecessor. The Tombler family
+consists of Charles A., the father of Lucius O., born in 1800, but
+still hale and vigorous, in the possession of all his faculties, two
+sons, Maurice and Milton, and one daughter, Laura. Charles A.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> the
+grandfather, has received the thirty-third degree Scottish Masonic
+rite.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. John Woolman Comfort</span> was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in
+1804. He graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in
+1836, and practiced medicine continuously, and, although an
+accomplished graduate of an allopathic school, was a zealous advocate
+and exponent of the Thompsonian system, in favor of which he published
+several works. He was also for some years editor of the <i>Thompsonian
+Medical Journal</i>. As a physician he was untiring, and impartial in the
+performance of his duties, never refusing a medical call on account of
+the poverty of the patient. He was especially kind to the poor. He
+came to Wyoming with the colony in 1855, and died there Feb. 9, 1881,
+leaving a widow, since deceased, one son in Philadelphia, and two
+daughters, Mrs. Markley, of Wyoming, and Mrs. Carter, of Melbourne,
+Australia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isaac Markley</span> was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, April 2,
+1822. In the spring of 1849 he came westward, and engaged in
+steamboating. He commanded the Uncle Toby, and in October, 1850, ran
+his steamboat from St. Louis to Taylor's Falls for the writer of this
+work. He engaged in mercantile pursuits for some time in St. Paul, and
+in 1871 came to Wyoming and located on a farm. He was married to
+Frances, a daughter of Dr. Comfort. He died at his home, February,
+1883.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joel Wright</span> was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, and came to Wyoming with
+the Bethlehem colony in 1855. He is a blacksmith by trade, but has
+also devoted himself to hunting and trapping. Mr. Wright has been
+married three times, and has three children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Randall Wright</span>, second son of the foregoing, was born in Pennsylvania
+in 1828; was married to Anna Montgomery in 1850, and came to Wyoming
+in 1855. He is a house carpenter by trade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic Tepel</span> was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1824; received a fair
+education and learned the trade of blacksmithing. He came to America
+in 1843, lived in New Orleans one year, in St. Louis ten years, in St.
+Paul one year, and settled in Wyoming in 1855. In 1847 he was married
+to Fredrica Wilmina, of St. Louis. They have seven children. Mr. Tepel
+has held many town offices to the satisfaction of his townsmen. He has
+been for forty years a member of the Methodist church.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Charles Henry
+Sauer</span> was born in Germany in 1824; served as a soldier in the German
+Army three years, and in the twenty-fourth year of his age came to
+America. The year following he returned to Europe and was married. In
+1851 he took up his residence in Chicago, and in 1855 came to Wyoming,
+and engaged in farming. He has three sons, Fred, Henry and Harvey, and
+a daughter married to a Lutheran minister.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The early history of Washington county is to be found in the history
+of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, of which it was a part until the
+organization of Minnesota Territory in 1849. At the first session of
+the territorial legislature Washington county was established in full
+for county and judicial purposes. It included all that part of the
+Territory lying east of the range line between ranges 21 and 22 and
+north of the Mississippi as far as the British possessions and
+fractional parts of townships 29 and 30, range 22.</p>
+
+<p>The courts held prior to this organization are referred to elsewhere.
+The first territorial court in Washington county was held Aug. 13,
+1849, Judge Aaron Goodrich, presiding; Judge David Cooper, associate.
+It continued in session six days. There were sixty cases on the
+calendar. Harvey Wilson was clerk of court; A. M. Mitchell, of St.
+Paul, United States marshal; Henry L. Moss, district attorney; John
+Morgan, sheriff. The lawyers present were H. L. Moss; M. S. Wilkinson,
+M. E. Ames, A. M. Mitchell, L. Babcock, and David Lambert. The second
+court house (the first under the new organization) was built in
+Stillwater, corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, in 1849, at a cost
+of $3,600. This was the first court house in the territory of
+Minnesota. The lot was donated by John McKusick. In this building were
+held all the courts from 1849 to 1867. In that year Churchill &amp; Nelson
+donated a city block on Nelson Hill, a fine location overlooking the
+city and lake, and the county erected upon it a fine stone structure
+costing $60,000, including jail and ground improvements.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first election was held Nov. 26, 1849. The following board of
+county officers was elected: Commissioners, John McKusick, Hiram
+Berkey, Joseph Haskell; treasurer, Socrates Nelson; register of deeds,
+John S. Proctor; judge of probate, Harvey Wilson; sheriff, Jesse
+Taylor. At the same election the following persons were elected
+justices of the peace in their various precincts: St. Croix Falls,
+Jerry Ross; Point Douglas, Martin Leavitt; Stillwater, Albert Harris
+and H. K. McKinstry; Marine, James Moore and W. H. Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>The territory of the county has been from time to time divided and
+subdivided for the organization of new counties. Washington county,
+however, was divided but once. In 1852 the county of Chisago was set
+off in the north, since which time its boundaries have been, Chisago
+on the north, the St. Croix river and lake on the east, the
+Mississippi river on the south, Anoka and Ramsey counties and the
+Mississippi river on the west. It includes the following townships:
+From 27 to 32 inclusive, ranges 20 and 21, and fractional parts of
+townships 31 and 32, range 19, and fractional part of township 26,
+range 20.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AFTON</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized as a town in 1858. Joseph Haskell, G. W. Cutler and H.
+L. Thomas were the first supervisors; Minor H. Thomas, clerk. It
+includes a fractional part of township 28, range 20. It is well
+watered by Bolles and Valley creeks, streams tributary to the St.
+Croix. The southwestern part of the township is rolling prairie, the
+remainder somewhat broken. The soil is all productive and the streams
+afford good water powers. The township had French settlers as early as
+1837,&mdash;Baptist Fornier and others. Joseph Haskell commenced his farm
+in 1839. Prior to 1850 A. Mackey, L. Bolles, P. J. Carli, T. F.
+Randolph, E. Bissell, N. H. Johnson, James Getchell, and A. McHattie
+located in the town.</p>
+
+<p>The first crops were raised by the French settlers. The first marriage
+was that of Andrew Mackey to Mrs. Hamilton, in 1844. The first child
+born was Helen M. Haskell, daughter of Joseph Haskell. The first death
+was that of Paul J. Carli, in 1844, accidentally drowned in the lake.
+The first road was located between Stillwater and Point Douglas, in
+1847. A military road was surveyed from Point Douglas to Superior
+through this town in 1850. Lemuel Bolles erected a flouring mill on
+Bolles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> creek, in the winter of 1845-46, the first to grind wheat
+north of Prairie du Chien. The old mill was long since replaced by a
+new one, and the mill property has changed owners many times, Emil
+Munch being the last owner. The present mill is a fine structure with
+a capacity of fifty barrels per day. The first post office was at the
+old mill; L. Bolles, postmaster. The first organized school was in the
+Haskell district, in 1855. The Scandinavian Methodists have a church
+in section 18, built in 1885. The German Lutherans have a church in
+section 6, and a parochial school.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AFTON VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>In May, 1855, Afton village was surveyed and platted by Haskell,
+Getchell &amp; Thomas, in section 23; Emerson &amp; Case were the surveyors.
+The village is beautifully located on the shore of the lake and
+contains one hotel, one church (Congregational), one school house, an
+academy building, and several stores, shops and dwellings. The
+academy, known as the St. Croix Academy, was established in 1868, and
+the building, a handsome three story brick structure, erected the same
+year. Mr. Gorrie was the first principal. Simon Putnam was the first
+pastor of the Congregational church.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTH AFTON</h4>
+
+<p>Is located one mile south of Afton, on the shores of the lake. It has
+an elevator, store, warehouses and other buildings. A saw mill was
+built by Lowry &amp; Co., between Afton and South Afton; in 1854, and
+rebuilt in 1855 by Thomas &amp; Sons. The Getchell Brothers built a mill
+in 1861, which was burned.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VALLEY CREEK</h4>
+
+<p>Is a small village on Bolles creek, in sections 9 and 10. Erastus
+Bolles located here in 1857, and improved the water power, built a
+machine shop and manufactured edge tools. He sold out to his son, C.
+E. Bolles, who further improved the property by building a corn and
+feed mill. In 1860 Gilbert &amp; Buswell erected a flour mill with three
+run of stone. The post office in this village was established in 1874,
+with Erastus Bolles as postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. MARY VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1855, on lots 1, 2 and 3, section 14. Thomas W.
+Coleman, proprietor; James A. Carr, surveyor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Haskell</span> was born Jan. 9, 1805, in Kennebec county, Maine.
+During his minority he worked with his father on a farm at Skowhegan,
+Maine. In 1837 he came West, stopping two years in Indiana. July 24,
+1839, he arrived at Fort Snelling on the steamer Ariel, obtained
+employment of Frank Steele for whom he, with others, rowed a mackinaw
+boat from Fort Snelling to St. Croix Falls. While at the falls he
+worked on the dam and mill, then in process of building. In the fall
+of 1839 he made a trip to Fort Snelling and returned to the Falls,
+carrying the mail in a birch canoe to Catfish bar, and then across by
+Indian trail to the Fort. While on this trip he made the claim for his
+homestead in Afton. In 1840 he put three acres under cultivation,
+raising corn and potatoes. This was the first attempt at farming,
+except by the French pioneers, who raised only garden crops, north of
+Prairie du Chien. September, 1844, he made a trip to Maine, and
+returned bringing three sisters with him. They kept house for him
+until he married. Mr. Haskell was married to Olive Furber, sister of
+J. W. Furber, in 1849. They have four children, Helen M., Mary E.,
+Henry Pitt and Hiram A. Mr. Haskell was a representative in the state
+legislatures of 1869 and 1871. He was of most exemplary habits. He
+died at his home Jan. 23, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lemuel Bolles</span> was born in New York. He came to St. Croix Falls in
+1840. In 1843 he opened a grindstone quarry in the soft, coarse
+sandstones, a short distance below the Dalles. In 1844-45 his
+grindstones were much used. He made Stillwater his home in 1844-55,
+when he removed to Afton. He was industrious, ingenious and eccentric.
+He died in Stillwater in 1875.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Taylor F. Randolph</span> was the first school teacher in Washington county.
+He and his wife taught at Red Rock in 1837-38-39-40, under the
+supervision of the Methodist mission at that place. In 1842 he settled
+on a farm in a valley near Bissell's Mounds, Afton, where he and his
+wife died in 1846.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elijah Bissell</span>, in 1842, located a farm near the three mounds in
+section 8, which now bear his name. He left the county in 1850.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Mackey.</span>&mdash;Mr. Mackey, of whom some mention is made in the
+chapter concerning the early history, is one of the first pioneers,
+having come in 1837 with John Boyce to the valley of the St. Croix in
+a mackinaw boat, towed from St. Louis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> to the mouth of Lake St. Croix
+by a steamer, from which point they poled their boat up to the St.
+Croix falls, where they landed on the west side. From this point they
+made a portage and cordelled their boat, and with poles and lines
+ascended to Snake river. He engaged for some time in lumbering, and
+worked at the falls until 1841, when he settled on a beautiful farm,
+on a part of which Afton is now situated. Mr. Mackey was born in
+Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1804, and (in 1888) is still living. His wife
+died in 1873.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAYTOWN</h4>
+
+<p>Comprises the north half of fractional township 28, range 20. The
+surface is somewhat uneven and broken, owing to the lake bluff
+formation, but there is much good farming land. Originally it was
+covered with oaks or oak openings. It derives its name from a bay
+indenting the western shore of Lake St. Croix. At South Stillwater
+village a considerable stream, known as Spring creek, flows from some
+large springs and forms a good water power in its descent to the lake.
+Two flour mills are located on this stream. In 1842 Francis Bruce
+built a house on the present site of the office of the St. Croix
+Lumber Company. In the same year Norman Kittson built a trading post
+at what has been since known as Kittson's Point. Both of these parties
+left in 1844 and John Allen built a house and cultivated a field on
+the east side of Kittson's Point. Allen sold the place in 1846 and
+removed to California. He raised the first crops in the town. In 1847
+Joseph Pero became a prominent settler and made him a good home on
+Spring creek. Other parties made claims and abandoned or sold them.
+Fiske &amp; Marty located here in 1848. In 1860 came Ambrose Secrest and
+some others. In 1852 Nelson, Loomis &amp; Co. built a steam saw mill on
+the bay. In 1854 Secrest &amp; Booth built a flour mill on Spring creek.
+In 1858 Baytown was organized as a town. The first supervisors were
+Ambrose Secrest, John Parker and W. H. Crosby; John J. Hale, clerk.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAYTOWN VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>Socrates Nelson, D. B. Loomis, Levi Churchill, Daniel Mears, and James
+W. Hinton, in February, 1856, platted the village of Baytown. Harvey
+Wilson was the surveyor. The location was on the lake shore, lots 3
+and 4, section 11, and lot 7, section 2.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> In 1872 a post office was
+established called South Stillwater; William Graves, postmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BANGOR VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted May. 1857, by C. I. and J. E. Whitney, Albert and Edwin
+Caldwell, Wm. Hollinshead, Isaac Staples, and A. J. Short; J. J.
+Carleton, surveyor. It was situated on the shore of the lake south of
+Baytown.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MIDDLETOWN VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in July, 1857, in parts of sections 2 and 3, by William
+Holcomb; Myron B. Shepard, surveyor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTH STILLWATER</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in January, 1873, by the St. Croix Railway Improvement
+Company; Peter Berkey, president; A. B. Stickney, secretary; J. S.
+Sewall, surveyor. South Stillwater was made to include the platted
+villages of Baytown, Bangor and Middletown. It has prospered greatly
+as a manufacturing village. In 1854 Torinus, Staples &amp; Co. built a
+steam saw mill, to which from time to time they added various
+manufacturing establishments. Subsequently the firm became the St.
+Croix Lumber Company. In the spring of 1876 this company sustained a
+loss by fire on their mill and appurtenances to the value of $70,000,
+which was not insured: With indomitable energy they rebuilt, and
+prospered. The two leading business men in this firm were Louis
+Torinus and William Chalmers. Turnbull's steam saw mill, on the lake
+shore, has a capacity of 100,000 feet per day. The property is valued
+at $70,000. The South Stillwater Lumber Company has a mill with a
+capacity of 90,000 feet per day, with planer and other machinery
+attached, in which they have invested $70,000. The firm consists of D.
+Tozer, A. T. Jenks, H. McGlinn, E. W. Durant, and R. Wheeler. The
+mills of the Herschey Lumber Company, valued at $70,000, have a
+capacity of 100,000 feet per day. The proprietor, &mdash;&mdash; Herschey, lives
+in Muscatine, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater Dock Company was organized in 1877. The company
+consists of Durant, Wheeler &amp; Co., St. Croix Lumber Company and Jonah
+Bachelder. They have built many fine steamers and barges. Their
+repairing docks are a great convenience<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> to steamboat lumbermen. The
+South Stillwater Soap Factory, owned by McKenzie &amp; Co., deserves
+honorable mention. The construction of the branch railroad from
+Stillwater in 1872, and the St. Paul &amp; Milwaukee railroad, built in
+1883, have greatly increased the prosperity of the village. Aside from
+mills and manufactories there are many private residences, one hotel,
+stores, shops, a Lutheran church, and a school house. There are three
+cemeteries in the village limits known as Hazlewood, St. Michael's,
+and the potter's field. The block for the former was contributed by
+Secrest &amp; Pero, in 1858. St. Michael's was established by the
+Catholics in 1873. The potter's field was established by the city of
+Stillwater in 1873. The first death in the limits of South Stillwater
+was that of Sylvester, son of Joseph Pero. South Stillwater was
+organized in 1881. First board of officers were: President, B. E.
+Meigs; clerk, Edward Ivison; councilmen, Richard Burns, C. M.
+Anderson, Charles Kregor; justice of the peace, Ambrose Secrest. South
+Stillwater has a graded school with four departments.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COTTAGE GROVE</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 27 and a fractional part of township 26, range 21.
+It was organized as a town in October, 1858; James S. Norris,
+moderator; William Watson, clerk; John Atkinson, Jacob Moshier, Joel
+Munger, judges of election; William Watson, John Atkinson, B. Winant;
+supervisors. Wm. Ferguson, Lewis Hill, James S. Davis, Jonathan Brown,
+and Jacob Moshier were the first settlers, locating here in 1844. The
+first marriage was that of Henry W. Crosby to Hannah Waterman, in
+1854. The first child born was Nathan, son of John Atkinson, in 1846;
+the first death was that of Mehitable, wife of P. P. Furber, in 1851.
+A post office was established at Cottage Grove village in 1850; J. W.
+Furber was postmaster. The Chicago, Milwaukee &amp; St. Paul railroad was
+completed through the town in 1871. With its fine natural advantages
+of soil, and its convenient access to markets, Cottage Grove is well
+settled and prosperous.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COTTAGE GROVE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated in section 12. It is a pleasant inland village, well
+supplied with stores, shops and dwellings. It has one hotel, one
+school house and three churches, Congregational, Evangelical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> German
+Lutheran and Methodist. The Congregational society was organized in
+1858, Rev. B. Hall, pastor; the Evangelical in 1874; the Methodist
+some years later. The Universalists also have an organization. The
+village was platted in April, 1871, by John P. and S. W. Furber, James
+A. McClusky, Margaret M. Ellwell and Clarence Smith, in the southwest
+quarter of the northwest quarter of section 12; J. W. Furber,
+surveyor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LANGDON VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in December, 1871, in the southwest quarter of section 21,
+on the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee &amp; St. Paul railroad. It contains
+an elevator, hotel, three stores, a school house, Catholic church and
+other buildings. The Catholic church was erected in 1873. Father
+Huxley is the officiating clergyman. The village was platted by Joseph
+J. Dodge; C. B. Lowell, surveyor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph W. Furber</span> was born in New Hampshire in 1813. His ancestors came
+to this country with the early colonists of New England. His father
+was a soldier in the war of 1812. During his minority he worked at
+farming, obtaining, meanwhile, an education in the common schools and
+at Foxcroft Academy, Maine. He emigrated to the valley of the
+Mississippi in 1838, locating at Alton, Illinois, where he remained
+for two years. In 1840 he came to St. Croix Falls and engaged in
+lumbering until 1844, when he located in Cottage Grove. In 1846 Mr.
+Furber represented Crawford county in the Wisconsin legislature as
+representative. He traveled on foot as far as Prairie du Chien on his
+way to the capital of the Territory. He represented the First district
+in the first Minnesota territorial legislature and was elected speaker
+of the house; was again a representative in the eighth territorial
+legislature in 1857; was a member of the tenth and seventeenth state
+legislatures. In 1857 he was commissioned major general of Minnesota
+militia. He was also appointed United States marshal of Minnesota by
+President Fillmore. He died at his residence in Cottage Grove in 1883.
+He was a man of strong intellect, sound judgment and high moral
+character. His widow, Sarah Wimples, to whom he was married in 1843,
+one son, William W., and two daughters survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel W. Furber</span> was born in Stafford county, New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> Hampshire, in 1819.
+He removed with his parents to Milo, Maine, and came to Cottage Grove
+in 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theodore Furber</span> was born in 1817, in Farmington, New Hampshire; came
+West in 1845 and located at St. Croix Falls. In the following year he
+moved to Cottage Grove. Mr. Furber was married to Sarah J. Hale in
+1843, in Skowhegan, Maine. Mr. and Mrs. Furber visited California in
+1867. In 1885 they removed to California.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James S. Norris.</span>&mdash;James S. Norris was born in Monmouth, Kennebec
+county, Maine, in 1810. He was married at Newport in 1845 to Miss
+Haskell. Mr. Norris came to St. Croix Falls in 1839, removed to
+Washington county in 1842, where he settled on a farm at Cottage
+Grove, and lived continuously till his death, March 5, 1874. He raised
+the first crops in Cottage Grove, and though he made farming his chief
+business, his abilities were such that his fellow citizens intrusted
+him with many official positions, in all of which he acquitted himself
+with honor. He acted as county commissioner, was a member of the first
+territorial council, member of the sixth and seventh territorial house
+of representatives, and speaker of the sixth, a member of the
+Democratic wing of the constitutional convention, and of the twelfth
+state legislature (house).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Hill</span> was born at Hollis, Maine, in 1822. In 1843 he came to the
+valley of the St. Croix and located at St. Croix Falls. In 1844 he
+came to Cottage Grove and engaged in farming, and, excepting a few
+years spent in Dakota county, has resided there since. He was married
+to Abbie Welch in 1854. Their living children are Emma C., Jessie L.
+and Frederick E. G.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Moshier</span> was born in Nova Scotia in 1820. He removed with his
+parents in 1829 to Canada West. In 1839 he removed to Illinois, in
+1843 to St. Croix Falls, and in 1845 to Cottage Grove, where he still
+resides. He is a house carpenter, and has also been engaged in
+farming. He was married in 1854 to Maria Shatto. Their children are
+Annie F., Mahala, William, Addie, Grant, Laura, and George.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Ferguson</span> came to Cottage Grove in 1844, and made a claim in
+section 26.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Atkinson</span> was born in Lewiston, Maine, April 4, 1805. He remained
+in his native town until 1833, resided in Pittsfield until 1844, when
+he came West and located in Cottage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> Grove. He pre-empted eighty acres
+of land, purchased additions to it from time to time, and made for
+himself a very attractive home, where he resided thirty years. Mr.
+Atkinson was twice married, first to Hannah Moore, at Lewiston, Maine,
+who died in 1874, then to Mrs. A. B. Fiske, of Baytown, at which place
+he now resides, an aged, much respected citizen. His first wife left
+four sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DENMARK.</h4>
+
+<p>This town is located on the point of land between the Mississippi
+river and Lake St. Croix, and includes the territory lying south of
+Afton, and between Cottage Grove and Lake St. Croix, fractional
+townships 26 and 27, range 20. The surface is elevated, somewhat
+rolling, without lakes or streams, and the soil rich and well adapted
+to agricultural purposes. The early history of the town is
+substantially that of its earliest settlement, Point Douglas. It was
+organized in 1858. Supervisors, John Shearer, Thomas Wright and David
+Hone.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POINT DOUGLAS.</h4>
+
+<p>Levi Hertzell and Oscar Burris, young men, located in 1839 on the
+extreme point of the delta between the Mississippi and St. Croix lake,
+where they cut wood and sold it to the steamboats. They built a log
+cabin and store, under one roof, and traded with Indians, discharged
+soldiers and French settlers. They were diligent and industrious, and
+prospered. In 1846 they built a frame store building. Their trade
+increased and they grew wealthy. Messrs. Levi Hertzell, Oscar Burris
+and David Hone, in 1849, platted the village of Point Douglas, Harvey
+Wilson acting as surveyor. It was named in honor of Stephen A.
+Douglas.</p>
+
+<p>The following settlers came to Point Douglas prior to 1850: Wm. B.
+Dibble, the Truaxes, Harley D. White, David Barber, E. H. Whittaker,
+James Shearer, Martin Leavitt, Simon Shingledecker, H. A. Carter,
+Thomas Hetherington, Geo. W. Campbell, John Allibone, Mark Wright,
+John H. Craig, John O. Henry, and George Harris. The first post office
+north of Prairie du Chien was established in 1840, on the site of
+Prescott, at that time known as "Mouth of St. Croix." This office was
+removed to the opposite side of the lake in 1841, and Levi Hertzell
+was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> appointed postmaster. The first school was taught in 1850, by
+John Craig. Rev. Joseph Hurlbut, a Methodist minister, preached here
+in 1848. In 1656 Rev. T. Wilcoxson, Episcopalian, established "St.
+Paul's Parish." Mr. Woodruff erected a saw mill in 1851. The
+enterprise was not successful. A. J. Short built a saw mill in 1858,
+which eventually passed into the hands of John Dudley. The first road
+to Point Douglas was the Stillwater county road, located in 1847. The
+Point Douglas and Lake Superior military road was built in 1849. A
+ferry was established in 1851 from Point Douglas to Prescott, which
+was chartered in 1856, and controlled by W. B. Dibble, who also
+established a ferry from Point Douglas to Hastings in 1857. The first
+marriage was that of Oscar Burris to Amanda M. Henry, Nov. 14, 1847.
+The first birth was that of Emmet M. Hone, born in 1845, son of David
+and Mary G. Hone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Levi Hertzell</span> came to Point Douglas in 1839, and was quite successful
+in business. In 1846 he was married to Rhoda C. Pond, an adopted
+daughter of Cornelius Lyman, of Stillwater. In 1849, in company with
+Burris and Hone, he platted the village of Point Douglas. In the
+spring of 1856, while in New York, whither he had gone to purchase
+goods, he mysteriously disappeared, and nothing has since been heard
+from him. Mrs. Hertzell and her three children were left in a
+dependent condition, she being able to realize but little from the
+property held in Point Douglas. She soon after married again. Of her
+subsequent history nothing is known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oscar Burris</span>, associated with Levi Hertzell as one of the first
+settlers of Point Douglas and pioneer merchants and traders, left in
+1849 for California.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Hone.</span>&mdash;The following statement was given me, on request, by Mr.
+Hone himself: "I was born in Cherry Valley, Otsego county, New York,
+April 5, 1808, and was married to Mary Henry in 1835. We came by stage
+over the mountains of Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh and by steamboat from
+there to Cairo, Illinois, and stopped at the Marine settlement until
+Sept. 10, 1838. At that time I embarked on the steamboat Ariel, at St.
+Louis, and in twenty-five days reached the head of Lake St. Croix,
+from which point I proceeded on a flatboat, propelled by poles, to St.
+Croix Falls, the trip occupying two days. I made a pine timber claim
+on an island opposite the mouth of Kettle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> river. On my return, which
+was made with eight companions in birch canoes, I stopped at Marine
+and made a claim where the Marine mill now stands, intending to build
+a saw mill. We then proceeded in our canoes to Galena, where we took
+passage on the Ariel for St. Louis, landing there November 10th, after
+an absence of two months, more than half of which had been spent on
+the water. We reported favorably, and, organizing a company of
+thirteen at Marine settlement, Illinois, with a capital of $26,000,
+got our material together at St. Louis during the winter, and embarked
+on the Fayette, May 4, 1839, for the point afterward known as Marine
+Mills, Minnesota. We arrived May 13th and commenced at once to work
+upon the projected mill, which was completed Sept. 1, 1839. I remained
+at the mill until March, 1841, when I removed to Gray Cloud. I made a
+claim at Point Douglas in 1843, and moved upon it in April of that
+year. In 1844 I built the Union House, the first frame house built in
+the territory now embraced in Minnesota. At Gray Cloud I acted as
+justice of the peace. I was appointed deputy sheriff by Sheriff R. D.
+Lester of Crawford county, and held the office until Minnesota
+Territory was organized. My first wife died in November, 1864, leaving
+three sons, Edwin A., John H. and Emmet M. In 1865 I was married to
+Electa Barnes, of St. Paul. In 1872 I removed to Hastings, my present
+home." Mr. Hone died at Hastings, July 11, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William B. Dibble</span> was born in the state of New York in 1815. He spent
+part of his early life in Pennsylvania, Georgia, Alabama and Illinois.
+He came to the St. Croix valley in 1839, and was one of the founders
+of Marine, Minnesota, from whence he removed to Point Douglas in 1844,
+and established ferries across Lake St. Croix to Prescott, and across
+the Mississippi river to Hastings. He also engaged in farming. He was
+twice married, first in 1844, to Eliza McCauslin, who died in 1847,
+then to Mary Wright, who, with nine children, survives him. Mr. Dibble
+died in 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Harris</span> was born in Pennsylvania in 1824. In 1827 his father
+removed to Illinois and was killed during the Black Hawk War while
+acting as sentry. At the age of eight years George commenced working
+on a farm, and continued nine years. He then removed to Missouri and
+remained until 1845, when he came to Stillwater and engaged in
+lumbering. Soon afterward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> he settled on a farm near Point Douglas,
+where he still resides. His family consists of a wife (formerly Alice
+White) and seven children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harley D. White</span> was born in Orange county, Vermont, in 1812; came to
+Prairie du Chien in 1840 and engaged in selling goods; removed to Red
+Rock in 1844 where he sold goods in partnership with Daniel Hopkins,
+and settled on a farm at Point Douglas in 1847. Some years later he
+removed to Beattie, Kansas. He was married to Mrs. E. Tainter, of St.
+Croix Falls, in 1849. She died in 1850, leaving a daughter, who was
+adopted into the family of W. H. Tinker, of St. Paul. This daughter
+became a teacher and taught in the public schools of St. Paul for a
+period of eighteen years, and with her earnings purchased a home for
+her foster parents. Mr. White married a second time and reared two
+sons, one an editor, now residing in Alameda, California. The other is
+engaged in farming in Kansas. Mr. White died in April, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Hetherington</span> was born in Northumberland, England, in 1818; came
+to Canada at the age of sixteen years and to Point Douglas in 1849 and
+settled on a farm at Basswood Grove, where he died in 1885, leaving
+his family in good circumstances. He was held in great esteem as an
+upright man by those who knew him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Shearer</span> was born at Palmer, Massachusetts, Oct. 30, 1815. He was
+engaged in the mercantile business from 1837 to 1843, when he sold out
+and went to Canada. He came to Point Douglas May 8, 1849, and engaged
+in farming. He held various offices of trust in the county and town.
+He served as county commissioner for 6 years, postmaster 2 years,
+chairman of town board of Denmark for 4 years, and town treasurer 12
+years. Mr. Shearer was married to Minerva J. Taylor, March 6, 1866.
+Their children are Marcus, Martha and Irvin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Simon Shingledecker</span> was born in Germany in 1815; came to America in
+1831 and located in Ohio, where he worked nine years as a farmer. He
+removed thence to Illinois, then to St. Louis, and in 1845 came to
+Hudson, Wisconsin, where he engaged in lumbering. In 1848 he located
+on a farm near Point Douglas, which is still his home. In 1850 he was
+married to Margaret Truax. They have eight children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Caleb Traux</span> was born in Mohawk valley in 1810. He became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> a citizen of
+Montreal and was there married to Elisabeth Morehouse. He removed to
+Point Douglas in 1849, where he followed the business of farmer and
+house carpenter. He was a representative in the fourth territorial
+legislature. He died at his home in 1878, leaving seven sons and three
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abraham Truax</span> was born in Brooklynn, Canada West. He came to Point
+Douglas in 1848; removed to Hastings in 1850. While there he was
+elected sheriff of Dakota county. He returned to Point Douglas in
+1859, where he still resides. He was married to Mary Lahey in 1859.
+Mrs. Truax died in 1867, leaving five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Campbell</span> was born in Canton, New York, April 8, 1810. He
+received a common school and academic education. His father died in
+1826, leaving to George W. the care of the family and the management
+of the estate. He was married in 1832, at Cornwell, Canada West, to
+Margaret Harriet Robinson. He came to Point Douglas in 1848, where he
+has lived since, engaged in farming and lumbering. He was a
+representative in the first state legislature, 1857-58. Mrs. Campbell
+died at her home in Point Douglas in 1886, aged seventy-four years.
+She had been a member of the Episcopal church for sixty years. Six of
+her seven surviving children with the aged husband and father attended
+the funeral. Mr. Campbell died in 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOREST LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>This town includes township 32, range 21. The surface was originally
+covered with hardwood timber, interspersed with wild meadows; the
+western part with oak, maple, poplar and tamarack. The first settlers
+were Louis Schiel, Wilson, Rice and Cyrus Gray. Later came Simmons,
+Posten, Marsh, York, and Banty. The first marriage was that of Francis
+Cartwright to Mary Long, in 1865. The first child born was Rebecca
+Simmons. The first death was that of Frederic Veith, in 1867. In 1873
+the first school district was organized. A Methodist church was
+organized in 1876 by Rev. Adam Ringer. The Forest Lake Lodge, I. O. G.
+T., was organized in 1879. A post office was established in 1868;
+Michael Marsh, postmaster. The town of Forest Lake was organized in
+1874; W. D. Benedict, A. C. York and George Simmons, supervisors;
+Louis Schiel, clerk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FOREST LAKE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted May, 1869, in the northwest part of the town, by Luther
+Mendenhall, agent of the Western Land Company, and surveyed by B. W.
+Brunson. It is beautifully located on the shore of Forest lake and is
+rapidly becoming a popular place of resort for summer tourists and
+pleasure parties. The lake is almost separated into three distinct
+parts by points or capes. It is five miles from the northwest to the
+southeast extremity and is nearly two miles wide at the widest point.
+Its shores are well timbered and approach the water's edge in gravelly
+slopes. The indications are that the lake was once much larger. In the
+south lakes the water is deepest, averaging twenty feet. The south
+lakes have also higher banks. The lake covers territory in sections 8
+to 15, inclusive, of township 32, range 21.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. Michael Marsh</span> is a native of Wesemburg, Germany, and has resided
+at this lake nineteen years. He has done much to make it attractive as
+a place of resort. He has built a hotel with seventy-five rooms for
+the accommodation of summer visitors, and has placed a steamer, the
+Germania, upon the lake. Capt. Marsh was married in Germany and has a
+family of two sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GRANT.</h4>
+
+<p>This town was organized in 1858, under the name of Greenfield. In 1864
+the name was changed to Grant. It comprises township 30, range 21. The
+soil is a sand and clay loam, with clay gravel subsoil. The surface
+varies from undulating to rolling, and was originally well timbered
+with white, black and burr oak. White Bear lake lies partly within the
+township, occupying about 1,200 acres. Other and smaller lakes are
+Pine, Stone Quarry, Deep, Ben's, and Long.</p>
+
+<p>The first officers of the town were: Moderator, Joseph Crane; clerk,
+Jesse H. Soule; supervisors, Albion Masterman, James Rutherford and
+Joseph Crane. The first settlers were Albion Masterman and William
+Rutherford, in 1849. Soon after came James Rutherford, Thomas Ramsdell
+and George Bennett. Albion Masterman built the first house, and his
+wife, formerly Eliza Middleton, was the first woman in the settlement.
+The first public highway through the town was the Rum river road. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>
+first child born was Castinea O. Rutherford. The first death was that
+of James, son of James Rutherford. The first school house was built in
+section 1, in 1856. Joseph Crane taught the first school. The first
+sermon was preached by Rev. &mdash;&mdash; Hamlin, a Free Will Baptist, but the
+first religious organization was that of the German Protestant
+Lutheran. Rev. Siegrist was the first pastor. The church building is
+in section 2, and was built in 1872. The Spiritualists had an
+organization in 1868, of which Jesse H. Soule was president, and
+George Walker secretary. Summer meetings were held, and lecturers from
+abroad invited to address them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DELLWOOD VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in September, 1882, on the line of the Stillwater &amp; White
+Bear railroad, on the shore of White Bear lake; Augustus K. and Carrie
+Barnum, proprietors; Simon &amp; Morton, surveyors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EAGLE CITY</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1854; proprietors, K. Starkey and Chas. G. Pettys;
+surveyor, Daniel S. Turpen. It is located in the southwest quarter of
+section 27.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MAHTOMEDI</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in July, 1883; proprietors, Mahtomedi Assembly; surveyors,
+Hone &amp; Holland. White Bear lake has become a noted resort for tourists
+and pleasure parties. A steamboat plies regularly upon its waters
+during the open months, and the Stillwater &amp; White Bear, the St. Paul
+&amp; Duluth and the Wisconsin Central railroads render it easy of access.
+It is made attractive by the beauty of its scenery, the clearness and
+brightness of its waters and its convenient distance from St. Paul,
+Minneapolis and Stillwater. The Mahtomedi Association have erected
+here a fine hotel, assembly houses and numerous cottages for the
+accommodation of summer visitors. Summer schools are held here under
+the auspices of the Chautauqua Association. The grounds are also
+adapted to camp meetings, conventions and military parades.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WILDWOOD PARK</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1883, by the Park Association; Elmer &amp; Newell,
+surveyors. It is located on White Bear lake, on the line of the
+Stillwater &amp; White Bear railroad.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Elliott</span> was born in Ireland in 1825. His parents removed to
+New Brunswick in 1830, whence he came to Minnesota in 1850, and
+located in Grant in 1862, devoting himself to farming. He had been a
+pilot and a lumberman. His second wife was Mary Crawford. They have
+eight children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederick Lamb</span> was born in Prussia in 1825; served three years in the
+Prussian Army, traveled some time for a manufacturing firm in Germany
+through Switzerland, France, England, and Italy; came to America in
+1848, and to Stillwater in 1849. For some time he was unsettled as to
+his location, but in 1852 made his home in Stillwater, where he
+remained until 1866, when he located in Grant. He was married in 1851
+to Lena Laroche. A son and a daughter lost their lives by accident.
+Three daughters are living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Rutherford</span> was born in the parish of Elsdon, Northumberland
+county, England, in 1812. In 1818 he came with his parents to America.
+In 1849 he came to the valley of the St. Croix and located in what is
+now the town of Grant. He built a flour mill on Brown's creek. He
+engaged in farming and also in lumbering for many years. He was
+married to Elisabeth Smith in 1836. He died at his residence Sept. 14,
+1874. Four children survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse H. Soule</span> has been a prominent and enterprising citizen of Grant
+since 1854. He was born at Avon, Franklin county, Maine, in 1823. Mr.
+Soule came to Grant when there were but six families in the town, and
+pre-empted one hundred and fifty acres of land, where he made him a
+pleasant and attractive home. He has held many positions of trust,
+having been elected town clerk, which office he held twenty-two years,
+justice of the peace, assessor, superintendent of schools and county
+commissioner. He represented his district in the house of the sixth
+state legislature in 1864. Mr. Soule has been married three times. His
+first wife left one daughter, his second wife two sons, twins, Osmar
+and Winfield; his third wife, who still lives, Rachel Michener, to
+whom he was married in 1871, has three children, Alice, Olive and
+Reuel.</p>
+
+<p>Albion Masterman and William Rutherford, the first settlers of Grant
+township, are mentioned among the biographies of the chapter on
+Stillwater.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>LAKELAND.</h4>
+
+<p>This town includes the south half of fractional township 29, range 20,
+and comprises about 65,920 acres. The surface is quite diversified,
+ranging from undulating prairie land to hills. Before settlement there
+were prairies and oak openings. The soil is productive and is well
+cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlers were French, who located along the lake shore in
+1838-39. These early settlers raised the first crops, but were
+gardeners rather than farmers, and were transient. The first American
+settler was Henry W. Crosby, who came in 1842, and located on the site
+of the present village of Lakeland. George Clark, a young man, came
+with him and made a claim near the ferry, but was drowned not long
+afterward. This was the first death in the town of which we have any
+mention. The first marriage was that of Wm. Oliver and Mrs. Mary
+Davis, a sister of Joseph Haskell, in 1848; the next was that of A. B.
+Green to Eliza M. Oliver, Oct. 1, 1851.</p>
+
+<p>A ferry was established in 1848. Moses Perrin built a hotel and saw
+mill the ensuing year, and platted the village of Lakeland. Another
+mill was built by Ballard &amp; Reynolds. In 1857 Stearns, Watson &amp; Co.
+built an extensive saw mill at a cost of $45,000. This mill changed
+hands many times, finally passing into the hands of C. N. Nelson, who
+enlarged it to a capacity of 20,000,000 feet per annum, a $50,000
+investment. The St. Paul &amp; Milwaukee railroad traverses this town near
+and parallel to the lake shore. The town contributed $5,000 in ten per
+cent bonds to the building of the road, for which they received an
+equal amount of railroad stock. The St. Paul &amp; Omaha railroad crosses
+the lake and a part of the northeastern part of the township of
+Lakeland. The railroad bridge has its western terminus in Lakeland, a
+short distance above the village. Lakeland was organized as a town
+Oct. 20, 1858. The first board of supervisors consisted of Charles A.
+Oliver, Elias Megean and A. D. Kingsley.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAKELAND VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Situated on the lake shore, nearly opposite Hudson, Wisconsin, was
+platted in 1849 by Moses Perrin. A school was taught in 1852 by
+Harriet E. Newell. A post office was established in 1854; Freeman C.
+Tyler was the first postmaster. Lakeland has the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> following benevolent
+and social societies: Masons, Golden Rule Lodge, No. 65, organized in
+1867; Temple of Honor, organized 1877; the Independent Order of Good
+Templars, No. 200, organized in 1876. It has a Baptist and
+Congregational church.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry W. Crosby</span> was born in Albany, New York, in 1819. He spent his
+youth in Buffalo. In 1840 he came to St. Croix Falls, and in 1842 to
+the banks of Lake St. Croix, and located on the site of the village of
+Lakeland where he resided ten years. During the ensuing thirteen years
+he followed his trade as machinist at various places, besides serving
+three years as a volunteer in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry.
+He was married in Cottage Grove in 1845, to Hannah Waterhouse. He has
+four sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reuben H. Sanderson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Sanderson was born in Genesee county, New
+York, in 1831. He received a common school education and studied one
+year in Brockport Collegiate Institute. He came to Lakeland in 1855,
+and followed the business of a house carpenter. Mr. Sanderson has
+filled many town offices, and was a member of the Democratic wing of
+the state constitutional convention in 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newton McKusick</span>, the oldest son of John McKusick, was born in
+Stillwater in 1850. He received a good education in the city schools,
+completed at the Minnesota State University, and located on a farm in
+Lakeland in 1871. He was married to Jennie L. Green, of Stillwater,
+June 6, 1872. His home and farm display taste and thrift worthy of
+commendation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. John Oliver.</span>&mdash;John Oliver was born March 9, 1796, at Land's End,
+England. He was bred to a seafaring life, and the early part of his
+life was well spiced with adventure. He escaped from the British
+service to enter the American, but was twice captured, and after the
+second capture suffered a rigorous imprisonment at Dartmoor, England.
+At the close of the war he came to the United States and became a
+Boston harbor pilot, a responsible calling which he followed for
+thirty-three years. He came to the West in 1848, and settled in
+Lakeland. In 1819 he was married to Sarah Spear, whose father was one
+of the celebrated Boston Tea Party in 1774. Capt. Oliver, after his
+removal to Lakeland, busied himself in farming. He died on the
+homestead in 1869, leaving a widow who survived until 1883, and five
+sons, two having died prior to 1869. Of his seven sons,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> six were in
+the Union Army in Minnesota regiments during the Rebellion: Wm. H.,
+Thomas E., Charles A., George A., Walter J., and Howard F. Walter J.
+died in the army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Asa Barlow Green.</span>&mdash;The name of Capt. Green was once familiar on the
+St. Croix. He was a man of varied talents and striking
+characteristics, who, in a public life extending over a period of many
+years, figured as a lawyer, sheriff, probate judge, steamboat captain,
+minister, chaplain, and missionary. He was born at Warren, Vermont,
+1826, and during his minority lived at home. He had a common school
+education, and by his own efforts attained a knowledge of the law and
+was admitted to practice in Minnesota and Wisconsin in 1858. He served
+as sheriff in Washington county, held the office of probate judge, and
+some minor offices. He commanded the steamer Equator in 1859, when
+that boat was wrecked on Lake St. Croix. He was part owner of the
+boat. In 1860 he was ordained as a minister of the Calvinist Baptist
+church. In 1862 he entered the United States service as chaplain of
+the Third Wisconsin Volunteers, and served three years, after which he
+devoted himself to ministerial and missionary labors. He died in
+Whitewater, Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. A. Huntoon</span> located in Lakeland in 1857, and engaged in mercantile
+pursuits. He served as town clerk and postmaster, filling the latter
+position fifteen years. He represented his district in the house of
+the seventh and nineteenth legislatures. He died suddenly at his home
+in 1879, leaving a wife and three children. His oldest son, Samuel, a
+promising young man, principal of the Hammond high school, and fitting
+himself for the medical college, was drowned Oct. 9, 1872, in Cutter's
+lake, at the age of twenty-one. He was much esteemed and lamented.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MARINE.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Marine includes townships 31 and 32, range 20, and
+fractional townships 31 and 32, range 19. The surface is somewhat
+rolling, and before settlement was timbered chiefly with hardwood. It
+is dotted with beautiful lakes, some of which have abrupt and hilly
+shores. The more noted of these lakes are Big, Carnelian, Square,
+Bony, Terrapin, Long, Fish, and Hay.</p>
+
+<p>Next to St. Croix Falls, Marine contains the earliest settlement in
+the valley. In September, 1838, Lewis Judd and David Hone were
+deputized by a company of men residing in Marine, Illinois,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> to visit
+the Northwest and examine the region recently secured by treaty from
+the Chippewas, and to return the same year and report upon its
+advantages of climate, soil and other resources. They were authorized
+also to locate a claim for a future settlement, if they found one
+entirely suitable. They embarked on the steamer Ariel at St. Louis,
+September 10th, and were twenty-five days reaching the head of Lake
+St. Croix, whence they proceeded in a flatboat propelled by poles up
+the St. Croix as far as the falls, and thence to the mouth of Kettle
+river. Returning by birch canoes, they stopped at the site of the
+present village of Marine, and there made a mill claim. They then
+returned to Marine, Illinois, where they arrived November 10th, and
+reported favorably on the location chosen.</p>
+
+<p>During the following winter a verbal agreement was made by thirteen
+persons, all of Marine settlement, to start in the spring and build a
+saw mill on the distant St. Croix. On April 27th this company left St.
+Louis on the steamer Fayette for the new settlement, which they
+reached on the thirteenth of May. The Fayette was chartered expressly
+for this voyage. They took with them mill irons, farming tools,
+household goods, three yoke of oxen, and cows.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the party were Lewis, George and Albert Judd, David
+Hone, Orange Walker, Asa S. and Madison Parker, Samuel Burkelo, Wm. B.
+Dibble, Dr. Lucius Green, Joseph Cottrell, and Hiram Berkey. When they
+landed they found Jeremiah Russell and Levi W. Stratton in possession
+of the claim, they having taken possession during the preceding
+winter. These men demanded and received three hundred dollars for
+relinquishing the claim to its rightful owners.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists set to work immediately to build a log cabin as a
+temporary shelter, which being completed, they commenced the mill, and
+worked with such energy that it was finished in ninety days. The first
+wheel used was a flutter wheel, which, not proving satisfactory, was
+replaced by an overshot with buckets. This mill sawed the first lumber
+in the St. Croix valley.</p>
+
+<p>Orange Walker was the first clerk and chieftain of the concern, and
+when anything was wanted a call of the company would be made, and the
+members assembled. No article of agreement existed. Only one book was
+kept for a series of years&mdash;a unique affair, no doubt. The first
+installment was $200;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> second, $75; third, $50; all within two years,
+after which the company became self sustaining. No partner forfeited
+his stock. One by one the partners sold out their interest, until
+Orange Walker and G. B. Judd were the owners. The company was first
+known as the Marine Lumber Company. In 1850 the name was changed to
+Judd, Walker &amp; Co., the firm consisting then of the Judd brothers,
+Orange Walker, Samuel Burkelo, Asa Parker, and H. Berkey. In 1863,
+when Orange Walker was sole owner, he associated with him Samuel Judd
+and W. H. Veazie, and the firm name has since been Walker, Judd &amp;
+Veazie.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists raised, during the first year, corn, potatoes and garden
+vegetables. They found the Indians peaceably inclined toward the
+settlers, though the Chippewas and Sioux kept up a constant warfare
+with each other. During the winter of 1839-40 four members of the
+company, Parker, Berkey, Green and Dibble, were sent to the mouth of
+Kettle river to cut logs. Marine was organized as a town in 1858, with
+the following supervisors: J. R. M. Gaskell; John E. Mower and B. F.
+Allen.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MARINE MILLS VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The settlement gradually grew into the village of Marine Mills, which
+was not platted, however, until 1853, nor incorporated until 1875. The
+following was the first board of officers: President, Orange Walker;
+councilmen, J. R. M. Gaskell, Ola Westergreen and Asa S. Parker. Until
+1842 the mail was received from Ft. Snelling by private conveyance,
+when a monthly mail service was established from Point Douglas, and
+Samuel Burkelo was appointed postmaster.</p>
+
+<p>The first jury trial in the St. Croix valley was held at Marine, in
+1840, before Joseph R. Brown, justice of the peace. The case was that
+of Philander Prescott against Chas. D. Foote, plaintiff charging
+defendant with jumping a claim. The jury consisted of Samuel Burkelo,
+Orange Walker, H. Berkey, David Hone. J. Haskell, J. S. Norris, A.
+McHattie, A. Mackey, H. Sweezy, Francis Nason, and two others. The
+claim in dispute was located near Prescott. The court adjourned to
+allow the jury to visit Prescott to ascertain if the claim had been
+made in accordance with custom. On viewing the premises the jury
+failed to agree, and the matter was compromised by Prescott allowing
+Foote eighty acres of the claim.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first white child born in Marine was Sarah Anna Waterman, in 1844.
+Dr. Wright, the first physician, located in Marine in 1849. The first
+marriage was that of Wm. B. Dibble to Eliza McCauslin, in 1842. The
+first death was that of a child of W. H. Nobles, in 1843. The first
+sermon preached was by Rev. J. Hurlburt, a Methodist missionary, Jan.
+1, 1844. The first school was taught by Sarah Judd, in 1849. The
+Swedish Evangelical Lutherans built the first church in the town of
+Marine, in section 27, in 1856, a log structure afterward used as a
+school, its place being supplied by a new structure in section 14 in
+1858. In 1874 a large church 50 &times; 80 feet, ground plan, and with
+steeple 80 feet high, succeeded the second structure. A fine parsonage
+was attached. This church was blown down by a cyclone in 1884, but was
+rebuilt.</p>
+
+<p>The Swedish Methodists built a church on the south side of Long lake
+in 1856; C. P. Agrelius, pastor. The Congregationalists commenced the
+first church and perfected the first organization in Marine village,
+in 1857. The church was completed and dedicated in 1859. Rev Geo.
+Spaulding was the first pastor. The second Congregational church was
+erected in 1878, in section 21. The Swedish Lutherans have a church
+and congregation in the village of Marine. The church was built in
+1875. Rev. L. O. Lindh was the first pastor. Oakland Cemetery
+Association was organized in 1872 and the cemetery located near Marine
+village.</p>
+
+
+<h4>IMPROVEMENTS.</h4>
+
+<p>A passable road was opened from Stillwater to Marine in 1841. The
+government road from Point Douglas to Superior was built through
+Marine in 1852-3. The company built the first frame dwelling, on a
+point above the mill, in 1848. The mill company built a frame store in
+the same year. This building was burned in 1863; loss, $4,000. The
+only hotel until 1850 was a log building, when the Marine store was
+built. The Lightner House was built in 1857, the St. Croix House in
+1858. The Marine flour mill was built in 1856 by Gaskell &amp; Co. The
+first flour was manufactured in 1857. The mill is four stories high
+and is furnished with a turbine wheel. The water is brought a distance
+of 1,000 feet by an elevated race. The Arcola saw mills were built in
+the winter of 1846-7, by Martin Mower, David B. Loomis, Joseph
+Brewster and W. H. C. Folsom. They were located<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> on the river shore
+three miles below Marine Mills. The motive power is an overshot wheel,
+propelled by water from two large springs. The mill is now the
+property of Martin Mower. The losses by fire in Marine have been:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Marine saw mill, Sept. 16, 1863, loss $6,000; Judd &amp;
+Gaskell's store, Jan. 9, 1864, loss $4,000; Samuel B. Judd's
+dwelling, April, 1884, loss $12,000;</p>
+
+<p>W. H. Veazie's dwelling, April, 1885, loss $6,000.</p></div>
+
+<p>A heavy financial failure occurred in the winter of 1885-6. The firm
+of Walker, Judd &amp; Veazio were compelled to make an assignment;
+indebtedness, $250,000. In the ensuing May, by order of the court, the
+mill property with its assets passed into the hands of a newly
+constituted organization, styled the Marine Lumber Company. This
+company was composed of the creditors of Judd, Walker &amp; Veazie; B. C.
+Keater, president; Ed. St. John, superintendent; capital stock,
+$750,000. In 1888 the property passed into the hands of Anderson &amp;
+O'Brien.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VASA VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1856, in section 30, township 32, range 19, by B. F.
+and Mary Jane Otis and John Columbus; W. P. Payte, surveyor. James
+Russell, James Cilley and Frank Register in 1857 built a steam saw
+mill. James Russell built a three story hotel. A saloon and other
+buildings were erected, but the village did not prosper, and the site
+is now abandoned. There are several ancient mounds in the town site
+which have been utilized to some extent as burial mounds. One in the
+rear of the school house contains the remains of Caroline Reid, a
+sister of Mrs. B. F. Otis, and Hiram Otis, a son of the latter. A
+mound on the farm of John Copas contains the remains of John Columbus,
+buried there at his own request with the body of his favorite dog. A
+post office was established at Scandia, in the northern part of
+Marine, in 1878; John M. Johnson, postmaster. The upper part of the
+town of Marine was at one time organized as a town called Vasa, but
+has since been merged in Marine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Orange Walker</span> was born at St. Albans, Vermont, Sept. 1, 1801. His
+ancestors were of English stock and Revolutionary fame. He received a
+good common school education, and at the age of sixteen entered as an
+apprentice in a tanner and currier's establishment in St. Albans.
+After learning the trade he worked at it some time in Milton, Vermont.
+In 1834 he came West,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> and located at Jacksonville, Illinois, where he
+worked at his trade and also engaged in farming until 1839, when he
+became a member of the Marine Lumber Company, and came with them to
+Marine, where he resided a period of forty-eight years. During that
+time he has been the most active and influential man in the company,
+having been in almost constant service as its president or principal
+agent. Mr. Walker was well known to the earlier dwellers in the St.
+Croix valley as a hale, hearty, well informed man, prompt in
+fulfilling his engagements, and liberal in everything that pertains to
+the general good. Mr. Walker filled many public positions. He was
+county commissioner ten years, postmaster twenty-five years, and
+represented his district in the house of the Second Minnesota
+legislature in 1859-60. He was married Sept. 16, 1848, to Mrs.
+Georgiana Lockwood, of Prescott, formerly Miss Barton, a native of
+Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Walker died Oct. 9, 1885. Mr. Walker
+died Aug. 17, 1897.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lewis Walker</span>, brother of Orange Walker, was born in St. Albans,
+Vermont, in 1811; in early life removed to Marine, Illinois, and in
+1853 came to Marine Mills, Minnesota. He spent many years at the St.
+Croix upper boom, and the last fifteen years of his life he lived in
+Osceola. He was a quiet, peaceable citizen, exemplary in his habits
+and respected by all his acquaintances. He died in Osceola in 1882.
+Mr. Walker was married in 1853 to Calphrunia White, who, with two
+daughters, survives him. The oldest daughter, Ella, has been for many
+years a teacher in the Minneapolis and St. Paul and other schools.
+Emma is the wife of Henry Fifield, a printer and journalist of
+Northern Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Burkelo</span> was born in Kent county, Delaware, March 31, 1800. He
+came to Marine in 1839, being one of the thirteen constituting the
+Marine Lumber Company. He remained with the company ten years, removed
+to Stillwater and engaged in the mercantile business. In 1858 he
+removed to a farm in Lakeland, where he died in 1874. He was one of
+the commissioners appointed in 1840 to organize St. Croix county, and
+represented his district in the council of the first and second
+territorial legislatures. He was married Dec. 7, 1844, to Susan
+McCauslin, at Point Douglas. Four children survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Asa S. Parker</span> was born in Windsor county, Vermont, July<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> 11, 1812. His
+youth was spent in Vermont, New York and Illinois. He was by trade a
+brickmaker. He joined the Marine Company and came to Marine in 1839.
+He continued a member of the company until 1858, since which time he
+has been engaged in farming and selling goods at Marine. Mr. Parker is
+a quiet, unobtrusive gentleman, well posted in general matters. He was
+a very useful member of the company. He was eight years county
+commissioner, and has filled responsible town and county positions. He
+was married in 1859 to Isabella Thompson. Archie I., an only son,
+living with his parents, was married to Lena Smith in 1883.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hiram Berkey</span> was born in Somerset county, Pennsylvania, Oct. 22, 1813.
+He came to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1819, but made Collinsville,
+Illinois, his home, and engaged in farming. He came to Marine Mills in
+1839, and was one of the original company that founded Marine. He sold
+his interest in 1860, since which time he has been engaged in hotel
+keeping and farming. He served as county commissioner four years, and
+filled local offices. He was married to Jennie McCarty, of
+Pennsylvania, Oct. 23, 1860. They have one son, John R.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Geo. B. Judd</span> was born in Farmington, Connecticut, Oct. 19, 1799. In
+1832 he came to Illinois and engaged in farming and merchandising. In
+1839 he became a member of the Marine Company, and came up on the
+Fayette, but did not make his residence there until 1862. He retained
+his interest in the company until about 1863. He removed to St. Louis
+in 1844, and became a member of the enterprising commission firm of
+Judd &amp; Hammond. After his removal to Marine he engaged in the
+mercantile and lumbering business. Mr. Judd died at his home in Marine
+in 1872.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Hale</span> was born in 1822, in Putnam county, Indiana; lived five
+years in Illinois, and came to Marine Mills in 1844, where he engaged
+in farming. He was married to Mary Finnegan in 1855. Mr. Hale died
+Feb. 9, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Holt</span> was born in Jefferson county, Kentucky, in 1818. He came to
+Marine in 1846. In 1852 he was married to Mary Jane Ward, and removed
+to Stillwater, where for two years he kept the Minnesota House, at the
+southwest corner of Main and Chestnut streets. Returning to Marine in
+1853 he followed lumbering and farming many years. During the latter
+portion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> of his life he was afflicted with partial blindness. He died
+Jan. 12, 1874, leaving two children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Holt</span>, brother to John Holt, was born in Kentucky in 1822, where
+he spent his early life. After spending a year at Prairie du Chien, in
+1846 he came to Marine and obtained employment with the Marine
+Company. In 1850 he removed to Stillwater, and engaged in the livery
+stable and hotel business until 1853, when he returned with his
+brother to Marine. He claims to have carried, in 1851, the first
+leathern mail pouch from Stillwater to Taylor's Falls. During the
+Rebellion he served one year in Company G, Fourth Minnesota Volunteer
+Infantry. While residing in Marine he has been engaged chiefly in
+farming, rafting and lumbering. In 1851 he was married to Melinda
+Ward. They have five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Town</span> was born in Rome, N. Y., 1814. In 1836 he removed to
+Warren county, Illinois, and in 1838 he was married to Louisa
+Robinson. He came to Marine in 1846; removed to St. Croix Falls in
+1847; to Osceola Prairie in 1852, and to Taylor's Falls in 1860, where
+he died in 1870. His first wife died at Osceola in 1855, leaving three
+daughters, one the wife of W. J. Seavey, of Taylor's Falls, one the
+first wife of Henry Mallen, of Farmington, Wisconsin, and one the wife
+of E. Hines Bates, of Taylor's Falls. Mr. Town was married in 1857 to
+Mrs. Mary Collins, formerly Mary Talboys. A daughter of Mrs. Town, by
+her first husband, is the wife of N. P. Bailey, of Taylor's Falls. Mr.
+Town's aged mother came to Osceola Prairie in 1856, and died in June,
+1886, aged ninety-seven years. Mrs. Abbott, of Moorhead, and Mrs.
+Richmond, of Farmington, are her daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Matthias Welshance</span> was born in 1818, in Pennsylvania, where he lived
+during his minority and learned the carpenter's trade. In 1843 he
+removed to Galena, Illinois, in 1847 to St. Croix Falls and in 1848 to
+Marine Mills, where he worked at his trade until 1856. From that time
+until his death, May 19, 1886, he was engaged in hotel keeping. He was
+for nine years keeper of the Marine Hotel and has since been
+proprietor of the St. Croix House. He was married Nov. 12, 1848, to
+Mary J. Hooper. They have five children living. One daughter, Mrs.
+Tolan, met a tragic death at the hands of an insane husband, in 1881.
+Mr. Welshance died in 1886.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin T. Otis</span> was born in Fairfield, Maine, in 1816. He came to St.
+Croix Falls in 1841, and engaged in lumbering. In 1846 he located on
+what is known as Colby Flat, on the site of Taylor's Falls, and
+improved a farm. In 1849 he removed to Marine. His first wife died
+suddenly at Marine. He was married to Mrs. Church, of Stillwater, in
+1859. Henry F., a son by his first wife, enlisted in 1862, in the
+Seventh Minnesota Volunteers, was wounded in 1864, and honorably
+discharged.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Clark</span> was born in New Brunswick, July, 1815. He came to Marine
+Mills in 1848, and since has followed lumbering. He married Elisa Jane
+Nelson in 1861. Mrs. Clark died in 1879, leaving two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James R. Meredith</span> was born Aug. 22, 1812, in White county, Illinois,
+where he lived until eighteen years of age, when he removed to Galena,
+where he spent five years in mining. He went thence to Burlington,
+Iowa, and in 1849 located in Marine, and was employed by the Marine
+Company several years. In 1860 he located upon his present farm. In
+1847 he was married to Eleanor Freeman. They have three children
+living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John D. and Thomas E. Ward</span>. The Ward brothers are natives of
+Massachusetts. They came to the St. Croix valley with their
+brothers-in-law, John and George Holt. They have engaged chiefly in
+steamboating and river business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Judd</span>, son of Lewis Judd, was born in Illinois in 1840. He
+graduated at McKendrie College, Lebanon, Illinois, and came to Marine
+in 1863, and became a member of the firm of Walker, Judd &amp; Veazie. In
+1874 he was married to Amelia D. Flaherty, at St. Louis. Their
+children are Orange W. and Lucille M. In 1886 he changed his residence
+to St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic W. Lammers</span> was born in Germany in 1829. He came to America in
+1843, locating first at St. Louis, where he remained two years. In
+1845 he removed to the St. Croix valley, and for several years engaged
+in lumbering. In 1852 he settled on a farm in Taylor's Falls, and was
+married to Helen C. Nelson, of Marine. In 1865 he sold his farm and
+removed to Big Lake Marine. Mr. Lammers has been a public spirited and
+excellent citizen. His family consisted of fifteen children; of these
+thirteen are living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James R. M. Gaskill</span> was born in Madison county, Illinois, in 1820;
+graduated from McKendrie College in 1843; graduated from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> the medical
+department of the Missouri State University in 1854; practiced
+medicine a short time at Centralia, Illinois, and came to Marine in
+1855, where he practiced medicine and interested himself in milling,
+lumbering and merchandise. He represented his district in the house of
+the first legislature of Minnesota, 1857-58, and of the fourteenth and
+fifteenth, 1872-73. He served during the Rebellion as surgeon of the
+Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers. He was for many years a trustee of
+the Minnesota State Prison. In 1861 he was married to Clara E. Hughes.
+They have one son and one daughter.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEWPORT.</h4>
+
+<p>The town of Newport includes fractional townships 27 and 28, range 22,
+and part of sections 34, 35 and 36, in township 29, range 22: It was
+organized as a town Oct. 20, 1858. The first supervisors were William
+Fowler, E. B. Schofield and John Willoughby. The surface is mostly
+prairie. This town has some points of great historic interest. Gray
+Cloud island, in the southern part, in the Mississippi river,
+separated from the mainland by a slough, is the place where, according
+to some historians, Le Sueur planted a French fort in 1695. It was
+styled the "Isle Pelee," and was described as a beautiful "Prairie
+Island."</p>
+
+<p>The description of the island tallies precisely with that of Gray
+Cloud, and is applicable to none of the other conjectured localities.
+It is mentioned by many antiquarian writers as a place of rendezvous
+for French traders during the French domination in this part of the
+continent. Gray Cloud has been known as a trading post for the last
+hundred years, and has the credit of being the first white settlement
+in Washington county, and probably in Minnesota. Here came Joseph R.
+Brown in 1838, and here he married the daughter of Dickson, the
+trader. Hazen Mooers, one of the commissioners of St. Croix county in
+1840, Joseph Boucher and others were living at Gray Cloud when the
+Methodist mission was established at Kaposia in 1836. Gray Cloud is
+the translation of the Indian name of the island. It was also borne by
+an Indian maiden, who became the wife of Hazen Mooers, who seems to
+have been a man of excellent repute and considerable influence. The
+Browns cherished for him a very warm feeling of regard.</p>
+
+<p>Red Rock, another historic locality, derives its name from a painted
+rock which seems to have been held in great reverence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> by the Sioux
+Indians. According to Rev. Chauncey Hobart, a veteran pioneer and
+preacher still living in Minnesota, it was the custom among the Sioux
+to worship the boulders that lie scattered along the hills and
+valleys. When a Dakotah was in danger, it was his custom to clear a
+spot from grass and brush, roll a boulder upon it, paint it, deck it
+with feathers and flowers, and pray to it for needed help.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarity of the painted boulder from which Red Rock took its
+name is that it was a shrine, to which from generation to generation
+pilgrimages were made, and offerings and sacrifices presented. Its
+Indian name was "Eyah Shah," or "Red Rock." The stone is not naturally
+red, but painted with vermillion, or, as some say, with the blood of
+slaughtered victims. The Indians call the stone also "Waukan," or
+"mystery." It lies on a weathered stratum of limestone, and seems to
+be a fragment from some distant granite ledge. The Dakotahs say it
+walked or rolled to its present position, and they point to the path
+over which it traveled. They visited it occasionally every year until
+1862, each time painting it and bringing offerings. It is painted in
+stripes, twelve in number, two inches wide and from two to six inches
+apart. The north end has a rudely drawn picture of the sun, and a rude
+face with fifteen rays.</p>
+
+<p>Red Rock is noted as the site of a mission planted here in 1837 by the
+Methodist Episcopal church, by Alfred Brunson, a distinguished pioneer
+preacher and missionary. The mission was originally established at
+Kaposia, on the western bank of the river, in 1837, but removed by
+Alfred Brunson in the same year to Red Rock. Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh, of
+this mission, and afterward a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church
+South, superintended the erection of the first buildings. Taylor F.
+Randolph and wife were teachers here, as assistants in the Indian
+school, and also in a school of mixed bloods and whites. B. T.
+Kavanaugh was postmaster in 1841. John Holton was mission farmer in
+1841, under a commission from Maj. Taliaferro, of Fort Snelling. The
+mission was discontinued in 1842. Mr. Randolph and wife made them a
+home in the town of Afton, where both died in 1844.</p>
+
+<p>The first marriage was that of John A. Ford to Mary Holton, daughter
+of John Holton, in 1843. The first birth was that of Franklin C. Ford,
+September, 1844. The first death was that of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> child of Rev. B. T.
+Kavanaugh. The village of Newport was platted in 1857. W. R. Brown's
+addition was platted in 1874. A steam saw mill was built in 1857 by E.
+M. Shelton &amp; Brothers. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1874. A flour
+mill was built in its place by Joseph Irish. The first Baptist church
+was organized Jan. 18, 1858. The first commodious house of worship was
+built in 1878. The Red Rock Camp Meeting Association was organized in
+1869. A plat of ten acres, beautifully situated in a natural grove
+near the village, and on the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee &amp; St. Paul
+railroad, was donated to the association by John Holton. These grounds
+have been improved, and adorned with tasteful cottages. The camp
+meetings held during the summer are largely attended.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GRAY CLOUD CITY</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in June, 1856, by J. R. Brown and Truman W. Smith, and
+surveyed by J. Donald McCullom.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEWPORT VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted May 2, 1857, by Joseph H. Huganin, R. C. Knox, Wm. and
+James Fowler, and surveyed by B. Densmore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Holton</span> came to Red Rock in 1831, with the Methodist missionaries;
+served some years as Indian farmer under Maj. Taliaferro, Indian
+agent, and afterward settled on a farm just above the mission ground.
+He donated ten acres of this farm to the Methodists for camp meeting
+grounds. Mr. Holton died in 1884, leaving two children, Mrs. Ford and
+Mrs. Winters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John A. Ford</span> was born in Utica, New York, in 1811. He learned the
+trade of edge tool and rifle making, and in 1834 came West with his
+father, locating a land claim where Chicago now stands. In 1841 the
+son came to Red Rock and erected a store building in which he sold
+goods for twelve years. Subsequently he engaged in farming. With the
+exception of the traders Mr. Ford was the first merchant in Washington
+county. Mr. Ford was a representative in the second territorial
+legislature. He was married to May Holton in 1843. Their children are
+Franklin and Willis. Franklin, the eldest son, was married to Addie
+Witherspoon in 1870, and resides in Newport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Hopkins</span>, a native of New Hampshire, came West at an early age.
+He was a gunsmith by trade. He located in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> Green Bay in 1836, and
+removed to Prairie du Chien in 1838, where he built a stone shop with
+a large double window over his workbench and overlooking a spot where
+he kept his money buried. A large mullein growing over it sufficiently
+indicated that his treasure was still undisturbed. Growing somewhat
+doubtful of the security of his hoard, he removed and placed a
+thousand dollars in a stone quarry as a safer place of deposit.
+Unexpectedly to him, the quarry was reopened and a well placed blast
+scattered the old gentleman's treasure to the four winds. He recovered
+but a portion of it. In 1844 he left Prairie du Chien and came to Red
+Rock. He was three years associated with John A. Ford in selling
+goods, after which, in 1848, he removed to St. Paul, where he opened a
+store. He died in 1852, aged sixty-five years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William R. Brown</span> was born in Urbana, Ohio, in 1816. He spent his
+boyhood at home on a farm and served as an apprentice to a carpenter
+in Mt. Carmel, Illinois. In April, 1848, he came to Red Rock mission
+in company with Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh, Charles Cavalier and Julia
+Bosnell. He lived upon a farm until 1854, when he sold out and removed
+to St. Paul, where he dealt in real estate. During the Rebellion he
+served three years in Company C, Sixth Minnesota Volunteers. He was
+married in 1841 to Martha Neuman. He died Nov. 25, 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Fowler</span> settled in Newport in 1852 and has become a prominent
+farmer and successful stockman. His farm, which originally cost him
+$2,500, he sold in 1887 for $80,000. He was for two years president of
+the Minnesota Agricultural Society, and five years of the Dairymen's
+Association. He was a member of the house of representatives in 1872.
+During the war he served as lieutenant in the Eighth Minnesota
+Volunteers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OAKDALE.</h4>
+
+<p>Oakdale includes township 29, range 21. Originally it was covered with
+white, black and burr oak timber; the surface is rolling, and the soil
+well adapted to the cultivation of wheat. It is well watered and has
+numerous lakes, among which Lake Elmo is favorably known as a summer
+resort.</p>
+
+<p>Oakdale was organized as a town November, 1858. The first supervisors
+were E. C. Gray, John Bershen and E. L. Morse. The clerk was W.
+Armstrong.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first settler was B. B. Cyphers, who kept a hotel or stopping
+place on Sun Fish lake in 1848. The year following John Morgan built a
+more commodious house a mile and a half west on the stage road, and
+this was afterward known as the "Half-way House," it being nearly
+midway between St. Paul and Stillwater. At this well known station the
+pioneer stages of Willoughby &amp; Powers changed horses at noon, and the
+passengers took dinner. In 1855 the property passed into the hands of
+E. C. Gray. The Malones, Lohmans, Grays, Day, Stevens, and Gardiner
+located here in the '50s.</p>
+
+<p>The first post office established was in 1857, in the south part of
+the town, in section 35. Arthur Stephens was for ten years postmaster.
+The office was called Oakdale, and was discontinued and another
+established at the Half-way House, and called Lohmanville post office.
+In 1873 it was transferred to the Oakdale station on the railroad. It
+was discontinued in 1876, and re-established at Bass Lake station,
+where it has since remained but is now known as the Lake Elmo post
+office.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul &amp; Stillwater railroad passes through this town from east
+to west. It has three stations, Lake Elmo, Oakdale and Midvale.</p>
+
+<p>The churches of Oakdale are the St. John's Lutheran and the Church of
+the Holy Angels. These churches have fine buildings and good
+congregations. The buildings are located on the line of the old stage
+road, and have spacious burial grounds attached.</p>
+
+<p>Lake Elmo is the only village in the town. It is handsomely located on
+Lake Elmo. The company that platted the village has expended over
+$65,000 on improvements. The hotel is an elegant and spacious
+building, and a favorite resort for summer tourists. The lake was
+originally known as Bass lake, and the station was known as Bass Lake
+station. In 1879 the lake and station were rechristened Elmo, a name
+certainly more musical and charming than the original, and inferior
+only to the aboriginal name, which ought to have been retained.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E. C. Gray</span> came originally from Pennsylvania, and located in Oakdale
+in 1855, having purchased the Half-way House of John Morgan. He died
+in 1874, leaving a large family of children. Two of his sons, M. P.
+and W. H., remain on the family homestead. Others are in St. Paul. All
+are known as men of good business ability.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arthur Stephens</span> was born in Scotland in 1830. He came to America in
+1839, lived awhile in Illinois, learned the trade of a mason and
+plasterer, came to St. Paul in 1849, worked at his trade until 1854,
+when he removed to Oakdale, where, with the exception of six years'
+residence at Stillwater, he has since lived. Mr. Stephens served as
+postmaster ten years, as county commissioner three years, and has
+filled town offices. He was married to Marie Payden in 1852. Their
+children are Harris S., Arthur, Elizabeth and Emma.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ONEKA.</h4>
+
+<p>The town comprises township 31, range 21. It was organized as a town
+in 1880. A. J. Soule was the first moderator, George Walker the first
+clerk and treasurer. The eastern and southern portions are
+diversified, being quite rugged and uneven. The western part is quite
+level, and was originally timbered with burr oak and poplars. The town
+abounds with lakes. Bald Eagle lies partly in the town; Oneka; Rice,
+Egg, Eagle, Horseshoe, and others are within the town. Small springs
+and rivulets abound. A tamarack swamp, varying in width from a few
+rods to a half mile, traverses the town from north to south, forming a
+natural barrier between the eastern and western divisions. The
+principal lake is Oneka, located in sections 9 and 16. Rice lake has
+been celebrated as the resort of Indians from Mendota, who camped here
+annually to gather wild rice for the St. Paul and Minneapolis markets.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlers were Fayette Tainter and John Chester, young men
+who came together in 1850 for the purpose of locating claims and
+baling hay. They carried on a stock farm for five years. The next
+settlers, Lewis Sempler and his son-in-law, Joseph Freeman, came in
+1855. They were followed by Dunn, Barnum, Hatch and Beecroft.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad passes through the western part of the
+town, entering in section 31, and leaving in section 5. There is but
+one station upon the road, Centreville, a thriving little village,
+having a hotel, store, school house, etc. Its post office was
+established in 1874.</p>
+
+<p>The first school district was organized in 1867. Ruth Miller taught
+the first school. The first marriage was that of Joseph Lambert and
+Mary Courtone. The first child born was Hoyt E., son of O. L. Kinyon,
+Dec. 27, 1863. The first death was that of Herbert, son of O. L.
+Kinyon, May 30, 1869.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ONEKA,</h4>
+
+<p>Located in the northeast quarter of section 8, was platted May, 1847,
+by Franklin Jones; Chas. B. Lowell, surveyor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHADY SIDE VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on Bald Eagle lake, was platted in 1880, by Chas. P. Hill;
+Brinckerhoff &amp; Phillips, surveyors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Hopkins, Sr.</span>, son of Daniel Hopkins, of whom biographical
+mention is made in the history of Newport, was born in New Hampshire.
+He came to St. Paul in 1850, and engaged in the mercantile business on
+Third street until 1852, when he removed to a farm between St. Anthony
+and St. Paul, and dealt extensively in blooded stock until about
+1855-56, when he purchased the farms of Austin and Tainter, on Rice
+creek near the railroad. His farm consists of about 600 acres. The
+railroad has a flag station at the farm known as Hopkins station.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER.</h4>
+
+<p>Stillwater comprises fractional township 30, range 20, excepting the
+site of the city of Stillwater. The surface is rolling and the soil
+good. It is well watered with rivulets and small lakes. The first
+settlers in the town outside the city limits were the Lymans,
+consisting of the father (Cornelius) and two sons, C. Storrs and D.
+P., Charles Macy, W. T. Boutwell, Sebastian Marty, Wm. Rutherford, J.
+J. McKenzie, Albion Masterman, and Dr. James Carey. The first white
+child born in the town was Emily S., daughter of C. S. Lyman, in 1846.
+The first death was that of Betsey, daughter of C. S. Lyman, in 1846.
+The first marriage was that of Abraham Click and Jane Sample, in 1853.
+The first school was taught by Cynthia Pond, in 1852. The first road
+through the town was from Dakota village via Carnelian lake and Marine
+to St. Croix Falls. Messrs. Rutherford &amp; Booth in 1857 built a flour
+mill on Brown's creek, which empties into the St. Croix near the head
+of the lake. The mill was located above McKusick's lake, and has been
+for some years abandoned. Brown's creek originally passed through
+sections 18, 19, 20 and 21 to the river, but was turned in 1843 from
+its natural course, and made to connect McKusick's lake with the St.
+Croix by a new channel cut through sections 28 and 29, thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> giving to
+Stillwater its initial advantages as a manufacturing centre. The
+Washington county poor farm, consisting of 207 acres of improved laud
+with good buildings and other conveniences, was located in this town
+in 1858.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OAK PARK</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted May 27, 1857. It is situated between the city of
+Stillwater and South Stillwater, with frontage on the lake. The
+proprietors were John Parker, Wm. Dorr, Gold T. Curtis, Mary Curtis,
+Olive A. B. Anderson, and Wm. M. McCluer. The surveyor was A. Van
+Voorhes.</p>
+
+<p>The township of Stillwater was organized April 3, 1860, with the
+following board of officers: Moderator, Cornelius Lyman; judges of
+election, H. Packard, W. T. Boutwell, D. P. Lyman; supervisors, C.
+Storrs Lyman, H. Packard, Henry A. Jackman; clerk, Sylvanus Trask.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David P. Lyman</span> was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, in 1822. In
+1844 he came with his parents to Marine. In 1846 he removed to his
+present residence in the town of Stillwater. He was married to Anna J.
+Hannah, at Farmingdale, Illinois, in 1850. They have five children.
+Mr. Lyman is an upright, reliable citizen, and a consistent member of
+the Presbyterian church.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry A. Jackman</span>, a native of Robbinstown, Maine, was born July 30,
+1819. He was married to Sarah Blanchard in 1848. Mr. Jackman, with his
+family, his father and his wife's parents, came West in 1849 and
+located in Stillwater. In 1851 he removed to his farm. He has since
+engaged in farming and lumbering, and has filled several important
+positions. He served as school trustee for 30 years, as county
+commissioner 8 years, as warden of state prison 4 years, as state
+prison inspector 20 years, and was a representative in the territorial
+legislature of 1856, and the state legislature of 1867. Mr. Jackman's
+father, a native of Brunswick, Maine, died at his son's residence in
+Stillwater, April, 1867, aged seventy-four years. He was a man honored
+for his kindness and sterling integrity. His wife, the mother of Henry
+A., died in Maine in 1844. Three sons and four daughters survive them.
+The children of Henry A. Jackman are Mary E. (Mrs. Russell Pease),
+James E. and Alice (Mrs. Wm. A. Boxwell).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic J. Curtis</span>, a native of Ireland, was born in 1818. Before
+coming to America he learned the trade of boot and shoe making. He
+came to America in 1843, and spent two years in New York City working
+at his trade. He also spent two years in St. Louis and New Orleans. He
+came to Stillwater in 1848 and settled on his farm in section 9, where
+he has since lived. He held the office of sheriff two years. He was
+one of the first police of the city of Stillwater and has been town
+treasurer and school director. He was married to Bridget Fenton in
+1849. Their children are Daniel, Thomas, James, Elisabeth, Mary,
+Maggie, and Ellen B.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Cover</span> was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, May 22,
+1826. In 1844 he came with his parents to St. Louis, Missouri, where
+he became a river pilot, and engaged in lumbering for eight years,
+when he came to Stillwater, and for some years gave his attention
+largely to selling logs and lumber between Stillwater and St. Louis.
+During the years between 1860 and 1870 his business transactions were
+heavy, involving hundreds of thousands of dollars annually, and from
+some injudicious movements, due to lack of experience, resulted in
+disastrous failure. After his failure he devoted himself to farming
+and fire insurance business. He was married in 1850 to Elisabeth
+Harrold. They are the parents of three sons. Mr. Cover was
+accidentally drowned in Lake St. Croix Sept. 14, 1884. His life was
+insured for $17,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Parker</span> came from Vermont to the valley of the St. Croix in 1848,
+located for a couple of years at St. Croix Falls, and came to Oak
+Park, town of Stillwater, about 1850. In 1848 Mr. Parker was married
+to Susan, daughter of David Cover, who bore him three children: Edwin
+E., the oldest, killed by the explosion of the boilers of the steamer
+Penn Wright, near Winona; John E., living at home with his mother, and
+Ella, wife of Henry Pevey, of Stillwater. Mr. Parker was a kind
+hearted, genial man. He was one of the early river pilots, and came to
+his death in June, 1867, while in the performance of his duties as a
+pilot. In handling a line to "snub" a raft, he was caught in its coils
+and so bruised that he died.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WOODBURY,</h4>
+
+<p>As at present organized, includes township 28, range 21. At the date
+of its organization, in 1868, it was named Red Rock, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> made to
+include a little over two sections of fractional township 28, range
+22. This fragment contains the famous painted rock, now included in
+the town of Newport, and from this rock, familiarly called Red Rock,
+the town received its first name. The first board of town officers
+consisted of John Colby; moderator; David Little and C. Schmeiding,
+judges of election; John Colby, John A. Ford, J. J. Miller,
+supervisors; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk.</p>
+
+<p>The town held the name of Red Rock until 1859, when, by notification
+from the legislature that another town bore the same name, the board
+changed the name to Woodbury, a name given in honor of Judge Woodbury,
+of New Hampshire, a particular friend of Mr. Colby, at that time
+chairman of the board. The fraction containing the painted rock was
+set off by order of the board of county commissioners, meeting at
+Stillwater in 1861, and added to Newport. It is said that this act did
+not meet with the hearty approval of the citizens of the town.</p>
+
+<p>The town was originally timbered with various species of oak. The
+surface is undulating, and in the western part there are abrupt hills
+or bluffs. It is a fine agricultural town, well watered with creeks,
+springs and small lakes.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlers were the McHatties, Middletons, Robert Cummings,
+John Towner, and Joseph Cooper. The first marriage was that of John
+McHattie and Jane Middleton, Jan. 15, 1847. The first child born was
+Sarah Middleton, afterward the wife of Anthony Fritz, of Newport. The
+first death was that of Sarah Middleton, May 4, 1849. The first
+traveled road in the town was from Stillwater to St. Paul via
+Bissell's Mound. The first post office was established in 1850, at
+Oakdale, in the northern part of the town; G. Hartoung, postmaster.
+The first school was taught in 1855 by Miss A. F. Colby. The German
+Methodist church was organized in 1855; Rev. Jacob Young, pastor. The
+church and parsonage are built of stone. The Salem Evangelical
+Lutheran church was organized in 1865; Rev. J. W. Huffman, pastor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Folstrom.</span>&mdash;The history of Jacob Folstrom reads like a romance.
+He was born in Sweden June 25, 1793, and when he was nine years of age
+left home as cabin boy on a steamer commanded by his uncle. The
+steamer was wrecked on the coast of England. He escaped with his uncle
+to London, and there lost sight of him. What was his uncle's fate he
+never knew. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> understood nothing of the English language, and
+applied to the Swedish consul for aid. Lord Selkirk was then raising a
+company of men to go to his settlement on Red river, British America,
+and Selkirk, who could speak Swedish, spoke kindly to the friendless
+lad, and offered to take him with him to the New World. He, not
+knowing what else to do, consented to go. After his arrival he found
+employment with the Hudson Bay Company for a time, and subsequently
+came down to the Fort Snelling reservation. When the settlers were
+driven from the reservation in 1839; he made a farm in what is now
+Woodbury, Washington county. At Lake Superior, in 1823, he had been
+married to Margaret Burgo, a woman of fine mind. With her limited
+educational privileges, very few of any age or race can be found her
+equal. Mr. and Mrs. Folstrom were both consistent Christians, and
+members of the Methodist church for many years. He lived a stirring,
+adventurous life, and, during his service as mail carrier between
+Prairie du Chien and Fort Snelling, he had many hairbreadth escapes
+from hostile Indians. He died in July, 1859. His wife survived him
+till Feb. 6, 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alexander McHattie.</span>&mdash;At the age of sixteen Mr. McHattie left his home
+and worked as a teamster and farmer for about five years; and in 1833
+came from Scotland, his native country, to America. He lived a couple
+of years in Vermont, a short time in New York, Ohio and Indiana. In
+1839 he came to Galena, Illinois, and migrated thence in the same year
+to St. Croix Falls. He also made a short stay at Gray Cloud island;
+was in Prescott in 1840; in 1841 made a home in Afton, and in 1845 at
+Woodbury. He married Margaret Middleton in 1848.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Mchattie.</span>&mdash;John, the oldest brother of Alexander McHattie, came
+from Scotland to this country in 1833, and settled in Woodbury in
+1841. He was married in 1846 to Jane Middleton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Middleton Family.</span>&mdash;James Middleton, Sr., with his wife, three
+sons, William, Samuel, and James, and five daughters, came to this
+country from Ireland. William, the oldest, inspired by filial duty,
+came first, it being his ambition to secure for his parents a home on
+American soil. He was not of age when, in 1838, he left Ireland, full
+of hope and enthusiasm for his project. He found his way to St. Louis
+in 1842, and came thence with Hungerford &amp; Livingston to St. Croix
+Falls.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> He remained with them two years and then, removing further
+south, made a claim on unsurveyed government land in what is now the
+town of Woodbury. During the succeeding year, 1845, he and his brother
+Samuel worked for John McKusick, and by diligence and self denial
+succeeded in earning enough to pay the passage of his father and his
+family to the United States, and to bring them to their claim on the
+prairie. It was a joyful day when the parents arrived, and since then
+the united family have their home at and near the selected homestead,
+a model family in their unity of purpose and affectionate regard for
+each other. William visited California. He died at his home in 1855.
+Samuel enlisted and did gallant service in the Union Army during the
+late Civil War as a member of Company E, Tenth Minnesota Volunteers,
+and died in the hospital at Memphis, Feb. 29, 1865. James, a younger
+brother, was born in 1833. He made a claim near that of his brother,
+and is prominent in the community, in which he lives. He was
+sergeant-at-arms in the legislature, a member of the house in 1876,
+and served five years in Washington county as county commissioner. Mr.
+Middleton removed to St. Paul in 1880, where he now resides. The
+father died in 1854, the mother in 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Newington Gilbert</span> was born in Onondaga county, New York, Feb. 17,
+1815. Mr. Gilbert settled in Woodbury in 1851. In company with Mr.
+Buswell he built the North Star flouring mill in 1860. He operated
+this mill eleven years. Mr. Gilbert was a member of the Democratic
+wing of the constitutional convention in 1857. He was married to
+Celestia Bangs in 1860. They have two children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ebenezer Ayers</span> was born in Herkimer county, New York. His early life
+was devoted to hard labor, still such was his zeal for study and the
+acquisition of general knowledge, that he managed to acquire a very
+respectable and thorough education. In 1856 he came with his parents
+to Fort Wayne. He commenced teaching school soon after and taught
+eight years. In 1844 he removed to Shelby county, Kentucky. He was
+married in 1846 to Lucy Connelly, of Shelby county. He removed to
+Buffalo, New York, in 1850, and sold goods until the spring of 1854,
+when he located in Woodbury and engaged in farming. He was a man of
+energy, and possessed of great will power. He took a deep interest in
+town and county affairs, and served as town<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> clerk in Woodbury eleven
+years. He was a representative in the Minnesota state legislature in
+1867 and 1872, and while in that capacity proved himself a ready
+debater. He had natural ability as an organizer. He was an active
+member of the Greenback party, and was rigidly opposed to monopolies.
+He died in 1883.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON COUNTY&mdash;CONTINUED.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>CITY OF STILLWATER.</h4>
+
+<p>The organization of the territory of Minnesota in 1849 naturally gave
+a new impetus to settlement, and marked an era in the progress of the
+settlements already made. None profited more by the new order of
+things than did Stillwater. The future metropolis of the St. Croix
+valley, though yet unorganized even as a village, and governed by town
+and county law, in 1850 presented a scene of unwonted activity. Out of
+nearly a hundred arrivals we find the names of John C, Gardiner,
+Samuel M. Register, H. C. Van Voorhees, John N. Ahl, Ralph Wheeler,
+Dr. E. G. Pugsley, Dr. Morey, dentist, and Theodore E. Parker, a
+lawyer. This year was rendered notable by the establishment of a
+livery stable, by Holcomb &amp; Johnson, a new store by Burkelo &amp; Mower, a
+bakery by R. Hersey, by the building of the second saw mill by Sawyer
+&amp; Heaton, by the commencement of Remmick's brewery, by the advent of
+Antonio Brothers' circus, and the occurrence of a remarkable freshet,
+on which occasion the steamer Lamartine, taking advantage of the high
+water, made a pleasure excursion up the river, and over the shallows
+at the mouth of Apple river and a short distance up that stream.
+Morton Wilkinson and Michael Ames were amongst the excursionists, and,
+looking out from the steamboat upon the broad, deep expanse of the
+swollen river, congratulated their fellow passengers upon the
+discovery of a hitherto unknown navigable stream, tributary to the
+majestic St. Croix. The Swiss Bell Ringers were on board, and added
+greatly to the pleasure of the occasion by their weird and peculiar
+music. The Lamartine, on returning to Stillwater, found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> the shores
+and levees submerged, and passing over them landed her passengers
+directly from the boat upon the floor of the Minnesota House, on the
+southwest corner of Chestnut and Main. The water was four or five feet
+deep in the street before the hotel. The streets in the lower part of
+the city have since been raised several feet, so that a flood of the
+same dimensions would not overflow them as it did then. There has,
+however, in the memory of the oldest inhabitant, been no other flood
+equal to that of 1850.</p>
+
+<p>Allusion has been made in the history of Stillwater town to the
+diversion of the waters of McKusick's lake by a new outlet to the
+river. This device, so beneficial to the city of Stillwater in other
+respects, came near resulting in disaster. The old outlet of the lake
+had been obstructed by a dam, while the waters were conducted by a new
+outlet down a deep ravine and confined to their channel by dikes
+consisting of a mixture of clay, sand and gravel. This extended to
+within six hundred feet of the mill on the lake shore. On May 14,
+1852, during a terrible storm, the dam at the new outlet gave way and
+a tremendous body of water, carrying with it the debris of dikes and
+dams, rushed tumultuously down the ravine, covering the low shores of
+the lake beneath, and depositing a new geological stratum of drift
+over a surface of at least six acres to an average depth of about ten
+feet. It was wittily said at the time that such an extraordinary
+movement in real estate had never before been known; but, although a
+downward movement, that seemed very much like ruin to all concerned,
+especially to the mill, the machinery of which was completely buried,
+it nevertheless heralded a rise in prices. Quagmires were filled,
+unsightly obstructions buried or swept away and a fine plateau for
+buildings was formed along the lake.</p>
+
+<p>The dam was replaced and greatly strengthened, and the water was
+conducted through pipes and hydrants to the city. Occasionally, for
+years afterward, the diggers of cellars or cisterns in the buried
+region would unearth interesting antediluvian relics. Three barrels of
+pork were exhumed from the cellar of McKusick's store, and found in a
+good state of preservation. Some years later remains of a far more
+ancient character were also unearthed near the corner of Third and
+Myrtle streets. The tusk of a mastodon was brought up from a depth of
+thirty-six feet below the surface.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CITY GOVERNMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>Stillwater was incorporated as a city in 1854. The following officers
+were elected on the first Monday in April of that year: Mayor, John
+McKusiek; recorder, C. D. Gilfillan; treasurer, W. H. Mower;
+Councilmen, J. C. York, J. N. Masterman, C. Carli. We append a list of
+mayors from 1854 to the present time: John McKusick, 1854; John
+Fisher, 1855; Wm. Willim, 1856-66-67; Albert Stinson, 1857; A. B.
+Gorgas, 1858; T. M. Fullerton, 1859; Mahlon Black, 1860-61; F. R.
+Delano, 1862; David Bronson, 1863-64; Wm. Grover, 1865; C. J. Butler,
+1868; Wm. Holcombe, 1869-70; Wm. McKusick, 1871-72; A. K. Doe, 1873;
+Wm. G. Bronson, 1874-75-76; E. W. Durant, 1877; John S. Proctor,
+1878-79-80; Samuel Mathews, 1881-82-83-84; Hollis R. Murdock, 1885;
+Isaac Staples, 1886; George M. Seymour, 1887-88.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CITY MARSHALS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following is a complete list of city marshals since 1854: Jonathan
+E. McKusick, 1854; John Parker, 1855; John Cilly, 1856; Dennis
+Sullivan, 1557; Robert Hasty, 1858; Thomas Sinclair, 1859; Duncan
+Chisholm, 1860-61-62-63; John Shortall, 1864-65; John May, 1866, six
+months; P. E. Keefe, 1867; John May, 1868, six months; John Shortall,
+1869; H. McIntyre, 1870; Duncan Chisholm, 1871; John Lyons, 1872-3,
+eighteen months; Mathew Shortall, 1873, and continuously to the
+present time. Mr. Shortall's long term of office proves him an
+effective and popular officer. F. L. McKusick is police court officer.
+He is a veteran of the police force and has acquitted himself to the
+satisfaction of the people of Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE POST OFFICE,</h4>
+
+<p>Established in 1845, was located first at the corner of Main and
+Chestnut streets. The first postmaster was Elam Greely. His successors
+were John McKusick, John S. Proctor, Harley D. Curtis, Mahlon Black,
+Abraham Van Voorhes, H. D. Cutler, E. J. Butts, and &mdash;&mdash; McCarthy.
+During 1845 a citizens' mail was brought from Point Douglas. Its
+regularity depended somewhat on the season. During the winter it was
+brought some times as infrequently as once a month. In 1846 a
+government line was established from Point Douglas, and the mail was
+brought with greater regularity. In 1848 a mail coach line was
+established between Stillwater and St. Paul. The year following<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> a
+weekly mail was established. The rapid increase of settlements on the
+Upper Mississippi created a demand for more frequent mails;
+consequently from 1850 to the completion of the railroad leading into
+Stillwater, a daily mail was brought into Stillwater during the summer
+by steamboats, and by the Wisconsin overland route during the winter.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RAPID GROWTH.</h4>
+
+<p>As an evidence of the growth of the city we append post office
+statistics of salaries, expenses and income for the year 1885:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3">RECEIPTS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sales of postage stamps, envelopes, newspaper wrappers, postal cards, etc.</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$12,693 34</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Box rent received</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>2,166 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$14,859 59</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">EXPENSES.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Postmaster's salary</td><td align='right'>$2,400 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Expenses for rent, fuel, lights, clerk hire, etc.</td><td align='right'>3,300 00</td><td align='right'>$5,700 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Net income</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$9,159 59</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">MONEY ORDER BUSINESS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Received for domestic orders</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$30,305 62</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Received for fees on same</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>131 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Received for international orders</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,518 81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Received for fees on same</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>24 95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$31,980 88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Money orders paid</td><td align='right'>$24,140 88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Certificates of deposit</td><td align='right'>7,840 00</td><td align='right'>$31,980 88</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">REGISTRY BUSINESS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Domestic and foreign letters and packages registered</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,621</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Registered matter in transit</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2,327</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total pieces handled</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>3,948</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Number of pouches dispatched daily</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Number of pouches dispatched semi-weekly</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Number of pouches received daily</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Number of pouches received semi-weekly</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>HOTELS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following hotels were built in Stillwater prior to 1850:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Northrup House, built by Anson Northrup, northwest corner
+Main street and Nelson alley, 1844.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Stillwater House, built by Anson Northrup, lot 2, Main
+street, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>Minnesota House, built by Elam Greeley, southwest corner
+Main and Myrtle, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>Lake House, built by John W. Brewster, east side of Main
+street between Nelson and Chestnut, 1849.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the hotels built subsequently to 1850, the most popular and well
+known is the Sawyer House, on the northwest corner of Chestnut and
+Third streets. It was built in 1857, by Henry Sawyer, opened by G. E.
+B. Whitcher, and kept in succession by J. and A. Lowell, Isaac
+Staples, A. Lowell and A. K. Doe. The other hotels built during this
+period were the Liberty House, by John N. Ahl, 1856; Farmers Home,
+1867; Williams House, 1870; Wexio Hotel, 1870; the Keystone House,
+1872; the Mansion House, 1872; Central House, 1879; Elliott's Hotel,
+1883.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CITY BANKS.</h4>
+
+<p>To Christopher Carli is due the honor of conducting the first banking
+operations in Stillwater. In 1855 he issued and redeemed fractional
+currency. Darling, Caswell &amp; Scheffer, Jan. 27, 1857, opened a private
+banking house, and from 1859 to 1865 operated it as a state bank, when
+it was changed into the</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST NATIONAL BANK</h4>
+
+<p>of Stillwater. The capital stock was $50,000. The first officers were:
+Charles Scheffer, president; O. R. Ellis, cashier. The officers in
+1886 were: Louis Hospes, president; C. N. Nelson, vice president; F.
+M. Prince, cashier. The capital stock is $250,000. The gross amount of
+debits and credits during the year closing June 3, 1886, were
+$20,000,000. We append the annual report of 1886:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="2">RESOURCES.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Loans and discounts</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$727,286 70</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Overdrafts</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,745 82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>United States bonds to secure circulation</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>50,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Due from approved reserve agents</td><td align='right'>$30,999 72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Due from other national banks</td><td align='right'>4,266 85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Due from state banks and bankers</td><td align='right'>3,491 48</td><td align='right'>38,758 05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Real estate, furniture and fixtures</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>12,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Current expenses and taxes paid</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>11,108 56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Premiums paid</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>9,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Checks and other cash items</td><td align='right'>1,662 91</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bills of other banks</td><td align='right'>1,295 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fractional paper currency, nickels and pennies</td><td align='right'>77 07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Specie</td><td align='right'>33,392 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Legal tender notes</td><td align='right'>17,440 00</td><td align='right'>53,866 98</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Redemption fund with United States treasurer (five per cent of circulation)</td><td align='right'>2,250 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$906,016 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">LIABILITIES.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capital stock paid in</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$250,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Surplus fund</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>60,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Undivided profits</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>25,617 60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>National bank notes outstanding</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>45,000 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dividends unpaid</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>20 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Individual deposits subject to check</td><td align='right'>$236,095 72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Demand certificates of deposit</td><td align='right'>6,305 93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Time certificates of deposit</td><td align='right'>224,223 41</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cashier's checks outstanding</td><td align='right'>679 95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Due to other national banks</td><td align='right'>3,507 67</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Due to state banks and bankers</td><td align='right'>5,266 78</td><td align='right'>476,079 46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes and bills rediscounted</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>49,299 05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$906,016 11</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>LUMBERMAN'S NATIONAL BANK,</h4>
+
+<p>Organized Jan. 10, 1871. Capital stock, $150,000. First officers:
+Isaac Staples, president; H. W. Cannon, cashier. In 1886 the bank had
+in capital stock $250,000 and a surplus of $50,000. The present
+officers are: President, Isaac Staples; vice president, R. F. Hersey;
+board of directors, Isaac Staples, R. F. Hersey, E. S. Edgerton, David
+Tozer, E. W. Durant, David Bronson, J. McKusick, Matt Clark, Wm. G.
+Bronson, E. L. Hersey, R. S. Davis.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER SAVINGS BANK,</h4>
+
+<p>Organized Jan. 10, 1873, under an act of the legislature of 1867, with
+the following board of trustees: Isaac Staples, president; David
+Bronson, Dwight M. Sabin, Lewis E. Torinus, Wm. Willim, I. E. Staples,
+and H. W. Cannon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX LUMBERMEN'S BOARD OF TRADE</h4>
+
+<p>Was incorporated March 8, 1867. The first officers were: President,
+David Cover; vice president, Louis Hospes; secretary, E. W. Durant;
+treasurer, David Bronson, Jr.; surveyor, Ivory E. McKusick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER BOARD OF TRADE.</h4>
+
+<p>The board was organized in January, 1871. The first officers were:
+President, David Bronson; vice president, C. J. Butler; secretary, D.
+W. Armstrong; treasurer, C. N. Nelson; board of directors, John
+McKusick, Isaac Staples, J. E. Schlenk, J. O'Shaughnessy, M. Moffatt,
+E. W. Durant, J. N. Castle, B. G. Merry, G. M. Seymour, L. E. Torinus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER WATER COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>The site of the city abounds in beautiful springs. Charles Hathaway,
+while excavating on his lot near Third street, struck a large vein
+capable of supplying 1,000 barrels per day. He constructed a reservoir
+with an elevation of about fifty feet above the street, and from this
+source supplies the city with water for sprinkling streets and other
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater Water Company was organized April 15, 1880, with a
+capital stock of $100,000, and commenced at once the work of
+improvement. This company has never yet declared a dividend, having
+applied all its surplus earnings upon improvements. They have now 8
+1/2 miles of water mains, 88 hydrants and about 260 taps. The water
+supply is obtained from Lake McKusick, which is supplied from Brown's
+creek. The lake is 155 feet above the business portion of the city and
+is about a mile distant from the same. The water is pumped into a
+reservoir on the highest spot of ground in the city, which is 110 feet
+above the lake. The system is similar to that of St. Paul, the city
+being supplied in part by gravitation, and in part by direct pressure.
+The elevation of the reservoir results in a saving to the city in the
+matter of fire engines, etc. Any fire in the business part of the city
+can be extinguished with the use of hose alone. One fire engine
+answers the purposes of the city. The first board of officers were:
+President, Edward Durant; vice president, R. F. Hersey; secretary and
+treasurer, H. W. Cannon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRE DEPARTMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>Futile efforts had been made as early as 1859 for the organization of
+a fire department. In 1872 a fire company of sixty was organized and
+an engine worth $7,500 was purchased. The first officers of the
+company were: Chief engineer, David Bronson; first assistant, B. G.
+Merry; second assistant, H. P. West; engineer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> C. C. Johnson;
+secretary; N. T. Lee; treasurer, Fayette Marsh.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. CROIX HOOK AND LADDER COMPANY</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized in 1872, by the election of the following officers:
+Foreman, Charles McMillan; assistant, D. B. Loomis; secretary and
+treasurer, A. K. Doe. The company has received awards of honor for
+meritorious performance of duty.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER GASLIGHT COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>This company was organized May 12, 1874, with a capital stock of
+$25,000 and the exclusive right to the sale and manufacture of gas for
+a period of forty years. Their buildings are located on Third street.
+The first officers were: President, Isaac Staples; manager, H. W.
+Cannon; board of directors, John McKusick, D. M. Sabin, Isaac Staples,
+David Bronson, L. E. Torinus, H. W. Cannon, C. H. Nash.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TELEGRAPH OFFICE.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1863 a telegraph office was located in Stillwater by a A. C. Lull,
+and a line extended to St. Paul. The office is on Main street between
+Chestnut and Myrtle.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NATIONAL BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY</h4>
+
+<p>Established a line from Stillwater to St. Paul in January, 1880. It
+has a branch to Marine.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNION ELEVATOR COMPANY</h4>
+
+<p>Built an elevator near the Stillwater &amp; White Bear depot in 1870-71.
+It has a capacity of 300,000 bushels. The officers are: President,
+Louis Huspes; secretary and treasurer, H. W. Cannon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EXPRESS COMPANIES.</h4>
+
+<p>The first office was established by the Northwestern Express Company,
+in 1855; Short, Proctor &amp; Co. were agents. This company was succeeded
+in 1858 by the American, and in 1869 the United States also
+established an office here.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STILLWATER BRIDGE.</h4>
+
+<p>A charter was obtained from the legislature in 1875 to build a bridge
+across Lake St. Croix, from Stillwater to Houlton. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> bridge was
+completed the ensuing year at a cost of $24,000. It is 1,500 feet
+long, and is furnished with a pontoon draw 300 feet in length,
+operated by an engine.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LUMBERING INTERESTS.</h4>
+
+<p>Stillwater is the metropolis of the lumbering interests of the St.
+Croix valley, and is indebted to them chiefly for its welfare. These
+are considered separately in other parts of this history. The local
+interests are centred chiefly in mills and manufactories, of
+themselves an important element in the prosperity of the city. The
+principal proprietors of the saw mills since the first settlement of
+Stillwater have been McKusick &amp; Co., Sawyer &amp; Heaton, McHale. &amp; Co.,
+Schulenberg &amp; Co., Hersey, Staples &amp; Co., Hersey, Bean &amp; Brown, Isaac
+Staples, Seymour, Sabin &amp; Co., Herschey Lumbering Company and Turnbull
+Lumbering Company.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FLOURING MILLS.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1872 J. H. Townshend and W. F. Cahill erected a flouring mill on
+Third street. It was run by water brought from McKusick creek, the
+motive power being an overshot wheel forty-five feet in diameter. In
+1880 D. M. Sabin became interested in the firm. The capacity of the
+mill was increased from fifty to three hundred barrels per day. A
+Corliss engine and other improvements were added, and the mill was run
+on the Hungarian roller system. The firm name was changed to Townshend
+&amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Croix flouring mill was built in 1877, on Upper Main street,
+near the lake, by Isaac Staples. Its dimensions were 40 &times; 50 feet. Its
+capacity was two hundred and fifty barrels per day. It was removed to
+make way for the buildings of the Car Company.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater Flour Mill Company was organized under state laws in
+1878, and mills were erected on the lower levee, 50 &times; 70 feet, ground
+plan, and five stories high. These mills were run on the Hungarian
+roller system. The cost was $100,000. Their capacity is four hundred
+barrels per day. The motive power is a Corliss engine of one hundred
+and seventy-five horse power. The principal owners are R. F. Hersey,
+Smith Ellison, D. M. Sabin and L. Hospes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MANUFACTORIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Swain's machine shop, D. M. Swain, proprietor, was established in
+1873, on Third street between Myrtle and Chestnut. Geo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> Swain
+established a foundry on Third street in 1874. His manufactures
+consist chiefly of engines, mill machinery and farm utensils. The St.
+Croix Iron Works, Door, Sash and Blind Factory, established originally
+as a machine shop in 1865, on the river bank, near the Chicago &amp; Omaha
+round house, has been owned by various parties. A foundry was added in
+1874, and in 1878 Isaac Staples added a sash and blind factory.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARRIAGE MANUFACTORIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Richard Daw established the Novelty Carriage Works in 1875, one door
+east of the Sawyer House.</p>
+
+<p>D. J. Sullivan established the Stillwater Carriage Works in 1878, one
+door east of the Sawyer House, but afterward removed to a better
+location on Second street.</p>
+
+<p>Wm. Miller erected the Pioneer Carriage Manufactory in 1866, on Main
+street.</p>
+
+<p>Albert Saeker in 1872 established a wagon shop on Second street
+between Myrtle and Chestnut.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Steinacker commenced the manufacture of brick in 1859, in a
+yard located in Ramsey &amp; Carter's addition, but afterward removed to
+the lower end of Sunfish lake.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed that Herman Tepass' brewery is the outgrowth of the
+first in the county, if not in the State, a still having been located
+at the corner of Third and Chestnut streets in 1851. The present site
+is on Lower Main street. Joseph Wolff's brewery is located on the
+corner of Main and Nelson streets, and was established in 1868.</p>
+
+<p>Heitman &amp; Becker established a bakery in 1879. Messrs. Muller Brothers
+established a boat factory in 1873. A vinegar factory was commenced by
+Ciopac &amp; Tuor in 1875, and is continued by the latter. Of the several
+livery stables in Stillwater the first was established by C. A.
+Bromley in 1853.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater Building Association, organized under the laws of the
+State, March 23, 1887, has done much for the prosperity of the city,
+affording as it does to persons of limited capital an opportunity of
+building suitable homes and business houses. Private enterprise has
+done much in the erection of substantial blocks for business purposes.
+Henry Sawyer, in 1856, built the first stone block in the city. It is
+located on Main street. Other fine blocks were built by McComb,
+Eldridge,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> Bernheimer, Elam Greely, Wm. Holcombe, Schlenk, L. E.
+Torinus, Hersey &amp; Staples, McKusick, and others. Many of these blocks
+are fireproof and built of stone, and are fine specimens of
+architecture, convenient and commodious.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHURCH SOCIETIES AND BUILDINGS.</h4>
+
+<p>Stillwater has sixteen church organizations and fifteen buildings, the
+latter having a total valuation of $315,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Ascension church (Episcopal) originated in the labors of Rev. E.
+A. Greenleaf, in 1846. The corner stone of the first building was laid
+in 1851. Rev. Joseph A. Russell was the first rector. In 1873 the
+corner stone of the present edifice was laid by Bishop Welles of
+Wisconsin. This building cost $10,000, and was burned in 1886 and
+rebuilt in 1887.</p>
+
+<p>The First Presbyterian church grew out of the missionary labors of
+Rev. W. T. Boutwell, in 1847 and 1848. The church was organized in
+1849; Rev. J. S. Whitney, pastor. The first building was erected in
+1851, and the second, the armory, in 1857. The present edifice,
+located on the corner of Myrtle and Third, was built in 1884, at a
+cost of $22,000, and the total value of building and ground is
+$30,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Dates its beginning from a society formed by Rev. James Harrington in
+1850. It was organized regularly in 1853 by Rev. T. M. Fullerton. The
+first house of worship was a small frame on Myrtle street, between
+Second and Third streets. It was enlarged and improved in 1862. The
+present edifice on Third street near Myrtle, with the parsonage
+adjoining, cost about $4,200. The church has a membership of two
+hundred.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. MICHAEL'S (CATHOLIC) CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized in 1853, the first services being held by Rev. Father
+Peyragrosse, a missionary. The first edifice was built on Fourth and
+Mulberry streets, and Rev. Father Fisher was the first clergyman in
+charge. The building was enlarged and improved in 1857. The present
+commodious edifice was commenced in 1872 and dedicated in 1875. The
+church property, including the school parish buildings and cemetery of
+twelve acres in South Stillwater, is worth $130,000. There are now two
+resident clergymen, Revs. Murphy and Gaughan.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. MARY'S (CATHOLIC) CHURCH,</h4>
+
+<p>Rev. P. Alphonse Krusle, pastor, was organized in 1865, and owns a
+church building on Fifth street, near Pine, valued at $25,000. The
+total value of church and parish buildings, and of the six lots on
+which they are located, amounts to $55,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Society was incorporated June 6, 1868, and the first preaching was by
+Rev. E. A. Hodsdon, of St. Anthony. The edifice is on Third street
+South; cost about $15,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SWEDISH LUTHERAN.</h4>
+
+<p>The society was organized in 1871; the church building was erected in
+1882-83, at a cost of $15,000. The pastor is Rev. A. F. Tornell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST GERMAN LUTHERAN</h4>
+
+<p>Church was organized in 1871. The church building and parsonage are on
+Third street, near Olive, and are valued at $4,500. The pastor is Rev.
+J. J. Weiss.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NORWEGIAN LUTHERAN</h4>
+
+<p>Society uses the German Lutheran church buildings, corner of Olive and
+Fourth streets.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GERMAN METHODIST</h4>
+
+<p>Congregation worships in a frame building, corner of Linden and
+Everett streets.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SALEM GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Was formed by the withdrawal of a part of the members of the First
+German Lutheran church for separate worship. The Swedish church and
+school, on the corner of Olive and Fourth streets, were purchased for
+$2,150. To this a parsonage was added at a cost of $2,150. Rev. L. F.
+Frey is the pastor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DANISH LUTHERAN CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Has a cosy frame edifice on Laurel, between Williams and Owen, but is
+not holding services at present. The edifice cost $7,000 and the
+membership is one hundred and fifty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SWEDISH CONGREGATIONAL.</h4>
+
+<p>The Swedish Congregational church occupies a frame building on Fourth
+street, between Hickory and Elm streets, which cost $2,000 and has
+sixty members.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. JOSEPH'S (CATHOLIC) CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized by the present pastor, Rev. Father E. Roe, in 1882, with
+seventeen members, which has since been increased to eighty families.
+A frame edifice was erected in 1884, with a seating capacity of four
+hundred, costing about $8,000, corner of Olive and Greely streets. The
+church property consists of the edifice and the priest's house, and
+cost $11,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SWEDISH METHODIST CHURCH</h4>
+
+<p>Was organized in 1880 by Rev. C. S. Carlander. The church building is
+located on Myrtle and Fourth streets, and cost $2,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION</h4>
+
+<p>Has a membership of seventy-five and a frame building erected in 1872
+at a cost of $1,200.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PUBLIC BUILDINGS.</h4>
+
+<p>The court house and other public buildings of the city are creditable
+specimens of architecture, rooms convenient and well adapted to the
+purposes of their construction. The present court house building is
+the third erected. Its cost, including that of the jail buildings, the
+wall around them and other improvements, has been something over
+$75,000. The city hall, at the corner of Myrtle and Third streets, is
+a substantial and convenient building. It contains also room for the
+city officers. The public school buildings have kept pace with the
+growth of the city. In the summer of 1887 the city erected a high
+school building at a cost of $60,000. The engine house is a good
+building, centrally located. An elegant union depot was built in 1887,
+of brown stone from the Apostle islands, at a cost of $30,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Opera House.</span>&mdash;The opera house occupies the site of the old Lake
+House, on Main street between Nelson and Chestnut streets. It was
+commenced in 1880 and finished in 1881, under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> the supervision of L.
+W. Eldred, architect. Its size is 90&times;120 feet, ground plan, and four
+stories in height, or seventy-one feet from lower floor to cornice.
+The style of architecture is a blending of the Queen Anne, Victoria
+and Gothic. The entrance to the upper part of the building is by a
+stairway twelve feet wide, in a lofty, ornamental turret. The
+auditorium is 64&times;120 feet, and beautifully and elaborately finished
+and furnished, and is capable of seating over 1,200 persons. It is
+well lighted, being supplied with 130 gas jets, warmed by steam, and
+well ventilated. The stage is 39&times;64 feet, complete in all its
+appointments, and supplied with all the necessary stage scenery,
+wings, border bridge, balcony, interior and other decorations. The
+ceiling of the auditorium is superbly frescoed and the cornice is
+adorned with medallions of Shakespeare, Haydn, Schiller, Goethe,
+Dickens, Handel, Scott, Longfellow, Mozart, Tennyson, and Beethoven.
+The parts of the building not occupied for stage purposes are
+appropriated to halls, offices and stores.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>I. O. O. F.&mdash;Lodge No. 1, organized June, 1849; Stillwater Lodge, No.
+51, organized January, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>Masonic.&mdash;St. John's Lodge No. 1, organized 1849; Washington, Royal
+Arch Chapter, No. 17, organized March, 1868; Bayard Commandery, K. T.,
+No. 11, organized March, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>Knights of Pythias.&mdash;Stillwater Lodge, No. 7, organized November,
+1872.</p>
+
+<p>A. O. U. W.&mdash;St. Croix Lodge, No. 11, organized July, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>Sons of Herman.&mdash;Stillwater Lodge, No. 3, organized January, 1876;
+Concordia Lodge, No. 19, organized January, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Temperance Societies.&mdash;I. O. G. T. Lodge of Stillwater, organized in
+1859; L'Etoile du Nord Lodge, No. 57, organized May, 1866; Temple of
+Honor, No. 10, organized September, 1876; Father Matthew Temperance
+Society, organized November, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>Miscellaneous.&mdash;St. Ann's Society, organized November, 1866; St.
+Vincent de Paul Conference, organized October, 1870; St. Joseph
+Benevolent Society, organized November, 1879; Y. M. C. A., organized
+in 1878; Washington County Bible Society, organized in 1851;
+Northwestern Benefit Society, No. 1, organized in 1879; Subordinate
+Union Penn Equitable Association, No.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> 165, organized in 1880;
+Stillwater City Hospital, organized March, 1880; Stillwater
+Mannerchoir, organized in 1875; the Stillwater Turnverein, organized
+in 1859; G. A. R., Stillwater Post, No. 13, organized March, 1868.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CEMETERIES.</h4>
+
+<p>The first burial ground was selected in 1846. Ten years later, by a
+survey of the city, these grounds were included in what is now known
+as block 3. These grounds were used until the organization of the
+Fairview Cemetery Association in 1867, when the bodies were removed to
+the new cemetery in the burial ground in South Stillwater. Fairview
+cemetery is beautifully located on undulating or hilly ground and is
+adorned with shrubbery and made attractive by the hand of art. Its
+location is within the city limits, near the corner of Orleans and
+Fourth streets.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHINGTON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.</h4>
+
+<p>An attempt was made at organization in 1856, but it proved premature.
+The present society was organized in February, 1871, at Cottage Grove,
+and incorporated the same year. The first board of officers consisted
+of J. W. Furber, president; J. S. Norris, vice president; T. Elwell,
+secretary, and James Middleton, treasurer. In 1873 the fair grounds
+were established near Stillwater, under the joint control of the
+Agricultural Society and the Driving Park Association. In 1875 the
+fair grounds were established at Lake Elmo. But one fair had been held
+there when a cyclone struck the grounds and swept away all the
+improvements. The society again effected an arrangement by which their
+fairs were held on the grounds near Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MINNESOTA STATE PRISON.</h4>
+
+<p>At the organization of Minnesota Territory Congress appropriated
+$5,000 for a territorial prison. The legislature expended the money
+thus appropriated in building a prison at Stillwater. The site was
+located by a commission appointed by the legislature in 1849,
+consisting of John McKusick, E. A. C. Hatch and Lewis Robert. The
+commission was also authorized to locate the Territorial University
+and select a site in St. Paul for the capitol. Their task was not
+completed until the ensuing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> year. Their selection of a location for
+the university and of a site for the capitol were satisfactory, but it
+was generally conceded that the site for the prison was badly chosen.
+The ground, nine acres, was mostly quagmire, and was, moreover,
+crowded in a ravine between high bluffs. However, it was convenient to
+the lake and steamboat landing, and was well watered with pure spring
+water.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 Jesse Taylor, F. R. Delano, Martin Mower, J. E. McKusick, and
+Jacob Fisher entered into contract with the commissioners, under the
+firm name of Jesse Taylor &amp; Co., to build one stone wing of the prison
+building, to be inclosed with a stone wall. The dimensions of the wing
+were 30 &times; 40 feet and three stories high. In 1853 an addition was
+built, and Francis R. Delano was appointed warden. Until 1858 the
+expenditure of the public money used in building and other expenses
+was under the control of the warden. Under state rule the warden was
+relieved of this burden of responsibility. The legislature had
+provided that prisoners might be received in the penitentiary not yet
+convicted of crime, on condition that their board should be defrayed
+by the counties from which they were sent. When this expense was not
+promptly met by the counties the prisoners thus held were set at
+liberty. The Washington county grand jury investigated the matter and
+memorialized the ensuing legislature, which effected a change in the
+laws regarding such commitments. Wings were added to the prison, walls
+were built, shops and other accessories added from year to year, and
+appropriations were made from time to time. In 1870 an appropriation
+of $74,000 was made for extending the building. Outside companies were
+permitted to build shops and manufactories within the prison limits
+that they might avail themselves of convict labor.</p>
+
+<p>The following are the wardens who have served since the prison was
+built: Territorial, F. R. Delano; state government: Francis O. J.
+Smith, appointed March 4, 1858; Henry N. Setzer, Aug. 4, 1858; John S.
+Proctor, Jan. 1, 1860; Joshua L. Taylor, Feb. 16, 1868; A. C. Webber,
+March 16, 1870; Henry A. Jackman, Oct. 10, 1870; John A. Reid, Aug. 3,
+1874; H. G. Stordock, 1887.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following table shows the number of convicts each year up to the
+present time:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1853</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1854</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1858</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1839</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1861</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1862</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1963</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1864</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1866</td><td align='right'>29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867</td><td align='right'>36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868</td><td align='right'>31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869</td><td align='right'>47</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870</td><td align='right'>39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871</td><td align='right'>60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872</td><td align='right'>59</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876</td><td align='right'>90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878</td><td align='right'>218</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879</td><td align='right'>254</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>254</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881</td><td align='right'>247</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882</td><td align='right'>279</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883</td><td align='right'>301</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884</td><td align='right'>356</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885</td><td align='right'>395</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886, Mar. 31</td><td align='right'>416</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The prison on the whole has been well and humanely managed. There have
+been occasional outbreaks, easily suppressed, or cases of individual
+insubordination, two or three with fatal results to the
+insubordinates.</p>
+
+<p>The prison buildings have been several times visited by damaging and
+disastrous fires. The most serious were in 1884. The first occurred
+January 8th, by which the large workshop and machinery owned by the
+State and the Northwestern Car Company were destroyed. The second
+occurred January 26th, and destroyed the main prison buildings,
+including the cells, from which the prisoners were rescued with the
+greatest difficulty. One perished of suffocation. On this occasion
+guards, prison officials and some of the convicts displayed heroism
+worthy of the highest commendation. The convicts on the whole behaved
+well. Mr. Reid, the warden of the prison, behaved with great coolness
+and decision, and so averted what might have been a fearful disaster.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRES.</h4>
+
+<p>Stillwater has suffered occasionally from fires. The first house
+burned was the McKusick boarding house, in 1846. The Northrup hotel
+was burned in 1847. In 1866 a fire occurred on the west side of Main
+street, between Myrtle and Chestnut, in which twelve buildings were
+burned, principally frame structures. In 1872 the Lake House and four
+adjacent buildings were burned. The Schulenburg mill was burned in
+1878. Two great fires<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> occurred in the penitentiary in 1884. The
+Episcopal church building and the mills of Hersey &amp; Bean were burned
+in 1887. Numerous smaller fires occurred at intervals, but owing to
+the efficiency of the fire companies they were easily suppressed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BONDS AND INDEBTEDNESS.</h4>
+
+<p>Up to 1886 the bonded indebtedness of the city has aggregated the sum
+of $345,000. The bonds were issued at various times for railway and
+levee improvements, city bridge, city buildings, water works and
+current funds. The interest on these bonds has always been promptly
+met, and the expenditures for improvements have been more than repaid
+to the taxpayers by the increased valuation of property within the
+city limits.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 451px;">
+<img src="images/illus-413.jpg" width="451" height="650" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Issac Staples</span>, son of Rev. Winslow Staples, was born in Topsham,
+Maine, Sept. 25, 1816. At eighteen years of age he bought his time of
+his father for three hundred and sixty dollars. He found employment on
+the Penobscot river at lumbering for two years, when he engaged in
+selling goods at Old Town, but soon after went into the lumbering
+business with S.F. Hersey. In 1849 Mr. Staples was appointed agent for
+the Penobscot Indians living at Old Town, twelve miles above Bangor,
+on the Penobscot. In October, 1853, Mr. Staples came to Minnesota for
+the purpose of purchasing pine lands, and located at Stillwater,
+moving his family here in 1854. Mr. Staples represented a wealthy
+company, composed of himself, S. F. Hersey and some Massachusetts men,
+who furnished all the money needed to buy pine land or make any other
+investments deemed advisable. They, through the agency of Mr. Staples,
+purchased immense quantities of pine timber. They built a large saw
+mill in Stillwater, and dealt in any and all branches of business
+considered remunerative. The advent of Isaac Staples in Stillwater
+gave to the city new life. Mr. Staples was indefatigable in his
+labors, full of vigor and in prime health. His ambition was unlimited,
+his judgment good. Backed up by a successful lumbering experience in
+Maine, and with money sufficient to meet all necessary calls, he was
+financially progressive and prosperous. In after years Messrs. Staples
+&amp; Hersey purchased the entire interest of the firm of Hersey, Staples
+&amp; Co. Subsequently the firm changed to Hersey &amp; Staples and Hersey,
+Staples &amp; Bean, and finally a division of property was agreed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> upon.
+Since the division Mr. Staples has been just as extensively engaged in
+the name of Isaac Staples in doing business as at any period in his
+past life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1887 Mr. Staples purchased the property of the Cushing Company,
+located at St. Croix and Taylor's Falls, for $50,000. This property
+has long been in litigation and consequently has been unimproved. The
+advent of Mr. Staples, as proprietor, opens a new era in the history
+of the two villages at the head of navigation on the St. Croix.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his lumbering and real estate interests, Mr. Staples
+has also engaged in farming and stock raising on an extensive scale.
+He owns one farm of six hundred and forty acres within the limits of
+Stillwater. This farm is well stocked and supplied with stores, barns,
+shops and other buildings. It is used as a stork farm, and as a
+headquarters for supplying his lumbering camps.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Staples has another farm located on the line of the Minneapolis,
+Soo &amp; Atlantic railway, eleven miles northwest of Stillwater, known as
+the Maple Island farm, which contains 1,400 acres of land, inclosed
+and supplied with barns, farm houses and other buildings. There are
+fine wells and lakes and some well stocked fish ponds. He owns a
+flouring mill on this farm.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Staples has a third farm at Bronson, Kanabec county, containing
+2,000 acres of land, well under cultivation. Ann river flows through
+this farm, and is supplied with a dam to facilitate the driving of
+logs into Fish lake. The farm is also made a fitting-out place for the
+lumbering camps. These three farms are valued at $250,000.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Staples has lived an unusually busy life, and has been unusually
+successful. Though past the ordinary limit of human life, he is still
+active, and will probably continue to plan and work as long as he
+lives. He is happiest when most busily employed. His mind is of the
+active type. He is restless, alert, far-seeing, systematic, and
+persistent. Without these qualities he never could have achieved the
+success that has crowned his career. He has been twice married; first
+in 1839, to Miss Caroline B. Rogers, of Old Town, Maine, by whom he
+had one child, who is still living. Mrs. Staples died in 1810. He was
+again married, Jan, 31, 1841, to Miss Olivia J. Pettengill, of Old
+Town, Maine, by whom he has had eight children,&mdash;four sons and four
+daughters,&mdash;four of whom are living.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel F. Hersey</span>, of the late firm of Hersey, Staples &amp; Co., was born
+in Sumner, Maine, in 1812. At an early day he became a citizen of
+Bangor, Maine, and wisely invested in pine timber lands on the
+Penobscot waters, when lands were cheap. Their true value was not
+appreciated by many. The business interests of the county had not been
+developed and lumber dealing was not profitable. The increase in value
+on his investments made him a wealthy man. He was a banker, merchant
+and lumberman. His investments always yielded a rich return. His
+associates and townsmen often elected him to posts of honor and trust.
+In 1842-57-65-67 and 69 he was in the Maine state legislature. When he
+died, Feb. 3. 1875, he was serving his second term (four years) as
+representative in Congress, from the Bangor or Fourth district of
+Maine. He died at his home in Bangor. Both houses of Congress paid
+fitting tributes to his high business, social and christian standing,
+and his worth as a legislator and statesman.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hersey was not a citizen of Minnesota, but as early as 1851 became
+a member of the firm of Hersey, Staples &amp; Co., of Stillwater, and
+interested himself greatly in Minnesota and Stillwater enterprises.
+Amongst other things he aided in building two railroads, and gave
+liberally for the erection of the Universalist church and to its
+library. He was thrice married, and left a family of four sons, the
+children of his second wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Roscoe F. Hersey</span>, the oldest son, was born July 18, 1841, in Milford,
+Maine; was educated at the graded school in Bangor, and clerked in his
+father's store until 1862, when he volunteered as a soldier in Company
+A, Eighteenth Maine Infantry. He was appointed second lieutenant and
+rose to the rank of captain in 1863, but on May 19, 1864, was severely
+wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, was confined in
+the hospital nine months, and discharged with the brevet rank of
+colonel.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Hersey spent two years in New Orleans, engaged in the shipping
+and commission business, and in the spring of 1867 came to Stillwater
+and thence to Lake City, where he had charge of the lumber and
+mercantile business of Hersey, Staples &amp; Co. in that city for five
+years. In 1872 he returned to Stillwater, entered the firm of Hersey,
+Brown &amp; Bean, dealers in lands, lumber and merchandise. In 1877 he was
+elected state senator and served one term. He has held many
+responsible positions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> He married Eva C. Wardwell, of Bangor, Maine,
+Jan. 4, 1864. They have one son, Clinton, an enterprising, public
+spirited man, inheriting much of his father's will power.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dudley H. Hersey</span>, the second son, was born in Bangor, Dec. 25, 1847.
+He was educated at Westbrook Seminary, Maine, and came to Stillwater
+at an early age in the employ of his father. In 1872 he became one of
+the firm of Hersey, Bean &amp; Brown. Mr. Hersey was married to Estella
+Wardwell, of Bangor, Maine, in 1870. They have one son, Samuel F.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eugene M. Hersey</span>, the third son, was born in Bangor, Maine, May 6,
+1850. He was educated at the high school in Bangor. With his brother
+he has been interested in milling and lumbering operations. He was
+married in 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward L. Hersey</span>, the youngest son, was born in Bangor, Maine, April
+29, 1852; graduated at Westbrook Seminary in 1871, and was married to
+Mary L. Merrill, of Chicago, in 1877.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<img src="images/illus-416.jpg" width="392" height="450" alt="JACOB BEAN." title="" />
+<span class="caption">JACOB BEAN.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob Bean</span> was born in Upper Stillwater, Maine, in 1837. In that
+centre of the lumbering interests he early and easily took to
+lumbering, and pursued the business continuously until 1863, when he
+came to Stillwater, where he became an active member of the firm of
+Hersey, Staples &amp; Bean, and of Hersey, Bean &amp; Brown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Bean</span> was born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, in 1827; removed to
+Orono, Maine, in 1835; followed lumbering on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> the Penobscot river for
+a few years. He came to Stillwater in 1863, and some years later sent
+for his aged parents, giving them a home until their death. In 1865 he
+became one of the firm of Hersey, Staples &amp; Bean, dealers in pine
+land. He is at present with his oldest son in California, where both
+are interested in real estate and irrigation enterprises. Mr. Bean has
+been twice married and has a family of eight children. The oldest
+daughter married Jerry Brown, now deceased. Mr. Bean moved to
+California in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rudolph Lehmicke</span> was born in Prussia in 1822. He learned the trade of
+cabinet and organ making; came to America in 1849, and to Stillwater
+in 1854, working at his trade until 1858. He served one year as
+justice of the peace, and having studied law was admitted to practice
+in 1859. In the fall of 1859 he was elected county auditor and served
+until 1874. He was elected judge of the probate court, in which
+position he continued until 1881. He has served as inspector of the
+prison, superintendent of public schools, and member of the board of
+education. Judge Lehmicke was married in 1853, in Coldwater, Michigan,
+to Jane Tackeberry. They have a family of five sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hollis R. Murdock</span> was born in Governeur, New York, Aug. 15, 1832. He
+graduated at Williams College, Massachusetts, in 1854, came to
+Stillwater in 1855, and was admitted to the practice of law in 1856,
+since which time he has been in continuous practice. He has held many
+offices of trust. Has been judge of the probate court and member of
+the legislature from Washington county, and director of a bank and
+railroad company. Mr. Murdock was married to Sarah A. Rice, Nov. 3,
+1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George M. Seymour</span> was born in Onondaga county, New York, March 26,
+1829. Part of his early life he spent on a farm, but later he learned
+the carpenter's trade and became a builder and contractor. While in
+Syracuse he engaged for some years in the manufacture of lumber and
+staves, and later, of salt. He was married to Anna B. Kingsley in
+1851. In 1858 he came to Stillwater, and in 1861 was awarded the
+prison contract, and engaged in making cooperage. He was one of the
+founders of the firms of Seymour, Webster &amp; Co. and Seymour, Sabin &amp;
+Co. (the Northwestern Car Company). He was sheriff of Washington
+county for two years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank A. Seymour</span>, only son of George M., was cashier of the First
+National Bank of Stillwater for four years, and subsequently cashier
+of the Merchants Bank, St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marion O.</span>, only daughter of George M. Seymour, graduated from Mount
+Holyoke Seminary in 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 377px;">
+<img src="images/illus-418.jpg" width="377" height="450" alt="LOUIS HOSPES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">LOUIS HOSPES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Hospes</span>, for many years identified with the Schulenberg-Boeckeler
+Lumber Company, and father of A. C. Hospes, surveyor general of logs
+and lumber, E. L. Hospes of the Schulenberg-Boeckeler Company, and
+Otto G. Hospes of the hardware firm of A. C. Hospes &amp; Co., died April
+9, 1888. The deceased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> was born in the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel,
+Germany, Feb. 8, 1809, and attended school in the city of Witzenhausen
+until he was sixteen years old. He then became a farmer, which
+avocation he followed for four years. He then entered the University
+of Gottingen, where he made a special study of the theory and practice
+of agriculture and of veterinary medicine and surgery. Retiring from
+the university, for two years he took charge of the farms on some
+large estates. In 1832 he sailed from Bremen for America, arriving at
+New York on September 4th of that year. Leaving that city on the
+eleventh of the same month, he arrived in St. Louis on October 18th.
+From that city he went to St. Charles county, where he engaged in
+agriculture and other pursuits until 1840. During his residence there
+he married Elvira Wurdeman, who survives him. In 1840 he removed to
+Green county, Southwest Missouri, where he made his home for the next
+six years among the Ozark mountains, where he and two brothers engaged
+in the distilling business. In 1848 Mr. Hospes went to St. Louis and
+entered the employ of Schulenberg &amp; Boeckeler, where he remained until
+Oct. 21, 1854, when he came to Stillwater to take charge of the
+business of his employers here. In 1856 he became a partner in the
+concern, and continued so until 1874, when the firm reorganized as the
+Schulenberg-Boeckeler Lumber Company. When he retired, his son, E. L.
+Hospes, succeeded to his interest, which he now holds. In 1871 Mr.
+Hospes visited Europe with his family, spending a year abroad. In
+1862, with his associates, he organized the First National Bank of
+Stillwater, of which he has been president for twenty years. His life
+in this city has been that of an active, energetic and generally
+successful business man, and though conservative in his business
+operations has always been ready to lend a helping hand to any
+deserving or practical business enterprise. He was marked for that
+fixed and reliable character which made his name a tower of strength
+to any enterprise with which he was connected, and his integrity,
+extending to little things, became proverbial. Besides the sons named
+he left two daughters, Mrs. H. E. Mann, of Milwaukee, and Mrs. J.
+Schlenk, of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Tozer</span> was born in Miramachi, New Brunswick, in 1823. His early
+opportunities for obtaining an education were somewhat limited, and he
+obtained only three months' schooling.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> He came to Stillwater in 1856
+and engaged in lumbering, working by the month for five years, and
+afterward independently or in partnership with his brother Albert, and
+in the firm of Sauntry &amp; Tozer, cutting and rafting lumber. He was
+married in Canada, in 1867, to Margaret McKay. Mr. Tozer has been an
+industrious and successful man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Bronson</span> was born in Anson, Maine, in 1834. He clerked in Boston
+from 1850 to 1855, when he came to Stillwater, where he has since been
+engaged in selling goods, lumbering and manufacturing. He was married
+in 1861 to Ianthe Davis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Maloy</span> is of Irish descent. He was born in Ireland, and emigrated
+to New Brunswick. He came to Stillwater with his family in 1853, and
+engaged in lumbering. His family consisted of nine sons and three
+daughters. The daughters are married. Four of the sons are living; two
+of them. Patrick and William, in Oregon, and the others, James and
+Robert, in Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Susannah Tepass</span>, <i>nee</i> Burkhart, was born in Germany, Aug. 10,
+1824. Her parents emigrated to America in 1847 and settled in
+Freeport, Illinois, where she was married, in 1849, to N. Kimmick, and
+the same year came to Stillwater. Mr. Kimmick died in 1857. In 1860
+she was married to Frank Aiple. Mr. Aiple died Nov. 10, 1868. Dec. 9,
+1869, she was married to her present husband, Herman Tepass. Her
+children are Mary, Herman and Frank Aiple.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William E. Thorne</span> came to Stillwater in 1853. He has been an attentive
+and successful merchant, a polite and honorable gentleman, and a good
+citizen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edmund J. Butts</span> was born in Delaware county, New York, in 1832;
+graduated at the Albany Normal School in 1853, and taught school
+awhile during his minority, and some years after studied law (in
+1861), and was admitted to practice in Broome county, New York. In
+1862 he enlisted in a New York regiment and served his full time of
+enlistment. In 1864 he was appointed clerk in the third auditor's
+office, Washington, which position he resigned in 1865 and came to
+Stillwater to practice his profession. He served some time as justice
+of the peace, and for ten years as judge of probate in Washington
+county. He was collector of internal revenue one year, and was eight
+years postmaster in Stillwater, completing his term of service in
+1886. Mr. Butts was married to Augusta Miller in 1856. Mrs. Butts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span>
+died in 1869, leaving one son and one daughter. Mr. Butts married Ida
+Ellsworth in 1878. They have one son and two daughters. His oldest son
+is in the military school at West Point.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. B. Easton</span> was born at Mesopotamia, Trumbull county, Ohio, March 1,
+1828. His parents were natives of Massachusetts, tracing their lineage
+to the Pilgrim Fathers. At the age of fourteen years he was clerk in a
+store, but at the wish of his parents, left the store and attended
+school, finishing his studies by a course at the high school. Soon
+after he again assumed the position of clerk, in which he continued
+two years, when, in 1855, he took charge of his father's hotel. Two
+years subsequently he came to Stillwater, beginning work as a
+compositor for the Stillwater <i>Messenger</i>, A. J. Van Voorhes,
+proprietor. During the absence of the proprietor Mr. Easton was
+manager. Finally, in 1863, he and A. B. Stickney rented the paper,
+which they operated one year, then carried it on alone until 1865.
+During this time Mr. Van Voorhes had been filling the position of
+quartermaster, and on his return made Mr. Easton foreman, where he
+continued until 1868. The St. Paul <i>Dispatch</i> had just been
+established, and he was connected with the interests of this paper
+until his return to Stillwater in 1869. Aug. 6, 1870, he issued the
+first number of the Stillwater <i>Gazette</i>. His son William E. was taken
+as a partner in 1876. Mr. Easton and son have through their ability
+and industry made the <i>Gazette</i> a readable, reliable and popular
+paper. Mr. Easton was married to Julia Burke, Oct. 14, 1849. They have
+four sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin A. Folsom</span> was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, June 30, 1833. He
+spent most of his youth with his parents in Bangor, Maine, where he
+was educated in the common schools. In 1856 he came to Stillwater and
+for six years was book-keeper for Hersey, Staples &amp; Co. In 1862 he
+enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteers, and was
+commissioned as captain. He left the service at the close of the war
+with the rank of brevet colonel. Returning to Stillwater, he served
+six years as county treasurer, and has since been engaged in lumbering
+and selling goods under the firm name of Bronson &amp; Folsom. He was
+married Oct. 12, 1872, to Frances E. Staples.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John B. H. Mitchell.</span>&mdash;The ancestors of Mr. Mitchell were Revolutionary
+patriots, originally Scotch covenanters, who settled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> in North
+Carolina, but who in after years freed their slaves and came to the
+Northern States. Mr. Mitchell was born Nov. 26, 1820, in Monroe
+county, Kentucky. His education was obtained chiefly in the printing
+office of H. H. Houghton, of Galena, Illinois. He came to St. Paul in
+1852, and was employed two years in the <i>Pioneer</i> printing office. In
+1854, in company with T. M. Newson and others, he published the St.
+Paul <i>Daily Times</i>. In 1855 he located on a farm near South
+Stillwater. During the early part of the Civil War he was in
+Nashville, Tennessee, and reported proceedings of secession
+conventions to northern papers. In 1863 he was elected a member of the
+Minnesota legislature. Mr. Mitchell has filled other offices of trust.
+He was married in 1850 to Mariana B. Fiske, a daughter of David Fiske,
+of Baytown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Schupp</span> was born in Baden, Germany, in 1831; received a college
+and general business education and came to America in 1852, locating
+first at Buffalo, New York, and thence at Toledo, Ohio, whence he
+removed to Stillwater in 1858, and engaged in the mercantile business.
+Commencing moderately, he extended his operations and now owns several
+buildings and blocks, and conducts a heavy wholesale trade. He was
+married in 1855 to Mary Fuller, of Toledo, Ohio. They have three sons
+living, Joseph A., Thomas O. A. and Frank.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clifford A. Bennett</span> was born in Portage county, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1841. He
+received a common school and collegiate education. He attended Hiram
+College during the time that President James A. Garfield presided over
+it. April 24, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Twenty-third Ohio
+Volunteers. He was subsequently promoted to the staff of Gen. W. D.
+Hazen and served until mustered out at the close of the war. He came
+to Illinois in 1865, read law and was admitted to practice in 1867;
+came to Stillwater in 1868, and for ten years was in the office of the
+surveyor general. In 1878 he was elected clerk of court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Mathews</span> was born in New Brunswick, July 7, 1832. His
+opportunities for schooling were limited, and he is practically self
+educated. He came to Stillwater in October, 1856, since which time he
+has been engaged in lumbering, dealing in pine lands and in the
+mercantile business. He is a member of the firm of Mathews &amp; Jourdain,
+and has been quite successful in his business undertakings. Mr.
+Mathews has been called upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span> to fill many positions of trust. He has
+served over twenty-five years as manager, receiving and disbursing
+agent of the Stillwater fire department. He served four years as mayor
+of Stillwater, was county commissioner for twelve years, and for many
+years director in the First National Bank of Stillwater. He was
+married to Elisabeth Foley in 1867. Their children are Samuel, Thomas,
+James, Mollie, Adie, Stella, and May.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John and James Mathews</span>, brothers of Samuel, came to Stillwater in
+1856, and are active, enterprising business men and good citizens.
+Their business is farming and lumbering.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Jourdain</span> is a native of Canada. He came to Stillwater about the
+year 1856, and successfully engaged in lumbering. He is a member of
+the firm of Mathews &amp; Jourdain, a firm engaged in dealing in logs and
+in manufacturing them into lumber. Mr. Jourdain has a family.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Rooney</span> was born in New Richmond, Canada East, in 1829. He
+remained in Canada until 1850, when he removed to Maine, coming thence
+to Stillwater in 1854. He engaged in lumbering, working at first by
+the month, and gradually acquiring means and influence for independent
+work. He is well situated, has a happy home and prosperous business.
+He was married to Elisabeth McGuire, of Stillwater, in 1863. They have
+five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James N. Castle</span> is a native of Sheffield, Sheffield county, province
+of Quebec. He received a common school education; read law four years
+and was admitted to practice. He came to Minnesota in 1862, and taught
+school part of the time at Afton until 1865, when he was elected
+county attorney of Washington county. Mr. Castle served as state
+senator in the eleventh, twelfth, twenty-first, twenty-second,
+twenty-third and twenty-fourth legislatures of Minnesota. He settled
+in Stillwater in 1866.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abraham L. Gallespie</span> was born at Shiloh, Randolph county, Illinois, in
+1836. He came to Osceola, Polk county, Wisconsin, in 1850. In 1859 he
+moved to Stillwater, since which time, with the exception of a year
+spent in Colorado, and two years in the army as a member of Company D,
+Second Wisconsin Cavalry, he has followed the business of lumbering
+and dealing in logs. He has filled the position of alderman in
+Stillwater. He was married to Adelia F. Wilson, of Osceola, in 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John C. Gardiner</span> came to Stillwater in 1850, from Washington county,
+Maine. He was born Jan. 5, 1822. On coming to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> Stillwater he located
+on a homestead near the city, and followed farming and lumbering for
+some years. In 1873 he was appointed prison guard, which position he
+held until a recent date. In 1845 he was married to Mary R. Jackman,
+in Maine. They have two sons living, Frederic and Albert L. Mrs.
+Gardiner died in August, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">V. C. Seward</span> was born July 10, 1845, at Laketon, Wabash county,
+Indiana. He came to Mankato at the age of ten, served an
+apprenticeship at printing in the office of the Mankato <i>Independent</i>,
+subsequently attended the Western Reserve College, Ohio; and then
+became editor of the Cleveland (Ohio) <i>Leader</i>. He returned to
+Minnesota in 1869, and founded the Redwood Falls <i>Mail</i>. In 1872 he
+came to Stillwater and purchased the Stillwater <i>Messenger</i> in company
+with S. S. Taylor. He has had entire control continuously since, and
+has been successful in its management. He was married to Lily M.
+Lumbard, at Shakopee, Minnesota, in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ralph Wheeler</span>, one of Stillwater's early citizens, commenced piloting
+an the St. Croix in 1850, and has been continuously engaged in the
+piloting, steamboating, log and lumber business since. He is one of
+the original proprietors of the opera house. He was born in Chautauqua
+county, New York, in 1829. W. H. H. Wheeler, brother of Ralph, has
+long been a prominent citizen of Stillwater. He married Lura, daughter
+of Daniel Mears, of Osceola.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward Scott Brown</span>, of the firm of Hersey, Bean &amp; Brown, was born Feb.
+9, 1830, at Orono, Maine. He received a good education in the common
+schools and at Foxcroft Academy. He learned the trade of millwright,
+and in 1852 went to Puget Sound, Washington Territory, via Panama and
+San Francisco, and was employed two years in building mills. He
+returned to Orono in 1854, and in 1855 came to St. Anthony, Minnesota,
+and engaged in the manufacturing and millwright business. He came to
+Stillwater in 1873, entered the firm of Hersey, Bean &amp; Brown, and in
+1883 was appointed receiver of the Northwestern Car Works. Mr. Brown
+represented his district in the state senate of 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Lowell</span> was born in Concord, Maine, April 26, 1807. Mr. Lowell
+was raised on a farm, but followed lumbering after he was twenty-one
+years old, with the Coburns on the Kennebec river, and afterward took
+a vessel around Cape Horn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> to San Francisco, California, with a cargo
+of manufactured lumber, consisting of ready made houses. He returned
+in 1850 by the overland route. Two years later he came to Taylor's
+Falls, but in 1853 settled in Stillwater, where he engaged in
+lumbering as a partner of S. M. Sawyer. He made a fine farm in
+Sterling, Polk county, Wisconsin, and lived upon it three years. He
+was interested in locating pine lands in company with the Colburns of
+Maine, on the St. Croix waters. He was a member of the Minnesota
+legislature in 1870. He was married in Concord, Maine, in 1836, to
+Rhoda Heald. She died in 1842, leaving two daughters. In 1856 he was
+married to Mrs. Elisabeth Rich, sister of Isaac Staples. Mr. Lowell
+died in Stillwater, July 15, 1873, leaving a widow and four children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert Lowell</span> was born at Concord, Maine, July 10, 1819. He was
+married Feb. 5, 1850, to Miss Abby Reed, at Kendall's Mills, Maine.
+From this union there were four children, of whom three are living,
+Elmore, Charles G. and Ernest. Mr. Lowell spent his early days in
+farming on the banks of the Kennebec river. In 1854 he came to
+Stillwater and settled on a farm near Lily lake, a portion of which
+farm is now used as a driving park. May 19, 1863, he took charge of
+the noted Sawyer House in Stillwater, which he afterward purchased.
+Himself, Mrs. Lowell and their son Elmore have by their invariable
+courtesy and close attention to business made this hotel one of the
+most popular in the State. They sold and left the hotel, December,
+1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nelson Holmes Van Voorhes</span>, eldest son of Abraham Van Voorhes, settled
+in Ohio and became a respected and useful citizen, at one time
+representing his district in Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson Van Voorhes</span>, the second son, born June 30, 1824, came
+to Stillwater in 1855, and in 1856 founded the Stillwater <i>Messenger</i>
+and conducted it until 1868, excepting two years which he spent in the
+army during the Civil War. He was a member of the Minnesota
+legislature in 1859-60, and served as clerk of the Minnesota supreme
+court for one year. From 1863 to 1865 he served as quartermaster in
+the army, with the rank of captain. He died in Stillwater in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Clay Van Voorhes</span>, the youngest son, was born in Athens, Ohio, in
+1839, and came with his father to Stillwater in 1850. During the war
+he was a member of Company B, First<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> Minnesota Volunteers, for about
+eighteen months, when he was discharged for disabilities. He afterward
+returned to the field with his brother, Capt. A. J. Van Voorhes, but
+was not on active duty. At the close of the war he returned to
+Stillwater, which has since been his home. He was married at Arcola,
+Feb. 9, 1868, to Emily Mower, daughter of John E. and Gracia Mower. In
+1887 he went to Alaska.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louisa</span>, eldest daughter of Abraham Van Voorhes, was married to C. A.
+Bromley. She died in 18&mdash;. Maria, the youngest daughter, was married
+to D. H. Cutler, of Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Bromley</span> was born in Plattsburg, New York, Oct. 31, 1829. He came
+to Minnesota in 1851. He erected a fine livery and sale stable on
+Chestnut street in 1863. Mr. Bromley served in the war of the
+Rebellion as captain of Company B, First Minnesota, and afterward of
+Company I, Sixth Minnesota Volunteers. He was married to Louisa Van
+Voorhes, who died some years ago. He was married a second time, to a
+Miss King.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles J. Butler</span> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1822.
+He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania. He removed
+to St. Louis in 1839, where he remained for ten years. He was married
+to Margaret E. Lansing, of Madison, Wisconsin, in May, 1846. The
+following July he went as paymaster's clerk, under his father, Maj.
+John B. Butler, to Mexico, in the Chihuahua expedition, commanded by
+Gen. John E. Wool. Returning to St. Louis, he engaged in the wholesale
+grocery business until the spring of 1849, when he disposed of his
+stock and went to California, where he engaged in mining operations.
+In August, 1851, he came to Marine as book-keeper for Judd, Walker &amp;
+Co., remaining with them until he was appointed secretary of the St.
+Croix Boom Company, which position he held until 1875. In 1856 he
+removed to Stillwater. In 1857 he was elected delegate to the
+constitutional convention. He served one term as mayor of Stillwater.
+In 1862 he served as first lieutenant under David Bronson as captain,
+and with S. J. R. McMillan as second lieutenant, in the Chengwatana
+expedition sent from Stillwater to prevent the Chippewas from rising
+and joining in the Sioux insurrection. He purchased the Nelson
+warehouse, and, with Capt. Isaac Gray as partner, engaged in the
+towboat business until 1878. Of late years Mr. Butler has been engaged
+in business<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> ventures in Western Minnesota, but he still retains his
+residence at Stillwater. Mr. Butler has always been a lover of field
+sports and his prowess as a sportsman is well remembered by his old
+friends. He has four children&mdash;two sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Levi E. Thompson</span> was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, May 5,
+1829; educated at Troy Wesleyan Seminary, New York; commenced studying
+law at the age of fourteen; was admitted to practice by the supreme
+court at the age of twenty, and, coming to Stillwater in 1852,
+commenced practice, having associated with him at various times T. E.
+Parker, Allen Dawson and John Vanderburgh. He was married, October,
+1856, to Martha G. Harris, daughter of Albert Harris, an early settler
+of Stillwater. Mr. Thompson died Nov. 8, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Davis</span> was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, Sept. 22, 1832. He
+received a good school and academic education. He removed to St. Louis
+in 1852, and to Stillwater in 1853, where he served some years as a
+mercantile clerk, then as deputy sheriff, then ten years as sheriff of
+Washington county. He also served as clerk of the district court, and
+in 1876 as county auditor. In 1865 he was married to Georgiana
+Stanchfield, of Stillwater. Mr. Davis died in 1879 and Mrs. Davis in
+1882, leaving five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Monroe McCluer</span> was born Sept. 6, 1831, in Franklinville, New York.
+He graduated from Temple Hill Academy, Geneseo, New York, in 1850;
+studied law in Moscow, New York; graduated at the State and National
+Law School at Poughkeepsie in 1854, and, removing to Stillwater the
+same year, engaged in the practice of his profession, in which he has
+been eminently successful. In November, 1881, he was appointed
+additional judge for the First district, an office created by the
+legislature at its special session. Judge McCluer served one term in
+the house of representatives. He was married to Helen A. Jencks, of
+Waterford, Saratoga county, New York, Sept. 27, 1858. They have one
+son, Charles M., practicing law in Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Nicholas Ahl</span> was born at Strasburg on the Rhine, Oct. 7, 1807.
+After seven years' study he was graduated as a physician at Strasburg
+Medical College in 1839. He emigrated to America and located in
+Galena, Illinois, in 1843, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> he practiced medicine some years. He
+was married in 1846 to Lucretia Hartman. In 1850 he removed to
+Stillwater. In 1852 he built the Washington Hotel (afterward changed
+to Liberty House), on south Main street. He practiced medicine and
+followed lumbering and hotel keeping in Stillwater until his death,
+which occurred in 1878.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel M. Register</span> is a native of Dover, Delaware. He is of French
+descent, and some of his ancestors took part in the Revolutionary War.
+He was born in 1827, and came to Stillwater in 1850, where he engaged
+actively in business, dealing in lumber and pine lands, piloting,
+steamboating and farming. He was at one time a member of the city
+council, and a representative in the territorial legislature of
+1854-5. He was married to Minerva Causlin in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. A. Johnson</span> was born near the city of Wexio, Sweden, April 24, 1842.
+In 1854 he emigrated with his parents to the United States, arriving
+at Marine Mills, Washington county, Minnesota late in the fall of that
+year. He remained at Marine and Stillwater till 1858, attending school
+a large portion of the time. In the fall of that year he went to
+school at Dubuque, Iowa. After completing the course of study he
+learned the trade of locomotive engineer, which occupation he followed
+till 1866, being in the employ of the United States government the
+last years of the war, in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee. After the
+close of the war, in 1865, he returned north as far as St. Louis,
+Missouri, where he married Miss Agnes A. Coler, of that city. He has 5
+children, 3 boys and 2 girls. His health having been impaired in the
+government service, he returned to Marine in 1866, where he remained
+till Jan. 1, 1874. In the fall of 1873 he was elected to the office of
+sheriff of Washington county, which position he held for six years,
+and has been twice re-elected without opposition. Retiring from the
+sheriff's office in 1880, he removed to Fargo, Dakota, and engaged in
+the sale of agricultural implements, in which business he has remained
+up to the present time.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence in the city of Fargo he has held various offices,
+such as alderman, member of the board of education, etc. In the fall
+of 1884 he was nominated for the territorial senate and received a
+majority of 1,133 votes in Cass county, and 835 out of a total of
+1,669 in the city of Fargo. In the spring of 1885<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> he was elected
+mayor of Fargo by over 300 majority, after one of the most hotly
+contested campaigns in the political history of the city. In 1886 he
+declined a re-election. While sheriff of Washington county he devoted
+his leisure moments to the study of law, and was admitted to practice
+in all the courts of Minnesota. Although not in active practice his
+knowledge of law has been of great value to him in the business in
+which he has been engaged since that time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gold T. Curtis</span> was born in Morrisville, New York, Aug. 16, 1821. At
+the age of eighteen he graduated at Hamilton College, New York, and
+entered upon the study of law with Judge Morrill, Chenango county, New
+York. He commenced practicing law at Belleville, New York, in 1850.
+During the same year he was married to Abigail Anderson, a descendant
+of Gen. John Stark, of Revolutionary fame, and of the Protestant
+branch of the royal house of the Stuarts, some of whom came from
+Scotland to America in 1742. Mrs. Curtis is a lineal descendant of the
+unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. Mr. Curtis removed to Stillwater in
+1854 and entered upon a lucrative law practice. He was elected a
+member of the Minnesota constitutional convention. In 1857 he was also
+nominated for the position of district judge, but was defeated by S.
+J. R. McMillan. He was much respected and held some offices of trust
+in the city and county. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he
+enlisted in Company I, Fifth Minnesota, and was promoted to the
+captaincy of the company, but his health failed and he died in St.
+Louis July 24, 1862. His remains were brought to Stillwater and
+interred with military and masonic honors, Aug. 2, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harley D. Curtis</span>, a native of New York and a brother of Gold T.
+Curtis, came to Stillwater in 1851. He held the positions of
+postmaster and justice of the peace.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis Roach Delano.</span>&mdash;The ancestors of Mr. Delano came to America in
+1621, and were active participants in the stirring scenes and
+controversies preceding the Revolution. Francis Roach, after whom Mr.
+Delano was named, was the owner of the ship Dartmouth, one of the
+vessels out of which the tea was cast into Boston harbor, on the
+memorable occasion of the Tea Party of 1774. Notwithstanding the
+affair of the tea, the family, who were ardent patriots, have
+preserved as a precious relic some of the tea rescued from the general
+destruction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Delano is one of sixteen children in his father's family. He was
+born in Worcester, Massachusetts, Nov. 20, 1823; received a common
+school and academic education, and was employed in a machine shop some
+years. At the age of twenty he was employed in an engineering corps
+and served two years. He was for two years superintendent of the
+Boston &amp; Worcester railroad. In 1844 he came to St. Louis, Missouri,
+and was variously employed until 1848, when he removed to Minnesota
+and was engaged for a year in St. Anthony (now Minneapolis), in
+running the government mill. The mill had been leased for five years.
+Mr. Smith fulfilled the contract, and Mr. Delano, being released from
+it, came to Stillwater in 1851 and entered into contract with Jesse
+Taylor, Martin Mower, Jonathan E. McKusick, and Jacob Fisher, under
+the firm name of Jesse Taylor &amp; Co., to build the territorial prison.
+Mr. Delano was appointed first warden, March, 1853, and served until
+1858. He was intrusted with the expenditure of public moneys from
+territorial authorities, in caring for and improving the prison. When
+the state government was organized he was released. He was afterward a
+member of the firm of Delano, McKusick &amp; Co., sawing and selling
+lumber. J. E. McKusick and Robert Simpson were members of this firm.
+Mr. Delano moved to St. Paul in 1862, and was afterward engaged in
+railroad employment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel to take
+command of five companies during the Indian outbreak. The command was
+stationed at Chengwatana, Pine county. He died February, 1887. He was
+married Oct. 11, 1846, to Calista Ann Cavander, who, with two sons,
+survives him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry W. Cannon</span> was born in Delhi, New York, Sept. 25, 1852. He was
+educated at Delaware Literary Institute. He came to St. Paul in 1870,
+and in 1871 to Stillwater, where he accepted the position of cashier
+of the Stillwater Lumberman's Bank. In 1882 he was appointed by
+President Arthur United States bank comptroller. He was removed by
+President Cleveland. He is now a resident of New York City, and is
+engaged in banking.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dwight M. Sabin</span> was born at Marseilles, La Salle county, Illinois,
+April 25, 1843. The ill health of the father, who was an extensive
+land owner and stock raiser, necessitated a removal to the seaside in
+Connecticut in 1856. In consequence of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> continued ill health of
+the father and his death in 1864, young Dwight was deprived of the
+thorough education to which he aspired, and, being the oldest son,
+found the cares and responsibilities of managing his father's business
+thrown upon his shoulders while he was yet a boy. In 1867 he removed
+with his mother and younger brother to Minnesota, the year following
+to Stillwater, where he engaged in business with the firm of Seymour,
+Sabin &amp; Co. This firm contracted for the convict labor in the state
+prison, and engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds and
+cooperage. The business in 1874 was extended and made to include the
+manufacture of agricultural implements, including also a machine,
+boiler shop and foundry, until it is now one of the most extensive
+establishments in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sabin is also interested in other manufactures, among them the C.
+N. Nelson Lumber Company and the Duluth Iron Company. In 1882 Mr.
+Sabin was the prime organizer of the Northwestern Car Company, with a
+capital of $5,000,000. The company was to receive a bonus from the
+city of Stillwater of $100,000 in bonds, on certain conditions. The
+company purchased the interests of Seymour, Sabin &amp; Co., thereby
+coming into possession of their immense manufactories, including those
+managed under the prison contracts, and elected Mr. Sabin president,
+and was making rapid progress toward the completion of its plans,
+when, owing to the stringency of the financial world, it was compelled
+to make an assignment.</p>
+
+<p>While Mr. Sabin has been busy with the management of his vast
+manufacturing establishments, he has been no less active and
+conspicuous as a public spirited citizen, ever taking a great interest
+in the affairs of his adopted city, of the State and country at large,
+and his talents and efficiency have been recognized by his fellow
+citizens, who elected him to the state senate in 1871-72-73, and to
+the house of representatives in 1878 and 1881. He has several times
+been a delegate to the National Republican convention, and was
+chairman of the convention at which James G. Blaine was nominated for
+the presidency. He was elected to the United States senate in 1883 as
+the successor of Hon. Wm. Windom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<h3>STEARNS, ANOKA AND SHERBURNE COUNTIES.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>STEARNS COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Stearns county derived its name from Hon. Charles T. Stearns, a
+prominent citizen of St. Cloud, a representative of the precinct of
+St. Anthony Falls in the fifth and sixth territorial councils.</p>
+
+<p>It is bounded on the north by Todd and Morrison counties, on the east
+by Benton, Sherburne and Wright counties, the Mississippi forming the
+dividing line against Benton and Sherburne, and Clearwater against
+Wright county, on the south by Kandiyohi and Mecker, and on the west
+by Pope county. It contains an area equal to thirty-six townships. It
+is a fine agricultural county and is well watered by the tributaries
+of the Mississippi, the principal of which is Sauk river. It has also
+an abundance of small lakes. Its oldest settlement and principal city
+is St. Cloud, and among its most flourishing villages are Sauk Centre,
+Fair Haven, Clearwater, Melrose, St. Joseph, Albany, Paynesville,
+Richmond, and Cold Springs.</p>
+
+<p>The county was organized in 1855, under the legislative act of that
+year. Gov. Willis A. Gorman appointed the following commissioners:
+David T. Wood, John Ferschniller and John L. Wilson. They held their
+first meeting at the house of John L. Wilson, April 9, 1855. J. L.
+Wilson acted as chairman. The board appointed the following county
+officers: Charles Ketchum, clerk; Robert B. Blake, treasurer; L. B.
+Hammond, sheriff; N. N. Smith, judge of probate; R. B. Blake,
+surveyor; and John Harry Weltshimer, assessor. The board established
+three precincts, viz.: St. Augusta, St. Cloud and Tamarack. The judges
+of election for St. Augusta were John M. Feble, John G. Lodenbeck and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>
+Anton Emholt; for St. Cloud, Joseph Demil, L. B. Hammond and Battise
+Arsenan; for Tamarack, Henry Foster, Louis Amel and John Smith.
+License was granted to Joseph P. Wilson, George F. Brott, L. B.
+Hammond, and O. Carter to run a ferry across the Mississippi river.
+April 30, 1855, Farmington precinct was established. John M. Lindeman,
+Jacob C. Staples and D. T. Wood were judges of election. July 5, 1855,
+the first rate of taxation was fixed for the county at one per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The first license to sell spirituous liquors was granted to Anton
+Edelbrock. The first order issued was to pay for county books, $31.86,
+to John L. Wilson. Ordered that Washington avenue and St. Augusta
+street be adopted as county roads. Aug. 27, 1855, it was ordered that
+Chippewa Agency precinct (now in Crow Wing county) be and remain as it
+was when a part of Benton county, and J. D. Crittenden, Truman Warren
+and D. B. Herriman were appointed judges of election. It was ordered
+that Long Prairie precinct (now in Todd county) remain as it was when
+a part of Benton county, and Anson Northrup, Lewis Stone and Harman
+Becker were appointed judges of election. On Jan. 6, 1856, a new board
+of commissioners qualified, consisting of Anton Edelbrock, chairman,
+Reuben M. Richardson, and M. J. Orth. H. C. Waite was appointed
+prosecuting attorney. The county was organized for judicial purposes
+in 1855, and the counties of Crow Wing and Todd were attached. The
+first term of court was held June 25, 1855; Hon. Moses Sherburne,
+presiding, Taylor Dudley, clerk, and Joseph Edelbrock, sheriff. The
+writer is indebted to the efficient clerk of court of 1887, A. L.
+Cramb, for collecting data, as the old records are quite
+unintelligible.</p>
+
+<p>Judge E. O. Hamlin held the first term of court under the state
+organization. At the session of the commissioners in July, 1856, the
+first bonds of the county were ordered for building a court house,
+amounting to $7,000, at twelve per cent interest for eight years. The
+bonds were offered in New York City by an agent. These bonds were
+lost, and only two of them were recovered. At the session of the
+commissioners for August, the donation of John L. Wilson of four
+blocks of ground, containing eight acres, for court house purposes,
+was accepted. Three-fourths of the ground was sold by the county, and
+the funds received from the sale, together with $6,000 in bonds issued
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> 1857, and other bonds issued later, were used in erecting the
+court house.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CLOUD.</h4>
+
+<p>The eastern side of the Mississippi river was the first settled. As
+early as 1848 David Gilman had located at a point now called Watab.
+During the ensuing year, Jeremiah Russell, Philip Beaupre and James
+Beatty were keeping trading posts at Sauk Rapids. In 1849 J. Q. A. and
+W. H. Wood, brothers, located there. In 1854 the Rapids had become
+quite a point with its Indian trading posts, its stores and its United
+States land office. Among the early residents were many subsequently
+identified with the interests of St. Cloud. In the spring of 1854 John
+L. Wilson crossed the river at the point now known as the upper
+landing, then covered with a dense growth of trees and underbrush. On
+the adjoining prairie, a Norwegian, Ole Burgerson by name, had staked
+out a claim and put up a shanty. Mr. Wilson purchased his interest and
+in June of the same year erected a frame dwelling (still standing)
+near the railroad bridge. Nicholas Lake put up a blacksmith shop near
+by. During this year James Hitchins put up a small log dwelling for
+Gen. S. B. Lowry, who platted the township of Acadia, now Lowry's
+addition to St. Cloud. A post office was established here through his
+influence. The same year Brott &amp; Co. laid out St. Cloud city. The
+earliest claimants of the town site, owning claims fronting on the
+river, were S. B. Lowry, Ole Burgerson, Martin Woolley, and Michael
+Zoms. John L. Wilson having purchased the claim of Ole Burgerson,
+platted the village of St. Cloud, and this was the first recorded of
+any of the St. Cloud plats. The village of St. Cloud made but little
+progress until 1856, when a hotel known as the Stearns House, now used
+in connection with the normal school, was built, a ferry established
+and other improvements made. A notable incident connected with this
+ferry is the fact that the Rev. Abbot Alexius Edelbrock, now president
+of St. John's University, then a lad of thirteen years of age, was
+ferryman, he being the son of the proprietor of the ferry. The craft
+was swung back and forth like a pendulum, by the current acting
+against its keel, being fastened by a long rope some distance up the
+river. It was not therefore beyond the ability of so youthful a
+ferryman to manage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> The post office, established first at Acadia,
+became the St. Cloud post office and Joseph Edelbrock was appointed
+postmaster. He was reappointed by President Cleveland to the same
+position in 1886. The first newspaper in St. Cloud was the <i>Visitor</i>,
+established in 1857, by the gifted and somewhat erratic journalist and
+reformer, Jane Grey Swisshelm. This paper had but a brief and troubled
+career&mdash;the advanced views and dictatorial style of its publisher and
+editor proving somewhat distasteful to the community at large. Mrs.
+Swisshelm, who had already won a national reputation, went to
+Washington, became a contributor to the New York <i>Tribune</i>, and had
+thereafter a somewhat variable, and upon the whole brilliant, career
+as a lecturer, editor and reformer. She was amongst the strongest,
+though not the most radical, of the advocates of woman's rights. She
+was not a woman suffragist, but directed her efforts chiefly toward
+establishing the legal identity of married women. She was also very
+pronounced in her anti-slavery views.</p>
+
+<p>The first records of the organization of St. Cloud as a village have
+been lost. It was reorganized by legislative enactment in 1862, and
+the following were the first officers: Mayor, Judge L. A. Evans;
+councilmen, H. C. Burbank, John W. Tenvoorde, Joseph Broker and Barney
+Overbeck; clerk, A. B. Curry.</p>
+
+<p>St. Cloud was organized as a city in 1868, under the following
+officers: Mayor, Judge E. O. Hamlin; aldermen, L. A. Evans, president;
+Peter Smith, Thomas Smith, T. C. Alden, Leander Gorton, T. R. Bennett,
+O. Tenny, C. Bridgman, Andrew Fritz, L. R. Roberts, Lewis Clarke, H.
+C. Burbank; clerk, N. F. Barnes. The city government has been
+judiciously managed. The United States land office, established first
+at Sauk Rapids in 1853, was removed to St. Cloud in May, 1858. The
+first receiver was W. H. Wood. His successors have been S. B. Hayes,
+C. A. Gilman, W. B. Mitchell, H. G. Burbank, Ole Peterson, and C. F.
+McDonald, the present incumbent. The first register was George W.
+Sweet. His successors have been W. A. Caruthers, T. C. McClure, H. C.
+Waite, H. L. Gordon, J. A. Brower, and D. H. Freeman.</p>
+
+<p>The city has paid for various improvements as follows: City water
+works on the Holly system, $25,000; city bridge over the Mississippi,
+500 feet in length, $12,000; to the Manitoba railroad in real estate
+and bonds, $100,000; in cash, $27,000; gas works,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> $10,000. The fire
+department is well equipped. An electric light plant has been
+established. Considerable money and work have been expended in
+dredging Lake George, a beautiful lake about fifty-five acres in
+extent, lying in the heart of the city, and surrounding it with parks.
+Street cars have been introduced and altogether the city has made most
+commendable advancement in all those things that pertain to beauty and
+comfort.</p>
+
+<p>Not less rapid and substantial are its advances in commerce and
+manufactures. Before the completion of the railway it had regular
+communication by water with all river points, and since its facilities
+for transportation have made it the peer of any inland city of its
+size in the State. The railroads of St. Cloud are the Manitoba with
+its various branches and the Northern Pacific, the latter passing
+through East St. Cloud. Among the improvements of which its citizens
+are justly proud we may mention the St. Cloud dam, constructed in
+1886, at a cost of $200,000. The city gave $100,000 for this
+improvement. The dam has for its foundation the underlying granite of
+this section. It is intended as a permanent structure and must conduce
+largely to the growth and prosperity of the city. The dam has 10 feet
+head of water and furnishes 1,500 horse power. A flour mill with a
+capacity of 300 barrels per day is run by the water power. The
+Ph&oelig;nix Iron Works, established at a cost of $175,000, give
+employment to 100 men. Bridgman's steam saw mill has a capacity of
+about 40,000 feet of lumber per day.</p>
+
+<p>St. Cloud is backed by a rich agricultural and timbered district. In
+the vicinity are valuable quarries of jasper, and of gray and red
+granite. Two granite polishing works, operated by steam, are located
+near the city. These quarries stretch away to the northeast, through
+the counties of Benton, Morrison, Mille Lacs and Kanabec. They give
+employment to 1,000 men. The Manitoba Railroad Company has purchased
+recently about 400 acres of land, on which to build extensive shops
+and stock yards, calculated to give employment, when completed, to
+1,000 men. The principal hotels are the Grand Central and the West
+House.</p>
+
+<p>The first bank in St. Cloud was established by Waite &amp; McClure in
+1859. This bank, a private institution, was the beginning of the
+banking system in St. Cloud. It is now operated by N.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> P. Clarke. The
+First National Bank was organized as a private bank in 1867, with a
+capital stock of $25,000; James A. Bell, president; Joseph G. Smith,
+cashier. It was reorganized as a state bank in 1879, with a capital
+stock of $50,000. In 1886 it was reorganized as a national bank. The
+first board of officers have served continuously to date. The business
+of the bank amounts to over $300,000. The German American National
+Bank was organized in 1883; Chas. A. Hull, president; Edgar Hull,
+cashier; capital stock $50,000. The business (in 1886) amounts to
+$250,000. The present board of officers are: F. E. Searle, president;
+John Cooper, vice president; F. M. Morgan, cashier.</p>
+
+<p>St. Cloud has many fine buildings. The court house cost $40,000, and
+four school buildings an aggregate of $75,000. The bishop's cathedral
+cost $40,000, and the Catholic church $30,000. The Episcopalians,
+Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists, and Lutherans
+have organizations and good church buildings. The normal school
+buildings located here cost $100,000. St. Cloud University is a
+flourishing institution. St. John's University, although located in
+the adjoining town of St. Joseph, has been identified more or less
+with the interests of St. Cloud, and deserves mention in its history.
+It was originally located two miles south of St. Cloud, but was
+subsequently removed to a point northwest, a mile distant from the
+thriving village of Collegeville.</p>
+
+<p>The university owes its existence to the zeal, energy and self
+devotion of the Benedictine Fathers, a colony of whom came to America
+in 1846. This colony settled first in Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, but
+in 1856, at the invitation of Bishop Cretin, came to Minnesota, where,
+the year following, they commenced their educational work on the banks
+of the Mississippi near St. Cloud. The school was commenced as a
+seminary, but in 1869 the state legislature granted authority to
+confer degrees, and in 1883 formally changed the name from St. John's
+Seminary to St. John's University. The buildings are ample and
+commodious, and located pleasantly on the banks of a beautiful lake.
+The faculty consists of Rt. Rev. Alexius Edelbrock and twenty-two
+professors. In 1885 St. Benedict's Hospital was erected at a cost of
+about $15,000. It is under the supervision of the Benedictine Nuns.
+The state reformatory was located at East St. Cloud in 1887.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>LA SAUK,</h4>
+
+<p>Formerly St. Joe, adjoining St. Cloud on the north, had a saw and
+flour mill erected in 1855. These mills were burned in 1886, and
+rebuilt in 1887. Amongst the early settlers were J. H. Lineman in
+1854, J. A. Upham and George Rieder in 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Schaeler</span>, a farmer, a native of Germany, came to America in
+1850, and to St. Joseph in 1856. John, his only son, retains the old
+homestead, and was in 1883 engaged in the insurance business in St.
+Cloud.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John L. Wilson</span> was born in Columbia, Washington county, Maine, in
+1820. He came to Minnesota in 1851, locating at St. Anthony, but in
+the following year removed to Sauk Rapids and in 1854 to St. Cloud.
+The first deed on record in Stearns county was from John L. Wilson to
+L. C. Kenna, and bears date of 1855. In 1855 he was married to Harriet
+N. Corbett. They have three children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles T. Stearns</span>, from whom the county took its name, has been for
+many years a resident of Louisiana, and is a wealthy planter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry G. Fillmore</span>, a nephew of President Fillmore, was born in the
+state of New York in the '20s, and came to Watab in 1848. He has lived
+in St. Cloud many years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Getchell</span> was born in Washington county, Maine, in 1828. He
+came to St. Anthony in 1852, and to Stearns county in 1855.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Keough</span> came from Ireland to America in 1850, and directly to
+Watab. He settled in St. Cloud in 1854, was married in 1855, and has a
+large family.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Loren W. Collins</span> was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Aug. 22, 1839. He
+received a common school education; came to Hastings, Minnesota, some
+time prior to the Rebellion, studied law with Smith &amp; Crosby and was
+admitted to practice, but in August, 1862, entered the service of his
+country in Company F, Seventh Minnesota Volunteers, of which company
+he was commissioned second lieutenant, and a year later first
+lieutenant. He was discharged with his regiment at the close of the
+war, and returned to his law practice. In 1866 he removed to St. Cloud
+and practiced law. He served as county attorney a number of years; was
+a member of the Minnesota house of representatives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> in 1881-83; was
+appointed judge of the Seventh Judicial district April 8, 1883, and
+elected to that office in 1884. Nov. 12, 1887, he was appointed to
+fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Berry, an appointment
+that gives general satisfaction, Judge Collins having won an enviable
+reputation as a jurist and as a man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry C. Waite</span> was born in Albany county, New York, in 1830; graduated
+at Union College, Schenectady, New York; was admitted to practice law
+in 1852, and the same year came to Iowa. A year later he removed to
+Wisconsin, and located at Madison, where he practiced law two years.
+In May, 1855, he came to St. Cloud, where he has since continuously
+resided. The first ten years of his residence in St. Cloud he devoted
+to the practice of his profession, after which he devoted his time to
+farming and milling.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Waite was a member of the constitutional convention in 1857. He
+also served several terms in the senate and house. During President
+Lincoln's administration he served as register of the land office. He
+was married to Maria D. Clark in 1860. He has two sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gen. S. B. Lowry</span> was the son of the devoted and zealous missionary,
+Rev. David Lowry, who labored among the Winnebagoes in Northern Iowa
+in the '30s and '40s. He located first at Brockway, ten miles above
+St. Cloud, and established a trading post, but in 1853 removed to St.
+Cloud, where he surveyed and platted the village of Acadia, afterward
+known as "Lowry's addition." He made St. Cloud his home until his
+death, which occurred in 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anthony Edelbrock</span> was the first resident of St. Cloud. His oldest son
+was the first child born there. This son died in infancy. His second
+son became the abbot of St. John's University. Mr. Edelbrock is now a
+resident of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Edelbrock</span> was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1826. He learned
+the trade of a carpenter, came to America in 1847, and lived in
+Chicago until 1855, when he came to St. Cloud and engaged in
+mercantile pursuits. He is the oldest merchant continuously in
+business in the city. He served as sheriff two years and as register
+of deeds four years. He was married in Chicago in 1852, and has six
+children living. A daughter, the second child born in St. Cloud, is
+the wife of Peter E. Kaiser.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Rengel</span>, made a claim here in 1855. He has been and still is a
+prosperous citizen. He has a family of ten children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis A. Evans</span> was born near Philadelphia, Nov. 2, 1822. His
+forefathers came to America with William Penn and bought of him a
+township of land, on which still reside many of his descendants. His
+father served as a soldier in the war of 1812. Louis was educated at
+the graded schools in Philadelphia; was apprenticed to a piano maker,
+and worked at his trade at Cincinnati, Ohio, Clinton, Mississippi, and
+New Orleans until 1856, when he came to St. Cloud, where he still
+resides. During his residence he has served as postmaster, judge of
+probate, clerk of the district court, editor of the St. Cloud <i>Times</i>,
+mayor of St. Cloud, and president of the council and member of the
+house and senate of the state legislature. He was married to Elisabeth
+W. Libby in 1871.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ambrose Freeman.</span>&mdash;We have no datum as to when Mr. Freeman came to St.
+Cloud, but it was probably prior to 1860. He was a stonemason, and
+while working on a cellar wall heard the report of the Sioux uprising
+and massacre (in 1862), and, dropping his tools, hurried off to
+satisfy himself as to the truth of the reports, called a meeting of
+citizens, and organized a company of twenty-five volunteers to assist
+in caring for the wounded and burying the dead. On his return he was
+commissioned captain of the Northern Rangers and marched with his
+command to the relief of Forest City and Fort Abercrombie. He was with
+Gen. Sibley's command in 1863, and while riding over the prairie was
+shot with an arrow by an Indian, and expired instantly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathan F. Barnes</span> has lived a somewhat eventful life. He was born at
+Portland, Maine, June 26, 1817; received an academic education; served
+as a midshipman in the navy from 1834 to 1839, visiting many parts of
+the globe. In 1840 he commenced the study of law, was admitted to
+practice in 1843 and practiced awhile at Conway, New Hampshire, where
+in 1844 he was married. In 1850 he was appointed mail agent on the
+Isthmus route to California, served six years, and then located in
+California. Two years later, in 1858, he removed to Alexandria,
+Minnesota. During the Sioux massacre he and Andreas Darling were the
+only persons remaining in the neighborhood who escaped being killed.
+In 1865 he came to St. Cloud, where he has been an active and
+prominent citizen. He served many years as city<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> clerk and city
+justice and was elected to the house of the state legislature in 1875.
+He was influential in securing the location of the normal school in
+St. Cloud. One son, Percival S., died in the Saulsbury prison during
+the Civil War. He has one son and one daughter living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nehemiah P. Clark</span> was born in Worcester county, Massachusetts, April
+8, 1836. In his youth he attended school in Kentucky and at seventeen
+years of age was clerking in a store at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. In
+1856 he came to St. Cloud and engaged actively in business, selling
+goods, farming, staging, lumbering, and dealing in pine lands. He has
+a farm in Le Sauk of 2,000 acres, a creamery, a cheese factory, and
+one of the largest and best herds of cattle, horses, hogs and sheep in
+the State. For office and official honors he has no taste. He served,
+however, as president of the State Agricultural Society in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oscar E. Garrison</span> was born at Fort Ann, New York, in 1825, and was
+early thrown upon his own resources. He came to Minnesota in 1850, and
+built the first house on the shores of Lake Minnetonka where Wayzata
+is now located. In 1850 he surveyed and platted the village of
+Wayzata. In 1860 he came to St. Cloud. He made a land claim in Polk
+county in 1862 and narrowly escaped being murdered by the Sioux at
+their uprising. His house and property were destroyed. While hiding
+with his wife and four-year-old son, Indians passed within twenty feet
+of him. After a perilous night journey, during which he came almost
+within touching distance of sleeping Indians, he arrived safely at
+Sauk Centre.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gilman Family.</span>&mdash;The Gilman family of which Charles A. is a
+descendant came to America from Hingham, England, with the Folsoms, in
+1638, and are the founders of the town of Hingham, Massachusetts. The
+Gilmans were renowned for their loyalty to the colonies, and later to
+the state and national government.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles A. Gilman</span> was born in Gilmanton, New Hampshire, Feb. 9, 1833.
+His youth was spent at home, where he received a common school and
+academic education, the latter at Gilmanton Academy. He taught school
+during the winters. In 1855 he came to Sauk Rapids, Benton county,
+where he engaged in farming and real estate business; he also filled
+the offices of auditor and register of deeds. In 1861 he removed to
+St. Cloud,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> having been appointed register of the United States land
+office for that place. He served seven years as register and receiver.
+He studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1876. Mr. Gilman has
+lived a busy life, and besides his real estate, law, surveying and
+exploring business, he has taken a conspicuous position in the
+politics of his State, having served as state senator in the years
+1868-69, and as representative from 1875 to 1879. In 1878-79 he served
+as speaker of the house. From 1881 to 1884 he was lieutenant governor
+of the State. He was elected to the legislature several times as a
+Republican, when the district was strongly Democratic, a high
+compliment to his ability and integrity. He was married to Hester
+Cronk, at Sauk Rapids, Jan. 1, 1857. They have six children living. He
+has lived at St. Cloud since 1861, where he has a delightful home.</p>
+
+<p>Of St. Cloud citizens not elsewhere mentioned in this work, and who
+have been prominent in advancing its interests, are Charles Bridgman,
+Henry G. Mitchell and son, C. F. McDonald, Lewis Clark, Alonzo F.
+Cramb, C. F. Davis, Levi S. Geer, Josiah G. Hayward, David L. Kiehle,
+A. Montgomery, Overbeck brothers, John H. Owen, and John Cooper. St.
+Cloud has furnished three able jurists for the supreme bench in this
+district, E. O. Hamlin, J. M. McKelvy and L. W. Collins.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANOKA COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Anoka county was organized in 1857, the nucleus or first settlement
+being a small village on the Mississippi, at the month of Rum river,
+named Anoka, from a Chippewa word meaning work or labor. The county
+has a fine location on the east bank of the Mississippi. Its
+boundaries on the north are Isanti county, on the east Chisago and
+Washington counties, on the south Ramsey county, and on the west
+Sherburne county and the Mississippi river. Rum river flows in a
+southeasterly direction through the county, and by this river, its
+tributaries and those of the Mississippi and St. Croix, the county is
+well watered and drained. The valleys of these streams furnish many
+fine natural meadows. The soil is a black sandy loam with clay
+subsoil. Townships 31, 32 and 33, range 22, are drained by the
+tributaries of the St. Croix. Originally consisting of oak openings,
+natural meadows and tamarack swamps, interspersed with small lakes,
+with excellent roads, school houses, churches and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span> town organizations,
+the county is well settled and has many fine farms under a high state
+of cultivation. Its proximity to the pineries of Rum river and to the
+markets of Minneapolis and St. Paul makes it a desirable location for
+the lumbermen and farmers.</p>
+
+<p>The county is subdivided into the following townships: Anoka, Bethel,
+Blaine, Burns, Centreville, Columbus, Fridley, Grow, Ham Lake,
+Linwood, Oak Grove, Ramsey, and St. Francis. The Northern Pacific and
+St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba railroads traverse this county near
+its western boundary, following the course of the Mississippi river.
+Outside of Anoka the first settlement in the county was within the
+bounds of the present town of Ramsey. Nathan Shumway, Cornelius Pitman
+and Daniel Hawthorne settled there in 1850.</p>
+
+<p>The first county commissioners were appointed by the governor. They
+were E. C. H. Davis, J. P. Austin and Silas O. Lum. They met June 30,
+1857, and appointed the following officers: Sheriff, James C. Frost;
+treasurer, James M. McGlauflin; coroner, Joseph C. Varney; assessors,
+Daniel Robbins, S. L. Guice, Francis Peeler. The first deed on record
+in the county bears date of June 30, 1857. It conveys the northwest
+quarter of section 26, township 33, range 24, from Nathaniel S. Davis
+to Mary S. Small, for a consideration of five hundred dollars. There
+is, however, a transcript of a deed from Ramsey county bearing
+original date of Sept. 11, 1849, conveying the north half of the
+northwest quarter of section 35, township 31, range 24, from Abel
+Bloodgood, of Minnesota Territory, to Henry M. Rice, for a
+consideration of two hundred dollars. The first town plat, that of
+Anoka, bears date of July 5, 1854.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANOKA.</h4>
+
+<p>This town lies on the east shore of the Mississippi and includes part
+of fractional township 31, range 24. It is watered by Rum river, which
+traverses the northwestern part, and by Coon creek in the eastern
+part. The town originally was chiefly prairie. Its early history is
+included in that of Anoka county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANOKA CITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The county seat of Anoka county is located on the Mississippi at the
+mouth of Rum river and dates its settlement to the year<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> 1847, when
+Thomas Holmes located on the east bank of the river, and built the
+first log house for a trading post. Aaron Betts, in the employ of
+Holmes, brought his family with him, the first family in the town. In
+the winter of 1847-48 Holmes sold out to Simeon P. Folsom, whose
+family was the second in the town. Mr. Folsom raised the first crop in
+the township. In September, 1848, Mr. Folsom removed to Sherburne
+county, selling out his claim to Louis Roberts. In the winter of the
+same year Wm. Dahl took possession for Mr. Roberts. In the spring of
+1849 Antoine Roberts, brother of Louis, came from Prairie du Chien,
+took possession of the home, and lived there some years, when he was
+killed by an Indian. When the land on which the improvements were made
+was brought into market Louis Roberts entered it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 Anton Guion entered a quarter section of land on the west
+side. He immediately sold his claim to Henry M. Rice, who bought it
+with the intention of platting it as a town site. His brother, Orrin
+Rice, occupied it and made improvements. Rum river has a fall of five
+feet, which is fully utilized at Anoka.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 Geo. W. Branch took up a claim on the west side, and built a
+house near what is now the corner of Main and Ferry streets. This was
+the first frame house in Anoka, which, from this time forward, grew
+almost imperceptibly into a village, till in 1855 the census showed
+nearly 300 inhabitants. In 1860 the population was 602, and in 1886,
+5,000. Anoka was incorporated as a city in 1878, with the following
+board of officers: Mayor, G. W. Church; aldermen, D. C. Dunham, D. H.
+Lane, L. G. Browning, A. Davis, H. N. Seelye, and J. H. Pierce;
+treasurer, H. E. Lepper; justices of the peace, W. W. Fitch and E. S.
+Teller; constables, George Geddes and Norman McLean. At that time the
+city was divided into two wards, the First including the east side,
+and the Second the west side, of Rum river. In 1881 the west side was
+changed to the First ward, and the east side became the Second and
+Third wards.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853 Ed. I. Shaw built and opened the first store. It was on the
+west side, and the building still stands, and is known as the Schuler
+building. It is now the hospital: Caleb and W. H. Woodbury erected a
+saw mill on the east side. It was subsequently owned by Woodbury, Shaw
+&amp; Farnham. During the same year a bridge was built across Rum river by
+the government; Orrin Rice, contractor. The first flour will was
+finished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span> in 1855. It was burned ten days after with $5,000 worth of
+wheat and corn a total loss, as there was no insurance. It was owned
+by A. P. Lane, Caleb and Henry Woodbury. The mill was rebuilt by Caleb
+Woodbury and Wm. L. Barnes. In 1855 H. L. Ticknor erected and opened
+the first store on the east side. Rev. Royal Twitchell preached the
+first sermon and taught the first school. The first mill was utilized
+on Sundays as a church.</p>
+
+<p>The Congregationalists organized the first church in Anoka in 1855,
+and erected a church building in 1857. The Baptists and Catholics
+organized in 1856, the Methodists and Episcopalians in 1860, the
+Universalists in 1867, the Swedish Lutherans in 1870, the Adventists
+in 1880, and the Free Methodists in 1882. The Masons organized a lodge
+in 1866, the Knights of Pythias in 1872, the United Workmen in 1877,
+the Patrons of Husbandry in 1874, and the Odd Fellows in 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Anoka has suffered from time to time by fires. A flour mill, two saw
+mills, half a dozen hotels, and a large number of stores have been
+burned at different times, and twice the business part of the city has
+been destroyed. Aug. 16, 1884, the entire business portion of the
+city, including 60 business blocks and the Washburn mills, was
+consumed. The loss amounted to $750,000, on which there was an
+insurance of $316,000. The burnt district has since been handsomely
+rebuilt, and the Washburn flour mill has been replaced with a superior
+building, five stories high, 60 &times; 180, ground plan, and rising to the
+height of 112 feet. This is one of the finest mills in the State.</p>
+
+<p>The court house is valued at $35,000, the city hall at $12,000, and
+four school buildings at $75,000. The bridge across the Mississippi, a
+fine structure, 700 feet long, was built at a cost of $100,000. Street
+cars have been introduced on some of the streets. The principal
+manufactories are the Lincoln flouring mill, with a capacity of seven
+hundred bushels per day, owned by the Washburn Mill Company; four saw
+mills belonging to the Washburn Mill Company, with a capacity of
+50,000,000 feet per year; the Anoka Sash and Door Factory, one of the
+most thriving industries in the city, Jonas Morell, manager; a starch
+factory, a boot and shoe company, with a capital of $30,000, recently
+organized. Other industries are well represented; the whole giving
+employment to over 1,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>The First National Bank of Anoka was organized as a private<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> banking
+institution in 1872. It became a state bank in 1882, with a capital
+stock of $25,000, and a national bank in 1883, with a paid up capital
+of $50,000. The officers are: President, H. L. Ticknor; cashier, B. F.
+Pratt. The Anoka National Bank was organized in 1883, with a paid up
+capital of $100,000. The officers are: President, W. D. Washburn; vice
+president, C. C. Crane; cashier. C. S. Guderian.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BETHEL</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 33 and the twelve south sections of township 34,
+range 23. Its surface is partially prairie land, and is dotted with
+small lakes. The first settlers were Quakers, with the exception of
+Rice, Price, O. Evans and Robert Minard, who came in 1855. Bethel post
+office is located at what is known as Bethel Corners. The town was
+organized in 1858. The first supervisors were O. Evans, W. Dickens and
+R. Price.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BLAINE,</h4>
+
+<p>Named in honor of James G. Blaine, embraces township 31, range 23. It
+was originally included in Anoka, but was set off and organized in
+1877. The first supervisors were Moses Ripley, George Tisdale and
+Richard de Long. The records have not been kept with sufficient
+accuracy to enable us to determine who were the first settlers. It
+appears, however, that the first comers abandoned their claims. Green
+Chambers is the first settler recorded. He came in 1865.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BURNS</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 33, range 25, and is in the northwestern part of the
+county. The soil is clay loam, and in the western part are many lakes.
+Of these Twin lakes are ninety feet in depth. The first settler was
+John Derigan, who was also one of the first settlers of Elk River
+township, in Sherburne county. The town was organized in 1869. The
+supervisors were John D. Keen, John A. Mussey and W. D. Le Clair. A
+German Lutheran church was built in 1878.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTREVILLE</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 31, range 22. It is the oldest settlement in the
+county, Alphonse Jarvis having located here in 1840. Frank Lamott
+settled here in 1849. The first considerable settlement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> was made on
+Rice lake, in 1850, by F. W. Traverse and other German families. A
+French colony settled in the eastern part of the town in 1852.
+Prominent among these colonists were Francis X. Levalle and brother,
+Oliver and Frank Dupre, Francis Lamott and Oliver Peltier. The town
+was organized in 1857, with the following commissioners: Oliver
+Peltier, chairman; Francis Lamott, treasurer, and Stephen Ward. The
+town was originally a timbered and meadow district. It has a good
+black loam soil, and is well watered by Rice lake and numerous small
+streams. It contains a number of ancient mounds. Its nearest railroad
+station is Centreville, on the St. Paul &amp; Duluth road, an Washington
+county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENTREVILLE VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Was platted in 1853, by Peltier, Lavalle &amp; Lamott. It contains a
+substantial brick church known as the Church of St. Genevieve of
+Paris, built in 1859. The congregation numbers about four hundred.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLUMBUS,</h4>
+
+<p>Township 32, range 22, was settled in 1855 by James Starkey, Isaac
+Conway, John Kleiner and Henry Batzle. Mr. Conway became a dealer in
+real estate, and removed to California where he died.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Starkey</span> figured prominently in the early history of the
+Territory and State, but may be mentioned here as the founder of the
+village of Columbus, in 1855 and 1856. He expended $60,000 in building
+a hotel and other improvements, not a vestige of which now remains.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FRIDLEY.</h4>
+
+<p>This town, including fractional township 30, range 24, was organized
+as Manomin county in 1857, and held that organization, with A. M.
+Fridley as chairman of county commissioners, until 1870, when it was
+disorganized and attached to Anoka county, retaining Manomin as its
+town name until 1879, when it was changed to Fridley by legislative
+enactment. John Sullivan, G. W. Thurber and Thomas Casey were the
+first supervisors. The town contains about thirteen sections of land
+in the eastern part of township 30, range 24, pleasantly located on
+the east bank of the Mississippi. It is traversed by Rice creek.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Banfil</span> settled here in 1848 and was the first postmaster of the
+village of Manomin, of which he was proprietor. He represented the
+Twenty-fourth district as senator in the first state legislature. He
+removed to Bayfield, Wisconsin, and died there in 1886. It has been
+improved by the introduction of large manufacturing establishments. A
+flouring mill was built in 1871. In 1887 $100,000 was expended in
+manufactories, and real estate to the amount of $400,000 changed
+hands. It has one church building (Episcopal), erected in 1858.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GROW</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 32, range 24. It is watered by Rum river and Coon
+creek. George Branch settled here in 1853, and about the same period,
+J. C. Frost, Joseph McKinney, Andrew J. Smith and Walter D. Gary. The
+town was organized in 1857 as Round Lake, but changed to Grow in 1860,
+in honor of Senator Grow of Pennsylvania. The first supervisors were
+Silas O. Lum, W. W. Hank and Wm. Staples. The town records were burned
+in 1856. In 1873 the Catholics erected a church building.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HAM LAKE,</h4>
+
+<p>Formerly a part of Grow, was set off and organized in 1871. It
+includes township 32, range 23. It was settled chiefly by Swedes and
+Norwegians, of whom Matts Gilbertson, of Norway, was first to locate
+here. There were many transient persons among the first comers, but
+the first permanent settler of any nationality was Josiah Hart, from
+Vermont, who came in 1857. He died in 1876. John Scully came in 1858.
+The first supervisors were John Rowe, A. B. Lingard and C. Olsen. The
+Swedes and Norwegians have each a house of worship.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LINWOOD.</h4>
+
+<p>This town, consisting of township 33, and twelve sections of township
+34, range 22, lies in the northeastern part of the county. It is well
+watered and traversed by a chain of lakes. The first settlement was by
+Joseph Sanson, a German, who located here in 1855. W. Dickens, an
+Englishman, came in 1857. Linwood was set off from Bethel and
+Columbus, and organized September, 1871. The first town officers were
+J. G. Green, F. McGregor and Michael Hurley. There is a post office in
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> village of Linwood. A Methodist church was built in 1873, and a
+saw and feed mill, by Shanton &amp; Haskell, in 1875.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. S. Arnold</span>, a native of Montreal, Canada, born in 1820, came to
+Minnesota in 1847. He seems to have made his home at Linwood, which he
+left, but after living some years in Michigan and Missouri, he again
+returned in 1866.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Ridge</span> came to Linwood in 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. G. Green</span>, born in 1819, located here in 1863, and since 1867 has
+served as postmaster in Linwood village. He has served several years
+as county commissioner. The Green brothers are descendants of the
+Plymouth Pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">G. W. Haskell</span> was an early settler. He originally came from Skowhegan,
+Maine. He died in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael M. Ryan</span> was born in Ireland in 1845. He came to America in
+1858 and settled in Linwood with his father's family. Two brothers
+enlisted as volunteers during the Civil War, and died in the service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hurley Family</span> come to Linwood some time in the '50s. The sons are
+prominent business men at North Branch, Pine City and Hinckley. The
+father moved to North Branch in 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OAK GROVE</h4>
+
+<p>Includes township 33, range 24. It abounds in small lakes and the Rum
+river drains the western portion. The first settlers were David
+Rogers, Moses Seeley and James Nutter, in 1855. Dennis Mahoney, of
+Ireland, born in 1813, came to Oak Grove in 1856, held the office of
+supervisor fourteen years, and that of justice of the peace
+continuously to the present. The town was organized in 1857, with the
+following supervisors: A. W. Norris, Dennis E. Mahoney and Peter
+Brennan. Rose, daughter of William Smith, was the first child born.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RAMSEY,</h4>
+
+<p>Named in honor of the first territorial governor, occupies fractional
+township 32, range 25, in the western part of the county, on the
+Mississippi river. It was organized in 1857 as Watertown, which name
+was changed to Dover, and then to Ramsey, in 1885. In 1849 an Indian
+trading house was opened in section 19, by T. A. Holmes and Thomas
+Beatty. The first permanent settlement was made by a New England
+colony<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> in 1850, amongst whom were P. Shumway and sons (John and
+Peter), Nathan and Benjamin Shumway, and Cornelius Pitman. In 1852 the
+town plat of Itasca was surveyed in sections 19 and 30. William
+Vincent, Thomas Miller and J. C. Bowers came to Ramsey in 1852. Mr.
+Bowers was postmaster for twenty-five years at Itasca, and died Oct.
+4, 1879. The first supervisors were Jared Benson, Isaac Varney and
+Cornelius Pitman.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. FRANCIS</h4>
+
+<p>Includes the two southern tiers of sections of township 34, ranges 24
+and 25. The first settlers were George Armsby and E. Fowler, in 1855.
+The town was organized in 1857, but the records have been lost. Dwight
+Woodbury, who has been prominent in the history of the county, located
+a water power flour and saw mill and built a hotel on Rum river where
+the village of St. Francis has since been built, and surveyed the
+village plat. The mills were destroyed by fire in 1869, but were
+immediately rebuilt. In 1880 a bridge across Rum river was built at an
+expense of $7,000. Mr. Woodbury's investments have been over $25,000.
+Mr. Streetly opened the first store and was first postmaster at St.
+Francis.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN INDIAN RIOT.</h4>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1847 a German baron, a single man, and Wm. Noot and
+wife settled on Big island, in the Mississippi, about two miles above
+the mouth of Rum river. They were traders. In March, 1848, in
+consequence of the revolution in Germany, the baron returned to his
+native land. Noot remained until June, when the Winnebago Indians were
+removed by Gen. Fletcher. Pending their removal the Winnebagoes made a
+raid on the trading post, confiscated the whisky and provisions and
+fastened Noot in a stable and his wife and child in a small cabin,
+where they were found by S. P. Folsom the same day, surrounded by
+drunken Indians and in imminent peril. Noot appealed to Folsom for
+aid. The Indians, however, were furious and threatened Folsom's life.
+The chief, "Whistling Thunder," used his influence in a novel way to
+quiet the turbulent, by placing before them all that remained of the
+barrel of whisky, which they eagerly drank. Folsom then released Noot.
+The wife, who had been previously released, ran with her child,
+frightened out of her wits, no one knew whither. After a long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> search
+the captain found her, and at great risk took her across a slough to
+the mainland in a canoe, which nearly sank before the shore was
+reached. Noot afterward went to St. Paul and purchased eighty acres of
+land, now in the heart of the city. He was a member of the house,
+Fourth and Fifth Minnesota legislatures. At present he resides at Big
+Lake, Sherburne county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jared Benson.</span>&mdash;Mr. Benson was the son of Jared and Sallie Taft Benson,
+and was born in Blackstone. Massachusetts, Nov. 8, 1821. The farm on
+which he was born was purchased of the Indians by his great, great
+grandfather. His paternal grandfather, Benoni Benson, and his maternal
+grandfather, Ebenezer Taft, served in the Revolutionary War, the
+former as a lieutenant. Jared Benson, his father, served in the war of
+1812.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Benson had a fair common school education and occupied himself in
+farming until 1844, when he joined the corps of engineers who were
+locating the Providence &amp; Worcester railroad. He was afterward agent
+for the company and superintendent of transportation. In 1856 he came
+to Minnesota, locating at Anoka and engaging chiefly in farming and
+stock raising. He has served his townsmen as justice of the peace and
+county commissioner. For some years he has been a director of the St.
+Paul &amp; Pacific railroad. He served as clerk of the house of
+representatives in 1859-60, and was afterward member and speaker of
+the house for three years, including the extra session of 1862. He was
+revenue collector for his district in 1870-72, and was again elected
+to the legislature in 1878. He was married to Martha Taft, of Mendon,
+Massachusetts, Feb. 5, 1857. They have five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James C. Frost</span> was born in Rumford, Oxford county, Maine, in 1816. He
+was raised on a farm. On reaching his majority he came to Jefferson
+county, Wisconsin, where he lived fourteen years. In 1852 he came to
+St. Anthony and in 1853 to Anoka. He held the office of postmaster
+several years and was again reappointed in 1888; served fifteen years
+as sheriff and as a member of the legislature in 1857-58. He was in
+the employ of the St. Paul &amp; Pacific Railroad Company for nine years.
+He was married in 1840 and has a family of eight daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. J. McKenney</span>, born in Lowell, Maine, Feb. 20, 1829, came to St.
+Anthony in 1850 and followed lumbering until 1854, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> he came to
+Ramsey, Anoka county, and located in section 2 as a farmer. He has
+been a prominent citizen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Henry Batzle</span> was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1830; came to
+America in 1837; lived in New York until 1855, when he came to
+Minnesota and located in what is now the town of Columbus, Anoka
+county, where he engaged in farming. He has been a member of the
+Methodist church for twenty-five years. He is in every way much
+esteemed as a citizen. He was married in 1854, but has no children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John R. Bean</span> was born at Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, April 25, 1831;
+came to St. Anthony in 1849 and to Ramsey, Anoka county, in 1850,
+where he made a farm in section 33. He says this was the first farming
+done in Anoka county. From 1850 to 1859 he lived alternately at his
+home in St. Anthony and his farm in Ramsey. In 1870 he removed to
+Anoka city, where he is engaged in lumbering.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Staples</span> was born in 1815, in York county, Maine, where he was
+married in 1840. He came to St. Anthony in 1850. He has lived in the
+town of Grow, of which he was one of the founders, for many years. He
+is a farmer and brickmason.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abraham McCormack Fridley</span> was born May 21, 1818, at Corning, Steuben
+county, New York. His parents were Pennsylvanians, of German descent.
+He received a common school education. At the age of twenty-one years
+he was appointed deputy sheriff of Steuben county, and was afterward
+collector of canal tolls at Corning. In April, 1851, he was appointed
+by President Fillmore agent for the Winnebago Indians then at Long
+Prairie, Todd county. In that year he was also admitted to practice
+law. In 1853 he removed to St. Paul and was elected sheriff of Ramsey
+county. The next year he removed to St. Anthony Falls and was elected
+to the house of the territorial legislature. A little later he removed
+to Manomin, now Fridley. He was elected a representative in the
+legislatures of 1869-70-71 and 79. For many years he cultivated a
+large farm at Becker. For ten years he has been in the employ of the
+Manitoba railroad as land agent. He is a Democrat, and in 1860 was
+delegate to the conventions at Charleston and Baltimore. Mr. Fridley
+died March 26, 1888, leaving a widow and three sons, Henry C., Frank
+and David H.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. James Starkey</span> was born in England in 1818. He came to America in
+1849 and located in St. Paul in 1850. He removed to the town of
+Columbus, Anoka county, in 1855, and was active in promoting its
+interests. His first enterprise, the building up of the village of
+Columbus, was not successful. In 1857, by order of Gov. Medary, he
+commanded a military expedition against the Chippewas at Sunrise
+Prairie, the object being to compel them to return to their
+reservation, an expedition attended with some tragical results, as
+elsewhere narrated. Capt. Starkey took part in the Civil War as
+captain of a cavalry company. He was the first to survey a road
+through the country lying between St. Paul and Lake Superior. He was a
+representative of the first state legislature. Since 1865 Capt.
+Starkey has resided at St. Paul, and is at present prominent as a
+citizen and as an official in West St. Paul.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHERBURNE COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Prior to its organization, Sherburne was part of Benton county. It was
+named in honor of Judge Moses Sherburne, an appointee to the bench of
+the supreme court of Minnesota Territory. The county is bounded on the
+north by Benton, on the east by Anoka and Isanti counties, and on the
+south by the Mississippi river. It is somewhat irregularly timbered
+with pine and hardwood, interspersed with oak openings, rolling
+prairie lands and natural meadows. The surface is generally
+undulating. A prominent ridge of high land, from three to five miles
+wide, extends from Elk river in a northeasterly direction into Anoka
+county. The county is well watered by tributaries of the Mississippi,
+Elk and St. Louis rivers, and has besides many clear and sparkling
+lakes. The soil is mostly sandy loam with clay subsoil, and valuable
+granite quarries are found in the northern tier of towns.</p>
+
+<p>David Faribault was the first settler or trader, he having established
+a post on the Elk river in 1846, where he made a garden and raised
+potatoes. In September, 1848, H. M. Rice and S. P. Folsom bought
+Faribault's improvements, and Folsom moved his family to the place and
+built a log cabin on what is now Auditor's addition to Elk River
+village. He was succeeded in the ownership by Pierre Bottineau.</p>
+
+<p>The county was organized in 1856, under territorial law. The governor,
+Willis A. Gorman, appointed J. H. Stevenson, Ephriam<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> Nickerson and
+Eli J. Cutter commissioners (Stevenson being chairman); Eli Houghton,
+treasurer; H. J. Putnam, register of deeds; Andrew Boyington, judge of
+probate; John G. Jamieson, county attorney; Orlando Bailey, sheriff.
+The first commissioners' meeting was held at the house of Joseph
+Brown, at the village of Humboldt, which was made the county seat and
+so remained until 1867, when it was removed to Elk River village. The
+county was attached to Benton for judicial purposes until 1862. Prior
+to this Mr. Brown's house was used for county commissioners' meetings
+and for courtrooms until burned down some years later, when the
+commissioners met at the house of John E. Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>A court house was built at Elk River on lots donated by J. Q. A.
+Nickerson, the village donating $1,000 and the county the remainder
+necessary for the building.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the formation of the state government, the county was divided
+into election precincts. The first term of district court was held at
+Humboldt in December, 1862; Judge C. E. Vanderburgh, presiding; J. E.
+Putnam acting as clerk. The first commissioners who held their meeting
+at Elk River were H. Houlton, chairman; A. Boyington and O. Bailey.
+The first meetings were held at the house of J. Q. A. Nickerson.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867 the St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba railroad was completed
+through the county on a line parallel with the general course of the
+Mississippi river. The North Pacific railroad, since built, runs
+parallel on the same grade. The depots were built upon the same plan
+and placed on opposite sides of the two tracks. The stations are Elk
+River, Big Lake, Becker, Clear Lake, and East St. Cloud. The Manitoba
+has a branch line from Elk River to Princeton and Milacca, built in
+1884.</p>
+
+<p>The first deed recorded was transcribed from the Benton county
+records, transfers of property from James Beatty to Richard Chute and
+David Olmstead, and bears date of July 28, 1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TOWNS.</h4>
+
+<p>The towns in Sherburne are: Baldwin, deriving its name from F. Eugene
+Baldwin, an old citizen; Big Lake, from the lake on which located;
+Becker, from Hon. G. L. Becker, of St. Paul; Blue Hill, from a high
+hill in the town; Clear Lake, from a lake of that name; Elk River,
+from the river on the shore of which it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> is located; Haven, from Hon.
+John Ormsby Haven, who represented his district in the state senate in
+1872-73; Livonia, from the christian name of the wife of an old
+citizen; Orrock, from Reuben Orrock, a pioneer, originally from
+Scotland; and Palmer, from Dr. Palmer, of Sauk Centre.</p>
+
+<p>Elk River was the first town organized, and included the whole county.
+The first election was held Sept. 30, 1858, at which the following
+board of officers was elected: Moderator, Alden B. Heath; supervisors,
+J. G. Jamieson, Alden B. Heath, J. Q. A. Nickerson; clerk, George H.
+Davis.</p>
+
+
+<h4>VILLAGES OF SHERBURNE COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Orono, a post office, was established at Orono in 1850. The office was
+merged into the Elk River post office in 1853. This post office, with
+the mills erected in 1851, became the nucleus of the Elk River
+settlement, which some years later became Elk River village, within
+the corporate limits of which Orono is now situated. Orono was
+surveyed and platted May, 1855; Ard Godfrey, proprietor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ELK RIVER,</h4>
+
+<p>Located originally about a mile below Orono, was not platted as a
+village until 1865. J. Q. A. and Julia Nickerson were the proprietors.
+It is on the east bank of the Mississippi, at its junction with Elk
+river, above which it now extends a distance of two miles. It has a
+pleasant location. It was incorporated in 1881, with C. S. Wheaton,
+president; W. T. Struble, recorder; N. K. Whittemore, H. P. Burrell
+and L. Pollard, commissioners. Elk river affords a fine water power
+with ten feet head. Mills were erected here in 1851. A great fire in
+May, 1887, destroyed mill property valued at $50,000. Since the fire a
+flour mill with a capacity of 250 barrels a day has been completed at
+a cost of $25,000. A saw mill is also in process of construction. The
+village has an elevator with a capacity of 10,000 bushels, 2 town
+halls, 3 churches, Episcopal, Free Will Baptist and Congregational; a
+first class school building, with rooms for four departments; a school
+building at Orono, with two departments; and two railroad depots,
+built at a cost of $9,000.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1885, a private bank was incorporated as the Bank of Elk
+River.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>EAST ST. CLOUD,</h4>
+
+<p>In the town of Haven, is a thriving village. It has one of the best
+granite quarries in the State. The State, in 1887, located here its
+reformatory school, receiving a donation of two hundred acres of land,
+covered with gray and variegated granite. The village was surveyed and
+platted in August, 1853; Geo. F. Brott &amp; Co., proprietors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLEAR LAKE</h4>
+
+<p>Was surveyed and platted March 24, 1882; Alanson Potter and wife,
+proprietors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BECKER</h4>
+
+<p>Was surveyed and platted Dec. 5, 1870; J. Freeman and H. C. Fridley,
+proprietors. Mr. Vadnais was the first settler, in 1855.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIG LAKE,</h4>
+
+<p>Originally Humboldt village, is located on Elk river, ten miles above
+its junction with the Mississippi. Its first settler was Joseph Brown,
+a veteran pioneer, but not to be confounded with the invincible Joe R.
+Brown, elsewhere referred to. Mr. Brown came here in 1848, and made
+substantial improvements. He died in 1886. His family still reside
+here. James Ely and Newell Houghton also settled here in 1884. Mr.
+Houghton was killed at the New Ulm massacre in 1862.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Quincy Adams Nickerson</span> was born in New Salem, Franklin county,
+Maine, March 30, 1825. He received an academic education; taught
+school and followed farming in Maine. In 1849 he came to St. Anthony
+Falls, and in 1853 settled at Elk River, which then contained but one
+house, a hewed log structure, which he, in company with B. F.
+Hildreth, purchased for a hotel. The house has been enlarged from time
+to time, and has been continuously under the charge of Mr. Nickerson.
+He has besides employed much of his time in farming and lumbering, and
+has dealt in village lots. He was appointed postmaster at an early
+day. He has filled various responsible offices, among them that of
+county treasurer and town and county supervisor. He was married to
+Julia A. Farnham, of St. Anthony Falls, Oct. 2, 1852. They have five
+children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Bittner</span> was born in Bavaria in 1799; came to America in his
+boyhood; enlisted in the United States Army in 1835;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> served in the
+Mexican War; was present at the battle of Buena Vista, and when the
+American forces were surrounded performed a daring feat, carrying a
+dispatch from Gen. Taylor through the Mexican lines to an American
+fort. He was a target for the bullets of the Mexican Army, but arrived
+at his destination severely wounded. He was discharged on account of
+his wounds. In 1855 he came to Clear Lake and made him a home. He
+offered himself as a volunteer during the late Civil War, but was not
+received on account of age and disability. He died at his home at
+Clear Lake in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis De Lille</span>, of French descent, was born in Canada in 1782. He
+came with his family to St. Anthony in 1848, and in 1852 to Elk River,
+where he occupied the first house built in the lower town. He settled
+on a farm, where he lived the remainder of his life. He died April 18,
+1874, under peculiar circumstances. He was a devout Catholic, and died
+suddenly in the church while kneeling during a part of the service.
+His widow and youngest son reside at the old homestead.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. De Lille</span>, formerly Catharine Queenan, of Ireland, is one of the
+oldest settlers of Sherburne county. She has eight children living,
+Mary F., married and living in Dakota; Frank, Agnes; Elisabeth,
+married to Peter Trump of Taylor's Falls; Harriet, wife of Joseph
+Holt, of Taylor's Falls; Joseph F., Rosanna and Sarah, all married.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Howard M. Atkins</span> was born in New Sharon, Franklin county, Maine, May
+11, 1838. His father was stricken down by lightning, leaving him at
+the age of thirteen to assist in taking care of the family. Howard was
+near his father and was struck senseless by the same flash that
+deprived him of a father. Recovering, he set himself earnestly and
+seriously to the duties of life, performed his allotted tasks about
+the household, and succeeded in obtaining a good high school
+education. He came to Princeton, Mille Lacs county, in 1856, studied
+law and was admitted to practice in Mille Lacs county in 1863.
+Subsequently he practiced law five years in St. Cloud. He came to Elk
+River in 1876. He has held official positions in Mille Lacs, Stearns
+and Sherburne counties. Mr. Atkins has acquired an honorable position
+through his own exertions and richly deserves the respect of his
+fellow citizens. He was married in 1862 to Virginia Sinclair, of
+Illinois. They have two sons and four daughters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Hildreth</span> was born in Milford, Maine, March, 1822. He learned the
+trade of a blacksmith and came to St. Anthony in 1849, and the year
+following did part of the crew work of the first steamer launched on
+the Mississippi above the falls. Since then he has engaged chiefly in
+lumbering and farming. In 1850 he was married to M. E. Farnham, of St.
+Anthony. He removed to Elk River in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Hayden</span> was born Oct. 12, 1806, at Madison, Maine. He came to
+Livonia, Sherburne county, in 1856. He has a family of four sons and
+three daughters, residents of Minnesota. His brother, the Hon.
+Wentworth Hayden, was a member of the constitutional convention of
+1857.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of these sketches had known Mr. Samuel Hayden in early
+life, and distinctly remembered seeing him the winter of 1827, driving
+an ox team in the pineries on Dead river, Maine. He was then a young
+man of twenty-one, and the writer was a boy of ten. Sixty years later
+they met in Sherburne county, and the writer recognized in the aged
+man of eighty-one years the young man of twenty-one, though for the
+moment unable to call his name. It is seldom that memory bridges so
+wide a chasm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Jerome</span> settled in the town of Haven in 1846, and is therefore
+among the first of the pioneers. In 1848 he sold his property to
+Samuel Sturgis and removed to Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joshua O. Cater</span> came from Stafford county, New Hampshire, and was one
+of the earliest settlers of the town of Haven, where he still lives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. F. Bean</span> also came from New Hampshire to Sherburne county, and is
+now a resident of Livonia, and postmaster at Lake Fremont.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. H. Felch</span>, of Maine, an early settler of Livonia, is now living at
+Elk River.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Brady</span> came to Palmer in 1855. He died about 1868.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joshua Briggs</span> settled in Palmer in 1855, and died there in 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Orrock</span>, for whom the town of Orrock was named, died at his
+home, at a good old age, January, 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John G. Jamieson</span> died at Elk River in 1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. B. Heath</span> removed to Oregon in 1873, where he still lives.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. B. R. Palmer</span>, for whom the town of Palmer was named, was a
+resident of Sauk Centre and died there in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Judge Moses Sherburne</span>, for whom the county was named, died at Elk
+River in 1869.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chas. F. George</span>, who settled in Santiago in 1856, is at present
+chairman of the board of county commissioners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Royal George</span>, a pioneer of the same date, returned to Vermont, where
+he died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. L. Babcock</span>, a merchant of Santiago, still resides here.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>BENTON COUNTY.</h3>
+
+<p>At the organization of Minnesota Territory three counties were
+created, of which Benton was one. Its eastern boundary followed the
+course of Rum river from its mouth to its junction with the west
+branch and thence a line due north to the Mississippi river. The
+boundary line upon the west followed the windings of the Mississippi
+down to its junction with Rum river, making a county large and
+irregular in outline, extending from north to south about one hundred
+miles, and about forty at its widest point from east to west. The
+formation of new counties since that time has left it with less than
+eleven townships lying east of the Mississippi river and bounded on
+the north by Morrison, on the east by Mille Lacs, and on the south by
+Sherburne counties. The soil is diversified. There is black sandy loam
+in the plains and a black vegetable mould in the timber, with clay
+subsoils. It is a fair agricultural district, having groves of pine
+and hardwood in the east and natural meadows, prairies and oak
+openings in the central and western portions. It is well watered by
+the Mississippi and its tributaries, Elk, Little Rock and Platte
+rivers. It has some fine lakes, of which Mayhew, Briggs and Little
+Rock are the largest. A granite formation underlies most of this
+county and crops out in many places, furnishing valuable quarries. The
+granite is plain and variegated and is being worked and shipped
+extensively. Near the village of Watab there is a rich upheaval. The
+St. Paul custom house is made of the Watab granite.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Pacific railway passes through this county parallel with
+the channel of the Mississippi river. The Manitoba, St. Cloud &amp;
+Hinckley branch passes through the southern tier<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> of towns. The
+organized towns are Alberta, Gilmanton, Glendorado, Granite Lodge,
+Maywood, Minden, Sauk Rapids, St. George, and Watab. The villages are
+East St. Cloud, Foley, Oak Grove, Rice's, and Watab.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlers were Philip Beaupre, in 1844; David Gilman, in
+1848; Jeremiah Russell, Wm. H. Wood, James Beatty, Ellis Kling, Wm.
+Smith, and J. C. Mayhew, in 1849. Sauk Rapids was made the county
+seat, then Watab, then Sauk Rapids.</p>
+
+<p>The first board of officers, qualified Jan. 7, 1850, were:
+Commissioners, Wm. A. Aitkin, chairman; Joseph Brown and James Beatty;
+assessors, Truman A. Warren and Reuben M. Richardson; attorney, W. D.
+Phillips. The voting precincts were at Sauk Rapids, Swan River and
+Crow Wing. The judges of election were: For Sauk Rapids, J. Russell,
+Wm. Sturgis and Curtis Bellows; for Swan River, Philip Beaupre, James
+Green and Duncan Stewart; for Crow Wing, Allen Morrison, Wm. Morrison
+and Sylvester Stateler. The first election was held at Pierre
+Bottineau's house, now in Sherburne county. George Egbert and Thomas
+Holmes were judges of election.</p>
+
+<p>The first court in the county was held Nov. 11, 1850; Bradley B.
+Meeker, presiding. David Gilman was the first sheriff, John C. Hawley
+the second. The first deed recorded was from James Hitchins to Wm. F.
+Coblett. It bore date of Oct. 21, 1850. Taylor Dudley was register of
+deeds. The land conveyed was a tract lying at the foot of Sauk Rapids,
+being a land claim of one hundred and sixty acres, purchased from
+Calvin Potter.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SAUK RAPIDS.</h4>
+
+<p>The site of the village of Sauk Rapids was judiciously chosen. It
+slopes gently to the river's east bank, giving a pleasant frontage to
+the rapids. Philip Beaupre came here first in 1844. His son, William
+P., was the first white child here, born May 24, 1852. Geo. O. Sweet
+was the second, born Aug. 22, 1852. Several Indian traders located
+here and at Watab. Following Mr. Beaupre came T. A. Holmes, James
+Beatty, J. Russell, Calvin Potter, James Hitchins, Curtis Bellows, and
+Charles Webb. The first plat of Sauk Rapids was made and recorded in
+1854. The proprietors were J. Russell, G. M. Sweet and S. Van Nest.
+The surveyor was C. B. Chapman.</p>
+
+<p>The village was incorporated in 1881. The commissioners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> appointed
+under the general act to effect the organization were Alphonso J.
+Demenles, Erasmus Cross, B. K. Knowlton. A wagon bridge built across
+the Mississippi at this point cost $25,000. It was greatly damaged by
+a storm, and partially destroyed by the cyclone of 1886.</p>
+
+<p>The dam across the Mississippi at Sauk Rapids was built in 1870 at a
+cost of $140,000. The east wing is owned by the Commodore Davidson
+estate; the west, by the Sauk Rapids Manufacturing Company.</p>
+
+<p>The rapids are formed by the eruption of granite ledges across the
+channel of the river. A flour mill built here with a capacity of three
+hundred barrels per day was totally destroyed by the cyclone of April
+16, 1886, which was one of the most destructive on record. The
+estimated loss in Sauk Rapids was $300,000, of which $108,000 was made
+up by voluntary contributions from St. Paul, Minneapolis and other
+portions of the State.</p>
+
+<p>The public buildings, including the court house, school buildings and
+several churches, were destroyed, together with many fine stores and
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>Since the cyclone the village has been handsomely rebuilt. A new court
+house has replaced the old one at a cost of $6,000, a new school house
+has been built at a cost of $12,000&mdash;a model building with rooms for
+five departments. There are five new church buildings, an Episcopal,
+Congregational, Methodist and two Lutheran.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WATAB.</h4>
+
+<p>Watab appears to have been a noted Indian trading post from 1844 to
+1855. Asa White, D. Gilman, C. W. Borup, N. Myrick, Gen. Lowry, and
+others were located, or had stations here. Watab was for a short time
+the county seat of Benton county. A bridge was once built across the
+Mississippi here, but it has disappeared. The village site was
+surveyed and platted, and a post office established in 1853. P. Lamb
+was postmaster. A steam saw mill was erected here, but was afterward
+removed. The first improved farm in Benton county was located in the
+vicinity. David Gilman, Benjamin Bright and George Goodhue were early
+settlers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philip Beaupre</span> was born in Lower Canada, in 1823. As his name
+indicates, he is of French descent. He received a French education. He
+came West in 1841; entered the employ of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> fur company in 1843, and
+located at Sauk Rapids in 1844. When he arrived there were no white
+inhabitants, save Indian traders, on the Mississippi north of St.
+Anthony. Mr. Beaupre built a log house in 1851, and was continuously
+engaged in trade until succeeded by his sons. He assisted in forming
+the county, town and village organizations, filling many offices of
+trust and honor. In 1880 he served as judge of the probate court, and
+since as collector of customs at Pembina. In 1851 he was married to
+Teresa de Noyes, of St. Louis, and has a family of seven sons and six
+daughters, all residing in Benton county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Gilman.</span>&mdash;Hon. David Gilman, of Watab, was born April 29, 1812,
+at Saratoga, New York. He was left fatherless at the age of six
+months, and his mother subsequently placed him in the family of a
+neighbor to be brought up and cared for until the age of twenty-one.
+As he grew older he was not pleased with this arrangement, and at the
+age of fourteen left his home to adventure for himself. His
+opportunities for securing an education were limited. In 1836 he came
+to Michigan. In 1844 he married Nancy W. Lamb, of Woodstock, Vermont.
+In 1848 he came to Watab, Minnesota, and made him a permanent home,
+making himself a useful, influential and public spirited citizen,
+filling many positions of trust in his town, county and state
+governments. Amongst the offices filled by him were those of deputy
+United States marshal, member of the second territorial legislature,
+and of the constitutional convention. He was postmaster at Watab from
+the establishment of the office in 1849 until 1885, when he died,
+greatly lamented by his friends and honored by all who knew him. Mrs.
+Gilman and four children survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Beatty</span> was born in Fairfield county, Ohio, April 27, 1816. When
+fourteen years of age he went to Cass county, Michigan. He farmed for
+the Winnebago Indians near Fort Atkinson, Iowa, for several years, and
+coming to Minnesota in 1848 located at Sauk Rapids, which he made his
+permanent home. He has been engaged as Indian trader, hotel keeper,
+merchant and farmer. He was a member of the Minnesota territorial
+legislatures of 1851, 1853 and 1854. He was married to Eliza Foscet,
+of New York, in 1854. They have three children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ellis Kling</span> was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, Oct. 15, 1824.
+He was brought up as a farmer, and has made farming his occupation
+through life. He came to Sauk Rapids<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> in 1851. In 1854 he was married
+to Lucy Lewis, of Belle Prairie. They have five sons and one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George W. Benedict.</span>&mdash;Mr. Benedict was born at Rochester, New York, in
+1827. He served an apprenticeship to a printer in Canada for five
+years. In 1851 he was married to Anna Cronk, a native of Prince Edward
+county, Canada. For four years he published the Tecumseh (Mich.)
+<i>Herald</i> and in 1854, having removed to Sauk Rapids, established the
+<i>Frontiersman</i> for Jeremiah Russell. This paper he conducted for three
+years. He then conducted the <i>New Era</i> for one year. In 1868 he
+established the Sauk Rapids <i>Sentinel</i>, which he conducted four years,
+when he started the Alexandria <i>Post</i> and also became a member of a
+company that published the St. Cloud <i>Press</i>, with which he was
+connected one year. In 1872 he re-established the Sauk Rapids
+<i>Sentinel</i>, which he sold to W. L. Nieman, but repurchased after the
+cyclone of 1886. Mr. Benedict was in the United States revenue service
+ten years, and served as a member of the state senate one term.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">J. Q. A. Wood</span> was born in Chichester, New Hampshire, in 1815. He
+graduated at Union College, New York, in 1843; studied law with
+President Franklin Pierce; was admitted to practice in 1846, and made
+his home at Sauk Rapids in 1854, which has been his home ever since,
+with the exception of some years spent in Kentucky as editor of the
+<i>Southern Kentucky Shield</i>. This paper was suppressed in 1862.
+Returning to Sauk Rapids in 1864, he engaged in the practice of law,
+in which he has since continued. During this period he served eleven
+years as county attorney, and also a term as probate judge. Mr. Wood
+was seriously injured in the great cyclone, having been buried in the
+debris of the court house, from which, with great difficulty, he
+extricated himself. Mr. Wood is a poetical writer of some reputation,
+many of his productions having been received with great favor. Among
+them we may mention "Father is Growing Old, John," "Ode to New
+Hampshire," and "The Wine of Cyprus." He has one son, a resident of
+Dakota, and one daughter, the wife of D. C. Roberts of West Superior.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Wood</span> was born in London, New Hampshire, Feb. 2, 1817. When
+he was fourteen years of age his father removed to Tecumseh, Michigan.
+He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1839 and afterward took a course
+in Union College,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> New York, graduating in 1843. He then returned to
+Tecumseh, Michigan, where he studied law with Judge Stacy. In 1845 he
+was admitted to the bar in Lenawee county, Michigan. During the
+presidential campaign of the year following he edited a paper in
+Kentucky, the <i>Rough and Ready</i>, advocating the claims of Gen. Taylor
+for the presidency. In 1848 he located in Greensburg, Kentucky, and in
+1849 was married to a lady of refinement, known to the literary world
+under the <i>nom de plume</i> of "Minnie Mary Lee." In 1849 he removed to
+Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. He was there editor of the pioneer paper, the
+<i>Frontiersman</i>. He afterward owned, and with his gifted wife edited,
+the <i>New Era</i>, in which he was an ardent supporter of Mr. Lincoln for
+the presidency in 1860. Meanwhile he practiced his profession and held
+the office of county attorney for many years. When the land office was
+established at Sauk Rapids he was appointed receiver and served a
+number of years. He was a member of the first state legislature. In
+1869 he was elected president of the New Athens College, Greensburg,
+Kentucky, and served a short time, when he contracted the disease that
+afterward terminated his earthly career. Mr. Wood was a man of more
+than ordinary ability, an eloquent speaker, a fluent and gifted
+writer, whose influence will long be felt. He left a widow and three
+children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. W. H. Wood</span> has been a liberal contributor to magazines and the
+author of several volumes, of which a list is here appended: "The
+Heart of Myrrha Lake;" "Into the Light of Catholicity;" "Hubert's
+Wife;" "The Brown House at Duffield;" "Strayed from the Fold;" "Three
+Times Three; or, Basil, Beatrice, Ethel;" "Story of Annette;" "Hazel
+Green's Rival."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. de Lacy Wood</span>, son of Mrs. W. H. Wood, edits the Two Harbor <i>Iron
+Post</i>, in Lake county.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. H. Wood</span>, second son of Mrs. W. H. Wood, edits the Sauk Rapids <i>Free
+Press</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Sherman Hall</span> was born in Weathersfield, Vermont; was educated at
+Exeter Academy, Dartmouth College and Andover Theological Seminary. He
+was married to Betsey Parker in 1831, and ordained the same year as a
+missionary to the Chippewa Indians at La Pointe. With them he remained
+until 1854, when he transferred his residence to Sauk Rapids and
+organized<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> a Congregational church, of which he continued pastor until
+his death, Sept. 1, 1859. Mr. Hall made a translation of parts of the
+Bible into the Ojibway tongue. He was greatly beloved amongst his
+people for his firm, christian demeanor and publicly recognized as a
+man of integrity and sound judgment. He served the people of Benton
+county as judge of probate court and county superintendent of schools.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jeremiah Russell</span> was born in Eaton, Madison county, New York, Feb. 2,
+1809. He received a common school and academic education, and learned
+to set type in the office of the Chautauqua <i>Gazette</i>. He subsequently
+taught school and worked for awhile in printing offices. Removing to
+Palmyra, he clerked in a store several years. In 1835 he came to
+Michigan, and thence to the Lake Superior country, where he
+superintended a copper mine for a couple of years, at Left Hand river,
+near the head of the lake. In 1837 he came to Fort Snelling, and in
+1839 accompanied Frank Steele and others to St. Croix Falls, and
+engaged in building a saw mill. In 1840 he went to Pokegama mission as
+government farmer and blacksmith. About 1842, at the closing up of the
+Pokegama mission in consequence of Indian disturbances, he purchased
+the old Connor trading post and farm. In 1843, with Elam Greely, he
+went down the St. Croix and up the Mississippi and Rum rivers in a
+birch canoe, exploring for pine timber. They found Rum river blockaded
+at one place a distance of three-quarters of a mile, with drifts or
+rafts of trees, consolidated and held together by the roots of grasses
+and water willows, the accumulations apparently of ages. Around this
+raft they made a portage, and ascended a tributary of Rum river to its
+source, thence down the Kanabec or Snake river to Pokegama. In 1848
+Mr. Russell came to Crow Wing, Minnesota, as agent for Borup &amp; Oakes,
+Indian traders and fur dealers. In the autumn of 1849 he established
+himself at a point two miles above Sauk Rapids, and opened up a farm
+of one hundred and thirty acres. At the end of four years he moved
+down the river and made a land claim on the west side, including the
+water power of Sauk Rapids. He owned an interest also in the water
+power on the east side. In 1854 he was one of the company that
+surveyed and platted the village of Sauk Rapids. He established the
+pioneer newspaper, the Sauk Rapids <i>Frontiersman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Russell for several years held the office of county auditor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span> and
+treasurer, and in 1849 was elected to the territorial legislature. His
+name appears in the list of members, but he was present only at the
+opening sessions, and voted for but a single measure. He had told his
+constituents before his election that he would not serve. At this time
+he was Democratic in politics but in later life voted the Republican
+ticket. Mr. Russell possessed a warm, generous nature, combined with
+integrity of character, which gained for him the love and esteem of
+his many friends. Ever ready to extend a willing hand to those in
+need, and, as far as lay in his power, to assist those in distress, he
+will ever be remembered with kindly feelings by all who knew him.
+Though exposed to all the temptations and vicissitudes of an early
+settler's life, coming in contact with all kinds of social conditions,
+he never departed from the path of christian rectitude, and those with
+whom he came in contact will ever remember him for his kind
+heartedness and gentlemanly bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 20, 1843, he was united in marriage to Miss Sophia Oakes
+(daughter of the late Chas. H. Oakes), who survives him. Seven
+children were born unto them, but only three are now alive. These are
+Mrs. W. L. Nieman, Miss Julia A. and Mr. J. A. Russell. Mr. Russell
+died at his home in Sauk Rapids in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward Oscar Hamlin</span> was born at Bethany, Wayne county, Pennsylvania,
+June 12, 1828. He received his preparatory education at his native
+place; entered Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1848, and
+graduated in 1858, third in his class, and in three years received the
+degree of A.M. He read law first at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, with
+Hon. Geo. W. Woodward (afterward one of the judges of the supreme
+court of Pennsylvania); at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, later with Earl
+Wheeler, Esq., and was admitted to the bar Sept. 7, 1852. After
+practicing for two years at Honesdale, he decided to go West, and in
+1855 settled in Sauk Rapids. He was admitted to practice in the
+territorial courts, and in 1856 was admitted to practice by the
+supreme court. Judge Hamlin was elected the first mayor of the city of
+St. Cloud. He was nominated by the Democratic party for governor, and
+subsequently for judge of the supreme court. He was also, in 1860,
+appointed by Gov. Ramsey "a regent of the University of the State of
+Minnesota," and was subsequently an efficient and zealous member of
+the state board of normal instruction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Soon after the outbreak of the Rebellion, in 1861, Gov. Ramsey
+tendered him the commission of major of the Seventh Regiment,
+Minnesota Volunteers, but his eyesight being defective, he was obliged
+to decline it. In 1864 Judge Hamlin was chosen by the Democratic party
+as one of the delegates to the Democratic national convention. He was
+appointed as one of the committee on platform, and openly denounced,
+with three others, the platform before it was adopted, because it
+declared the war for the Union a failure. Judge Hamlin was a war
+Democrat, and hung out the stars and stripes over his residence in
+Sauk Rapids, the first one in that town to do so. In 1873, being an
+only child and yielding to the solicitations of his parents, Judge
+Hamlin returned to his native county and opened an office in
+Honesdale. After a short residence there he removed to Bethany, which
+has since been his home. He continued the practice of his profession
+in Honesdale until June, 1885, when failing health compelled him to
+retire.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Hamlin has been twice married. His first wife was Mary A.,
+daughter of Judge Eldred, who for a quarter of a century graced the
+bench of Pennsylvania. She died at St. Cloud, Sept. 27, 1868. In
+October, 1870, Judge Hamlin married Ella F., daughter of E. B. Strong,
+Esq., for years clerk of the district court of Stearns county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MORRISON COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Morrison county is somewhat irregular in outline. It is bounded on the
+north by Crow Wing and Cass, on the east by Mille Lacs, on the south
+by Benton and Stearns, on the west by Stearns and Todd counties. The
+portion east of the Mississippi originally belonged to Benton county,
+and the portion on the west side to Todd county. It contains 1,139
+square miles. The eastern part is well covered with pine and hardwood
+forests. The west and central portions consist of oak openings and
+brush prairies. The groves are interspersed with poplar. The surface
+is generally level, but is well drained by the Mississippi and its
+tributaries, mostly small streams. It has some fine lakes in the
+northern and central parts. The soil is well adapted to farming. A
+granite range, an extension of the range of Sauk Rapids and St. Cloud,
+passes through the county.</p>
+
+<p>William Nicholson was probably the first settler in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> county. He
+first came to Swan River in 1847, in company with ten other men. They
+forded the Mississippi near the mouth of Swan river, made a raft and
+floated down the river a few miles, where they abandoned it on account
+of low water, and returned south, whence they came. The next summer
+Nicholson returned with twenty-two men, crossed the river at the same
+place, and cut a road through to the Winnebago agency at Long Prairie.
+Returning the same year to the crossing, he found Wm. Aiken had made a
+claim and was building a hotel and store on the east bank of the
+river. Mr. Nicholson remained some years in the vicinity, but is now a
+resident of Little Falls. Wm. Aiken permanently located at Swan River
+in 1848, one year after Nicholson's arrival at that point. He died in
+1851, aged about sixty-five years. He had two Indian wives. They
+quarreled and fought savagely at the funeral as to which was entitled
+to the position of chief mourner, wife number one coming off
+victorious. James Green made a squatter's claim in 1848, and built a
+saw mill on the east side of the Mississippi by the island at the
+falls. Wm. Knowles located at the mouth of Rabbit river in 1849. John
+Stillwell came to Swan River in 1849. He was a carpenter and worked at
+his trade until 1866, when he went into the hotel business. He now
+resides at Little Falls. He and Nicholson are the only old settlers of
+Swan River remaining in the county.</p>
+
+<p>At the organization of the county in 1856, Little Falls, located on
+the Mississippi a short distance above Swan River, became the county
+seat. The year before and the two years following were years of wild
+speculation. The chief ambition of the speculators was to found a
+city. During these years twenty-four village or town plats were
+recorded in the office of the register of deeds in Morrison. Not all,
+however, were located within the bounds of the county, some being
+platted on unsurveyed government lands. Of these towns, the only one
+remaining, or of note, is Fergus Falls, Otter Tail county, platted by
+a company from Little Falls. Of the towns located in Morrison county,
+every one vanished except Little Falls, though Swan River, Belle
+Prairie and Granite City kept up an appearance of prosperity for a
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The early history of Morrison county is enlivened by many thrilling
+incidents of Indian warfare, chiefly of contests between the Sioux and
+Chippewas. The Sioux had claimed the territory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> from time immemorial,
+but over a hundred years ago the Chippewas had driven them westward
+across the Mississippi and were in possession of the soil. The tribal
+hostility of the two races continued to manifest itself in predatory
+and retaliatory raids, and from these the early settlers were often
+sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Nathan Richardson, the historian of Morrison county, an authority to
+whom we are greatly indebted, says that the country was acknowledged
+to be Chippewa ground before and during the settlement by the whites,
+but that the Sioux made frequent raids through the counties in parties
+of from five to twenty-five, their principal object being to possess
+themselves of Chippewa scalps. The Chippewas retaliated by pursuing
+the Sioux into their own prescribed limits. Mr. Richardson avers that
+the Chippewas were seldom known to treat the white settlers uncivilly,
+while the Sioux would kill stock to supply their wants, for which the
+settlers were left without compensation from Indians or government.</p>
+
+<p>The Winnebagoes were for some years located within the bounds of Todd
+and Morrison counties. In 1848 Gen. Fletcher removed them from Fort
+Atkinson, Iowa, to Long Prairie, west side of the Mississippi; but
+although the agency was located at Long Prairie, the Indians occupied
+the Swan River valley within the present limits of Morrison and Todd
+counties for a period of seven years, where they engaged partly in
+hunting and partly in farming, having about two hundred acres under
+cultivation, when they became dissatisfied and were removed to the
+Blue Earth country.</p>
+
+<p>When the Winnebago Indians were brought to Long Prairie and the Swan
+River valley, in 1848, the government built Fort Ripley on the west
+bank of the Mississippi, about twenty miles above the mouth of Swan
+river. The government still owns the fort and reservation around it,
+and keeps a garrison there. Fort Ripley, however, has other
+associations than those connected with the Winnebagoes. It was
+necessary to place a force here during the Indian outbreak in 1862,
+the object being to overawe and hold in check the Chippewas, who were
+more than suspected of an intention to make common cause with the
+Sioux in their warfare against the whites. There the Seventh Regiment,
+Minnesota Volunteers, had its headquarters for a time.</p>
+
+<p>Morrison county was named in honor of Hon. Allen W. Morrison, who came
+to Minnesota some time in the '20s, and was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> prominent in the early
+history of the Territory. It was organized April 18, 1856, by the
+election of the following county officers: Commissioners, Wm. Trask,
+Elliott J. Kidder and W. W. Stebbins; register of deeds and clerk of
+board of commissioners, Nathan Richardson; judge of probate, James
+Fergus; sheriff, Jonathan Pugh; district attorney, W. B. Fairbanks;
+assessors, W. B. Tuttle and John Fry.</p>
+
+<p>The first term of court was held May 15, 1856; Judge Moses Sherburne,
+presiding. The first deed recorded was dated June 19, 1854, conveying
+from William Shelafoo to Louis Robair the northeast quarter of the
+southwest quarter, and lots 3, 4 and 5 of section 30, township 40,
+range 32.</p>
+
+<p>Morrison county is subdivided into the following towns: Agram, Belle
+Prairie, Buckman, Bellevue, Culdrum, Elmdale, Green Prairie, Little
+Falls, Morrill, Motley, Parker, Pierz, Pike Creek, Ripley, Swan River,
+and Two Rivers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LITTLE FALLS VILLAGE,</h4>
+
+<p>The county seat of Morrison county, is located on the east bank of the
+Mississippi river, in sections 7, 8, 18 and 19 of township 40, range
+32. It derives its name from a rapid in the Mississippi river, formed
+by the extension across the river of the slate stone ledges of the St.
+Louis. The site is a prairie, sloping gently to the water's edge. The
+first survey was made in 1855, by S. M. Putnam. The village grew
+rapidly from the first, and in 1857 the best lots were selling for
+$1,000 each. Previous to 1855 the only houses in the place were two
+cabins, a frame building in which E. J. Kidder lived, and a school
+house. Two hotels were built that year, one by Joseph Batters, the
+other by W. B. Fairbanks and Nathan Richardson.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlers were the Kidders, Fairbanks, Batters, Richardson,
+James Green, William Sturgis, William Butler, and O. A. Churchill.
+James Green came as early as 1848, and took a squatter's claim on the
+east bank, including the water power, and built a saw mill, but soon
+after died, and the property passed into the hands of H. M. Rice and
+Capt. Todd, who in 1850 sold their right to Wm. Sturgis. In 1852 John
+M. Kidder pre-empted the mill power, transferring it to the Little
+Falls Company, consisting of Wm. Sturgis and Calvin Tuttle, organized
+in 1854 for the improvement of the falls. This company purchased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span>
+about 1,000 acres of adjoining land from the government, and in 1855
+merged into a stock company with a capital of $100,000, of which the
+original company retained one-half, the remaining half being converted
+into cash. The stock rose in value at one time two hundred and fifty
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The company built a new dam and mills, but the revenue did not keep
+the property in good condition after the expenditures. These valuable
+improvements, including the dam and mills, were all swept away by high
+water in 1860; the firm became bankrupt, and the valuable power became
+nearly worthless and entirely useless, until 1887, when a new company,
+known as the Little Falls Water Power Company, was formed with a paid
+up capital of $600,000, which is distributed among eastern and western
+capitalists. The company is now constructing very extensive works, the
+power of which will have a head, or fall, of twenty feet, thus making
+it the largest water power, next to Minneapolis, to be found in the
+whole Northwest. The dam, now about completed, has cost about
+$200,000.</p>
+
+<p>So thoroughly convinced are the people of Morrison county of the great
+future before it, that, by a majority of over 2 to 1, they voted a
+subscription of $100,000 in 5 per cent bonds as a bonus to be
+delivered to the company upon the completion of the work. The village
+of Little Falls also entered into a contract with the company,
+agreeing to pay annually a sum of money equal to the taxes imposed
+upon that corporation, and also to exempt from taxation any
+manufactory using the water power for a period of five years. The
+improvements under process of construction consist, first, of a dam
+across the entire river, resting, however, against the head of Mill
+island; second, a canal on the west side, starting from a point
+opposite the head of Mill island, and extending 1,000 feet down
+stream. This canal is 80 feet wide and 13 feet deep, is lined with a
+retaining wall, and provided with head gates at the upper end and with
+a waste way at the lower end; third, a wheel house, races, and, if
+found desirable, a wire rope tower for transmitting power to Mill
+island and to the east shore. Basing the rental of this power on that
+of the water power at Lowell, Massachusetts, it would be worth
+$150,000 per annum. The officers of the company are W. H. Breyfogle,
+of Louisville, Kentucky, president; M. M. Williams, of Little Falls,
+secretary and treasurer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Little Falls was incorporated as a village in 1880, Louis Houde
+president of the board. The improvement of the water power has given a
+strong impulse to the prosperity of the village. It numbers now
+amongst its public buildings a court house, school house having rooms
+for six grades, two Catholic churches, one Congregational, one
+Episcopal and one Methodist church. In Belle Prairie, four miles
+distant, there is also a Catholic church, school and a nunnery.</p>
+
+<p>A bridge, built at a cost of $24,000, crosses the Mississippi at this
+point. The bridge is 400 feet in length. The Little Falls &amp; Dakota
+railroad, a branch of the Northern Pacific, is finished from Little
+Falls to Morris in Stevens county, a distance of 85 miles. In addition
+to the mills connected with the water power there is also a steam saw
+mill.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ROYALTON VILLAGE</h4>
+
+<p>Is located in an oak grove on the Northern Pacific railroad, twenty
+miles above Sauk Rapids, and ten below Little Falls near the south
+line of Morrison county. It includes some lands in Benton county.
+Platte river flows through the village and furnishes a water power of
+8 feet head, improved by a dam, supplying a flour mill which has a
+capacity of 250 barrels per day, and a saw mill with a capacity of
+40,000 feet. There is 65 feet fall on the Platte within five miles of
+Royalton below, and 45 feet above the village, yet unimproved. James
+Hill, of Baldwin, St. Croix county, Wisconsin, with Putney and Nobles
+erected the flour mill, John D. Logan, the proprietor, having donated
+the water power and grounds for manufacturing purposes. Mr. Logan has
+a steam saw mill with a capacity of 30,000 feet per day. The Platte is
+spanned by an iron bridge. The village has, in addition to its mills,
+a weekly newspaper, a large elevator, a good graded school with six
+departments, and three churches, Episcopal, Presbyterian and
+Methodist. It was surveyed and platted in 1879 by John D. Logan, and
+incorporated in 1887. The first officers were: President, J. D. Logan;
+recorder, John Holmes; trustees. J. C. Wakefield, J. C. Higgins, R.
+Lambert; treasurer, G. E. Putney; justices, Robert Brown, Wm. Jones;
+constables, Wm. Roller, C. O. Brannen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Roy</span>, a mixed blood of French and Chippewa parentage, was born in
+Rainy Lake, in 1829. He was educated at La<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> Pointe, Wisconsin. At the
+age of twenty-one he came to the agency at Long lake, where he served
+as interpreter until 1853, when he was elected to the territorial
+legislature. He opened a farm at Belle Prairie in 1855; became a
+member of the state legislatures of 1860 and 1862. In 1866 he removed
+to Little Falls, where he resided until his death, in 1883. He was a
+man of large frame and of generous impulses, liberal and open-handed,
+even to his own pecuniary disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. Sturgis</span> came to this county from Big Meadow, Sherburne county,
+Minnesota, in 1850, and located at Little Falls, where he put a ferry
+across the Mississippi. He also laid out a town and built a saw and
+grist mill at the mouth of Little Elk river. He was a member of the
+territorial council from Crow Wing and Sauk Rapids precincts in 1849
+and 1851; of the territorial house in 1856, and of the constitutional
+convention, Democratic wing, in 1857. Some years later he removed,
+first to Montana, and then to Sturgis, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Fergus</span> was born in the parish of Glassford, Lanarkshire,
+Scotland, Oct. 8, 1813. His parents were well-to-do farmers, and gave
+him a good education along with excellent moral and religious
+training. In his youth he was noted for his thoroughness in whatever
+work he undertook, and his fondness for good books. At the age of
+nineteen years he came to America to improve his fortunes, locating
+first in Canada, where he spent three years, and learned the trade of
+a millwright. Becoming involved in some political troubles just before
+the outbreak of the Papineau Rebellion, he left Canada for the United
+States, and spent a couple of years in Green Bay and Milwaukee,
+Wisconsin, and at Chicago and Buffalo Grove, Illinois, going thence to
+Iowa, and thence to Moline, Illinois, where he found employment in the
+machine shops and foundries of Buford, Sears &amp; Wheelock. In 1854 he
+removed to Little Falls, and in company with C. A. Tuttle built a dam
+across the Mississippi and platted the village. He subsequently owned
+the site of Fergus Falls, now a thriving city, that has done well in
+assuming his name. In 1862 he drove his own team from Little Falls to
+Bannock, then in Idaho, now in Montana Territory. He became prominent
+in territorial affairs; was influential in the organization of the new
+county of Madison, and held many positions of trust and
+responsibility. He was the commissioner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> appointed for Madison county,
+served two terms in the Montana legislature, and was a member of the
+constitutional convention of 1887. At one time he lived in Lewis and
+Clark counties; he now resides in Meagher county, near Fort Maginnis,
+where he is engaged in stock raising.</p>
+
+<p>His main characteristics are an aptitude for mechanical enterprises, a
+sturdy independence of thought, a strict integrity of purpose, and an
+ardent love of study and good books. He is a typical pioneer, and in
+the mellow light of his declining days has the respect and love of his
+contemporaries to a remarkable degree. He is the first president of
+the Montana Pioneer Association, a position which he worthily fills.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fergus was married March 16, 1845, to Parnelia Dillin, of
+Jefferson county, New York. Mrs. Fergus died Oct. 6, 1887. He has one
+son and three daughters, the latter married and living in Montana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathan Richardson</span> was born in Wayne county, New York, in 1829. He was
+raised on a farm, educated at Romeo, Michigan, and came to Little
+Falls in 1855. He served as register of deeds for Morrison county
+eight years, and was postmaster eleven years. He also served as county
+surveyor and county attorney, having been admitted to the bar in 1877.
+He was notary public twenty-five years. He was a representative in the
+Minnesota legislatures of 1867, 1872 and 1878. During his first term
+in the house he represented nineteen counties, nearly one-half the
+territory of the State. He served as judge of probate two terms. Mr.
+Richardson has prepared, by order of the board of county
+commissioners, and published in the local papers, a complete and
+valuable history of Morrison county, to which we are greatly indebted.
+He was married to Mary A. Roof in 1857, and has a family of three sons
+and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moses La Fond</span>, a Canadian Frenchman, came to Morrison county in 1855,
+and located at Little Falls, where he commenced as a teamster for the
+Little Falls Manufacturing Company. He found more lucrative
+employment, became a butcher, then a merchant, then a legislator,
+having been elected a representative in the legislature of 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O. A. Churchill.</span>&mdash;Orlando A. Churchill was born in Windsor county,
+Vermont, in 1825. He came to Illinois in 1843, and to Little Falls in
+1855, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> He was elected to the
+legislature of 1858, but did not serve, as no session of the
+legislature was held that year. He served several years as auditor of
+Morrison county. He removed to St. Paul a few years ago, and later to
+California, but is now again a resident of Little Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John M. Kidder</span> made a claim of government land on the east side of the
+Mississippi, on the site of Little Falls. He died in 1855, before the
+land was entered, and the claim was purchased by Wm. Sturgis, a
+son-in-law of Mr. Kidder, and by him sold to the Little Falls Company.
+Elliott J., a son of John M. Kidder, is still a resident of Little
+Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Warren Kobe</span> located at Royalton in 1880 and built an elevator, store
+and first class hotel. Mr. Kobe is a public spirited citizen and has
+expended much in improving the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ola K. Black</span>, of Norwegian birth, was one of the first settlers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ira W. Bouch</span> came from Buchanan county, Iowa, in 1880, and opened the
+first store in Royalton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Russell</span>, living on a farm near the village, came from Scotland
+to America in 1850 and settled here in 1853. Mr. Russell died in July,
+1862; Mrs. Russell died in 1876. Three sons and five daughters survive
+them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter A. Green</span>, a farmer, pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres in
+1854, a part of which is surveyed into town lots. He built the second
+building on the town site. Mr. Green was born in 1817, in Green
+county, New York, where he married. He died January, 1884. His widow
+and two sons survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rodolphus D. Kinney</span> was the first settler on the town site of
+Royalton, in 1854, erected the first house and was the first
+postmaster, in 1856. Mr. Kinney gave the name of Royalton to the post
+office, the name being that of his birthplace, in the state of
+Vermont. He was born in 1828; had good educational advantages in youth
+and attended Fairmount Theological Seminary in Cincinnati; was an
+associate of the early Presbyterian missions and was the first school
+teacher in Morrison county, in 1851 and 1852, at Belle Prairie. He was
+married in St. Paul in 1852. His eldest son, Jonathan, was born in
+1853. One daughter lives in Alabama and his youngest son is a
+physician at Royalton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John D. Logan</span> came to Minnesota from Philadelphia in 1855 and located
+in Hastings; served during the war in Company<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> G. First Minnesota
+Regular Volunteers. In 1879 he came to Royalton and devoted himself to
+the development of the water power and the building up of the village.
+He has a wife and three children.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CROW WING COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>The county of Crow Wing was organized in 1857. Prior to this period it
+was included in Benton and other counties. It now includes eleven
+whole and eight fractional townships in townships 43 to 47, ranges 28
+to 31, inclusive. The Mississippi river bounds it on the west and
+northwest, Aitkin county on the east and Morrison on the south. Its
+soil ranges from a light sandy to a dark loam, with clay subsoil, and
+the timber includes the pines and the hardwoods common to the
+latitude. There are also fine meadows and burr oak openings. It is
+watered by the tributaries of the Mississippi and its surface is
+dotted with lakes. It is well adapted to stock raising and
+agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>C. H. Beaulieu appears to have been the first white man to locate
+within its boundaries. He established a trading post as early as 1837,
+near the mouth of Crow Wing river. His successors in trade were Allen
+Morrison and Donald McDonald. Philip Beaupre was here in 1844. When
+Fort Ripley was built S. B. Olmstead, with his family, built a house
+and improved a farm opposite the fort on the east bank of the
+Mississippi. Mr. Olmstead came from Prairie du Chien in 1849. While
+residing here he served as a member of the second, fifth and sixth
+territorial legislatures, and in 1854 was elected president of the
+council. After living here several years, he removed to Texas, and
+died there some years ago. Mr. Olmstead kept a hotel and managed to
+secure most of the hay, beef and wood contracts for the fort. Henry M.
+Rice had a trading post at one time at Crow Wing village, about eight
+miles above the fort. John H. Fairbanks ran a ferry at the village.
+Other settlers were Wallace Bean, Henry Whipple, F. M. Campbell, W. B.
+Wakefield, Ed. Lyndes, Albert Fuller, Thomas Cathcart, Daniel S.
+Mooers, S. C. Abbe, and members of the Beaulieu family. James A.
+Parish was the first justice of the peace. John McGillis, who lived at
+Crow Wing in 1853, was the second and served about fifteen years. In
+1856 the first farm was opened on government land, not far from Crow
+Wing village, by Wallace Bean. The second<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span> farm was taken by David
+McArthur, a Canadian, originally from Scotland. George Van Valkenburg
+opened a blacksmith shop at Crow Wing in 1856, lived there two years
+and was then employed as government blacksmith by the Indian
+department, and served as such for twelve years. Crow Wing county was
+organized in 1857, with the following board of officers: County
+auditor, C. H. Beaulieu; register of deeds, F. M. Campbell; county
+treasurer, Robert Fairbanks; county commissioners, J. H. Fairbanks,
+Allen Morrison, S. B. Olmstead; judge of probate court, Dennis Shaff.
+The county organization took effect Jan. 1, 1858. The county was
+attached for judicial purposes, first to Ramsey, and then to Morrison
+county. F. W. Peake came to Crow Wing in 1858, and opened a trading
+post, and was afterward one of the mercantile firm of Peake &amp;
+Wakefield. Rev. E. S. Peake, an Episcopal clergyman, came to Crow Wing
+about the same time, built a church and remained as rector till the
+breaking out of the war, when he accepted the chaplaincy of a
+Wisconsin regiment. After the war he removed to California, and
+carried on a mission a few years, but later returned to Minnesota and
+is now stationed at Detroit. Rev. Francis Pierz, a Catholic priest,
+officiated at Crow Wing and Belle Prairie until 1870, when he returned
+to his home in Austria.</p>
+
+<p>The first district court was held at Crow Wing in 1871, J. M. McKelvey
+officiating as judge, Chas. Beaulieu as clerk of court, and Wm. Wood
+as sheriff.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the county organization was abandoned, to be reresumed in
+1870 by legislative enactment. The county officers at the organization
+were: Commissioners, Wallace Bean, Henry Whipple and F. W. Peake;
+treasurer, E. B. Snyder; auditor, J. W. Campbell; clerk of court,
+Chas. H. Beaulieu; sheriff, Wm. Wood.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MURDERERS LYNCHED.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1871, Ellen, daughter of David McArthur, living near Crow Wing
+village, was murdered by Indians. The murderers were arrested and
+placed in jail at Brainerd, from which they were taken by a mob and
+hanged.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BRAINERD</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, and is a prosperous
+city. The settlement commenced with the opening of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> Northern
+Pacific railroad. This road has a branch from Brainerd to St. Paul.
+The railroad company have made Brainerd headquarters for repairing
+shops; have expended large amounts in improvements, and employ in
+their business here nearly 1,000 men. The first through train arrived
+at Brainerd March 11, 1871.</p>
+
+<p>In 1870 several claims were made for purposes of speculation, and
+afterward sold to Mrs. Hester Gilman, of St. Cloud, and other parties,
+but the greater part of the city site was purchased of the government
+in 1870, by Hester Gilman and Thomas H. Campbell. The Lake Superior &amp;
+Puget Sound Company, organized under the laws of Maine, and duly
+authorized by the laws of Minnesota, purchased Gilman's and Campbell's
+claims and made the original survey and plat of the town on Sept 25,
+1871. The name, Brainerd, was given to the new town in honor of Mrs.
+Brainerd Swift, wife of the first president of the Northern Pacific
+road. In 1883 a new survey was made by Heinze Brothers. The site was a
+handsome plain, originally covered with prince pine trees, many of
+which were left standing as ornamental trees.</p>
+
+<p>Among the first settlers we find the names of Charles Darby, E. H.
+Bly, L. P. White, W. P. Spalding, W. W. Hartley, Stuart Seely, F. W.
+Peake, S. W. Taylor, E. B. Lynde, John Bishop, T. C. Barnes, and John
+Martin. The first permanent dwelling, a log house, was built by
+Charles Darby, the next was built by Stuart Seely, and the third by L.
+P. White. E. H. Bly built the first store. The Headquarters Hotel,
+subsequently destroyed by fire, was built in 1871. Many of the
+buildings of ancient Crow Wing were moved to Brainerd. The Leland
+House was built in 1871-2; the Merchants in 1879. The post office was
+established in 1871, with S. W. Thayer as postmaster. The county seat
+was removed to this place in 1871, and a court house and jail built by
+L. P. White, at an expense of $971.60. The first marriage, that of
+Joseph Gronden and Miss Darby, occurred in 1870. A city charter was
+obtained Jan. 11, 1873. The following were the first officers: Mayor,
+Eber H. Bly; aldermen, L. P. White, M. Tuttle, W. S. Heathcote, Wm.
+Murphy, T. X. Goulett; president of the council, L. P. White.</p>
+
+<p>Brainerd has a court house, built at a cost of $45,000, and school
+buildings worth $45,000. The Northern Pacific depot and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> shops were
+built at a cost of $500,000, and the Northern Pacific sanitarium at a
+cost of $35,000. The sanitarium is a hospital for the sick or disabled
+employes of the entire line of road, and is supported by monthly
+installments from the employes. Dr. Beger is superintendent. Brainerd
+has one steam saw mill with a capacity of 12,000,000 feet per annum,
+another with a capacity of 3,000,000 feet, and many fine business
+blocks and tasteful residences. It has also electric lights, water
+works, and street cars, and is making rapid progress as a city.</p>
+
+<p>In 1886 a charter was obtained by Charles F. Kindred &amp; Co. to build a
+dam across the Mississippi. The dam has been completed at a cost of
+$125,000. It has a head of 20 feet, with sufficient flow to secure
+25,000 horse power, and a boomage overflowing 3,000 acres, forming a
+reservoir 12 miles in length, with side lakes, the whole capable of
+holding 1,000,000,000 feet of logs. The whole city machinery,
+including electric lights, water works, street cars, and Northern
+Pacific railroad shops, will be attached to this water power. Crow
+Wing county contributed $50,000 in bonds to the building of this dam.
+Brainerd has an opera house, and is well supplied with churches, the
+Catholics, Presbyterians, Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians,
+Lutherans, and Methodists having organizations and buildings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L. P. White</span> was born in Vermont in 1811. He was self educated. He was
+married in Vermont, came to Chicago in 1858, and engaged in
+railroading until arriving at Brainerd, in 1870, where he built the
+first frame house. His wife was the first white woman resident of the
+city. Since locating at Brainerd, Mr. White has been the acting agent
+of the Lake Superior &amp; Puget Sound Company, which has laid out all the
+town sites from Northern Pacific Junction to Moorhead with the
+exception of Detroit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Allen Morrison</span> was one of a family of twelve, seven boys and five
+girls. His father was born in Scotland, but emigrated to Canada, where
+he died in 1812. Two of the boys were in the English Navy, and killed
+at the battle of Trafalgar, in Egypt. William Morrison, a brother of
+Allen, and several years his senior, was among the early explorers of
+Northern Minnesota, having visited the Territory as early as 1800, and
+was one of the party who discovered Lake Itasca, the source of the
+Mississippi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> river. Allen's first visit to this region was in 1820,
+when he came to Fond du Lac, as a trader in what was then known as the
+"Northern Outfit." For several years he was associated with his
+brother William in the Fond du Lac department, during which time he
+was stationed at Sandy Lake, Leech Lake, Red Lake, Mille Lacs, and
+Crow Wing, and when the Indians were removed to White Earth, went
+there also, and remained until his death. In 1826 he was married to
+Miss Charlotte Chaboullier, who died at Crow Wing in the fall of 1872.
+She was a daughter of a member of the old Northwestern Fur Company,
+who was a trader on the Saskatchewan, and died in Canada in 1812. Mr.
+Morrison was the father of eleven children. Caroline, now in Brainerd,
+was married to Chris. Grandelmyer in April, 1864. Rachel resides with
+her sister, Mrs. Grandelmyer. John J. and Allen, at White Earth; Mary,
+the eldest, now Mrs. J. R. Sloan, at St. Cloud; and Louisa, now Mrs.
+John Bromley, at Northern Pacific Junction. Mr. Morrison died on the
+twenty-eighth of November, 1878, and was buried at White Earth, in the
+historic valley where he had passed so many eventful years. His name,
+however, will not perish, nor his virtues be forgotten. In the first
+territorial legislature he represented the district embracing the
+voting precincts of Sauk Rapids and Crow Wing, and when the present
+county of Morrison was set off, the legislature named it in honor of
+this esteemed veteran pioneer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles F. Kindred</span>, an active, enterprising citizen of Brainerd, is
+doing for his adopted city all that one man can do. Mr. Kindred, for
+many years after his arrival in Minnesota, was a trusted agent of the
+Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and while in their employ acquired
+a thorough knowledge of the resources of North Minnesota, which he
+uses to the best interest of the section in which he has made his
+home. He is at present superintending the building of the Kindred
+dam.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>AITKIN COUNTY.</h3>
+
+<p>This county consists of an oblong section, six towns in width, lying
+between Mille Lacs and Kanabec counties on the south, and Itasca on
+the north. It is a heavily timbered region, upon which the lumberman
+has drawn for hundreds of millions of feet of lumber, with but little
+apparent diminution in the quantity of the supply. The whole surface
+is dotted with lakes and variegated with natural meadows. The southern
+portion of the county affords good farming lands. Mille Lacs, in the
+southern part of the county, is the largest lake, and settlements have
+already been made along its shores. Sandy lake is second in size. It
+lies on the great portage route from Winnipeg, by way of St. Louis
+river to Lake Superior, and has been a noted point on that route for
+two hundred years. The missions of the Jesuits, and later, of the
+Presbyterians and Methodists, had been located here and abandoned. The
+fur trader and the Indian trader have made their headquarters here.
+Sandy lake has become historic. The county contains about one hundred
+and three townships, which are drained chiefly by the Mississippi and
+its tributaries. The Mississippi is navigable from Aitkin to Pokegama
+falls, a distance of over one hundred miles.</p>
+
+<p>Aitkin county was created May 23, 1857, but was not organized until
+July 30, 1872. The first officers chosen were: County commissioners,
+Nathaniel Tibbetts, chairman; Wm. Hallstrom, Wm. Wade; treasurer, Geo.
+Clapp; register of deeds, Wm. Hallstrom; auditor, W. E. Crowell;
+sheriff, James W. Tibbetts. That part of the county including the
+village of Aitkin was organized into a town in 1873; N. Tibbetts,
+chairman. The Northern Pacific railroad passes through six townships
+of this county, namely:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span> townships 27 and 28, range 22 to 27,
+inclusive. While the road was in process of building in 1870,
+Nathaniel Tibbetts made a claim where the village of Aitkin now
+stands, and built the first house, a hotel known as the Ojibway House,
+and the next spring built the Aitkin House. He moved his family here
+in 1471. He was appointed the first postmaster at the organization of
+the county. The county and village of Aitkin were named after Wm. A.
+Aitkin, who was a prominent trader on the Upper Mississippi for a
+number of years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AITKIN VILLAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>Aitkin was made the county seat at the organization of the county. It
+is pleasantly situated on the west branch of Ripple creek, near the
+east branch of the Mississippi. It is now a prosperous and thriving
+village with heavy mercantile establishments, two first class hotels,
+a good school house, and pleasant homes. One newspaper, the Aitkin
+<i>Age</i>, is published here. Warren Potter, Richard Mills, William Wade
+and George Jenkins are early citizens. In 1873 Capt. Houghton built a
+steamer, called the Pokegama, to run from Aitkin to Pokegama Falls.
+This steamer was burned in 1878. Capt. Houghton replaced it with a new
+boat called the City of Aitkin, which still plies the Mississippi
+river between the points named.</p>
+
+<p>Pokegama Falls is a headquarters for lumbermen and a place for general
+trade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. A. Aitken.</span>&mdash;The date and place of Mr. Aitkin's nativity are not
+positively known. He came to the Chippewa country when a boy of
+fifteen, as servant to a trader named John Drew, and in time became a
+successful and well known trader. He died at Sandy Lake in 1851. His
+life, in common with that of the early traders, was adventurous. He
+witnessed many stirring scenes, among them the battle of Stillwater
+Ravine, in 1839. Although raised among the Indians, and continually on
+the frontier, he was noted for his urbanity and geniality, and is well
+spoken of by the early explorers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Aitkin</span>, son of the foregoing, was killed by a Chippewa Indian
+at Cass lake in 1836. He had stolen the wife of the Indian, and
+refusing to return her to the enraged husband, was shot by him. The
+murderer was arrested, taken to Prairie du Chien for trial, tried
+before Judge Drum's court and acquitted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Tibbetts</span> was born in New Sharon, Maine, March 21, 1824.
+While a mere boy he moved to Piscataquis county, and in 1845 came to
+Plover, Wisconsin, and two years later to Stillwater, Minnesota. He
+engaged in lumbering until 1850, when he moved to St. Anthony, and
+soon afterward made a claim at the mouth of Elk river, then in Benton
+county, where he remained until the Civil War, when he enlisted in
+Company A, Eighth Minnesota, of which company he was commissioned
+first lieutenant, and was afterward appointed regimental
+quartermaster. He was mustered out with his regiment at the close of
+the war, when he returned to his home at Elk River, and resumed his
+old business of lumbering. In 1870 he was engaged in the preliminary
+survey of the Northern Pacific railroad, and located the same year at
+Aitkin, of which village he was the pioneer, building the first house
+and barn, keeping the first hotel and serving as the first postmaster.
+He served four years as county commissioner. He has also served as
+register of deeds and sheriff. Ten years after his location at Aitkin
+he removed to Morrison county, where he now resides. His health is
+somewhat impaired from the exposure and fatigue of army life.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARLTON COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Carlton county lies between St. Louis county on the north, Pine on the
+south, Douglas county, Wisconsin, on the east and Aitkin on the west,
+and contains twenty-four townships. It is abundantly watered by the
+St. Louis river and its many tributaries on the northeast, by the
+tributaries of the Nemadji and Kettle rivers on the south. It is well
+timbered with pine and hardwoods. The St. Louis river affords one of
+the finest water powers in the Northwest. The rapids of this stream
+extend from the falls at Cloquet to Fond du Lac, a distance of twelve
+miles. The channel is rocky, the rocks being of a trappean or slaty
+formation, not easily worn by the water, and capable of furnishing
+good foundations for dams and mills. The first settlers were A. K.
+Lovejoy, Cephas Bradley, Joseph Meyers, Sexton Lyons, and some others.
+Mr. Lovejoy died at Thomson, Feb. 11, 1888, aged sixty-three years,
+leaving a wife. They had been the parents of twenty-four children,
+twelve pairs of twins. The county was named in honor of R. B. Carlton,
+who was a representative in the first state legislature. Mr. Carlton
+died at Fond du Lac, Sept. 10, 1863.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The county was organized in 1858, and the county seat located at Twin
+Lakes, but changed by act of legislature to Thomson. It is subdivided
+into five towns, Knife Falls, Mahtowa, Moose Lake, Thomson, and Twin
+Lakes. It has a well defined slate stone range running from northeast
+to southwest. The same range crops out at Little Falls, Morrison
+county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THOMSON.</h4>
+
+<p>The village of Thomson, the county seat of Carlton county, is located
+on the St. Louis river. The Northern Pacific railroad crosses at this
+point. A. M. Miller erected a steam saw mill here in 1873. The mill
+has a capacity of 100,000 feet per day, and has been a profitable
+enterprise. A. K. Lovejoy operates a saw mill six miles northwest,
+which has a capacity of 35,000 feet. The village of Thomson has a good
+graded school with two departments.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLOQUET,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the St. Louis river, was surveyed and platted in 1871. In
+1878 Charles D. Harwood erected a steam saw mill at this point with a
+capacity of 50,000 feet. This was the beginning of a thriving
+manufacturing village. In 1883 the Knife Falls Lumber Company rebuilt
+the Harwood mill, increasing its capacity to 180,000 feet per day. In
+1884 the property was transferred to Renwick, Crossett &amp; Co. James
+Paine, McNair and others built a water power saw mill in 1880, with a
+capacity of 100,000 feet per day. The C. N. Nelson Company, in 1880,
+built two steam saw mills with a capacity of 350,000 feet per day. A
+post office was established in 1879; C. D. Harwood, postmaster. The
+village was platted and incorporated in 1882; William P. Allen was the
+first president of the council. It has two newspapers, the <i>Pine Knot
+Journal</i>, established by Ed. Gottry and J. H. Page in 1884, and the
+<i>Industrial Vidette</i>, established in 1887. It contains three church
+organizations with good buildings, the Catholic, Methodist and
+Presbyterian.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MOOSE LAKE STATION,</h4>
+
+<p>On the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad, is surrounded by a good farming
+country, and is a pretty, prosperous village. It has a post office,
+about sixty dwellings and a saw mill.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>BARNUM STATION,</h4>
+
+<p>On the line of the same road, contains a post office, a saw mill with
+a capacity of about 50,000 feet daily, a few fine residences, with
+fine farms adjoining.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MAHTOWA STATION,</h4>
+
+<p>On the same road, has a saw mill and about twenty dwellings. An
+extensive stock farm is located here.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTH PACIFIC JUNCTION</h4>
+
+<p>Is situated on the St. Louis river, at the junction of the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth and Northern Pacific railroads. There are about one hundred
+buildings here including a large saw mill built by Paine &amp; Co., having
+a capacity of 10,000,000 feet per annum; one school house, one church,
+and hotels, stores, shops and dwellings. The village was organized in
+1881; Cephas Bradley, president.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis Asbury Watkins</span> is a native of the state of New Hampshire. He
+was born in 1853; came to Baraboo, Wisconsin, in 1866, to North
+Pacific Junction in 1881; was married to Anna Wicks, of Pine City,
+Minnesota, in 1882, and was admitted to practice law in 1883. He is a
+graduate of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin. He has served as
+auditor of Carlton county four years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. LOUIS COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>St. Louis county takes its name from St. Louis river, the river itself
+having been named by some of the early French travelers or Jesuit
+missionaries, possibly by Duluth or Buade.</p>
+
+<p>The county is bounded on the north by Rainy lake and the British
+boundary, on the east by Lake county, on the south by Lake Superior,
+St. Louis river and Carlton, and on the west by Aitkin county. The
+surface is variegated, much of it being broken with deep ravines. It
+is well watered by streams tributary to Rainy lake and Superior, and
+by innumerable small lakes. Portions of it are heavily timbered with
+pines and hardwoods, and the northern portion is traversed by a rich
+mineral belt extending through the Vermillion Lake region. The
+settlements are chiefly along the shores of Lake Superior and St.
+Louis river, and on the shores of Vermillion lake. The falls and
+rapids of St. Louis river are noted for their wildness and grandeur.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The scenery on its northern boundary, including the Dalles of the
+Rainy Lake waters, is not surpassed or even equaled at any point east
+of the Rocky mountains. The geological formation consists largely of
+primitive or igneous rocks, trappean, basaltic and granite, and the
+scenery has a peculiarly grand and sombre appearance. Notwithstanding
+the igneous character of the formation there is much excellent farming
+land on plains and intervales, while the more abrupt and rocky
+portions are rich in iron and the precious metals. The region about
+Vermillion lake has become a centre of mining operations. The region
+is rich in iron ores. Gold has also been discovered. A mineral region
+abounding in gold, silver and iron extends from Vermillion lake to
+Thunder Bay. St. Louis county was organized in 1856. The territorial
+governor appointed the following officers: Clerk of district court, J.
+B. Culver; sheriff, J. B. Ellis; register of deeds, R. H. Barrett;
+auditor, J. E. Brown.</p>
+
+<p>The first board of county commissioners elected were C. E. Martin,
+Vose Palmer and Z. J. Brown. The first meeting was held at Portland,
+Jan. 4, 1858. At an adjourned meeting held Jan. 20, 1858, the
+commissioners drew a grand and petit jury. The meetings were held
+sometimes at Portland and sometimes at Duluth. At a meeting held April
+5, 1858, the county was divided into four towns&mdash;Duluth, Martin, Carp
+River and Carlton. At an adjourned meeting three assessor's districts,
+six school districts and four road districts were formed. The records
+do not show any previous division into districts or precincts, nor
+does the name of any clerk appear until the meeting of September 14th,
+when A. B. Robbins attests as clerk. At a meeting held Sept. 23, 1858,
+the village of Oneota was established. November 1st E. H. Brown was
+appointed clerk in place of A. B. Robbins. November 14th a bill
+allowing R. H. Barrett compensation for services as clerk prior to
+September 1st was passed. His name does not appear prior to this
+entry.</p>
+
+<p>The records show that a court was held in 1859, S. J. R. McMillan
+officiating as judge. Also that a road was made from Oneota to
+Buchanan and the mouth of Knife river, through Fremont, Portland and
+Endion, following a trail to Lester's river and across French river to
+Montezuma, and another from Oneota to Fond du Lac. The town of Milford
+is mentioned as accepting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> the report. The assessment for St. Louis
+county for 1859 amounted to $96,836.76. At a special meeting of the
+county commissioners held Jan. 10, 1866, a resolution was adopted
+asking the legislature to grant authority to St. Louis county to issue
+$150,000 to aid in building the Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi railroad.
+The legislature granted the request and twenty year bonds were issued.</p>
+
+<p>We append a list of county commissioners to the year 1863: E. C.
+Martin, Vose Palmer, Zach T. Brown, 1858; E. C. Martin, Vose Palmer,
+W. E. Wright, 1859; W. E. Wright, S. A. Forbes, Sidney Luce, 1860; E.
+F. Ely, Joseph B. Culver (first meeting), 1861; E. F. Ely, Harvey
+Fargo, Levi B. Coffrey (second meeting), 1861; E. F. Ely, R. B.
+Carlton, H. Fargo, 1862; H. Fargo, R. B. Carlton, E. G. Swanstrom,
+1863.</p>
+
+<p>Names of villages that appear in the old records of the board have
+entirely disappeared. Those villages nearest to Duluth have been
+absorbed by that vigorous young city. We find a record, bearing date
+1859, authorizing an election to decide upon the question of the
+removal of the county seat from Duluth to Port Byron. There is no
+record of the result of the election, nor is Port Byron found in a
+recent map.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DULUTH.</h4>
+
+<p>The site of Duluth was visited as long ago as 1659, by two adventurous
+Frenchmen, Grosselier and Redission. This was twenty-one years prior
+to the coming of Greyson Duluth, in whose honor the city of Duluth was
+named two hundred years later. Capt. Duluth visited the western end of
+the lake in 1680. Three or four years later Jean Duluth, a brother of
+the captain, established two trading posts, one at the mouth of Pigeon
+river, the other on Minnesota Point. Le Sueur followed in 1683,
+accompanied by a French surveyor, Franquelin, who made a fairly
+correct map of the region. The attraction to the early voyageurs was
+the rich furs to be obtained in the wild regions adjacent. The great
+American Fur Company early established posts along the northern shore
+of Lake Superior, and later the Astor Fur Company made its
+northwestern headquarters at Fond du Lac, a few miles above the
+present site of Duluth. Nothing was done toward permanent settlement
+until about the year 1854, when the tide of immigration set in toward
+the head of the lake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span> and it became evident that here was to rise
+cities of no mean importance, one upon the western shore of the lake,
+rising from the base of Minnesota Point, and the other Superior City,
+across the gleaming waters of St. Louis bay.</p>
+
+<p>For several years the growth of Duluth was slow, and sometimes its
+fortunes seemed on the wane, but the construction of a railroad to St.
+Paul, completed in 1870, and a sudden influx of capital consequent
+upon this new outlet of trade, and more than all this, the proposed
+construction of the great Northern Pacific railroad, gave a new
+impetus to the growth of the city. The three years succeeding were
+years of great activity and progress. The population increased from
+3,000 to 5,000, and many of the finer older buildings of the city were
+constructed. The canal was cut through Minnesota Point, thus giving to
+Duluth the most magnificent harbor on the lake, if not in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In 1873 the failure of Jay Cooke, who had largely contributed the
+means for the construction of the Northern Pacific railroad, caused a
+financial depression similar in its effects to that of 1857. Banks
+failed, merchants became bankrupt, and the population of the city was
+reduced to 1,300 souls. The "hard times" lasted until some time in
+1878, when the opening up of the great wheat fields in the Red River
+valley, and the completion of the Northern Pacific railroad, again
+brought prosperity to the more than half deserted city. The population
+increased in 1878 from 1,300 to 2,200 souls. Two years later the
+census showed 3,470; and a year later, 7,800. In 1882 the population
+had increased to 12,000; in 1883 to 14,000; in 1884 to 16,690; in 1885
+to 18,036, and in 1886 to 26,000 souls.</p>
+
+<p>Duluth has now a well organized board of trade, produce exchange and
+chamber of commerce. It has four banks, the American Exchange, Duluth
+National, Merchants National, and Bell &amp; Eyster's. These banks had, in
+1886, an aggregate capital of $300,000, with deposits of $2,034,281,
+amounts greatly increased during the year 1887. The taxable valuation
+of property in Duluth for the year 1886 was $11,773,720. The taxes
+paid in 1887 amount to $261,376.</p>
+
+<p>Duluth has one immense flour mill, with a capacity of 250 barrels per
+day. It is five stories in height, and favorably situated; having the
+lake upon one side and the railroads upon the other, so that loading
+and unloading can be carried on at once from vessels and cars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Duluth has also two large flour warehouses with a capacity of 200,000
+barrels each. Large warehouses are also being built by the Northern
+Pacific and Omaha Railroad companies. The annual shipment of flour
+from Duluth has ranged from 164,000 barrels in 1871 to 1,500,000 in
+1886, making an aggregate of 8,285,000 barrels in that time.</p>
+
+<p>The lumber industry of Duluth is no small factor in the prosperity of
+the city. The cut of the Duluth district for the past season amounts
+to 160,000,000 feet of lumber, 43,000,000 shingles, and 22,600,000
+lath, of which the city mills have manufactured one-third. Much of
+this lumber has been shipped to Chicago and the East, and a new
+district, the Tower mining region, has lately been opened for
+shipment.</p>
+
+<p>We have alluded to the harbor of Duluth as one of the best on the
+lake. It consists of what is known as the Bay of Superior, a body of
+water about seven miles long by one mile in width, almost entirely
+shut off from the lake by a narrow strip of land known as Minnesota
+Point. The original entrance to this bay was through a channel on the
+southeast of the Point, separating it from Wisconsin Point, a similar
+tongue of land in the same line of direction. As this entrance was
+inconvenient and difficult, a canal was cut across the point near the
+mainland, sufficiently large to admit all vessels that pass through
+Ste. Marie's canal. Since the construction of the canal through
+Minnesota Point, the old landing in front of the city has been
+abandoned, and elevators have been built on the shores of the bay.
+These elevators are the best of their class, and have a total capacity
+of 20,000,000 bushels. They were ten in number, exclusive of several
+warehouses; two, however, have been destroyed by fire. The walls of
+the canal have been extended in the form of piers 1,000 feet into the
+lake. One of these piers is supplied with a lighthouse and a fog horn.
+The canal is 700 feet long and 250 feet in width. The arrivals and
+clearances for the port of Duluth in 1886 were 2,180.</p>
+
+<p>The fish trade is no inconsiderable part of the industries of Duluth.
+Two large firms have their headquarters here and the amount of capital
+invested in the business amounts to $165,000. During 1886 1,200,000
+pounds of fish were shipped to Duluth for reshipment to other places,
+from the various fisheries of these companies. The United States fish
+commissioners, realizing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span> the value of Lake Superior as a reservoir
+for food fish, have projected the largest fish hatchery on the lakes,
+to be located at Lester's Park. It is to be under government and state
+control and will supply the lakes of Superior and Michigan with about
+500,000,000 eggs yearly.</p>
+
+<p>Duluth was organized and laid out as a village under the town site law
+of 1844; Richard Ralf, surveyor; Geo. E. Nettleton, J. B. Culver, O.
+W. Rice, Wm. Nettleton, and Robt. E. Jefferson, proprietors. The date
+of this organization is not known. We have a statement from Hon. W. G.
+Le Duc, of Hastings, to the effect, that in the winter of 1852-53, A.
+Ramsey, H. M. Rice, Maj. Watrous and himself, with two others whose
+names he can not recall, organized as a company and projected a town
+site at the west end of the lake, on the present site of Duluth. Maj.
+Watrous, the Indian agent, was instructed to take necessary measures
+to secure the land. Watrous failed to secure the property and the
+scheme failed. Mr. Le Duc projected and introduced a charter in the
+territorial legislature, which was passed, for a railroad to Duluth.</p>
+
+<p>In 1870 the city of Duluth was first incorporated, and five years
+later a portion of the same territory was incorporated as the village
+of Duluth, and the two municipal corporations were still in existence
+Feb. 25, 1887, when the act imposing certain political obligations
+upon the then existing city of Duluth became a law. The second day of
+March another law went into effect incorporating both the city and
+village of Duluth as the present city.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOND DU LAC,</h4>
+
+<p>Located at the head of navigation on St. Louis river, and at the foot
+of the rapids, is a point of considerable historical interest, it
+having long been in use as a trading post. It has been a place of
+outfit and departure for trading expeditions for two hundred years.
+The old stone trading house of the Astor Fur Company still remains. It
+is surrounded by about twenty buildings of more recent date. It is now
+better known as a station on the Northern Pacific railroad. It was
+surveyed in 1856 by Richard Ralf and platted into village lots. The
+plats were signed by James A. Markland, attorney for the proprietors.
+Fond du Lac is now a village of some magnitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ONEOTA</h4>
+
+<p>Was settled some time in the '40s, by Edmund F. Ely and others, and
+became a village of some note, containing a post office, church and
+other evidences of prosperity. It was platted as a village in 1856; H.
+W. Wheeler, surveyor; Marcus W. McCracken, Bion W. Bacon, Edmund F.
+Ely, proprietors. The first recorded deed in St. Louis county is a
+quitclaim deed from B. H. Baer to E. F. Ely, of the town site of Ely;
+consideration, $1,500. The deed bears date of April 20, 1856. Oneota
+is now included in the plat of Duluth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CLIFTON.</h4>
+
+<p>This village was platted in 1858, by John S. Watrous, on the shores of
+the lake north of Duluth. It is now within the Duluth city limits.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PORTLAND,</h4>
+
+<p>A village on the lake shore above Duluth, was platted in 1856. The
+proprietors were Aaron B. Robbins, James D. Ray, C. Marshall and J. J.
+Post. It is now within the Duluth city limits.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ENDION,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the north shore, was surveyed Dec. 15, 1856, by Chas.
+Martin; M. 7P. Niel and others, proprietors. It is now within the
+Duluth city limits.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MIDDLETON,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on Minnesota Point, was surveyed Aug. 1, 1856; proprietors,
+Robert Reed, T. A. Markland.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MONTEZUMA,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the north shore, was surveyed in May, 1856, by Vose Palmer;
+proprietor, Frederic Ottoman.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BUCHANAN,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the north shore, was surveyed in October, 1856; proprietor,
+W. G. Cowell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. LOUIS FALLS</h4>
+
+<p>Was surveyed in 1857, by C. E. Clark; Thos. H. Hogan, attorney for
+proprietors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FREMONT ISLAND.</h4>
+
+<p>A peculiar feature of St. Louis bay has been the formation of floating
+islands, possibly the result of the collection of driftwood and other
+debris at the mouth of St. Louis river. The rafts thus formed in time
+became consolidated by the deposition of earthy materials, leaves,
+twigs and vegetable matter, and are covered with a rank growth of
+vegetation, at first shrubby, but at last arboreous. The roots of the
+shrubs and trees interlace, and hold the material of the raft more
+tightly together. These island rafts are sometimes loosened and float
+into the bay, and are driven about by the winds from one side of the
+bay to the other.</p>
+
+<p>One of these islands, supposed to be stationary, known as Fremont
+island, was surveyed and platted in 1856, by C. P. Heustis and Chas.
+A. Post. On the completion of the canal it broke loose from its
+moorings, floated away and disappeared, in all probability going to
+pieces in the rough waters of the lake.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TOWER,</h4>
+
+<p>Located on the southern shore of Vermillion lake, was surveyed Aug. 4,
+1884. The proprietors are the Minnesota Iron Company, of which
+Charlemagne Tower is president. The iron mines located in this
+vicinity are amongst the richest on the continent. Attention was first
+called to the Vermillion by the reported discovery of gold. Machinery
+for crushing and smelting was transported thither, but the thousands
+who rushed to the reputed gold field expecting to become suddenly
+rich, returned disappointed and disheartened. Attention had long
+before been called to the fact that there were rich iron mines in the
+district, but the circumstances were unfavorable for their
+development. They were in a remote position and accessible only by a
+journey of several days through woods and swamps. These mines could be
+reached and developed only by state aid, which was given in the shape
+of a grant of swamp lands, to be applied to building a railway from
+the lake to the mines. This grant having been obtained, Mr. Tower and
+other capitalists at once invested their millions in the mines,
+purchasing some 8,000 acres of land, covering the larger portion of
+the iron deposits in the district, embracing the present site of the
+village of Tower. A railroad sixty-eight miles in length was
+constructed from Tower to Two Harbors, a point twenty-seven miles
+north of Duluth. This road was completed in the spring of 1884, and
+the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span> shipment was made July 3d of that year, the total shipments
+for the year being 62,124 tons. The shipments for 1885 were 225,484
+tons, and for 1886, 304,000 tons. Over $3,000,000 was paid to laborers
+in the Tower mines in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. George E. Stone</span>, of Duluth, is deserving of praise for his
+foresight and energy in opening the Tower mines. Mr. Stone labored
+with untiring zeal after the land grant to aid in building the road
+was given until the road was built and the mines opened.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George R. Stuntz</span> is well known as the government surveyor of the Lake
+Superior region, whose work covers thousands of miles of North
+Wisconsin lands, lying along the southern shore of the lake, and who
+has accurately mapped the meanderings of the influent streams, the
+bays and shaggy projecting shores of the great "Unsalted Sea." There
+is no better topographical authority than Mr. Stuntz, and no one
+better posted as to the location and value of the Northern Wisconsin
+areas and the Vermillion mines.</p>
+
+<p>Having early made Superior City and Duluth his home, and for nearly
+forty years having been identified with the interests of the West
+Superior country, he is an oft-quoted authority. Many of his published
+articles contain most valuable information concerning the feasibility
+of connecting St. Croix and Superior waters. His assertions concerning
+the mineral wealth of the lake country, made before the development of
+the mines, have since been verified. Mr. Stuntz is a typical, sensible
+frontiersman, of American birth, aged about seventy years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Hinman Graves</span>, a native of Springfield, Massachusetts, born in
+1839, received a liberal education, and in 1861 enlisted as a private
+in the Fortieth Massachusetts Volunteers, but was promoted step by
+step to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was severely wounded at the
+battle of Gettysburg. In 1865 he was commissioned as a colonel in the
+regular army, but resigned in 1870, and located at Duluth. From 1873
+to 1876 he was a member of the state senate. He has held several
+public positions in Duluth, and stands deservedly high as a citizen.
+He has labored zealously and efficiently for the prosperity of Duluth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ozro P. Stearns</span> was born Jan. 13, 1831, at De Kalb, Lawrence county,
+New York. In his youth he was dependent upon his own resources. He
+graduated at Michigan University in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span> 1858, after which he visited
+California, tried mining for a short time, and returning graduated in
+the law department of Michigan University. In 1860 he came to
+Rochester, Minnesota, and opened a law office. In 1862 he enlisted in
+Company F, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, of which he was commissioned
+first lieutenant, but in 1864 was promoted to the colonelcy of the
+Thirty-ninth United States Infantry (colored). He served through many
+battles and campaigns, and was mustered out at the close of the war.
+In January, 1866, he returned to Rochester; in 1867 was appointed
+register in bankruptcy for Southern Minnesota; in January, 1871, he
+was elected to the United States senate for a short term to fill the
+vacancy caused by the death of D. S. Norton. In 1872 he removed to
+Duluth, and in 1874 was appointed judge of the Eleventh Judicial
+district, to which office he was elected in the fall of the same year,
+which position, by re-election, he still holds. Judge Stearns was
+married in February, 1863, to Sarah Burger, of Detroit, Michigan.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAKE COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>This county lies on the north shore of Lake Superior, between the
+counties of Cook and St. Louis, extending northward to the British
+line. The whole region is abrupt, broken into hills and valleys, and
+rich in silver, iron and other metals.</p>
+
+<p>The great Vermillion iron mines of St. Louis county find an outlet
+through this county by the Duluth &amp; Iron Range railroad, which finds a
+lake station at Two Harbors. The road was built from Two Harbors to
+Vermillion lake in 1885, from Two Harbors to Duluth in 1887. The
+entire road and extensive mines were sold in June, 1887, for
+$8,000,000, to Porter and others, who are now extending the road from
+Vermillion lake eastward to Thunder Bay and Port Arthur. It is already
+completed to Ely, a distance of twenty miles.</p>
+
+<p>Emigration during the years 1886-7 to this county has been very
+extensive. The two counties, Lake and Cook, have many features in
+common. They are similar in geological formation, produce the same
+metals in the same generous abundance, and being in the same latitude,
+and bordering upon the same lake, differ in no wise in climate and but
+little in productions. Large quantities of pine timber may be found in
+these counties, and saw mills are located along the lake shore where
+an accessible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span> harbor can be found. There are several harbors between
+Duluth and Thunder Bay that might be improved by the government,
+greatly to the advantage of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The silver mines of Isle Royal and along the national boundary are
+extensive, and yield rich returns to the companies working them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWO HARBORS,</h4>
+
+<p>A flourishing village located on the shore of Lake Superior, takes its
+name from two small harbors bearing that name. The Vermillion Iron
+Company have built extensive piers into the lake to facilitate the
+shipping of ores. They have large shops for railroad purposes, with an
+electric light plant. The company employ about two hundred men. Two
+Harbors is the county seat of Lake county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COOK COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Grand Marais is the county seat of Cook county. It is a round,
+land-locked harbor. It has a lighthouse, and the government has built
+a breakwater four hundred feet long, thus making it a harbor of
+refuge, so that boats can lie with safety in any storm. Grand Marais
+is one hundred and ten miles from Duluth, on the north shore of Lake
+Superior. It is the best harbor that Minnesota has except Duluth. It
+is thirty miles south of the international boundary line, and
+forty-five miles northeast of the line by Lake Superior. It is the
+natural outlet for the mineral deposits north. There are large
+quantities of iron ore within thirty-five miles of the harbor. A
+railroad line has been run, and men are now at work on the iron
+deposits with a view of shipping the ore from Grand Marais to points
+where it is wanted for smelting purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Grand Marais was in early days one of the Northwest Fur Company's
+trading posts, but of late years has been used as a fishing station.
+Streets in the town are now being laid out, and from present
+indications Cook county, with its pine lands, iron ore and other
+mineral resources, will be one of the most thriving counties in the
+State, with Grand Marais as not only a harbor of refuge, but one of
+the competing ports for the shipment of iron ore.</p>
+
+<p>H. Mayhew, to whom we are indebted for items of interest concerning
+Cook county, is the oldest resident of Grand Marais, and one of the
+town proprietors.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>HENNEPIN COUNTY.</h3>
+
+<p>Hennepin county was organized March 6, 1852. Prior to the organization
+of Minnesota Territory it was in Clayton county, Iowa. At the
+organization of the Territory, in 1849, it was included in Dakota
+county, and so remained until set off in 1852. Hon. Bradley B. Meeker
+held the first court within the present limits of the county, at the
+old government mill, in 1849. Taylor Dudley was clerk of court,
+Franklin Steele, foreman of grand jury. The first board of
+commissioners were Alex. Moore, chairman, John Jackins and Joseph
+Dean. The first election was held Oct. 21, 1852, at the house of Col.
+John H. Stevens, on the west side. The county is a rich agricultural
+region, abounding with beautiful lakes, of which Minnetonka is the
+largest and finest. The county is bounded on the north by the
+Mississippi river and Wright county, on the east by the Mississippi
+river and Ramsey county, on the south by the Minnesota river and
+Carver county, on the west by Wright and Carver counties. It is
+subdivided into the following towns: Bloomington, Brooklyn, Champlin,
+Crystal Lake, Corcoran, Dayton, Eden Prairie, Excelsior, Greenwood,
+Hasson, Independence, Maple Grove, Medina, Minneapolis, Minnetonka,
+Minnetrista, Osseo, Plymouth, Richfield, and St. Anthony.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 615px;">
+<img src="images/illus-498.jpg" width="615" height="650" alt="FORT SNELLING, ON LINE OF C., M. &amp; ST. P. RY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">FORT SNELLING, ON LINE OF C., M. &amp; ST. P. RY.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>FORT SNELLING.</h4>
+
+<p>Fort Snelling owes its origin to the encroachments of British traders
+on our northern frontier. As early as 1805 Lieut. Zebulen Montgomery
+Pike, United States Army, was sent with a detachment of troops to
+explore the Upper Mississippi river to expel British traders who might
+be found encroaching upon our territory, and to secure by treaty a
+military reservation. Sept. 21, 1805, he encamped on Pike island, at
+the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, and, being
+pleased with the situation, forthwith made a treaty with chiefs of the
+Sioux nation to include all that tract of land lying from below the
+confluence of the two rivers, up the Mississippi, including the falls
+of St. Anthony, nine miles in width on each side of the river. The
+price paid was $2,000. The reserve thus purchased was not used for
+military purposes until 1819, when a detachment of the Fifth United
+States Infantry, commanded by Lieut. Col. Henry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span> Leavenworth, was sent
+to occupy the reservation and build a fort. The building of the fort,
+with its various stone and wooden buildings, was the work of years.
+The site of the fort was selected in 1820, by Col. Josiah Snelling,
+who named it Fort St. Anthony, but at the suggestion of Gen. Winfield
+Scott, in 1824 the name was changed to Fort Snelling as a worthy
+compliment to its founder and builder. Notwithstanding the treaty made
+by Col. Pike in 1805, the Indian claim to the reservation was not
+extinguished until the treaty of 1837, ratified by the senate in 1838.
+In 1836, before the extinction of the Indian title, many settlers
+located on the reservation on the left bank of the Mississippi. These
+were forcibly removed by the United States government in 1840, under
+the act of March 3, 1807, an act to prevent settlements being made on
+ceded lands until duly authorized by law. The reservation was reduced
+from time to time, portions being sold. In 1857 Franklin Steele
+purchased the entire reservation, with the exception of two small
+tracts, including the fort itself, for the sum of $90,000, to be paid
+in three yearly installments. The first payments were actually made,
+the troops were withdrawn, and Mr. Steele assumed possession. Default
+having been made in the two remaining payments, the government resumed
+possession of a small portion of the reservation and fort in 1861. The
+year following, by act of Congress, the reservation was reduced. In
+1870 it was permanently reduced to 1,531.20 acres. A suit at law
+between Mr. Steele and the United States government was compromised by
+releasing him from further payments and granting him a large tract of
+land lying along the right bank of the Mississippi, north of the fort,
+with a portion of Pike's island.</p>
+
+<p>Maj. Plympton and other officers of the fort, in company with Franklin
+Steele, made the first land claim, by permit of the government, at
+East St. Anthony, in 1838. They built a shanty and hired a Frenchman
+to occupy it. Steele bought out the interests of the officers
+associated with him and in 1848 secured a title from the United
+States. The first saw mill built on this claim was commenced by Mr.
+Steele, in conjunction with Boston parties in 1847, but was not
+completed until the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The next land claim on the river was made further up, by R. P. Russell
+and S. J. Findley. This was sold to Bottineau and afterward passed to
+other parties. The land claim adjoining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span> Steele's, below, was
+purchased of a Frenchman by C. A. Tuttle in 1848. This claim is now
+partially occupied by the State University. W. Henry Cheever made a
+claim south of Tuttle's, on which, in 1849, he built a hotel and a
+huge wooden tower or observatory, nearly one hundred feet in height,
+over the entrance to which was a rhyming couplet:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Pay your dime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And climb."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Franklin Steele, before completing his mill and dam, became sole owner
+of the water power on the east side of the river. During the periods
+following the property has often changed owners, and sometimes the
+change has resulted in unprofitable litigation. James J. Hill, in
+later years, has become the owner of most of the water power of
+Nicollet and Hennepin islands and of the east shore, and is making
+valuable improvements.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. ANTHONY FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>St. Anthony Falls was platted as a village in 1849, and was included
+in Ramsey county until 1856. In 1861 the legislature established
+satisfactory boundaries, annexing part of town 29, range 24, to
+Hennepin county.</p>
+
+<p>Among the first settlers of the Falls was Ard Godfrey. The first white
+child born here was a son of C. A. Tuttle, millwright. The Luther
+Patch family, consisting of four sons and two daughters, was the first
+resident American family at the Falls. Mr. Patch's sons were Edward,
+Wallace, Gibson, and Lewis; the daughters, Marion, who became the wife
+of R. P. Russell, the first marriage at the Falls, Oct. 3, 1848, and
+Cora, who became the wife of Joseph Marshall. An earlier marriage was
+celebrated at Fort Snelling May 27, 1835, that of Lieut. Edmund A.
+Ogden and Eliza Edna Loomis; Rev. Thos. S. Williamson officiating.
+This was the first marriage north of Prairie du Chien. The first store
+was opened by R. P. Russell in 1847, the second, in 1849, by Joseph
+Marshall. We find Jacob Fisher, of Stillwater, here in 1847, building
+the dam from Nicollet island to the east shore. Among the operators of
+the mill who have been prominent citizens of St. Anthony Falls are
+Sumner W. Farnham, John Rollins, Caleb W. Dorr, John McDonald, and
+Robert W. Cummings. Some of these men brought their families here. The
+building of the mill was somewhat delayed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span> the sinking in the Erie
+canal of the boats containing the machinery, hardware, etc. Standing
+pine to be used in the mill was purchased of Hole-in-the-Day, a
+Chippewa chief, cut and floated down from Sauk Rapids to the Falls.
+Some timber was also brought from Rum river, the first cut on that
+stream, except for government use. At the land sale in 1848, Mr.
+Steele secured all the land above Tuttle's to the north limits of the
+city. Amongst the settlers in 1848 were the Getchells, Smiths, Rogers'
+and Huse. In 1849, at the organization of the territory of Minnesota,
+a number of others arrived, among them Judge B. B. Meeker, Dr. John H.
+Murphy, John W. North, J. P. Wilson, and John G. Lennon. During this
+year the west half of sec. 14, range 29, was surveyed and platted into
+town lots by W. R. Marshall, B. W. Bronson and S. P. Folsom. Anson
+Northrup commenced the erection of the first hotel, the St. Charles.</p>
+
+<p>John Rollins was elected to the territorial council, W. R. Marshall
+and Wm. Dugas to the house of representatives. The district was
+comprised of St. Anthony Falls and Little Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The first school was taught by Miss Electa Bachus, in the summer of
+1849. A post office was established and Ard Godfrey was appointed
+postmaster. There were occasional mails brought in John Rollins'
+passenger wagon. In 1850 Willoughby &amp; Powers ran a daily stage line
+from St. Paul and the mail thenceforth was carried regularly. John W.
+North built a dwelling on Nicollet island, which became a social
+centre, and was made attractive by a piano. In 1850 a public library
+was established, the first in Minnesota. Rev. E. D. Neill, the
+historian of Minnesota, delivered the first public lecture and
+preached the first sermon in 1849. The following year, the Baptists,
+Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians organized societies,
+and in 1851 the Episcopalians and Universalists. Amongst the
+accessions to the population were Judge Isaac Atwater, W. W. Wales, J.
+B. Bassett, C. W. Christmas, and Joseph Dean. Col. Alvaren Allen
+opened a livery stable. The St. Anthony <i>Express</i>, the first
+newspaper, was established May 31, 1851; E. Tyler, proprietor, Judge
+I. Atwater, editor. Measures were taken to locate the university in
+St. Anthony Falls. Citizens contributed $3,000 aid to in the erection
+of the building.</p>
+
+<p>Facilities of communication with the surrounding country were none of
+the best, yet communication was early established<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span> with the Red River
+country, a dog train having arrived from Pembina, distant four hundred
+miles, in sixteen days. On this train Kittson, Rolette and Gingras
+came down to attend the territorial legislature at St. Paul as
+representatives of Pembina county.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin Steele, in 1847, established a ferry above the Falls. In 1854
+the Minnesota Bridge Company was organized, consisting of Franklin
+Steele, H. T. Wells, R. P. Russell, and others. A handsome suspension
+bridge was finished in 1855. This bridge remained in the control of
+the company fifteen years, when by an act of the legislature the value
+was assessed and Hennepin county purchased the bridge, and it became a
+free thoroughfare.</p>
+
+<p>April 13, 1855, St. Anthony Falls was incorporated as a city with the
+following officers: Mayor, H. T. Welles; clerk, W. F. Brawley;
+aldermen, B. F. Spencer, John Orth, Daniel Stanchfield, Edward
+Lippincott, Caleb W. Dorr, and Robert Cummings.</p>
+
+<p>In 1872 St. Anthony Falls was annexed to Minneapolis, and placed under
+the same government, a movement which has resulted in great benefit to
+both cities.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. ANTHONY FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>The earliest written descriptions of St. Anthony falls were by the
+Roman Catholic missionaries, Hennepin and LaSalle. The former with
+Accault and Du Gay ascended the river in a canoe until captured by a
+band of Sioux Indians. These Indians left the river at a point now the
+present site of St. Paul and took their prisoners to Mille Lacs. In
+September, when the Indians set out on their annual hunt, the captives
+were left to go where they pleased. Accault preferred remaining with
+the Indians. Hennepin and Du Gay obtained a small canoe and commenced
+the descent of the Rum and Mississippi rivers to the falls, then
+called by the Indians Ka-ka-bi-ka Irara or "Severed Rock." They
+reached the falls about the first of October, and named them after St.
+Anthony of Padua. The description given by La Salle, a second hand
+one, was probably derived from Hennepin, Accault or Du Gay, as La
+Salle did not visit the falls, and these voyageurs were his
+subordinates, and had been sent by him to explore the Upper
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>He says: "In going up the Mississippi again, twenty leagues above the
+St. Croix is found the falls, which those I sent named<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span> St. Anthony.
+They are thirty or forty feet high, and the river is narrower here
+than elsewhere. There is a small island in the midst of the chute, and
+the two banks of the river are bordered by hills which gradually
+diminish at this point, but the country on each side is covered by
+thin woods, such as oaks and other hardwoods, scattered wide apart."</p>
+
+<p>This description corresponds very well with the earliest pictures of
+the falls, which with "the small island in the midst of the chute"
+make them resemble slightly a Niagara considerably diminished in
+height. The historic falls have almost entirely disappeared or so
+changed as to become unrecognizable. Spirit island, if this be the
+island referred to by La Salle as in the midst of the chute, is now so
+far below the falls that it can scarcely be brought into the same
+picture with them. The falls have undoubtedly receded, by a process
+easily explained by a geologist, some distance up the river, and have
+diminished somewhat in altitude. The movement of the falls up stream,
+caused by the breaking off of limestone ledges, overlying sandstone,
+easily washed from beneath by the falling water, threatened the total
+obliteration of the cataract unless arrested by artificial means, as
+the dip or inclination of the rock is such that the altitude of the
+falls diminishes with the wearing away of these ledges: It has been
+found necessary to strengthen the ledges and prevent further erosion
+by means of aprons, till the present appearance of the falls is not
+unsuggestive of a series of dams. The entire cost of these
+improvements has amounted to more than $1,000,000. The shores of the
+islands and mainlands have been covered with mills and manufactories,
+while the scene is still further disfigured by a maze of railway and
+other bridges, waterways and flumes. Scarce a vestige of the original
+falls remain to recall their appearance as they were when the sandaled
+and robed Franciscan, Hennepin, first gazed upon them. In the midst of
+this solitude, and on the banks once covered by a sparse growth of
+trees, one of the finest cities in the West has sprung up as if by
+magic, and the scene is one of busy life. This marvelous change has
+occurred within a space of fifty years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MINNEAPOLIS.</h4>
+
+<p>From the establishment and occupation of Fort Snelling in 1819, to the
+settlement of the county in 1840, numerous traders<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span> and adventurers,
+generally of French or Canadian origin, and not infrequently
+intermarried with Indians, and semi-Indian in their habits of life,
+occupied transient homes on or near the military reservation; but
+these have exercised so little influence upon the development of the
+country that they merit no recognition or record from the historian.
+As a general thing, they disappeared before the march of civilization.
+A few, wiser, stronger, more far-seeing than the rest, adapted
+themselves to the new order, made claims, engaged in the enterprises
+of civilized life, and thus obtained an honorable position amongst the
+pioneers of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Of these, Joseph R. Brown, by far the most distinguished, by
+permission of the military authorities, located in Hennepin county
+near the falls of Minnehaha, in 1829. He is the first white settler.
+Maj. Taliaferro, then in command of the Fort, in the same year made a
+farm on the shores of Lake Calhoun, and placed Philander Prescott in
+charge. In 1834 the Pond brothers, missionaries, located on Lake
+Calhoun and erected the first dwelling worthy of the name within the
+present limits of the county of Hennepin. In 1849 Philander Prescott
+made a claim on what is now Minnehaha avenue. Frank Steele obtained
+permission from the secretary of war to occupy this claim, whereupon
+Mr. Prescott abandoned it, and made another on laud adjoining. This he
+was allowed to retain. Charles Mosseaux, by permission of the military
+authorities, made a claim on Lake Calhoun in 1856. This claim is now
+occupied by the pavillion. Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling,
+by permission of the military authorities, made a claim near Lake
+Calhoun and employed Edward Brissett to live upon it. Afterward a
+contest arose as to the ownership. Chaplain Gear, by the aid of Judge
+Black and H. M. Rice, secured a congressional enactment allowing him
+to purchase the land from the government. David Gohram made a claim on
+the Lake of the Isles, but subsequently sold out to R. P. Russell.
+John Berry, the Blaisdells, Pierce Lowell and many others located in
+the vicinity of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, and in 1853 were followed
+by settlers on nearly all the lands lying immediately west of the
+Mississippi, in the vicinity of the falls. In 1854 there were twelve
+farm houses scattered widely from the falls to the vicinity of the
+lakes. It had been evident for some time that a city of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span> considerable
+pretensions must arise somewhere in the vicinity of the Fort and the
+falls. The locality of the coming city was decided largely by
+advantages of situation, and these were in favor of the locality
+immediately adjoining the falls, the water power there afforded being
+a powerful attraction. For the first recognition of these advantages
+we must go back to a period several years anterior to the location of
+these claims and there find a starting point in the history of
+Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p>In 1820 the military authorities at Fort Snelling had erected a stone
+mill for sawing their own lumber and grinding the grain shipped from
+St. Louis. They also built a log house and cultivated a few acres of
+adjacent ground. This mill, run by the water of the falls, was located
+a short distance below. This was the first utilization of the water
+power. The mill, which has long since disappeared, was located on the
+present site of Sidle, Fletcher &amp; Holmes' flouring mill. In 1854 one
+saw mill, the first in Minneapolis aside from the old government mill,
+was located just below the falls. It had a capacity of 1,500,000 feet
+per annum and besides manufactured great quantities of shingles. It
+was under the direction of C. King. A steam saw mill was built at the
+mouth of Bassett's creek, above the falls, in 1856, and another the
+following year, half a mile further up the river. Thus began the great
+lumber business of Minneapolis, in 1857 there being three mills with
+an aggregate capacity of 75,000,000 feet per annum.</p>
+
+<p>The attitude of the government with regard to the lands reserved about
+the Fort, the act of 1839, driving off those who had settled upon them
+and destroying their property, and the uncertainty with regard to the
+tenure of land claims, acted as an effectual bar to further
+improvement until ten years later, when Hon. Robert Smith, member of
+Congress from Alton district, Illinois, and Col. John H. Stevens, the
+pioneer of Minneapolis, each obtained permits from the secretary of
+war and the officers of the Fort to occupy one hundred and sixty acres
+of the reservation. Smith's location included the stone mill, which he
+agreed to use in grinding Fort Snelling grain. Mr. Smith engaged C. A.
+Tuttle to operate the mill and hold the claim. Mr. Tuttle was to have
+an interest for his labor. This interest he afterward sold to Smith,
+who, when the government relinquished the reservation, transferred his
+claim to Anson<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span> Northrup and others, who were organized into an
+association for the entry of land. Soon as the entries were completed
+the land passed into the hands of the Minneapolis Water Power Company,
+which proceeded at once to improve the water power.</p>
+
+<p>Col. J. H. Stevens meanwhile located in person on his permit, and in
+1849 built the first frame house in Minneapolis, on the ground now
+occupied by the union depot. J. B. Bassett purchased the fraction of
+land on the river above Stevens, Col. Emanuel Case the fraction above
+Bassett's, A. E. Ames the eighty where the court house stands, and
+Edwin Hedderly the fraction below the water power. Mr. Stevens made
+the first survey of village lots in the spring of 1854; Chas. W.
+Christmas, surveyor.</p>
+
+<p>The Smith claim was surveyed by W. R. Marshall in the fall of 1854. In
+1856 Atwater's addition was surveyed. Other additions were added from
+year to year as the growth of the city demanded. At the release of the
+reservation in 1855, the entire present site of the city was covered
+with claims.</p>
+
+<p>The name Minneapolis, derived from an Indian word <i>minne</i>, meaning
+<i>water</i>, and a Greek word <i>polis</i>, meaning <i>city</i>, had been early
+applied to the new village, Chas. Hoag having first suggested the
+name. In March, 1853, the commissioners of Hennepin county adopted the
+name as that of a territorial precinct. A government land office had
+been established in 1854, of which M. L. Olds was register and R. P.
+Russell receiver. The first, newspaper, the Minneapolis <i>Democrat</i>,
+was established in 1854. During the same year the Masons and Odd
+Fellows organized lodges, the Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists
+organized societies, and public schools were established. In 1857 the
+court house, at a cost of $12,000, a school house, and several
+churches were erected.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Minneapolis was organized in 1858. H. T. Welles was the
+first president. In 1867 Minneapolis obtained a city charter.
+Minneapolis and St. Anthony Falls were united under the same
+government, by act of legislature, approved Feb. 28, 1872, under the
+name of Minneapolis, St. Anthony Falls being recognized in the
+directory as East Minneapolis. The united cities elect in common a
+mayor and city council, but each is financially responsible as to
+contracts existing previous to the union, and each maintains its own
+schools.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We append a list of mayors of the two cities prior and subsequent to
+the union:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="2">MAYORS OF ST. ANTHONY FALLS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855.</td><td align='left'>H. T. Welles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856.</td><td align='left'>Alvaren Allen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857.</td><td align='left'>Wm. W. Wales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1858.</td><td align='left'>Orrin Curtis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1859.</td><td align='left'>Orrin Curtis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860.</td><td align='left'>R. B. Graves.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1861.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1862.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1863.</td><td align='left'>Edwin S. Brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1864.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865.</td><td align='left'>Wm. W. Wales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1866.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868.</td><td align='left'>Winthrop Young.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869.</td><td align='left'>W. W. McNair.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870.</td><td align='left'>W. W. McNair.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871.</td><td align='left'>Edwin S. Brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MAYORS OF MINNEAPOLIS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867.</td><td align='left'>Dorillius Morrison</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868.</td><td align='left'>Hugh G. Harrison.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869.</td><td align='left'>Dorillius Morrison.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870.</td><td align='left'>Eli B. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871.</td><td align='left'>Eli B. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MAYORS OF MINNEAPOLIS SUBSEQUENT TO THE UNION WITH
+ST. ANTHONY FALLS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872.</td><td align='left'>Eugene M. Wilson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873.</td><td align='left'>George A. Bracket.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1874.</td><td align='left'>Eugene M. Wilson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875.</td><td align='left'>O. C. Merriman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876.</td><td align='left'>Albert A. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877.</td><td align='left'>John DeLittre.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878.</td><td align='left'>A. C. Rand.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879.</td><td align='left'>A. C. Rand.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880.</td><td align='left'>A. C. Rand.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881.</td><td align='left'>A. C. Rand.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882.</td><td align='left'>A. A. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883.</td><td align='left'>A. A. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884.</td><td align='left'>Geo. Pillsbury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885.</td><td align='left'>Geo. Pillsbury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886.</td><td align='left'>A. A. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887.</td><td align='left'>A. A. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1888.</td><td align='left'>A. A. Ames.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>WATER VERSUS STEAM.</h4>
+
+<p>Some wonder has been expressed that in the vicinity of one of the
+finest water powers on this continent there should be found so many
+saw mills run by steam. The question is partly an economical one, as
+owing to the heavy expenses entailed upon mill owners to prevent the
+retrogression of the falls, it may be cheaper for saw mill owners to
+use steam, especially as they can feed their furnaces with but little
+expense from the slabs and debris of their own lumber; but in this
+case a weightier reason may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span> be found in the fact that the west side
+of the river has been occupied chiefly by flouring mills, and the saw
+mills are moved to less eligible localities, and find it more
+convenient and economical to use steam instead of water.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TERRIFIC EXPLOSION AT THE FLOUR MILLS.</h4>
+
+<p>One of the most remarkable mill disasters of modern times occurred May
+2, 1878, in the Washington A mill. About 7 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span> the sound of a
+terrific explosion was heard and the city was shaken as by an
+earthquake. The mill in which it occurred was utterly demolished, as
+were also the Humboldt, the Zenith and the Palisade, while several
+others were badly wrecked. There were fourteen lives lost and the
+property destroyed amounted in value to over $1,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of the explosion was at first not understood, but on
+thorough investigation was finally attributed to a mixture of
+exceedingly fine grain and flour dust with the air of the mills, in
+such proportion as to form a combustible mixture, which was
+accidentally ignited. The mills destroyed have since been replaced by
+better ones. The great Pilsbury A mill, which is perhaps beyond
+question the largest in the world, was begun in the following year. A
+canal was cut to supply it with power, and it was equipped with two
+Victor turbine water wheels of 1,450 horse power each and a 1,400
+horse power engine; it was furnished with 400 pairs of rollers, 200
+middlings purifiers, 20 run of stone, 200 bolting reels and other
+devices in keeping.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SUBURBAN RESORTS&mdash;LAKE MINNETONKA.</h4>
+
+<p>This magnificent lake is 10 miles southwest of Minneapolis, and 20
+miles from St. Paul. Its extreme length is about 18 miles, varying in
+width from 1 to 5 miles. Its water area is about 15,000 acres, and its
+shore line is estimated at nearly 300 miles. A glance at the map will
+show what a variety of scenery it must have, being so broken and
+irregular. Its banks and islands are covered with forest trees except
+at a few points where villages have been located, or where some farmer
+had, years ago, cleared himself a farm.</p>
+
+<p>There are three villages on Minnetonka, viz.: Excelsior, Wayzata and
+Mound City. Excelsior was settled in 1852, by a colony from New York
+State, and named from the title adopted by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span> the organization before
+leaving home. It was incorporated about 1879. It is located on a range
+of hills on the south shore of Lake Minnetonka, of which it has a
+commanding view. Its present population is about 850. It has two
+railways, the Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis and the St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp;
+Manitoba, and a motor line. It is distant 18 miles from Minneapolis.
+The oldest settlement on the lake is Wayzata, on the north shore of
+Lake Minnetonka, 10 miles from Minneapolis, via the St. Paul,
+Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba railway, which passes through the village. The
+name Wayzata is a corruption of the Indian word Wy-ze-a-ta, meaning
+North Shore, or North Side. The village contains about 400
+inhabitants, and commands considerable trade from the surrounding
+country.</p>
+
+<p>There are several fine hotels upon the lake, equal if not superior to
+the famous hotels of eastern watering places. Prominent among these
+are the Hotel Lafayette, built at a cost of $200,000, the Lake Park
+Hotel and Excelsior House. Railways reach the lake at several points,
+and steamers make regular trips for tourists.</p>
+
+<p>Minnehaha Falls, rendered famous in Longfellow's poems of Hiawatha, is
+located on Minnehaha creek, midway between Fort Snelling and St.
+Anthony Falls. It is deservedly a favored resort.</p>
+
+<h4>PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN MINNEAPOLIS COSTING $100,000 AND UPWARD.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Court house (not completed)</td><td align='right'>$2,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Post office</td><td align='right'>500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exposition Hall</td><td align='right'>350,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Science Hall</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Library building</td><td align='right'>190,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soldiers' Home, near Minnehaha Falls</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>State University</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chamber of Commerce</td><td align='right'>285,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Temple Court</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Masonic Temple</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>City Market House</td><td align='right'>225,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Athen&aelig;um</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hennepin Avenue Theatre</td><td align='right'>140,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washburn Orphan Asylum</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>House of Good Shepherd</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Loan and Trust Company</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Guaranty Life and Trust</td><td align='right'>300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lumber Exchange</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Builders' Exchange</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Knights of Labor Exchange</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S. C. Hall Lumber Company</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bank of Commerce</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Union elevator</td><td align='right'>375,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minneapolis &amp; Pacific elevator</td><td align='right'>118,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Anthony elevator</td><td align='right'>154,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Boston block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nicollet House block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Albert Johnson block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Globe block</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wright block</td><td align='right'>140,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mutual block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glen block</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Langdon block</td><td align='right'>120,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Central block, terrace</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Syndicate block</td><td align='right'>600,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Hotel</td><td align='right'>1,020,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gates' tenements</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lowry's residence</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eastman &amp; Cook's saw mill</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soo &amp; St Marie shops</td><td align='right'>145,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Minneapolis pumping station</td><td align='right'>214,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tubular car works</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Buel tenement block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pillsbury A flour mill</td><td align='right'>1,100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washburn A flour mill</td><td align='right'>750,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washburn B flour mill</td><td align='right'>500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Morrison flour mill</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Christian &amp; Co.'s flour mill</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>High School building</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Church of the Dominican Fathers</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aggregate value of school property</td><td align='right'>1,250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aggregate value of church property</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aggregate value of parks and boulevards</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>POST OFFICE STATISTICS FOR 1886.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>General business</td><td align='right'>$409,225</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Money orders</td><td align='right'>1,215,951</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Income</td><td align='right'>225,178</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Expense</td><td align='right'>79,436</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>HISTORY OF THE POST OFFICE AT MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.</h4>
+
+
+<h4>Postmasters.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Established Jan. 7, 1854</td><td align='left'>Hezekiah Fletcher.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dec. 22, 1854</td><td align='left'>Carlos Wilcoz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 7, 1856</td><td align='left'>Alfred E. Ames.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 22, 1857</td><td align='left'>Samuel Hidden.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aug. 30, 1858</td><td align='left'>William P. Ankeny.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 4, 1861</td><td align='left'>David Morgan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>July 12, 1865</td><td align='left'>Daniel Bassett.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nov. 17, 1866</td><td align='left'>William W. McNair.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>March 11, 1867</td><td align='left'>Cyrus Aldrich.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>April 15, 1871</td><td align='left'>Geo. H. Keith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>June 21, 1882</td><td align='left'>Orlo M. Laraway.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>June 22, 1886</td><td align='left'>John J. Ankeny.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The bonded debt of the city is $3,319,000. The city can not create a
+debt nor issue bonds to a greater amount than five per cent of the
+assessed valuation of city property, and the charter prohibits a
+floating debt.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>The tax assessments for 1886</td><td align='right'>$99,591,762</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barrels of flour manufactured</td><td align='right'>6,163,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Value of other manufactures</td><td align='right'>$62,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Feet of lumber manufactured</td><td align='right'>267,197,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elevator capacity (bushels)</td><td align='right'>11,820,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bushels of wheat received</td><td align='right'>34,904,260</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Eight bridges span the river at Minneapolis as crossings for the
+various railroads. The stone arch viaduct of the St. Paul, Minneapolis
+&amp; Manitoba cost $750,000. Municipal expenses, $2,542,714.</p>
+
+<p>The following table gives the cut of lumber in Minneapolis for the
+last sixteen years:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1870</td><td align='right'>118,233,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871</td><td align='right'>117,157,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872</td><td align='right'>167,918,820</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873</td><td align='right'>189,970,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1874</td><td align='right'>191,305,680</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>156,665,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876</td><td align='right'>200,371,250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877</td><td align='right'>129,676,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878</td><td align='right'>130,274,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879</td><td align='right'>149,151,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>195,452,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3881</td><td align='right'>230,402,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882</td><td align='right'>312,239,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883</td><td align='right'>278,716,480</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884</td><td align='right'>300,724,373</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885</td><td align='right'>313,998,166</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886</td><td align='right'>267,196,519</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>WEST MINNEAPOLIS.</h4>
+
+<p>West Minneapolis is located about eight miles from the court house, in
+sections 24 and 19 of township 27, range 24, and is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span> included
+within Minneapolis' city limits. The Chicago, Milwaukee &amp; St. Louis,
+the Hastings &amp; Dakota, and the St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba
+railroads have stations here. It was surveyed in 1886, and organized
+shortly after. It has two threshing machine and other extensive
+manufactories. The Hennepin county poor farm is located near by.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calvin A. Tuttle.</span>&mdash;Mr. Tuttle was born in Holland, Connecticut, in
+1811. He received an academic education, and remained with his parents
+until of age. He learned the trade of millwright with his father. In
+1832 he went to Bangor, Maine, and worked at his trade until 1835,
+when he removed to Alton, Illinois. He came to St. Croix in 1838, and
+superintended the building of a mill. In 1841 he returned to Alton,
+where he was married to Charlotte Winkler. He lived in Davenport,
+Iowa, four years and one year at Chippewa Falls. In 1846 he removed to
+St. Anthony Falls, where he helped build the first saw mill. Here he
+worked eight years almost continuously at his trade. He purchased two
+hundred acres of land here, including university lands, which he sold
+for $3,500. He removed to West St. Anthony in 1852, to Robert Smith's
+government permit, and then ran the old government flouring mill,
+grinding only for the government. The grain, about 5,000 bushels
+annually, was brought from St. Louis. For holding Smith's permit, and
+grinding, he received one-eighth of the property. The government
+grinding was done for the privilege of making a claim on the
+government reservation. This claim, eighty acres in extent, located in
+what was then called West St. Anthony, now in the heart of
+Minneapolis, is worth millions of dollars. Mr. Tuttle sold his
+interest for $5,000. The old mill was built of stone, 30 x 30 feet,
+ground dimensions, two stories in height, with one run of stone. The
+mill was built in 1822. There was a farm near the mill, cultivated by
+soldiers. Mr. Tuttle returned to East St. Anthony in 1857, and removed
+to Minnetonka in 1858, where he lived five years. Thence he removed to
+Twin Rivers, Morrison county. He has a saw mill, farm and good home at
+Twin Rivers. In 1887 he returned to Minneapolis to spend the remainder
+of his days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyrus Aldrich.</span>&mdash;The subject of this memoir was born June 18, 1808, in
+Smithfield, Rhode Island. His father was Dexter Aldrich, and was
+engaged in shipping and merchandising. His<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span> mother's maiden name was
+Hannah White. She was a descendant of Peregrine White, the first male
+child born after the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. He received such
+an education as could be obtained at the common schools until he was
+eighteen years of age, when he left home to engage for a few years in
+a seafaring life. This life not proving to his taste, he abandoned it
+and engaged in other pursuits. At the age of twenty-nine he emigrated
+to Illinois and located at Alton, where he took a contract on the
+Michigan and Erie canal. In 1841, or about four years later, he
+removed to Galena, Illinois, where he secured employment with the firm
+of Galbraith &amp; Porter, and engaged in staging and mail contracts. In
+1845 he was elected to the Illinois legislature. The same year he was
+married to Clara Heaton, of Indiana, who, with one son and one
+daughter, survives him. In 1847 he was elected register of deeds of
+Joe Daviess county; in 1849 was appointed receiver of the land office
+at Dixon, Illinois; and in 1852 ran for Congress on the Whig ticket
+against Long John Wentworth, but was defeated by a small majority. He
+removed to Minnesota in 1855, locating at Minneapolis, then but a
+small village. In 1857 he was elected a member of the Republican wing
+of the constitutional convention, where his ability for leadership
+soon brought him to the front. In 1858 he was nominated and elected
+representative to Congress, Minnesota having meanwhile become a state.
+In 1860 he was re-elected. This was a trying time, but Mr. Aldrich
+acquitted himself well, and was especially commended for his devotion
+to the interests of the soldiers. In 1862 he declined a re-election,
+but allowed his name to be used (though unsuccessfully) as a candidate
+for the senate. He did not, however, entirely withdraw from public
+affairs, but accepted an appointment from President Lincoln as a
+member of the indemnity committee to adjust claims of settlers who had
+suffered during the Indian outbreak of 1862. He also devoted much of
+his time and energy to the establishment of the Northern Pacific
+railway.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865 he was elected to the Minnesota legislature. In 1867 he was
+appointed postmaster of Minneapolis, which position he held for four
+years. His long and busy life has been spent chiefly in public
+service. He had not quite reached the scriptural limit of human life,
+but it was evident that his iron constitution had been overtasked and
+that he needed rest. The retirement and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span> rest came too late. His
+health gradually failed until Oct. 5, 1871, when he closed his eyes
+upon the scenes of earth. His funeral, conducted from the Universalist
+church, of which he was a member, was one of the largest ever held in
+the State. Citizens of all parties and classes, the masonic and other
+social and civil bodies combined in paying the last tribute of respect
+to one who for fifteen years had been the most active, best known and
+most respected of their number.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Elisha Ames, M.D.</span>, was born at Colchester, Vermont, Dec. 13,
+1814. He was the oldest son of Billy and Phebe (Baker) Ames, whose
+ancestors were early colonists from England. Alfred E. commenced the
+study of medicine in 1832. He occasionally taught school and worked at
+his trade of brickmason. He also varied his labors by publishing an
+arithmetic. He came West in 1838, locating first at Springfield,
+Illinois; concluded his medical studies at Rush Medical College,
+Chicago, in 1845. Before leaving Illinois he was elected to the state
+senate. In 1851 he came to St. Anthony Falls, made a claim, and
+entered into partnership with Dr. J. H. Murphy. In 1852 he served as
+surgeon at Fort Snelling, and in 1853 was elected to the territorial
+legislature as a member of the house. In 1854 he was elected probate
+judge; in 1857 member of the Democratic wing of the constitutional
+convention, and in 1860 became a member of the state normal board.
+During the remainder of his life he devoted himself to the practice of
+medicine, but also served the public in many positions of trust. He
+died Dec. 24, 1874. His wife and five children survive him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Albert Alonzo Ames</span>, son of Dr. A. E. and Martha (Pratt) Ames, was born
+at Garden Prairie, Illinois, Jan. 18, 1842. He received a high school
+education at Minneapolis, studied medicine at Rush Medical College,
+Chicago, and graduated February, 1862. In August, 1863, he enlisted in
+the Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, but shortly after was commissioned
+assistant surgeon of the Seventh Minnesota Volunteers. He served for
+awhile in the Indian campaigns. In the fall of 1863 the regiment was
+ordered South. In July, 1864, he was commissioned as surgeon of the
+Seventh regiment in place of Dr. L. B. Smith, killed at Tupelo. He was
+mustered out of service at the close of the war with an excellent
+record as a physician and surgeon. After the war he devoted himself to
+the practice of his profession and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> public services in Minneapolis,
+excepting a period of six years spent in editorial life in California,
+first on the staff of the <i>Daily Times</i>, and later as managing editor
+of the <i>Alta Californian</i>. At the death of his father, in 1874, he
+returned to Minneapolis and resumed practice. He has filled the
+following positions of trust: 1867, member of the Minnesota
+legislature (house); 1875, member of the city council; 1876, mayor of
+Minneapolis; 1877, Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor (not
+elected); 1886, Democratic candidate for governor (not elected);
+1886-87-88, again mayor of Minneapolis. Dr. Ames is a member of such
+prominent fraternities as the Masonic, Odd Fellows, Druids, Knights of
+Pythias, and Order of Elks.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Ames was married April 21, 1862, to Sarah, daughter of Capt.
+Richard Strout, of Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesse Ames</span> was born in Vinalhaven, Maine, Feb. 4, 1808. From the age
+of fourteen till his retirement in 1861, Mr. Ames devoted himself to a
+seafaring life. At the age of twenty-three he was captain of a
+schooner, and afterward of different ships, brigs, barks or schooners,
+all of them in the mercantile trade. He made between twenty and thirty
+voyages to Europe, circumnavigated Cape Horn several times, and sailed
+twice round the globe. Few men have seen more of the world. His last
+voyage was from New Zealand to London, where he sold his ship, and,
+coming to America, found him a beautiful home in the North Star State.
+He is a resident of Northfield, and is, with his son John T., the
+owner of the well known flouring mills at that place. He was married
+Oct. 27, 1832, to Margaret Tolman, of Rockland, Maine. They have two
+sons, one of whom, John T., is a resident of Northfield. The other
+son, Adelbert A., won distinction during the Civil War, leaving the
+service with the brevet rank of major general. Since the war he has
+served as senator from Mississippi, and as governor of that state.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cadwallader C. Washburn.</span>&mdash;Hon. C. C. Washburn was a man of rare
+nobility of character and possessed of an acute and powerful mind. He
+used his great talents for the good of the country. He was a man of
+philanthropic impulses and great generosity, as the following
+munificent gifts to the public will attest:</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>&mdash;To the state of Wisconsin, in 1876, an astronomical
+observatory, located on the university lands at Madison, in style<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span> of
+architecture and apparatus to carry into execution the design of the
+institution, equal, if not superior, to that of any like institution
+in the world.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;The donation of his "Edgewood Home," near Madison,
+Wisconsin, for educational purposes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>&mdash;The generously established school located on the shores of
+Lake Harriet, near Minneapolis, "The Washburn Home for Orphans," for
+the poor and unfortunate children of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Washburn was born in Livermore, Maine, April 22, 1818; lived at
+home until 1838, and devoted some time to obtaining a classical
+education. In 1838 and 1839 he taught school and clerked in Hallowell
+and Wiscassett, Maine. In the spring of 1839 he came West to
+Davenport, Iowa, and was employed a few months with David Dale Owen,
+on geological work. In 1840 and 1841 he studied law at Rock Island.
+Illinois. In 1842 he settled in Mineral Point, Wisconsin, and was
+admitted to practice law at Lancaster, Grant county, in Judge Dunn's
+court. He continued in practice at Mineral Point; also engaged in real
+estate and dealing in land warrants, and in 1852 established the Bank
+of Mineral Point. Mr. Washburn was elected representative to the
+thirty-fourth, thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, and fortieth congresses. In
+February, 1861, the house appointed a special committee of
+thirty-three members on the state of the Union. A majority of the
+committee reported an amendment to the constitution of the United
+States, making slavery perpetual. Mr. Washburn and others made a
+minority report against making slavery perpetual. On this report we
+subjoin his remarks: "If this Union must be dissolved, whether by
+peaceable process or through fire and blood or civil war, we shall
+have the consolation of knowing that when the conflict is over those
+who survive will be what they never have been&mdash;inhabitants of a free
+country." Mr. Washburn changed his residence to La Crosse in 1861. He
+received a colonel's commission to recruit a cavalry regiment that
+year, and subsequently was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.
+He was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1872. In 1876 he erected a
+large flour mill at Minneapolis, which burned in 1878. It was soon
+after rebuilt. In this mill he introduced the first Hungarian patent
+process for making flour used in America. Mr. Washburn died at Eureka
+Springs, Arkansas, May 14, 1882. His body was brought to Wisconsin and
+buried at La Crosse.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 464px;">
+<img src="images/illus-517.jpg" width="464" height="650" alt="W. D. Washburn" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Drew Washburn</span>, the youngest of the Washburn brothers, was born
+at Livermore, Maine, Jan. 14, 1831. He worked upon his father's farm
+until twenty years of age; prepared himself for college by his own
+unaided efforts, entered Bowdoin College, and graduated in 1854. He
+studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857, and in the same year
+came to Minneapolis as agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company, of which
+he became a partner. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him surveyor
+general of Minnesota. During his term of office, which continued four
+years, he lived in St. Paul. On his return to Minneapolis he built a
+large saw mill and engaged extensively in the lumber trade. He was the
+chief mover in the Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis and Minneapolis &amp; Pacific
+railways. He has a large lumber and flour mill at Anoka, and with
+others erected the Palisade flour mill at Minneapolis. In 1878 he was
+elected representative to Congress from the Third district and
+re-elected in 1880. He has also served in the state legislature. He
+was a principal proprietor of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie &amp;
+Atlantic railway, and was elected president of the company in 1883.
+Mr. Washburn has been successful in his business ventures, has
+accumulated a handsome property, and been liberal in using his means
+in the interests of Minneapolis and the State. He is eminently
+practical in his business ideas and methods, and affable and
+prepossessing in his manners. He married Lizzie Muzzy, of Bangor,
+Maine, in 1850, and has two sons and two daughters living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joseph Clinton Whitney</span> was born in Springfield, Vermont, April 14,
+1818. In 1829 he removed with his parents to Lower Canada, where he
+remained till he was twenty years of age. He went to Oberlin, Ohio,
+1840; graduated from the college in 1845, and from Union Theological
+Seminary in 1849. The same year he removed to Stillwater, where he
+organized the First Presbyterian church, of which he served as pastor
+until 1853, when he was called to the pastorate of the First
+Presbyterian church at Minneapolis, where he remained four years. He
+removed to Forest City, Meeker county, but returned to Minneapolis in
+1860. In 1862 he enlisted in Company D, Sixth Minnesota Volunteers,
+and served three years. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> him
+quartermaster with the rank of captain. In 1866 he returned to
+Minneapolis and engaged in business. In 1867 he was elected state
+senator from the Fifth district. Mr. Whitney has been greatly
+interested in the cause of education. He was a principal mover in
+establishing the public schools of Minneapolis, of Bennett Seminary
+for Young Ladies, and of Macalester College. He is president of the
+board of Bennett Seminary, and is one of the members of the state
+normal board. He was married July 10, 1849, to Eliza Baird. They have
+three sons and two daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Hoag</span> was born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, in 1808. He received
+a good education and taught school fifteen years. He came to
+Minneapolis in 1852, and occupied various positions of trust, having
+been a member of the first town council, the second treasurer of
+Hennepin county, and the superintendent of schools four years,
+commencing with 1870. Mr. Hoag suggested the name of Minneapolis for
+the growing young city of his adoption. He was a man of marked ability
+and refinement, and although a strong partisan his many admirable
+personal qualities won the esteem of those who most radically differed
+from him. He was twice married, his first wife dying in 1871. In 1873
+he was married to Miss Susan F. Jewett who, with a daughter, Mrs. C.
+H. Clark, and one son, Levi, survives him. Mr. Hoag died February,
+1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Franklin Steele.</span>&mdash;No other pioneer has been more prominent in the
+early history of Minneapolis than Franklin Steele. A bold, sagacious,
+enterprising man, he came in the very vanguard of civilization, and
+promptly and fearlessly availed himself of the splendid opportunities
+that this, then almost unknown, frontier afforded. We have not many
+data of his early life, but his history since he set foot in Fort
+Snelling is elsewhere given as a part of the early history of the
+section in which he located, and need not be here repeated.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin Steele was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. He came
+West by the advice of President Andrew Jackson, and arrived at Fort
+Snelling just after the conclusion of the treaty by which the Indians
+ceded their St. Croix lands to the government; whereupon Mr. Steele
+visited St. Croix Falls, made a claim and proceeded to make further
+improvements, such as building mills, as elsewhere narrated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When appointed sutler of the army at Fort Snelling, he sold his St.
+Croix claims and identified himself thereafter with the interests of
+St. Anthony Falls and the section adjacent thereto, where he made
+claims and improvements. Among other enterprises illustrative of the
+faith of Steele and others in the future greatness of the prospective
+river cities, the fact may be mentioned that an organized company
+built a wire suspension bridge over the river just above the falls, a
+work projected while the adjacent lands were still in the hands of the
+government, and completed in 1855, at a time when such a structure was
+most needed and advantageous.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Steele was a man of far more than ordinary ability. Col. J. H.
+Stevens says of him: "He has been a good friend to Hennepin county,
+and as most of the citizens came here poor they never had to ask Mr.
+Steele a second time for a favor. Fortune has favored him, and while
+many a family has reason to feel thankful for his generosity and
+kindness, he constantly made money." The county of Steele was named
+after him. Mr. Steele was married to Miss Barney, a relative of the
+distinguished naval officer of that name. He died in Minneapolis in
+1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Roswell P. Russell</span> was born in Richland, Vermont, March 15, 1820. His
+privileges for education were limited. He came to Michigan in 1836 and
+to Fort Snelling in 1839. He came from Prairie du Chien to the Fort in
+a mackinaw boat, part of the way on foot over the ice, and suffered
+much for want of food, sleep and from exposure. Mr. Russell remained
+at Fort Snelling until 1845, engaged for two years in the Indian
+trade, made a claim at St. Anthony Falls in 1847, and opened the first
+store, in a log building, at that place. In 1854 he was appointed
+receiver of the land office at Minneapolis. He has since been actively
+engaged in farming, merchandising and real estate transactions. He was
+the first chairman of the St. Anthony Falls town board, and has served
+one term as representative in the state legislature. He was a true and
+steadfast friend to his adopted city. He was married at St. Anthony
+Falls, Oct. 3, 1848, to Marion Patch. They have a family of seven sons
+and three daughters: Lucy C., wife of W. C. Colbrath; Charles M.,
+Roswell P., Mary Bell, wife of F. M. Prince, of Stillwater; Carrie E.,
+wife of F. L. Lovejoy, of Fargo, Dakota; Frank and Fred, twin
+brothers; Geo. B. Mc&mdash;&mdash;, died in 1881; William and Edward E.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horatio Phillips Van Cleve</span> was born in Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 22,
+1809. He was educated at Princeton College and West Point, graduating
+from the latter institution in 1831. He served five years in the army,
+resigning in 1836. He followed farming and engineering in Michigan
+until 1856, when he came to Morrison county, Minnesota. In 1861 he
+enlisted as a volunteer in the Second Regiment, Minnesota Infantry, of
+which regiment he was commissioned colonel. He served during the war
+and left the service with a major general's commission, and has since
+served as adjutant general of the state of Minnesota. He was the
+postmaster of St. Anthony Falls prior to the union of that city with
+Minneapolis. He was married to Charlotte O. Clarke, daughter of Maj.
+Gen. Clarke of the United States Army. They have seven children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charlotte Ouisconsin van Cleve</span>, a daughter of Gen. Clarke of the
+United States Army, was born at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien,
+Wisconsin, in 1819. Soon after her birth her father came up the river
+on a flatboat to the site of Fort Snelling. They were six weeks making
+the voyage. Miss Charlotte grew up amidst military surroundings, and
+on a remote frontier, and was married at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, to
+Horatio P. Van Cleve, when she had barely attained the age of sixteen
+years. Her husband resigned his position in the army about the time of
+his marriage, and removed to Michigan, but since 1856 her home has
+been in Minnesota. Of her children six sons are living in Hennepin
+county. A daughter is the wife of H. V. Hall, a missionary to the
+Sandwich Islands. Besides her own family she has reared five orphans.
+She is intellectually active and vigorous, takes great interest in the
+reforms of the day, and is a noble specimen of the pioneer women of
+the State. She is the founder of the Bethany Home in Minneapolis. She
+has specially interested herself in the poor, the downtrodden and the
+outcast classes of human society, and has exercised in this direction
+an untold influence for good.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ard Godfrey</span> was born at Orono, Maine, Jan. 18, 1813. He came to St.
+Anthony Falls in 1847, and was among the first to make improvements in
+utilizing the water power furnished by the falls. He built a dam and
+mill, and subsequently engaged in lumbering. In 1852 he settled on a
+claim near Minnehaha falls, where he built a saw and grist mill, some
+years later destroyed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span> fire. He was married in Maine, January,
+1838, and has a family of six children. He still lives at his old
+homestead near Minnehaha falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Richard Chute</span> was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22, 1820. He first
+visited St. Anthony Falls in 1844, and built a trading house. He was
+one of the firm of W. G. Ewing &amp; Co. In 1854 he located permanently at
+the Falls where he has been engaged in real estate operations, milling
+and other branches of business. He has been successful in his
+undertakings, and is a man of excellent standing in the community.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucius N. Parker</span> was born in Chester, Vermont, Dec. 11, 1823. He came
+to Illinois in his boyhood and remained there till eighteen years of
+age, when he came to Marine, Minnesota, and engaged in lumbering. In
+1846 he was one of the proprietors of the Osceola (Polk county,
+Wisconsin) mills. In 1849 he sold out his interest, removed to St.
+Anthony Falls and carried the mail between St. Paul and that city. He
+removed to the west side of the river, known now as Minneapolis, and
+has since resided there. He was married to Amanda Huse in 1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. John Rollins</span> was born in March, 1806, at New Sharon, Maine.
+While in Maine he followed lumbering and hotel keeping. In 1848 he
+came to the Falls and engaged in lumbering, steamboating, milling and
+farming. He was a member of the first territorial council of
+Minnesota, in 1849-50. He was married to Betsey Martin at Newport,
+Maine, in 1832. They have seven children living. Capt. Rollins died in
+1885.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John G. Lennon</span> was born in Bolton, England, July 6, 1815. He came to
+America in 1841 as supercargo of a vessel bound to New Orleans. In
+1843 he located at St. Croix Falls, removed to St. Paul in 1848, and
+in 1850 to St. Anthony Falls, where he entered the service of the St.
+Anthony Outfit. In 1856 he engaged in the lumbering and mercantile
+business and in 1859 removed to a stock farm in Sibley county. During
+the Civil War he served as assistant commissary, and through Gen.
+Sibley's Indian campaign. At the suppression of the Indian revolt his
+regiment was transferred South and attached to the Sixteenth Army
+Corps, under Gen. A. J. Smith and Division Commander Gen. Joseph Mower
+and he served as quartermaster until mustered out at the close of the
+war, when he returned to civil life and commenced dealing in real
+estate. In 1873 he returned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span> to Minneapolis. He was married to Mary D.
+McLain in 1851. He died in August, 1887, leaving a widow and two
+children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John H. Stevens.</span>&mdash;Col. Stevens traces his ancestry to the Moors who,
+during the wars of the Alhambra were carried captive to France, where
+they became known as Huguenots. Driven by persecution from France to
+England, they emigrated thence with the Puritans on the Mayflower to
+America. Col. Stevens was born June 13, 1820, in Lower Canada, whither
+his parents had emigrated from Vermont. His father gave him an
+excellent education.</p>
+
+<p>At an early day John H. came to the lead mines of South Wisconsin.
+During the war with Mexico he served as a soldier, and after the war,
+in 1849, came to the Northwest and located on the west bank of the
+Mississippi, at St. Anthony Falls, where he built the first frame
+house on the west side, on ground that afterward became the site of
+the union depot. He was a member of the lower house of the legislature
+of 1876, and has filled other public positions with honor to himself.
+He has been influential in municipal affairs, and always a staunch
+advocate of the interests of his city, county and State. He is the
+author of a book of "Reminiscences of Pioneer Life." He was married at
+Rockford, Illinois, in 1850, to Frances Helen Miller. They have one
+son, Francis H. G., and three daughters, Orma, Sarah and Kittie D.,
+wife of P. B. Winston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Caleb D. Dorr</span> was born at East Great Works, Penobscot county, Maine.
+He became a practical lumberman, and, coming to the Falls in 1847,
+bought of Hole-in-the-Day, a Chippewa chief at Swan River, one hundred
+trees at five dollars per tree, for St. Anthony Falls improvements,
+the first timber floated down the Mississippi above the mouth of Rum
+river.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dorr was in the employ of the government for ten years, locating
+state and school lands. He has followed the business of scaling logs,
+and has also been boom master. He was married to Celestia A. Ricker,
+of Maine, March 4, 1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Edward Duffield Neill</span>, the well known author of the "History of
+Minnesota," was born in Philadelphia Aug. 9, 1823. He was educated at
+the University of Pennsylvania and Amherst College, Massachusetts,
+graduating from the latter in 1842. He studied theology at Andover
+Theological Seminary,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span> Massachusetts, and in 1847 preached as a
+missionary amongst the miners in and around Galena, Illinois. He was
+transferred to St. Paul in April, 1849, where he organized a society
+and erected the first Protestant church building in Minnesota not on
+mission grounds. It was situated on Third and Market streets. He also
+built for himself, on the corner of Fourth and Washington streets, the
+first brick house in the city. In 1855 he organized the House of Hope
+society and acted as its pastor five years. He was also the prime
+mover in establishing the Baldwin School. In 1855 he secured the
+building of the St. Paul College, for some years conducted as a
+classical school and afterward consolidated with the Baldwin School.
+He was the first territorial superintendent of public instruction, in
+1851-2, and served as state superintendent from 1858 to 1864. He was
+called to fill many educational trusts.</p>
+
+<p>April 29, 1861, he was appointed chaplain of the First Minnesota
+Volunteers, and served as such over two years. He was with his
+regiment at the battles of Bull Run, Fair Oaks and Malvern Hill.
+President Lincoln appointed him hospital chaplain, he became one of
+the president's private secretaries, and continued in that relation
+during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. In 1869 President Grant
+appointed him United States consul at Dublin, where he resided two
+years. Returning to Minnesota in 1871, he removed to Minneapolis and
+conducted the Baldwin School and St. Paul College, under the title of
+Macalester College, and located his school in the old Winslow House,
+Minneapolis. In January, 1874, Mr. Neill connected himself with the
+Reformed Episcopal church.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Neill has been a busy worker in literary, chiefly historical,
+fields. Editions of his "History of Minnesota" were published in 1858,
+1873 and 1878. He has published many other valuable historical works.
+He is a ready and versatile writer, and is an authority on the
+subjects concerning which he treats. Mr. Neill was married to Nancy
+Hill, at Snow Hill, Maryland. Their children are Samuel Henry, Edward
+Duffield and John Selby Martin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Wensignor</span>, a native of Switzerland, was born May 22, 1825; came
+to America in 1833, to St. Anthony Falls in 1849, and engaged
+successfully in mercantile pursuits. Mr. Wensignor has been a generous
+man to the poor, and although public spirited, has persistently
+declined office. Mr. Wensignor died in 1886.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert H. Hasty</span> was born in York county, Maine, Dec. 12, 1823. He came
+to Stillwater in 1849, and engaged in lumbering. He was surveyor
+general of the First district two years. He enlisted in Company I,
+Sixth Minnesota, at the organization of the regiment in 1862, was
+commissioned second lieutenant, promoted to first lieutenant, and
+resigned Jan. 15, 1865. In 1881 he removed to Crystal Lake, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen Pratt</span>, a native of Penobscot county, Maine, was born, in 1828;
+came to St. Anthony Falls in October, 1849, where he followed
+lumbering until 1858. He was a member of the First Minnesota Cavalry
+during the Rebellion. In 1864 he removed to a farm. He died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. John Tapper</span> was born in Dorsetshire, England, March 25, 1820;
+came to America in 1840, and to Prairie du Chien and Fort Snelling in
+1844. He served as a soldier during the Mexican War. He was the first
+toll collector on the St. Anthony Falls wire suspension bridge. He
+finally located on Steele's farm near Minnehaha falls, and is now
+living in Clayton county, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. W. Cummings</span> was born in Lycoming, Pennsylvania, June, 1825. He
+settled at Cottage Grove, Minnesota, in 1845, and in 1848 made a claim
+in St. Anthony, and improved it as a farm until the city required it
+for lots, since which time he has been engaged in the real estate
+business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elias H. Conner</span> was born in New Sharon, Maine, in 1824. In 1848 he
+came to Lakeland, Minnesota, and in 1849 to St. Anthony Falls, where
+he had charge of the work on the first suspension thrown across the
+Mississippi at that point. He also built the first bridge that spanned
+the St. Croix at Taylor's Falls. In 1855 he was married to Hannah
+Rollins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C. F. Stimson</span> was born in Maine, April 19, 1822. He came to Stillwater
+in June, 1848, and thence to St. Anthony Falls, where he followed
+lumbering. He was treasurer of Ramsey county for one year. In 1879 he
+moved to his farm near Elk River. He has a wife and two children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Dugas</span> was born in Three Rivers, Canada East, May 17, 1809. He
+came to New York in 1831. He spent some time traveling, visiting
+Africa, New Orleans, Indian Territory, Iowa, and Illinois, and other
+places more or less remote. He came to Minnesota in 1844, and was a
+representative in the first territorial legislature. Later he removed
+to St. Anthony Falls. He afterward<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span> removed to Dayton, Minnesota. He
+was married at Prairie du Chien in 1844.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Davis Gorham</span> was born in Quebec; came to Virginia, where he spent two
+years, and thence to Maine, where he lived twelve years. In April,
+1849, he came to St. Anthony Falls, and made valuable land claims near
+Lake Calhoun. He followed lumbering for about twelve years. In 1864 he
+started for California, but was driven back by the Sioux Indians. In
+1867 he settled in Plymouth, where he has been supervisor for ten
+years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Hedderly</span> was born in Philadelphia in 1814. In 1849 he came to
+St. Anthony Falls and in 1851 made a claim of one hundred and sixty
+acres west of the river, within the present bounds of Minneapolis. He
+served on various committees for selecting a name for the new city and
+its streets, and until his death was ever active and influential in
+all matters pertaining to the welfare of the city. He was married to
+Mary J. Kennard, of Philadelphia. Eight children of this union survive
+him and are residents of the city. Mr. Hedderly died in 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Neudeck</span>, born December, 1821, came to St. Anthony Falls in 1849.
+He subsequently lived in Missouri, Illinois and at Stillwater, but in
+1855 returned to the Falls. He died in 1864. He was supposed to have
+been killed by Indians while absent in Montana, the only clue to his
+sad fate being the recovery of his revolver having his name inscribed
+on it, from an Indian. He left a widow and five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew J. Foster</span> was born in Cooper, Maine, June, 1827, and came to
+the Falls in 1849, where he engaged in the lumbering, grocery,
+gardening, and real estate business. He married Mrs. Mary Averill, of
+Stillwater. Their children are Ada, William, Owen and Elmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A. D. Foster</span>, a Pennsylvanian, born in 1801, came to St. Anthony Falls
+in 1848. He assisted in building the Gov. Ramsey, the first boat above
+the falls. He has engaged in fruit culture and merchandising. He was
+married in Pennsylvania and has three children; Josiah, resident in
+Indianapolis; Lysander, a physician in Minneapolis; and a daughter,
+married.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles E. Vanderburgh</span>, a native of Clifton, Parke county, New York,
+born Dec. 2, 1829, graduated at Yale College an 1852, and served for
+awhile as principal of Oxford Academy, New York. He studied law and
+was admitted to practice in 1855. In 1856 he came to Minneapolis,
+which has since been his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span> home. In 1849 he was elected judge of the
+district court, which at that time embraced all the territory west of
+the Mississippi from Fort Snelling to the north boundary line. He has
+been continuously re-elected, an evidence of the high estimation in
+which he is regarded by his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Vanderburgh has been twice married. His first wife, Julia M.
+Mygatt, wedded Sept. 2, 1857, died April 23, 1863, leaving two
+children, William Henry and Julia M. His second wife was Anna Culbert,
+married April 15, 1873. They have one child, Isabella McIntyre. His
+daughter Julia was accidentally drowned Sept. 12, 1871.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorillius Morrison</span> was born at Livermore, Oxford county, Maine, Dec.
+26, 1816. He received a common school and academic education. He
+taught school awhile, and then engaged in the mercantile business, the
+last eleven years at Bangor, when in the spring of 1853 he came to
+Minneapolis, where he became prominent as a business man, following
+lumbering, dealing in real estate, milling and railway building. He is
+one of the projectors and proprietors of the Minneapolis Mill Company.
+He is also sole owner and proprietor of a cotton mill costing
+$100,000. He was deeply interested in the Northern Pacific railroad.
+He was the first mayor of Minneapolis, in 1867, and served as senator
+in the sixth legislature in May, 1840. He was married to Harriet
+Putnam Whitmore, a descendant of Gen. Israel Putnam. They have three
+children, Clinton and George Henry, residents of Minneapolis, and
+Grace E., the wife of Dr. H. H. Kimball, of Minneapolis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H. G. O. Morrison</span>, brother of Dorillius, was born in Livermore, Maine,
+Jan. 24, 1817. He graduated at the Bangor high school. He worked at
+printing in his youth, read law and was admitted to practice in 1838,
+locating afterward at Sebre, Maine. He was a member of the Maine
+senate in 1841. In 1855 he came to St. Anthony Falls. He moved to
+Dakota county soon after, and represented that county in the state
+legislatures of 1860-61. He resided in Dakota county for twelve years.
+He was assessor of internal revenue from 1869 to 1873, during which
+time he lived in St. Paul. In 1873 he removed to Minneapolis, where he
+has since resided. He has been twice married. His second wife was
+Rebecca Newell. They have three children, Daniel W., Samuel B. and
+Stanford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Judge F. R. E. Cornell</span> was born in 1821, in Chenango<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span> county, New
+York; was educated at Union College, New York; studied law and was
+admitted to practice in 1846. He came to Minneapolis in 1854. During
+his residence in New York he was a member of the state senate. In
+January, 1875, he took his seat as associate justice of the supreme
+court of Minnesota, which office he held until his death, which
+occurred in 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gen. A. B. Nettleton</span> came from Ohio, and became one of the editors of
+the Minneapolis <i>Tribune</i>. He served during the Civil War,
+participated in seventy-three battles, and was promoted through the
+various grades from private to brigadier general.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Judge Isaac Atwater</span> was born in Homer, Cortland county, New York. He
+graduated at Yale College in 1844, practiced law in New York City
+until 1850, when he came to St. Anthony Falls and practiced law with
+G. W. North as partner. He was one of the first regents of the State
+University; edited the St. Anthony <i>Express</i> from 1851 to 1857; served
+as district attorney from 1853 to 1857; was elected associate justice
+of the supreme bench in 1857, resigned the position in 1864, and
+removed to California, where he practiced law. After an absence of
+three years he returned to Minneapolis, where he has been honored with
+the offices of alderman, president of the Board of Education, etc. He
+was married to Pamelia A. Sanborn in 1849. Their son John B. is
+associated with his father in law practice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. David Brooks</span>, a venerable pioneer clergyman of the Methodist
+Episcopal church, was born in England in 1802. He was educated there
+and preached ten years in the Wesleyan connection. He came to America
+in 1842, and joined the Methodist Episcopal church, which he has
+served faithfully since as pastor and presiding elder in Northern
+Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. He was among the pioneer preachers
+in the latter state. In 1853 he was presiding elder of a district that
+included all of the present Minnesota conference. In 1854 he secured
+the charter for Hamline University, and was instrumental in obtaining
+a donation of $25,000 from Bishop Hamline for its endowment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Jabez Brooks</span>, D.D., son of Rev. David Brooke, was born in
+England, and came to America in 1842. He is a graduate of Middleton
+Wesleyan University. For several years he was professor of Greek, and
+later president, of Hamline University.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span> He served also as professor
+of Greek in Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin. He has for many
+years been professor of Greek in the State University.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John S. Pillsbury</span> was born in New Hampshire, July 29, 1828. He
+received a New England common school education. He came to the Falls
+in 1855, and by close application to business acquired a position of
+wealth and influence. He has occupied many prominent positions in
+Minneapolis and the State. He served five terms as state senator, from
+the sixth to the tenth legislatures. In 1863 he was appointed a regent
+of the State University. He was elected governor of the State in 1875,
+and re-elected in 1877. He was married in November, 1856, to Mahala
+Fisk, of Warner, New Hampshire. Their children are Ada, Susie, May,
+Sadie Belle, and Alfred Fisk.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry T. Welles</span> was born in Connecticut, April 3, 1821, graduated at
+Trinity College, and came to St. Anthony Falls in 1853, where he
+engaged successfully in the lumbering, banking and real estate
+business. He is a liberal, public spirited citizen, contributing
+freely to all enterprises looking to the growth and welfare of the
+city as well as to charitable objects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Blakely</span> has been prominent in journalism, having been connected
+at various times with papers in Minneapolis, St. Paul and Chicago: He
+was one of the founders of the Minneapolis <i>Tribune</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Lochren</span>, a native of Tyrone, Ireland, was born April 3, 1832;
+was brought to America when he was two years old; was educated in
+Vermont; admitted to the bar, and came to the Falls in 1856, where he
+has since practiced law, excepting a term of service in the army
+during the Rebellion as first lieutenant of Company E, First Minnesota
+Volunteers. Since the war he has served as city attorney, as state
+senator in 1868 69, and as district judge from 1883 to the present
+time. In 1871 he was married to Mrs. Martha Demmen, who died in 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eugene M. Wilson</span> was born in 1834, in Monongalia county, Virginia. His
+ancestors were Scotch-Irish, who came to this country at an early
+date. His grandfather served in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Wilson
+graduated at Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1852,
+read law with his father, was admitted to practice in 1855, and came
+to Minneapolis in 1857. He served as United States district attorney
+during President Buchanan's administration. During the Rebellion he
+was captain of Company A, First Minnesota Cavalry, serving on the
+frontier until 1853, when the company was discharged by the completion
+of term of enlistment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;">
+<img src="images/illus-528.jpg" width="440" height="650" alt="J. S. Pillsbury" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilson was a member of the United States house of representatives
+in 1871-72 and state senator in 1879. He served four years as mayor of
+Minneapolis, from 1872 to 1876. Mr. Wilson was married Sept. 6, 1865,
+to Mary E. Kimball, of Minneapolis. They have three children, Mary O.,
+Helen K. and Eugenia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">R. B. Langdon</span>, born in Vermont in 1826, received an academic
+education, and at twenty-two years of age commenced railroading on the
+Rutland &amp; Burlington road. He has since been continuously engaged in
+superintending the construction of railroads in ten states of the
+Union, and in 1858 supervised the grading of the St. Paul &amp; Pacific,
+the first railroad enterprise in Minnesota. He served as state senator
+for seven terms, commencing in 1873 and closing in 1881 (excepting the
+term of 1879). He has a wife and three children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. M. Bracket</span>, the originator of the Minneapolis fire department, was
+born in Maine in 1843. His father served six years as consul at
+Halifax, Nova Scotia, during which time William resided at that place.
+During the Rebellion he served two years as a musician in the Sixth
+Maine Volunteers, and was then appointed paymaster's clerk at
+Washington, District of Columbia. In 1865 he came to Minneapolis,
+where he has since been continuously connected with the fire
+department.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas B. and Platt B. Walker</span> are natives of Ohio. Thomas B. came to
+Minneapolis in 1862, and engaged in surveying, railroad engineering
+and examining lands. By close application and sound judgment he has
+accumulated wealth, from which he dispenses liberally to worthy
+enterprises. He has contributed largely to the building of the
+athen&aelig;um. His wife is a prominent contributor to, and upholder of, the
+charitable enterprises of the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Platt B</span>., a younger brother of Thomas, is a fluent speaker, a popular
+lecturer and a kind hearted, genial man. He has been till lately
+editor and publisher of the <i>Mississippi Valley Lumberman</i>, and has
+taken an active part in the improvements of the waterways of the
+West.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Austin H. Young</span>, a native of Fredonia, New York, born Dec. 8, 1830,
+received his education at Waukegan, Illinois; removed to Prescott,
+Wisconsin, in 1854; commenced the practice of law in 1862 and served
+as state senator in Wisconsin in 1863. He came to Minneapolis in 1866
+and practiced law. He was elected judge of the Fourth Judicial
+district in 1877.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry G. Hicks</span> was born in Wyoming, New York, in 1838. He learned the
+trade of harness maker; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio; served as a
+soldier during the war of the Rebellion, and was wounded at the battle
+of Missionary Ridge. In 1865 he came to Minneapolis. He was admitted
+to the bar in 1875; has served as sheriff, as city justice and as a
+representative in the twentieth, twenty-first and twenty-second state
+legislatures. He was elected district judge in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John P. Rea</span> was born Oct. 13, 1840, in Chester county, Pennsylvania.
+He received a common school education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company
+B, Eleventh Ohio Volunteers, and was breveted major for meritorious
+services. In 1867 he graduated at Ohio Wesleyan College; studied law
+and was admitted to the bar in 1869. In 1875 he removed to
+Minneapolis; edited the <i>Tribune</i> one year; continued his law practice
+in 1877; was elected probate judge, served four years, and in 1886 was
+elected district judge without opposition.</p>
+
+<p>He has been an active Grand Army man, a member of Geo. N. Morgan Post,
+and has served as commander of Minnesota state department, also as
+senior vice commander-in-chief of the national department. In 1887 he
+was elected commander-in-chief of the national department of the Grand
+Army. In 1869 he was married to Miss Emma Gould, of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Martin</span> was born in Caledonia county, Vermont, in 1820. His
+educational advantages were limited to the common schools. He was
+raised on a farm, but at eighteen years of age bought his time of his
+father for sixty dollars. For twelve years he followed steamboating,
+seven on the Connecticut river and five on the Neuce river in North
+Carolina. In 1851 he went to California, but returned to Vermont the
+following year, and for two years engaged in farming. He came to
+Minneapolis in 1854, where he engaged in lumbering and dealing in pine
+lands. In the past twelve years he has been interested in railroad
+enterprises. He has been vice president of the Minneapolis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span> &amp; St.
+Louis, and Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic Railway companies.
+Mr. Martin is an enterprising and sagacious business man, and is
+highly esteemed for his many excellent qualities. He was married in
+Vermont in 1849, to Jane Gilfillan, and has one daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Dudley</span> was born in Penobscot county, Maine, in 1814. He came to
+Minneapolis in 1852, where he engaged in business, dealing in logs and
+lumber. He built mills in Prescott in 1861. The flour mill at Prescott
+has a capacity of one hundred barrels per day, and the saw mill a
+capacity of 3,000,000 feet per annum. He recently purchased the saw
+mill at Point Douglas built by A. J. Short. This mill has a capacity
+of 6,000,000 feet.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/illus-531.jpg" width="650" height="388" alt="ST. ANTHONY FALLS IN 1886.
+
+VIEW OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE ABOVE THE FALLS, AND ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS &amp;
+MANITOBA RAILWAY BRIDGE BELOW THE FALLS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ST. ANTHONY FALLS IN 1886.<br />
+
+VIEW OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE ABOVE THE FALLS, AND ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS &amp;
+MANITOBA RAILWAY BRIDGE BELOW THE FALLS.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<h3>RAMSEY COUNTY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Ramsey county, named in honor of Gov. Ramsey, includes an area of
+about four whole towns lying between Anoka county on the north,
+Washington on the east and the Mississippi river on the southwest. It
+was organized by the first territorial legislature. Its surface is
+undulating, and somewhat abruptly hilly along the Mississippi. It is
+well watered and drained by the tributaries of the Mississippi, and
+has besides many beautiful lakes. Its first officers were: Register of
+deeds, David Day; sheriff, P. C. Lull; judge of probate, Henry A.
+Lambert; treasurer, James W. Simpson; county attorney, W. D. Phillips;
+county surveyor, S. P. Folsom; coroner, J. E. Fullerton; clerk of
+court, J. K. Humphrey; auditor, Alexander Buchanan; court
+commissioner, Oscar Malmros; district judge, E. C. Palmer; common
+pleas judge, W. S. Hall; county commissioners, Ard Godfrey, Louis
+Robert; senator, W. H. Forbes; representatives, B. W. Brunson, John L.
+Dewey, Henry Jackson, Parsons K. Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Lucian Galtier, a Catholic priest who visited the Upper
+Mississippi in the spring of 1840, has the honor of naming the then
+unpromising city of St. Paul. Others had been on the site before him.
+A few families had been banished from the vicinity of Fort Snelling
+and had found homes a few miles further down the river. These were not
+all reputable people, for amongst them was one Pierre Parrant, who, on
+account of the appearance of one of his eyes, which was sightless, was
+known as "Pig's Eye." Parrant sold whisky, and was, from all accounts,
+an unscrupulous and worthless fellow. As a matter of course, his
+establishment being to many the chief attraction of the place, it was
+called by his nickname. The Indians would travel hundreds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span> of miles to
+<i>the place where they sell Minne waukan</i> (whisky). The location was
+near the once well known Fountain Cave. The name of "Pig's Eye" might
+have been perpetually fastened upon the young city but for the timely
+arrival of Father Galtier, who gave to it the name of St. Paul,
+because, as he says in a letter to Bishop Grace, referring to the fact
+that the name St. Peter (Mendota) had already been affixed to a place
+some miles above, "As the name of St. Paul is generally associated
+with that of St. Peter, and the Gentiles being well represented in the
+new place in the persons of the Indians, I called it 'St. Paul.'"</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear that Father Galtier was ever a resident of St.
+Paul, as he only came at stated times to hold services and administer
+the sacraments. The name Pig's Eye was subsequently transferred to a
+place several miles below, where it is still retained. The best known
+of the first settlers of St. Paul are B. Gervais, Vetal Guerin and
+Pierre Bottineau. The two former gave to Father Galtier the ground
+necessary for a church site and cemetery. "Accordingly," writes the
+good father, "in the month of October logs were prepared and a church
+erected so poor that it would well remind one of the stable at
+Bethlehem. It was destined, however, to be the nucleus of a great
+city. On the first day of November in the same year I blessed the new
+<i>basilica</i> and dedicated it to St. Paul, the apostle of nations. I
+expressed a wish at the same time that the settlement would be known
+by the same name, and my desire was obtained." During the fall of 1841
+Father Augustin Ravoux arrived from below and became a resident of
+Minnesota and later of St. Paul. In 1841 Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh
+established a mission at Red Rock. Henry Jackson came from Galena the
+same year, established a trading post and did well. He was afterward a
+member of the first territorial legislature and of the first town
+council. Jackson street perpetuates his name. Sergt. Mortimer and
+Stanislaus Bilanski also came in 1842.</p>
+
+<p>The accessions of 1843 were John R. Irvine. C. C. Blanchard, J. W.
+Simpson, A. B. Coy, Wm. Hartshorn, A. L. Larpenteur, Scott Campbell,
+Antoine Pepin, Alexander Mege, A. R. McLeod, Alexis Clautier, Joseph
+Gobin, David T. Sloan, Joseph Desmarais, Louis Larrivier and Xavier
+Delonais. These mostly engaged in trade. Messrs. Irvine, Blanchard,
+Hartshorn and Coy, and later, Mege, were associated together. Some of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span> last named accessions of 1843 were Canadian French, half-breeds,
+or allied by marriage to the Indians. There were other settlers of
+whom we can find only casual mention, probably transients or
+adventurers.</p>
+
+<p>The prominent accessions of 1844 were Capt. Louis Robert, Charles
+Bazille, Wm. Dugas, Francis McCoy and Joseph Hall. Louis Robert was a
+trader, Bazille was a carpenter and built this summer for Capt. Robert
+the first frame house in St. Paul. This house was built of hewn
+lumber, sawed lumber not being obtainable. It was on the lower levee,
+and was used as a warehouse but was moved to East Fourth street,
+where, as No. 58, it was still standing a few years ago. Dugas was a
+millwright and built a saw and grist mill on Phalen's creek (spelled
+in an old deed Faylin's creek). The mill was a failure. Dugas was a
+man of some prominence and represented the New Canada precinct in the
+first territorial legislature.</p>
+
+<p>McCoy and Hall were carpenters. This year the governor of Wisconsin
+Territory appointed Henry Jackson a justice of the peace. Jackson,
+before his commission arrived, married an eager couple by bond, they
+giving bond to reappear when he should receive his commission and be
+legally united. Jackson was justice of the peace, postmaster, hotel
+keeper, legislator, and clerk of court combined in one.</p>
+
+<p>This fall Father Galtier was transferred to Keokuk and Father A.
+Ravoux took charge of the churches at Mendota and St. Paul. Rev. J.
+Hurlbut, a Methodist missionary, held the first Protestant service,
+using the house of Henry Jackson for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The first deed on record bears date of April 23, 1844, and transfers
+from Henry Jackson, St. Croix county, Wisconsin Territory, to William
+Hartshorn, of St. Louis, Missouri, for a consideration of $1,000, half
+of the following tract of land in St. Croix county, Wisconsin
+Territory, being the place where the said Jackson now lives, situate
+immediately on the Mississippi river and known as the St. Paul
+landing, containing three acres, with all buildings and improvements
+thereon. The permanent accessions of 1845 were Francis Chenevert,
+David Benoit, Leonard H. La Roche, Francis Robert, Augustus and David
+B. Freeman, W. G. Carter and Charles Cavileer. La Roche was a
+carpenter, but engaged in trade. He bought the land on which the
+Merchants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span> Hotel now stands for $165, and the year following built a
+cabin of tamarack logs, which was known as the St. Paul House. This
+property he sold to S. P. Folsom. La Roche died at Crow Wing in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>W. G. Carter, better known as "Gib" Carter, was a member of the
+Stillwater convention in 1848. He died in 1852. Francis Robert was a
+younger brother of Louis Robert. He died in 1849, from an injury
+received while running the St. Croix rapids in a birch canoe.
+Chenevert clerked for Capt. Robert. He was unmarried, and died in
+1865. Of Benoit little or nothing is known. The Freeman brothers were
+engaged in trade in connection with Hartshorn and Randall. David died
+in 1850, and was buried by the Odd Fellows, the first Odd Fellow
+funeral in the Territory. Augustus Freeman died in New York. Cavileer
+was a saddler, and was connected at first with the Red Rock mission.
+He was territorial librarian for awhile, and is now a resident of
+Pembina. Miss Matilda Ramsey opened a school (the first in St. Paul)
+and taught a short time, when she was married to Alexander Mege, and
+the school was abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander R. McLeod, who came from Selkirk settlement in 1837 with
+Pierre Bottineau, erected in 1845 and 1846 a log house between the
+Catholic church and Jackson's store. This was the first house built in
+St. Paul expressly for a hotel. It was afterward enlarged and called
+the Central House, and was kept by Robert Kennedy and others. The
+second deed on record bears date of May 1, 1845, and transfers, for a
+consideration of $500, from William Douglass to H. H. Sibley, of
+Clayton county, Iowa, lands situate on what is known as Faylin's
+(Phalen's) creek, and more fully known as Faylin's falls, 100 acres,
+where said Douglass now lives. This was a mortgage deed. A subsequent
+deed conveys the same premises from Edward Faylin to Wm. Douglass, for
+a consideration of $70. In February, 1846, a quitclaim deed conveys
+the same tract to Alexander McLeod.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers in 1846 were William H. and William Randall, Jr., father
+and son, James McBoal, Thos. S. Odell, John Banfil, Harley D. White,
+David Faribault, Louis Denoyer, Jo Monteur, and Charles Roleau.
+Randall, Sr., engaged in trade and became immensely rich, but was
+wrecked in the financial panic of 1857. He died in 1861. Randall, Jr.,
+is best remembered as an artist and caricaturist of no mean ability.
+He died in 1851. McBoal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a></span> was also an artist, the first who pursued
+that calling in St. Paul. He was a member of the territorial council
+in 1849-50, and was adjutant general of the Territory during Gov.
+Ramsey's administration. He died in Mendota in 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Odell had been a soldier, but on being mustered out at Fort Snelling
+came to St. Paul. He died in 1879. We have made mention of White in
+biographical sketches. Crittenden went to Crow Wing and represented
+the Twenty-first district in the first state legislature. Denoyer
+married a sister of Louis Robert and in 1850 removed to Belle Plaine.
+David Faribault was a son of Jean Baptiste Faribault. He now resides
+in Dakota. Banfil removed to Manomin, and represented his district as
+senator in the first state legislature.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of these sketches visited St. Paul in 1846, and was
+entertained at Jackson's hotel, which he well remembers as a log
+building, one story high, with store and post office in the east end,
+a dining room in the west end, with small, low sleeping rooms in the
+rear. The hotel stood on a romantic elevation, a precipitious bluff,
+and commanded a magnificent view of the river and valley. Louis
+Robert's tamarack pole store was located east of Jackson's, under the
+bluff, and directly on the bank of the river, a good steamboat landing
+in front. West of Jackson's was J. W. Simpson's store, and still
+further west the store of Faribault &amp; Co., beyond which were two small
+dwellings, all these buildings fronting the river. Still further west,
+Alexander McLeod was building a handsome hewed log house. On the next
+rise of ground stood the Catholic church. On the next plateau the
+store of Wm. Hartshorn, and near a small creek the dwelling of John R.
+Irvine. There were two residences on a plateau a short distance north
+of Jackson's hotel. There were in all five stores, one tavern and a
+few dwellings, mostly built of logs. A few United States soldiers and
+Indians were lounging about the stores, some drunk, some sober. Such
+was St. Paul in 1846. The settlers of 1847 were Jacob W. Bass, Harriet
+E. Bishop, Benj. W. Brunson, Dr. J. J. Dewey, G. A. Fonrnier, Simeon
+P. Folsom, W. H. Forbes, Aaron Foster, Daniel Hopkins, Parsons K.
+Johnson, C. P. V. Lull, and W. C. Renfro. Bass and Johnson had been in
+the lumber business at Chippewa Falls. On arriving at St. Paul Mr.
+Bass leased a hotel on the corner of Third and Jackson streets, known
+as the St. Paul House. He was appointed postmaster in 1849, and in
+1852 opened a commission and forwarding warehouse on the levee. Mr.
+Brunson was a surveyor, and, assisted by his brother, Ira B., laid off
+the town plat of St. Paul, also a plat known as Brunson's addition, in
+the fall of 1847. He was a member of the first and second territorial
+legislatures, and justice of the peace for several years.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/illus-536.jpg" width="650" height="314" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Miss Bishop was one of the company of teachers sent West by Gov.
+Slade. She organized the first permanent day school and the first
+Sunday-school in St. Paul. The school house was a cabin on the corner
+of Third and St. Peter streets. Miss Bishop, later Mrs. McConkey, was
+the author of a valuable book of frontier sketches entitled "Floral
+Homes." She died in 1884.</p>
+
+<p>Of Mr. Forbes mention is made in biographical sketches. Aaron Foster
+came from Stillwater. He was a carpenter by trade. He married Fanny
+Mortimer, daughter of Sergt. Mortimer. He died in 1864. S. P. Folsom
+is mentioned in biographical sketches. Dr. Dewey, the first practicing
+physician in St. Paul, was a member of the first territorial
+legislature, and established the first drug store in Minnesota.
+Parsons Johnson, a descendant on his mother's side of Jonathan Carver,
+engaged in tailoring, the first of his trade in St. Paul. He was a
+member of the first territorial legislature.</p>
+
+<p>Cornelius V. P. Lull was a carpenter. He served as sheriff in 1849,
+and still lives in the city. Daniel Hopkins engaged in general
+merchandising. He died in 1852. W. O. Renfro, a cousin of Henry
+Jackson, had studied medicine, was a young man of ability but addicted
+to drinking habits. The winter after his arrival he wandered forth,
+suffering from <i>mania a potu</i>, and froze to death near the bend in
+Phalen's creek.</p>
+
+<p>This year was memorable for the organization of a regular steamboat
+line from Galena to Mendota and Fort Snelling. The steamer Argo was
+purchased for the trade. M. W. Lodwick was made commander and Russell
+Blakely, clerk. The Argo was designed to make weekly trips, but sank
+before the close of the season, and the Dr. Franklin was purchased to
+take her place the ensuing year. St. Paul had not increased largely in
+population this year. One hotel and two dwellings had been built. Some
+progress had been made in farming and gardening, and there was much
+lively talk on the subject of making claims. The prospective
+separation of Minnesota into a territory, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> opening of the
+country for settlement gave a new impetus to business. The Wisconsin
+convention for the adoption of a state constitution was held Dec. 13,
+1847. Its effects, however, were not greatly felt until toward the
+middle of the ensuing year.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prominent accessions in 1848 to the population were Henry M.
+Rice, Henry C. Rhodes, David Olmsted, W. D. Phillips, E. A. C. Hatch,
+Bushrood W. Lott, W. H. Nobles, Nathan Myrick, A. H. Cavender,
+Benjamin F. Hoyt, William Freeborn, David Lambert, W. C. Morrison, Lot
+Moffett, and W. D. Brown. Of these Rice, Noble, Hoyt and Myrick are
+referred to in biographical sketches. Mr. Olmsted was a trader, and in
+the summer of the year 1848 established a trading post at Long
+Prairie, whither the Winnebagoes had removed. He was a member of the
+first and second territorial councils, and the first mayor of St.
+Paul, in 1854. He removed to Winona in 1855, and died in 1861. Olmsted
+county, Minnesota, is named in his honor. W. D. Phillips, better known
+as "Billy" Phillips, was a somewhat eccentric character who passed for
+awhile as a lawyer in St. Paul, and in 1856 drifted off into a
+clerkship at Washington, since which time nothing has been heard of
+him. E. A. C. Hatch was appointed Indian agent to the Blackfeet
+Indians by President Pierce in 1856. In 1863 he was commissioned as
+major in the volunteer service, and acquitted himself creditably.
+While stationed at Pembina, by strategy he captured the insurgent
+Indians, Shakopee and Medicine Bottle, who were hanged at Fort
+Snelling in 1865. He died in 1881. H. O. Rhodes was engaged in trade
+with David Olmsted. He died in California some years ago. A. H.
+Cavender was a blacksmith and wagonmaker on Robert street in 1849.</p>
+
+<p>Wm. Freeborn was quite a prominent citizen and member of the town
+council. He is better known as one of the founders of Red Wing, to
+which place he removed in 1853. He represented his district in the
+territorial councils of 1854, 1855, 1856 and 1857. He removed to
+California in 1862. Freeborn county is named for him. David Lambert, a
+prominent member of the Stillwater convention, was a young man of
+promise, but addicted to drink. In 1849, while suffering from a
+delirious paroxysm induced by drink, he jumped from the deck of a
+steamer and was drowned. W. C. Morrison originally came from New
+York,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span> thence to Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Galena, Dubuque, and
+other places and lastly to St. Paul, where he is widely and favorably
+known as a business man. Lot Moffett will be remembered as the builder
+and proprietor of the picturesque heap of rocks known as "Moffett's
+Castle," where he kept a temperance hotel for several years. He was a
+man of patriarchal appearance, wearing a long, white beard. He was
+known as an honest, kind hearted, benevolent man. He died in 1870. W.
+B. Brown came from Wisconsin and purchased the corner on which the
+Warner block now stands. He died some years ago. To enumerate the
+accessions to the population in 1849 would require more space than we
+are allowed. The fact that St. Paul was this year designated as the
+territorial capital brought in a great number of official personages,
+and an army of traders, boarding house keepers, builders and
+adventurers. Heretofore Mendota had seemed to be the objective point
+of steam navigation. It also aspired to be the capital of the new
+territory. Senator Douglas, chairman of the committee on territories,
+favored Mendota. Gen. Sibley, the territorial delegate, favored St.
+Paul, and earnestly solicited the senator to yield, which, along with
+the personal appeals of H. M. Rice, finally secured his acquiescence,
+and the bill to form Minnesota Territory, with St. Paul as its
+capital, finally passed March 3, 1849. The news, however, did not
+reach the capital until April 9th, it having been brought up on the
+Dr. Franklin, No. 2, the first boat of the season.</p>
+
+<p>On May 27th the newly appointed governor, Alexander Ramsey, arrived
+with his wife, but not being able to obtain accommodations in St. Paul
+went for the time to Mendota, where they were entertained by Hon. H.
+H. Sibley. Every succeeding boat was crowded with emigrants. A
+newspaper was an immediate necessity. The first steps had been taken
+the year before by Dr. A. Randall, of Owen's Geological Survey. Dr.
+Randall was not immediately able to carry his project into effect, and
+not till April 27, 1849, did the promised paper, the <i>Minnesota
+Register</i>, appear. The first copy had, however, been printed at
+Cincinnati two weeks earlier. Of this paper Maj. John P. Owens was
+publisher.</p>
+
+<p>The first number of the second paper in the city was issued April
+28th. This was the St. Paul <i>Pioneer</i>, James M. Goodhue, publisher and
+editor. These papers and others established later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span> became faithful
+chroniclers of the progress of the city, and invaluable as historical
+documents.</p>
+
+<p>The first number of Goodhue's paper, the St. Paul <i>Pioneer</i>, bearing
+date of April 28, 1849, contains what we may designate as the earliest
+news. We cull a few items that maybe of interest to antiquarians:</p>
+
+<p>It announces Congressman Sibley's return from Washington, Rev. E. D.
+Neill's removal to St. Paul, and that the latter would preach the
+following Sabbath at the school house.</p>
+
+<p>An editorial paragraph calls attention to the fact that the <i>Pioneer</i>
+is printed in a building situated on Third street near Robert, and
+that the building has five hundred apertures through which the
+daylight is streaming.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of steamer Franklin, No. 2, bringing the tidings of the
+passage of the bill organizing Minnesota Territory, is announced. The
+steamer was greeted by a large crowd of eager and excited citizens,
+whose shouts re-echoed amongst the adjacent hills.</p>
+
+<p>Arrival of steamers Cora and Dr. Franklin, No. 1, is announced.</p>
+
+<p>The following advertisements will show who were the most enterprising
+of the early settlers:</p>
+
+<p>H. Jackson, postmaster; D. Lambert, real estate dealer; W. H. Nobles,
+wagonmaker; J. J. Dewey, M.D.; W. D. Phillips, lawyer; J. Monteur, D.
+C. Taylor, blacksmiths; J. R. Irvine, plasterer; B. L. Sellers,
+stonemason; Lot Moffett, Anson Northrup, hotel keepers; James Pomeroy,
+Francis McCoy, house builders; McBoal &amp; Gilbert, stock dealers; Henry
+Jackson, W. H. Forbes, Daniel Hopkins, Freeman, Larpenteur &amp; Co., J.
+W. Simpson, Olmsted &amp; Rhodes, Fuller &amp; Brothers, R. P. Russell,
+merchants.</p>
+
+<p>A road notice completes the list.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prominent citizens who arrived in 1849, David Day became the
+first register of deeds in Ramsey county. He served in the territorial
+house in 1852 and 1853, and was speaker during the last session. He
+served as postmaster from 1874 to 1887. D. F. Brawley established the
+first brickyard in the Territory, and made the brick for the first
+brick building north of Prairie du Chien, which was built by Rev. E.
+D. Neill. Willoughby &amp; Powers introduced the first stage coaches, and
+established the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span> first livery stable. Nathaniel McLean came as a Sioux
+Indian Agent and served four years. He died in 1871, aged eighty-four
+years. Henry F. Masterman, a prominent lawyer, died in 1883. J. D.
+Crittenden, who served in the late war and rose to the position of
+colonel. Orlando Simmons, a useful citizen and sound jurist, still
+lives in St. Paul. Wm. Hollinshead, a brother-in-law of Edmund and H.
+M. Rice, died some time in the '50s. J. W. Bond was the author of the
+first history of Minnesota. Chauncey Hobart was chaplain of the first
+legislature. John B. Spencer, carpenter and contractor, built the
+first breakwater and dock at Duluth.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Foster became editor of the <i>Minnesotian</i>, and subsequently
+issued a paper at Duluth. He gave the name of "The Zenith City of the
+Unsalted Sea" to Duluth. He was too much of a critic to be popular. He
+died near Washington, District of Columbia, in 1884. The first
+Masonic, Odd Fellows and Sons of Temperance lodges were organized this
+year. The Bank of St. Croix, with headquarters at St. Paul, was
+established this year. Its paper was the first issued in the form of
+bank notes in the city and Territory. Nevertheless it was a fraud. Its
+paper was quoted in New York at one per cent. The proprietors were
+Young &amp; Sawyer.</p>
+
+<p>For a few terse comparisons and statistics with regard to the St. Paul
+of the past and of the present we are indebted to a writer in the "Soo
+Line edition" of the <i>St. Croix Standard</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty-six years ago there were no railroads in St. Paul, now there
+are 26 trunk lines entering the city, with over 3,000 miles of track
+and more than 20,000 miles of mileage, 90,000 cars in use and 100,000
+men employed. Beside this is the river trade, which employs two lines
+of boats and affords a very considerable commerce to St. Paul. In the
+manufacturing interests St. Paul has shown a great increase, and in
+every department of trade manufactories are springing up in all
+directions, and the business has already reached the large sum of
+$45,000,000, with not less than 1,200 factories and 22,000 men
+employed. Forty-six hotels accommodate the traveling public. The fire
+department is one of the best in the West, consisting of 8 steam fire
+engines, 7 chemical engines, hose carts, 159 men, 78 horses, etc., and
+the value of all the property belonging to the fire department is
+$316,367. The city is abundantly supplied with good, pure water,
+obtained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span> from several lakes. One year ago there were 1,800 miles of
+mains and 1,000 new water connections, so it is safe to say that at
+present there are 2,000 miles of mains and 1,200 connections. The
+receipts of the department for the past year were $2,109,026.09. The
+real estate sales in 1887 will reach as high as $32,000,000."</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this year we shall not follow the history of the city, except
+so far as a few tables of statistics and the biographies of a few of
+its leading citizens may be concerned.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POPULATION OF ST. PAUL.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1849, April</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1849, June</td><td align='right'>840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855</td><td align='right'>4,716</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857</td><td align='right'>9,973</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>10,279</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865</td><td align='right'>12,976</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870</td><td align='right'>20,030</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>33,178</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>41,498</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886</td><td align='right'>138,074</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>SCHOOLS IN 1886.</h4>
+
+<p>Number of school houses, 26; valuation, $816,650; number of teachers,
+246; number of scholars, 9,600.</p>
+
+<h4>STATISTICS OF BUILDINGS COSTING $100,000 AND OVER.</h4>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Capitol</td><td align='right'>$300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Custom house</td><td align='right'>500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Court house</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hotel Ryan</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Merchants Hotel</td><td align='right'>500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Metropolitan Hotel</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Globe building</td><td align='right'>500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pioneer Press building</td><td align='right'>650,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chamber of Commerce</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>High School building</td><td align='right'>137,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hamline University</td><td align='right'>175,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Macalester College</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Baptist church</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>German Catholic church</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Central Park Methodist Episcopal church</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York Life Insurance Company building</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>German Life Insurance Company building</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Northern Pacific office building</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Manitoba office building</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Omaha office building</td><td align='right'>160,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Union Depot</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>German American Bank</td><td align='right'>250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Germania Bank</td><td align='right'>200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>First National Bank</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Watson block</td><td align='right'>300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hale block</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>McMurrin block</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Willius block</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gilfillan block</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Drake block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Drake block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Union block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Albion block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gotzian block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilder block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mayhall block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>DeCoster &amp; Clark block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sherman block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Astoria block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Steele block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shuter block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dawson block</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J.J. Hill's residence</td><td align='right'>350,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kittson's residence</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wilder's residence</td><td align='right'>150,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stickney's residence</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Griggs' residence</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Merriam's residence</td><td align='right'>125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Opera House</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>United States Army headquarters</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lindeke Flour mill</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elevator A</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Elevator B</td><td align='right'>100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bohn Manufacturing Company</td><td align='right'>120,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>MAYORS OF ST. PAUL.</h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1854.</td><td align='right'> David Olmsted.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855.</td><td align='right'> Alex. Ramsey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856.</td><td align='right'> George L. Becker.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857.</td><td align='right'> J. B. Brisbin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1858.</td><td align='right'> N. W. Kittson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1859.</td><td align='right'> D. A. Robertson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872.</td><td align='right'> Dr. J. H. Stewart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873.</td><td align='right'> Dr. J. H. Stewart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1874.</td><td align='right'> Dr. J. H. Stewart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875.</td><td align='right'> J. T. Maxfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876.</td><td align='right'> J. T. Maxfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877.</td><td align='right'> J. T. Maxfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860.</td><td align='right'> John S. Prince.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1862.</td><td align='right'> John S. Prince.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1863.</td><td align='right'> J. E. Warren.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1864.</td><td align='right'> Dr. J. H. Stewart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865.</td><td align='right'> J. S. Prince.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1866.</td><td align='right'> J. S. Prince.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867.</td><td align='right'> George L. Otis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868.</td><td align='right'> Dr. J. H. Stewart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869.</td><td align='right'> J. T. Maxfield.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870.</td><td align='right'> William Lee.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871.</td><td align='right'> William Lee.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878.</td><td align='right'> William Dawson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879.</td><td align='right'> William Dawson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880.</td><td align='right'> William Dawson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881.</td><td align='right'> Edmund Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882.</td><td align='right'> Edmund Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883.</td><td align='right'> Edmund Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884.</td><td align='right'> C. D. O'Brien.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885.</td><td align='right'> Edmund Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886.</td><td align='right'> Edmund Rice.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887.</td><td align='right'> Robert A. Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1888.</td><td align='right'> Robert A. Smith.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Number of churches</td><td align='right'>105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Value of school property</td><td align='right'>$1,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Value of stockyards, West St. Paul</td><td align='right'>1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Value of products manufactured</td><td align='right'>40,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Amount of lumber sales</td><td align='right'>5,318,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Capital of thirteen banks</td><td align='right'>8,498,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aggregate post office business</td><td align='right'>4,289,102</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bonded indebtedness</td><td align='right'>4,168,725</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Annual valuation of city property</td><td align='right'>100,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>WEST ST. PAUL.</h4>
+
+<p>The flourishing suburb of West St. Paul is rapidly approaching
+metropolitan dimensions. The original settlement took place almost
+simultaneously with that of St. Paul, but its growth until late years
+has not been rapid. It was originally within the limits of Dakota
+county, but that portion included in its plat has been annexed to
+Ramsey county, and West St. Paul has become a part of St. Paul and has
+been placed under the municipal government of that city. The city is
+connected with St. Paul by two free bridges for carriages and
+pedestrians and by several railroad bridges.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TOWNS OF RAMSEY COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>After the state organization in 1858, Ramsey county was subdivided
+into the following towns: Little Canada, McLean, Mounds View, Reserve,
+Rose, St. Paul, and White Bear. From year to year the city of St. Paul
+has made encroachments upon the towns adjacent&mdash;Little Canada, McLean,
+Reserve, and Rose&mdash;until they have been in part or wholly absorbed. Of
+the remaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span> towns we shall refer only to White Bear, which, owing
+to the beauty of its lake scenery and its attractiveness as a place of
+popular resort, deserves special mention.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHITE BEAR.</h4>
+
+<p>White Bear, the northeastern township of Ramsey county, contains
+thirty-six sections. Its surface is agreeably diversified with lakes.
+About six sections in all are occupied by these lakes, of which there
+are several large and beautiful ones, among which may be mentioned
+White Bear, Bald Eagle, Pleasant, Lambert's, Vadnais, Birch, Goose,
+Otter, etc. The surface is undulating, and in no place actually hilly,
+while there is much level and very desirable land. Extensive meadows
+border some of the lakes, and are found in most of the intervales
+watered by running streams. These produce enormous crops of hay.
+Portions of these marshy localities are thickly grown with tamaracks,
+which were invaluable to the early settler, furnishing him with a
+supply of logs and poles for his improvements. The timber consists
+principally of red, white and black oak, sugar maple, tamarack,
+poplar, elm, elder, and ash.</p>
+
+<p>The township derives its name from White Bear lake. This lake was so
+named, it is asserted, by the Dakota Indians, a tradition existing
+amongst them that a grizzly bear once made its appearance on the
+island, with which one of their bravest hunters engaged in mortal
+conflict, each slaying the other. The Indians called this a grizzly,
+polar or white bear, and named an adjacent locality "Mah-to-me-di" or
+(M'de), <i>i. e.</i>, Mahto, gray polar bear, and M'de, lake. It is not
+probable, however, that a polar bear ever reached this spot, and a
+visit from a grizzly is nearly as improbable. Indian legends are very
+frequently made to order by those who succeed them as owners of the
+soil.</p>
+
+<p>Not much is known of White Bear prior to 1851. No human habitations,
+save those of Indians, were to be seen. There were no roads to this
+region, and none nearer than Little Canada. The lake itself seems to
+have been little known to white men.</p>
+
+<p>J. Fletcher Williams, in a sketch contributed to the <i>Pioneer</i>, and to
+which we are indebted for many of our statements, says that Hugh I.
+Vance, a typo employed in the <i>Pioneer</i> office at that time, was
+probably about the first settler of White Bear; that in the spring of
+1851 he wended his way to this region in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span> search of a claim, selected
+a piece of land on Bald Eagle lake, erected a cabin, resided here with
+his family several years, and was probably the first man to drive a
+plowshare in this locality. Mr. Vance joined the Union Army in 1861,
+and with his two sons was killed in Missouri the year following. In
+the spring of 1851 V. B. Barnum selected a tract on the south shore of
+White Bear lake, and hired Geo. O. Nichols to run out the lines. Mr.
+Barnum entered one hundred and seventy-five acres. On this land he
+built a cabin near the present Leip House, which burned down in 1857.
+Jas. B. Clewett, one of the pioneers of St. Paul as early as 1840,
+drove his stakes at White Bear in the spring of 1851. He afterward
+built a house on the island, where he yet resides, a mile north of the
+lake. Soon after Wm. Freeborn and B. F. Hoyt entered a tract of land
+in sections 13 and 14. Isaac Banta built a cabin on it, near the point
+by the island, resided there three or four years, and moved to Forest
+Lake. This land was afterward bought by the Murray family. Thomas
+Milner came in about the same time. Daniel Getty came and located on
+the east side of the lake at a later day, becoming a resident of the
+village proper, of which he is now postmaster, superintendent of the
+Sunday-school, elder in the church, school trustee, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnum opened a hotel, which he kept till 1856, and then sold out
+to John M. Lamb. In 1855 James F. Murray, his three sons and O. R.
+Stratton settled at White Bear. W. W. Webber, John Aubery, Joseph
+Freeman, Ross Wilkinson, Frank Perfect, Fred Whittaker, George
+Starbuck, Duncan Ross, Charlie A. Morgan, and others came here in
+1857. The early settlers were much disturbed by roving bands of
+Chippewa and Sioux Indians. White Bear being debatable ground, and
+sometimes a battlefield between hostile parties. The Sioux claimed the
+right, under the treaty of 1851, to hunt, fish and gather berries and
+rice in that region. In the fall of 1855 a party of Sioux from Kaposia
+went by the lake on a hunting expedition. Near Oneka lake, a few miles
+above, they fell in with some Chippewas, one of whom they killed and
+scalped, but had two of their own number mortally wounded. Returning,
+they camped on Goose lake, just about where St. John's church was
+first built, and had a scalp dance, lasting two days and nights. It
+was from time immemorial a grand battle field for them. Hardly a foot
+of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span> soil around the lake but what has been ensanguined with the
+blood of the hereditary foes. Many are the tales told of their
+encounters. "Spirit Island" seems to have been the hardest fought
+spot, and to this day it is honeycombed with the remains of rifle
+pits, redoubts and earth works made by the contending parties, while
+innumerable bodies of the slain have enriched its soil. It is a
+perfect Golgotha&mdash;an island cemetery. If but a fraction of these
+savage combats and sieges were truly narrated, no romance could equal
+it in thrilling interest. These fierce combats continued as late as
+1855.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Mary Stiles, daughter of William Stiles, was the first white
+child born at White Bear. Miss Mary E. Barnum was married to Richard
+McLagan&mdash;being the first wedding which occurred at White Bear. 'Squire
+Jacob J. Noah, justice of the peace of St. Paul, tied the knot.</p>
+
+<p>The first death was that of Clara Murray, aged four years, daughter of
+Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Murray, in July, 1856. J. G. Riheldaffer preached
+at the funeral service at Mr. Murray's house the first sermon in the
+settlement.</p>
+
+<p>A lay Methodist named Hoffman held services on the Sabbath several
+times at Barnum's hotel.</p>
+
+<p>A Baptist clergyman from Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin, named Messer, also
+occasionally held services in the early days, at the school house, a
+log house built in 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The Episcopal church of St. John in the Wilderness was built in 1861
+and consecrated in August of the same year. It was located at the
+lower end of the lake, but in 1874 was moved to its present site on
+Clarke avenue.</p>
+
+<p>The Presbyterian church was organized May 28, 1864, with eight
+members, two of whom were elected ruling elders, James F. Murray and
+Daniel Getty. The corner stone of the present church edifice was laid
+Nov. 8, 1871, and the foundation laid in the following spring. The
+church was completed in 1872.</p>
+
+<p>A Catholic church was built in 1879, on a block between First and
+Second streets and Bald Eagle avenue, in which services are held every
+two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>The post office of White Bear was established in November, 1859, and
+J. C. Murray appointed postmaster.</p>
+
+<p>The township of White Bear was organized May 11, 1858, with the
+following officers: Clerk, G. Schnabel; supervisor, J. F.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span> Murray;
+assessor, V. B. Barnum; justices of the peace, J. R. Clewett and Alex.
+Pepin.</p>
+
+<p>The village is easy of access, and abundantly supplied with railroad
+facilities. The St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad Company has built a double
+track to St. Paul. This company built a road to Stillwater known as
+the Stillwater &amp; White Bear railroad. There is in addition to this
+road an extension to Minneapolis known as the Minneapolis &amp; White Bear
+railroad. The Sault Ste. Marie passes through the north part of the
+village.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WHITE BEAR LAKE</h4>
+
+<p>Is one of the most famous pleasure resorts in the vicinity of St.
+Paul. Its clear waters, gently sloping wooded shores, and the entire
+absence of marsh or swamp lands adjoining, render the situation at
+once pleasant and salubrious. It has an extreme length of 6-1/2 miles,
+and a width of 2-3/4. It has, according to survey meanders, a shore
+line of over 20 miles, and its area is 3,940 acres, or 62 square
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful parks surround the lake. Prominent among these are Wildwood
+Park and Mahtomedi, the latter renowned as a camp ground, and later as
+the site of a summer school, modeled after that at Chautauqua, and one
+of a system of schools of which the Chautauqua school is the principal
+and central institution. Spirit island, connected with the mainland by
+a bridge, is also a charming resort.</p>
+
+<p>The lake shore is crowded with hotels and cottages for the use of
+summer visitors. Among these the Leip House is especially worthy of
+mention, the proprietor having beautified the grounds and built around
+the hotel a small village of cottages for excursionists. Other houses
+are the Ramaley, the Williams, the Chateaugay, the Dellwood, etc.,
+with pleasant surroundings. The appearance of this resort during the
+summer months is one of great animation. Tourists and summer visitors
+crowd the hotel, or gather in groups along the lake shore, while the
+lake is dotted with their sailing vessels. A small steamer makes
+regular trips to points of interest about the lake.</p>
+
+<p>White Bear Lake village was incorporated by the legislature in 1881,
+the following being chosen as the first officers under their charter:
+Daniel Getty, chairman of council; James C. Murray, Luke H. Bacon,
+Abel E. Leaman, and Fred W. Benson, councilmen;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span> B. E. McGurk,
+recorder; H. K. Getty, treasurer; Wm. Clark, village justice; Reuben
+Clewett, marshal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Getty</span> was born in the north of Ireland in 1826. His ancestors
+were Scotch-Irish. He came with his parents to Philadelphia in 1832;
+was educated in the common schools, and learned the trade of a cabinet
+maker. He came to White Bear in 1855, and opened the first store in
+the place. He has four sons associated with him in business. He has
+done much to promote the prosperity of White Bear, and by enterprise
+and close attention to business, both as a merchant and a dealer in
+real estate, he has been successful.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SOUTH ST. PAUL</h4>
+
+<p>Is located in the northeastern corner of Dakota county, four and a
+half miles below St. Paul, the site of the Presbyterian and Methodist
+missions of old Kaposia. It is situated on a plateau considerably
+above high water mark, in the rear of which the grounds rise gradually
+to a rich agricultural plain. It is connected with St. Paul by an
+hourly motor line of cars. It has communication with St. Paul by the
+Chicago, St. Paul &amp; Kansas City railway, and also has communication by
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The famous St. Paul Union Stockyards are located here, and occupy two
+hundred acres of land. This great enterprise was founded by A. B.
+Stickney and Ansel Oppenheim, president of the company. W. M. Littell
+is general superintendent; Arnold Kalman, secretary and treasurer. The
+stockyards were located here in 1886, and now (1888) possess a capital
+of $1,500,000 in grounds and necessary buildings pertaining to such an
+enterprise. There are eight miles of railroad track upon the grounds.
+The stock is brought from Montana, Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
+Iowa by railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The city was organized in 1887, with the following board of officers;
+Joseph H. Lawrence, mayor; George W. Wentworth, Philip Crowley, J. W.
+McGrath, and Irwin Marshall, aldermen.</p>
+
+<p>A post office was established in 1888, of which H. M. Littell is
+postmaster.</p>
+
+<p>The city embraces South Park, and there are five churches, English and
+German Methodist, a Congregational and two Baptist churches.</p>
+
+<p>An electric motor line is being established. The city of South St.
+Paul has about 6,000 inhabitants. Its progress is upward.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>NORTH ST. PAUL.</h4>
+
+<p>This rapidly growing suburb of St. Paul is situated on the shores of
+Silver lake, a lovely sheet of water lying six miles northeast of the
+court house. The grounds about the lake were converted into farms soon
+after the settlement of St. Paul. In 1886 the Wisconsin Central
+Railroad Company extended their St. Paul branch through the
+neighborhood. Capt. H. A. Castle established suburban residences near
+the lake. In March, 1887, the North St. Paul Land Company was formed
+for the purpose of encouraging manufactures and furnishing homes and
+facilities for business. Their plant was located on the farm of Capt.
+Castle. The company consists of H. A. Castle, Lane K. Stone, Frederick
+Driscoll, W. S. Morton, and George A. Sexias. The capital stock of the
+company was fixed at $1,000,000. Under their enterprising management
+twenty miles of street has been graded, a boulevard extended around
+the lake, five miles of sidewalk completed and numerous cottages
+erected. A railroad depot has been built at a cost of $8,000; two
+hotels and fifteen manufacturing establishments have been erected.
+There are (in May, 1888) 3,000 inhabitants, with eight church
+organizations and six buildings, and a school house, built at a cost
+of $11,000. The growth of this village since its commencement in 1887
+has been remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>New, populous and important suburbs of St. Paul are Merriam Park, St.
+Anthony Park, and St. Paul Park in Washington county.</p>
+
+<p>The following table gives the population of St. Paul from 1838 to May,
+1888.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Year</span>.</td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Population</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1838</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1847</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1849</td><td align='right'>400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>850</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855</td><td align='right'>4,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856</td><td align='right'>5,630</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857</td><td align='right'>9,973</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>10,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865</td><td align='right'>13,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870</td><td align='right'>20,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871</td><td align='right'>24,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872</td><td align='right'>25,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873</td><td align='right'>27,023</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>33,178</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>41,498</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881</td><td align='right'>50,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882</td><td align='right'>75,835</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883</td><td align='right'>88,378</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884</td><td align='right'>99,322</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885</td><td align='right'>111,397</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886</td><td align='right'>123,395</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887</td><td align='right'>155,577</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1888 (Estimated)</td><td align='right'>187,759</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>POST OFFICE.</h4>
+
+<p>The following figures will show the amount of business transacted at
+the post office, St. Paul, Minnesota, for the year ending Dec. 31,
+1887, as compared with the year 1886:</p>
+
+<h4>GENERAL BUSINESS.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>1886.</td><td align='center'>1887.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From sale of stamps, envelopes, etc</td><td align='right'>$204,565 90</td><td align='right'>$274,178 95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From sale of newspapers and periodical stamps</td><td align='right'>15,912 38</td><td align='right'>17,697 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From sale of unpaid letter stamps</td><td align='right'>1,814 80</td><td align='right'>2,119 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From box rent</td><td align='right'>1,866 50</td><td align='right'>1,772 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From sale of waste paper, twine and packing boxes</td><td align='right'>95 98</td><td align='right'>176 93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>From other offices (deposited)</td><td align='right'>87,721 65</td><td align='right'>106,858 42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sent assistant treasurer United States, New York</td><td align='right'>177,412 59</td><td align='right'>268,770 70</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paid route agents, messengers, etc</td><td align='right'>93,246 16</td><td align='right'>83,130 49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paid letter carriers</td><td align='right'>38,121 19</td><td align='right'>44,282 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Paid letter carriers' expenses and horse hire</td><td align='right'>1,856 01</td><td align='right'>1,644 89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'> &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total postal funds</td><td align='right'>$622,612 36</td><td align='right'>$713,620 74</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h4>MONEY ORDER BUSINESS.</h4>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Amount.</td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Amount.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Domestic orders and postal notes issued</td><td align='right'>29,420</td><td align='right'>$257,572 95</td><td align='right'>35,603</td><td align='right'>$305,339 94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fees on same</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2,250 62</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2,537 94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Foreign orders issued</td><td align='right'>2,632</td><td align='right'>37,356 88</td><td align='right'>2,540</td><td align='right'>57,582 03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fees on same</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>466 90</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>699 80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Domestic orders and postal notes paid</td><td align='right'>74,526</td><td align='right'>670,304 82</td><td align='right'>84,972</td><td align='right'>701,667 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Foreign orders paid</td><td align='right'>1,250</td><td align='right'>30,701 91</td><td align='right'>1,508</td><td align='right'>36,132 44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Surplus money order funds received from other offices</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,743,516 42</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,773,455 99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Surplus money order funds remitted Chicago and New York</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,339,600 00</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1,275,800 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; &nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total money order funds</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$4,081,770 50</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$4,153,215 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total postal funds</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>622,612 36</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>713,620 74</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Grand total financial transactions</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$4,704,382 86</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$4,867,845 85</td></tr>
+
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>POST OFFICE HISTORY.</h4>
+
+<p>The names and date of the commission of the postmasters of St. Paul
+are as follows: Henry Jackson, April 7, 1846; Jacob W. Bass, July 5,
+1849; Wm. H. Forbes, March 18, 1853; Chas. S.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span> Cave, March 11, 1856;
+Wm. M. Corcoran, March 12, 1860; Chas. Nichols, April 2, 1861; Jacob
+H. Stewart, March 14, 1865; Jos. A. Wheelock, March 4, 1870; David
+Day, July 1, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Net yearly income, being balance on quarterly returns from its
+establishment to the present time:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1846</td><td align='right'>$3 43</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1847</td><td align='right'>20 33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1848</td><td align='right'>48 40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1849</td><td align='right'>369 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1850</td><td align='right'>429 07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1851</td><td align='right'>1,192 72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1852</td><td align='right'>1,497 73</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1853</td><td align='right'>1,806 04</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1854</td><td align='right'>3,042 89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855</td><td align='right'>3,814 07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856</td><td align='right'>5,164 67</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857</td><td align='right'>9,171 87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1858</td><td align='right'>5,577 05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1859</td><td align='right'>6,135 66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860</td><td align='right'>5,254 47</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1861</td><td align='right'>5,136 71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1862</td><td align='right'>6,898 99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1863</td><td align='right'>9,509 53</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1864</td><td align='right'>13,140 08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865</td><td align='right'>12,082 32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1866</td><td align='right'>12,009 03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867</td><td align='right'>15,033 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868</td><td align='right'>16,991 76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869</td><td align='right'>20,848 03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870</td><td align='right'>23,437 66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871</td><td align='right'>32,250 61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872</td><td align='right'>36,817 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873</td><td align='right'>43,305 05</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1874</td><td align='right'>43,284 36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>42,767 82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876</td><td align='right'>41,667 92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877</td><td align='right'>38,998 42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878</td><td align='right'>48,141 04</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879</td><td align='right'>64,670 59</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>73,456 87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881</td><td align='right'>96,197 77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882</td><td align='right'>132,702 66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883</td><td align='right'>141,704 78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884</td><td align='right'>127,977 99</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885</td><td align='right'>134,501 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886</td><td align='right'>153,009 08</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887</td><td align='right'>189,017 20</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Gross yearly income of the St. Paul post office from 1875 to 1887:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>1875</td><td align='right'>$58,922 63</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876</td><td align='right'>57,092 85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877</td><td align='right'>53,412 82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878</td><td align='right'>63,922 49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879</td><td align='right'>81,299 92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880</td><td align='right'>102,450 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881</td><td align='right'>128,156 45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882</td><td align='right'>173,131 31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883</td><td align='right'>190,907 36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884</td><td align='right'>186,571 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885</td><td align='right'>200,407 94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886</td><td align='right'>226,972 28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887</td><td align='right'>272,181 87</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 485px;">
+<img src="images/illus-553.jpg" width="485" height="650" alt="BRIG. GEN. HENRY H. SIBLEY." title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Hastings Sibley.</span>&mdash;The father of Gen. Sibley, Judge Solomon
+Sibley, of Massachusetts, was a well known pioneer of the Northwest.
+He settled in Ohio in 1795, but two years later removed to Michigan,
+which he represented as delegate to Congress in 1800. In 1799 he
+served as member of the first legislature of the Northwest Territory.
+He was judge of the supreme court from 1824 to 1836, and died in 1846,
+universally lamented. The mother of Gen. Sibley was the daughter of
+Col. Ebenezer Sproat, and a granddaughter of Commodore Whipple of the
+American Navy. She was a cultured lady, of unusual personal beauty and
+of rare accomplishments. She was married to Judge Sibley in 1802, and
+died at Detroit Jan. 22, 1851. Henry H. Sibley was born in Detroit,
+Michigan, Feb. 20, 1811. He received an academic education, and two
+years' tuition in the classics. In 1828 he came to the Sault Ste.
+Marie and secured employment as a clerk. In 1829 he entered the
+service of the American Fur Company at Mackinaw. In 1834 he came to
+the mouth of St. Peter's river, to the post afterward known as
+Mendota, as the agent of the American Fur Company. He made the journey
+from Prairie du Chien, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, on
+horseback. At that time there was but a single civilized habitation on
+the way. In 1836 he built a stone house at Mendota, the first in
+Minnesota, in which he resided twenty-four years. This house is still
+standing. He continued to act as agent for the American Fur Company
+until called to act as delegate to Congress for Wisconsin Territory
+west of the St. Croix, in 1848. Mr. Sibley, when elected, was a
+citizen of Mendota, Clayton county, Iowa, but the question of
+citizenship was not raised. He was recognized as the ablest and best
+representative that could be chosen for the difficult task of securing
+the organization<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> of Minnesota Territory. In this he was successful.
+In the fall of 1849 he was re-elected as a delegate from the new
+territory he had been instrumental in forming, and served in that
+capacity until March 4, 1853, rendering the Territory important
+services. In 1855 he was elected a member of the Minnesota territorial
+legislature from Dakota county, and in 1857 was a member and president
+of the Democratic wing of the constitutional convention. On the
+admission of Minnesota as a state he was elected governor, taking his
+seat May 24, 1858. His term expired Jan. 1, 1860. Aug. 19, 1862, his
+successor, Gov. Ramsey, appointed him commander of the forces sent to
+quell the Sioux outbreak. He marched with his command in pursuit of
+the Indians, defeating them in several skirmishes and battles,
+releasing 250 captives held by them and capturing about 2,000
+prisoners, over 400 of whom were tried by court martial and sentenced
+to be hanged. Of this number thirty-eight were executed at Mankato,
+Dec. 26, 1862, President Lincoln having pardoned the remainder. Col.
+Sibley was commissioned brigadier general for his gallant services,
+and retained in command of the frontier. In 1863 he led another
+expedition into the Indian country, driving the hostiles across the
+Missouri river, and returning to Fort Snelling in September. The years
+1864 and 1865 were employed in securing the defense of the frontier.
+Nov. 29, 1865, Gen. Sibley was commissioned major general for
+efficient and meritorious services. He continued in the service until
+August, 1866, when he was relieved of his command and detailed as a
+member of the commission to negotiate treaties with the hostile Sioux
+and other bands on the Upper Missouri river.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871 Gen. Sibley was elected to represent the Fifth ward, St. Paul,
+in the legislature. He became a resident of St. Paul in 1862, but, in
+company with Louis Robert and A. L. Larpenteur, had entered land for
+the town site there as early as 1854.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Sibley has been for several years president of the Gas Company,
+director of the First National Bank, director of the Sioux City
+railway, etc. He has at different times filled other responsible
+positions; has been park commissioner, president of the Historical
+Society, president of the Chamber of Commerce, and was once the
+candidate of his party for Congress, but unsuccessful. He has
+contributed many valuable papers to the State Historical Society and
+has written much on topics relating to the welfare of the State, of
+which, with the exception of his personal friend, W. T. Boutwell, he
+is now the oldest resident.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;">
+<img src="images/illus-555.jpg" width="449" height="650" alt="Alex. Ramsey" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Gen. Sibley, for his integrity, persistent devotion to the welfare of
+the State, for his indomitable persistence in upbuilding its
+interests, has won a lasting place in the confidence and respect of
+the people. His history is inseparably interwoven with the history of
+the State, and he is justly regarded as one of its first and best
+citizens. The town and county of Sibley bear his name.</p>
+
+<p>He was married May 2, 1843, to Sarah J., sister of Frank Steele. Mrs.
+Sibley died May 21, 1869, much respected for her many virtues and rare
+accomplishments.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alexander Ramsey</span>, the first territorial governor of Minnesota, was
+born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Sept. 8, 1815. His paternal
+ancestors were Scotch-Irish. His mother was of German descent. His
+parents were Thomas and Elisabeth (Kelker) Ramsey. His father was an
+officer in the war of 1812, and died when the son was but ten years
+old. Frederic Kelker, an uncle, assisted in the education of the son,
+who in turn assisted as salesman in the store of his uncle. At the age
+of eighteen he entered Lafayette College; at Easton, Pennsylvania;
+attended college but a short time, when he commenced the study of law
+with Hon. Hamilton Alricks, of Harrisburg, graduating afterward in the
+law school at Carlisle, and commenced the practice of law in 1839. He
+commenced his political life in 1840, the year of the Harrison
+campaign, and was made secretary of the electoral college. In 1841 he
+was appointed clerk of the Pennsylvania house of representatives. He
+was in the lower house of Congress from 1843 to 1846, and was
+renominated for a third term, but declined. In 1848 he was made
+chairman of the Whig state central committee, and the following year
+was appointed governor of the newly formed territory of Minnesota by
+President Taylor. He entered upon his duties as governor in May, 1849.
+The territorial government was organized in June, and the governor
+issued his proclamation establishing three judicial districts, and
+providing for the election of members of the first legislature. He
+served as governor four years. In 1855 he was elected mayor of St.
+Paul. In 1857 he was candidate for governor of the State, but was not
+elected. He was elected to that office in 1859, and re-elected in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span>
+1861. In 1863, before the expiration of his second term, he was
+elected to the United States senate, and re-elected in 1869. March 4,
+1875, he accepted the position of secretary of war in the cabinet of
+President Hayes, and for a time was acting secretary of the navy. In
+1883 he was appointed chairman of the Utah commission under the
+Edmunds bill.</p>
+
+<p>In the various departments of public service to which he has been
+called, Gov. Ramsey has acquitted himself well, displaying rare
+qualities of statesmanship. He is remarkable for his caution, which
+leads him sometimes almost into conservatism, but results have
+generally proved the sagacity of his apparently tardy movements. He is
+a master in the exercise of a wise caution in the conduct of public
+affairs. He has, in fact, great political sagacity. He has made
+several favorable treaties with the Indians, being empowered during
+his term as governor to act also as superintendent of Indian affairs.</p>
+
+<p>During his two terms as state governor, he rendered the country great
+service by his prompt response to the calls for volunteers and his
+decisive and unwavering support of the general government. He also
+acted with great promptness and resolution in the suppression of the
+Indian outbreak. As a senator he supported all measures for the
+prosecution of the war for the preservation of the Union; advocated
+the abolition of the franking privilege and assisted in procuring aid
+for the building of the Northern Pacific railroad, favoring the
+project of three trunk lines between the Mississippi and the Pacific
+States and the general plan of aiding these roads by the donation of
+alternate sections of public land, and was also active in promoting
+the improvement of the Upper Mississippi and navigable tributaries.</p>
+
+<p>In person Gov. Ramsey is a hale, hearty, and well preserved gentleman,
+who is passing gracefully into what with many is the season of the
+sere and yellow leaf. He is genial and pleasant in his manners, and
+would impress the ordinary observer as one whose "lines have fallen in
+pleasant places," and who is the happy possessor of a good digestion,
+a serene temper and a clear conscience.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 10, 1845, he was married to Anna Earl Jenks, daughter of Hon.
+Michael H. Jenks, for many years judge of Bucks county, Pennsylvania,
+a lady of rare accomplishments,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span> and in every way fitted to shine in
+the society into which she was introduced as the wife of a governor,
+senator and cabinet officer. In private life she was not less noted
+for her kindness of heart, amiability and christian virtues. This
+estimable lady died in 1883, leaving a daughter, Marion, the wife of
+Charles Elliott Furness, of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maj. Wm. H. Forbes</span> was born on Montreal island, Canada, Nov. 3, 1815.
+His father was a Scotchman by birth, and was a member of the Hudson
+Bay Company as early as 1785. Maj. Forbes was educated at Montreal,
+where he also served an apprenticeship at the hardware business, and
+afterward became junior partner in the same establishment. At that
+time Montreal was the chief depot of supplies for the Indian trade of
+the Northwest, and the reports which continually came to him of that
+romantic region, together with the sight of the Indians and voyageurs
+returning with their furs, so excited his love of adventure that he
+resigned his position as partner in the hardware business and accepted
+a clerkship with the American Fur Company. John Jacob Astor was then
+president. The conditions were that the clerk should speak and write
+the French language, which Mr. Forbes could do with facility. Having
+engaged as clerk, his outfit was conveyed in bark canoes from
+Montreal, in charge of fifty men enlisted for a three years' cruise.
+Their route lay by way of the lakes to La Pointe, on Lake Superior,
+and up the Brule river, from which the canoes and baggage were carried
+across to the waters of the St. Croix, and descended thence to the
+Mississippi. From the Sault Ste. Marie to La Pointe they were
+transported on one of the company's schooners. They arrived at Mendota
+in 1837. Gen. Sibley was then in charge at Mendota. Mr. Forbes clerked
+for him ten years, and in 1847 took charge of an establishment
+belonging to the company (called the St. Paul Outfit), and became a
+resident of St. Paul until his death, twenty-eight years later. Mr.
+Forbes was a member from St. Paul of the first territorial council,
+and served four terms. In March, 1853, he was appointed postmaster at
+St. Paul by President Pierce, and held the office three years. In 1853
+he also formed a business partnership with Norman W. Kittson for the
+general supplying of the Indian trade. In 1858 Mr. Kittson retired
+from the firm, but the business was continued by Maj. Forbes until
+1862, when the Indian outbreak put an end to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span> trade. During the
+campaign he served as a member of Gen. Sibley's staff, and acted as
+provost marshal at the trial of the three hundred Indians condemned to
+death. At the close of this campaign he was commissioned by President
+Lincoln commissary of subsistence in the volunteer service with the
+rank of captain. He was elected auditor of Ramsey county in 1863, and
+served two years, though sometimes absent on military duty. In 1864 he
+was ordered to the district of Northern Missouri as chief commissary,
+remained two years and was breveted major. In 1871 he was appointed
+Indian agent at Devil's Lake reservation, which position he held at
+the time of his death, July 20, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Maj. Forbes was twice married; first in 1846, to Miss Agnes, daughter
+of Alexander Faribault, by whom he had one daughter, the wife of Capt.
+J. H. Patterson, United States Army; again in 1854, to Miss A. B.
+Cory, of Cooperstown, New York, by whom he had four children, three of
+whom are living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry M. Rice.</span>&mdash;The family of Mr. Rice came originally from
+Hertfordshire, England, to Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 1638. Members of
+the family figured conspicuously in the struggle for American
+independence. His parents were Edmund and Ellen Durkee Rice. His
+grandfather Durkee was in the French war of 1755. Mr. Rice was born in
+Waitsfield, Vermont, Nov. 29, 1816; attended common school three
+months in the year and a private school and academy in Burlington. He
+went to Detroit, Michigan Territory, in 1835; was engaged in making
+the first survey of the Sault Ste. Marie canal, made by the state of
+Michigan in 1837, and went to Fort Snelling in 1839. He was post
+sutler in 1840, United States Army, Fort Atkinson, Iowa Territory, and
+was connected with the old fur company for several years. He was
+elected delegate to Congress in 1853 for Minnesota Territory and
+re-elected in 1855. He was elected first United States senator for
+Minnesota, in 1857, admitted to his seat May 11, 1858, and served
+until March 3, 1863. In 1860 he was a member of the senate special
+committee of thirteen on the condition of the country. During his term
+in the senate he was a member of the following standing committees:
+Indian affairs, post office and post roads, public lands, military,
+finance. He was on the last four named committees at the expiration of
+the term of March 3, 1863.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 461px;">
+<img src="images/illus-558.jpg" width="461" height="650" alt="Henry M. Rice" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1865 he was nominated for governor but was defeated by Gen. W. R.
+Marshall. In 1866 he was delegate to the Philadelphia Union
+convention. He also served in the following various capacities: United
+States commissioner in making several Indian treaties; as a member of
+the board of regents of the University of Minnesota; as president of
+the Minnesota State Historical Society; as president of the St. Paul
+Board of Public Works; and as treasurer of Ramsey county, Minnesota.
+He is the author of the law extending the right of pre-emption over
+unsurveyed lands in Minnesota. He has obtained land grants for
+numerous railroads in Minnesota, and, with the assistance of Senator
+Douglas, framed the act authorizing Minnesota to form a state
+constitution preparatory to admission, fixing boundary, etc.</p>
+
+<p>As a public man Mr. Rice has pursued a policy at once independent and
+outspoken, not hesitating to express his convictions on the great
+national questions of the day, and to place himself upon a national
+rather than a party platform. During the war he upheld the
+administration in a vigorous prosecution of the war, as the speediest
+and most honorable means of obtaining peace. His letter to the St.
+Paul <i>Press</i> of Nov. 1, 1864, contains sentiments that must commend
+themselves to every true lover of his country. We quote a few
+extracts:</p>
+
+<p>"I believe Gen. McClellan and Mr. Lincoln both desire peace&mdash;both the
+restoration of the Union. The one favors the return of the Southern
+States with slavery; the other wishes these states to return without
+that institution. I believe that the revolted citizens forfeited all
+rights they had under the constitution when they turned traitors; that
+the Emancipation Proclamation legally and rightfully set every slave
+free. I am as much opposed to again legalizing that institution in the
+South as I would be to its introduction in the Northern States."</p>
+
+<p>* * * "I am in favor of the return of the Southern States, and think
+the day is not far distant when the same flag will float over us all,
+and when that happy day shall arrive, I hope that the rights we enjoy
+will be freely accorded to them, and no more."</p>
+
+<p>* * * "When the Southern States return I shall be in favor of their
+voting population being equally represented with our own, and no
+further."</p>
+
+<p>* * * "I think that in the long future, when all other of Mr.
+Lincoln's acts shall be forgotten, his Emancipation Proclamation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span> will
+adorn history's brightest page. I am opposed to slavery for the reason
+that <i>I am in favor of the largest human liberty</i>, and I can not
+understand why some of our fellow citizens who come here that they
+might be free can deny freedom to others."</p>
+
+<p>* * * "I think it illy becomes those who took up arms to defend their
+homes, their country, yea, liberty! to make overtures to armed
+rebellion. I believe that by a rigorous prosecution of the war peace
+will soon come, our liberties will be secured forever, and that
+prosperity will follow. Union with slavery will be only a temporary
+cheat, and can not last. Dissolution will bring ruin, anarchy and an
+endless effusion of blood and money."</p>
+
+<p>He has been a liberal contributor to the various public enterprises of
+the city, to churches, public institutions and private parties. He has
+built warehouses, business blocks and hotels. The park in front of the
+city hall was donated by him. His name is inseparably interwoven with
+the history of St. Paul and the State. Rice county bears his name. He
+was married to Matilda Whitall, of Richmond, Virginia, in 1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edmund Rice</span>, brother of Hon. Henry M. Rice, was born in Waitsfield,
+Vermont, Feb. 14, 1819. His father died in 1829. He received a
+somewhat limited common school education and spent most of his early
+life clerking. In 1838 he came to Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he read
+law with Stuart &amp; Miller, and was admitted to the bar in 1842, making
+commendable progress in his profession. While a resident of Michigan
+he was master in chancery, register of court of chancery and clerk of
+the supreme court. In 1847 he enlisted in Company A, First Michigan
+Volunteers, of which company he was made first lieutenant, and served
+through the Mexican War until its close.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1849, he came to Minnesota Territory, locating in St. Paul,
+where he became one of the firm of Rice, Hollinshead &amp; Becker until
+1855, when he embarked in railroad enterprises. In 1857 he was elected
+president of the Minnesota &amp; Pacific Railroad Company, and afterward
+of its successors, the St. Paul &amp; Pacific and the St. Paul &amp; Chicago
+Railroad companies. He has been long regarded as one of the most
+energetic and competent railroad men in the State. Mr. Rice has
+figured largely in the politics of the State, having served several
+terms in the territorial and state legislatures. He was a
+representative in the territorial legislature of 1851, a senator in
+the state legislatures of 1864, 1865, 1873, 1874, and a representative
+in the sessions of 1872, 1877 and 1878.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 455px;">
+<img src="images/illus-560.jpg" width="455" height="650" alt="Edmund Rice" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1885 he was elected mayor of St. Paul, and in 1886 was chosen
+representative in Congress. Mr. Rice is an uncompromising Democrat in
+his politics, and is so recognized by his party, which he served as
+chairman of the state central committee in the presidential campaign
+of 1872, and elector at large in the campaign of 1876. He was married
+in November, 1848, to Anna M. Acker, daughter of Hon. Henry Acker, of
+Kalamazoo, Michigan. Of eleven children, the fruit of this union, all
+are living but the second daughter, Jessie, who married Frank H.
+Clark, of Philadelphia, in 1870, and died in October, 1874. The eldest
+daughter, Ellen, is the wife of Henry A. Boardman, of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louis Robert.</span>&mdash;Capt. Louis Robert was a descendant of the French
+settlers who occupied Kaskaskia and St. Louis when they were in the
+territory of Louisiana, then a French province. He was born at
+Carondelet, Missouri, Jan. 21, 1811, and his early life was spent in
+that region and on the Upper Missouri river. In 1838 he went to
+Prairie du Chien, and in the fall of 1843 visited St. Paul and removed
+thither the ensuing year, identifying himself with the interests of
+that growing young city.</p>
+
+<p>To say the least, he was a remarkable character. He possessed all the
+politeness and suavity of his nationality, was impulsive, warm
+hearted, generous and yet, as a business man, far-seeing and
+loquacious. His broken English added a peculiar charm and quaintness
+to his conversation, and he will be long remembered for his odd
+expressions and his keen but homely wit. He was generous in aiding any
+worthy object, and, as a devoted Catholic, gave liberally to the
+support of his church. He donated valuable property to church building
+and gave the bells to the French Catholic church and the cathedral in
+St. Paul. His private charities were also liberal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847 Capt. Robert was one of the original proprietors of St. Paul.
+He took a prominent part in the Stillwater convention of 1848. In 1849
+he was appointed commissioner on territorial buildings. In 1853 he
+engaged in steamboating, and at different times owned as many as five
+steamers. He was also largely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span> engaged in the Indian trade until the
+massacre of 1862. He died, after a painful illness, May 10, 1874,
+leaving an estate valued at $400,000. He was married in 1839, at
+Prairie du Chien, to Mary Turpin, who, with two daughters, survives
+him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Auguste Louis Larpenteur</span>, the son of Louis Auguste, and Malinda
+(Simmons) Larpenteur, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, May 16, 1823.
+His grandfather, Louis Benoist Larpenteur, left France about the time
+of the banishment of Napoleon Bonaparte to St. Helena, determined not
+to live under the rule of the Bourbons. Auguste L., the grandson, was
+reared in the family of his grandfather, his mother having died while
+he was an infant. At the age of eighteen years, with his uncle, Eugene
+N. Larpenteur, he came to St. Louis. Two years later he came to St.
+Paul as clerk for Wm. Hartshorn and Henry Jackson, Indian traders. The
+firm of Hartshorn &amp; Jackson gave place to Freeman, Larpenteur &amp; Co.
+Mr. Larpenteur has been continuously engaged in commercial pursuits
+since his arrival in St. Paul in 1843. He has seen the city grow from
+a hamlet of five cabins to its present metropolitan dimensions, and
+has been from the first one of its most enterprising and reliable
+citizens. He was married Dec. 7, 1845, to Mary Josephine Presley. They
+have five sons and five daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Nobles.</span>&mdash;William H., son of Rev. Lemuel Nobles, was born in
+the state of New York in 1816. In his early life he learned the trade
+of a machinist and became a skilled artisan. In 1841 he came to Marine
+Mills, but soon removed to St. Croix Falls and assisted in putting up
+the first mill there.</p>
+
+<p>He lived successively at Osceola, at the mouth of Willow river, and at
+Stillwater. He was part owner of the Osceola mills in 1846, and it is
+claimed that he built the first frame house in Hudson. In 1848 he
+removed from Stillwater to St. Paul, and opened the first
+blacksmithing and wagon shop in that city. He made the first wagon in
+the Territory. He was a member of the house, fifth territorial
+legislature, in 1855, from Ramsey county. In 1853 he made an overland
+trip to California, and discovered one of the best passes in the
+mountains. 1857 he returned and surveyed a government wagon road
+through that pass. As a recognition of his services the pass received
+the name of "Noble's Pass," and a county in Minnesota was also named
+after him. In 1857 he laid out a government road from St. Paul to the
+Missouri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span> river. In 1862 he entered the army and was appointed
+lieutenant colonel of the Seventy-ninth New York Volunteers, better
+known as the "Highlanders." While on duty in South Carolina, a
+personal collision with another officer led to his resignation. He was
+afterward cotton collector for the government, United States revenue
+officer, and master of transportation at Mobile. His health failing
+during his arduous service, he returned to St. Paul, and died at St.
+Luke's Hospital, on Eighth street, aged sixty years.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Nobles was a man of immense vitality and energy, with a strong
+inventive genius, by which he himself failed to profit; restless, fond
+of travel, a little hasty and irritable, but possessing many admirable
+traits. Mr. Noble was married in Illinois, prior to his location in
+Minnesota, to Miss Parker, who survives him. Mrs. Nobles resides with
+her family in California.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Simeon P. Folsom</span>, a younger brother of the author of this book, was
+born in Lower Canada, near Quebec, Dec. 27, 1819. His father was a
+native of New Hampshire, and while he was yet young returned to that
+state, removing subsequently to Maine. Mr. Folsom came West in 1839,
+settled in Prairie du Chien, and not long after engaged as clerk to
+Henry M. Rice at Fort Atkinson. In 1841 he returned to Prairie du
+Chien and for two years acted as deputy sheriff, one year as surveyor
+of public lands, and two years as surveyor of county lands. In 1846 he
+volunteered as a soldier in the Mexican War, but the company was sent
+instead to garrison Fort Crawford, where he remained one year. On July
+25, 1847, he landed in St. Paul, and has been engaged most of the time
+since in the surveying and real estate business. He was city surveyor
+of St. Paul in 1854, member of the school board in 1858-59 and 60, and
+served three years as a soldier in the Seventh Minnesota during the
+Civil War. He has one son, Simeon Pearl, Jr., and one daughter, wife
+of J. B. Pugsley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jacob W. Bass</span> was born in Vermont in 1815; came West in 1840 and made
+his home at Prairie du Chien, where he kept a hotel and ferry and
+engaged in general business. While a resident of Prairie du Chien he
+was married to Martha D., daughter of Rev. Alfred Brunson. In 1844 he
+purchased an interest in the Chippewa Falls mills, but in 1847 sold
+out, and removed to St. Paul, where he engaged in hotel keeping in a
+building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</a></span> made of tamarack poles, on the site of the present Merchants
+Hotel, and known as the St. Paul House. In July, 1849, he was
+commissioned postmaster, as the successor of Henry Jackson, the first
+postmaster in St. Paul. He held the office four years. He left the
+hotel in 1852. He has since resided in St. Paul, where he has been
+engaged at different times in the real estate and commission business
+and at farming. He has two sons. The oldest, a graduate of West Point,
+holds a commission in the United States Army; the youngest is in
+business at St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Benjamin W. Brunson</span>, son of Rev. Alfred Brunson, of Prairie du Chien,
+was born in Detroit, Michigan, May 6, 1823. He came with his parents
+to Prairie du Chien in 1835. He purchased an interest in the Chippewa
+Falls mills in 1844, and in 1847 came to St. Paul and assisted in
+surveying the first town plat. He laid out what was known as
+"Brunson's addition." He was a representative in the first and second
+territorial legislatures. He served three years during the Civil War
+as a member of Company K, Eighth Minnesota Infantry, first as a
+private, then as an orderly sergeant, and later as second lieutenant.
+He has followed surveying many years, and has held several responsible
+positions. He was married at St. Paul and has two sons and one
+daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles D. and Abram S. Elfelt.</span>&mdash;The parents of the Elfelt brothers
+came from San Domingo to the United States in 1801, on the
+establishment of a negro republic on that island, and settled in
+Pennsylvania, where Abram S. was born in 1827 and Charles D. in 1828.
+In 1849 the brothers removed to St. Paul and established the first
+exclusively dry goods store in Minnesota, their building standing near
+the upper levee at the foot of Eagle street. They also built the hall
+in which the first theatrical performances in St. Paul were held. This
+was the building now standing on Third and Exchange streets, which was
+erected in 1851. At that time it was the largest building in the city,
+and many of the old residents remember the ceremonies attendant upon
+the raising of the frame. The dramatic hall was in one of the upper
+stories, being known as Mazourka Hall. The materials used in its
+construction were brought from long distances, coming up the river by
+boat, and the laborers employed on the building were paid five dollars
+a day for their services. Into this building the Elfelt brothers
+transferred their store, stocking it at first with both dry goods<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span> and
+groceries, but afterward limiting their trade to dry goods
+exclusively.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Abram Elfelt originated the first Board of Trade, in 1864, and
+when that body was merged into the Chamber of Commerce became one of
+its directors. The brothers were public spirited and enterprising, and
+always took a great interest in the welfare of the city. Abram S.
+Elfelt died in St. Paul in February, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">D. A. J. Baker</span> was born in Farmington, Maine, in 1825; attended school
+at New Hampton, New Hampshire; studied law and was admitted to the bar
+in Kennebec county, Maine, in 1847; came to St. Paul in 1848, and in
+1851 made his home in the locality now known as Merriam Park. It is on
+record that Judge Baker taught one of the first public schools in the
+territory of Minnesota. He, with others, pre-empted the land and
+located what is now Superior City, Wisconsin, but sold his interests
+in that city. He was appointed to a judgeship in Douglas county,
+Wisconsin, in 1854, and served three years; was county superintendent
+of schools in Ramsey county for twelve years, and was a member of the
+Democratic wing of the constitutional convention in 1857. He has been
+a dealer in real estate. He was married to Miss Cornelia C. Kneeland,
+a sister of Mrs. Dr. T. T. Mann, and late widow of James M. Goodhue,
+in 1853. Mrs. Baker died in 1875. Maj. Newson, in his "Pen Portraits,"
+says of her: "She was an affectionate wife and a devoted mother, and
+amid all the trials and vicissitudes incident to the ups and downs of
+an old settler's career, she never murmured, never complained, never
+fretted, never chided; always cheerful, always hopeful, casting
+sunshine into the home and weaving about all those she loved golden
+chains of unbroken affection."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B. F. Hoyt.</span>&mdash;Rev. B. F. Hoyt, a local minister of the Methodist
+church, and a prominent pioneer of 1848, was born at Norwalk,
+Connecticut, Jan. 8, 1800. He removed to New York State, and later to
+Ohio, where he married and resided until 1834, when he removed to
+Illinois, and in 1848 to St. Paul. He purchased the property bounded
+now by Jackson, Broadway, Eighth and the bluff for three hundred
+dollars. The following spring he laid it out as "Hoyt's addition." He
+dealt largely in real estate and at various times held property, now
+worth millions. He was instrumental in the erection of the Jackson
+Street Methodist church, and aided in, the endowment of Hamline
+University. He died Sept. 3, 1875.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Fletcher Williams</span>, secretary of the Minnesota State Historical
+Society, is of Welsh descent, John Williams, a paternal ancestor of
+the seventh remove, having come to this country from Glamorganshire,
+Wales. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 25, 1834. He was
+educated at Woodward College and Ohio Wesleyan University, graduating
+from the latter institution in 1852. He came to St. Paul in 1855 and
+engaged in journalism and reporting for about twelve years, during
+which time he acquired a thorough knowledge of city and state affairs
+and an acquaintance with the pioneers of the State, which knowledge he
+utilized in writing biographical and historical, sketches, his
+principal work in this line being the "History of St. Paul," published
+in 1876.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867 he was elected secretary of the State Historical Society. Upon
+him devolved the duty of arranging its volumes and collections and
+editing its publications. Most of the memoirs, and historical sketches
+are from his pen. He has gathered manuscripts and material for a
+history of the State which will ultimately be of great value. He is
+the honorary corresponding secretary of the Old Settlers Association,
+not being eligible to active membership in that body, which requires a
+residence dating back to 1850. Various diplomas have been conferred
+upon him by the historical societies of other cities and states.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the United
+States Centennial commission from Minnesota, and served as such to the
+close of the International Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in
+1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Henry Murphy</span> was the first medical practitioner in St. Anthony
+Falls, he having made that city his home in 1849. Mr. Murphy was born
+Jan. 22, 1826, at New Brunswick, New Jersey. His father, James Murphy,
+a shipbuilder, was a native of Ireland; his mother, Sarah (Allen),
+belonged to an old New Jersey family. His parents removed to Quincy,
+Illinois, in 1834, where John Henry obtained a good high school
+education. He studied medicine and graduated from the Rush Medical
+College in Chicago in 1850, and returned to St. Anthony Falls, which
+he had made his home the year before. In this place he lived and
+practiced his profession till near the close of the war, when he
+removed to St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1861, when Dr. Stewart, surgeon of the First
+Minnesota Infantry, was captured at Bull Run, Dr. Murphy took<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span> his
+place and served for six months, and afterward as surgeon of the
+Fourth and Eighth Minnesota Infantry. Dr. Murphy was a representative
+in the territorial legislature of 1852, and a member of the
+constitutional convention, Republican wing, in 1857. As a man and a
+physician Dr. Murphy has an enviable reputation. He was married to
+Mary A. Hoyt, of Fulton county, Illinois, June 28, 1848. They have
+five children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Tinker</span> was born at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1813; was married
+to Elisabeth Barnum, at Rockford, Illinois, in 1840; came to Prairie
+du Chien in 1843, and to St. Paul in 1849. He engaged for awhile in
+tailoring, then in selling groceries, then clerked for S. P. Folsom &amp;
+Co., and also in the recorder's and marshal's offices. At one time he
+owned eight acres in the heart of St. Paul, for which he paid two
+hundred and eighty-four dollars, which is now worth a quarter of a
+million.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George P. Jacobs</span> was born in Virginia in 1832; was educated at the
+Virginia Military Institute; came to Pierce county, Wisconsin, and
+engaged in lumbering, afterward in farming and lumbering. He has
+resided in St. Paul since 1870.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyman Dayton</span> was born Aug. 25, 1809, in Southington, Connecticut, and
+was early thrown upon his own resources. He commenced as a clerk in a
+store in Providence, Rhode Island, and by faithfulness and industry
+became in time a wholesale dry goods merchant. His health failing, he
+sought the West in 1849, and selected for his home a high bluff, to
+which his name has been affixed, near the city of St. Paul. He
+purchased over 5,000 acres of land in the vicinity. The bluff is now
+covered with palatial residences, business, church and school
+buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dayton lived much of his time at a village founded by himself at
+the junction of Crow river with the Mississippi. The village bears his
+name. He was one of the proprietors and first president of the Lake
+Superior &amp; Mississippi Railway Company, and gave much of his time and
+means to promote its interests. He died in 1865, leaving a widow
+(formerly Miss Maria Bates) and one son, Lyman C., a heavy dealer in
+real estate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry L. Moss.</span>&mdash;Mr. Moss is of English descent. His ancestors came
+over prior to the Revolution, in which later members of the family
+took a prominent part in behalf of the colonies. He was born in
+Augusta, New York, and graduated at Hamilton College, New York, in
+1840; studied law, and was admitted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span> practice in 1842 at Sandusky,
+Ohio, where he practiced until 1845, when he removed to Platteville,
+Wisconsin, where he became an associate with Benj. C. Eastman until
+1848, when he removed to Stillwater. He was the second lawyer in this
+place. In 1850 he moved to St. Paul. He served as the first United
+States district attorney for Minnesota Territory, holding the office
+from 1849 until 1853. He was reappointed to this office under the
+state government in 1862, and served four years. Mr. Moss is a worthy
+member of the Presbyterian church. His moral character and natural
+abilities have commended him for the positions he has so
+satisfactorily filled. Mr. Moss was married to Amanda Hosford, Sept.
+20, 1849.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Rainey Marshall</span> is of Scotch-Irish descent, and of good
+fighting stock, both his grandfathers participating in the
+Revolutionary struggle. His father, Joseph Marshall, was a native of
+Bourbon county, Kentucky, and his mother, Abigail (Shaw) Marshall, was
+born in Pennsylvania. William R. was born in Boone county, Missouri,
+Oct. 17, 1825. He was educated in the schools of Quincy, Illinois, and
+spent some of his early years mining and surveying amidst the lead
+regions of Wisconsin. In September, 1847, he came to St. Croix Falls,
+and made a land and timber claim near the Falls on the Wisconsin side
+(now included in the Phillip Jewell farm). While at St. Croix Falls he
+sold goods; dealt in lumber, was deputy receiver of the United States
+land office, and took an active part in the boundary meetings. He was
+elected representative in the Wisconsin assembly for the St. Croix
+valley in 1848, but his seat was successfully contested by Joseph
+Bowron on the ground of non-residence, he residing west of the line
+marking the western limit of the new state of Wisconsin. During the
+latter part of the year 1847 he had made a visit to St. Anthony Falls
+and staked out a claim and cut logs for a cabin, but partially
+abandoning the claim, he returned to St. Croix Falls. In 1849 he
+returned to St. Anthony Falls and perfected his claim. In the same
+year he was elected representative to the First Minnesota territorial
+legislature. In 1851 he removed to St. Paul and engaged in mercantile
+pursuits, becoming the pioneer iron merchant in that place. During
+this year he was also engaged in surveying public lands. In 1855, with
+other parties, he established a banking house, which did well till
+overwhelmed by the financial tornado of 1857. He then engaged in dairy
+farming and stock raising. In 1861 he purchased the St. Paul <i>Daily
+Times</i> and the <i>Minnesotian</i> and merged them in the <i>Daily Press</i>. In
+1862 he enlisted in the Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and was
+made lieutenant colonel of the regiment. On the promotion of Col.
+Stephen Miller in 1863, he succeeded to the command of the regiment,
+and remained connected with it to the close of the war, participating
+in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the siege of Spanish
+Fort. Gen. Marshall won for himself an enviable record as a soldier,
+and was breveted brigadier general for meritorious services. In 1865
+he was elected governor of Minnesota, and re-elected in 1867. On
+vacating the gubernatorial chair he resumed banking, and was made vice
+president of the Marine National Bank, and president of the Minnesota
+Savings Bank.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 469px;">
+<img src="images/illus-568.jpg" width="469" height="650" alt="Wm. R. Marshall" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1874 he was appointed a member of the board of railway
+commissioners. In November, 1875, he was elected state railroad
+commissioner, and re-elected in 1877. In politics he is Republican, in
+his religious views he is a Swedenborgian, being one of the founders
+of that society in St. Paul. He is a liberal supporter of religious
+and benevolent enterprises, and a man universally esteemed for
+sterling qualities of mind and heart. He was married to Miss Abbey
+Langford, of Utica, New York, March 22, 1854. They have one son,
+George Langford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">David Cooper</span> was born in Brooks Reserve, Frederic county, Maryland,
+July 2, 1821. He enjoyed good educational advantages, first in the
+common schools and later had as a tutor Rev. Brooks, a Methodist
+clergyman, an accomplished gentleman and scholar, who gave him
+thorough instruction in the sciences and classics. In 1839 he entered
+Penn College, where he became a ready writer and pleasant speaker.
+After leaving college he studied law with his brother, Senator Cooper,
+and in 1845 was admitted to practice. He practiced in several
+counties, showed rare ability, espoused with enthusiasm the politics
+of the Whig party, and on the accession of Gen. Taylor to the
+presidency, in 1849, was appointed by him first assistant judge of the
+supreme court for the territory of Minnesota. He arrived in Minnesota
+in June, 1849, and located in Stillwater; was assigned by Gov. Ramsey
+to the Second Judicial district, and held his first court at Mendota.
+He changed his residence to St. Paul in 1853, and, leaving the bench,
+devoted himself to law practice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[Pg 570]</a></span> in St. Paul. He was a Republican
+candidate for Congress in 1858, at the first session of the state
+legislature.</p>
+
+<p>He left Minnesota for Nevada in 1864, then went to Salt Lake City,
+where he died in a hospital in 1875. He was twice married but left no
+children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bushrod W. Lott</span> was born in Pemberton, New Jersey, in 1826. He was
+educated at the St. Louis University, and studied law in Quincy,
+Illinois, being admitted to practice in 1847. A year later he
+accompanied Gen. Samuel Leech to St. Croix Falls, and was clerk during
+the first land sales in that region, while Gen. Leech was receiver.
+The same year he came to St. Paul, settling down to the legal
+profession. He was a Democrat in politics, and held the office of
+chief clerk of the house in the legislature of 1851, being elected in
+1853 and re-elected in 1856 as a representative. In 1853 he was beaten
+for the speakership by Dr. David Day, after balloting for twenty-two
+days. About ten years after this he became president of the town
+council for two years, and was city clerk for a year and a half.
+President Lincoln appointed him consul to Tehuantepec, Mexico, in
+1862, where he served until 1865. Mr. Lott was a charter member of the
+St. Paul Lodge, I. O. O. F. He died of apoplexy in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. F. Davidson</span>, better known as "Commodore" Davidson, was born in
+Lawrence county, Ohio, Feb. 14, 1825. He was early associated with his
+father in canal boating and river life and acquired a strong
+predilection for the pursuit in which he afterward became
+distinguished. His father was a Baptist preacher, and the influence of
+his teachings was apparent in many acts of the son's later life. His
+advantages for education were limited, as his chief training was on
+board the boats on which he was employed. In 1854 he came to St. Paul.
+Before coming West he was interested in boating on the Ohio river, and
+was the owner of several steamers. His first work in Minnesota was on
+the Minnesota river, but soon afterward he became president of a
+company known as the La Crosse &amp; Minnesota Packet Company. His
+experience and superior ability placed him at the head of river
+navigation, and for many years he had scarce a rival, earning by this
+supremacy the familiar cognomen of "Commodore," first applied to him,
+we believe, by John Fletcher Williams.</p>
+
+<p>During ten years of his river life he resided in St. Louis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</a></span> With the
+increase of railroads and the brisk competition of later days, he
+gradually withdrew from the river trade and interested himself in real
+estate in St. Paul, buying largely and building many fine blocks.</p>
+
+<p>Though never an aspirant for office, Commodore Davidson was public
+spirited and interested greatly in public enterprises involving the
+prosperity of St. Paul. He was married in Ohio in 1856, to a daughter
+of Judge Benjamin Johnson. He died in St. Paul, May 26, 1887, leaving
+a widow, one son and one daughter. Capt. Thomas L. Davidson is a
+brother, and Jerry and Robert R. are half brothers. Col. J. Ham
+Davidson, a cousin and a man of considerable oratorical ability, was
+associated with him in business.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;">
+<img src="images/illus-571.jpg" width="483" height="450" alt="WM. H. FISHER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WM. H. FISHER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Fisher</span> was born in New Jersey in 1844. He entered the
+railway service of the Dubuque &amp; Sioux City railroad as check clerk at
+Dubuque, Iowa, in 1864, serving as such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</a></span> and in other positions of
+responsibility until 1873, when he removed to St. Paul, Minnesota,
+entering the service of the St. Paul &amp; Pacific railroad as
+superintendent. He built the Breckenridge extension in 1877, and was
+influential in relieving the St. Paul &amp; Pacific railroad and branches
+from financial embarrassment, which resulted in the organization of
+the present St. Paul, Minneapolis &amp; Manitoba system. In June, 1884, he
+was elected general superintendent, and in June, 1885, president and
+general superintendent, of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth Railroad Company,
+which position he at present worthily fills.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Oakes</span>, the son of a Vermont merchant and manufacturer,
+David Oakes, at one time sheriff of Windham county, and judge of St.
+Clair county, Michigan, was born in the town of Rockingham, Windham
+county, July 17, 1803. He received a common school education, and at
+twelve years of age went into a store and clerked until eighteen, when
+he came to Chicago as clerk for an army sutler. In 1824 he commenced
+trading with the Indians on the south shore of Lake Superior. In 1827
+he entered the service of the American Fur Company, in whose employ he
+remained until 1850, his headquarters being most of the time at La
+Pointe. In 1850 he located in St. Paul. In 1853 he entered the banking
+firm of Borup &amp; Oakes, the first banking firm in St. Paul, since which
+time he has lived a quiet and retired life, that contrasts strongly
+with the strange and adventurous life he led as an Indian trader. Mr.
+Oakes' only public life was during the Indian outbreak, when he
+accepted a position as colonel on the staff of Gen. Sibley. He was a
+member of the Protestant Episcopal church. By his first wife Mr. Oakes
+had four children, two of them daughters, now living. Sophia is the
+widow of the late Jeremiah Russell, and Eliza is the wife of Col.
+George W. Sweet, of Minneapolis. A son, Lieut. David Oakes, was in the
+Civil War, and was killed in battle. The other child died in infancy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Oakes was married to his second wife, Julia Beaulieu, of Sault
+Ste. Marie, July 29, 1831. She has had five children, but one of them
+now living, Julia Jane, widow of the late Gen. Isaac Van Etten. One of
+her sons, George Henry, was in the Civil War, and died two years after
+of disease contracted in the service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles William Wulff Borup</span> was born in Copenhagen,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</a></span> Denmark, Dec. 20,
+1806. He received a thorough classical and medical education. In 1828
+he emigrated to America, and, having abandoned his original intention
+of becoming a physician, entered into business, at first in the employ
+of John Jacob Astor. He became chief agent of the fur company on Lake
+Superior, with residence at La Pointe. In 1848 he removed to St. Paul
+and entered into a partnership with Pierre Chouteau. In 1854 the
+banking house of Borup &amp; Oakes, of which he was senior partner, was
+established. Dr. Borup died of heart disease, July 6, 1859, but the
+banking business was continued under the firm name many years later.
+He was married July 17, 1832, to Elizabeth Beaulieu, a daughter of
+Basil Beaulieu, a French trader of Mackinaw. His widow died in St.
+Paul several years ago. Of a family of eleven children, nine survive.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Capt. Russell Blakeley</span>, one of the best known of the early steamboat
+men, was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, April 19, 1815. He spent
+a part of his early life in Genesee county, New York, where he
+received a common school education; emigrated to Peoria, Illinois, in
+1836, where he engaged in the real estate business; in 1839 he removed
+to Galena, where he engaged in mining and smelting; in 1844 to
+Southwest Virginia, returning to Galena in 1847, where he became one
+of a steamboat transportation company. He was clerk upon the first
+boat on the line, the Argo. This boat sank and he was transferred to
+the Dr. Franklin, of which he became captain. He was captain of the
+Nominee in 1853, and of the Galena in 1854. This last named boat was
+burned at Red Wing, July 1, 1858. In 1855 he was appointed agent at
+Dunleith of the Packet Company, and soon afterward bought a leading
+interest in the Northwestern Express Company. The next year he removed
+to St. Paul. In 1867 he retired from the company. Of late years he has
+interested himself in railroad enterprises, and has contributed
+greatly to the prosperity of the city and State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rensselaer R. Nelson</span>, United States district judge since Minnesota
+became a state, was born in Cooperstown, Otsego county, New York, May
+12, 1826. His paternal great-grandfather came from Ireland in 1764.
+His grandfather was born in Ireland, but came to this country in his
+childhood. His father, Samuel Nelson, was associate justice of the
+United States supreme court. His father served as a soldier in the war
+of 1812,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</a></span> and the son located the land warrant given for his services
+in Minnesota. The mother of Rensselaer was Catharine Ann (Russell), a
+descendant of Rev. John Russell, of Hadley, Massachusetts, in whose
+house the regicides Goffe and Whalley were concealed for years, and
+where they finally died.</p>
+
+<p>Rensselaer R. Nelson graduated at Yale in 1846. In 1849 he was
+admitted to practice law. He came to St. Paul in 1850. In 1857
+President Buchanan appointed him territorial judge, and in 1858,
+United States district judge, which office he still holds. He was
+married to Mrs. Emma F. Wright, a daughter of Washington Beebe, of New
+York State, Nov. 3, 1858.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Loomis Becker</span> was born Feb. 14, 1829, in Locke, Cayuga county,
+New York. His father, Hiram Becker, was a descendant of the early
+Dutch settlers of the Mohawk valley. In 1841 his father removed to Ann
+Arbor, Michigan, where the son entered the State University as a
+freshman, and graduated in 1846. He studied law with George Sedgewick
+until 1849, when he emigrated to St. Paul, arriving late in October.
+Here he commenced the practice of law, being associated with Edmund
+Rice and E. J. Whitall. Subsequently, on the withdrawal of Mr.
+Whitall, Wm. Hollinshead became a member of the firm. The partnership
+continued until 1856, when Mr. Becker withdrew to engage in other
+pursuits, since which time he has been engaged in forwarding the
+railroad interests of the State and serving in various positions of
+honor and trust. He served as a member of the constitutional
+convention in 1857. In 1862 he was chosen land commissioner of the St.
+Paul &amp; Pacific railroad, and in 1864 was elected president of that
+corporation. In 1872 he was the unsuccessful candidate of his party
+for Congress.</p>
+
+<p>He is a member of the Old Settlers Association, of which he was
+president in 1873, and of the Minnesota Historical Society, over which
+he presided as president in 1874. He was one of the original members
+of the Presbyterian church in St. Paul in 1850. He has served in the
+council of St. Paul, and as mayor. He has figured most creditably in
+the business, political, social and religious life of his adopted
+city, and is an admirable type of a public spirited citizen. Since
+1885 he has served as railroad commissioner. In 1885, at Keesville,
+New York, he was married to Susannah M. Ismon, an estimable lady, who
+has made his home attractive. Their family consists of four sons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aaron Goodrich.</span>&mdash;Hon. Aaron Goodrich, first chief justice of the
+supreme court of Minnesota Territory, was born in Sempronius, Cayuga
+county, New York, July 6, 1807. His parents were Levi H. and Eunice
+(Spinner) Goodrich. He traces his ancestry back through the
+Connecticut branch of the Goodrich family to a period in English
+history prior to the advent of William the Conqueror. His mother was a
+sister of Dr. John Skinner, who married a daughter of Roger Sherman.
+In 1815 his father removed to Western New York, where the son was
+raised on a farm and educated chiefly by his father, who was a fine
+scholar and teacher. He then studied law and commenced practice in
+Stewart county, Tennessee. In 1847 to 1848 he was a member of the
+Tennessee legislature.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849 he was appointed to the supreme bench of Minnesota Territory.
+He filled the position for three years. In 1858, at the state
+organization, he was appointed a member of a commission to revise the
+laws and prepare a system of pleading for state courts. In 1860 he was
+made chairman of a similar commission. In March, 1861, President
+Lincoln appointed him secretary of the legation at Brussels, where he
+served eight years. While abroad, by his habits of study and
+opportunities for research, he laid the foundation of his critical and
+somewhat sensational work, "A History of the Character and
+Achievements of the So-called Christopher Columbus."</p>
+
+<p>In politics Judge Goodrich was originally a Whig, and was a
+presidential elector in 1848. He was next a Republican, and served as
+delegate to the convention of 1860. In 1872 he was a delegate to the
+Liberal Republican convention which nominated Horace Greeley for
+president. In later years he voted with the Democratic party.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Goodrich was Deputy Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of
+Freemasons in the State, was one of the corporate members of the State
+Historical Society and of the Old Settlers Association, of which he
+was for many years the secretary. In 1870 he was married to Miss Alice
+Paris, of Bogota, New Grenada, a descendant of the old Castilian
+family de Paris, an accomplished lady, who, with a daughter, survives
+him. Judge Goodrich died in St. Paul in 1886.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathan Myrick</span> was born in Westford, Essex county, New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[Pg 576]</a></span> York, July 7,
+1822. He came to La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1840. The writer first met
+him at Prairie du Chien in 1841. He was one of the principal founders
+of the city of La Crosse, managing a trading house in company with
+Scoots Miller. He also engaged in lumbering on Black river. He came to
+St. Paul in 1848, and has since made that city his home. He has been
+an enterprising and successful trader with the Indians, principally
+with the Sioux. Much of his trading stock was destroyed by the Sioux
+Indians in the insurrection of 1862, but he has been recompensed in
+part by the government. In 1843 he was married to Rebecca Ismon. They
+have three children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Melvin Gilman</span>, son of John and Ruth (Curtis) Gilman, was born in
+Calais, Vermont, Sept. 7, 1824. His father died in 1825. The son
+received a good common school and academic education, graduating from
+the Montpelier Academy in 1843. He read law with Heaton &amp; Reed, of
+Montpelier, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. During the same year
+he removed to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he practiced law eleven years
+and served one term (1849-50) in the state legislature.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857 Mr. Gilman came to St. Paul, and formed a partnership with
+Hon. James Smith, Jr., and later became one of the firm of Gilman,
+Clough &amp; Lane. Mr. Gilman served four terms as a representative in the
+state legislature. His affiliations have been with the Democratic
+party, for which he has been twice a candidate for Congress and
+chairman of the state central committee. He was married to Miss Anna
+Cornwall, of New Lisbon, Ohio, June 25, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Eugene Flandrau</span>, son of Thomas Hunt and Elisabeth (Macomb)
+Flandrau, was born July 15, 1828, in New York City. On his father's
+side he is descended from Huguenots driven into exile by the
+revocation of the edict of Nantes; on his mother's side from the
+Macombs of Ireland. One of his uncles was Gen. Alexander Macomb,
+commander-in-chief of the United States Army immediately preceding
+Gen. Winfield Scott. He was educated until thirteen years of age in
+the private schools at Georgetown and Washington, after which he spent
+about three years before the mast; was at New York City about three
+years, when he went to Whitesboro, Oneida county, New York, where he
+read law and afterward entered into partnership with his father, being
+admitted to practice in 1851. In 1853 he came to St. Paul with Horace
+R. Bigelow and commenced practice in the firm of Bigelow &amp; Flandrau.
+In 1854 he removed to St. Peter and practiced law for several years.
+This year (1854) he was appointed a notary public by Gen. Gorman.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;">
+<img src="images/illus-577.jpg" width="417" height="650" alt="Truly yours, John B. Sanborn." title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1855 he was elected a member of the territorial council, and in
+1856 was appointed by President Pierce United States agent for the
+Sioux Indians. In 1857 he served as a member of the Democratic wing of
+the constitutional convention, and in July of the same year was
+appointed by President Buchanan associate justice of the supreme court
+of Minnesota Territory. He was elected to the same office, on the
+admission of Minnesota as a state, for a term of seven years. During
+Gov. Sibley's administration, he acted as judge advocate general of
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Flandrau took an active part in suppressing the Sioux outbreak,
+serving as captain, and later as a colonel, of volunteers. In 1864
+Judge Flandrau resigned his place on the supreme bench and went to
+Nevada Territory for a year; spent some time in Kentucky and St.
+Louis, Missouri, and returned to Minnesota in 1867, locating at
+Minneapolis, where he opened a law office with Judge Isaac Atwater. He
+was elected city attorney and was president of the first Board of
+Trade.</p>
+
+<p>In 1870 he removed to St. Paul and engaged in law practice with
+Bigelow &amp; Clark.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867 Judge Flandrau was the Democratic nominee for governor of the
+State, and in 1869 for the position of chief justice. In 1868 he was
+chairman of the state central committee, and a member of the national
+convention that nominated Horatio Seymour for the presidency of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Flandrau was married Aug. 14, 1859, to Isabella Dinsmore, of
+Kentucky, deceased in 1866. His second wife was Mrs. Rebecca B.
+Riddle, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Feb. 28, 1871. His family
+consists of two daughters by his first wife and two sons by his
+second.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gen. John B. Sanborn</span> was born Dec. 5, 1826, in Merrimac county, New
+Hampshire, on the farm which had been in the possession of his
+ancestors for four generations. After a common school education he
+entered the law office of Judge Fowler, of Concord, New Hampshire,
+where he remained for three years, when he was admitted to practice by
+the superior court of New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span> Hampshire, in 1854. In the following
+December he came to Minnesota, where he has remained, a citizen of St.
+Paul, and in the practice of his profession, except what time he has
+been absent in the public service.</p>
+
+<p>His public career began in 1859-60, in the house of representatives.
+The following year he was sent to the senate, and that had adjourned
+but a little over a month when he was appointed adjutant general and
+acting quartermaster general of the State, and entered upon the
+arduous duties of organizing the first regiment of volunteers in the
+State for the war of the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>In the following December he was commissioned colonel of the Fourth
+Minnesota, and, with headquarters at Fort Snelling, garrisoned all the
+posts and commanded all the troops along the Minnesota frontier during
+the winter. Early in the spring of 1862 he left with his entire
+command for Pittsburgh Landing, and was assigned to the command of a
+demi-brigade, which he commanded till the evacuation of those works,
+and was thereupon assigned to the command of the First Brigade,
+Seventh Division, Army of the Mississippi, afterward the Seventeenth
+Army Corps.</p>
+
+<p>On the nineteenth of September following, with this brigade he fought
+the battle of Iuka and won the victory for which he was promoted by
+the president to brigadier general of Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>He participated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson,
+Champion Hills, and the assault on Vicksburg&mdash;a portion of which time
+he was in command of a division. After the surrender of Vicksburg he
+was assigned to the command of the Southwest District of Missouri,
+where, after the campaign against Price, he was promoted to brevet
+major general.</p>
+
+<p>After the close of the war, by a few months' campaign on the Upper
+Arkansas and along the Smoky Hill river, he opened to travel the long
+lines across the plains to Colorado and New Mexico, which had been
+closed for nearly two years, and restored peace to that frontier. Upon
+a mission to the Indian Territory, to establish the relations which
+should exist between the slaves of the Indians and their former
+masters, he solved the questions and determined the relations, and
+established them upon a firm foundation in the short space of ninety
+days.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866 he was appointed, with Gens. Sherman, Harney, Terry, and
+Senator Henderson, a special peace commissioner to the Indians,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[Pg 579]</a></span> and
+for eighteen months served upon that board. This commission visited
+and made treaties with the Camanche, Cheyenne, Arrapahoe, Apache,
+Navajo, Shoshone, Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arrapahoe, and Crow
+tribes; and with the Ogalalla, Brule, Minneconjon, Sausauche, Black
+Feet, Umkapapa, Santee, and Yankton bands of the Sioux nation. They
+settled upon and recommended to Congress a fixed policy to be pursued
+toward the Indians, which, while followed, resulted in comparative
+safety to the frontier, and greater economy in the service. Since
+these services the general has devoted himself entirely to his
+profession, and with more than ordinary success.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John R. Irvine</span> was born in Dansville, Livingston county, New York,
+Nov. 3, 1812, and was brought up there till seventeen years of age.
+His education when a boy was obtained at the common schools, and was
+quite limited. From seventeen to twenty years of age he lived in
+Carlisle and other places in Pennsylvania, during which he learned the
+trade of plastering, and was married in Carlisle in 1831, to Miss
+Nancy Galbreath. Soon after his marriage he returned to Dansville. The
+following spring he went to Buffalo, New York; in the spring of 1837
+emigrated to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in the spring of 1840 removed
+to Prairie du Chien.</p>
+
+<p>While in Prairie du Chien Mr. Irvine kept a grocery. During that time
+he made two trips to St. Paul&mdash;the last one with a team loaded with
+provisions, on the ice the most of the way&mdash;and on the third of
+August, 1843, arrived in St. Paul with his family. On his arrival he
+bought of Joseph Rondeau a claim of 240 acres of land, afterward
+converted into Rice &amp; Irvine's addition, Irvine's enlargement and
+Irvine's addition to the city of St. Paul, including most of the
+present city from St. Peter street to Leech's addition, for about
+$300. Mr. Irvine entered it in 1848. The east 80 acres of a quarter
+included in this claim Mr. Irvine sold to Henry M. Rice in 1848, and
+in the winter they laid off Rice &amp; Irvine's addition, and commenced
+selling lots and making improvements on the property.</p>
+
+<p>Since living in St. Paul Mr. Irvine has been engaged in farming,
+milling, storekeeping, working at his trade, and managing his estate.
+He was one of the earliest settlers of St. Paul, whose life amidst its
+many changes has been contemporaneous with its history from the very
+beginning. Mr. Irvine has had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</a></span> eight children, seven of whom, namely,
+six daughters and one son, are living. Mr. Irvine died in 1878.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace Ransom Bigelow</span> was born in Watervliet, New York, March 13,
+1820. His father, Otis Bigelow, was a Revolutionary patriot and
+soldier. He received a good education at the schools of Sangerfield
+and the gymnasium at Utica. He spent part of his early life in farming
+and teaching. Later he studied law and was admitted to practice in
+1847, in Utica, where he entered into partnership with E. S. Brayton
+until 1853, when he removed to St. Paul, Minnesota, in company with
+Charles E. Flandrau. He has since devoted himself almost exclusively
+to his law practice, which includes almost every branch except
+criminal law. In June, 1862, he was married to Cornelia Sherrill, of
+Hartford, New York. They have four children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cushman K. Davis.</span>&mdash;In the quaint little Quaker village of Henderson,
+New York, in a small house built partly of logs, and mossy and
+venerable with age, on June 16, 1838, Cushman Kellogg Davis, late
+governor and present senator from Minnesota, was born. His father,
+Horatio N. Davis, removed to Wisconsin in August or September of the
+same year, and settled on the present site of Waukesha. His father was
+quite prominent; had served during the Civil War, and retired from the
+service with the brevet rank of major; had held various municipal
+offices, and had been a member of the Wisconsin senate. Cushman, his
+oldest son, received as good an education as the times afforded, at
+the common schools, at Carroll College, a Waukesha institution, and at
+Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he graduated in 1857. He read law with Gov.
+Randall, was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practiced at Waukesha
+until 1862, when he enlisted in the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry,
+going in as first lieutenant of Company B, but was adjutant general
+under Gen. Gorman most of the time. At the end of two years, with
+broken health, he resigned his commission and settled in St. Paul in
+partnership with Gen. Gorman. In 1867 he was elected a representative
+in the state legislature, and served one term. He was United States
+district attorney from 1868 until 1873, when he was elected governor.
+He served two years, and was the youngest man who has been elected to
+that office. After leaving the governor's chair he resumed his law
+practice until the senatorial election of 1887, when he was chosen to
+succeed Senator McMillan in the United States Senate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Senator Davis has devoted some time to general literature. His lecture
+on "Feudalism" was delivered in 1870, and this lecture probably
+secured him the nomination for governor in 1873. He has also lectured
+on "Hamlet" and "Madam Roland," and in 1884 delivered a lecture before
+the Army of the Tennessee and in 1886 a lecture to the graduating
+class at Michigan University. He also published a book entitled "The
+Law in Shakespeare," which attracted considerable attention. He was
+married to Miss Anna M. Agnew, of St. Paul, in 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. J. R. McMillan</span> was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in 1826.
+He spent part of his early days in Pittsburgh; received a collegiate
+education; studied law; was admitted to practice in 1849, and came to
+Stillwater in 1852, where he established a law office. In 1858 he was
+elected judge of the First district and served until 1864, when he was
+appointed to the supreme bench. He was elected to the position in the
+fall of the same year and served until 1875, when he was elected to
+the United States senate. He was re-elected in 1881, and was succeeded
+in 1887 by Cushman K. Davis. He removed to St. Paul in 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Senator McMillan has had an honorable career and is greatly respected
+as an upright, conscientious, active and thoroughly practical man. He
+was married at Pittsburgh in 1852, to Harriet E. Butler. They have
+three sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Willis Arnold Gorman</span>, second territorial governor of Minnesota, was
+born in Fleming county, Kentucky, Jan. 12, 1816. He received a good
+literary education, and his parents having moved to Bloomington,
+Indiana, he graduated at the law school connected with the State
+University at that place. He commenced practice at Bloomington and was
+quite popular as a lawyer, but even more so as a party leader, and was
+elected to the legislature six times in succession. At the breaking
+out of the Mexican War, in 1846, he enlisted as a private in the Third
+Indiana Volunteers, but was appointed major. He won the reputation of
+a gallant, dashing officer, and was promoted to be colonel of the
+Fourth Indiana, which he helped recruit. He served till the close of
+the war. On his return to Indiana, in 1848, he was elected to
+Congress, and re-elected in 1850. In May, 1853, he was appointed by
+President Pierce governor of Minnesota Territory. In 1857, at the
+close of his term of office as governor, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</a></span> was elected a member of
+the constitutional convention, and was also an unsuccessful candidate
+for the United States senatorship. In the spring of 1861, at the
+breaking out of the Civil War, he was appointed colonel of the First
+Minnesota Infantry. For bravery at the first battle of Bull Run he was
+commissioned brigadier general. He was mustered out in 1864. Returning
+to Minnesota he formed a law partnership with Cushman K. Davis. In
+1869 he was elected city attorney and held that office till his death,
+which occurred at St. Paul, May 20, 1876. He was twice married, first
+to Miss Martha Stone, of Bloomington, Indiana, in 1836. She died in
+March, 1864, leaving five children. In April, 1865, he was married to
+Miss Emily Newington, of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John D. Ludden</span> was born in Massachusetts, April 5, 1819; was educated
+at Williston Seminary, and came West to the lead mines of Wisconsin in
+1842. In 1845 he came to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, remained at this
+point and at Taylor's Falls until 1849, when he made his residence at
+Marine Mills, Minnesota. In 1857 he changed his residence to
+Stillwater, and in 1861 became a citizen of St. Paul, where he still
+resides. He was a member of the second, third and fourth territorial
+legislatures. From 1854 to the present time he has been engaged
+chiefly in lumbering. He is a man of pleasing address, of good
+business talent and thoroughly reliable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elias F. Drake</span> is a native of Ohio, in which state he lived until
+1861, when he came to St. Paul. His boyhood days were spent on a farm;
+later he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and still later studied law
+under the instruction of Justice Swayne of the United States supreme
+court, and was admitted to practice in all the courts of Ohio and in
+the United States court. After a short and successful term of
+practice, he became cashier of the State Bank of Ohio, and in that
+capacity spent ten years of his life. During that time he served three
+terms in the legislature, being speaker one session, during which the
+late Gov. Swift was clerk of the house.</p>
+
+<p>In politics Mr. Drake was a Whig, and afterward a Republican. During
+his residence in Ohio he was active in promoting the improvements of
+the country, successfully building several leading turnpike roads and
+a few railroads.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 he came to Minnesota, and, put in operation the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</a></span>
+railroad in the State, a road between St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls.
+In 1863 he was president of the Winona &amp; St. Peter railroad during the
+construction of the first ten miles. Soon after, he, with some
+associates, took hold of the Minnesota Valley railroad, and completed
+it to Sioux City, Iowa, in 1872. He is president and land commissioner
+of this company. Mr. Drake represented Ramsey county in the state
+senate in 1874-75.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Norman W. Kittson</span> was born at Sorel, Lower Canada, March 5, 1814. In
+May, 1830, he engaged as an employe of the American Fur Company, and
+in that capacity came to the Northwest. From the summer of 1830 to
+that of 1832 he occupied the trading post between the Fox river and
+the Wisconsin. The following year he operated on the headwaters of the
+Minnesota, after which he spent a year on Red Cedar river, in Iowa. In
+1834 he came to Fort Snelling, where he was sutler's clerk till 1838.
+The winter of 1838-39 he spent with his friends in Canada. On his
+return in the spring he began business on his own account in the fur
+trade, at Cold Springs in the vicinity of Fort Snelling, which he
+continued till 1843, when he entered the American Fur Company as
+special partner, having charge of all the business on the headwaters
+of the Minnesota, and along the line of the British possessions, and
+operating in that field till 1854. During that summer he entered into
+partnership with Maj. Wm. H. Forbes, in the general Indian trade, at
+St. Paul, and went there to reside in the fall of that year. The
+partnership continued till 1858, and Mr. Kittson continued his
+northern business till 1860, when he closed out. In 1863 he accepted
+the position of agent for the Hudson Bay Company at St. Paul, and went
+into the steamboat and transportation business on the Red River of the
+North. From 1851 to 1855 Mr. Kittson was a member of the territorial
+council, and was mayor of the city of St. Paul in 1858. He was the
+oldest of the pioneers of Minnesota, except Joseph Dajenais, a French
+Canadian, now residing at Faribault. Mr. Kittson died July 10, 1888,
+on a railroad train near Chicago. His body was brought to St. Paul for
+burial.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hascal Russell Brill</span> was born in the county of Mississquoi, Canada,
+Aug. 10, 1846. He was educated partly at Hamline University, then
+located at Red Wing, and finished at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He studied
+law and was admitted to practice at St. Paul in December, 1869, and
+formed a partnership with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</a></span> Stanford Newel. Three years later he was
+elected probate judge and served two years. In 1875 he was appointed
+by Gov. Davis to fill the vacancy in the court of common pleas caused
+by the death of Judge W. S. Hall, and a few months later was elected
+by the people to fill the same position. In politics Judge Brill is
+Republican. He was married Aug. 11, 1873, to Cora A. Gray, of
+Suspension Bridge, Niagara county, New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ward W. Folsom</span>, brother of Simeon P. and W. H. C. Folsom, was born in
+Tamworth, New Hampshire, Oct. 13, 1824, but in early life removed with
+his parents to Skowhegan, Maine, and in 1846 came to Arcola,
+Minnesota. In 1848 he removed to St. Croix Falls and in 1851 to
+Taylor's Falls, where he kept the Chisago House and engaged in
+lumbering until 1857, when he removed to St. Paul, which city has
+since been his home. He was employed for three years during the Civil
+War in the quartermaster's department at St. Louis, Missouri. In 1865,
+with health greatly shattered, he returned to St. Paul. He was married
+to Sydney Puget, of St. Louis, in 1852. They have two adopted sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gordon E. Cole</span> was born in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, June 18,
+1833; received his education at Sheffield Academy, Massachusetts, and
+at the Dane law school of Harvard University, from which school he
+graduated in 1854. He practiced law two years in his native town, came
+to Minnesota, and located in Faribault in 1847. In 1859 he was elected
+attorney general and served three consecutive terms. He served one
+year as state senator, and a year in compiling state statutes. He has
+been a railroad attorney and has filled many honorable positions. He
+was married in August, 1855, to Stella C. Whipple, of Shaftsbury,
+Vermont, who died in June, 1872, leaving three children. Feb. 14,
+1874, he was married to Kate D. Turner, of Cleveland, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Smith, Jr.</span>, was born in Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio, Oct.
+29, 1815. He obtained a good practical, common school education, and
+was besides largely self taught. He read law three years in Lancaster,
+Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and practiced law in his native
+town for seventeen years. In 1856 he came to St. Paul, where he has
+been associated in practice with Judge Lafayette Emmett, John M.
+Gilman and J. J. Egan. Since the building of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth
+railroad he has been its attorney, general manager and president.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[Pg 585]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smith was in the state senate in 1861-62-63 and 67, and proved a
+careful and able legislator. As a lawyer he stands deservedly high. He
+was married to Elisabeth Martin, Jan. 18, 1848. They have four
+children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Pitt Murray</span> is of Irish descent. He was born in Hamilton,
+Butler county, Ohio, in 1827; came to Centreville, Indiana, in 1844;
+attended school there, graduated at the State Law School at
+Bloomington in 1849, and the same year came to St. Paul, where he has
+practiced law ever since. He has also taken an active part in the
+politics of the city and State. He has probably assisted in the
+passage of more laws than any other man in the State. He was a member
+of the territorial house of representatives in 1852-53 and 57, and of
+the territorial council of 1854-55, acting as president in the latter
+year. He was a member of the Democratic wing of the constitutional
+convention in 1857; was a representative in the state legislatures of
+1863 and 1868, and a state senator in 1866-67, 1875-76, and has
+besides served sixteen years in the city council of St. Paul. He has
+been county and city attorney since 1876. He has been honored beyond
+most public servants and has a county named after him. He was married
+to Carolina S. Conwell, of Laurel, Indiana, April 7, 1853. They have
+three children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry Hale.</span>&mdash;Judge Hale was born in Vermont in 1816; studied law and
+was admitted to practice in his native state. He came to St. Paul in
+1856 and opened a law office on Bridge Square. He took an active part
+in the politics of the State and vehemently opposed the $5,000,000
+loan bill. He has since retired from law practice, and is now a
+successful dealer in real estate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Gilfillan</span>, son of James and Janet (Gilmor) Gilfillan, was born
+in Bannockburn, Scotland, March 9, 1829. His parents came to America
+in 1830 and located at New Hartford, New York. He was educated in the
+common schools, read law and was admitted to practice in 1850. He
+removed to Buffalo, New York, where he practiced law until 1857, when
+he removed to St. Paul and opened a law office. In 1862 he enlisted in
+Company H, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, became its captain
+and before the close of the war was commissioned colonel of the
+Eleventh Minnesota Infantry. In 1869 he was appointed to a vacancy on
+the supreme bench of the State and again in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</a></span> 1875. The same year he
+was elected to the office for seven years, at the end of which time he
+was re-elected. He was married June 4, 1867, to Miss Martha McMasters,
+of St. Paul. They have six children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Duncan Gilfillan</span>, a younger brother of James, was born in New
+Hartford, New York, July 4, 1831. He was educated in the common
+schools, Homer Academy and Hamilton College. After leaving college, in
+1850, he located in Missouri, and a year later came to Stillwater,
+Minnesota, where he read law with Michael E. Ames, was admitted to the
+bar in 1853 and removed to St. Paul in 1854, where he engaged for
+about twelve years in the practice of his profession. Since that
+period he has been engaged in furthering various public enterprises,
+among them the St. Paul Water Works, of which he was the founder and
+for many years manager. He has occupied various public positions,
+always with credit to himself. He was the first recorder of
+Stillwater; was a member of the state legislatures of 1864-65, and
+1876, and a member of the senate from 1878 to 1881, inclusive. At the
+session of 1878 he was chairman of the railroad committee and the
+committees on judiciary and education. In politics he is a Republican.
+Mr. Gilfillan was married to Emma C. Waage, of Montgomery county, New
+York, who died in 1863, leaving no issue. In 1865 he married Fanny S.
+Waage, sister of his first wife. They have four children.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alexander Wilkin</span> was born in Orange county, New York, in December,
+1820. He studied law with his father, Judge Samuel J. Wilkin, and
+practiced awhile at Goshen. In 1847 he enlisted in the Tenth New York
+Regulars for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned captain.
+In the spring of 1849 he came to St. Paul; practiced law; was
+appointed United States marshal in 1851, and served until 1853. He
+visited Europe during the Crimean War, and studied the art of war
+before Sebastopol. At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he raised the
+first company for the first regiment, acted with conspicuous bravery
+at the battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned major of the Second
+Minnesota, lieutenant colonel in the same regiment, and colonel of the
+Ninth Minnesota, all in the same year, 1862. He took part in the
+Indian campaign, but at its close returned South, his regiment being
+attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps, under Gen. A. J. Smith. He was
+advanced to the position of brigade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</a></span> commander, and was killed at the
+battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, July 14, 1864. Wilkin county,
+Minnesota, bears his name.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wescott Wilken</span>, a brother of Alexander, was born at Goshen, New York,
+in 1827, received a good education, graduating at Princeton College in
+1843, and studied law at New Haven Law School in 1846. He practiced
+law in Sullivan county, New York, and was county judge four years. In
+1856 he came to St. Paul and formed a partnership with I. V. D. Heard;
+was elected judge of the district court in 1864, and re-elected every
+succeeding term, without opposition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. C. Whitcher</span> was born in Genesee county, New York, in 1821. He came
+to Amador, Chisago county, Minnesota, in 1853, and to St. Paul in
+1858. He was married to Helen M. Olds, in New York, in 1840. Their two
+sons are Charles and Edward.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maj. Thomas McLean Newson</span> was born in New York City, Feb. 22, 1827, of
+Scotch-Irish parentage. His paternal grandfather was paymaster in the
+army during the war of 1812. His father, Capt. George Newson,
+commanded a military company in New York City for seventeen years.
+Three uncles were in the war of 1812. His father removed to New Haven,
+Connecticut, in 1832, and both parents died there in 1834. The son,
+after his parents' death, was placed in a boarding school. When he
+left the school he learned the printer's trade, and on arriving at his
+majority entered into partnership with John B. Hotchkiss in the
+publication of the <i>Derby Journal</i>, in Birmingham, Connecticut. During
+this period he wrote poetry, delivered lectures, and took an active
+part in political affairs. He was secretary of the first editorial
+association in Connecticut, and started and conducted for a year the
+first daily penny paper in the State. He was one of the originators of
+the reform school and an efficient promoter of its interests.</p>
+
+<p>He came to St. Paul in 1853, where he was first associated with Joseph
+R. Brown in the editorial department of the <i>Pioneer</i>, but the
+following spring, in company with others, started the <i>Daily Times</i>,
+which he edited until 1860, when he leased the material to W. R.
+Marshall. The <i>Press</i> was the outgrowth of this movement. He was one
+of the founders of the Republican party in the State and was sole
+delegate of his party in Minnesota to the Pittsburgh national
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>At the outbreak of the Rebellion he entered the service of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</a></span>
+country, was commissioned commissary of subsistence and subsequently
+appointed acting assistant quartermaster, with the rank of captain. At
+one time he was chief commissary at St. Cloud. He left the army with a
+splendid record for honesty and capacity, with the brevet rank of
+major, conferred for meritorious service, and the offer of a position
+in the regular army, which he declined. In 1866 he was commander and
+president of a company which explored the Vermillion Lake region
+prospecting for precious metals. He was the first to assay the iron
+ores, now so famous, in that region. In later years we find him
+prospecting amongst the Black Hills, enjoying the wild life of the
+frontier and devoting some attention to literature. While there he
+wrote a drama of "Life in the Hills" and delivered lectures at various
+times and places, achieving in this line an enviable success. Since
+this period he has written and published an interesting work, entitled
+"Thrilling Scenes Among the Indians," drawn from his own observation
+and experience; also "Pen Pictures and Biographical Sketches of Old
+Settlers of St. Paul, from 1838 to 1857," a rich and racy book of
+seven hundred and thirty-two pages, in which the driest biographical
+details are enlivened with amusing anecdotes and witty comments, in
+which naught is set down in malice, but every line glows with the
+genial spirit of the author. He has in contemplation another volume on
+the same subject. He has also published "Heleopa," "Indian Legends"
+and "Recollections of Eminent Men." Maj. Newson is a man of varied and
+miscellaneous gifts. He is a ready writer, a fluent and eloquent
+speaker, a journalist, a historian and the oldest editor in Minnesota.
+He is corresponding secretary of the National Editorial Association,
+and the first and only honorary member of the State Fire Association;
+he is a geologist, mineralogist and assayer, a member of the G. A. R.,
+of the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges, and of the Junior Pioneers. He
+is broad-gauged and popular in his views and positive in the
+expression of his opinions. He was married to Miss Harriet D. Brower,
+in Albany, New York, in 1857, and has a family of five girls and one
+boy, May, Hattie, Nellie, Jessie, Grace, and T. M. Newson, Jr.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;">
+<img src="images/illus-588a.jpg" width="430" height="450" alt="MAJ. T. M. NEWSON, THE OLDEST EDITOR IN THE STATE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MAJ. T. M. NEWSON, THE OLDEST EDITOR IN THE STATE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 309px;">
+<img src="images/illus-588b.jpg" width="309" height="450" alt="CAPT. HENRY A. CASTLE, ONE OF MINNESOTA&#39;S PIONEER
+EDITORS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CAPT. HENRY A. CASTLE, ONE OF MINNESOTA&#39;S PIONEER
+EDITORS.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[Pg 589]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col. Alvaren Allen</span> was born in New York in 1822; came to Wisconsin in
+1837, and to St. Anthony Falls in 1857, where he engaged in the
+livery, staging and express business. In 1859 he followed railroading;
+in 1873 he bought Col. Shaw's interest in the Merchants Hotel of St.
+Paul, for $40,000, and Col. Potter's interest for $275,000, property
+now held at $500,000. In 1887 he rented the property to Mr. Welz. Col.
+Allen is a genial man, and has friends all over the continent. He was
+the second mayor of St. Anthony Falls, and has held various public
+positions in St. Paul.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;">
+<img src="images/illus-589.jpg" width="483" height="450" alt="H. P. HALL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">H. P. HALL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Harlan P. Hall.</span>&mdash;The writer has been unable to obtain any sketch of
+the history of Mr. Hall. We have to say that he has been an
+enterprising journalist in St. Paul. He was the founder of the <i>Daily</i>
+and <i>Weekly</i> St. Paul <i>Dispatch</i>; also of the St. Paul <i>Daily</i> and
+<i>Weekly Globe</i>. He is a fluent, versatile writer, and a genial
+associate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen Miller</span>, a native of Perry county, Pennsylvania, was born Jan.
+7, 1816. Being in straitened circumstances he early commenced a life
+of toil, supported himself and to a great extent educated himself. In
+1858 he removed to St. Cloud, Minnesota, and engaged in mercantile
+pursuits. In 1860 he served as delegate to the Republican convention
+at Chicago that nominated Lincoln for the presidency. In 1861 he
+enlisted as a private soldier, but rose rapidly from the ranks, being
+commissioned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</a></span> as a lieutenant colonel of the First Minnesota Infantry,
+then as colonel of the Seventh Minnesota Infantry. He was in command
+of this regiment at the execution of the thirty-eight condemned Indian
+murderers at Mankato. In 1863 he was commissioned as brigadier general
+but resigned to accept the position of governor of Minnesota. In 1871
+he removed from St. Paul to Windom. In 1873 he was in the Minnesota
+house of representatives. In 1876 he was presidential elector. In 1839
+he was married to Margaret Funk, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. They
+have had three sons. One son was killed at the battle of Gettysburg.
+Gov. Miller died in 1878, at Windom, Minnesota.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>DAKOTA COUNTY.</h3>
+
+<p>This county, a rich farming district, lies on the west bank of the
+Mississippi between Ramsey and Goodhue counties. It was originally
+well diversified with timber and prairie lands, and is well watered by
+the tributaries of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. Vermillion
+river, which flows through this county, has near its junction with the
+Mississippi a picturesque waterfall, now somewhat marred by the
+erection of mills and manufactories.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HASTINGS,</h4>
+
+<p>Lying near the mouth of the Vermillion river, is a wide-awake,
+thriving city, beautifully located on the banks of the Mississippi. It
+has a fine court house, good hotels, manufactories and business
+blocks. The Hastings &amp; Dakota railroad has its eastern terminus here.
+The St. Paul &amp; Milwaukee, Burlington &amp; Northern railroads pass through
+the city. The river is bridged at this place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FARMINGTON,</h4>
+
+<p>Near the centre of the county, on the Chicago, St. Paul &amp; Minneapolis
+railroad, is a thriving business village. West St. Paul has encroached
+largely upon the north part of the county.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ignatius Donnelly.</span>&mdash;The parents of Ignatius Donnelly came from the
+Green Isle in 1817, settling in Philadelphia, where Ignatius was born,
+Nov. 3, 1831. He was educated in the graded and high schools of his
+native city, graduating at the latter in 1849, and taking his degree
+of master of arts three years later.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</a></span> He read law with Benjamin Harris
+Brewster, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1852, and
+practiced there until 1856, when he came to Minnesota and located at
+Ninninger, and purchasing from time to time nearly 1,000 acres of
+land, devoted himself to farming, not so busily, however, as to
+prevent him from taking a prominent part in public affairs. A
+captivating and fluent speaker, and besides a man of far more than
+ordinary native ability and acquirements, he was not suffered to
+remain on his Dakota farm. In 1859 he was elected lieutenant governor
+of the newly admitted state, and was re-elected in 1861, serving four
+years. He served his district in the thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth and
+thirty-ninth congresses. During his congressional term he advocated
+many important measures, taking an advanced position in regard to
+popular education, and the cultivation and preservation of timber on
+the public lands. For his advocacy of the last named measure he was
+much ridiculed at the time, but has lived to see his views generally
+understood, and his measures to a great extent adopted in many of the
+Western States. He advocated amending the law relating to railroad
+land grants, so as to require their sale, within a reasonable period,
+at low prices.</p>
+
+<p>When he entered Congress, he gave up his law practice, and since his
+last term he has devoted himself chiefly to farming, journalism and
+general literature. In July, 1874, he became editor and proprietor of
+the <i>Anti-Monopolist</i>, which he conducted several years. Within the
+last decade he has published several works that have given him both
+national and transatlantic fame. His works on the fabled "Atlantis"
+and "Ragnarok" prove him to be not only a thinker and scientist, but a
+writer, the charms of whose style are equal to the profundity of his
+thought. His last work on the authorship of the Shakespearean plays
+has attracted universal attention, not only for the boldness of his
+speculations, but for the consummate ingenuity he has shown in
+detecting the alleged cipher by which he assumes to prove Lord Bacon
+to be the author of the plays in question. The book has excited much
+controversy, and, as was to be expected, much adverse criticism. Mr.
+Donnelly was married in Philadelphia, Sept. 10, 1855, to Miss
+Catherine McCaffrey of that city. They have three children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis M. Crosby.</span>&mdash;The ancestors of Mr. Crosby were of Revolutionary
+fame. He was born in Wilmington, Windham<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</a></span> county, Vermont, Nov. 13,
+1830. He received a common and high school education and spent one
+year at Mount C&aelig;sar Seminary, at Swansea, New Hampshire. He studied
+law and was admitted to practice at Bennington, Vermont, in 1855. He
+served in the Vermont house of representatives in 1855-56. He
+continued the practice of law until 1858, when he came to Hastings and
+engaged in the practice of law. He served as judge of probate court in
+1860-61, acted as school commissioner several years in Dakota county,
+and was elected, in 1871, judge of the First Judicial district
+comprising the counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Washington, Chisago, Pine,
+and Kanabec. He held the first courts in Pine and Kanabec counties.
+Judge Crosby is held in high esteem, not only by the bar, but by the
+people at large. He is gentlemanly in his manners, yet prompt and
+decisive in action.</p>
+
+<p>He was married to Helen A. Sprague, in New York, May 13, 1866. Mrs.
+Crosby died in 1869. He married a second wife, Helen M. Bates, in New
+York, in 1872. They have two sons and three daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. G. W. Le Duc</span> was born at Wilkesville, Gallia county, Ohio, March
+29, 1823. His father, Henry Savary Duc, was the son of Henri Duc, an
+officer of the French Army, who came over with D'Estaing to assist the
+colonies in the Revolutionary struggle. The grandfather, after some
+stirring adventures in Guadaloupe, where he came near being murdered
+in a negro insurrection, escaped and came to Middletown, Connecticut,
+in 1796, where he was married to Lucy, daughter of Col. John Sumner,
+of Duryea's Brigade, Continental Troops, and a member of the Sumner
+family which came to Massachusetts in 1637. The father was married to
+Mary Stewell, of Braintree, New York, in 1803. The family name,
+originally written Duc, was changed to Le Duc in 1845. The grandfather
+removed to Ohio and founded the town of Wilkesville. G. W. Le Duc, the
+grandson, spent his early life at this place, but was educated at
+Lancaster Academy, a school that numbered amongst its scholars Gen. W.
+T. and Senator John Sherman, the Ewing brothers, and others prominent
+in the history of the country. He entered Kenyon College in 1844,
+graduated in 1848, and was employed for awhile by the firms of H. W.
+Derby &amp; Co., of Cincinnati, and A. S. Barnes &amp; Co., of New York.
+Meanwhile he studied law, and in 1850 was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</a></span> admitted to practice in the
+supreme court of Ohio. July 5, 1850, he came to St. Paul and engaged
+in selling books, supplying the legislature and the government
+officers at the Fort, but gradually turned his attention to practice
+in land office courts. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he
+enlisted, and was assigned to duty as captain A. Z. in the Army of the
+Potomac. During his term of service he was promoted to the grades of
+lieutenant colonel, colonel and brigadier general by brevet. Since the
+war his most important official position has been that of commissioner
+of agriculture through the administration of President Hayes. In 1856
+he removed to Hastings, and has ever since been identified with the
+progress and prosperity of that city, and is the owner of large
+property interests there.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<img src="images/illus-594.jpg" width="341" height="450" alt="HON. G. W. LE DUC." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HON. G. W. LE DUC.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>GOODHUE COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>This county lies on the west bank of the Mississippi river, between
+the counties of Dakota and Wabasha. It derived its name from James M.
+Goodhue, pioneer editor and publisher in St. Paul. It is a rich and
+populous county. The county seat is Red Wing, a thriving city of 7,000
+inhabitants, located on the banks of the Mississippi a short distance
+below the mouth of Cannon river, and at the outlet of several valleys
+forming a larger valley, well adapted to become the site of a city.
+The hills surrounding the city are high, bold and many of them
+precipitous. Mount La Grange, commonly known as Barn Bluff, a large
+isolated bluff, a half mile in length and three hundred and twenty
+feet in height, stands between the lower part of the city and the
+river. Part of the county lies upon the shore of Lake Pepin, and
+includes the famous Point no Point, a bold promontory extending far
+out into the lake, with a curve so gradual that the eye of the person
+ascending or descending the lake is unable to define the Point, which
+appears to recede before him as he approaches, till at last it
+disappears, when looking backward he sees it in the part of the lake
+already traversed. Cannon river, a considerable stream, passes through
+the county from west to east.</p>
+
+<p>Cannon Falls, on this river, once a picturesque and wild waterfall, is
+now surrounded by the mills, manufactories and dwellings of a
+flourishing village, named after the falls. Goodhue county was
+organized under territorial law. In 1845 the principal point was Red
+Wing. There we found a Swiss missionary named Galvin, an Indian farmer
+name Bush and the noted Jack Frazer, a half-breed trader, all living
+in log buildings. Mr. Galvin had a school of Indian children. Near by
+was an Indian cemetery&mdash;burying ground it could not be called, as the
+bodies of the dead were elevated upon the branches of trees and upon
+stakes to be out of reach of animals. The bodies were wrapped in
+blankets and exposed until the flesh had decayed, when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</a></span> bones were
+taken and buried. Red Wing's band of Sioux Indians had their
+encampment here. It is said that Red Wing, the chief for whom the
+village and city was afterward named, chose for his burial place the
+summit of Barn Bluff, and that when he died he was buried there,
+seated upon his horse, with his face turned to the Happy Hunting
+Ground, the Indians heaping the earth around him till a huge mound was
+formed. The legend may need confirmation, but a mound is there to this
+day, on the highest part of the bluff, and the high spirited chief
+could certainly have wished no nobler grave.</p>
+
+<p>Red Wing city bears few traces of its humble origin. It is a fine,
+compactly built city, with handsome public and private buildings. It
+was for some years the seat of Hamline University, now removed to St.
+Paul.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hans Mattson.</span>&mdash;Col. Mattson is a native of Onestad, Sweden. He was
+born Dec. 23, 1832. His parents were Matts and Ilgena (Larson)
+Mattson, both now residents of Vasa, Minnesota. The son was educated
+at a high classical school in Christianstad, and in his seventeenth
+year entered the military service as a cadet and served one year.
+Disliking its monotony, and having an adventurous spirit he embarked
+for America, where he found himself abjectly poor, and worked as a
+cabin boy on a coasting vessel, as a farm hand, and afterward with a
+shovel on an Illinois railroad until 1853, when he secured a position
+as an emigrant agent, whose business it was to select homes for
+Swedish colonists. He, with others, came to Vasa, Goodhue county,
+Minnesota, where he dealt in real estate, studying law meanwhile with
+Warren Bristol. He was admitted to the bar in 1858. He was elected
+county auditor the same year and served till 1860, when he entered the
+army as captain of Company D, Third Minnesota Infantry. At the end of
+four years he left the service with the rank of colonel. After his
+return from the war he formed a law partnership with C. C. Webster,
+and a year later he accepted the position of editor of a Swedish
+newspaper in Chicago. In 1867 Gov. Marshall appointed him secretary of
+the state board of immigration, which position he held several years,
+doing the State excellent service. In 1869 he was elected secretary of
+state, but before his term of office expired resigned to accept the
+appointment of land agent of railway corporations, which enabled him
+to spend four years abroad.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 431px;">
+<img src="images/illus-597.jpg" width="431" height="650" alt="L. F. Hubbard" title="" />
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Col. Mattson was for some time editor of the <i>Staats Tidning</i>, a
+Swedish paper in Minneapolis, and a large owner and general manager of
+the <i>Swedish Tribune</i> published in Chicago. He was a presidential
+elector in 1876. He was again elected secretary of state for 1887-88.
+He is a versatile writer and a fluent speaker, a frank, outspoken and
+honorable man. He was married Nov. 23, 1855, to Cherstin Peterson, a
+native of Bullingslof, Sweden. They have five children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucius Frederick Hubbard</span> was born Jan. 26, 1836, at Troy, New York. He
+was the oldest son of Charles F. and Margaret (Van Valkenburg)
+Hubbard, his father being a descendant of the Hubbard family that
+emigrated from the mother country and settled in New England in 1595;
+his mother coming from the Holland Dutch stock that has occupied the
+valley of the Hudson river since its earliest history.</p>
+
+<p>The father dying early, the son found a home with an aunt at Chester,
+Vermont, until he was twelve years old, when he was sent for three
+years to the academy at Granville, New York. At the age of fifteen he
+was apprenticed to a tinner at Poultney, Vermont, and completed his
+trade at Salem, New York, in 1854, when he removed to Chicago for
+three years. He then removed to Red Wing, Minnesota, and started the
+Red Wing <i>Republican</i>. In 1858 he was elected register of deeds of
+Goodhue county. In 1861 he sold out his interest in the <i>Republican</i>
+and ran for the state senate, but was defeated by the small majority
+of seven votes. In December, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Fifth
+Minnesota Volunteers, and was elected captain. In March, 1862, he
+became lieutenant colonel; in August, colonel; and for conspicuous
+gallantry at the battle of Nashville was promoted to the position of
+brigadier general. He participated in the battles of Farmington; of
+Corinth, where he was severely wounded; of Iuka, the second battle of
+Corinth; of Jackson and Mississippi Springs; in the siege of
+Vicksburg; in the battle of Richmond, Louisiana; of Greenfield,
+Louisiana; of Nashville, where he was wounded and had two horses
+killed under him, and at the siege of Spanish Fort. He was mustered
+out in October, 1865, at Mobile, Alabama. He was engaged in
+twenty-four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</a></span> battles and minor engagements and won an enviable record
+for his intrepidity and coolness. He returned to Red Wing with broken
+health, the result of fatigue and exposure.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866 he engaged in the grain business at Red Wing, and soon
+thereafter in milling operations on a large scale in Wabasha county.
+In 1872 he purchased an interest in the Forest mill, at Zumbrota,
+Goodhue county, and in 1875, with others, bought the mills and water
+power at Mazeppa, in Wabasha county, the mills soon after being
+rebuilt and enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868 he raised, through his personal influence, the money necessary
+for the completion of the Midland railway, a line extending from
+Wabasha to Zumbrota.</p>
+
+<p>He subsequently projected and organized the Minnesota Central railway
+(Cannon Valley), to run from Red Wing to Mankato. As president of the
+company he secured the building of the road from Red Wing to
+Waterville, about sixty-six miles.</p>
+
+<p>In 1878 Gen. Hubbard was nominated for Congress in the Second district
+of Minnesota, but declined. In 1872 he was elected to the state
+senate, and again in 1874, declining a re-election in 1876. In the
+senate he was regarded as one of the best informed, painstaking and
+influential members. He was on the committee to investigate the state
+treasurer's and state auditor's offices, and was largely instrumental
+in recommending and shaping legislation that brought about the
+substantial and much needed reform in the management of those offices.
+He was also one of the three arbitrators selected to settle the
+difficulties between the State and the prison contractors at
+Stillwater. He was appointed commissioner, with John Nichols and Gen.
+Tourtelotte, in 1866, to investigate the status of the state railroad
+bond, levied in 1858, and finally settled in 1881.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 28, 1881, Gen. Hubbard was nominated for governor of
+Minnesota, and was elected by a majority of 27,857, the largest
+majority ever received by any governor elected in the State. In 1883
+he was renominated and re-elected by a very large majority.</p>
+
+<p>Gov. Hubbard is an affable, genial, courteous gentleman, whose
+integrity has never been questioned; a man of the people, and in
+sympathy with them and the best interests and general prosperity of
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>Gov. Hubbard was married in May, 1868, at Red Wing, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</a></span> Amelia,
+daughter of Charles Thomas, a merchant of that place. He has three
+children, two boys, aged seventeen and eleven respectively, and a
+girl.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Colville</span> is of Scotch descent on his father's side. The
+ancient homestead of the family at Ochiltree is mentioned by Sir
+Walter Scott in his novel, "The Antiquary." On his mother's side he is
+of Irish descent. His ancestors participated in the American
+Revolution. He was born in Chautauqua county, New York, April 5, 1830;
+was educated at the Fredonia Academy, taught school one winter, read
+law in the office of Millard Fillmore and Solomon L. Haven, of
+Buffalo, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He practiced law at
+Forestville three years, and then removed to Red Wing, Minnesota. His
+first winter he spent in St. Paul as enrolling clerk of the
+territorial council, and the winter following was secretary of the
+council. In the spring of 1855 he established the Red Wing <i>Sentinel</i>,
+a Democratic paper, and conducted it until the Civil War broke out. In
+1861 he entered the service as captain of Company F, First Minnesota
+Infantry, and served with that regiment three years, conducting
+himself with such gallantry as to win promotion. He was wounded at the
+first battle of Bull Run, at Nelson's Farm and at Gettysburg, the last
+wounds received maiming him for life, and necessitating a close of his
+military career. At the end of three years he left the service with
+the rank of colonel, and edited the <i>Sentinel</i> until January, 1865,
+when he took his seat as representative in the legislature. At its
+adjournment he was appointed colonel of the First Minnesota Heavy
+Artillery which was stationed at Chattanooga till the close of the
+war. Col. Colville was mustered out of the service with the brevet
+rank of brigadier general. In the autumn of 1865 he was elected
+attorney general of the State on the Union ticket and served two
+years. In 1866 he ran for Congress in opposition to the Republican
+nominee. In 1877 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower house of
+the state legislature in the strongest Republican county in the State.
+The same year he was appointed by President Cleveland register of the
+land office at Duluth, to which place he has removed his residence. He
+was married to Miss Jane E. Morgan, of Oneida, New York, in 1867, a
+descendant of Elder Brewster, who came over in the Mayflower.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martin S. Chandler</span>, for twenty-two years sheriff of Goodhue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</a></span> county,
+Minnesota, was born in Jamestown, New York, Feb. 14, 1827. He came to
+Goodhue county in 1856 and engaged for awhile farming at Pine Island.
+He was elected county commissioner in 1856, and served until 1858,
+removing meanwhile to Red Wing, which has since been his home. In 1859
+he was elected sheriff of Goodhue county, and held the office for
+eleven consecutive terms, until 1882, when he was elected to the state
+senate. He was presidential elector in 1872. He was appointed surveyor
+general in 1883, which office he held until 1887. He was married to
+Fannie F. Caldwell, of Jamestown, New York, in 1848. His only
+daughter, Florence C., is the wife of Ira S. Kellogg, of Red Wing, one
+of the oldest druggists in the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles McClure</span> was born in Virginia in 1810; was graduated at
+Lewisburg, Virginia, in 1827; studied law and was admitted to practice
+in 1829. He came to Minnesota and located at Red Wing in 1856, where
+he opened a law office. In 1857 he was a member of the constitutional
+convention, presidential elector in 1861, state senator in 1862-63 and
+in 1864, judge of the First district, filling the vacancy caused by
+the retirement of Judge McMillan. At the fall election of the same
+year he was elected judge of the First district and served seven
+years. This district embraced Washington, Chisago, Goodhue and Dakota
+counties. Judge McClure is a man of unquestionable ability and
+integrity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace B. Wilson</span> was born in Bingham; Somerset county, Maine, March
+30, 1821. His grandfather settled in Maine twenty years prior to the
+Revolution. He had a fair common school education until sixteen years
+old, when he attended the Maine Wesleyan Seminary, graduating four
+years later. He devoted himself chiefly to teaching, and studied law
+meanwhile, but never practiced. He taught in Cincinnati, Ohio,
+Lawrenceburg and New Albany, Indiana, until 1850, when he was elected
+city civil engineer, which position he filled six years. In 1858 he
+removed to Red Wing, Minnesota, and taught, as professor of
+mathematics, natural science and civil engineering in Hamline
+University four years. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Sixth
+Minnesota Infantry, was elected captain, and mustered out at the close
+of the war. His military service was quite arduous, including
+campaigning against the Sioux until 1864, when the regiment was
+ordered South and attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1866 he was appointed superintendent of schools for Goodhue county.
+In 1870 he was appointed state superintendent of schools, which
+position he held five years. He was elected representative in the
+state legislature in 1877, and subsequently he served four terms as
+senator, and was president <i>pro tem.</i> of that body during the trial of
+E. St. Julien Cox, and in the absence of the lieutenant governor
+presided during the trial. For the past few years he has devoted
+himself to civil engineering, and has had charge of the public
+improvements of Red Wing. In 1844 he was married to Mary J. Chandler,
+who died in 1887.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prominent early settlers of Red Wing not mentioned in our
+biographical notices were William Freeborn, for whom Freeborn county
+was named, and who was a senator in the fifth, sixth, seventh and
+eighth legislatures. Judges Welch and Wilder, W. C. Williston and
+Warren Bristol, lawyers, both state senators from Goodhue, and the
+latter a judge in Arizona. Rev. Chauncey Hobart, D.D., a Methodist
+pioneer preacher, and author of a history of Methodism in Minnesota
+and an autobiography; Rev. Peter Akers, D.D., an eminent educator;
+Rev. M. Sorin, D.D., an eloquent preacher, and Rev. Samuel Spates and
+J. W. Hancock, prominent as missionaries, the latter the first pastor
+located in the village. Andrew S. Durant, first hotel keeper; Calvin
+F. Potter, first merchant. W. W. Phelps and Christopher Graham were
+appointed to the land office in 1855.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WABASHA COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>This county, named in honor of a Sioux chief, lies on the west shore
+of the Mississippi river and Lake Pepin, between Goodhue and Winona
+counties. It has a majestic frontage of bold bluffs on the lake and
+river. From the summit of these bluffs stretch away broad undulating
+prairie lands, with occasional depressions, or valleys, caused by the
+streams tributary to the river.</p>
+
+<p>Wabasha village is the county seat. The county is traversed by the St.
+Paul &amp; Milwaukee railway, and the Zumbrota Valley Narrow Gauge
+railroad has its eastern terminus at Wabasha village. A railroad from
+Minneiska to Eyota, in Olmsted county, through Plainview, also passes
+through this county. Lake City is a thriving village on the lake
+shore, beautifully situated. The Grand Encampment, located about two
+miles below Wabasha village, was once a point of great interest. It
+was from time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</a></span> immemorial a camping ground for Indians. It has an
+abundance of ancient mounds. The only people in the county in 1845,
+when the author first visited this section, were the Campbell, Cratt,
+Bessian, and a few other French families. Bailey and sons, Dr. Francis
+H. Milligan, B. S. Hurd, Samuel S. Campbell, a prominent lawyer, and
+Wm. L. Lincoln came later to Wabasha. Reed's Landing, at the foot of
+Lake Pepin, was early settled by Messrs. Reed, Fordyce, Richards, and
+others. This point controls an immense trade for the Chippewa river,
+which empties its waters into the Mississippi just opposite.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Stacy Tefft</span> is a native of Hamilton, Madison county, New
+York, where he was born July 16, 1830. He was educated in the common
+schools and academy; in 1848 commenced studying medicine and received
+his diploma the same year at Cincinnati, after attending lectures at
+the medical college in that city. In 1856 he came to Minnesota and
+located in Minneiska, where he practiced medicine, served as
+postmaster, justice of the peace, and member of the legislature. In
+1861 he removed to Plainview, where he has taken rank as a leading
+surgeon and physician in that part of the State. He has also served as
+member of the state senate (in 1871-72). The writer had the pleasure
+of meeting him in the legislature of 1858 and found him a strong
+opponent of the $5,000,000 bill. Dr. Tefft was married to Hattie S.
+Gibbs, of Plainview, Nov. 10, 1866.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Wells.</span>&mdash;In 1845 the writer found Mr. Wells living in a stone
+trading house on the west shore of Lake Pepin, on the first high
+ground on the shore above Lake City. Mr. Wells had a half-breed family
+and was very reticent in his manner. He was a member of the first
+territorial house of representatives. When the country became more
+thickly settled he went West and was killed by the Sioux Indians in
+the massacre of 1862.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WINONA COUNTY</h4>
+
+<p>Was named after the daughter of the Indian chief who, according to the
+well known legend, precipitated herself from the famous rock on the
+eastern shore of Lake Pepin, which has ever since been known as
+"Maiden's Rock." The county lies on the west shore of the Mississippi,
+below Wabasha county. The frontage of the bluffs on the river is
+unsurpassed for grandeur and beauty, the bluffs here attaining an
+altitude of six hundred feet above<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</a></span> the river. The natural castles and
+turrets crowning these bluffs remind the traveler of the towns on the
+Rhine and Danube, and it is difficult to realize that they are the
+handiwork of Nature and not of man. The most striking of these bluffs
+occupies a position in the rear of the beautiful city of Winona,
+overlooking the city and the valley, and affording from its summit
+possibly the finest view on the river. The city of Winona lies on a
+spacious plateau between the bluffs and the river. In 1845 a solitary
+log cabin, the resting place of the mail carrier, marked the site, and
+a large Indian village, belonging to the band of Chief Wapashaw,
+occupied a portion of the present site of the city. All traces of this
+village have long since disappeared, and given place to one of the
+fairest and most flourishing cities on the river. The First State
+Normal School is located here. The St. Paul &amp; Milwaukee railroad
+passes through, and the Winona &amp; St. Peter railroad has its eastern
+terminus in this city. It is also the western terminus of the Green
+Bay &amp; Mississippi. The Chicago, Burlington &amp; Northern crosses the
+river here, and has a depot in the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daniel S. Norton</span>, at the time of his death United States senator from
+Minnesota, was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio, in April, 1829. He was
+educated at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio; enlisted in the Third Ohio
+Volunteer Infantry in 1846 for service in the Mexican War; had his
+health seriously impaired in the service; spent two years in
+California, Mexico and Central America; returned to Ohio and read law
+with his father-in-law, Judge R. C. Hurd, practiced in Mount Vernon,
+Ohio, with Hon. William Windom and came with him to Minnesota in 1855,
+locating at Winona. Mr. Norton served as senator in the first state
+legislature, where the writer served with him on several committees,
+among them the committee on the $5,000,000 bond bill, a bill which Mr.
+Norton strongly and earnestly opposed, predicting clearly its
+disastrous results. He also served as senator in the legislatures of
+1861-64 and 65, when he was elected to the United States senate, which
+position he held at the time of his death, in 1870. He was twice
+married, first in 1856, to Miss Lizzie Sherman, of Mount Vernon, Ohio,
+who died in 1862. The second time to Miss Laura Cantlan, of Baltimore,
+in 1868.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Windom</span>, a native of Ohio, came to Winona in 1855. He had been
+admitted to practice in 1853, and formed a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</a></span> partnership with D. S.
+Norton in Mount Vernon, Ohio, who came with him to Winona, where they
+continued their law partnership. Mr. Windom has been quite prominent
+in the politics of the State and county, having served in the United
+States senate two terms, from 1871 to 1883. He was also a
+representative in Congress from 1859 to 1869. He served as secretary
+of the treasury to fill a vacancy. During his congressional career he
+was an ardent supporter of the Union, and won the respect of the
+nation for his unswerving firmness in upholding his principles. He is
+a man of great executive ability, and has used his talents and his
+wealth, of which he has accumulated a considerable share, in the
+interests of the public. He has been heavily interested in the
+building of the Northern Pacific and other railroads, and in real
+estate. His opportunities have been great, he has wisely employed
+them, and richly deserves the success he has achieved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Berry</span>, the first attorney general of the state of
+Minnesota, was born at Westerly, Rhode Island, Sept. 12, 1823. He
+received an excellent school and academic education, graduating at
+Canandaigua Academy in 1846. He afterward read law and was admitted to
+practice at Rochester in 1848. He practiced his profession at Corning,
+New York, until 1855, when he removed to Winona and opened the first
+law office in that city. He was associated until 1871 with C. N.
+Waterman. When Minnesota became a state, in 1858, he was elected
+attorney general and served two years. He was state senator in 1874-75
+and has been United States commissioner since 1873. He takes great
+interest in local and state affairs, especially in educational
+matters. He has been for many years connected with the city school
+board and for eight years its president. He was also largely
+instrumental in locating the State Normal School at Winona. Mr. Berry
+is a Democrat in politics, is prominent in Masonic circles and a
+leading member of the Episcopal church. He was married to Frances E.
+Hubbell, of Corning, New York, Nov. 14, 1850. They have one daughter,
+Kate Louise, married to Prof. C. A. Morey, principal of the State
+Normal School.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Wilson</span> was born in Tyrone county, Ireland, May 16, 1827. He
+received his education in this country, graduating at Meadville
+College, Pennsylvania, in 1852. He studied law,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[Pg 605]</a></span> was admitted to the
+bar in 1855, and in the same year came to Winona and entered the law
+firm of Sargent &amp; Wilson, known a few years later as Sargent, Wilson &amp;
+Windom. He was a member of the Republican wing of the constitutional
+convention in 1857. He was elected district judge of the Fourth
+district, taking his seat in 1858, and serving six years. In 1864 Gov.
+Miller appointed him to a vacancy on the supreme bench, caused by the
+resignation of Judge Flandrau, and in the fall of the same year he was
+elected chief justice for a term of seven years. In 1869 he resigned
+this position to resume his law practice. In 1881 he was elected as a
+representative, and from 1883 to 1886, inclusive, as a senator in the
+state legislature. He was elected as a representative to Congress in
+1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Simpson</span> is of Scotch parentage, but was born in Yorkshire,
+England, May 31, 1836. He came to America with his parents when a
+child, to Dubuque county, Iowa. His educational advantages were good,
+and he learned, when not in school, to assist his father, who was a
+miner, smelter and farmer. He studied engineering and surveying with
+E. S. Norris, of Dubuque, and was engaged in government surveys from
+1853 to 1856, when he settled in Winona, studied law, and was admitted
+to the bar in 1858, when he formed a law partnership with Judge Abner
+Lewis and Geo. P. Wilson. In addition to his law business he has been
+a heavy dealer in real estate and money loaning. There are few public
+enterprises in Winona which he has not actively promoted. He was a
+delegate to the national convention that nominated Lincoln for the
+presidency in 1864, also to the convention that nominated Grant in
+1868. He served as state senator in 1866-67. He has been an
+influential member of the Methodist church. He was married Oct. 30,
+1860, to Maggie Holstein, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. They have three
+sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wm. H. Yale</span> was born Nov. 12, 1831, at New Hartford, Connecticut; was
+educated at Sheffield Institute; came to Winona in 1857, and practiced
+law. He was state senator in 1867-68, 1876-77, and lieutenant governor
+from 1870 to 1874.</p>
+
+<p>Other prominent citizens of Winona are: Dr. James Monroe Cole, the
+oldest physician in the city; Royal Day Cone, one of the first
+merchants; Judge Wm. Mitchell; &mdash;&mdash; Norton, a lumberman and county
+treasurer several years; W. W. Phelps, first president of the State
+Normal School; &mdash;&mdash; Hough, builder of the first large hotel; Hodgins,
+Yeomans &amp; Laird, lumbermen.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pierre Bottineau</span> was born in the Red River settlement, now Dakota, in
+1817. His early life was passed amongst the Ojibways in the employ of
+various fur companies. He has lived an eventful life and endured many
+hardships as a hunter, trapper and guide. He was early noted as a
+pilot to and from the Selkirk settlement. In 1843 he removed his
+family from Selkirk to St. Paul. In 1845 he removed to St. Anthony
+Falls, east side, where he laid out an addition to the new village. He
+was also, in 1851, the first settler at Maple Grove, or "Bottineau's
+Prairie," in Hennepin county. When he came to Fort Snelling he was
+employed by Gen. Sibley as a guide. In 1856 he assisted in selecting
+locations for forts. In 1858, after the establishment of Fort
+Abercrombie, he located the village of Breckenridge, now in Wilkin
+county, Minnesota. In 1859 he accompanied Geologist Skinner in his
+exploring expedition, having for its object the survey and location of
+salt mines, and was guide to Col. W. H. Noble's wagon road expedition
+to Frazer river. In 1860 he accompanied a military expedition with
+Gov. Ramsey to conclude treaties with the Northern Minnesota
+Chippewas. In 1862 he accompanied Capt. Fisk's Idaho expedition, and,
+in 1863, Gen. Sibley's expedition to the Missouri. Mr. Bottineau now
+resides at Red Lake Falls, Polk county, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew G. Chatfield</span>, a member of the Minnesota district bench at the
+time of his death, was born in the town of Butternuts, Otsego county,
+New York, Jan. 27, 1810. In 1838 he was a member of the New York
+assembly; in 1848 he removed to Racine, Wisconsin, where he was
+elected county judge. In 1853<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</a></span> he was appointed associate justice of
+the supreme court of Minnesota Territory, and he made his home on a
+beautiful prairie in Scott county, on which he laid out the town of
+Belle Plaine. He acted as judge four years and then resumed the
+practice of law. In January, 1871, he was elected judge of the Eighth
+Judicial district, which he held until his death, which occurred Oct.
+3, 1875. Judge Chatfield was married in 1836. His widow and an only
+daughter, Mrs. Cecilia Irwin, reside at Belle Plaine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hazen Mooers.</span>&mdash;Biographical details of Mr. Mooers are scant and
+unreliable. He was probably born about the year 1796. It is said that
+he was in the battle of Plattsburgh, September, 1814, when he was a
+youth of eighteen years of age, and that he acted as a guard in
+protecting government and private property. We find by the Minnesota
+historical collections that he came to Gray Cloud island in 1835 and
+remained till 1843. It is probable that he remained there till 1848.
+He was commissioner of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, in 1840-41 and
+1842. When he came to Gray Cloud island he was accompanied by a Mr.
+Robinson, and located in section 23. While at Gray Cloud he was
+married to a daughter of Dickson, the trader, and sister of Mrs.
+Joseph R. Brown. We have been unable to find mention of him later than
+1848.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John McDonough Berry</span> was born at Pittsfield, New Hampshire, Sept. 18,
+1827. Mr. Berry received an excellent education at the Pittsfield
+Academy, Phillips Academy and at Yale College, from which he graduated
+in 1847. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He was in the
+law office of Ira Paley, later chief justice of New Hampshire. In 1850
+he was admitted to the bar at Concord, New Hampshire. He commenced
+practice at Alton Corners, Belknap county, New Hampshire. Three years
+later he came West and located at Janesville, Wisconsin. In 1855 he
+moved to Faribault, this State, and at once came into prominence. In
+1856 he was a member of the territorial house of representatives and
+chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1862 he was sent to the state
+senate from Rice county, and in 1864 he was elected associate justice
+of the state supreme court, a position he has filled with honor to
+himself and the bar. He removed to Minneapolis in 1879 and died there,
+greatly lamented, Nov. 15, 1887. An obituary notice from the daily
+press gives a fair estimate of his character:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"He was not a man that mingled much in society or put himself forward
+on any occasion, yet he had a very social, genial disposition, and
+every one that knew him valued the acquaintance highly. As a judge he
+was universally esteemed. His decisions were always marked by a
+peculiarly vigorous grasp of bottom facts. His mind was a naturally
+judicial one. His own ideas were fresh and original, and his way of
+expressing them unusually vigorous. He devoted himself wholly to his
+judicial duties and to his family. He was a great reader and student
+and a great home man. His affections were wholly centred in his wife
+and children. His distaste for ostentation and publicity is evidenced
+in his expressed wish for a private funeral."</p>
+
+<p>He was married May 26, 1853, to Alice A. Parker, of Roscoe, Illinois,
+who survives him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mark H. Dunnell</span> is of Scotch descent. He was born July 2, 1823, at
+Buxton, Maine. He was raised on a farm, but graduated at Waterville
+College, Maine, in 1849, and for three years following was engaged in
+teaching. In 1852 he was elected to the Maine house of
+representatives, and afterward served five years as state
+superintendent of schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in
+1856, and in 1860 practiced his profession in Portland. In 1861 he was
+appointed United States consul to Vera Cruz, Mexico. Before going to
+Mexico he was appointed colonel of the Fifth Maine Volunteers, and
+participated in the first battle of Bull Run. He resigned his
+consulship in 1862, and returned to Maine, where he aided the governor
+in recruiting and organizing regiments for the military service. In
+1865 he came to Winona, Minnesota, was a member of the Minnesota house
+of representatives in 1867, and afterward served three years as state
+superintendent of instruction. He resigned this office to take a seat
+in Congress, and represented his district a period of ten years. He
+was married Nov. 20, 1850, to Sarah A. Parrington, of Goshen, Maine.
+They have three children living.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James Heaton Baker</span>, son of Rev. Henry Baker, a Methodist preacher, and
+Hannah (Heaton) Baker, was born in Monroe, Ohio, May 6, 1829. He
+graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1852. In 1853 he purchased
+the Sciota <i>Gazette</i>, at Chillicothe, Ohio. In 1855 he was elected
+secretary of state on the ticket headed by Salmon P. Chase as
+governor. In 1857 he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</a></span> removed to Minnesota, where, for two successive
+terms he was elected to the same office. At the outbreak of the Civil
+War he resigned, and accepted a colonel's commission in the Tenth
+Minnesota Volunteers. In 1863 his command was ordered to the South,
+and he was detached and made provost marshal of St. Louis, and
+subsequently of the department of Missouri, in which position he
+served until the close of the war, he being meanwhile promoted to a
+brevet brigadier generalship.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the war he was appointed register of the land office
+at Booneville, Missouri, but in two years resigned and returned to his
+farm in Blue Earth county, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>In 1871 President Grant appointed him commissioner of pensions, a
+position for which he was singularly well fitted. He resigned in 1875,
+and was appointed by President Grant surveyor general of Minnesota.
+Gen. Baker has been prominent in Masonic circles, and has contributed
+much to the newspaper and periodical press. He was married Sept. 25,
+1852, to Rose R., daughter of Reuben H. Thurston, then of Delaware,
+Ohio, now of Mankato, Minnesota. This estimable lady died at
+Washington City, March 21, 1873, leaving two sons, Arthur and Harry E.
+Gen. Baker, since his appointment as surveyor general, has resided at
+Mankato. He served in 1885 and 1886 as railroad commissioner for the
+State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace Burton Strait</span> is of Virginia Revolutionary stock. He was born
+in Potter county, Pennsylvania, Jan. 26, 1835. His educational
+advantages were such only as the common schools afforded, and he is
+largely self cultured. He came to Minnesota in 1855, and engaged in
+farming near Shakopee, but in 1860 moved to the county seat, and
+engaged in mercantile business. In August, 1862, he enlisted in
+Company I, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, commanded by Col. Alexander
+Wilkin; was commissioned as captain, and in 1864 as major; was
+mustered out at the close of the war, since which time he has been
+engaged in milling, banking and farming. He was president of the First
+National Bank of Shakopee. He served as mayor of Shakopee in
+1870-71-72, when he was elected to Congress, and served by continuous
+re-elections until 1888, when J. L. MaDonald became his successor. He
+was emphatically a working member. He has been twice married. His
+first wife died in 1872, leaving one child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Judson Wade Bishop</span> was born at Evansville, New York, June 24, 1831. He
+received an academic education at Fredonia Academy, and at Union
+Academy, Belleville, New York. Leaving school at the age of sixteen,
+he was employed for several years as clerk and book-keeper and in
+teaching. Having a taste for civil engineering he fitted himself for
+usefulness in that department at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
+of Troy, New York, and in 1853 secured a position as draughtsman on
+the Canadian Grand Trunk railway. At the completion of the road, in
+1857, he obtained employment in railroad surveying, making his
+residence at Chatfield until 1861, where he purchased a newspaper, the
+Chatfield <i>Democrat</i>. At the first call for troops in 1861 he sold his
+office, volunteered as a soldier, and was mustered in as captain of a
+company in the Second Regiment, June 26, 1861. He was mustered out at
+the close of the war with the brevet rank of brigadier general, and
+resumed railroad work, in which he has since been active and
+conspicuous. For some years he was manager of the St. Paul &amp; Sioux
+City. His connection with railroad enterprises necessitated his
+removal in 1864 to Le Sueur, in 1868 to Mankato and in 1873 to St.
+Paul, which has since been his home. He has also been a heavy dealer
+in real estate. He was married Jan. 11, 1866, to Nellie S. Husted, of
+Galena, Illinois, who died Sept. 19, 1878, leaving three sons, Charles
+Husted, Edwin Judson and Robert Haven.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Louis McDonald.</span>&mdash;The paternal ancestors of our subject were
+Highlanders, of the clan "McDonald of the Isle." John Louis was born
+in Glasgow, Scotland, Feb. 22, 1836; came with his parents to America
+in 1842, lived a few years in Nova Scotia, then removed to Pittsburgh
+where he received an academic education. He removed to Belle Plaine,
+Scott county, Minnesota, in 1855, read law with Judge Chatfield, and
+was admitted to practice at Shakopee in 1858, removing thither three
+years later, and continuing in practice, serving as probate judge from
+1859 to 1864 and publishing and editing the Belle Plaine <i>Enquirer</i>,
+and later, the Shakopee <i>Argus</i>, serving two years as prosecuting
+attorney, four years as superintendent of schools, two years as state
+representative (1869-70) and three years as state senator (1874-75 and
+1876). In 1877 he was elected district judge, and served seven years.
+In 1888 he took his seat as representative in Congress. As a judge he
+is thoroughly well informed, clear-sighted and impartial.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Armstrong</span> was born in Milan, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1829. He
+graduated from Western Reserve College in 1854, commenced the practice
+of law at La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1856, practiced at High Forest,
+Minnesota, until 1870, when he discontinued practice. Three years
+later he moved to Albert Lea, Minnesota, and established the Freeborn
+County Bank.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Armstrong has acted a prominent part in the legislation of the
+State, having been a representative in the legislatures of 1864 and
+1865, and, as lieutenant governor, president of the senate for the
+four succeeding terms. He was elected speaker of the house in the
+legislature of 1865. As a presiding officer he was courteous,
+dignified, and fair in his rulings, and an excellent parliamentarian.
+April 1, 1868, he was married to Mrs. Elisabeth M. Butman, daughter of
+John Burgess, of Cleveland, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Augustas Armstrong</span>, a younger brother of the foregoing, and a
+prominent citizen of Albert Lea, died in 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Moses K. Armstrong</span>, another brother, has represented Dakota in
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James B. Wakefield</span> was born at Winstead, Litchfield county,
+Connecticut, March 21, 1828. He graduated at Trinity College,
+Hartford, in 1846; studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1851;
+came to Shakopee, Minnesota; practiced law two years and removed to
+Blue Earth City. He has been called to fill various and responsible
+public positions. He was a member of the legislature several terms,
+serving as representative in 1858, 63 and 66, and as senator in
+1867-68-69. He served as deputy Indian agent at the Lower Sioux agency
+from 1856 to the Indian outbreak, and in 1869 was appointed receiver
+of the Winnebago land office, which position he held six years. From
+1875 to 1879 he served as lieutenant governor of Minnesota, and from
+1884 to 1886 as member of Congress. He served as a delegate to the
+Republican convention which nominated President Grant in 1868, and to
+the convention which nominated President Hayes in 1876. Mr. Wakefield
+was married in August, 1864, to Miss Nannette Reinhart, of Blue Earth
+City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Wallace Braden</span> was born in Iberia, Ohio, Dec. 3, 1837. He was
+educated in the district schools and reared as a farmer. In November
+he came to Fillmore county with his father, and engaged in farming. He
+was a member of the legislature<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span> in 1866-67, and has served three
+terms as county treasurer. During the Civil War he served three years
+with the rank of lieutenant, and then of captain in Company K, Sixth
+Minnesota Volunteers, and was for some time detached from his command
+as provost marshal of Southern Missouri, with headquarters at
+Springfield. Capt. Braden is prominent as a Mason, and as a Republican
+takes an active interest in the politics of the State and nation. He
+was elected state auditor in 1881, and re-elected in 1885. He was
+married March 7, 1866, to Addie Griswold, of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reuben Butters</span> was born in Union, Lincoln county, Maine, May 26, 1816.
+He received such education as could be obtained at winter schools, and
+employed himself chiefly in clerking and mercantile pursuits until
+1851, when he came to Minnesota and became the first permanent settler
+in the Minnesota valley above Shakopee. He made the first claim at Le
+Sueur, having, in connection with Messrs. Thompson and Lindsey, a
+station at that place, also at Kasota. He has been engaged chiefly in
+farming. He has also a stone quarry and store in Kasota, and does a
+fair amount of trading. Mr. Butters was a member of the first state
+legislature, and has served seven or eight sessions since. He was
+county commissioner many years. In politics he is a Democrat.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Butters has been twice married, first in November, 1847, to
+Elizabeth Hill, of Cleveland, Ohio, and second in May, 1861, to Mrs.
+Mary E. Rogers, of Maine. He died March 29, 1888.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michael Doran</span>, a most successful business man and prominent in
+political affairs, having served six terms in the state senate, was
+born in the county of Meath, Ireland, Nov. 1, 1829. He received but
+little education before coming to this country in 1850, when, although
+over twenty-one years of age, he obtained two years' schooling. He
+landed in New York City, remained in the State about a year and
+removed to Norwalk, Ohio, where he farmed and kept a grocery store. In
+1856 he came westward and located at Le Sueur, where he engaged in
+farming. In 1860 he was elected county treasurer and served and held
+the office eight years. Since 1870 he has been engaged in banking,
+farming and real estate operations. He is also one of the owners of
+the elevator and flouring mill at Le Sueur.</p>
+
+<p>In politics he is a Democrat and was an elector on the McClellan
+ticket. His senatorial terms were from 1872 to 1875 and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</a></span> 1877 and
+1879. He has been twice married. His first wife was Ellen Brady, of
+Norwalk, Ohio, married in May, 1855. His second wife was Catherine J.
+Grady, of Le Sueur, married Feb. 10, 1864.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Andrew McCrea</span> was born in New Brunswick in 1830, received a common
+school education and learned the business of farming and lumbering.
+His father having died early, the support of a mother and crippled
+brother devolved upon him. He was married to Jane Murphy, in New
+Brunswick, when he was twenty-one years of age. Mrs. McCrea died in
+1878. He married a second wife in 1880. His family consists of eight
+sons and one daughter. He came to Minnesota in 1854, removed to
+Stearns county in 1858, and to Otter Tail county in 1872, where he now
+resides in the town of Perham. He was a member of the legislature of
+1876-77, and of the senate of 1878 to 1882, inclusive. In 1885 he was
+appointed one of the commissioners to locate the second state prison.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John W. Blake</span> was born in Foxcroft, Maine, in 1839. His parents moved
+to Wisconsin in 1840. He received a good education in the common
+schools, in Milton Academy, and Wisconsin State University, and became
+a civil engineer. He served as a soldier during the war of the
+Rebellion. In 1872 he came to Minnesota, located at Marshall, Lyon
+county, and the same year was elected a representative in the
+legislature. He was a member of the senate during the years 1875,
+1876, 1882, and 1884.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Knute Nelson</span>, born in Norway, came to America, studied law at
+Wisconsin University, and was admitted to the bar. He came to
+Alexandria in 1870, where he practiced law. He was a senator in the
+seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth legislatures, and
+was elected representative to Congress from the Fifth Minnesota
+district in 1884 and 1886. Mr. Nelson is a man of unquestioned ability
+and force, a strong Republican, and an enthusiastic advocate of a
+modified tariff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. R. Denny</span> was born at Keene, New Hampshire, in 1839; received an
+academic education, and after spending eight years in Wisconsin, came
+to Carver, Minnesota, in 1867. He served in the state legislatures of
+1874, 1876, 1879, and 1881. He was appointed United States marshal
+from 1882 to 1886. He was Grand Master of the Masonic fraternity in
+1884-5. He was married in Wisconsin in 1863, and has a family of four
+children.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/illus-614.jpg" width="650" height="454" alt="PRESENT HOME OF THE AUTHOR ERECTED BY HIM A.D. 1855." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PRESENT HOME OF THE AUTHOR ERECTED BY HIM A.D. 1855.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>
+MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS, ITEMS AND STATISTICS, INCLUDING<br />
+AN ACCURATE ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS TREATIES<br />
+BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT<br />
+AND THE INDIAN TRIBES INHABITING<br />
+THE TERRITORIES OF<br />
+WISCONSIN AND<br />
+MINNESOTA.<br />
+</h3>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span></p>
+<h3>BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY UNTIL THE CREATION OF
+WISCONSIN TERRITORY IN 1836.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>SPANISH CLAIMS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Spaniards have made persistent claims to territory lying along the
+Atlantic coast, the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and up the valley of
+the Mississippi, basing their claims on discovery and conquest.</p>
+
+<p>In 1512 Juan Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus, discovered
+Florida, and planted on its shores the standard of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1539 Hernando de Soto visited Florida and having strengthened the
+Spanish claim adventured west to the Mississippi, on which river he
+died and in which he was stealthily buried by his surviving followers,
+who returned to Florida broken and dispirited with the loss of half
+their number. By virtue of De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi, the
+Spaniards now laid claim to the land along that river and its
+tributaries. They also claimed land lying along the Atlantic coast,
+without limit, northward. This large and somewhat indefinite empire
+was by them styled Florida, after the name of the peninsula on which
+they gained their first foothold. Unable to defend or enforce their
+claims, they gradually relinquished them, giving up tract after tract,
+until the peninsula of Florida alone remained to them. This was ceded
+to the United States in 1819.</p>
+
+<p>The government of the Territory was vested in the discoverers. Ponce
+de Leon was governor from 1512 until 1521. De Soto was governor of
+Florida and Cuba until 1541. Melendez, by compact with King Philip,
+succeeded him, his commission giving him a life tenure. The history of
+the Spanish possessions is by no means interesting, and illustrates
+chiefly the Spanish greed for gold.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FRENCH CLAIMS.</h4>
+
+<p>The French early disputed the claims of the Spaniards and Portuguese
+to the possession of the New World, and accordingly in 1524 sent a
+Florentine, Jean Verrazzani, who explored the coast from Carolina to
+Nova Scotia, took possession of it, and called it New France. Ten
+years later Cartea continued the work, sailing around New Foundland
+and ascending the St. Lawrence as far as the site of Montreal. In 1564
+a French colony located in Florida, but were almost immediately
+exterminated by the Spaniards. During the following century the French
+pushed their explorations to the regions of the Mississippi and the
+great lakes. In the year 1603 Champlain was engaged in the exploration
+of the St. Lawrence, and in 1609, he, with two other Frenchmen,
+explored Lake Champlain and the country of the Iroquois and took
+possession of it in the name of Henry IV of France. In 1611 and 1612
+he explored Lake Huron, entered Saginaw bay, passed down Detroit
+river, exploring Lake Erie, and laid the foundation of French
+sovereignty in the valley of the St. Lawrence. Champlain for many
+years prosecuted the fur trade where Boston now stands, prior to the
+landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock.</p>
+
+<p>We have not space for a complete account of the conflicting claims of
+the French and English, but will give the boundaries of New France as
+defined by French and English authorities at different times: 1609&mdash;L'
+Escartot, in his "Histoire de la Nouvelle France," defines the French
+boundaries as extending "on the west to the Pacific ocean, on the
+south to the Spanish West Indies, on the east to the North Atlantic,
+and on the north to the Frozen Sea." 1683&mdash;Baron La Honton says, "All
+the world knows that Canada reaches from the 39th to the 65th degrees
+of north latitude and from the 284th to the 336th degrees of
+longitude." [More accurately from about 45 to 90 degrees west, or from
+Cape Race to the Mississippi.] The French government persistently
+denied the right of the English to any territory west of the
+Alleghanies. The great Northwest, therefore, was for a long time under
+French rule and influence. We must accord to France the credit of
+making the first progress in civil government in the Northwest. They
+made many permanent settlements and by a wise and pacific policy so
+conciliating the Indian tribes that they were able to hold<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</a></span> their
+positions on the frontier at will. They were early and persistent
+explorers, and, under the guidance of pious and devoted Jesuit
+missionaries, planted settlements in the most desirable places. They
+made a cordon of posts reaching from Louisiana to the Gulf of St.
+Lawrence, along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and along the chain
+of the great lakes, completely surrounded the English colonies and
+disputed with them the possession of the country. The French-English
+War of 1689 to 1697 failed to decide satisfactorily the question of
+the interior domain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1712 New France was divided into two provinces, that of Canada and
+that of Louisiana, the dividing line being the Ohio, Mississippi and
+Missouri rivers, the Mississippi boundary line extending from the
+mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Missouri river. Mobile was made
+the capital of the southern province. The patent or commission of the
+new province was issued to Crozat, Marquis du Chatel. The Illinois
+country was afterward added, and it seems probable that the country
+east of the Wabash was also included in it. All north of the boundary
+named formed part of the province of Canada. Other boundaries than
+these have been given by geographers, but these boundaries are
+sufficiently established by official documents.</p>
+
+<p>In 1763 all of the territory claimed by France lying east of the
+Mississippi river was ceded to the English, the territory lying west
+to Spain. Virginia, by three royal charters, given in 1606, 1607 and
+1611, by the English government, held a part of the Northwest
+Territory, and in 1776 established three counties north of the Ohio
+river, named Ohio, Youghiogheny and Monongahela, but in 1787 ceded
+this territory to the United States. Its settlement was somewhat
+impeded by the perils of the wilderness, not the least of which was
+the doubtful and often unfriendly attitude of the Indians, resulting
+in many cases from the changes in the tenure of the lands, and the
+influence of French or English emissaries, generally hostile to
+American claims. The history of these early settlements is replete
+with thrilling adventures.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlement made in the newly ceded territory was at
+Marietta, Ohio, in 1788, under the supervision of Gen. Rufus Putnam,
+nephew of Gen. Israel Putnam, and first surveyor general of the
+Northwest Territory. The settlement was named Marietta, in honor of
+Queen Marie Antoinette, who had been a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span> firm friend to the colonies
+during the Revolutionary struggle. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed
+governor July 15, 1788, of the newly organized Ohio Territory.</p>
+
+<p>The country claimed by Virginia under the royal charters included the
+land lying between the sea shore on the east, and the Mississippi on
+the west, the Ohio river on the south, and the British possessions on
+the north. It will be seen, therefore, that that part of the Northwest
+Territory lying immediately along the eastern banks of the Mississippi
+now comprised in the state of Wisconsin and part of Minnesota, has
+been successively claimed by Spain, France, England, Virginia, and the
+United States, and under the territorial governments of the
+Northwest&mdash;Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin
+territories. That part of Minnesota lying west of the Mississippi
+belonged to the French by right of discovery, but passed into the
+hands of Spain, thence back again into the hands of France, by whom,
+with the territory known as Louisiana, it was sold to the United
+States in 1803. The original grant to Virginia included far more than
+the area of the State and that of the Northwest Territory, but was
+subsequently reduced by grants made by states lying north of Virginia,
+and vexatious disputes arose as to titles, a circumstance calculated
+to retard rapid settlement.</p>
+
+<p>We append the following data concerning the early history of the
+territory included in the present states of Wisconsin and Minnesota,
+tabulated for more convenient reference:</p>
+
+<p>1634. Jean Nicollet ventured into Wisconsin, and explored the country
+from Lake Michigan for a considerable distance down the Wisconsin
+river.</p>
+
+<p>1658. Two fur traders penetrated to Lake Superior and wintered there,
+probably on Wisconsin soil.</p>
+
+<p>1660. Rev. M. Menard with eight companions came to La Pointe, Lake
+Superior.</p>
+
+<p>1665. Claude Allouez, an eminent pioneer missionary, succeeded Menard,
+and re-established the mission at La Pointe.</p>
+
+<p>1669. Father Allouez established a mission on the shores of Green bay,
+locating it at Depere in 1671.</p>
+
+<p>1670. Father Allouez made a voyage of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to
+within a short distance of the Mississippi&mdash;a near approach to the
+discovery of the Father of Waters.</p>
+
+<p>1671. In this year the French took formal possession of the whole
+Northwest, confirmed in 1689.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1673. Louis Joliet, accompanied by Father James Marquette, discovered
+the Mississippi river.</p>
+
+<p>1674. Father Marquette coasted Lake Michigan, from Green Bay, by
+Milwaukee, to the site of the present city of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>1679. The Griffin, a schooner built by La Salle, and the first to make
+a voyage of the lakes above Niagara, arrived at the mouth of Green
+bay.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Duluth held a council, and concluded a peace with the natives of
+Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p>1680. About the first of May Father Louis Hennepin arrived at Mille
+Lacs, as prisoner of a Dakotah war party, who captured him at Lake
+Pepin, while on his way up the Mississippi. He remained at Mille Lacs
+several months. On his return homeward, after being released, he
+discovered the falls, which he named for his patron saint, Anthony of
+Padua. His book, published after his return to Europe, is the first
+printed account of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1683. Le Sueur made a voyage of the Fog and Wisconsin rivers to the
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>1688. Nicholas Perrot first planted the cross and arms of France on
+the soil of Minnesota, and first laid formal claim to the country for
+France. He built a fort on Lake Pepin, near Lake City.</p>
+
+<p>1695. Le Sueur built a fort on Isle Pelee, in the Mississippi, below
+Prescott.</p>
+
+<p>1700. Le Sueur established Fort L'Huillier, on the Blue Earth river
+(near the mouth of the Le Sueur), and first supplied the Sioux with
+firearms.</p>
+
+<p>1716. Le Louvigny's battle with the Fox Indians at Butte des Morts.</p>
+
+<p>1719. Francis Renalt explored the Upper Mississippi with two hundred
+miners.</p>
+
+<p>1721. Previous to this date a French fort had been established at
+Green Bay, on the present site of Fort Howard.</p>
+
+<p>1727. The French established a fort on Lake Pepin, with Sieur de
+Lapperriere as commandant.</p>
+
+<p>A trading post, called Fort Beauharnois, was established on the north
+side of Lake Pepin.</p>
+
+<p>1728. There was a great flood in the Mississippi, and Fort Beauharnois
+was submerged.</p>
+
+<p>A French expedition, under De Lignery, from Mackinaw, punished the
+Foxes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1734. A battle took place between the French, and the Sacs and Foxes.</p>
+
+<p>1751. Sieur Marin, in command at Green Bay, made a peace with the
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>1761. Capt. Balfour and Lieut. Gorrell, with English troops, took
+possession of Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>1763. The English, under Lieut. Gorrell, abandoned Green Bay in
+consequence of the Indian War under Pontiac.</p>
+
+<p>Treaty of Paris, by which all the territory of New France, including
+Wisconsin, was surrendered to the English.</p>
+
+<p>About this date the Canadian-French trading establishment at Green Bay
+ripened into a permanent settlement, the first upon any portion of the
+territory now forming the state of Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>By the treaty of Versailles, France ceded Minnesota east of the
+Mississippi to England, and west of it to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>1766. Capt. Jonathan Carver visited St. Anthony falls and Minnesota
+river. He pretended to have made a treaty with the Indians the
+following spring, in a cave near St. Paul, known for several years as
+Carver's Cave. He also reports a town of three hundred inhabitants at
+Prairie du Chien.</p>
+
+<p>1774. A civil government was established over Canada and the
+Northwest, by the celebrated "Quebec Act."</p>
+
+<p>1777. Indians from Wisconsin join the British against the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>1786. Julian Dubuque explored the lead region of the Upper
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>1788. There was an Indian council at Green Bay. Permission to work the
+lead mines was given to Dubuque.</p>
+
+<p>1793. Lawrence Barth built a cabin at the portage of the Fog and
+Wisconsin rivers, and engaged in the carrying trade.</p>
+
+<p>1795. French settlement commenced at Milwaukee.</p>
+
+<p>1796. The western posts were surrendered by the English to the United
+States, and the ordinance of 1787 extended over the Northwest.</p>
+
+<p>1798-99. The Northwestern Fur Company established itself in Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1800. Indiana Territory organized, including Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>1803. Antoine Barth settled at the portage of the Fog and Wisconsin
+rivers.</p>
+
+<p>1804. Indian treaty at St. Louis; Southern Wisconsin purchased.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1805. Michigan Territory organized.</p>
+
+<p>1809. Thomas Nuttall, the botanist, explored Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>Illinois Territory was organized, including nearly all the present
+state of Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>1812. Indians assembled at Green Bay to join the English.</p>
+
+<p>1814. Gov. Clark took possession of Prairie du Chien. Prairie du Chien
+surrendered to the British.</p>
+
+<p>1815. United States trading post established at Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>1816. Indian treaty confirming that of 1804.</p>
+
+<p>United States troops took possession of Prairie du Chien, and
+commenced the erection of Fort Crawford.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Miller commenced the erection of Fort Howard, at Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>1818. State of Illinois was organized; Wisconsin attached to Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Crawford and Michillimackinac counties were organized by the
+territory of Michigan which embraced in their boundaries, besides
+other territory, the whole of the present state of Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>1820. United States commissioners adjusted land claims at Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>1822. The New York Indians purchase lands east of Lake Winnebago.</p>
+
+<p>James Johnson obtained from the Indians the right to dig for lead by
+negro slaves from Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>1823. January. Counties of Brown, Crawford and Michillimackinac made a
+separate judicial district by Congress.</p>
+
+<p>First steamboat on the Upper Mississippi, with Maj. Taliafero and
+Count Beltrami.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Bayfield, of the British Navy, makes a survey of Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p>1824. First term of United States court held at Green Bay, Judge Duane
+Doty presiding.</p>
+
+<p>1825. Great flood on the Red River of the North; a part of the colony
+driven to Minnesota, and settle near Fort Snelling.</p>
+
+<p>1826. First steamboat on Lake Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>1827. Rush of speculators to lead mines.</p>
+
+<p>Treaty with Menomonies at Butte des Morts.</p>
+
+<p>1828. Fort Winnebago built. Indian treaty at Green Bay. Lead ore
+discovered at Mineral Point and at Dodgeville.</p>
+
+<p>1832. Black Hawk War.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Schoolcraft explored sources of Mississippi river. First mission
+established at Leech Lake, by Rev. W. T. Boutwell, now of Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p>1834. The portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi attached to
+Michigan. Gen. H. H. Sibley settles at Mendota.</p>
+
+<p>1835. Catlin and Featherstonhaugh visit Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1836. The territory of Wisconsin organized. Nicollet visits Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1837. Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin, made a treaty at Fort Snelling, with
+the Ojibways, by which the latter ceded lands on the St. Croix and its
+tributaries; a treaty was also effected at Washington with a
+deputation of Dakotahs for their lands east of the Mississippi. These
+treaties led the way to the first actual settlements in the Territory.</p>
+
+<p>1838. The treaty ratified by Congress. Frank Steele makes a claim at
+St. Anthony Falls. Pierre Parrant makes a claim and builds a shanty on
+the present site of St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>1839. Sioux and Chippewa battle fought near Stillwater.</p>
+
+<p>1840. St. Croix county established.</p>
+
+<p>The chapel of "St. Paul" built and consecrated, giving the name to the
+capital of the state of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1843. Stillwater settled.</p>
+
+<p>1846. August 6th, the Wisconsin enabling act passed.</p>
+
+<p>1847. The Wisconsin constitutional convention meets. The town of St.
+Paul surveyed, platted and recorded in the St. Croix county register
+of deeds' office. First improvement of the water power at falls of St.
+Anthony. Treaty with the Chippewas at Fond du Lac, August 2d. Treaty
+with the Pillagers at Leech Lake, August 21st.</p>
+
+<p>1848. May 29th, Wisconsin admitted. August 26th, the "Stillwater
+Convention" held, to take measures for a separate territorial
+organization. October 30th, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>1850. Great flood on the Mississippi. Minnesota river navigated by
+steamboats. Census of Minnesota shows population of 4,780.</p>
+
+<p>1851. Permanent location of the capital of Minnesota at St Paul.
+Treaty of the Traverse des Sioux, opening territory west of the
+Mississippi to settlement July 23d. Treaty at Mendota with the Sioux
+August 5th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1852. President Pierce appoints Willis A. Gorman governor of
+Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>1854. Real estate mania commenced. Treaty with the Chippewas at La
+Pointe, September 30th.</p>
+
+<p>1855. Treaty at Washington, District of Columbia, with the Chippewas,
+and cession of lands in Minnesota, February 22d.</p>
+
+<p>1857. Enabling act to admit Minnesota passed Congress. President
+Buchanan appoints Gen. Sam Medary governor of Minnesota. Ink-pa-dootah
+massacre in April. Minnesota constitutional convention met in June.
+Constitution adopted in October.</p>
+
+<p>1858. Minnesota admitted as a state. State loan of $250,000
+guaranteed. The $5,000,000 loan bill adopted.</p>
+
+<p>1859. Hard times. Work on the land grant road ceases. Collapse of the
+$5,000,000 scheme. First export of grain this fall.</p>
+
+<p>1860. Federal census, 172,123.</p>
+
+<p>1861. April 13th. President's proclamation for troops received. The
+First regiment recruits at once. June 22d it embarks at Fort Snelling
+for the seat of war.</p>
+
+<p>1862. Call for 600,000 men. August 17th, massacre at Acton; 18th,
+outbreak at Lower Sioux agency; 19th, New Ulm attacked; 20th, Fort
+Ridgely attacked; 25th, second attack on New Ulm; 30th, Fort
+Abercrombie besieged; September 1st, the bloody affair at Birch
+Coolie; 19th, first railroad in Minnesota in operation between St.
+Paul and Minneapolis; 22d, battle of Wood Lake; 26th, captives
+surrendered at Camp Release; military commission tries 321 Indians for
+murder, rape, etc.; 303 condemned to die; December 26th, 38 hanged at
+Mankato.</p>
+
+<p>1863. Gen. Sibley's expedition to the Missouri river. July 3d, Little
+Crow killed; 24th, battle of Big Mound; 26th, battle of Dead Buffalo
+Lake; 28th, battle of Stony Lake. Treaty at crossing of Red Lake river
+with Chippewas, and cession of Dakotah lands, October 2d.</p>
+
+<p>1864. Large levies for troops. Expedition to Missouri river under
+Sully. Inflation of money market. Occasional Indian raids.</p>
+
+<p>1865. Peace returns. Minnesota regiments return and are disbanded; in
+all 25,052 troops furnished by the State. Census shows 250,000
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>1866-72. Rapid railroad building everywhere, immigration heavy, "good
+times" prevail, and real estate inflated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[Pg 625]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1873. January 7th, 8th and 9th, polar wave sweeps over the State;
+seventy persons perish. September, the Jay Cooke failure creates
+another panic. Grasshopper raid begins and continues five seasons.</p>
+
+<p>1876. September 7th, armed outlaws from Missouri attack a Northfield
+bank. Three killed, three prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>1877. Minnesota legislature adopts biennial sessions.</p>
+
+<p>1878. May 2d, three flouring mills at Minneapolis explode; eighteen
+lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1880. November 15th, hospital for the insane at St. Peter partly
+destroyed by fire; twenty-five lives lost.</p>
+
+<p>1881. March 1, capitol at St. Paul destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>1886. Cyclone destroys Sauk Rapids. Wisconsin legislature adopts
+biennial sessions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE BOUNDARY QUESTION.</h4>
+
+<p>The question of the western boundary of Wisconsin had been agitated
+since the Martin bill for the organization of the State had been
+introduced in 1846. This bill established the present boundary. The
+majority of the people residing in the valley of the St. Croix were
+opposed to it on the ground that the interests of the valley on both
+sides were identical, and that it was not proper that the two sides
+should be separated by a state line. The question became a political
+one, and at the election of delegates for the constitutional
+convention of Oct. 5, 1846, Wm. Holcombe was elected over Joseph
+Bowron, as representing the sentiments of the people of the valley as
+opposed to the proposed boundary line.</p>
+
+<p>In convention Mr. Holcombe advocated a boundary line commencing at
+Mount Trempeleau on the Mississippi, running due north to Lake
+Superior. Failing in this, he advocated a boundary line to be
+established at a point fifteen miles due east of the most easterly
+point on Lake St. Croix, said line extending from that point due south
+to the Mississippi and due north to the tributary waters of Lake
+Superior. In this he was successful, and the constitution in which
+this boundary line was thus fixed went to the people and was rejected,
+greatly to the disappointment of the people of the St. Croix valley,
+who felt that they had been unjustly dealt with. There seems, indeed,
+to be but little excuse for the attitude of the majority of the
+citizens of Wisconsin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[Pg 626]</a></span> with regard to this boundary. Certainly but
+little attention was shown to the interests of the people in the
+western section of the Territory.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the meeting of the second constitutional convention, Dec. 15,
+1847, public meetings were held at St. Croix Falls and in Stillwater,
+at which latter place enthusiastic resolutions were passed
+remonstrating against this unnatural boundary, which resolutions were
+signed by nearly all the citizens of the St. Croix valley, and a few
+in and around St. Paul, asking the convention to establish the western
+boundary on a line running due north from the foot of Lake Pepin to
+Lake Superior. George W. Brownell was elected from the St. Croix
+district to the second convention, with instructions to work for this
+boundary. Joseph Bowron, Brownell's opponent, was defeated by a large
+majority. The following is the abstract of votes:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='center'>Bowron.</td><td align='center'>Brownell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Willow River (now Hudson)</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lake St. Croix</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stillwater</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Paul</td><td align='right'>41</td><td align='right'>40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marine Mills</td><td align='right'>...</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Croix Falls</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Clam River</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Apple River</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wood Lake</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush Lake</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Osceola (no election)</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Totals</td><td align='right'>101</td><td align='right'>174</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Brownell made strong and persistent efforts to have the boundary
+line adjusted in accordance with the sentiments of the people of the
+valley, but in vain. Morgan L. Martin, delegate to Congress from
+Wisconsin Territory, had framed the bill establishing the present
+boundary, and it was urged that any effort to change the line would
+tend to prevent the immediate admission of the State, and it was
+thought a political necessity that the State should be admitted at
+once, that it might take part in the ensuing presidential election.
+Under such pressure the convention made haste to adopt, and the people
+to accept, a constitution with boundary lines that should never have
+been made. The State was admitted in time to cast its electoral vote
+for Gen. Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting held by the people of the St. Croix valley, subsequent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[Pg 627]</a></span>
+to this convention and prior to its adoption by the people, the
+following resolutions were passed, and we append them as expressing
+very generally the sentiments of the people of the valley:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, By the establishment of the St. Croix river as a part of the
+boundary line between the State and territory of Wisconsin, the
+inhabitants of our remote settlements are greatly aggrieved, our local
+rights and privileges neglected and abridged, our geographical,
+material and natural political alliance with our neighbors of the new
+territory will be cut off; and</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Our oft repeated remonstrances and appeals to the authorities
+of the new state have been unavailing; therefore</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the establishment of the St. Croix river as a part of
+the boundary of the state of Wisconsin, against the will of the
+inhabitants of the valley of said river, is unjust, unreasonable and
+contrary to the principles upon which our government is founded.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in establishing the present boundary, our known and
+acknowledged wishes and interests are invaded by the might of a
+majority; that as the boundary is now established, so great is the
+distance and obstacles intervening, severing us, together with the
+people of Lake Superior, from the seat of government, that we can not
+enjoy a prompt and equitable share in representation, and we would
+respectfully admonish our brethren that equal representation involves
+a principle which is deeply and peculiarly American.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the interests of the inhabitants of St. Croix, being
+identical from the nature of the staple business of the country, the
+river being the natural centre to which all the business of the valley
+tends, a boundary severing the natural ties in connection is uncalled
+for, inconvenient and vexatious.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the inhabitants of the territory of the whole
+Northwest are deeply interested in procuring a just and wise
+alteration of the present line of divisions, because from the
+geography of the country, the line as now established, we are robbed
+of a future star in the galaxy of the American sisterhood of states.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we pledge ourselves to stand united and unceasingly
+use all honorable means in our power to procure the establishment of a
+boundary east of St. Croix valley.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[Pg 628]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That a committee of three be appointed to prepare and
+forward a memorial to the present legislature on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The resolutions as a whole were unanimously adopted.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the last resolution the chair appointed Wm. R.
+Marshall, G. W. Brownell and W. H. C. Folsom, Esqs., a committee.</p>
+
+<p>On motion the secretary was instructed to forward copies of the
+proceedings of the meeting to the Prairie du Chien <i>Patriot</i>, Galena
+<i>Gazette</i> and Wisconsin <i>Argus</i>, requesting their publication.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">H. H. Perkins</span>,<br />
+<i>Chairman</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">R. V. D. Smith</span>,<br />
+<i>Secretary</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>No attention was paid to the action of the public meeting. It is
+possible that none was expected. It was some satisfaction to the
+people of the valley to give such an expression of their opinion of
+the wrong done them. The admission of Wisconsin with the St. Croix as
+a boundary line left the country immediately west of that river
+virtually without law. Nevertheless, Wisconsin territorial laws were
+acknowledged west of the St. Croix and were generally considered
+binding until a new territorial government should be organized. The
+territorial governor, Gen. Henry Dodge, had been elected United States
+senator and therefore could not claim jurisdiction over this part of
+the territory lying beyond state limits. John Catlin, territorial
+secretary, held that the territorial government still existed in the
+part of the original territory excluded.</p>
+
+<p>At a public meeting held in Stillwater, Aug. 26, 1848 (a preliminary
+meeting having been held August 24th, at which an understanding was
+effected with Mr. Catlin and he invited to exercise authority as a
+territorial officer), steps were taken for the organization of a new
+territory, and Mr. Catlin, having removed to Stillwater, issued a
+proclamation in his official capacity, ordering an election to be held
+for the selection of a delegate to Congress. To facilitate this
+movement John H. Tweedy, territorial delegate from Wisconsin,
+resigned. The election was held Oct. 30, 1848, and H. H. Sibley was
+elected as a successor to John H. Tweedy, his papers being certified
+by John Catlin, secretary of Wisconsin Territory. Mr. Sibley proceeded
+to Washington, presented his credentials and patiently awaited
+recognition, which was not very speedily accorded, there being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[Pg 629]</a></span>
+considerable discussion as to the right of excluded territory to
+continued political existence. His admission, on the fifteenth of
+January, as a delegate, settled the question and established a
+precedent that the creation of a state government does not deprive
+portions of the territory not included within state limits of the
+right to existence and representation. Mr. Sibley ably presented the
+claims of his constituents and with great difficulty succeeded in
+procuring the passage of a bill organizing the new territory of
+Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>With all respect to the action of Congress in receiving Mr. Sibley as
+a legally elected delegate (and, under the circumstances, the action
+seems wise), the question still rises: "Had we a legal territorial
+government?" If we had, what was the necessity for a new organization?
+Why could not the excluded territory continue under the old <i>regime</i>,
+or inherit, so to speak, the old government machinery? If we had no
+legal existence, by what authority could Mr. Sibley represent us? The
+Wisconsin territorial government had ceased to exist. Ours had not
+begun to live.</p>
+
+<p>The territory of Minnesota was created by act of Congress, March 3,
+1849, a little over thirty days after the introduction of the bill
+creating it. There had been some discussion as to the name. In the
+bill presented by Morgan L. Martin it was named Minnesota. Senator
+Stephen A. Douglas, chairman of the committee on territories,
+recommended the passage of the bill, and that the new territory be
+named Itasca. When the bill was before the house the names Chippewa,
+Jackson and Washington were proposed, but the name in the original
+bill was adopted. It is a compound word, taken from the Sioux
+language, and has for its meaning "Land of sky-tinted water." The news
+of the passage of the bill reached Stillwater April 9th, and was
+received with great rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>The United States land office which had been established at St. Croix
+Falls in 1848 was removed to Stillwater July 1, 1849. Abraham Van
+Voorhes was appointed register and William Holcombe receiver.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INDIAN TREATIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Sept. 23, 1805, at the mouth of St. Peter's river (now Mendota) with
+the Sioux. (For account of this treaty see "Gen. Pike and the
+Indians.")<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[Pg 630]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>July 29, 1837, at St. Peter (now Mendota), Wisconsin Territory, the
+Chippewa Indians ceded to the United States the following tract of
+country: Beginning at the junction of the Crow Wing and Mississippi
+rivers, between twenty and thirty miles, above where the Mississippi
+is crossed by the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude, and running
+thence to the north point of Lake St. Croix, one of the sources of the
+St. Croix river; thence to and along the dividing ridge between the
+waters of Lake Superior and those of the Mississippi, to the sources
+of the Ochasua-sepe, a tributary of the Chippewa river; thence to a
+point on the Chippewa river twenty miles below the outlet of Lake De
+Flambeau; thence to the junction of the Wisconsin and Pelican rivers;
+thence on an east course twenty-five miles; thence southerly on a
+course parallel with that of the Wisconsin river to the line dividing
+the territories of the Chippewas and the Menomonies; thence to the
+Plover portage; thence along the southern boundary of the Chippewa
+country to the commencement of the boundary line dividing it from that
+of the Sioux, half a day's march below the falls on the Chippewa
+river; thence with said boundary line to the month of the Waw-tab<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>
+river, at its junction with the Mississippi; and thence up the
+Mississippi to the place of beginning.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Henry Dodge</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioner</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 29, 1837, at Washington, District of Columbia, the Sioux nation
+of Indians ceded to the United States all their lands east of the
+Mississippi river, and all of their islands in the said river, Joel R.
+Poinsett, secretary of war, commanding, which cession embraced all
+their land east of the Mississippi and west of the following lines
+commencing at the Chippewa river, half a day's march below the falls,
+from thence to Red Cedar river, immediately below the falls; thence to
+the St. Croix river at a point called the Standing Cedar, about a
+day's paddle in a canoe, above the lake at the mouth of that river;
+thence passing between two lakes called by the Chippewas, "Green,
+Lakes," and by the Sioux, "The Lakes they Bury the Eagles in," thence
+to the Standing Cedar, that "the Sioux split;" thence to Rum river,
+crossing at the mouth of a small creek called Choking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span> creek, a long
+day's march from the Mississippi; thence to a point of woods that
+project into the prairie, half a day's march from the Mississippi;
+thence in a straight line to the mouth of the first river which enters
+the Mississippi at the east side above the mouth of Sac river (Watab
+river). The above boundary line was established between the Sioux and
+Chippewa Indiana at Prairie du Chien, Aug. 19, 1825.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">William Clark</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lewis Cass</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. Paul, East Minneapolis and Stillwater are embraced within the
+above limits.</p>
+
+<p>Nov. 1, 1837, at Washington, District of Columbia, with the
+Winnebagoes.</p>
+
+<p>The Winnebagoes at this treaty ceded all their lands lying east of the
+Mississippi river, and received in return $200,000. Of this amount
+$150,000 was reserved to satisfy the claims of Indian traders, and the
+remaining $50,000 was paid to certain individuals of the tribe. There
+was set apart the further sum of $100,000, to be paid, by order of the
+president of the United States, to mixed blood relatives of these
+Indiana. Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, and James Murray, of
+Maryland, were commissioned to adjust claims, pay debts and partition
+the amount alloted to the mixed bloods. The Winnebagoes, including
+mixed blood relatives, numbered over 4,000 souls. The payments and
+adjustments were made at Prairie du Chien, October, 1838. Soon after
+complaints were made of the arbitrary and unjust distribution of these
+funds. The secretary of war, Joel R. Poinsett, countermanded the
+action of the commissioners and appointed Judge Fleming, of New York,
+to act as commissioner. The parties were reassembled at Prairie du
+Chien in September, 1839, and the unpleasant business was in some way
+adjusted and closed up.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 2, 1847, at Fond du Lac of Lake Superior, the Chippewa Indians of
+the Mississippi and Lake Superior ceded to the United States the
+country beginning at the junction of the Crow Wing and Mississippi
+rivers, thence up the Crow Wing river to the junction of that river
+with the Long Prairie river; thence up the Long Prairie river to the
+boundary line between the Sioux and Chippewa Indians; thence southerly
+along said boundary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_632" id="Page_632">[Pg 632]</a></span> line to a lake at the head of Long Prairie river;
+thence in a direct line to the sources of the (Waw-tab) river; thence
+down that river to its junction with the Mississippi river; thence up
+the Mississippi river to the place of beginning.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Issac A. Verplanck</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry M. Rice</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 21, 1847, at Leech Lake, the Pillager band of Chippewa Indians
+ceded to the United States the country beginning at the south end of
+Otter Tail lake; thence southerly on the boundary line between the
+Sioux and Chippewa Indians to Long Prairie river; thence up said river
+to Crow Wing river; thence up Crow Wing river to Leaf river; thence up
+Leaf river to its head; thence in a direct line to the place of
+beginning.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Issac A. Verplanck</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry M. Rice</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>July 23, 1851, at Traverse des Sioux (now St. Peter), the See-see-toan
+and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakotah or Sioux Indians ceded to the United
+States all their lands in the state of Iowa; and the territory of
+Minnesota, lying east of a line beginning at the junction of the
+Buffalo river and the Red River of the North; thence along the western
+bank of said river to the mouth of the Sioux Wood river; thence along
+the western bank of said Sioux Wood river to Lake Traverse; thence
+along the western shore of said lake to the northern extremity
+thereof; thence in a direct line to the junction of Kampeska lake with
+the Tchan-kas-an-data or Sioux river; thence along the western bank of
+said river to its point of intersection with the northern line of the
+state of Iowa, including all the islands in said rivers and lake.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Luke Lea</span>, Commissioner of Indian Affairs,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Ramsey</span>, Governor and<br />
+<i>Ex-officio</i> Superintendent of Indian Affairs,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A small reservation was set apart for said Indians, which they
+forfeited by their attack upon the whites in 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 5, 1851, at Mendota, the Med-ay-wa-kan-toan and Wah-pay-koo-tay
+bands of Dakotah and Sioux Indians ceded to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_633" id="Page_633">[Pg 633]</a></span> United States all of
+their lands in the territory of Minnesota and state of Iowa.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Luke Lea</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Ramsey</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The two treaties made by Commissioners Lea and Ramsey included the
+following area:</p>
+
+<p>Beginning at the junction of Buffalo river with the Red River of the
+North, in Clay county; thence along the western bank of the Red River
+of the north to the mouth of Sioux Wood river; thence along the
+western bank of Sioux Wood river to Lake Traverse; thence along its
+western shore to its southern extremity; thence to the head of Sioux
+river; thence along said Sioux river to the northern line of the state
+of Iowa; thence along the southern boundary of the state of Minnesota
+to the Mississippi river; thence up said river to the mouth of Waw-tab
+river (just north of St. Cloud in Stearns county); thence up that
+river to its head; thence to the place of beginning. A part of the
+state of Iowa not included in the above was also ceded to the United
+States. A large strip of Dakota Territory is included. This last tract
+includes nearly one-half of the state of Minnesota, containing its now
+richest and most populous counties.</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 30, 1854, at La Pointe, Lake Superior, Wisconsin, the Chippewas
+of Lake Superior ceded to the United States all of their lands lying
+east of a line beginning at a point where the east branch of Snake
+river crosses the southern boundary line of the Chippewa country,
+running thence up the said branch to its source; thence nearly north
+in a straight line to the mouth of East Savannah river; thence up the
+St. Louis river to the mouth of East Swan river; thence up the East
+Swan river to its source; thence in a straight line to the most
+westerly bend of Vermillion river, and thence down the Vermillion
+river to its mouth.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Henry C. Gilbert</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">David B. Herriman</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing treaty embraced all of the country bordering upon Lake
+Superior in the state of Minnesota, including the valuable iron and
+other mines.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Duluth is within the limits of the cession.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[Pg 634]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Owing to the efforts of Henry M. Rice, then in Congress, the
+commissioners were appointed, and to his personal influence with the
+Chippewas the treaty was made.</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 22, 1885, at Washington, District of Columbia, the Mississippi,
+Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish bands of Chippewa Indians ceded to
+the United States all the lands owned or claimed by them in the
+territory of Minnesota, and included within the following boundaries,
+viz.: "Beginning at a point where the east branch of Snake river
+crosses the southern boundary line of the Chippewa country, east of
+the Mississippi river, as established by the treaty of July 29, 1837,
+running thence up the said branch to its source; thence nearly north
+in a straight line to the mouth of East Savannah river; thence up the
+St. Louis river to the mouth of East Swan river; thence up said river
+to its source; thence in a straight line to the most westerly bend of
+Vermillion river; thence northwestwardly in a straight line to the
+first and most considerable bend in the Big Fork river; thence down
+said river to its mouth; thence down Rainy Lake river to the mouth of
+Black river; thence up that river to its source; thence in a straight
+line to the northern extremity of Turtle Lake; thence in a straight
+line to the mouth of Wild Rice river; thence up the Red River of the
+North to the mouth of Buffalo river; thence in a straight line to the
+southwestern extremity of Otter Tail lake; thence through said lake to
+the source of Leaf river; thence down said river to its junction with
+Crow Wing river; thence down Crow Wing river to its junction with the
+Mississippi river; thence to the place of beginning."</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">George W. Manypenny</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioner</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>All lands in Minnesota Territory east of the foregoing boundary line
+were ceded to the United States at La Pointe, Lake Superior, Sept. 30,
+1854. Several reservations were set aside in each purchase for the
+future residence of various bands of said Chippewa and Pillager
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>It was by the efforts of Henry M. Rice, then in Congress, that the
+Indians were invited to Washington, and through his personal influence
+that the treaty was made. Several treaties were afterward made with
+the Chippewa and Pillager Indians, merely changing or reducing their
+reservation.</p>
+
+<p>Oct. 2, 1863, at the old crossing of the Red Lake river, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[Pg 635]</a></span> the state
+of Minnesota, the Red Lake and Pembina bands of Chippewa Indians ceded
+to the United States all their right, title and interest in and to all
+the lands now owned and claimed by them in the state of Minnesota and
+in the territory of Dakota within the following boundaries, to wit:
+"Beginning at the point where the international boundary between the
+United States and the British possessions intersects the shore of the
+Lake of the Woods; thence in a direct line southwestwardly to the head
+of Thief river; thence down the main channel of said Thief river to
+its mouth on the Red Lake river; thence in a southeasterly direction,
+in a direct line toward the head of Wild Rice river, to a point where
+such line would intersect the northwestern boundary of a tract ceded
+to the United States by a treaty concluded at Washington on the
+twenty-second day of February, 1855, with the Mississippi, Pillager
+and Lake Winnibigoshish bands of Chippewa Indians; thence along said
+boundary line of said cession to the mouth of Wild Rice river; thence
+up the main channel of the Red river to the mouth of the Sheyenne;
+thence up the main channel of the Sheyenne river to Poplar Grove;
+thence in a direct line to the head of the main branch of Salt river;
+thence in a direct line due north to the international boundary line;
+thence eastwardly to the place of beginning."</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Ramsey</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ashley C. Morrill</span>,<br />
+<i>Commissioners</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>All the lands included in the foregoing treaty east of the Red River
+of the North are within the state of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>The heretofore mentioned treaties include all the lands within the
+state of Minnesota originally owned by Indian tribes, except the Red
+Lake reservation, and for its cession a treaty was negotiated in 1886,
+which to this date, April, 1888, has not been ratified.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GEN. PIKE AND THE INDIANS.</h4>
+
+<p>Gen. Zebulon M. Pike, United States Army, was sent by the government
+in 1805-6 on a tour of inspection, to select sites for forts, and to
+treat and hold councils with the various Indian tribes of the Upper
+Mississippi. He met the Sioux in council at the junction of the St.
+Peter's and Mississippi rivers, Sept. 23,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span> 1805, and informed them
+that he came to purchase lands for government forts, and to tell them
+what the Great Father at Washington desired them to know about his
+people and their government. A part of his speech we subjoin:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Brothers</span>: You old men probably know that about thirty years ago we
+were subject to the king of England, and governed by his laws. But he
+not treating us as children we refused to acknowledge him as father.
+After ten years of war, in which he lost 100,000 men, he acknowledged
+us as a free and independent nation. They knew that not many years
+since we received Detroit, Michilmackinac, and all the ports on the
+lakes from the English, and now but the other day, Louisiana from the
+Spanish; so that we put one foot on the sea at the east, and the other
+on the sea at the west, and if once children are now men; yet I think
+that the traders who come from Canada are bad birds amongst the
+Chippewas, and instigate them to make war on their red brothers, the
+Sioux, in order to prevent our traders from going high up the
+Mississippi. This I shall inquire into, and so warn those persons of
+their ill conduct.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, I expect that you will give orders to all your young
+warriors to respect my flag and protection, which I may send to the
+Chippewa chief who may come down with me in the spring; for was a dog
+to run to my lodge for safety, his enemy must walk over me to hurt
+him.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, I am told that the traders have made a practice of selling
+rum to you. All of you in your right senses must know that this is
+injurious and occasions quarrels, murders, etc., amongst yourselves.
+For this reason your father has thought proper to prohibit the traders
+from selling you rum.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, I now present you with some of your father's tobacco, and
+some other trifling things, as a memorandum of my good will, and
+before my departure <i>I will give you some liquor to clear your
+throats</i>."</p>
+
+<p>At this conference the Sioux granted to the United States government a
+tract nine miles square at the mouth of the St. Croix, and a similar
+tract at the mouth of the St. Peter's, lying on both sides of the
+Mississippi and including the falls of St. Anthony. Pike says: "They
+gave the land required, about 100,000 acres of land (equal to
+$200,000), and promised me a safe passage for myself and any chief I
+might bring down. I gave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span> them presents to the amount of about two
+hundred dollars, and as soon as the council was over allowed the
+traders to present them with liquor which, with what I gave, was equal
+to sixty gallons." Pike in his journeying through the territory
+ordered Dickson and others to haul down the British flag. It is on
+record that the flags were hauled down, but also that they were
+hoisted again after Pike's departure.</p>
+
+<p>From Pike's own account of one of his inland tours he was hospitably
+entertained by his red brothers, as the following paragraph from his
+journal will show:</p>
+
+<p>"After making this tour we returned to the chief's lodge and found a
+berth provided for each of us, of good soft bear skins nicely spread,
+and on mine there was a large feather pillow. I must not here omit to
+mention an anecdote which serves to characterize more particularly
+their manners. This, in the eyes of the contracted moralist, would
+deform my hospitable host into a monster of libertinism; but by a
+liberal mind would be considered as arising from the hearty generosity
+of the wild savage. In the course of the day, observing a ring on one
+of my fingers, he inquired if it was gold; he was told it was the gift
+of one with whom I should be happy to be at that time; he seemed to
+think seriously, and at night told my interpreter, 'that perhaps his
+father (as they all called me) felt much grieved for the want of a
+woman; if so, he could furnish him with one.' He was answered that
+with us each man had but one wife, and that I considered it strictly
+my duty to remain faithful to her. This he thought strange (he himself
+having three) and replied that 'he knew some Americans at his nation
+who had half a dozen wives during the winter.' The interpreter
+observed that they were men without character; but that all our great
+men had each but one wife. The chief acquiesced; but said he liked
+better to have as many as he pleased."</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">The Establishment of United States Surveys in the Northwest&mdash;A
+Condensed Statement from the Records of the Books in the Surveyor
+General's Office.</span></h4>
+
+<p>On the twenty-sixth day of January, 1796, when the American Congress
+was in session at Philadelphia, a bill was reported for establishing
+land offices in the Northwestern Territory. The bill was ably
+discussed and there was much variance of opinion as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[Pg 638]</a></span> to the
+disposition of the lands to be surveyed and brought into the market.
+Some favored a proposition to give the lands to actual settlers, and
+others favored selling the lands at a stipulated price, applying the
+proceeds to the payment of the national debt. The bill, when agreed
+upon, bore the following title: "An act providing for the sale of the
+lands of the United States in the territories northwest of the river
+Ohio, and above the mouth of the Kentucky river." The bill was
+approved by President Washington May 18, 1796.</p>
+
+<p>This law established the office of surveyor general with powers
+specifically limited. It directed him to run lines north and south
+according to the true meridian, to be known as range lines, and
+others, crossing them at right angles, to be known as township lines,
+the townships thus formed to consist of areas six miles square, the
+whole to be subdivided into 36 sections, each a mile square, each to
+contain 640 acres of land, as near as may be, and to be subdivided
+into quarters, containing 160 acres, and these quarters to be further
+subdivided into forties. Marks were to be established at the corners
+of every township and section. These surveys were not to conflict with
+Indian treaty and military land warrants, or the course of navigable
+waters.</p>
+
+<p>This admirable device for surveying the public lands grew out of a
+correspondence between Gen. Rufus Putnam and President Washington, in
+1875, in which the former proposed the division of the public lands
+into townships six miles square, to be marked by township and range
+lines. Perhaps no more convenient and acceptable plan of survey could
+have been devised. Gen. Benjamin Tupper was one of a company of
+surveyors in 1796 that established the first lines under this new
+system. This survey was made in Southeast Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The first surveyor general's office was opened at Marietta, Ohio, soon
+after the approval of the bill, and Rufus Putnam was appointed
+surveyor general. In 1803 he was removed by President Jefferson and
+the office was located at Vincennes. A year later it was removed to
+Cincinnati, in 1814 to Chillicothe, in 1829 to Cincinnati, in 1845 to
+Detroit, and in 1857 to St. Paul, where it has since remained. The act
+for the survey of the public lands has since been modified and
+improved. In 1804 an act was approved providing for the marking of
+quarter sections on the section lines.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[Pg 639]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By the same law under which the lands were subdivided and opened to
+the public, one section, No. 16, in every township was reserved from
+sale for the support of common schools. Two townships were also set
+apart for the support of a university. This was the beginning of the
+donations of land for school and other purposes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE.</h4>
+
+<p>The first government land office in Wisconsin north of Mineral Point
+was located at St. Croix Falls in 1848. Township plats were received,
+lands advertised and offered for sale in September, covering the
+ground where the cities of Stillwater and St. Paul are now located,
+and adjacent country. The office was removed to Stillwater in 1849,
+and the land district divided by the St. Croix river. The land office
+for the east side was located at Willow River in 1849, and there
+remained till 1860, when it was removed to St. Croix Falls. The
+following are the receivers and registers:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1848. Samuel Leach, receiver; Charles S. Whiting, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1849. Moses S. Gibson, receiver; T. D. Catlin, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1853. Otis Hoyt, receiver; John O. Henning, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1857. J. D. Reymert, receiver; J.B. Spencer, register:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1859. Orpheus Evarts, receiver; J. B. Spencer, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1861. Benj. W. Reynolds, receiver; Michael Field, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1864. Hiram Calkins, receiver; Michael Field, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1869. Fayette Allen, receiver; Michael Field, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1871. Joel F. Nason, receiver; Michael Field, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1884. Alvah A. Heald, receiver; Michael Field, register.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1887. Alvah H. Heald, receiver; Wm. M. Blanding, register.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The first entry in the new district, Aug. 17, 1849, was by W. S.
+Hungerford. Lot 4, Sec. 19, and Lots 1, 2, 3, Sec. 30, T. 34, R. 18,
+where the village of St. Croix now stands. The second entry was by
+George Brownell, Lot 3, Sec. 20, T. 24, R. 18. The oldest record to be
+found in the office is the proving up by James Purinton of his
+pre-emption, July 24, 1848. The first recorded correspondence is a
+letter from S. Leach, receiver, to Geo. W. Jones, surveyor general,
+Dubuque, Iowa. In June, 1863, under the receivership of Mr. Reynolds,
+the safe in the office was blown open with powder and the contents
+stolen. Some time afterward, in 1865, fifty land warrants and a bunch
+of keys from the articles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">[Pg 640]</a></span> missing were thrown in at the office
+window. They had the appearance of having been buried in the ground.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST ENTRIES.</h4>
+
+<p>July 24, 1848. James Purinton, residence, St. Croix Falls. Lot 1, in
+east fractional part Sec. 23, T. 29 north, R. 20 west, and W. 1/2 of
+N. W. 1/4 and S. E. 1/4 of N. W. 1/4, Sec. 24, T. 29, R. 20, 137
+70-100 acres; price, $1.25; cost, $172 12-100, silver; pre-emption
+act, 1841. This pre-emption is where the dam and mills have since been
+erected at North Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 12, 1848. Samuel Burkelo, Orange Walker and Hiram Berkey. Lots 7
+and 8, west of river, Sec. 6, T. 31, R. 19, 108 25-100 acres; cost
+$135 43-100, 1/4 gold; pre-emption act, 1840 (Marine Mills).</p>
+
+<p>Aug. 16, 1848. Richard Freeborn. West 1/2 of N. W. 1/4 and N. E. 1/4
+of N. W. 1/4, and Lot 3, Sec. 12, T. 28, R. 23, St. Paul; pre-emption
+act, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>The first land offered at public auction sale was Aug. 27, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>4. Albert Henry Judd, Orange Walker, Samuel Burkelo, Hiram Berkey,
+George Baldwin Judd, Asa Parker were the purchasers of Lots 5 and 6,
+Sec. 7, T. 31, R. 19, west of river; cost, $106 46-100, gold.</p>
+
+<p>5. Martin Mower, David B. Loomis; Lots 7 and 8, Sec. 29, T. 31, R. 19,
+west of river; cost, $54 81-100, 1/4 gold (now Arcola).</p>
+
+<p>6. John Allen; Lots 4 and 5, Sec. 2, T. 29, R. 20, west of river; gold
+(Allen's Point, now South Stillwater).</p>
+
+<p>7. Eleazer R. Steves; Lots 1 and 2, Sec. 14, T. 29, R. 20, east of
+river; gold, $9.66; silver, $54.85; $64 51-100 (now Hudson).</p>
+
+<p>8 and 9. Stephen Harris; N. 1/2 of S. E. 1/4 and E. 1/2 of S. W. 1/4,
+Sec. 22, T. 29, R. 20.</p>
+
+<p>10. Himan W. Greely; E. 1/2 of N. E. 1/4, Sec. 22, T. 29, R. 20, gold.</p>
+
+<p>11 and 12. Albert N. Judd; W. 1/2 of S. E. 1/4 and E. 1/2 of S. W.
+1/4, Sec. 22, T. 29, R. 20, gold.</p>
+
+<p>13 and 14. Louis Massey; E. 1/2 of S. W. and Lots 1 and 2, Sec. 24, T.
+29, R. 20, silver; east of Lake St. Croix (now Hudson).</p>
+
+<p>15 and 16. Peter F. Bouchea, Lot 1, east of river, Sec. 25, T. 29, R.
+20 and Lot 2, Sec. 25, T. 29, R. 20; gold, $63 22-100; silver,
+$10&mdash;$73 22-100.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_641" id="Page_641">[Pg 641]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>17 and 18. John O'Brien; Lot 3, Sec. 26, T. 29, R. 20 and W. 1/2 of S.
+W. 1/4, Sec. 26, T. 29, R. 20, silver and gold (now Lakeland).</p>
+
+<p>19 and 20. Albert H. Judd; E. 1/2 of N. E. 1/4, and W. 1/2 of N. W.
+1/4, Sec. 22, T. 29, R. 20, gold.</p>
+
+<p>21. Himan W. Greely; W. 1/2 of N. E. 1/4, Sec. 22, T. 29, R. 20, gold.</p>
+
+<p>The above are all the purchasers at the first sale of land in the
+valley at St. Croix Falls. Sale was continued from day to day until
+townships 25 to 31 of ranges 19 and 20 were offered, covering the
+settlement of St. Anthony Falls, St. Paul, Cottage Grove, and Point
+Douglas.</p>
+
+<p>The United States land office was moved from St. Croix Falls to
+Stillwater in September, 1849. The first public sale of lands at
+Stillwater was Oct. 9, 1849. The office was held in Stillwater nine
+years. In October, 1858, it was moved to Cambridge, Isanti county;
+November 3d the first sale of lands was held at Cambridge. April 7,
+1860, the office was burned, many valuable papers were destroyed, and
+many records were replaced from the archives at Washington. July 5,
+1860, the office was moved to Sunrise, and Oct. 8, 1868, it was moved
+to Taylor's Falls, where it is at the present time (1888).</p>
+
+<h4>LIST OF OFFICERS.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>RECEIVERS.</td><td align='left'>APPOINTED.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Samuel Leech</td><td align='left'>1848</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N. Green Wilcox</td><td align='left'>1849</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jonathan E. McKusick</td><td align='left'>1852</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Holcomb</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milton H. Abbott</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William H. Mower</td><td align='left'>1860</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lucas K. Stannard</td><td align='left'>1861</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oscar Roos</td><td align='left'>1871</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George B. Folsom</td><td align='left'>1875</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Peter H. Stolberg</td><td align='left'>1884</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>E. A. Umland</td><td align='left'>1887</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>REGISTERS.</td><td align='left'>APPOINTED.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles S. Whitney</td><td align='left'>1848</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Abraham Van Voorhes</td><td align='left'>1849</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A. Pierce</td><td align='left'>1852</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas E. Fullerton</td><td align='left'>1853</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles G. Wagner</td><td align='left'>1857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry N. Setzer</td><td align='left'>1860</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Granville M. Stickney 1861</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles B. Whiting</td><td align='left'>1864</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William Comer</td><td align='left'>1666</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John P. Owens</td><td align='left'>1869</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lucas K. Stannard</td><td align='left'>1884</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The records do not show the date of commission of any officer; we
+gather the dates as near as possible from recorded correspondence.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT OF WISCONSIN.</h4>
+
+<p>Governors: Henry Dodge, 1836-41; James Duane Doty, 1841-44; N. P.
+Talmadge, 1844-45; Henry Dodge, 1845-48.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_642" id="Page_642">[Pg 642]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Delegates to Congress: George W. Jones, 1836-37; James D. Doty,
+1837-41; Henry Dodge, 1841-45; Morgan L. Martin, 1845-47; John H.
+Tweedy, 1847-48.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Justice: Charles Dunn, 1836-48.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST LEGISLATURE&mdash;REPRESENTATIVES OF CRAWFORD COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>First Session, 1836&mdash;Council: Thomas P. Burnett.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> (Rejected by a
+ruling of Gov. Dodge, and district left without representation.)
+House: James H. Lockwood, James B. Dallam.</p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1837&mdash;House: Ira B. Brunson, Jean Brunet.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
+
+<p>Third Session, 1838&mdash;House: Ira B. Brunson, Jean Brunet.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECOND LEGISLATURE.</h4>
+
+<p>First Session, 1838&mdash;Council: George Wilson. House: Alex. McGregor.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1839&mdash;Council: George Wilson. House: Alex. McGregor,
+Ira B. Brunson.</p>
+
+<p>Third Session, 1839-40&mdash;Council: Joseph Brisbois. House: Alex.
+McGregor, Ira B. Brunson.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Session, 1840&mdash;Council: Charles J. Learned. House: Alex.
+McGregor, Ira B. Brunson.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THIRD LEGISLATURE&mdash;REPRESENTATIVES OF CRAWFORD AND ST. CROIX COUNTIES.</h4>
+
+<p>First Session, 1840-41&mdash;Council: Charles J. Learned. House: Alfred
+Brunsou, Joseph R. Brown.</p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1841-42&mdash;Council: Charles J. Learned. House: Joseph R.
+Brown, Theophilus J. LaChapelle.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[Pg 643]</a></span></p>
+<h4>FOURTH LEGISLATURE.</h4>
+
+<p>First Session, 1842-43&mdash;Council: Theophilus La Chapelle. House: John
+H. Manahan.</p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1843-44&mdash;Council: Theophilus La Chapelle. House: John
+H. Manahan.</p>
+
+<p>Third Session, 1845&mdash;Council: Wiram Knowlton. House: James Fisher.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Session, 1846&mdash;Council: Wiram Knowlton. House: James Fisher.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIFTH LEGISLATURE.</h4>
+
+<p>First Session, 1847&mdash;Council: Benj. F. Manahan. House: Joseph W.
+Furber.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CRAWFORD, ST. CROIX, CHIPPEWA AND LA POINTE COUNTIES.</h4>
+
+<p>Special Session, 1847&mdash;Council: Benj. F. Manahan. House: Henry
+Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1848&mdash;Council: Benj. F. Manahan. House: Henry Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>First Constitutional Convention, Oct. 5, 1846&mdash;Delegate from St. Croix
+county, Wm. Holcombe.</p>
+
+<p>Second Constitutional Convention, Dec. 15, 1847&mdash;Delegate from St.
+Croix county, George W. Brownell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STATE GOVERNMENT OF WISCONSIN.</h4>
+
+<p>Governors: Nelson Dewey, 1848-52; L. J. Farwell, 1852-54; W. A.
+Barstow, 1854-56; Coles Bashford, 1856-58; Alex. W. Randall, 1858-62;
+Louis P. Harvey, 1862; Edward Salomen, 1862-64; James Q. Lewis,
+1864-66; Lucius Fairchild, 1866-72; C. C. Washburn, 1872-74; Wm. R.
+Taylor, 1874-76; Harrison Luddington, 1876-78; Wm. E. Smith, 1878-82;
+Jeremiah Rusk, 1882-58.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNITED STATES SENATORS.</h4>
+
+<p>Isaac P. Walker, June 8, 1848; Henry Dodge, June 8, 1848; Charles
+Durkee, Feb. 1, 1855; James R. Doolittle, Jan. 23, 1857; Timothy O.
+Howe, Jan. 23, 1861; Matt H. Carpenter, Jan. 26, 1869; Angus Cameron,
+Feb. 3, 1875; Philetus Sawyer, Jan. 26, 1881; John C. Spooner, Jan.
+26, 1885.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_644" id="Page_644">[Pg 644]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES.</h4>
+
+<p>From districts bordering on the St. Croix: Mason C. Darling, 1848-50;
+Orasmus Cole, 1850-52; Ben. C. Eastman, 1852-56; C. C. Washburn,
+1856-62; Luther Hanchett, 1862-63; Walter D. McIndoe, 1863-68; C. C.
+Washburn, 1868-72; Jeremiah M. Rusk, 1874-78; Hiram L. Humphrey,
+1878-84; Wm. T. Price, 1884-88; Nels P. Haugan, 1888.</p>
+
+<p>District judges presiding in territory originally included in St.
+Croix county:</p>
+
+<p>Wiram Knowlton, of Prairie du Chien, 1848-50; district&mdash;Crawford,
+Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe counties.</p>
+
+<p>S. S. Fuller, of Hudson, 1850-60; district&mdash;Pierce, St. Croix, Polk,
+Douglas, and La Pointe counties.</p>
+
+<p>Henry D. Barron, of North Pepin, 1860-61; district&mdash;Pierce, St. Croix,
+Polk, Douglas, Ashland, and Bayfield counties.</p>
+
+<p>L. P. Weatherby, of Hudson, 1861-67; district&mdash;Pepin, Pierce, St.
+Croix, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, Bayfield, and Ashland counties.</p>
+
+<p>Herman L. Humphrey, of Hudson, 1867-77; district&mdash;St. Croix, Pierce,
+Pepin, Dunn, and Barron counties.</p>
+
+<p>Solon S. Clough, of Hudson, 1864-76; district&mdash;Polk, Burnett, Douglas,
+Ashland, and Bayfield counties.</p>
+
+<p>R. P. Bundy, of Menomonie, 1876-85, re-elected until 1891;
+district&mdash;Buffalo, Dunn, Eau Claire, Pepin, Pierce; and St. Croix
+counties.</p>
+
+<p>Henry D. Barron, of St. Croix Falls, 1876-82; district&mdash;Chippewa,
+Barron, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, Ashland, and Bayfield counties.</p>
+
+<p>Solon S. Clough, of Superior, 1882-88; district&mdash;Ashland, Barron,
+Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, Polk, and Washburn counties.</p>
+
+<p>R. D. Marshall, of Chippewa Falls, 1888.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WISCONSIN STATE LEGISLATURE.</h4>
+
+<p>Representatives of territory originally included in St. Croix county:</p>
+
+<p>First Session, 1848&mdash;Senate: Daniel S. Fenton. Assembly: W. R.
+Marshall. (Seat successfully contested by Joseph Bowron.)</p>
+
+<p>Second Session, 1849&mdash;Senate: James Fisher. Assembly: Joseph Bowron.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">[Pg 645]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Third Session, 1850&mdash;Senate: James Fisher. Assembly: John S. Watrous.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Session, 1851&mdash;Senate: Henry A. Wright. Assembly: John O.
+Henning.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth Session, 1852&mdash;Senate: Henry A. Wright. Assembly: Otis Hoyt.</p>
+
+<p>Sixth Session, 1853&mdash;Senate: Benj. Allen. Assembly: Orrin T. Maxson.</p>
+
+<p>Seventh Session, 1854&mdash;Senate: Benj. Allen. Assembly: Wm. M. Torbert.</p>
+
+<p>Eighth Session, 1855&mdash;Senate: Wm. T. Gibson. Assembly: Smith R. Gunn.</p>
+
+<p>Ninth Session, 1856&mdash;Senate: Wm. T. Gibson. Assembly: Almon D. Gray.</p>
+
+<p>Tenth Session, 1857&mdash;Senate: Wm. Wilson. Assembly: Orin T. Maxson.</p>
+
+<p>Eleventh Session, 1858&mdash;Senate: Daniel Mears. House: James B. Gray,
+Lucius Cannon.</p>
+
+<p>Twelfth Session; 1859&mdash;Senate: Daniel Mears. House: Moses S. Gibson.
+Mr. Gibson's seat successfully contested by M. W. McCracken.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteenth Session, 1860&mdash;Senate: Charles B. Cox. House: Asaph
+Whittlesey.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteenth Session, 1861&mdash;Senate: Charles B. Cox. House: John
+Comstock.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteenth Session, 1862&mdash;Senate: H. L. Humphrey. House: George R.
+Stuntz, James W. Beardsley. Mr. Beardsley was elected speaker of the
+house.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteenth Session, 1863&mdash;Senate: N. L. Humphrey. House: Henry D.
+Barron, Charles B. Cox.</p>
+
+<p>Seventeenth Session, 1864&mdash;Senate: Austin H. Young. House: Henry D.
+Barron, Joseph S. Elwell.</p>
+
+<p>Eighteenth Session, 1865&mdash;Senate: Austin H. Young. House: Amos S. Gray
+(successfully contested by A. C. Stuntz). House: Marcus A. Fulton.</p>
+
+<p>Nineteenth Session, 1866&mdash;Senate: Marcus A. Fulton. House: Henry D.
+Barron, William J. Copp. Mr. Barron elected speaker of the assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Twentieth Session, 1867&mdash;Senate: Marcus A. Fulton. House: Henry D.
+Barron, John D. Trumbull, H. L. Wadsworth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_646" id="Page_646">[Pg 646]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Twenty-first Session, 1868&mdash;Senate: Wm. J. Copp. House: Henry D.
+Barron, Eleazer Holt, Marcus A. Fulton.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-second Session, 1869&mdash;Senate: Wm. J. Copp. House: Henry D.
+Barron, Edward H. Ives, Charles D. Parker.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-third Session, 1870&mdash;Senate: Edward H. Ives. House: Samuel B.
+Dressor, Oliver S. Powell, Charles D. Parker.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-fourth Session, 1871&mdash;Senate: Edward H. Ives. House: Samuel S.
+Vaughn, Oliver S. Powell, Ruel K. Fay.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-fifth Session, 1872&mdash;Senate: Joseph E. Irish. House: Henry D.
+Barron, Oliver S. Powell, John C. Spooner.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-sixth Session, 1873&mdash;Senate: Joseph E. Irish. House: Henry D.
+Barron, speaker; James H. Persons, David C. Fulton.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-seventh Session, 1874&mdash;Senate: Henry D. Barron. House: Samuel
+S. Fifield, James H. Persons, Harvey S. Clapp.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-eighth Session, 1875&mdash;Senate: Henry D. Barron, House: Samuel S.
+Fifield, Thomas S. Nelson, Philo Q. Boyden.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-ninth Session, 1876&mdash;Senate: Henry D. Barron. House: Samuel S.
+Fifield, speaker; Christopher L. Taylor, Philo Q. Boyden.</p>
+
+<p>Thirtieth Session, 1877&mdash;Senate: Samuel S. Fifield. House: Woodbury S.
+Grover, Ellsworth Burnett, Guy W. Dailey.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-first Session, 1878&mdash;Senate: Dana R. Bailey. House: Canute
+Anderson, Charles A. Hawn, James Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-second Session, 1879&mdash;Senate: Dana R. Bailey. House: Wm. J.
+Vincent, Nils P. Haugen, James Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-third Session, 1880&mdash;Senate: Sam S. Fifield. House: Nils P.
+Haugen, James Hill, Lars L. Gunderson.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-fourth Session, 1881&mdash;Senate: Sam S. Fifield. Assembly: Geo. D.
+McDill, Franklin L. Gibson, Merton Herrick.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-fifth Session, 1882&mdash;Senate: James Hill. Assembly: Geo. D.
+McDill, Franklin L. Gibson, speaker; Olof A. Sangestad.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-sixth Session, 1883&mdash;Senate: James Hill. Assembly: Canute
+Anderson, John D. Putnam, Geo. D. McDill, James Johnston.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-seventh Session, 1884&mdash;Senate: Joel F. Nason. Assembly: Hans B.
+Warner, Frank M. Nye, Thomas Porter; Charles S. Taylor, J. B. Thayer.</p>
+
+<p>(For thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth Sessions see Addenda.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_647" id="Page_647">[Pg 647]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT OF MINNESOTA.</h4>
+
+<p>Governors: Alexander Ramsey, from June 1, 1849, to May 15, 1853;
+Willis A. Gorman, from May 15, 1853, to April 23, 1857; Samuel Medary,
+from April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Delegates to Congress: Henry H. Sibley, Jan. 15, 1849, to March 4,
+1853; Henry M. Rice, Dec. 5, 1853, to March 4, 1857; W. W. Kingsbury,
+Dec. 7, 1857, to May 11, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Justices: Aaron Goodrich, June 1, 1849, to Nov. 13, 1851; Jerome
+Fuller, Nov. 13, 1851, to Dec. 16, 1852; Henry Z. Hayner, Dec. 16,
+1852, to April 7, 1853 (Judge Hayner never presided at a single term
+and gave but one decision, which was to pronounce the prohibition law
+unconstitutional); William H. Welch, April 7, 1853, to May 24, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Associate Justices: David Cooper, June 1, 1849, to April 7, 1853;
+Bradly B. Meeker, June 1, 1849, to April 7, 1853; Andrew G. Chatfield,
+April 7, 1853, to April 23, 1857; Moses G. Sherburne, April 7, 1853,
+to April 13, 1857; R. R. Nelson, April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858;
+Charles E. Flandrau, April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CENSUS OF THE TERRITORY&mdash;AUGUST, 1849.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>PRECINCTS.</td><td align='center'>MALES.</td><td align='center'>FEMALES.</td><td align='center'>TOTAL.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stillwater</td><td align='right'>455</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>609</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lake St. Croix</td><td align='right'>129</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='right'>161</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Marine Mills</td><td align='right'>142</td><td align='right'>31</td><td align='right'>173</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Falls of St. Croix</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Snake River</td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='right'>24</td><td align='right'>82</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Paul</td><td align='right'>540</td><td align='right'>300</td><td align='right'>840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Little Canada and St. Anthony Falls</td><td align='right'>352</td><td align='right'>219</td><td align='right'>571</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Crow Wing and Long Prairie</td><td align='right'>235</td><td align='right'>115</td><td align='right'>350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Osakis Rapids</td><td align='right'>92</td><td align='right'>41</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>2,018</td><td align='right'>977</td><td align='right'>2,935</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Upon the basis of this population the governor established the
+following legislative districts:</p>
+
+<p>First district: St. Croix precinct, extending on the west side of the
+St. Croix and Mississippi rivers to the Iowa line; Second district:
+Stillwater; Third district: St. Paul; Fourth district: Marine Mills
+and the country north to the British possessions; Fifth district: St.
+Anthony Falls; Sixth district: The country east of the Mississippi not
+embraced in the Fourth district, and extending north to the British
+possessions; Seventh district: All the territory on the west of the
+Mississippi river not embraced in the sixth and first districts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[Pg 648]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE.&mdash;HELD SEPT. 3 TO NOV. 1, 1849.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: David Olmsted, president; district No. 1, James S. Norris;
+No. 2, Samuel Burkelo; No. 3, William H. Forbes, James McC. Boal; No.
+4, David B. Loomis; No. 5, John Rollins; No. 6, David Olmsted, William
+Sturgis; No. 7, Martin McLeod.</p>
+
+<p>House: Joseph W. Furber, of Cottage Grove, speaker; district No. 1,
+Joseph W. Furber, James Wells; No. 2, M. S. Wilkinson, Sylvanus Trask,
+Mahlon Black; No. 3, Benj. W. Brunson, Henry Jackson, John J. Dewey,
+Parsons K. Johnson; No. 4, Henry N. Setzer; No. 5, William R.
+Marshall, William Dugas; No. 6, Jeremiah Russell, Allan Morrison,
+Lorenzo A. Babcock, Thomas A. Holmes; No. 7, Alexis Bailly, Gideon H.
+Pond.</p>
+
+<p>The limits of this work preclude the insertion of a complete list of
+the entire State, and we give, therefore, the representation of the
+St. Croix valley.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECOND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1851.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: James Norris, Samuel Burkelo, D. B. Loomis, president. House:
+John A. Ford, Michael E. Ames, speaker; Jesse Taylor, John D. Ludden.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THIRD TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1852.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: Elam Greely, David B. Loomis. House: Jesse Taylor, Mahlon
+Black, Martin Leavitt, John D. Ludden.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOURTH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1853.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: Elam Greely, David B. Loomis. House: N. Green Wilcox, Albert
+Stimson, Caleb Truax, John D. Ludden.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIFTH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1854.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: Albert Stimson, John E. Mower. House: John Fisher, Wm.
+McKusick, Robert Watson, N. C. D. Taylor, speaker.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SIXTH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1855.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: Albert Stimson, John E. Mower. House: James B. Dixon, William
+Willim, James Norris, Samuel Register.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SEVENTH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1856.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: John D. Ludden, Henry N. Setzer. House: James S. Norris,
+Abraham Van Voorhes, N. C. Taylor, Henry A. Jackman.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[Pg 649]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>EIGHTH TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, 1857.</h4>
+
+<p>Council: John D. Ludden, Henry N. Setzer. House: Elam Greely, Mahlon
+Black, Joseph W. Furber, speaker; L. K. Stannard.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of 1852 passed a prohibition law and submitted it to
+the people of the Territory, who adopted it by a vote of 853 for to
+622 against. This law was declared unconstitutional by Judge Hayner on
+the ground that it was unconstitutional to submit a law to the vote of
+the people. After rendering this decision he resigned his office.</p>
+
+<p>At a second appointment in 1855 the counties of Washington, Chisago,
+Superior, Itasca, and Doty were included in the St. Croix district. A
+special session was held in May, 1857, to accept and make provision to
+use the magnificent railway land grant donated by Congress.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1857.</h4>
+
+<p>In accordance with the enabling act of Congress, passed March 3, 1857,
+delegates were elected and met in convention at the capital on the
+second Monday of July, 1857.</p>
+
+
+<h4>REPRESENTATIVES FROM ST. CROIX VALLEY.</h4>
+
+<p>Washington county: Wm. Holcombe, James S. Norris, Henry N. Setzer,
+Gould T. Curtis, Charles E. Leonard, Charles J. Butler, Newinton
+Gilbert, R. H. Sanderson.</p>
+
+<p>Chisago county: P. A. Cedarstam, Charles F. Lowe, Lucas K. Stannard,
+W. H. C. Folsom.</p>
+
+<p>The convention continued in session from July 13 to Aug. 29, 1857, and
+although divided into two wings, accomplished considerable work, such
+as preparing duplicate state constitutions and redistricting the
+State. The St. Croix valley was redistricted as follows:</p>
+
+<p>First district, Washington county: Twenty-fifth district, Chisago,
+Pine and Isanti counties.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GOVERNORS OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA.</h4>
+
+<p>Henry H. Sibley, May 24, 1858, to Jan. 2, 1860; Alexander Ramsey, Jan.
+2, 1860, to July 10, 1863; Henry A. Swift, July 10, 1863, to Jan. 11,
+1864; Stephen Miller, Jan. 11, 1864, to Jan.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[Pg 650]</a></span> 8, 1866; William R.
+Marshall, Jan. 8, 1866, to Jan. 9, 1870; Horace Austin, Jan. 9, 1870,
+to Jan. 7, 1874; Cushman K. Davis, Jan. 7, 1874, to Jan. 7, 1876; John
+S. Pillsbury, Jan. 7, 1876, to Jan. 10, 1882; Lucius F. Hubbard, Jan
+10, 1882, to Jan. &mdash;, 1886; A. R. McGill, Jan. &mdash;, 1887, to &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SUPREME COURT CHIEF JUSTICES.</h4>
+
+<p>Lafayette Emmett, May 24, 1858, to Jan. 10, 1865; Thomas Wilson, Jan.
+10, 1865, to July 14, 1869; James Gilfillan, July 14, 1869, to Jan. 7,
+1870; Christopher G. Ripley, Jan. 7, 1870, to April 7, 1874; S. J. R.
+McMillan, April 7, 1874, to March 10, 1875; James Gilfillan, March,
+10, 1875, to &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ASSOCIATE JUSTICES.</h4>
+
+<p>Charles E. Flandrau, May, 24, 1858, to July 5, 1864; Isaac Atwater,
+May 24, 1858, to July 6, 1864; S. J. R. McMillan, July 6, 1864, to
+April 7, 1874; Thomas Wilson, July 6, 1864, to Jan. 10, 1865; John M.
+Berry, Jan. 10, 1865, to &mdash;&mdash;; George B. Young, April 16, 1874, to
+Jan. 11, 1875; F. R. E. Cornell, Jan 11, 1875, to May 23, 1881; D. A.
+Dickenson, June 27, 1881, to &mdash;&mdash;; Greenleaf Clark, March 14, 1881, to
+Jan. 12, 1882; William Mitchell, March 14, 1881, to &mdash;&mdash;; C. E.
+Vanderburgh, Jan. 12, 1882, to &mdash;&mdash;; L. W. Collins, January, 1888, to &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM MINNESOTA.</h4>
+
+<p>James Shields, May 11, 1858, to March 4, 1860; Henry M. Rice, May 11,
+1858, to March 4, 1863; Morton S. Wilkinson, March 4, 1860, to March
+4, 1867; Alexander Ramsey, March 4, 1863, to March 4, 1875; Daniel S.
+Norton, March 4, 1867, died July 14, 1870; O. P. Stearns, January &mdash;,
+1871, to March 4, 1871; William Windom, March 4, 1871, to March 12,
+1881; S. J. R. McMillan, Dec. 6, 1875, to March 4, 1886; A. J.
+Edgerton, March 12, 1881, to Oct. 26, 1881; William Windom, Oct, 26,
+1881, to March 4, 1883; Dwight M. Sabin, March 4, 1883, to March 4,
+1889; C. K. Davis, March 4, 1887, to &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+
+<h4>REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.</h4>
+
+<p>W. W. Phelps, May 11, 1858, to March 4, 1859; J. M. Cavenaugh, May 11,
+1858, to March 4, 1858; William Windom, Dec. 5, 1859, to March 4,
+1869; Cyrus Aldrich, Dec. 5, 1859, to March 4,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_651" id="Page_651">[Pg 651]</a></span> 1863; Ignatius
+Donnelly, Dec. 7, 1863, to March 4, 1869; M. S. Wilkinson, March 4,
+1869, to March 4, 1871; E. M. Wilson, March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871;
+John T. Averill, March 4, 1871, to March 4, 1875; M. H. Dunnell, March
+4, 1871, to March 4, 1883; H. B. Strait, Dec. 1, 1873, to March 4,
+1879; William S. King, Dec. 6, 1875, to March 4, 1877; J. H. Stewart,
+Dec. 3, 1877, to March 4, 1879; Henry Poehler, March 4, 1879, to March
+4, 1881; H. B. Strait, March 4, 1881, to March 4, 1885; W. D.
+Washburn, March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1885; Milo White, March 4, 1883,
+to March 4, 1887; J. B. Wakefield, March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1887;
+Knute Nelson, March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1889; J. B. Gilfillan, March
+4 1885, to March 4, 1887: Thomas Wilson, March 4, 1887, John Lind,
+March 4, 1887; John S. McDonald, March 4, 1887; Edmund Rice, March 4,
+1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST STATE LEGISLATURE, 1857-8.</h4>
+
+<p>Richard G. Murphy, president; William Holcombe, lieutenant governor.</p>
+
+<p>Senate: First District&mdash;Joel K. Reiner. Twenty-fifth District&mdash;W. H.
+C. Folsom. House: First District&mdash;J. R. M. Gaskill, George W.
+Campbell, Robert Simpson. Twenty-fifth District&mdash;John G. Randall.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECOND STATE LEGISLATURE, 1859-60.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: First District&mdash;Wm. McKusick, Socrates Nelson. Twenty-fifth
+District&mdash;Lucas K. Stannard. House: First District&mdash;E. D. Watson,
+Abraham Van Voorhes, Orange Walker. Twenty-fifth District&mdash;Patrick
+Fox.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THIRD STATE LEGISLATURE, 1861.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;Joel K. Reiner. House: Second District&mdash;H. L.
+Thomas, E. D. Whiting, Emil Munch.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOURTH LEGISLATURE, 1862.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;Joel K. Reiner. House: Second District&mdash;Wm.
+H. Burt, H. L. Thomas, E. D. Whitney.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIFTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1863.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;John McKusick. House: Second District&mdash;Samuel
+Furber, J. B. R. Mitchell, Ansel Smith.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">[Pg 652]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SIXTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1864.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;John McKusick. House: Second District&mdash;Jere
+M. Soule, R. R. Henry, Ansel Smith.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SEVENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1865.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;John McKusick. House: Second District&mdash;L. A.
+Huntoon, Ansel Smith, Lars J. Stark.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EIGHTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1866.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;John McKusick. House: Second District&mdash;J. B.
+R. Mitchell, Robert Watson, Smith Ellison.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NINTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1867.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;W. H. C. Folsom. House: Second
+District&mdash;Henry Jackman, Ebenezer Ayres.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1868.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;W. H. C. Folsom. House: Second District&mdash;J.
+W. Furber, William Lowell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ELEVENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1869.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;James N. Castle. House: Second
+District&mdash;Joseph Haskell, W. H. C. Folsom.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWELFTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1870.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;James N. Castle. House: Second
+District&mdash;James S. Norris, William Lowell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THIRTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1871.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Second District&mdash;Dwight M. Sabin. House: Second
+District&mdash;Joseph Haskell, Lucas K. Stannard.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FOURTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1872.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Dwight M. Sabin. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;Jonas Lindall. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;Ebenezer
+Ayers, J. R. M. Gaskill, H. R. Murdock. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;Adolph
+Munch.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_653" id="Page_653">[Pg 653]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FIFTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1873.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Dwight M. Sabin. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;Jonas Lindall. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;E. W. Durant,
+J. R. M. Gaskill, James Huganin. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;Joel G.
+Ryder.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SIXTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1874.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Wm. McKusick. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;L. K. Burrows. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;D. B. Loomis,
+Chas. Eckdahl, J. A. McCloskey. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;Frank H.
+Pratt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SEVENTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1875.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Wm. McKusick. Twenty-eighth
+district&mdash;W. H. C. Folsom. House: Twenty-second district&mdash;J. W.
+Furber, E. W. Durant, J. E. Mower. Twenty-eighth district&mdash;Lars J.
+Stark.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EIGHTEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1876.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Ed. S. Brown. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;W. H. C. Folsom. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;A.
+Fredericks, J. S. Middleton, O. W. Erickson. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;W. A. Brawley.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NINETEENTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1877.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Ed. S. Brown. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;W. H. C. Folsom. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;A.
+Fredericks, A. Huntoon, O. W. Erickson.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTIETH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1878.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;Roscoe F. Hersey. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;John Shaleen. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;Dwight M.
+Sabin, Wm. Fowler, Charles Peterson. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;F. S.
+Christensen.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTY-FIRST STATE LEGISLATURE, 1879.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;James N. Castle. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;John Shaleen. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;A. M. Dodd,
+Chas. Peterson, Andrew Peterson. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;John Dean.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_654" id="Page_654">[Pg 654]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTY-SECOND STATE LEGISLATURE, 1881.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-second District&mdash;J. N. Castle. Twenty-eighth
+District&mdash;John Shaleen. House: Twenty-second District&mdash;Dwight M.
+Sabin, Andrew Peterson, Wm. Schmidt. Twenty-eighth District&mdash;John
+Dean.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTY-THIRD STATE LEGISLATURE, 1883.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;J. N. Castle. Thirty-eighth
+District&mdash;John Shaleen. House: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;Dwight M.
+Sabin, C. P. Gregory, A. Stegman. Thirty-eighth District&mdash;Levi H.
+McKusick.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTY-FOURTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1885.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;J. N. Castle. Thirty-eighth
+District&mdash;John Shaleen. House: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;E. W. Durant,
+W. H. Pratt, Arthur Stephen. Thirty-eighth District&mdash;Levi H. McKusick.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWENTY-FIFTH STATE LEGISLATURE, 1887.</h4>
+
+<p>Senate: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;E. W. Durant. Thirty-eighth
+District&mdash;Otto Wallmark. House: Twenty-fourth District&mdash;F. Dornfield,
+R. M. Anderson, C. P. Gregory. Thirty-eighth District&mdash;Henry Smith.</p>
+
+<p>The first legislature continued in session one hundred and forty-eight
+days. Its most important measure was the passage of the $5,000,000
+loan bill. At the twentieth session a law was passed changing the
+sessions of the legislature from annual to biennial.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1857.</h4>
+
+<p>As a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1857, and a member
+of what was styled the Republican wing, the writer considers it not
+amiss to insert a chapter concerning that somewhat famous and farcical
+affair.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress of 1856-57 passed an enabling act for the formation of a
+state government in Minnesota, providing that a constitutional
+convention of delegates, chosen by the people, should assemble at
+midday, July 13, 1857, at the hall of the house of representatives at
+the state capitol, and adopt a constitution, subject to the
+ratification of the people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_655" id="Page_655">[Pg 655]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The territorial governor, Samuel Medary, ordered an election to be
+held on the first Monday in June, 1857, for delegates, the number to
+consist of one hundred and eight. The State was nearly equally divided
+between the Republicans and Democrats; still the question of politics
+did not enter largely into the contest, except as a question of party
+supremacy. The people were a unit on the question of organizing a
+state government under the enabling act, and in many cases there was
+but a single ticket in the field. It was a matter, therefore, of some
+surprise that there should be a separation among the delegates into
+opposing factions, resulting practically in the formation of two
+conventions, each claiming to represent the people, and each proposing
+a constitution. The delegates, although but 108 were called, were
+numbered on the rolls of the two wings as 59 Republican and 53
+Democratic, a discrepancy arising from some irregularity of
+enrollment, by which certain memberships were counted twice. The
+Republican members, claiming a bare majority, took possession of the
+hall of the house at midnight, twelve hours before the legal time for
+opening the convention, the object being to obtain control of the
+offices and committees of the convention, a manifest advantage in the
+matter of deciding upon contested seats.</p>
+
+<p>In obedience to the call of the leaders of the party, issued the day
+before, the writer with other Republicans repaired to the house at the
+appointed hour, produced his credentials as a delegate, and was
+conducted into the illuminated hall by Hon. John W. North. The
+delegates were dispersed variously about the hall, some chatting
+together, others reading newspapers, smoking, or snoring, as here and
+there one had fallen asleep in his seat. Occasionally a delegate
+nervously examined his revolver as if he anticipated some necessity
+for its use.</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic delegates were elsewhere probably plotting in secret
+conclave to capture the hall, and perhaps it might be well enough to
+be prepared for the worst. Thus the remainder of the night passed and
+the forenoon of July 13th. As soon as the clock struck twelve, the
+Democratic delegates rushed tumultuously in, as if with the purpose of
+capturing the speaker's stand. That, however, was already occupied by
+the Republican delegates, and the storming party was obliged to
+content itself with the lower steps of the stand. Both parties at the
+moment the clock ceased striking were yelling "order" vociferously,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">[Pg 656]</a></span> nominating their officers, <i>pro tem.</i> Both parties effected a
+temporary organization, although in the uproar and confusion it was
+difficult to know what was done.</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic wing adjourned at once to the senate chamber, and there
+effected a permanent organization. The Republicans being left in the
+undisturbed possession of the hall, perfected their organization, and
+the two factions set themselves diligently to work to frame a
+constitution, each claiming to be the legally constituted convention,
+and expecting recognition as such by the people of the State and by
+Congress. The debates in each were acrimonious. A few of the more
+moderate delegates in each recognized the absurdity and illegality of
+their position, and questioned the propriety of remaining and
+participating in proceedings which they could not sanction.</p>
+
+<p>The conventions continued their sessions inharmoniously enough. Each
+framed a constitution, at the completion of which a joint committee
+was appointed to revise and harmonize the two constitutions, but the
+members of the committees were as belligerent as the conventions they
+represented. Members grew angry, abusing each other with words and
+even blows, blood being drawn in an argument with bludgeons between
+Hon. Willis A. Gorman, Democratic, and Hon. Thomas Wilson, Republican.
+An agreement seemed impossible, when some one whose name has not found
+its way into history, made the happy suggestion that alternate
+articles of each constitution be adopted. When this was done, and the
+joint production of the two conventions was in presentable shape,
+another and almost fatal difficulty arose, as to which wing should be
+accorded the honor of signing officially this remarkable document. One
+body or the other must acknowledge the paternity of the hybrid.
+Ingenuity amounting to genius (it is a pity that the possessor should
+be unknown) found a new expedient, namely, to write out two
+constitutions in full, exact duplicates except as to signatures, the
+one to be signed by Democratic officers and members, and the other by
+Republicans These two constitutions were filed in the archives of the
+State and one of them, which one will probably never be known, was
+adopted by the people Oct. 13, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The question arises in the writer's mind as to the legality of the
+constitution of Minnesota. Have we a constitution? If so, which one?
+The question of legality, however, has never been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_657" id="Page_657">[Pg 657]</a></span> raised before the
+proper tribunals, and it is perhaps well to leave it thus
+unquestioned.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST MINNESOTA STATE LEGISLATURE, HELD 1857-8.</h4>
+
+<p>Under a provision of the constitution adopted Oct. 13, 1857, the
+legislature was elected and convened December 2d of that year,
+although the State had not then been admitted to the Union, and Gen.
+Sam Medary was still recognized as governor, though not at the time in
+the Territory, and acting through his private secretary. The whole
+state, judicial and legislative ticket had been elected in October,
+but none of the state officers could qualify prior to the formal
+admission of the State. The legality of their proceedings was called
+in question. The Republicans entered a protest against legislation
+until after the admission of the State, but the Democratic party was
+in the majority, and territorial Democratic officers governed the
+legislature, and the protest was unheeded. Notwithstanding the
+doubtful validity of acts passed by this body, some bold and
+extravagant measures were proposed and passed, among them the famous
+$5,000,000 loan bill, authorizing the issue of bonds to that amount,
+ostensibly to aid in the construction of railroads in Minnesota, and
+to be used as a basis for banking. This bill was passed near the close
+of the session, which lasted ninety days, and was an amendment to the
+constitution to be voted on April 15, 1858.<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> The result proved even
+worse than had been predicted by the most ardent opposers of the bill,
+and although adopted by an overwhelming majority, speedily fulfilled
+the predictions of its opponents. The State was flooded with worthless
+bank issues, based upon these worthless bonds. Financial distress and
+panic ensued. A reaction followed, and in November, 1860, the
+amendment to the constitution was expunged. Of these bonds, $2,275,000
+had already been issued, when the section granting their issue was
+repealed. These the State subsequently redeemed.</p>
+
+<p>This bill, though afterward adopted as an amendment to the
+constitution by an overwhelming majority, was opposed most vigorously
+in both houses of the legislature, and characterized at the time as
+mischievous and infamous. Though not present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">[Pg 658]</a></span> at the time of its
+passage, on account of sickness, the author fully committed himself as
+an opponent of the bill, and placed himself on record in an address to
+his constituents dated March 19th, at the senate chamber, which
+address was circulated extensively at the time. The views and
+predictions therein expressed as to the disastrous character of the
+bill have been amply justified and verified by subsequent events.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Chas. F. Lowe, when a member of the Republican wing of the
+constitutional convention, had designed and prepared a seal to be used
+by the incoming state government. It was adopted by that wing of the
+convention, and Mr. Lowe hoped to have it formally adopted by the
+first state legislature. At the request of Mr. Lowe, it was presented
+by the writer, then a member of the senate, and was adopted by the
+senate and house with many encomiums upon its beauty and
+appropriateness. The design was indeed a beautiful one, and the
+workmanship of the seal, by Buechner, of St. Paul, was admirable. The
+design of the seal was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 460px;">
+<img src="images/illus-658.jpg" width="460" height="450" alt="STATE SEAL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">STATE SEAL.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_659" id="Page_659">[Pg 659]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A waterfall (supposed to be that of Minnehaha) within a shield; this
+part of the device was intended to symbolize the idea of water for the
+amount and varied forms of which Minnesota is distinguished above any
+other part of our country. In addition was represented the figure of
+an Indian pointing toward the setting sun, as his course of destiny
+runs, with his tomahawk, bow and arrows; at his feet opposite the
+Indian was the figure of a white man, with a sheaf of wheat and the
+implements of agriculture at his feet, representing to the Indian that
+he must partake of the habits of civilized life or depart toward the
+setting sun. In one corner of the field appeared a distant view of
+Lake Superior, with a ship in sail. In another was a view of a river,
+indicating the Minnesota river, running from the westward, with a
+steamboat ascending its stream. In rear of the shield and waterfall
+were three trees, which are typical of the three timbered regions, the
+oak on the left typifying the south and southwest portion of the
+State, the pine in the centre typifying the great pine regions of Lake
+Superior, Upper Mississippi and St. Croix, and the maple on the right
+typifying the north and northwestern portion of the State. For a motto
+to accompany the words state of Minnesota, A. D. 1858, which were
+placed upon the upper rim of the seal, the words placed upon the lower
+rim of the seal were, "Liberty and Union, Now and Forever One and
+Inseparable." The act of the legislature went to the governor, who
+returned it to the senate approved and signed, July 14, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Some length of time elapsed before the appearance of the great seal as
+appended to official documents, and when it did appear it was very
+different from the one adopted, and the credit of the design was given
+to Rev. E. D. Neill by the newspapers commenting upon it. However
+beautiful and appropriate the design of the present great seal of the
+state of Minnesota, there seems to be no evidence that it was ever
+legally adopted, and the question may well be raised as to its
+validity. It lies, however, in the eternal fitness of things that a
+state without a legal constitution should also be without a seal.</p>
+
+<p>At the joint convention of Dec. 19, 1857, Hon. Henry M. Rice and Gen.
+James Shields, of Mexican War fame, were elected senators. The
+Republicans supported David Cooper and Henry D. Huff. During this
+session the presiding officer of the senate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">[Pg 660]</a></span> was Richard G. Murphy, a
+somewhat eccentric character. His decisions were often diverting. When
+perplexing questions arose he would say gravely, "The chair can not
+decide more than two questions at oncet." After passing many really
+important measures, the legislature adjourned March 25, to meet June
+2, 1858.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ADJOURNED SESSION.</h4>
+
+<p>The legislature met, pursuant to adjournment, June 2d, the State
+having been admitted in the interim. Lieut. Gov. Holcombe presided
+over the senate and proved an acceptable and able presiding officer.
+The five million amendment having been approved by the people, this
+legislature passed a banking law, establishing banks in various parts
+of the State with the five million bonds as a basis.</p>
+
+<p>It can do no good at this late day to raise a question as to the
+validity of the acts of the first state legislature, but it is due to
+ourselves and others who with us at the time protested against the
+validity of acts passed at this session, to give a few extracts from
+senate and house journals tending to show that a feeling of distrust
+was quite general. The ground of this opinion was the fact that the
+legislature elected as a state legislature held its first session
+prior to the admission of the State, and under the administration of
+the territorial governor, Medary, through his secretary, acting in his
+place. The question was openly discussed, not only in the legislature
+but in the public press of the State.</p>
+
+<p>As early as Dec. 8, 1887, the following protest was presented in the
+senate:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Senate Chamber, St. Paul.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>We, the undersigned senators of the state of Minnesota, do hereby
+enter and record this, our <i>solemn</i> <span class="smcap">PROTEST</span>, against the recognition
+by this body, in any manner, directly or indirectly, of Samuel Medary,
+Esquire, governor of the territory of Minnesota, as the governor of
+the state of Minnesota, or as being invested with any of the rights,
+authority, privileges, powers or functions of governor of said state
+of Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p>And we do <i>solemnly</i> <span class="smcap">protest</span> against the recognition by this body, in
+any manner, of the claims of the said Samuel Medary, to exercise any
+of the rights, authority, privileges, powers or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_661" id="Page_661">[Pg 661]</a></span> functions of the
+governor of the state of Minnesota&mdash;such claim being wholly
+unauthorized and unwarranted by the constitution of the state of
+Minnesota; and in violation of the expressed will of the people of the
+state of Minnesota, and an attempted usurpation of office, at war with
+the fundamental principles of free government, and dangerous to the
+liberties of the people.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">D. G. Norton</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Lewis McKune</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Geo. Watson</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Edwin M. Somers</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Boyd Phelps</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">J. K. Reiner</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">H. L. Thomas</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">James Ridpath</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Michael Cook</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Charles H. Lindsley</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">E. N. Bates</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">E. Hodges</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">A. G. Hudson</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Jonathan Chase</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">W. H. C. Folsom</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">S. S. Beman</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i25"><span class="smcap">Delano T. Smith</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>On December 8th Mr. Norton offered the following resolution to the
+senate:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, By the provisions of the constitution the executive officers
+of the State can not qualify until after the admission of the State by
+Congress, and</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, There is no governor of the state of Minnesota to whom acts
+may be submitted, as required by the constitution; therefore,</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That this legislature can pass no acts which could become
+a law until after the admission of the State by Congress, and the
+qualification of the governor elected by the people."</p>
+
+<p>The resolution was adopted and referred to the following committee:
+Van Etten, Streeter, Jones, Norton, and Folsom.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of the select committee reported December 21st, claiming
+that by the enabling act the people of the Territory were empowered to
+form a state government, which they did, electing their delegates on
+the second Monday in July, 1857, to form a state constitution, and
+take necessary steps for establishment of a state government; that
+these delegates met at the time and place appointed, and on the
+twenty-ninth of August adopted a constitution which was submitted to
+the people and adopted by a majority of over 28,000 votes. That on the
+thirteenth of October, in conformity with an article (section 16,
+article 16) of the constitution then adopted, the people had elected
+representatives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_662" id="Page_662">[Pg 662]</a></span> to Congress, governor and lieutenant governor, judges
+and members of both houses of the legislature, the latter to meet on
+the first Wednesday in December at St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>The majority admitted that the governor elected under the act could
+not qualify until after the admission of the State, but claimed that
+the members of the legislature did not rest under the same disability,
+but were competent to legislate because they derived their power from
+the constitution itself, and had been directed to meet for that
+purpose on the first Monday in December, and that because they were
+thus required to meet they were authorized to act. The people were
+omnipotent in the premises. They had declared that the governor should
+not qualify until after the admission of the State, and that the
+members of the legislature should meet. It was absurd to suppose this
+body should be called together and have no power to act. They held,
+moreover, that the territorial governor was empowered to act until his
+successor could legally qualify; that the framers of the constitution
+of Minnesota and the people had declared that he should be continued
+in office until superseded by a state officer, and that the very time
+had been specified when he should be thus superseded, namely, on the
+admission of the State into the Union, and therefore that Samuel
+Medary was, <i>de facto</i> and <i>de jure</i>, governor of Minnesota; that
+Minnesota was then a state <i>out</i> of the Union, and that the acts of
+the first legislature would be legalized when the State was admitted.</p>
+
+<p>The minority report, signed by D. S. Norton and W. H. C. Folsom,
+claimed that the constitution contemplated an admission into the Union
+as a prerequisite to the exercise of state sovereignty, in article 5,
+section 7, where it is enacted that "the term of each of the executive
+officers named in this article shall commence upon taking the oath of
+office, <i>after the State shall be admitted by Congress into the Union,
+etc.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Section 9, same article, provides that "Laws shall be passed at the
+first session of the legislature <i>after the State is admitted into the
+Union</i> to carry out the provisions of this article.</p>
+
+<p>"Section 1, article 16, <i>schedule</i>, provides that all process which
+may be issued under the authority of the territory of Minnesota
+previous to its <i>admission into the Union of the United States</i>, shall
+be as valid as if issued in the name of the State."</p>
+
+<p>Section 8, same article, provides that if the constitution shall be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_663" id="Page_663">[Pg 663]</a></span>
+adopted by a vote of the people, the governor of the Territory shall
+forward a certified copy of the same to the president of the United
+States, "<i>to be by him laid before the Congress of the United
+States</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The minority claimed that under the first of the above cited sections
+there can be no qualified governor (<i>elected under, and according to
+the provisions of the constitution</i>) to whom "bills" <i>must</i> be
+submitted before they can become laws, until <i>after</i> "admission"&mdash;nor
+indeed can there be <i>any</i> executive officers, contemplated to perform
+the duties of their several offices, until that time.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the provisions of section 18, article 16, <i>schedule</i>,
+as inconsistent with that view, it was claimed that the territorial
+government should continue, and that its officers should exercise the
+sovereign powers delegated to them by the Union, until, upon an
+admission by Congress, and a surrender of sovereignty to the State,
+its authority should commence.</p>
+
+<p>It was claimed that this section (6) of article 16, requiring the
+legislature to convene on the first Wednesday of December, 1857, was
+an oversight or error. After considerable debate the majority report
+was adopted by a party vote. A similar protest, signed by all the
+Republican members of the house, was presented to that body. In
+addition to these protests there was in both branches of the
+legislature continuous and various protests by the minority against
+the exercise of legislative functions.</p>
+
+<p>In the house, on Jan. 25, 1858, Mr. Sheetz offered a resolution with
+reference to the causes of the delay in the admission of Minnesota,
+asking that a committee of three be appointed with instructions to
+investigate the circumstances of this delay and report to this house
+upon these points:</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>&mdash;As to whose duty it was to forward to the president for
+submission to Congress a copy of the constitution.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;Why an incorrect or incomplete copy of said constitution was
+forwarded to the president.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>&mdash;What official correspondence, if any, has passed between the
+governor and the acting governor in regard to this matter.</p>
+
+<p>On motion the resolution was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sheetz, from the committee appointed to communicate with the
+acting governor relative to the admission of the state of Minnesota,
+submitted the following report:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_664" id="Page_664">[Pg 664]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>To the Honorable House of Representatives:</i></p>
+
+<p>Your committee appointed to inquire into the causes of the probable
+delay in the admission of Minnesota into the Union, ask leave to make
+the following report:</p>
+
+<p>Your committee find that according to section 8 of the schedule to the
+constitution, it is made the duty of the governor of the Territory,
+upon the adoption of the constitution by the people, to forward a
+certified copy of the constitution to the president of the United
+States, to be by him submitted to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Your committee have conferred with his excellency, Acting Gov. Chase,
+and have ascertained from him that at or about the time of the
+adjournment of the constitutional conventions, there were deposited
+with him, as acting governor in the absence of Gov. Medary, two copies
+of the constitution as adopted by the two branches of the
+constitutional convention, one copy signed by <i>fifty-one</i> members of
+the Democratic branch of the convention, and the other signed by
+<i>fifty-three</i> members of the Republican branch of the convention, that
+the two copies were preserved by him in the same safe, side by side
+where they now are.</p>
+
+<p>Your committee are further informed that a short time prior to the
+departure of our senators and representatives elect for Washington,
+the governor caused to be made a transcript of the constitution as
+requested by the schedule and that instrument, which transcript was
+forwarded to the president of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>No record is known to your committee to exist of the time and manner
+of making such transcript, and your committee, in the absence of the
+governor and his private secretary, can not ascertain whether said
+transcript contained the names of the members of the two branches of
+the constitutional convention or not.</p>
+
+<p>Your committee are also informed by Acting Gov. Chase that there has
+been no official correspondence between the governor and himself upon
+this subject since the departure of the former for Washington.</p>
+
+<p>All of which is respectfully submitted and signed.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">H. W. Sheetz</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">G. L. Otis</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">J. J. Cruttenden</span>,<br />
+<i>Committee</i>.<br /></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">[Pg 665]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>LAND GRANTS, RAILROAD SURVEYS AND CONSTRUCTION.</h4>
+
+<p>In May, 1857, Congress gave to Minnesota, then a territory, a
+magnificent grant of about 9,000,000 acres of land, to aid in the
+construction of several projected trunk roads through her bounds. The
+roads specified were: From Stillwater, by way of St. Paul and St.
+Anthony Falls, to a point between the foot of Big Stone lake and the
+mouth of the Sioux Wood river, with a branch via St. Cloud and Crow
+Wing to the navigable waters of the Red River of the North; from St.
+Paul and St. Anthony via Minneapolis to a convenient point of junction
+west of the Mississippi to the southern boundary of the Territory in
+the direction of the mouth of the Big Sioux river, with a branch via
+Faribault to the north line of the state of Iowa, west of range 16;
+from Winona to a point on the Big Sioux river south of the forty-fifth
+parallel of north latitude; also from La Crescent via Target lake, up
+the valley of Root river, to a point of junction with the last
+mentioned road, east of range 17, every alternate section of land
+designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of
+said road and branches. It was enacted that the lands granted were to
+be subject to the disposal of the legislature.</p>
+
+<p>An extra session of the legislature was convened in June, 1857, to
+accept the grant and devise means to build the road.</p>
+
+<p>The financial crisis of 1857 and unwise legislation in 1858, notably
+the attempt to issue $5,000,000 in bonds to aid in building the roads,
+served to delay the various enterprises projected, and for many years
+but little work was done, notwithstanding persistent effort at every
+state legislature to effect favorable changes in the condition of
+affairs.</p>
+
+<p>A few of the $5,000,000 bonds were issued, but the general
+dissatisfaction, and feeling that they were not issued on a legal or
+rational basis, depreciated their value, and they were sold at a
+sacrifice and afterward redeemed by the State.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>The idea of a railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific was openly
+discussed as early as 1837, in which year Dr. Hartwell Carver
+memorialized Congress on the subject and promulgated his views through
+the press and by pamphlets. In 1845 Asa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">[Pg 666]</a></span> Whitney evolved a plan for
+the northern route, and awakened considerable popular enthusiasm, but
+by many the project was considered as a swindling scheme, or at best a
+visionary enterprise. Mr. Whitney made a preliminary survey from
+Prairie du Chien as far as the Rocky mountains. Mr. Josiah Perham,
+afterward the first president of the Northern Pacific Railroad
+Company, in 1857 projected a road from Maine to Puget Sound, to be
+known as the People's Pacific Railway, and obtained a charter from the
+Maine legislature, but on bringing his scheme to the attention of
+Congress was prevailed upon by Thaddeus Stevens to abandon this scheme
+for another, agreeing to aid him in the passage of a bill for the
+construction of the present Northern Pacific route. The bill passed
+both houses and was signed by President Lincoln, July 2, 1864. The
+first permanent officers were: Josiah Perham, president; Willard Sear,
+vice president; Abiel Abbott, secretary; J. S. Withington, treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>The grants of land voted by Congress were accepted, and in the
+following year the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota granted right of
+way. Not much was done until 1869, when Jay Cooke &amp; Co. became
+financially interested in the road, and might have been successful in
+placing the bonds of the road upon the eastern markets but for the
+European war, during which time the firm of Jay Cooke &amp; Co. went down
+overburdened with railroad securities. The financial panic of 1873
+which followed found the company in possession of 555 miles of
+completed railroad, of which 450 reached from Duluth to Bismarck, and
+105 from Klamath to Tacoma on Puget Sound; but embarrassed by want of
+funds the enterprise made but little headway, and in 1875 Henry
+Villard was appointed receiver, and a decree of sale obtained by which
+the bondholders were enabled to become the preferred stockholders.
+Under the new arrangement and by the powerful aid of Henry Villard and
+Thomas F. Oakes, the public, and especially the capitalists of the
+country, regained faith in the enterprise, and the work was pushed
+steadily forward until September, 1883, when the golden spike was
+driven at Gold Creek by Henry Villard. Mr. Villard resigned the
+presidency of the road in December of the same year, and Robert Harris
+succeeded him. The main line of this road extends from Duluth to
+Tacoma, a distance of nearly 2,000 miles, and the number of miles on
+the main and branch lines aggregates 3,395.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_667" id="Page_667">[Pg 667]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The magnitude of the work, the leagues of wilderness to be traversed,
+the mountain ranges to be crossed, the streams to be bridged, the
+supposed obstructions from wintry storms to be overcome, all these
+were of such a nature as to make the project seem impossible. It was,
+nevertheless, through the liberality of the government and the
+enthusiasm and executive ability of its managers, accomplished in a
+comparatively short time.</p>
+
+<p>The government contributed to this road a land grant of forty sections
+to the mile. With this liberal basis, bonds for the required amount of
+money were speedily furnished to build and equip the road from Lake
+Superior to the Pacific coast. This road has, however, the advantage
+of southern roads, in that it traverses a rich agricultural and
+mineral region throughout almost its entire extent, passing through
+belts of timbered land not excelled in the quantity and quality of
+their production. The mineral regions are rich in gold, silver,
+copper, lead and coal.</p>
+
+<p>The country along the road is being rapidly settled, and the property
+in its possession, and that of those who have made improvements along
+its line, has increased to many hundred times its original value.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS &amp; OMAHA RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>The Wisconsin legislature in 1854 chartered a company to construct and
+operate this road, then called the St. Croix, Superior &amp; Bayfield
+railroad. May 3, 1856, Congress granted twelve sections of land to the
+mile to aid in building a railroad from Hudson in the St. Croix valley
+to Bayfield on Lake Superior, with a branch to Superior City. July 5,
+1864, this grant was increased to twenty sections per mile, with
+indemnity lands to make up deficiencies. These lands were ceded
+directly to the State. A company was created by the state legislature
+of Wisconsin, to which were consigned the lands and franchises granted
+by the government for the purpose of building the road. The lands and
+franchises passed through several organized companies. Impediments to
+construction arising, extension of time was asked and obtained from
+the United States and Wisconsin governments, complications arose,
+delaying the construction still further, other companies claimed part
+of the indemnity lands, and litigation ensued. The state legislature
+upheld the chartered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_668" id="Page_668">[Pg 668]</a></span> right, and appointed agents to watch the timber
+and protect the interests of the company. A sum amounting to $200,000
+was collected from trespassers and at once applied to the building of
+the roads in 1879.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul, Stillwater &amp; Taylor's Falls Company in 1872 had built a
+line of railroad from Hudson to New Richmond. In 1874 the St. Croix,
+Superior &amp; Bayfield Company obtained possession of this line of road
+and continued it in the direction of Superior, completing it in 1883
+to Superior City, Bayfield, Washburn, and Ashland. The company have
+built a road from Hudson by River Falls to Ellsworth in Pierce county.
+The main line to Lake Superior passes through a rich agricultural and
+immense pine region. The company have constructed at Washburn, on
+Chequamegon bay, extensive docks, elevators, warehouses and shops.
+There are on the main line 20 wooden bridges from 25 to 100 feet long,
+10 from 100 to 300 feet, 10 from 300 to 500 feet, one of them on a
+branch of White river being 90 feet high. The amount of logs and
+lumber carried over this road amounts (1888) to 1,240,000,000 feet,
+and 1,500,000,000 feet remain. There are few trips more enjoyable to
+the tourist than the one over this road, terminating as it does on the
+north, in a region attractive for its beautiful scenery, including the
+lovely bays of Ashland, Washburn and Bayfield, with their picturesque
+shores, hills green with spruce pine and balsam, and the Apostle
+islands, favorite haunts of summer travelers. The road is splendidly
+equipped and well officered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. PAUL &amp; DULUTH RAILROAD (FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE LAKE SUPERIOR &amp;
+MISSISSIPPI).</h4>
+
+<p>The first land grant for Minnesota was made in 1854, for a road from
+St. Paul to Lake Superior. This bill gave twenty sections per mile to
+the company building. While the bill was in the hands of the enrolling
+committee, some fraudulent changes were made in its provisions, as a
+consequence of which, after it had passed both houses and was in the
+hands of the president, it was recalled by the house of
+representatives, which had originated it, the fraudulent passages were
+pointed out, and the further consideration of the bill was
+indefinitely postponed.</p>
+
+<p>Railroad enterprise received a check from which it did not recover<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_669" id="Page_669">[Pg 669]</a></span> in
+many years. May 5, 1864, Congress gave ten alternate sections on each
+side of lands to aid in building the Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi
+railroad. This grant was increased to twenty sections per mile, and
+indemnity lands were given. The state of Minnesota has also given
+seven sections of swamp land per mile. The city of St. Paul also gave
+a bonus of $250,000 in city bonds, to run twenty years, and St. Louis
+county gave $150,000 in bonds for a like period. From the proceeds of
+these lands and bonds an excellent thoroughfare has been built and
+maintained. The franchises pertaining to this road changed holders
+many times before the road was completed.</p>
+
+<p>The original incorporators were mostly citizens of Philadelphia who,
+under the name and title of the "Nebraska &amp; Lake Superior Company,"
+obtained their charter from the territorial legislature May 25, 1857.
+Their chartered rights were amended and their name changed to that of
+"Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi Railroad Company." The times for building
+were extended by Congress and the state legislature from time to time,
+as asked for by the company. The road was commenced in 1867 and
+completed to Duluth in 1870, and the name changed to "St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth" in 1875. The first cost of building was $7,700,000. The
+company have in addition built branch roads from White Bear to
+Minneapolis, from White Bear to Stillwater, from Wyoming to Taylor's
+Falls, from Rush City to Grantsburg, from North Pacific Junction to
+Cloquet, and a branch in Pine county to Sandstone City. The Taylor's
+Falls &amp; Lake Superior branch road received seven sections per mile of
+swamp lands from the State, $10,000 in ten per cent bonds from the
+town of Chisago Lake, $5,000 from the town of Shafer, and $18,600 from
+the town of Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p>Presidents of the St. Paul &amp; Duluth railroad: Lyman Dayton, W. L.
+Banning, Frank Clark, John P. Illsley, H. H. Porter, James Smith, Jr.,
+and Wm. H. Fisher.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MINNESOTA &amp; MANITOBA RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>Under the land grant of 1857 a road was projected between St. Paul and
+St. Anthony Falls, and completed in 1862, the first railroad in
+Minnesota, though others had been projected at an earlier period. This
+road was afterward extended to Breckenridge on Red river, and branches
+were built to St. Cloud, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_670" id="Page_670">[Pg 670]</a></span> from St. Cloud via Fergus Falls and
+Crookston to the national boundary at St. Vincent, and from
+Brekenridge through Dakota to the Great Falls in Montana. Subordinate
+branches to various points in Northern Minnesota, Dakota and Montana
+were also built. The roads from Minneapolis to St. Cloud and
+Breckenridge were built with German capital.</p>
+
+<p>After the completion of the main lines a financial depression
+occurred, the bonds were sold at a low figure and subsequently passed
+into the hands of J. J. Hill and others. The aggregate mileage of this
+road and its branches amount to 2,685 miles. It traverses a wheat
+growing region not surpassed on the continent. The present terminus,
+the Great Falls of Missouri, is a mining centre for gold and silver.
+The country tributary to the road can not fail to make it one of the
+most important highways of commerce in the great West, and thus far
+the energy and ability of its managers has made it equal to the
+immense demands upon it.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STILLWATER, WHITE BEAR &amp; ST. PAUL RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>Under the grant of 1857, a road from Stillwater to St. Paul was
+projected, the road to commence at Stillwater and to proceed via St.
+Paul and Minneapolis to the western boundary of the State. The company
+holding the grant, through legislative action effected a change in the
+conditions of the grant allowing them to commence at St. Paul,
+building west and northwest, as a result of which the road from
+Stillwater to St. Paul was not built. After ten years of inactivity
+upon this portion of the road, the Stillwater people demanded, through
+their representatives in the legislature of 1867, legislation
+compelling the building of the road as originally devised. At this
+session Hon. John McKusick, not then a member of the legislature, but
+still an influential man, and representing public sentiment,
+importuned the company holding the franchises, through the president,
+Hon. Edmund Rice, either to build the road or to transfer the
+franchises to some responsible company who would build it. Hon. Henry
+A. Jackman and the writer, members of the ninth legislature, after
+conference with the president of the company, introduced a bill
+conveying the franchises from the original company to a company of St.
+Croix valley men, to be organized forthwith, with the conditions that
+they at once proceed to build<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">[Pg 671]</a></span> the road from Stillwater to White Bear,
+connecting with the St. Paul &amp; Duluth at that point. A section was
+placed in the bill locating the railroad lands near Kandiyohi lake.
+These lands were among the most valuable in the grant and were to
+inure to the new company at the completion of the road. The bill was
+passed and approved by the governor. The road was completed to
+Stillwater Dec. 20, 1869.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of 1869 transferred 44,246 acres, or one-half of the
+Kandiyohi lands, to the St. Paul, Stillwater &amp; Taylor's Falls
+railroad.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. PAUL, STILLWATER &amp; TAYLOR'S FALLS RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>Part of the lands originally granted to the Stillwater, White Bear &amp;
+St. Paul railroad were transferred by the legislature of 1869 to the
+St. Paul, Stillwater &amp; Taylor's Falls railroad. The proceeds of the
+sale were to be applied to the construction of the above named road.
+The company was organized under the general laws of the State and
+incorporated Sept. 23, 1869. The route of the road defined in the
+articles of incorporation is between St. Paul and Taylor's Falls by
+way of Stillwater, passing through or near Marine, with a branch road
+to Hudson, Wisconsin. Length of main line from St. Paul to Stillwater
+is seventeen and fifty-four one hundredths miles. Hudson branch line
+from Stillwater junction to Lake St. Croix, three and one-fourth.
+South Stillwater branch line from Stillwater to South Stillwater,
+three miles. The first train by this line reached Stillwater from St.
+Paul Feb. 9, 1872. The capital stock, $1,000,000, may be increased at
+pleasure. The number of shares of capital stock is 10,000 of $100
+each, limit of indebtedness, $1,500,000.</p>
+
+<p>That part of the road to be built from Stillwater to Taylor's Falls up
+to the present date has not been completed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE WISCONSIN CENTRAL (BRANCH) RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1884 the Wisconsin Central built a branch road from Chippewa Falls
+via New Richmond to St. Paul, passing into Ramsey county east and
+south of White Bear. The bridge over the St. Croix river about four
+miles above Stillwater, belonging to this road, is a fine piece of
+workmanship, built entirely of iron and resting on solid stone piers.
+The total length of the structure is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">[Pg 672]</a></span> 2,400 feet, there being ten
+spans, each 160 feet long, and a viaduct, 800 feet long, on the
+Wisconsin side.</p>
+
+<p>The track is 87 feet above low water mark. The entire cost of the
+bridge was about $197,000. It was damaged by a cyclone in 1885 to the
+amount of $10,000.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TAYLOR'S FALLS &amp; LAKE SUPERIOR RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>The franchises and swamp land grant of the Lake Superior &amp; Mississippi
+railroad pertaining to the Taylor's Falls branch were in 1875, by
+legislative enactment, transferred to the Taylor's Falls &amp; Lake
+Superior Company. In 1879 these franchises and lands were transferred
+to the Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis Railroad Company. In the fall of 1879
+the St. Paul &amp; Duluth Company built a branch road to Centre City. In
+the spring of 1880 the Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis Company built three
+miles of road southward from Taylor's Falls, accomplishing in that
+distance as difficult and expensive work of its kind as had been done
+in the State, the grading being made through the trap rock ledges of
+the Dalles, and along the face of the nearly perpendicular bluffs
+overlooking the river. In the summer of 1880 they transferred their
+franchises and one-half their swamp land grant to the St. Paul &amp;
+Duluth Company, by whom the road was completed from Centre City to the
+road already built at Taylor's Falls, Oct. 29, 1880.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE &amp; ST. PAUL RAILROAD&mdash;RIVER DIVISION.</h4>
+
+<p>The river division of this road follows the west bank of the river
+from Dubuque to Hastings, passing through all the river towns.
+Crossing the river at Hastings it passes through the towns of Newport,
+Cottage Grove and Denmark, and the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis,
+terminal stations. The line from St. Paul to Hastings was built in
+1869, by the Chicago &amp; St. Paul Railway Company, under charter granted
+to the Minnesota &amp; Pacific Railroad Company in 1857. The present
+management obtained control of the line in 1872. The bridge across the
+Mississippi at Hastings was constructed in 1878, and was the first
+iron railroad bridge in the State. In respect to cost and workmanship
+it ranked with the important structures of the Northwest. The total
+length of the river bridge is 706 feet, and consists of an iron draw
+span 300 feet long, two fixed spans each of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[Pg 673]</a></span> 150 feet in length, and a
+combination span on the north shore 106 feet in length. The cost of
+the structure was $200,000. In 1884 a branch line was extended from
+Point Douglas to Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MINNEAPOLIS, SAULT STE. MARIE &amp; ATLANTIC.</h4>
+
+<p>The following memorial, introduced by the writer while a member of the
+state senate of 1877, is the first public mention or suggestion of
+this road as far as we are aware. It was adopted by the legislature,
+forwarded to Washington, read and duly referred to the committee on
+railroads:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">STATE OF MINNESOTA.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">NINETEENTH SESSION.   S.F.   NO. 36.</span><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A MEMORIAL<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Introduced by Mr. Folsom, Jan. 12, 1877.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">TO CONGRESS FOR RIGHT OF WAY AND GRANT OF LAND FOR RAILROAD PURPOSES.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled:</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Your memorialists, the legislature of the state of Minnesota,
+respectfully represent that the rapidly increasing settlements of the
+Northwest, the surplus agricultural products and material developments
+demand greater and cheaper facilities than now existing, and a more
+direct transit to the Atlantic seaboard and European ports, and
+eastern products transported to the Northwest.</p>
+
+<p>That the saving in the distance to eastern markets of three hundred
+miles, by a railroad route from St. Paul and Minneapolis to Sault Ste.
+Marie, will tend to more fully develop the great wheat growing region
+of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota, and Montana. The surplus of wheat,
+which forms one of the most reliable exports from our government, in
+shortening the distance to European markets three hundred miles will
+give encouragement to this great source of wealth to our whole land,
+and deserves aid and protection.</p>
+
+<p>That by reason of the facts set forth in this memorial, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">[Pg 674]</a></span> many
+other considerations, the nearest transit makes cheap transportation
+and thereby develops the country and increases prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>To further these objects, we ask Congress to donate land to aid, and
+the right of way through government land to build, a railroad from the
+cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis to the falls of St. Marie's river.</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 20, 1879, a large mass meeting was held at St. Croix Falls, the
+object being to consider the feasibility of the "Soo" route. Over five
+hundred persons were present, among them delegates from Minneapolis,
+St. Paul, Stillwater, and Superior City. The subject was discussed and
+resolutions passed favoring the building of the road to Sault Ste.
+Marie via the Dalles of St. Croix.</p>
+
+<p>Not, however, till Sept. 12, 1883, were the articles of incorporation
+filed in Wisconsin and Minnesota by W. D. Washburn and others of
+Minneapolis, for the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie &amp; Atlantic Railroad
+Company.</p>
+
+<p>The road was completed to the "Soo" in December, 1887. At that point
+it connects with a branch of the Canadian Pacific. The St. Marie river
+is to be crossed on a union bridge built by the roads centring at that
+point. It is now under construction, and will cost when completed over
+a million dollars. The length of the line is about 225 miles. The
+capital stock is $12,000,000, divided into 80,000 shares of common
+stock, and 40,000 shares preferred. The board of directors for the
+first year is composed of the following persons, all residents of
+Minneapolis: W. D. Washburn, president; H. T. Welles, John Martin,
+Thomas Lowry, George R. Newell, Anthony Kelly, M. Loring, Clinton
+Morrison, J. K. Sidle, W. W. Eastman, W. D. Hale, C. A. Pillsbury, and
+Chas. J. Martin.</p>
+
+<p>The following comparison of distance will be of interest to the people
+of the Northwestern States:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Miles.</td><td align='left'>Miles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Paul to Chicago</td><td align='right'>411</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chicago to New York City</td><td align='right'>962</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York to Liverpool</td><td align='right'>3,040</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'>4,413</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Paul (via Sault) to Montreal</td><td align='right'>997</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Montreal to Liverpool</td><td align='right'>2,790</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='right'>3,787</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Difference in favor of Montreal route</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>626</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">[Pg 675]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHICAGO, BURLINGTON &amp; NORTHERN RAILROAD.</h4>
+
+<p>The Chicago, Burlington &amp; Northern Company constructed a road from
+Chicago to Savannah, Illinois, and from that point up the Mississippi,
+along its east bank to St. Paul, crossing the St. Croix at Prescott.
+The road from Savannah to St. Paul is two hundred and eighty-five
+miles in length, and was completed in 1886. The cost complete,
+including rolling stock, was $30,000 per mile. The road was built on a
+grade of nine and eight-tenths feet to the mile, and its curvature
+nowhere exceeds three degrees in one hundred feet. The St. Croix,
+Chippewa, Wisconsin, Platte, Grant, and Fever rivers are crossed by
+iron bridges.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILEAGE OF ROADS CENTRING IN ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS IN 1887.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>Miles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Manitoba</td><td align='right'>3,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Northern Pacific</td><td align='right'>2,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hastings &amp; Dakota</td><td align='right'>344</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pacific division of the Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis</td><td align='right'>223</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minneapolis &amp; Pacific</td><td align='right'>230</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Omaha, Western division</td><td align='right'>627</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milwaukee, River division</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Milwaukee, Iowa division</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minneapolis &amp; St. Louis</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burlington &amp; Northern</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Northwestern, Omaha section</td><td align='right'>176</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota &amp; Northwestern (now Chicago, St. Paul &amp; Kansas City)</td><td align='right'>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin Central</td><td align='right'>100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soo Ste. Marie</td><td align='right'>210</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Wisconsin</td><td align='right'>250</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Paul &amp; Duluth</td><td align='right'>216</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>8,476</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ST. CROIX
+RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>As early as 1858, when the writer was a member of the Minnesota
+senate, he introduced a memorial to Congress for the improvement of
+the St. Croix river, and of the Mississippi at Beef Slough bar, below
+Lake Pepin. This was the first memorial presented on this subject.
+Subsequent legislatures continued to memorialize Congress, but it was
+twenty years of continuous pleading before any attention was paid to
+the subject. In 1878<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">[Pg 676]</a></span> Thaddeus C. Pound, representing the St. Croix
+valley in Congress, secured the first appropriation. Mr. Pound also
+secured the first appropriation for the Mississippi reservoirs.</p>
+
+<p>The following appropriations were made from time to time: 1878,
+$8,000; 1879, $10,000; 1880, $8,000; 1881, $10,000; 1882, $30,000;
+1883, $7,500.</p>
+
+<p>This money has been expended under the supervision of Maj. Farquier
+and Charles J. Allen of the United States engineering corps, with
+headquarters at St. Paul. The improvements carried out consisted in
+removing snags and all impediments in the channel or along shore,
+removing sandbars, thus deepening the channel, building wing dams, and
+riprapping the shores. The work has been well done, and the
+expenditure is a most judicious one.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INLAND NAVIGATION.</h4>
+
+<p>As the prosperity of a country depends, next to its natural resources,
+upon the avenues of communication with other countries, the people of
+the Northwest naturally took a great interest in the improvement of
+their waterways. The states lying along the Mississippi and its
+tributaries found by these streams an advantageous southern outlet for
+their produce. But much needed to be done in the direction of
+improving navigation by clearing away obstructions, deepening the
+channels, and affording facilities for crossing rapids. As the
+settlements extended toward the great lakes, it became evident that
+the prosperity of the country would be greatly enhanced by
+communication with the lakes. In the absence or scarcity of navigable
+streams this communication, if obtained, must be by the improvement of
+navigation of the upper portion of these streams having their source
+near the lakes and their connection by canals with the lakes or their
+tributaries. By this means it was thought a better route to the
+Atlantic and to the Eastern States would be afforded for grain and
+other products than that afforded by the Mississippi. In the Minnesota
+state legislature of 1875 a bill was introduced making an
+appropriation of $10,000 for a survey of the route connecting the
+waters of Lake Superior with those of the St. Croix. This bill met
+with much opposition, but was finally passed, the amount having been
+reduced by amendment to $3,000. Lucas R. Stannard and Robert B. Davis
+were appointed commissioners, and with the meagre amount did all that
+was possible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">[Pg 677]</a></span> to be done in surveying the route. As the author of the
+bill, I insert here, as a matter of history, and as a sufficient
+explanation of my own views and those of the friends of the measure, a
+synopsis of the arguments presented to the senate advocating the
+measure:</p>
+
+<p>"The route from Duluth via the lakes and St. Lawrence, and the
+Atlantic to England, according to correct computation, is about six
+hundred miles shorter than the route via Chicago and New York. The
+northern route is being made feasible by the improvements made by the
+British government on the Welland canal and Lachine rapids, and by the
+improvements made by our own government on the St. Clair flats and the
+Sault Ste. Marie canal, by which a depth of water is obtained
+sufficient to float vessels drawing twenty feet. This route to Europe
+will be traversed in much less time than the New York route. Vessels
+will be constructed for this inland American trade, and starting from
+the west end of Lake Superior with a cargo of grain that two weeks
+before was waving in the sunlight on northwestern prairies, will pass
+direct to Europe without breaking of bulk or reshipping, while the
+southern route requires reshipments at Buffalo and New York. Figures
+can scarcely do justice to the vast business that will be transacted
+on this open route as the northern part of the United States and the
+adjacent British possessions are settled.</p>
+
+<p>"The opening of this route will tend to create new treaty stipulations
+and unlooked for interpretations of the old with the Dominion
+government, and establish commercial confidence and secure trade not
+realized to-day. Cheap transportation is the demand of the age, and
+this route will afford to the hundreds of millions of bushels of wheat
+and the commerce of Central North America the desired outlet to the
+best markets of the world. To many these ideas may seem chimerical,
+but we believe that the progress of the country and the development of
+her commerce in the not distant future will justify them, and that
+predictions now regarded as fanciful will be fulfilled to the letter.</p>
+
+<p>"Minnesota as a state is just in the age of development. She is rising
+to power and influence. Much depends upon our legislature, more than
+depended upon the legislature of New York when, actuated by good
+counsels it connected the waters of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">[Pg 678]</a></span> Hudson with those of Lake
+Erie by the 'Clinton Ditch,' so called in derision by the enemies of
+the measure. But the wisdom of Dewitt Clinton, the originator of that
+famous waterway, advanced the settlement of the great West at least a
+quarter of a century.</p>
+
+<p>"Minnesota in her location holds the key that will unlock the largest
+body of fresh water on the globe, and open to it one of the most
+fertile and extensive wheat growing districts on the continent, a
+country that will soon vie with the country around the Black sea in
+the quantity and quality of its grain production.</p>
+
+<p>"Shall we stand idly by whilst our neighboring states are moving to
+secure cheaper communications with the seaboard states? Cheap
+transportation, the lever that moves the world, is claiming the
+favorable attention of Congress, and men and means have been provided
+to ascertain the most feasible routes on which to bestow her aid for
+the transferring of the surplus products of the country to the markets
+of the East.</p>
+
+<p>"The reports made thus far by the national committee make no allusion
+to Minnesota's great gateway to the East by Lake Superior, nor to the
+improvement of the Sault Ste. Marie canal. The committee dwelt
+somewhat elaborately upon the project of connecting the Mississippi
+with the lakes by means of a canal between the waters of Wisconsin and
+Fox rivers, neither of them good navigable streams. No authorized
+survey has ever commended this as a cheap route. Only one plan can be
+adopted by which a thoroughfare can be made profitable to the
+government and to the Northwest over this route, and that is to
+construct a ship canal along the Wisconsin river from the portage to
+the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>"If the government can be prevailed upon to open up this route no one
+will deny that it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of
+Wisconsin, and to those further up the valley of the Mississippi. Let
+its friends do all they can to push forward the great movement.</p>
+
+<p>"To Minnesotians I would say, let Wisconsin have much of our aid. I
+trust it will not take thirty-five years of the future to open up what
+thirty-five years of the past has projected. Wisconsin alone and
+unassisted ought to have accomplished this great work years ago, if
+the work could have been accomplished as cheaply as it has been
+represented.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">[Pg 679]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Let Minnesota look nearer home. The headwaters of the St. Croix are
+nearer to Lake Superior than those of any other navigable stream.
+Large Mississippi boats, whenever occasion has demanded, have made
+their way to the Dalles of the St. Croix. The falls and rapids above
+this point for a distance of four miles have a fall of but
+seventy-four feet, an elevation that could be overcome by means of
+locks. By means of wing dams at Kettle River falls, and other
+improvements at no very great cost, the river could be made navigable
+to the mouth of the Namakagon. This river, though put down as a
+tributary, is in reality the main stream, and can be navigated to
+Namakagon lake, which is but thirty miles from Ashland, and can be
+connected by a canal with Chequamegon bay, or with White river, a
+distance of only a few miles.</p>
+
+<p>"If we pass up the St. Croix from the mouth of the Namakagon river, we
+shall find no serious obstructions to navigation till we reach the
+great dam built by the lumbermen twenty miles below Upper Lake St.
+Croix. The conformation here is of such a character that an
+inexhaustible supply of water can be held&mdash;more than three times what
+is held in the celebrated Summit lake in Ohio, which feeds the canal
+connecting the waters of the Ohio and Lake Erie. It is but a mile from
+the former lake to the source of Brule river, an affluent of Lake
+Superior, but as the waters of the Brule are rapid and the channel
+rocky, and its outlet is on a bleak and unhospitable stretch of lake
+shore, destitute of any harbor, we prefer the route from the Upper St.
+Croix lake to the bay of Superior, a distance of about thirty miles, a
+route well supplied by reservoirs of water, and with no difficult or
+insurmountable hills to overcome.</p>
+
+<p>"Hon. H. M. Rice, who was one of the commissioners to survey the St.
+Marie's canal, pronounces this the most feasible and direct route for
+our contemplated canal.</p>
+
+<p>"Other routes have been proposed, as from the St. Croix to the Nemadji
+and St. Louis rivers, but of the feasibility of these I am not so
+definitely informed.</p>
+
+<p>"Believing, gentlemen of the senate, that you are in full accord with
+me that this great Northwest demands not only state aid in developing
+our natural resources, but the assistance of the general government, I
+recommend the proper presentation of this subject before Congress by
+our senators and representatives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">[Pg 680]</a></span> until our prayers are granted for
+the improvement of the same."</p>
+
+<p>In the session of the Minnesota legislature of 1876 I again introduced
+a memorial to Congress asking for an appropriation of $10,000 to make
+a government survey of the St. Croix and Lake Superior routes.</p>
+
+<p>George R. Stuntz, the veteran explorer, surveyor and civil engineer,
+who accompanied the United States reservoir commission to the Upper
+St. Croix waters, and who had made previous scientific examinations
+for the purpose of forming a correct idea of the contour of the summit
+dividing the waters flowing north and south, and of the practicability
+of constructing reservoirs, and of the cost of connecting the Lake
+Superior and St. Croix waters, makes the following report, which is
+valuable for the reliable data given:</p>
+
+<p>"There are evidences that in the glacial period this was the channel
+through which flowed a river of ice, and that subsequently for a long
+period a vast volume of water coursed through this channel from Lake
+Superior to and down the Mississippi. The valley is everywhere of
+great width in proportion to the present volume of water, showing
+evidences of currents of great velocity fifty feet above the high
+water marks of the present time. These ancient banks of the river are
+composed of heavy drift gravel and boulders bearing the marks of the
+glacial action and having their origin north of Lake Superior. This
+valley extends across the height of land in township 45, in range 11
+west, and in the northern part of it the Brule river rises and flows
+north into Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p>"At the copper range in township 48, range 10 west, section 23, a
+ledge of trap rock stands in the valley. In the eddy of this rock and
+extending to the southward or up the present stream is a well defined
+moraine of large boulders and gravel showing that the glacial river
+ran south. To the north of this point the Brule river makes a straight
+cut to the lake through sandy red clay deposits peculiar to that
+region.</p>
+
+<p>"In this ancient valley the lowest point on the summit at the
+headwaters of these two streams is about 460 feet above Lake Superior
+[Lake St. Croix, at Stillwater, is 117 feet higher than Lake Superior]
+and 346 feet above Lake St. Croix. Upper Lake St. Croix is 12 feet
+below this summit. The St. Croix river one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">[Pg 681]</a></span> mile above the mouth of
+Moose river is 25 feet below this summit. The St. Croix river
+discharges 15.360 cubic feet of water per minute at the mouth of Moose
+creek. The Brule river discharges about 5.805 cubic feet of water per
+minute in the north part of township 46, range 10. The distance from
+Taylor's Falls to Lake Superior by the valley of the St. Croix and the
+valley of the Brule river is nearly 150 miles.</p>
+
+<p>"There are several exposures of trap rock along these streams and an
+abundance of brown sandstone of good quality for building purposes,
+being easily worked.</p>
+
+<p>"Can Lake St. Croix, at Stillwater, be connected with Lake Superior by
+canal and slackwater navigation? Yes. This question has been
+definitely settled by the recent examination of the United States
+engineers, under the direction of Maj. Chas. J. Allen, of the sources
+of the St Croix river, with reference to the construction of
+reservoirs to improve the navigation of that river and the
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>"By constructing a dam one mile above the mouth of Moose creek, on the
+St. Croix, of sufficient height to raise the water 25 feet, cutting a
+canal 75 feet wide, 12 feet deep, 1-1/2 miles long, across the summit,
+and building a dam in township 46, range 10, across the Brule river,
+high enough to raise the water to the same height as the dam on the
+St. Croix, and you construct a lake over thirty miles long, affording
+uninterrupted navigation across the summit for that distance, and
+utilize the waters of the St. Croix and its branches and the Brule,
+and by the capacity before given the amount of water is sufficient to
+pass vessels through locks 75 feet wide, 300 feet long, 12-1/2 feet
+lift, at the rate of 3 per hour, or 73 in 24 hours, at the dryest
+season of the year. This settles the question of practicability.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole improvement will cost less than $8,000,000, and by placing
+the lowest dam and lock at Prescott so as to always hold Lake St.
+Croix at the high water mark will give two hundred miles of slackwater
+navigation connecting the Mississippi river with Lake Superior,
+accommodating boats of large size and deep draft, propelled by steam,
+at the usual rates of speed used on the rivers. Average cost per mile,
+$40,000.</p>
+
+<p>"It would accomplish another object. The improvement of navigation on
+the Mississippi river by a system of reservoirs on its tributaries
+would be most effectually accomplished by holding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[Pg 682]</a></span> one or two feet of
+extra head upon each of the thirteen dams proposed, thus storing up
+during the spring freshets vastly more water than can be held in the
+small reservoirs on the tributaries of the St. Croix. There are no
+very large natural reservoirs in the Upper St. Croix valley.</p>
+
+<p>"Hold a three foot head on the lake as a reserve from the spring
+freshets and you have stored up 34,073,000 cubic yards of water to be
+used in the dry season in August and September. Continue this plan to
+the source and you have in the St. Croix valley a continuous reservoir
+one hundred and fifty miles long. Connect the two systems as proposed
+above and you have a route furnishing the cheapest transportation that
+can be had and at the same time obtain a system of large reservoirs to
+improve the navigation of the Mississippi river.</p>
+
+<p>"This is one of the improvements that the Northwest needs for its
+present, future and more perfect development.</p>
+
+<p>"The proposition and figures are given, after a series of examinations
+extending through a period of over twenty-five years, for the purpose
+of calling out investigation."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE WATERWAYS CONVENTION OF 1885.</h4>
+
+<p>Public discussions of the matter in the legislature and in conventions
+were not entirely in vain. Public attention was aroused and interest
+awakened in the great question of inland navigation. In 1885 the great
+waterways convention convened in St. Paul, at the call of Gov.
+Hubbard, of Minnesota. This convention was attended by over 1,000
+delegates from the states of Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, Kansas,
+Nebraska, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and from the
+territories of Dakota and Montana. Ex-Gov. Bross, of Illinois, acted
+as temporary chairman. The permanent organization elected Maj. Wm.
+Warren, of Kansas City, president, Gen. G. W. Jones, of Iowa, vice
+president, and Platt B. Walker, of Minnesota, secretary.</p>
+
+<p>Various schemes for internal improvement were brought before the
+convention and ably advocated, but each in the interest of a
+particular section. The members from Florida wanted a ship canal for
+that State. Illinois and Eastern Iowa advocated the Hennepin canal
+scheme. Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Western Iowa, Dakota, and Montana
+demanded the improvement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">[Pg 683]</a></span> of the Missouri river. Wisconsin and
+Northern Iowa the completion of the Fox and Wisconsin canal. Minnesota
+and Wisconsin agreed with all for the improvement of the Mississippi
+from the falls of St. Anthony to the Balize, for the improvement of
+the Sault Ste. Marie canal, and for the internal improvements asked
+for generally in the states and territories represented.</p>
+
+<p>The result was the passage of a series of resolutions recommending a
+liberal policy in the distribution of improvements, and favoring every
+meritorious project for the increase of facilities for water
+transportation, but recommending as a subject of paramount importance
+the immediate and permanent improvement of the Mississippi and
+Missouri rivers and their navigable tributaries. It was recommended
+that the depth of the Mississippi be increased to six feet between
+Cario and the falls of St. Anthony. The Hennepin canal was strongly
+indorsed, as was also the improvement of the Sault Ste. Marie, and of
+the navigation of Wisconsin and Fox rivers, of the Red River of the
+North, and of the Chippewa, St. Croix and Minnesota rivers. The
+convention unanimously recommended as a sum proper for these
+improvements the appropriation of $25,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the papers presented were elaborately prepared, and deserve to
+be placed on permanent record. The memorial of Mr. E. W. Durant, of
+Stillwater, contains many valuable statistics. We quote that portion
+containing a statement of the resources and commerce of the valleys of
+the Mississippi and St. Croix:</p>
+
+<p>"The Northwestern States have not had the recognition that is due to
+the agricultural and commercial requirements of this vast and poplous
+territory, whose granaries and fields not only feed the millions of
+this continent, but whose annual export constitutes a most important
+factor in the food calculation of foreign nations. During the past
+decade the general government has expended $3,000,000 on the waterways
+of the Upper Mississippi. The improvements inaugurated by the general
+government in removing many of the serious impediments to navigation
+warrants the belief that still more extensive improvements should be
+made. It is an error to suppose that the palmy days of steamboating on
+western rivers has passed. In demonstration of this take the quantity
+of lumber sent down the Mississippi. There was shipped from the St.
+Croix river during the year 1884<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_684" id="Page_684">[Pg 684]</a></span> to various distributing points along
+the Mississippi river 250,000,000 feet of lumber, 40,000,000 of lath,
+37,000,000 of shingles, 2,000,000 of pickets; from the Chippewa river
+during the same period, 883,000,000 feet of lumber, 223,000,000 of
+shingles and 102,000,000 of lath and pickets; from Black river during
+the same period was shipped 250,000,000 feet of lumber, 40,000,000
+shingles, and 32,000,000 lath and pickets, aggregating 1,383,000,000
+feet of lumber, 300,000,000 of shingles and 176,000,000 of lath. The
+tonnage of this product alone foots up over 3,000,000 tons. The lumber
+value of raft and cargoes annually floated to market on the
+Mississippi will not vary far from $20,000,000. The capital invested
+in steamboats, 100 in number, used for towing purposes is $1,250,000;
+while the saw mills, timber plants and other investments incidental to
+the prosecution of this branch of industry will foot up fully
+$500,000; while the labor and their dependences engaged in this
+pursuit alone will equal the population of one of our largest western
+states. There are sixteen bridges spanning the river between St. Paul
+and St. Louis, and it is important that some additional safeguards be
+thrown around these bridges to afford greater safety to river
+commerce."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Durant says there has been a general cry for some time past that
+the days of steamboating on the Northern Mississippi and tributaries
+were over; but he thinks it will be forcibly shown in the coming
+convention that, if they are, the only cause for it is the extremely
+short and uncertain seasons for steamboating, resulting from the
+neglected and filled up channels. If the channels can be improved, so
+that steamers can be sure of five months' good running each year, he
+thinks they will prove to be one of the most important means of
+transportation in the Upper Mississippi valley. They will then be used
+for the transportation up and down stream of all heavy and slow
+freights in preference to railroads, on account of cheapness. It would
+prove a new and the greatest era in upper river steamboating.</p>
+
+<p>It appears from a report made at the convention, that during the year
+1884 there were 175 steamboats plying on the Mississippi from St.
+Louis to points above. Two thousand seven hundred rafts from the St.
+Croix and Chippewa passed the Winona bridge, and the total number of
+feet of logs and lumber floated down the Mississippi from the St.
+Croix, Chippewa and Black<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[Pg 685]</a></span> rivers was 1,366,000,000. The total
+passages of steamers through the Winona bridge for 1887 was 4,492. On
+the St. Croix, above Lake St. Croix, during the season of 1887 there
+were 3 steamers and 25 barges engaged in freight and passenger traffic
+only. The steamers made 141 round trips between Stillwater and
+Taylor's Falls, 75 round trips between Marine and St. Paul, and 20
+round trips between Franconia and St. Paul.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a showing of the lumber, logs, rafting, and towing
+business on the St. Croix during 1887: There were 51 steamers engaged
+in towing logs and lumber out of the St. Croix and down the
+Mississippi, the total number of feet handled by them being
+250,000,000, board measure: The total number of feet of logs (board
+measure) which passed through the St. Croix boom in 1887 was
+325,000,000. The lumber manufacture of the St. Croix during that year
+was valued at $2,393,323.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RESOLUTION INTRODUCED AT THE WATERWAYS CONVENTION HELD IN ST. PAUL,
+SEPTEMBER, 1885.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The North American continent is penetrated by two great water
+systems both of which originate upon the tablelands of Minnesota, one
+the Mississippi river and its tributaries, reaching southward from the
+British line to the Gulf of Mexico, watering the greatest body of
+fertile land on the globe,&mdash;the future seat of empire of the human
+family on earth,&mdash;the other the chain of great lakes flowing
+eastwardly and constituting with the St. Lawrence river a great water
+causeway in the direct line of the flow of the world's commerce from
+the heart of the continent to the Atlantic; and</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Between the navigable waters of these continental dividing
+systems there is but a gap of ninety miles in width from Taylor's
+Falls on the St. Croix, to Duluth on Lake Superior, through a region
+of easily worked drift formation, with a rise of but five hundred and
+sixty feet to overcome, and plentifully supplied with water from the
+highest point of the water-shed; therefore,</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>. That we demand of Congress the construction of a canal
+from Taylor's Falls to Duluth, using the Upper St. Croix and the St.
+Louis rivers as far as the same can be made navigable, the said canal
+to be forever free of toll or charge, and to remain a public highway
+for the interchange of the productions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[Pg 686]</a></span> of the Mississippi valley and
+the valley of the great lakes; and should the railway interests of the
+country prove powerful enough to prevent congressional action to this
+end, we call upon the states of the Northwest to unite and build, at
+their own cost, such a canal, believing that the increased value of
+the productions of the country would speedily repay the entire outlay.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EARLY STEAMBOAT NAVIGATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The Pennsylvania was the first steamer that descended the Mississippi.
+She came down the Ohio from Pittsburgh, creating the utmost terror in
+the minds of the simple-hearted people who had lately been rather
+rudely shaken by an earthquake, and supposed the noise of the coming
+steamer to be but the precursor of another shake. When the
+Pennsylvania approached Shawneetown, Illinois, the people crowded the
+river shore, and in their alarm fell down upon their knees and prayed
+to be delivered from the muttering, roaring earthquake coming down the
+river, its furnaces glowing like the open portals of the nether world.
+Many fled to the hills in utter dismay at the frightful appearance of
+the hitherto unknown monster, and the dismal sounds it emitted. It
+produced the same and even greater terror in the scant settlements of
+the Lower Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823 Capt. Shreve commanded the Gen. Washington, the fastest boat
+that had as yet traversed the western rivers. This year the Gen.
+Washington made the trip from New Orleans to Louisville, Kentucky, in
+twenty-five days. When at Louisville he anchored his boat in the
+middle of the river and fired twenty-five guns in honor of the event,
+one for each day out. The population of Louisville feted and honored
+the gallant captain for his achievement. He was crowned with flowers,
+and borne through the streets by the huzzaing crowd. A rich banquet
+was spread, and amidst the hilarity excited by the flowing bowl, the
+captain made an eloquent speech which was vociferously applauded. He
+declared that the time made by the Gen. Washington could never be
+equaled by any other boat. Curiously enough, some later in the season,
+the Tecumseh made the trip in nine days. The time made by the Tecumseh
+was not beaten until 1833, when the Shepherdess carried away the
+laurels for speed.</p>
+
+<p>We have but little definite information as to navigation on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[Pg 687]</a></span>
+Mississippi during the ten years subsequent to the trip of the
+Pennsylvania. The solitude of the Upper Mississippi was unbroken by
+the advent of any steamer until the year 1823. On the second of May in
+that year the Virginia, a steamer 118 feet in length, 22 in width,
+with a draught of 6 feet, left her moorings at St. Louis levee for
+Fort Snelling laden with stores for the fort. She was four days
+passing the Rock Island rapids, and made but slow progress throughout.
+It is heedless to say that the Indians were as much frightened at the
+appearance of the "fire canoe" as the settlers of the Ohio valley had
+been, and made quick time escaping to the hills.</p>
+
+<p>Judge James H. Lockwood narrates (see Vol. II, Wisconsin Historical
+Collections, page 152) that in 1824 Capt. David G. Bates brought a
+small boat named the Putnam up to Prairie du Chien, and took it thence
+to Fort Snelling with supplies for the troops. The steamer Neville
+also made the voyage to Prairie du Chien in 1824. The following year
+came the steamer Mandan and in 1826 the Indiana and Lawrence. Fletcher
+Williams, in his history of St. Paul, says that from 1823 to 1826 as
+many as fifteen steamers had arrived at Fort Snelling, and that
+afterward their arrivals were more frequent.</p>
+
+<p>During this primitive period, the steamboats had no regular time for
+arrival and departure at ports. A time table would have been an
+absurdity. "Go as you please" or "go as you can," was the order of the
+day. Passengers had rare opportunities for observation and discovery,
+and were frequently allowed pleasure excursions on shore while the
+boat was being cordelled over a rapid, was stranded on a bar, or
+waiting for wood to be cut and carried on board at some wooding
+station. Sometimes they were called upon to lend a helping hand at the
+capstan, or to tread the gang plank to a "wood up" quickstep. When on
+their pleasure excursion they strayed away too far, they were recalled
+to the boat by the firing of a gun or the ringing of a bell. It is
+doubtful if in later days, with all the improvements in steamboat
+travel, more enjoyable voyages have been made than these free and easy
+excursions in the light draught boats of the decades between 1830 and
+1850, under such genial captains and officers as the Harrises,
+Atchinson, Throckmorton, Brasie, Ward, Blakeley, Lodwick, Munford,
+Pim, Orrin Smith and others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[Pg 688]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Before the government had improved navigation the rapids of Rock
+Island and Des Moines, and snags, rocks and sandbars elsewhere were
+serious obstructions. The passengers endured the necessary delays from
+these causes with great good nature, and the tedium of the voyage was
+frequently enlivened by boat races with rival steamers. These
+passenger boats were then liberally patronized. The cost of a trip
+from St. Louis to St. Paul was frequently reduced to ten dollars, and
+considering the time spent in making the trip (often as much as two or
+three weeks) was cheaper than board in a good hotel, while the fare on
+the boat could not be excelled. The boats were frequently crowded with
+passengers, whole families were grouped about the tables or strolling
+on the upper decks, with groups of travelers representing all the
+professions and callings, travelers for pleasure and for business,
+explorers, artists, and adventurers. At night the brilliantly lighted
+cabin would resound with music, furnished by the boat's band of sable
+minstrels, and trembled to the tread of the dancers as much as to the
+throbbing of the engine.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer, as the one means of communication with the distant world,
+as the bearer of mails, of provisions and articles of trade, was
+greeted at every village with eager and excited groups of people, some
+perhaps expecting the arrival of friends, while others were there to
+part with them. These were scenes to be remembered long, in fact many
+of the associations of river travel produced indelible impressions. In
+these days of rapid transit by rail more than half the delights of
+traveling are lost. Before the settlement of the country the wildness
+of the scene had a peculiar charm. The majestic bluffs with their
+rugged escarpments of limestone stretched away in solitary grandeur on
+either side of the river. The perpendicular crags crowning the bluffs
+seemed like ruined castles, some of them with rounded turrets and
+battlements, some even with arched portals. Along the slopes of the
+bluffs was a growth of sturdy oaks, in their general contour and
+arrangement resembling fruit trees, vast, solitary orchards in
+appearance, great enough to supply the world with fruit. On the slopes
+of the river bank might have been seen occasionally the bark wigwams
+of the Indian, and his birch canoe gliding silently under the shadow
+of the elms and willows lining the shore. Occasionally a deer would be
+seen grazing on some upland glade, or bounding away in terror at sight
+of the steamer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[Pg 689]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A complete history of early steamboat navigation on the Upper
+Mississippi would abound with interesting narratives and incidents;
+but of these, unfortunately, there is no authentic record, and we can
+only speak in general terms of the various companies that successively
+controlled the trade and travel of the river, or were rivals for the
+patronage of the public. During the decade of the '30s, the Harrises,
+of Galena, ran several small boats from Galena to St. Louis,
+occasionally to Fort Snelling, or through the difficult current of the
+Wisconsin to Fort Winnebago, towing barges laden with supplies for the
+Wisconsin pineries. Capt. Scribe Harris' favorite boat from 1835 to
+1838 was the Smelter. The captain greatly delighted in her speed,
+decorated her gaily with evergreens, and rounding to at landings, or
+meeting with other boats, fired a cannon from her prow to announce her
+imperial presence.</p>
+
+<p>The Smelter and other boats run by the Harris family held the commerce
+of the river for many years. In 1846 the first daily line of steamers
+above St. Louis was established. These boats ran independently, but on
+stated days, from St. Louis to Galena and Dubuque. They were the
+Tempest, Capt. John J. Smith; War Eagle, Capt. Smith Harris; Prairie
+Bird, Capt. Niebe Wall; Monona, Capt. &mdash;&mdash; Bersie; St. Croix, Capt.
+&mdash;&mdash;; Fortune, Capt. Mark Atchinson. These boat owners, with others,
+subsequently formed a consolidated company.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847 a company was formed for the navigation of the Mississippi
+above Galena. The first boat in the line, the Argo, commanded by
+Russell Blakeley, was placed upon the river in 1846. The boats in this
+line were the Argo, Dr. Franklin, Senator, Nominee, Ben Campbell, War
+Eagle, and the Galena.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 the Galena &amp; Minnesota Packet Company was formed by a
+consolidation of various interests. The company consisted of the
+following stockholders: O. Smith, the Harrises, James Carter, H.
+Corwith, B. H. Campbell, D. B. Morehouse, H. M. Rice, H. L. Dousman,
+H. H. Sibley, and Russell Blakeley. The boats of the new company were
+the War Eagle, Galena, Dr. Franklin, Nominee, and the West Newton. In
+1857 a new company was formed, and the Dubuque boats, the Itasca and
+Key City, were added to the line. This line continued until 1862, and
+the new boats, Dr. Franklin, No. 2, and the New St. Paul, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[Pg 690]</a></span> added.
+The Galena had been burned at Red Wing in the fall of 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of the earliest arrivals at St. Paul after the
+opening of navigation between the years 1843 and 1858: April 5, 1843,
+steamer Otter, Capt. Harris; April 6, 1844, steamer Otter, Capt.
+Harris; April 6, 1845, steamer Otter, Capt. Harris; March 31, 1846,
+steamer Lynx, Capt. Atchison; April 7, 1847, steamer Cora, Capt.
+Throckmorton; April 7, 1848, steamer Senator, Capt. Harris; April 9,
+1849, steamer Highland Mary, Capt. Atchison; April 19, 1850, steamer
+Highland Mary, Capt. Atchison; April 4, 1851, steamer Nominee, Capt.
+Smith; April 16, 1852, steamer Nominee, Capt. Smith; April 11, 1853,
+steamer West Newton, Capt. Harris; April 8, 1854, steamer Nominee,
+Capt. Blakeley; April 17, 1855, steamer War Eagle, Capt. Harris; April
+18, 1856, steamer Lady Franklin, Capt. Lucas; May 1, 1857, steamer
+Galena, Capt. Laughton; March 25, 1858, steamer Gray Eagle, Capt.
+Harris.</p>
+
+<p>The following list includes boats not named in the packet and company
+lists with date of first appearance as far as can be ascertained:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='right'>May 20, 1823</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rufus Putnam</td><td align='right'>April 5, 1825</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mandan</td><td align='right'>1825</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Neville</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='right'>1825</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lawrence</td><td align='right'>May 18, 1826</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Versailles</td><td align='right'>May 12, 1832</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='right'>May 5, 1836</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Frontier</td><td align='right'>1836</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Palmyra</td><td align='right'>1836</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Saint Peter's</td><td align='right'>1836</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rolla</td><td align='right'>1838</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sciota</td><td align='right'>183-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eclipse</td><td align='right'>183-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Josephine</td><td align='right'>183-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fulton</td><td align='right'>183-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Red River</td><td align='right'>183-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Black Rover</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burlington</td><td align='right'>1838</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ariel</td><td align='right'>1839</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gypsy</td><td align='right'>1839</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fayette</td><td align='right'>1839</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Warrior</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Enterprise</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Volant</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Glancus</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Knickerbocker</td><td align='right'>1840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Otter</td><td align='right'>1841</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Highland Mary</td><td align='right'>1849</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Gov. Ramsey (above the falls)</td><td align='right'> 185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Anthony Wayne</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Yankee</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Black Hawk</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ben Accord</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Royal Arch</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Uncle Toby</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indian Queen</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Di Vernon</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Osprey</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lamartine</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fannie Harris</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Asia</td><td align='right'>185-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Equator</td><td align='right'>1860</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[Pg 691]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following made their appearance some time in the '40s: Cora, Lynx,
+Dr. Franklin, No. 2, and St. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Line Company organized in 1857 and placed the following
+steamers upon the Mississippi, to run between St. Louis and St. Paul:
+The Canada, Capt. Ward; Pembina, Capt. Griffith; Denmark, Capt. Gray;
+Metropolitan, Capt. Rhodes; Lucy May, Capt. Jenks; Wm. L. Ewing, Capt.
+Green; Henry Clay, Capt. Campbell; Fred Lorenz, Capt. Parker;
+Northerner, Capt. Alvord; Minnesota Belle, Capt. Hill; Northern Light
+and York State, Capt. &mdash;&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore W. F. Davidson commenced steamboating on the Upper
+Mississippi in 1856 with the Jacob Traber. In 1857 he added the Frank
+Steele, and included the Minnesota river in his field of operations.
+In 1859 he added the &AElig;olian, Favorite and Winona. In 1860 he organized
+the La Crosse &amp; Minnesota Packet Company, with the five above named
+steamers in the line. In 1862 the Keokuk and Northern Belle were
+added.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864 the La Crosse &amp; Minnesota and the Northern Line Packet
+companies were consolidated under the name of the Northwestern Union
+Packet Company, with the following steamers: The Moses McLellan, Ocean
+Wave, Itasca, Key City, Milwaukee City, Belle, War Eagle, Phil
+Sheridan, S. S. Merrill, Alex. Mitchell, City of St. Paul, Tom Jasper,
+Belle of La Crosse, City of Quincy, and John Kyle. This line
+controlled the general trade until 1874.</p>
+
+<p>There were upon the river and its tributaries during the period named
+the following light draught boats: The Julia, Mollie Mohler, Cutter,
+Chippewa Falls, Mankato, Albany, Ariel, Stella Whipple, Isaac Gray,
+Morning Star, Antelope, Clara Hine, Geo. S. Weeks, Dexter, Damsel,
+Addie Johnson, Annie Johnson, G. H. Wilson, Flora, and Hudson.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LATER NAVIGATION ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI.</h4>
+
+<p>The Northwestern Union Packet Company, more familiarly known as the
+"White Collar Line," from the white band painted around the upper part
+of the smokestacks, and the Keokuk Packet Company, sold their steamers
+to the Keokuk Northern Line Packet Company, which continued until
+1882, when the St. Louis &amp; St. Paul Packet Company was organized. Its
+boats were: The Minneapolis, Red Wing, Minnesota, Dubuque, Rock<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_692" id="Page_692">[Pg 692]</a></span>
+Island, Lake Superior, Muscatine, Clinton, Chas. Cheever, Dan Hine,
+Andy Johnson, Harry Johnson, Rob Roy, Lucy Bertram, Steven Bayard, War
+Eagle, Golden Eagle, Gem City, White Eagle, and Flying Eagle.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STEAMBOATING ON THE ST. CROIX.</h4>
+
+<p>The steamer Palmyra was the first boat to disturb the solitude of the
+St. Croix. In June, 1838, it passed up the St. Croix lake and river as
+far as the Dalles. The steamer Ariel, the second boat, came as far as
+Marine in 1839. In the fall of 1843, the steamer Otter, Scribe Harris,
+commanding, landed at Stillwater. The steamer Otter was laden with
+irons and machinery for the first mill in Stillwater. Up to 1845
+nearly every boat that ascended the Mississippi also ascended the St.
+Croix, but in later years, as larger boats were introduced, its
+navigation was restricted to smaller craft, and eventually to
+steamboats built for the special purpose of navigating the St. Croix.
+Quite a number of these were built at Osceola, Franconia and Taylor's
+Falls. The following is a list of boats navigating the St. Croix from
+the year 1852 to the present time: Humboldt, 1852; Enterprise, 1853;
+Pioneer, 1854; Osceola, 1854; H. S. Allen, 1857; Fanny Thornton, 1862;
+Viola, 1864; Dalles, 1866; Nellie Kent, 1867; G. B. Knapp, 1866;
+Minnie Will, 1867; Wyman X, 1868; Mark Bradley, 1869; Helen Mar, 1870;
+Maggie Reany, 1870; Jennie Hays, 1870; Cleon, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>A number of raft steamers, built at South Stillwater and elsewhere,
+have plied the river within the last ten years. A number of barges
+were built at South Stillwater, Osceola and Taylor's Falls.</p>
+
+<p>The passenger travel on the St. Croix has decreased since the
+completion of the railroad to Taylor's Falls and St. Croix Falls.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting chapter of anecdotes and incidents might be compiled,
+illustrating the early steamboat life on the St. Croix. We find in
+"Bond's Minnesota" a notice of one of the first boats in the regular
+trade, which will throw some light on the subject of early travel on
+the river. It describes the Humboldt, which made its first appearance
+in 1852:</p>
+
+<p>"In addition, some adventurous genius on a small scale, down about
+Oquaka, Illinois, last year conceived the good idea of procuring a
+steamboat suitable to perform the duties of a tri-weekly packet
+between Stillwater and Taylor's Falls, the extreme<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[Pg 693]</a></span> point of steam
+navigation up the St. Croix. It is true he did not appear to have a
+very correct idea of the kind of craft the people really wanted and
+would well support in that trade, but such as he thought and planned
+he late last season, brought forth. * * Indeed, the little Humboldt is
+a great accommodation to the people of the St. Croix. She stops
+anywhere along the river, to do any and all kinds of business that may
+offer, and will give passengers a longer ride, so far as <i>time</i> is
+concerned, for a dollar, than any other craft we ever traveled upon.
+She is also, to outward appearances, a temperance boat, and carries no
+cooking or table utensils. She stops at the 'Marine,' going and
+returning, to allow the people aboard to feed upon a good, substantial
+dinner; and the passengers are allowed, if they feel so disposed, to
+carry 'bars' in their side pockets and 'bricks' in their hats. A very
+accommodating craft is the Humboldt, and a convenience that is already
+set down on the St. Croix as one indispensable."</p>
+
+<p>The Diamond Jo line of steamers was established in 1867. Jo Reynolds
+was president of the company and has served as such continuously to
+date. Under his general supervision the company has been quite
+successful. The business has required an average of six steamers
+yearly. In 1888 the line consists of the boats the Sidney, Pittsburgh
+and Mary Morton.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Louis &amp; St. Paul Packet Company, successors of the various old
+transportation companies, is in successful operation in 1888,
+employing three steamers. There are but few transient boats now on the
+river.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ICE BOATS.</h4>
+
+<p>Several attempts have been made to navigate the river during the
+winter months by means of ice boats, but the efforts have uniformly
+failed. Of these attempts we mention the two most notable:</p>
+
+<p>Noman Wiard, an inventor of some celebrity, made an ice boat in 1856
+and placed it on the river at Prairie du Chien, intending to run
+between that point and St. Paul. It was elaborately planned and
+elegantly finished, and resembled somewhat a palace car mounted on
+steel runners. It failed on account of the roughness of the ice, never
+making a single trip. It, however, proved somewhat remunerative as a
+show, and was for some time on exhibition within an inclosure at
+Prairie du Chien.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Mower, of Osceola, Minnesota, invented a boat to run<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[Pg 694]</a></span> on the
+ice between Stillwater and Taylor's Falls, in the winter of 1868-9. It
+made several trips, carrying passengers and freight. The rough ice
+prevented regular trips and the project was abandoned.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STEAMBOAT LIFE&mdash;1846.</h4>
+
+<p>James W. Mullen, of Taylor's Falls, spent much of his early and middle
+life on the river, and cherishes many pleasant recollections of the
+early days. We have been favored with a few of these, which will give
+the reader a vivid idea of the scenes depicted:</p>
+
+<p>"A. D. 1816 found me a cabin boy on the War Eagle at the St. Louis
+levee, with sign board up for Stillwater and Fort Snelling. The levee
+was a wonder to behold. It was thronged with teams, policemen keeping
+them in rank. Piles of freight were awaiting shipment. Steamboats for
+three-quarters of a mile along the levee were discharging and
+receiving freight; passengers were rushing frantically to and fro;
+bells were ringing, and boats leaving for the Cumberland, Tennessee,
+Missouri and Illinois rivers; and New Orleans, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh,
+Keokuk, Galena, Stillwater, and Fort Snelling.</p>
+
+<p>"It was a delightful June day on which we pulled out from this busy
+scene and commenced our voyage to the far off north land, then known
+as Wisconsin Territory. Capt. Smith Harris gave the last tap of the
+bell; the lines were loosened; the wheels of the War Eagle revolved
+slowly at first, and we were soon on the broad bosom of the
+Mississippi, heading northward in the wake and black smoke of the
+steamers Ocean Wave, Tobacco Plant and Western Belle. The Luella, the
+Alton packet, followed us closely, racing with us. All was enjoyment.
+We pass the steamers Osprey and Di Vernon. At Nauvoo we note the
+magnificent Mormon temple on the high ground, and also long files of
+Mormons going westward. We pass many fine farms, much beautiful
+scenery, and many growing towns, among them Rock Island and Davenport,
+the latter the home of Antoine Le Clair, a half-breed Indian trader
+and heavyweight, tipping the beam at three hundred and fifty pounds
+avoirdupois. He lives there in sumptuous splendor from his profits
+made in trade. The villages, or tepees, of Sac and Fox Indians are
+seen along the shores; their bark canoes glide silently over the
+waters. Further on we ascend for seven miles the sluggish and narrow
+channel of Fever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_695" id="Page_695">[Pg 695]</a></span> river, and find ourselves at Galena, the home of the
+Harrises, river captains.</p>
+
+<p>"We find at the levee here the steamers Falcon and St. Croix, laden
+with lead for St. Louis. Back through Fever river to the Mississippi
+and past Dubuque, an active, rising town; past Cassville, the expected
+but disappointed capital city of Wisconsin Territory, a lovely
+location, its castellated hills frowning above it and its fine three
+story brick hotel and other buildings; past Prairie du Chien and Fort
+Crawford, with soldiers drilling on the green. Here Amable Moreau, a
+French Upper Mississippi pilot, came on board. Squads of Indians were
+hanging around begging for whisky and tobacco. Resuming our way,
+stemming the current of the river we pass other scenes, other birch
+canoes gliding over the waves, other tepees and Indian villages along
+the shore. At La Crosse we find a few whites and lots of Indians on an
+unimproved prairie, with a background of high bluffs. We pass
+Trempeleau and then Winona prairie, on which we find an old Indian
+village, dating back to unknown time. Opposite the mouth of the
+Chippewa river we pass Nelson's Landing with its two log warehouses
+and mackinaw boats loading for the Chippewa river. We pass into lovely
+Lake Pepin, Maiden's Rock or Lover's Leap rising into a battlement on
+the right, and the famous Point-no-Point on the left. Out of the
+beautiful lake again into the river, between low, forest covered
+islands, till we pass Barn Bluff or Mount La Grange, a bold, abrupt
+and isolated hill just below Red Wing. We passed more Indian tepees,
+villages and burying grounds,&mdash;not that, for the dead bodies of the
+Indians were not buried but fastened upon scaffolds and the limbs of
+trees, according to Sioux custom. At the mouth of St. Croix river we
+pass Prescott Landing, where lives the old pioneer trader Philander
+Prescott. Across the St. Croix, opposite Prescott Landing, is Point
+Douglas. Some miles above Point Douglas we pass Little Crow village, a
+missionary station, where young Indian boys ran down to the landing
+and greeted us with such yells as have not rung through these wilds,
+perhaps, for ages past.</p>
+
+<p>"We find St. Paul to be a small village. There are a few houses on a
+high, almost perpendicular bluff, overlooking the river. At the base
+of the bluff on the river shore stands a warehouse with the sign
+'Choteau &amp; Valle.' We are soon at Mendota<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_696" id="Page_696">[Pg 696]</a></span> and Fort Snelling. A squad
+of soldiers guard the freight over night. We have ample time in the
+morning to visit the post before starting down the river, and the
+following morning finds the prow of the War Eagle resting against the
+Stillwater landing. Here Capt. Harris greets his friends and is warmly
+welcomed. So far, Stillwater seemed the most active and enterprising
+village on the whole route. Joe Brown's town, Dakota, lies a short
+distance above at the head of the lake. Capt. Harris on his return
+towed a raft comprising ten acres of logs. Big Joe was one of the
+pilots on the raft."</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX BOOM COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>Previous to the organization of the boom company, in 1857, the logs
+were floated down the St. Croix and caught in side booms by individual
+owners, and owners of lake booms would raft them indiscriminately,
+regardless of log marks, but with the mark side up for the convenience
+of scaling. The scaling was done by some responsible party in the
+interest of the various owners, and balances were settled by
+exchanges, or if not balanced by cash or by note, to be paid out of
+the profits of the next year's logs. Instances of fraud seldom
+occurred. When Minnesota became a territory this system was superseded
+by another method of handling, assorting or delivering. The
+legislature established surveyor general districts, of which the St.
+Croix valley was designated as the First. The surveyors general were
+elected in a joint convention of the two houses of the legislature,
+and the candidacy for this office, together with questions of salary,
+became a leading feature in the politics of the district.</p>
+
+<p>The surveyors general of the First district have been, Robert Harsy,
+Samuel Winship, Charles J. Gardiner, Ivory McKusick, James D. McComb,
+Z. Wilder Chase, John S. Proctor, and Al. Hospice. The law defining
+the duties of the surveyors general has been awarded from time to
+time, and the system of scaling improved till it has reached its
+present form, in which it meets with very general approval. In 1867 a
+law was passed giving to the governor the power of appointing
+surveyors general.</p>
+
+<p>The boom company was organized by the territorial legislature, Feb. 7,
+1851, with a capital stock of $10,000, with privileges of increase to
+$25,000. The incorporators were Orange Walker and George B. Judd, of
+Marine; John McKusick, Socrates Nel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[Pg 697]</a></span> son and Levi Churchill, of
+Stillwater; Daniel Mears and William Kent, of Osceola; and W. H. C.
+Folsom, of Taylor's Falls. Fred R. Bartlett was the first secretary,
+but was superseded by David B. Loomis.</p>
+
+<p>The first boom was built near an island lying opposite and above
+Osceola. The surveyor general had his office at Stillwater, an
+arrangement that gave great satisfaction, but as the boom was not
+advantageously located, the channel of the river above being too
+narrow for the annually increasing production of logs, the company, in
+1856, obtained a new charter with power to construct booms from the
+head of Lake St. Croix to Taylor's Falls. The capital stock was
+increased to $25,000 with the privilege of increasing it to $50,000.
+It was subsequently increased to $100,000. The incorporators of the
+new company were Martin Mower, W. H. C. Folsom, Isaac Staples,
+Christopher Carli and Samuel Burkelo.</p>
+
+<p>The company placed a second boom a mile and a half above Stillwater.
+The increase of their business compelled them from time to time to
+build side booms and shear booms to prevent the logs from lodging
+against the banks or passing bayous or secondary channels, and also to
+keep the primary channel free from obstructions to navigation. They
+built firm and expensive piers, drove piling and made canals for the
+use of steamboats when the main channel was wanted for booming
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding all this care, navigation was frequently obstructed by
+the accumulation of logs. Litigation ensued, and heavy expenses were
+incurred in defending the rights of the company or paying damages.
+These controversies were not unattended with ill feeling. Public
+meetings were frequently held and denunciating resolutions adopted. In
+one case, when navigation had been interrupted for fifty-seven days,
+the damages were estimated at $146,525. Some controversies also arose
+as to jurisdiction. St. Croix river being the boundary line between
+two states, the Wisconsin authorities claimed concurrent jurisdiction.
+The boom company was organized under Minnesota law and its members
+were residents of Minnesota. The surveyor general of the First
+district claimed entire jurisdiction and scaled the logs irrespective
+of the state in which they were cut. The action of the surveyor
+general had been accepted both by the original owners and purchasers
+of the logs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[Pg 698]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In January, 1885, Gov. Hubbard, of Minnesota, appointed A. L. Hospes
+surveyor general, and the appointment creating some dissatisfaction, a
+lumberman's board of exchange was organized, and Judson McKusick was
+appointed as private scaler. He proceeded, under the direction of the
+exchange, to scale logs that had already been scaled by Hospes. When
+the members of the exchange proceeded to take possession of their logs
+and run them out into the lake, Hospes commenced a series of
+injunction cases to prevent them from so doing. The exchange brought
+suit against Hospes in Wisconsin courts to prevent him from scaling
+logs owned by the exchange. The exchange also declared that McKusick
+was a deputy of the general surveyor of the Fourth district,
+Wisconsin. Pending these suits, Hospes commenced a <i>quo warranto</i>
+proceeding in the Minnesota supreme court to have the articles of
+incorporation of the exchange annulled, but was defeated on the ground
+that the exchange could employ a private scaler at will, but held that
+such scaler could not interfere with the claims of Hospes, he being
+recognized as surveyor general. In July of the same year the claims of
+the conflicting parties were settled by the parties themselves,
+outside the courts, and the question of conflicting jurisdiction has
+therefore never been legally determined. It is true that some courts
+have passed upon the question, and appeals have been taken to higher
+courts. The decision of Judge Nelson of the supreme court has been
+given, a decision that the surveyor general of the First district of
+Minnesota has a right to scale all logs in his district, yet by his
+own decision Wisconsin has equal rights under concurrent jurisdiction.
+Should both state authorities under their surveyors general claim
+jurisdiction at the same time, concurrent jurisdiction would lead to a
+double taxation upon log owners. It seems, however, to be an admitted
+principle that when suits between the same parties, in relation to the
+same matter, are pending at the same time in different courts of
+jurisdiction, a judgment in the one may act as a bar to further
+proceedings in the other. The question ought to be more definitely and
+satisfactorily settled.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LANGUAGE OF THE LOGS.</h4>
+
+<p>It may not be amiss to explain somewhat in detail the system of
+marking adopted by the lumbermen. Owners of logs must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_699" id="Page_699">[Pg 699]</a></span> be able to
+identify their property or lose the reward of their labor. A system of
+marking each log has, therefore, become a feature of the lumbering
+business, and has been in existence ever since lumbering has been
+prosecuted. When the business was confined to a limited number of
+firms it was an easy matter, and one of mutual arrangement, to select
+the property. But firms change; from a score the number of lumber
+firms increased to hundreds. A record of ownership of log marks is
+necessary, and a law has been enacted protecting the ownership of a
+mark as thoroughly as a trade mark is protected. This system of marks
+in the process of time has become a language in itself deep and
+intricate to the average mind, but as plain as the alphabet to every
+man having to do with the manufacture of logs. It is the aim of every
+lumberman originating a mark to make it simple, containing as many
+straight lines as possible, so that it can be put on the log speedily.
+These marks are cut on the logs, through the bark and a few inches
+into the body of the timber, soon after the tree is felled, by a
+skilled axeman who is charged with the duty. The cut is made deeper
+than the bark so it will be preserved after the bark comes off. The
+mark is made upon the side of the log.</p>
+
+<p>This system of marks is a language in itself. Every prominent firm has
+a particular character, which, in a general way, is indicative of his
+ownership or interest in the log. This mark may be varied by
+additional or supplementary characters, indicating who cut the log, on
+whose land it was cut, or under what particular contract it was put
+into the stream. Some idea of the extent and variety of these marks
+can be formed from the statement that there is recorded in the St.
+Croix district&mdash;only a small portion of the entire lumber region of
+the Northwest&mdash;over 1,700 different and distinct characters. Many of
+these are quaint and interesting, and the whole etymology curious in
+the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>In the books in the surveyor general's office these marks and figures
+are the only characters used except in the recording of the marks
+themselves and of instruments and agreements. The identity of mark and
+its association of ownership necessarily calls into play the utmost
+familiarity. To one not thoroughly familiar with the method the books
+are about as intelligible as the figures on the side of a Chinese tea
+chest to the average<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_700" id="Page_700">[Pg 700]</a></span> American. Once a man becomes thoroughly familiar
+with the marks on a river where lumbering is so extensively carried on
+as on the St. Croix, he becomes invaluable in the surveyor general's
+office, or in the booms, identified in some capacity with the scaling
+process. The fact that some particular character runs through the
+varied marks of all the leading firms is a key to the readiest
+understanding, just as the twenty-six characters in the alphabet are
+necessarily understood before one can read readily or intelligently.</p>
+
+<p>When the logs reach the booms the marks serve as a guide in their
+distribution by the scaler, whose business it is to measure the logs,
+call out the number of feet in each log to the tallyman, who records
+it in a book kept for the purpose, the record, together with the mark
+attached, to be forwarded to the surveyor general's office, there to
+be posted and footed. A small army of men is engaged in bringing logs
+to the gap, a narrow passage admitting scarcely more than one log at a
+time.</p>
+
+<p>A catch mark is a mark representing the original mark and is so placed
+as to appear always upon the upper side when the log floats at rest.
+Once through the gap, experienced men gather the logs, as they are
+floated downward by the current, into brills. These are subsequently
+gathered together in rafts, laid, as a rule, with the logs headed in
+the direction of the current. Rafts may be transported to any distance
+southward by the current of the stream, and through the waters of the
+lake, and not infrequently the whole distance by tow boats.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AMOUNT OF LOGS CUT FROM 1857 TO 1888.</h4>
+
+<p>The earliest statistics in the following table are from persons
+operating, and the later from record books. We have given the figures
+in round numbers. The table includes logs cut and floated down the St.
+Croix river and tributaries:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Year.</td><td align='right'>Feet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1837-38</td><td align='right'>300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1838-39</td><td align='right'>700,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1839-40</td><td align='right'>1,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1840-41</td><td align='right'>2,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1841-42</td><td align='right'>3,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1842-43</td><td align='right'>3,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1843-44</td><td align='right'>8,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1844-45</td><td align='right'>14,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1845-46</td><td align='right'>25,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1846-47</td><td align='right'>26,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1847-48</td><td align='right'>37,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1848-49</td><td align='right'>50,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1849-50</td><td align='right'>75,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1850-51</td><td align='right'>87,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1851-52</td><td align='right'>90,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1852-53</td><td align='right'>110,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_701" id="Page_701">[Pg 701]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1853-54</td><td align='right'>125,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1854-55</td><td align='right'>165,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1855-56</td><td align='right'>187,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1856-57</td><td align='right'>200,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1857-58</td><td align='right'>135,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1858-59</td><td align='right'>156,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1859-60</td><td align='right'>175,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1860-61</td><td align='right'>160,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1861-62</td><td align='right'>175,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1862-63</td><td align='right'>150,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1863-64</td><td align='right'>140,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1864-65</td><td align='right'>144,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1865-66</td><td align='right'>137,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1866-67</td><td align='right'>174,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1867-68</td><td align='right'>183,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1868-69</td><td align='right'>194,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1869-70</td><td align='right'>209,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1870-71</td><td align='right'>170,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1871-72</td><td align='right'>224,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1872-73</td><td align='right'>108,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1873-74</td><td align='right'>188,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1874-75</td><td align='right'>178,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1875-76</td><td align='right'>197,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1876-77</td><td align='right'>183,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1877-78</td><td align='right'>225,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1878-79</td><td align='right'>242,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1879-80</td><td align='right'>230,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1880-81</td><td align='right'>247,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1881-82</td><td align='right'>295,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1882-83</td><td align='right'>302,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1883-84</td><td align='right'>230,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1884-85</td><td align='right'>235,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1885-86</td><td align='right'>285,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1886-87</td><td align='right'>350,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1887-88</td><td align='right'>370,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>CHARTERED DAMS.</h4>
+
+<p>The Namakagon Totogatic Dam Company obtained a charter in 1869 from
+the Wisconsin legislature empowering them to construct two dams for
+sheering logs, one to be at the outlet of Namakagon lake, the other on
+Totogatic river, a stream tributary to Namakagon river, entering that
+stream about eight miles above its junction with the St. Croix. In
+1870, by legislative act, the charter was amended by permission to
+erect sixteen dams, to be built severally on the waters of the Upper
+St. Croix, Moose, Eau Claire, Namakagon, Totogatic, Yellow, and Clam
+rivers. The name was changed to the "St. Croix Dam Company," and the
+capital stock was fixed at $50,000. The incorporators were A. M.
+Chase, Joel Nason, Henry D. Barron, Wm. Kent, and S. B. Dresser. A. M.
+Chase was the first president. The company had permission under the
+charter to hold the water during the seasons when it was not necessary
+to navigation on the St. Croix. These dams were usually shut down to
+gather a head during the months of March and April, with the exception
+of the dams on the Namakagon and Eau Claire, which have the privilege
+of gathering and retaining a head of water during any part of the
+year. The head of water above these dams varied from seven to ten
+feet, and the average cost of construction was $4,000. The tolls per
+1,000 feet at these dams were as follows: Namakagon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_702" id="Page_702">[Pg 702]</a></span> and Clam, 25 and
+20 cents; at Totogatic, 20 and 15 cents; St. Croix, 20 and 15 cents;
+other dams, 3 to 10 cents.</p>
+
+<p>A. M. Chase was the original mover in organizing the corporation and
+forwarding its interests. He was foreman in selecting sites and
+building the various dams. He was also owner and general agent until
+within the last few years, when he transferred his interests to other
+parties. The charter expires in 1893.</p>
+
+<p>The dam on Clam river, built at a cost of $10,000, was, in 1886, blown
+up by dynamite and destroyed by Robert Davidson, who claimed that the
+flowage interfered with his meadow lands.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LUMBERING ON THE ST. CROIX IN 1845.</h4>
+
+<p>The progress of civilization involving the building of railways, the
+transformation of the wilderness into cultivated fields, the growth of
+villages and cities, the increased facilities for manufacturing and
+the bringing the forest domain under law, has created such changes in
+the business of lumbering as to justify the insertion of a chapter
+relating to the life and surroundings of the early lumberman. Let us
+go back to the year 1845. The country, save a few sparse settlements
+on the navigable streams, is as yet an unbroken wilderness, and
+tenanted only by wild beasts and roving Indians. There are vast
+regions, densely wooded, in which the sound of the woodman's axe has
+never been heard, lying about the headwaters of the Chippewa, St.
+Croix and other streams. These pineries can only be reached by
+stemming the currents of the minor streams in bateaux or birch bark
+canoes, or by traversing the country on foot or with teams. Parties
+operating must purchase their outfit, consisting of teams, supplies of
+flour, pork, etc., in Illinois or Missouri. Sometimes they drive their
+teams through unsettled country, without roads, swimming and fording
+streams, clearing away obstructions, and camping where night overtakes
+them. Sometimes they ship their supplies by steamer to Stillwater or
+St. Croix Falls. When landed at Stillwater the supplies are packed
+upon flatboats and poled to Taylor's Falls, where they are to be
+portaged to the head of the rapids, a distance of six miles, and
+transferred to bateaux. The portage is a difficult one. The goods are
+to be hoisted up over the rocks of the Dalles and placed upon sleds
+calculated to run upon the bare ground. Considering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_703" id="Page_703">[Pg 703]</a></span> the inequalities
+of the surface from the Dalles to the head of the rapids, the portage
+is an immensely difficult one. They are then taken to their place of
+destination, the bateaux returning to the Falls for successive loads,
+the whole transfer requiring considerable time. Sometimes, if late in
+the season, part or whole of the fleet of bateaux may be caught in the
+ice, in which case a bushed road must be made, and the supplies
+transported by teams and men.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving on the ground, the operators blaze trees on lines surrounding
+the region which they wish to work during the winter. These claims are
+generally respected by others. The first work to be done is making a
+camp, building stables, clearing streams of obstructions, and making
+roads. Incidentally the Indians, certain to be visitors at the camps,
+are to be propitiated with presents of flour, pork and tobacco. These
+pacified and out of the way, the lumberman may say with Alexander
+Selkirk&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I am monarch of all I survey;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My right there is none to dispute."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Trespassing is unknown. The lumberman is not conscious that he himself
+is a trespasser on the domain of Uncle Sam. Nor is he. Has he not the
+best title in the world? Who is there to dispute it? No government
+agent ever troubles him, or questions his right to fell the royal
+trees and dispose of them as he may choose. He is earning by his
+strong right arm his title to the trees. He endures much, accomplishes
+much and is the advance courier of civilization. He spends long months
+away from the common haunts of men. He is cut off from the mails and
+from home pleasure. He lives an industrious life. Cold is the day when
+the stroke of his axe is not heard. The snow deepens around him, the
+temperature sinks lower and lower, till it would not discredit
+Labrador; still he toils on unceasingly, and at night builds high his
+blazing fire, wraps himself up in his buffalo robe and blankets, and
+sleeps through the night the sleep of the tired and the just.
+Meanwhile his appetite is marvelous. The cooking (done by one of the
+crew) maybe of the rudest, and the provisions none of the daintiest,
+but exercise and the cold gives a relish to the food not often found
+in the fashionable restaurants. The members of the crew have each
+allotted duties. To one is intrusted the cooking department, to
+another the position of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_704" id="Page_704">[Pg 704]</a></span> teamster, to another that of sled tender;
+some are choppers, some are swampers, some are sawyers. The records of
+the camp are kept by the foreman or some person detailed for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The winter over, the teams are returned to the settlements. The log
+driving crew succeeds the choppers and other workers. The logs, having
+been hauled upon the ice of the driving streams, with the melting of
+snow are afloat on the swollen streams, and the drivers commence their
+work, following the logs in their downward course to the mills or
+booms, dislodging them when they are driven upon shore, and breaking
+jams when they occur. This work is difficult and attended by
+considerable exposure, as the driver is often obliged to go into the
+stream. It therefore commands higher wages than other work. The
+drivers are without tents, but a wangan, or small flat boat,
+containing bedding, provisions and a cooking kit, is floated down the
+stream so as to be convenient at night. The wangan is managed by the
+cook alone, and his work, when he ties up for the night, is to take
+ashore the bedding, cooking material, etc., build a fire and provide a
+meal for the hungry crew. His cooking utensils are of the rudest kind,
+consisting of a tin reflector and a few iron pots and pans. The savory
+repast is scarce finished before the arrival of the crew, cold, wet,
+tired, and hungry. They are not particular about a table with its
+furniture, but are satisfied to eat from a tin plate, sitting or lying
+on the ground. Hunger satisfied, they spend their evenings by the
+blazing fire, drying their clothing, jesting, story telling, or
+recalling the events of the day, or scanning the open or clouded sky
+for indications of weather changes. When the sky is clear they trace
+the constellations, locate the principal stars and planets, or follow
+the devious windings of the milky way. Some of them have studied
+astronomy, and some have learned from others, and all are intent,
+though without books or teachers, on learning the wisdom that Nature
+teaches, and some are found who have learned to look "from Nature up
+to Nature's God."</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally some rougher specimen mars the order and pleasantness of
+this wild-wood converse by an oath or coarse remark, heard, perhaps,
+but unheeded by the more serious and thoughtful. Such men are found
+everywhere, in the streets, saloons, and even in the wilderness, men
+who pollute the air in which they move with profanity and obscenity.
+These are not the men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">[Pg 705]</a></span> who succeed and build up great fortunes; these
+are not the true conquerors of the wilderness. The sober, thoughtful
+man is the man who succeeds. It is not necessary that he have the
+learning acquired from books, or a smattering of science from the
+schools. He may acquire great knowledge by close study of men, and
+observation of the phenomena of nature, and so make himself a peer of
+the book worm and scholar of the library and schools.</p>
+
+<p>The acquaintances formed in these camp scenes and toils often result
+in life long friendships, and the scenes of camp, river and forest
+become cherished reminiscences to the actors, who are as fond of
+recalling them as veteran soldiers are of recounting the hairbreadth
+escapes and stirring incidents of campaign life.</p>
+
+<p>The drive ends with the delivery of the logs at the booms and mills,
+the men are paid off and devote themselves for the remainder of the
+summer to other work.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LUMBERING ON THE ST. CROIX IN 1886.</h4>
+
+<p>The St. Croix lumberman, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, is
+still a picturesque figure, clad, as he is, in coarse, strong woolen
+garments, these of brilliant red, yellow, blue and green, or in some
+cases as variegated as Joseph's coat of many colors. He is usually a
+man of stalwart frame, which is set off to advantage by his close
+fitting garments. His circumstances are, however, widely different
+from his old time predecessor.</p>
+
+<p>The rough, hard work of the wilderness, including the building of
+dams, the construction of reservoirs and roads, and the improvement of
+the streams, has been accomplished chiefly by his predecessors. He is
+abundantly supplied with food, produced almost in the neighborhood of
+the scenes of his winter's work. He travels by rail almost to his
+destination or drives blooded teams over comparatively good roads,
+where his predecessors tediously blazed the way and cleared it of
+underbrush. His camp accommodations are far superior. He is housed in
+comfortable cabins, warmed with large stoves and heaters, whereas the
+cabin of the lumberman of 1845 had a fire built on the ground in the
+centre of the room. The modern camp is well furnished with tables and
+other conveniences. The cook has a separate room furnished with a
+cooking stove and modern appliances for cooking. He has his assistant,
+known as the "cookee" or second cook. The table is spread with a
+variety of food, and delicacies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">[Pg 706]</a></span> that would have astounded the
+lumberman of 1845. Each operator is limited to his own special work.
+His bounds are set and he can go no further, except at the risk of the
+loss of his labor.</p>
+
+<p>The work goes on with clock-like precision and is comparatively easy.
+Everything is done on a larger scale and more economically. The crews
+are larger and the life is not near so solitary. The various crews
+employed for the spring drive combine and thereby greatly increase
+their efficiency. They are supplied with better and covered boats. The
+cook in the drive has in addition to his "cookee" a wangan man to
+assist in managing the boat. The drives are larger and yet more easily
+handled, the conveniences are greater and the expenses less. The men
+are more independent, and owing to the number employed, and the
+nearness of settlements and villages, more sociable, and possibly more
+hilarious and less thoughtful. We shall nevertheless find among them
+men of character, thoughtful, industrious and earnest men, who would
+have shone in the associations of the earlier camps and who will
+doubtless in the future be ranked among the successful and capable
+men, worthy successors of the veterans now leaving the stage of
+action.</p>
+
+<p>Conjecture as to the future of the lumbering industry, and
+consequently as to the character of the men engaged in it, would be
+idle. Who can tell what a day or another fifty years may bring forth?
+The pine woods will not last always; already the camps are being
+pushed further and further to the north and west, and whereever the
+denuded pine lands are arable the farmer is making his home. The
+lumbering industry is also passing into the hands of corporations, and
+with their extensive means and the armies of men employed by them the
+forests are disappearing more rapidly than ever. It is possible that
+the present generation of lumbermen may be the last in the valley of
+the St. Croix, and that before another fifty years have passed the
+last of the number may have shouldered his axe or peavy and passed
+"over the divide."</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE LOG JAMS OF THE ST. CROIX.</h4>
+
+<p>The St. Croix river in its passage through the Dalles is compressed
+into a comparatively narrow channel, by which means the logs driven
+down the stream are crowded closely together, so closely as to
+sometimes become firmly wedged or jammed together. The jam generally
+occurs at a point known as Angle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">[Pg 707]</a></span> Rock, a huge promontory of massive
+trap rock extending into the middle of the channel from the Minnesota
+side, and opposite to the St. Croix landing. The river makes a bend
+around this rock nearly at a right angle with the channel above. At
+this point jams are, under certain conditions, almost inevitable.
+Sometimes they are of small dimensions and are easily broken.
+Sometimes the logs gather in such quantity and become so tightly
+wedged that it is a labor of weeks to break them.</p>
+
+<p>The first jam worthy of note occurred in 1865, during the prevalence
+of high water. It is, in fact, only during high water that jams can
+occur, the current being at such time swift and strong, and the logs
+apt to accumulate in greater number than in the regular drives, from
+the fact that logs that have been stranded in former seasons or at low
+water are floated off, and the river is thus filled with logs from
+bank to bank. These are crowded into the narrow channel of the Dalles
+faster than they can be discharged, and a jam results. An obstruction
+once formed, the logs continuing to come in from above fill the
+channel. The tide of logs arrested, crowd downward until they rest
+upon the bottom of the river, and are heaped upward sometimes to a
+height of twenty or thirty feet above the surface. The river thus
+checked in its course rises, wedging the logs more closely and heaping
+them higher.</p>
+
+<p>In the jam of 1865 the river channel was filled nearly to the St.
+Croix dam, a distance of a mile and a quarter above Angle Rock. This
+being the first of the great jams excited unusual attention.
+Excursionists came up daily in the boats to look upon it. It was
+indeed a wonderful sight. The logs were heaped together in the wildest
+confusion, and wedged in at all angles. Men and horses were employed
+to break the jam, which at that time, owing to the inexperience of the
+workers, was no light task. The <i>modus operandi</i> of jam breaking is to
+remove logs from the lower part of the jam till some log which serves
+as a key to the jam is reached. This being removed the logs above
+commence moving, and, if the haul be a long one, in a short time the
+movement is extended to the head of the jam. Perhaps the logs are so
+heaped above that no water is visible. It matters not; the tremendous
+current beneath sweeps downward, carrying the logs along, and the
+spectator beholds a wonderful scene, a river of logs, the current
+swiftest in the centre of the stream, the logs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">[Pg 708]</a></span> rolling, tumbling,
+crashing, grinding, sometimes snapped in sunder like pipestems. The
+jam breakers are in the wildest excitement, cheering and hurrahing,
+and some may be seen out in the current of logs, jumping from one to
+another, or making their escape to the shore. Others on the lower part
+of the jam at the moment of breaking are carried down the river.
+Though apparently a scene of great danger, comparatively few accidents
+occur. The workers are cool, experienced men with steady nerves and
+stalwart arms, a race of men not surpassed for muscular development.</p>
+
+<p>In 1877 another jam took place nearly as large as that of 1865. This
+jam came near destroying the beautiful bridge that spanned the river
+at the head of the Dalles. Many of the logs carried high in air by the
+pressure of the logs below struck the bridge, and at times its
+destruction seemed inevitable. This bridge has since been replaced by
+an iron structure, much higher than the first, but even this
+occasionally received a blow from some log carried along by the
+current at a "present arms."</p>
+
+<p>In 1883 another jam of considerable dimensions occurred, but it was
+removed with less labor and expense than its predecessors, and
+steamboats anchored below were used to aid in breaking it. It cost
+from $5,000 to $10,000 to break these jams.</p>
+
+<p>By far the greatest of the jams occurred in June, 1886. The water was
+high, the current strong and the river above so full of logs that a
+log driver might have crossed upon them. This abundance was owing to
+other causes than those mentioned in the account of the jam of 1865.
+The dams at Snake, Kettle and other rivers had been simultaneously
+opened, and the logs in these streams all set free at once in the
+current of the St. Croix. On they came in long procession with but
+little obstruction till they reached Angle Rock, where they were
+suddenly arrested, and, owing to the force of the current, wedged more
+tightly and heaped higher than on any previous occasion, and the river
+channel was filled with logs to a point two miles above the St. Croix
+falls formerly known as the dam. To break this jam, two steamers, two
+engines, several teams of horses and over two hundred men were
+employed, and during the six weeks that occurred before it was broken,
+thousands of visitors came by rail and steamboat to look upon it. This
+jam was estimated to hold during its continuance 150,000,000 feet of
+logs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">[Pg 709]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>POPULATION OF WISCONSIN.</h4>
+
+<p>The first census of the Northwest Territory, taken in 1790, does not
+show the population of the region now known as Wisconsin. The census
+of 1800 gave the following figures: Ohio, 45,363; Indiana Territory,
+5,641; Green Bay, 50; Prairie du Chien, 65. According to the census of
+1880, the original Northwest Territory contained a population of
+12,989,571, or more than one-quarter of the population of the United
+States. The population of Crawford county in 1820 was 492; in 1830,
+692; in 1834, 810; in 1836, 1,220; in 1838, 850; in 1841, 1,503; in
+1847, 1,409.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, when Wisconsin Territory was organized, the population of the
+Territory was, 11,883. The whole number of votes cast at the election
+in 1836 was 2,462. The population, according to the census taken at
+the close of every five years, was as follows: In 1840, 30,945; in
+1845, 155,275; in 1850, 305,301; in 1855, 552,109; in 1860, 775,881;
+in 1865, 868,325; in 1870, 1,054,670; in 1875, 1,236,729; in 1880,
+1,315,480; in 1885, 1,563,423.</p>
+
+<p>The official compilation of the census of Wisconsin gives the
+following details: Total population, 1,563,423; white, males, 806,342;
+females, 748,810; negroes, in full, 5,576; Indians, 2,695. The
+nativities are divided as follows: United States, 1,064,943; Germany,
+265,756; Scandinavia, 90,057; Ireland, 36,371; Great Britain, 32,731;
+British America, 21,887; Bohemia, 15,838; Holland, 7,357; France,
+3,963; all other countries, 20,030; subject to military duty, 286,289;
+soldiers of the late war, 29,686.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POPULATION OF ST. CROIX, PIERCE, POLK, BURNETT, AND SAWYER COUNTIES.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>1840.</td><td align='left'>1845.</td><td align='left'>1850.</td><td align='left'> 1855.</td><td align='left'> 1860.</td><td align='left'> 1865.</td><td align='left'> 1870.</td><td align='left'> 1875.</td><td align='left'> 1880.</td><td align='left'> 1885.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>St. Croix</td><td align='left'> 618</td><td align='left'> 809</td><td align='left'>624</td><td align='left'> 2,040</td><td align='left'> 5,392</td><td align='left'>6,255</td><td align='left'>11,039</td><td align='left'>14,957</td><td align='left'>18,838</td><td align='left'>22,389</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pierce</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> 1,720</td><td align='left'> 4,672</td><td align='left'>6,824</td><td align='left'>10,004</td><td align='left'>15,101</td><td align='left'>17,685</td><td align='left'>19,760</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Polk</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> 547</td><td align='left'> 1,400</td><td align='left'>1,677</td><td align='left'> 3,422</td><td align='left'> 6,736</td><td align='left'>10,095</td><td align='left'>12,884</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Burnett</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> 12</td><td align='left'> 238</td><td align='left'> 705</td><td align='left'> 1,436</td><td align='left'> 2,980</td><td align='left'> 4,607</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sawyer</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> 2,481</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>POPULATION OF MINNESOTA.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1849 the Territory had a population of 4,680. The census taken at
+periods of every five years shows the following population:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">[Pg 710]</a></span> In 1850,
+6,077; in 1855, &mdash;&mdash;; in 1860, 172,073; in 1865, 250,099; in 1870,
+439,706; in 1875, 597,403; in 1880, 780,773; in 1885, 1,117,798.</p>
+
+<p>The following table gives the population of the counties on the St.
+Croix waters.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> 1850.</td><td align='left'> 1855.</td><td align='left'> 1860.</td><td align='left'> 1865.</td><td align='left'> 1870.</td><td align='left'> 1875.</td><td align='left'> 1880.</td><td align='left'> 1885.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='left'> 1,066</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 6,123</td><td align='left'> 6,780</td><td align='left'> 11,809</td><td align='left'> 9,994</td><td align='left'> 19,562</td><td align='left'> 29,763</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chisago</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 1,743</td><td align='left'> 2,175</td><td align='left'> 4,378</td><td align='left'> 6,046</td><td align='left'> 7,982</td><td align='left'> 9,765</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pine</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 92</td><td align='left'> 64</td><td align='left'> 648</td><td align='left'> 795</td><td align='left'> 1,365</td><td align='left'> 2,177</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kanabec</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 30</td><td align='left'> 31</td><td align='left'> 93</td><td align='left'> 311</td><td align='left'> 605</td><td align='left'> 1,119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Isanti</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 281</td><td align='left'> 453</td><td align='left'> 2,035</td><td align='left'> 3,901</td><td align='left'> 5,063</td><td align='left'> 7,032</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Carlton</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> &mdash;&mdash;</td><td align='left'> 51</td><td align='left'> 28</td><td align='left'> 286</td><td align='left'> 495</td><td align='left'> 1,230</td><td align='left'> 3,189</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>MINNESOTA STATE CAPITOL.</h4>
+
+<p>By the organic act of Minnesota Territory, $20,000 were appropriated
+for a capitol building. At the time the Territory was organized,
+however (June 1, 1849), the <i>permanent</i> seat of government had not
+been determined on, and the money was therefore not available. The
+Central House in St. Paul, a log tavern weather-boarded, situated at
+the corner of Bench and Minnesota streets, where the rear of the
+Mannheimer block now is, was rented for the public offices and
+legislative assembly. It was for some months known as "The Capitol."
+On the lower floor was the secretary of state's office, and the house
+of representatives chamber. On the second floor was the council
+chamber and the territorial library. Neither of these legislative
+halls was over sixteen or eighteen feet square. The rest of the
+building was used as an inn. The Union colors, floating from a flag
+staff on the bank in front of the building, was the only mark of its
+rank. During his entire term of office, Gov. Ramsey kept the executive
+office in his private residence, and the supreme court met in rented
+chambers here and there.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 3, 1849, the first session of the legislature assembled at
+the above temporary capitol. Gov. Ramsey delivered his message to the
+two houses in joint convention assembled, in the hotel dining room.
+The whole fitting of the assembly rooms was of the plainest
+description.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable discussion ensued during the session on this subject,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">[Pg 711]</a></span> as
+to whether the Territory had a right to expend the $20,000
+appropriated in the organic act, for a capitol building. The question
+having been submitted to Hon. Wm. Meredith, secretary of the treasury,
+he replied that the "Department can not doubt that the public
+buildings in question can only be erected at the <i>permanent</i> seat of
+government, located as described."</p>
+
+<p>The second session assembled Jan. 2, 1851, in a brick building, since
+burned, which occupied the site of the Third street front of the
+Metropolitan Hotel. At this session the seat of government was fixed
+at St. Paul, as above noted. D. F. Brawley, Jonathan McKusick, Louis
+Robert and E. A. C. Hatch were elected building commissioners. Charles
+Bazille, a pioneer resident and large property owner of St. Paul,
+donated to the government the block of ground since known as "Capitol
+Square," and plans drawn by N. C. Prentiss were adopted. The contract
+was let to Joseph Daniels for $33,000, but the building finally cost
+over $40,000. It was commenced at once, but not completed until the
+summer of 1853. The third and fourth sessions of the legislature were
+compelled, therefore, to meet in rented buildings. That of 1852
+assembled in Goodrich's block on Third street below Jackson, and that
+of 1853 in a two story brick row on Third street, where the front of
+the Mannheimer block now is.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BURNING OF THE CAPITOL.</h4>
+
+<p>At nine o'clock on the evening of March 1, 1881, while both houses of
+the legislature were in session, and all the halls and departments
+were crowded with visitors, the dome of the building was found to be
+on fire. The flames spread with too great rapidity to be checked, and
+all that could be done was to save the contents of the building. The
+most valuable records and papers of the various offices, and of the
+legislature, with some of the furniture, were carried out, but the
+greater part of the contents of the building, including the valuable
+law library, the supply of state laws, documents and reports, and all
+the stationery in the secretary of state's store rooms, etc., were a
+total loss. The Historical Society's library was mostly saved. The
+entire loss to the State was fully $200,000.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the city of St. Paul had just completed a fine and
+spacious market house, which was still unoccupied, and its use was at
+once tendered the State by the city authorities, and while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">[Pg 712]</a></span> the flames
+were still burning the furniture and effects saved from the old
+capitol were removed thither. At nine o'clock next morning the state
+departments and both houses of the legislature were again at work in
+their new quarters. But two days of the session yet remained. Gov.
+Pillsbury immediately secured estimates for rebuilding the burned
+edifice, using the old walls, and an act appropriating $75,000 for
+that purpose was passed. Work was commenced at once. It was then found
+that the old walls were too unsafe to use, and at the extra session in
+September, 1881, the further sum of $100,000 was appropriated for the
+completion of the building. Its total cost was about $275,000. The
+dome of the building is two hundred feet above the ground, giving a
+noble view to the visitor who ascends it. The exterior of the edifice
+is neat and tasty, and it is altogether creditable to the State,
+considering its comparatively small cost.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SELKIRK VISITORS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the early days a somewhat primitive people inhabited the Northwest,
+making their homes on the banks of the Red River of the North and on
+the shores of Winnipeg, in what was known as the Selkirk settlement,
+now included in the province of Manitoba. They were a mixed race of
+Scotch, French and Indian stock, born and raised under the government
+of the Northwest British Fur Company. They were a peaceable, partly
+pastoral and partly nomadic, trading people. They cultivated the
+ground quite successfully considering the high latitude of their home
+and the absence of machinery for farm work, raising wheat, vegetables,
+cattle and horses. They engaged in hunting and trapping and yearly
+visited St. Paul with the surplus products of their labor to be
+disposed of for money or goods. They came usually in caravans
+consisting of files of carts drawn by cows, oxen and ponies, and
+commanded by a captain elected to the position who exercised over them
+a rigid military rule. Their carts were rude, creaking affairs, made
+entirely without iron, all the fastenings being sinews and leathern
+thongs. This harness was made of raw hides, Indian tanned, and sewed
+with animal sinews. Their costume was a happy cross between the
+civilized and savage. Their caravans included from 100 to 600 carts,
+which were laden with furs, buffalo robes, buffalo tongues, dried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">[Pg 713]</a></span>
+pemmican, etc. As they came a distance of 450 miles, the journey
+required many days, but was made in good military order. The raising
+of a flag was the signal for starting, the lowering, for stopping. At
+night the carts were ranged in a circle about the encampment, and
+sentinels posted. Their encampment within the suburbs of St. Paul
+attracted great crowds of the curious. In 1857 their train consisted
+of 500 carts, and in 1858 of 600, but later, as railroads were built
+northward and steamers were placed upon the Red River of the North,
+their number gradually diminished and finally their visits ceased
+altogether.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CYCLONES.</h4>
+
+<p>Recorded and unrecorded, Minnesota and Wisconsin have had their full
+share of those atmospheric disturbances that have wrought so much
+destruction in the Western States. In the early days, when the country
+was sparsely settled and villages and towns were few and far between,
+they came and went unnoted, or attracting but little attention. They
+left no traces on the plain, and in the forests only a belt of fallen
+timber, known as a "windfall." These belts are sufficiently numerous
+to establish the fact that these storms were probably as frequent in
+early, even in prehistoric, times as at the present. Their movements
+are more destructive in later times because of the improvements of
+civilization, the increased number of human habitations and the growth
+of towns and cities. The tornado has more to destroy, and as a
+destroying agent, its movements are better known and more widely
+published.</p>
+
+<p>Scientists are not agreed as to the cause of these destructive
+phenomena, but enough is known to overthrow the theory so persistently
+advanced that it is in consequence of the cutting away of the forests
+and the substitution of farms. In fact much of the country was already
+prairie land and abundant evidences of tornadoes are found in the
+midst of old forests in which have since grown up trees of
+considerable size, and this at a period long before the lumberman
+commenced his destructive work.</p>
+
+<p>We append a few sketches of cyclones that have occurred in
+comparatively recent times.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ISANTI COUNTY CYCLONE.</h4>
+
+<p>This storm occurred in September, 1865, and spent its fury chiefly in
+Isanti county, but extended beyond and was felt even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">[Pg 714]</a></span> in Wisconsin.
+The tornado gathered its wrath in the southwestern region of Isanti
+county, in what is called the "Lake Typo settlement," some forty miles
+north of St. Paul. It was first discovered in the shape of "two
+clouds," as the people there residing expressed it, "approaching each
+other from different directions." Suddenly the mingling of these
+counter currents of strong winds appeared to form the blackened
+heavens into a funnel-shaped mass. The direction of the whirlwind was
+from southwest to northeast, and after crossing the St. Croix river
+passed through an unsettled portion of timber lands known as "pine
+barrens," a growth of scattering pines interspersed with black oaks of
+medium size.</p>
+
+<p>On Wood river, Burnett county, Wisconsin, the trunks of pine trees,
+three feet in diameter and eighty feet high, were twisted into "broom
+splints" and carried high in air. The intervening oaks were also
+served the same way; and the whole track of the tornado, from thirty
+rods to three-fourths of a mile in width, had left no tree standing.
+Pines and oaks were all prostrate, and promiscuously heaped up in
+winrows over the ground, their branches and trunks interlocked, and in
+some places piled to the height of thirty feet.</p>
+
+<p>The author of this work lost about 10,000,000 feet of pine logs in
+Wood river in this cyclone. On Clam river, Wisconsin, for four miles
+in length and about half a mile in width, the forest was laid in
+winrows, and parties who came through soon after the tempest had to
+cut their way.</p>
+
+<p>The tornado, traveling with the velocity of lightning to the
+northeast, overtook Dr. Comfort, of Wyoming, as he was crossing
+Sunrise prairie with a mule team, accompanied by a hired man. The
+doctor and man saved themselves by clinging to some shrubs near by,
+but when the fury of the whirlwind had passed, all they could find of
+their outfit was the poor mules, half frightened to death, and the
+fore wheels and tongue of the wagon. The hind wheels, box, and the
+rest of the outfit, together with the doctor's medicine kit, which he
+had along, when last seen, were bound zenithward.</p>
+
+<p>Wm. A. Hobbs, late quartermaster sergeant of the Third Minnesota
+Battery, Light Artillery, and Orville Grant and brother&mdash;sons of R.
+Grant, Esq., a farmer living in Isanti county&mdash;were out hunting, and
+happened to be caught where the storm<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">[Pg 715]</a></span> passed through the heaviest
+timber. They saw it approaching, and at first attempted to take
+shelter in an old school house near by, but soon saw that was no place
+for them and made for an old pine log which they got behind; soon that
+commenced to move. Hobbs seized hold of an oak, some ten inches in
+diameter, which immediately commenced to be loosened at the roots and
+to spin around like a top. The tree was prostrated and he with it&mdash;he
+receiving very severe injuries. The Grant boys, were also injured, but
+none near so badly as Hobbs. The log school house shared the fate of
+the surrounding forest. A resident near by states that he saw one-half
+the roof sailing upward at least four hundred feet above the tops of
+the tallest trees.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE COTTAGE GROVE CYCLONE.</h4>
+
+<p>On June 15, 1877, a terrific cyclone visited the town of Cottage
+Grove, Washington county, Minnesota. We append the correct and vivid
+description taken from the "History of Washington County:"</p>
+
+<p>"At 9 o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> there arose in the southwest a dark and heavy
+cloud, attended with loud thunder, vivid lightning and a strong wind.
+The cloud moved forward rapidly; soon the rain began to fall in
+torrents, when suddenly the wind came dashing with great violence,
+sweeping everything before it. There seemed to be two currents of
+wind, one coming from the west and the other from the southwest. These
+two currents came together in section 22. The stronger current being
+from the southwest, the storm took a northwestern direction, and did
+some damage in section 27, taking away a portion of the roof of Ethan
+Viall's house, and a trunk out of the chamber, no trace of which could
+be found. A corn cultivator was taken up, some portions of which were
+never found, while other parts were found two miles from the place of
+its taking. In section 22, when the currents met, the destruction of
+property beggars description. The timber in its track was prostrated;
+fences were torn up and scattered in every direction; E. Welch's house
+came in the line of desolation; Mr. and Mrs. Welch had stepped out to
+look after some chickens in which Mrs. Welch was specially interested,
+and, startled by the roar of the wind, were in the act of returning to
+the house. When near the door the wind took up the house, bearing it
+away, and a stick of timber struck both Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">[Pg 716]</a></span> and Mrs. Welch, knocking
+them down. When Mr. Welch recovered he had hold of his wife, but she
+was dead. The stick of timber struck her on the head and caused
+instant death. The next object in the path of destruction was C. D.
+Tuttle's two story dwelling, located in the northwest corner of
+section 26. The main part of the house was torn to pieces and
+scattered in every direction, while the wing was left unmoved. The
+family, consisting of six persons, fled to the cellar and were
+miraculously preserved. The large barn a few rods further on was
+completely destroyed. Next in its course was Mr. J. C. Tucker's barn,
+the roof of which suddenly passed along on the breeze. At this point
+the storm turned, taking a northeasterly direction, and struck the
+house of Robert Williams, damaging the house and entirely destroying
+the barn. A horse tied to a girder in the barn was found, uninjured,
+sixty feet outside of the limits of the building, with the girder
+lying across him, and the strap still tied to it. Next in line was a
+small lake in the southwest corner of section 23. It was almost robbed
+of its treasure. The water and mud was carried a long distance up the
+bluffs, fifty feet above the level of the lake. Next came the fine
+house of John Morey, giving a portion of its roof to the excited wind;
+then passed into the town of Denmark, continuing its destructive
+course, killing a horse for W. G. Wagner, near the town line. A man
+known as Michael Schull, a farm hand, was taken up by the wind and
+dashed against a pile of wood, injuring his brain, causing him to
+become dangerous. He is now at St. Peter in the insane asylum. The
+destruction of property was great. No accurate account of the amount
+of damage done has been compiled. Mr. Tuttle, living in section 26,
+suffered the most. He estimated his loss at $7,000. His house was
+situated in a valley surrounded by oak trees, and we would suppose was
+protected by the strong bulwarks of Nature, and yet house, barn,
+farming utensils, and machinery were scattered over the country. The
+next morning sheets of tin two feet square, found in Mr. Tuttle's
+yard, were supposed to have come from a church in Dakota county.
+Portions of Mr. Tuttle's house were found miles away."</p>
+
+<p>The same cyclone visited Lake Elmo and did great damage, blowing down
+the depot buildings, Lake Elmo Hotel and other structures. The
+buildings and trees of the agricultural fair grounds were destroyed.
+Some parts of the buildings were carried miles away by the storm.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_717" id="Page_717">[Pg 717]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>THE CYCLONE AT WHITE BEAR AND MARINE, MINNESOTA, AND CLEAR LAKE,
+WISCONSIN.</h4>
+
+<p>Sept. 9, 1884, a storm arose in Hennepin county and did some damage;
+continuing to White Bear lake, Oneka and Grant, in Washington county,
+it gathered force and proved very destructive to life and property. As
+it passed through Oneka and Grant its path was about ten miles in
+width. Churches, school houses, dwellings, barns, grain stacks, and
+fences in its way were either partially or wholly destroyed, and the
+wrecked property was distributed for miles around. The cyclone passed
+on over Marine, Big Lake and Scandia, crossed the St. Croix, passed
+over the town of Somerset, Star Prairie, New Richmond, in St. Croix
+county, and over Black Brook, Clear Lake, Pineville and Clayton in
+Polk county and Turtle Lake in Barron, pursuing the usual
+northeasterly direction common to these cyclones, and disappearing in
+terrific thunderstorms, in the timbered lands of Barron and Chippewa
+counties. An eye witness, Mr. Ivory Hatch, of Oneka, thus describes
+the approach of the storm:</p>
+
+<p>"I was standing near a shed in the barnyard, when suddenly the sky
+became black and threatening. In about five minutes I saw two
+funnel-shaped clouds descend and approach each other. I started for
+the house to warn my family, when, as quick as a flash, I was
+enveloped in the cloud, and while clinging to a post for safety my
+grain stacks and buildings disappeared. The storm did not continue
+over a minute and a half. I escaped almost miraculously without a
+bruise." The testimony of others in the neighborhood is substantially
+the same. In the town of Oneka the destruction was worse than in any
+other locality.</p>
+
+<p>In the track of the storm through Washington county not less than
+fifty houses were demolished. The loss on each averaged $600, making a
+total of $30,000. Losses on barns, machinery and stock raised this sum
+to $50,000. The loss at Marine was computed roughly at $75,000, which
+made a total of $135,000, not including hay and grain. The entire loss
+to Clear Lake was estimated at $200,000. Three persons lost their
+lives, Mrs. P. Burdick, Willie Kavanagh and John Saunders. The
+Methodist, Congregational and Swedish churches were leveled with the
+ground. The timber losses were close to $1,000,000; private property<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">[Pg 718]</a></span>
+in villages, loss near $500,000, and all other losses, such as farm
+property and the like, in the hundred thousands. The total loss in
+Wisconsin has been placed at six lives and $4,000,000 in property.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. CLOUD AND SAUK RAPIDS CYCLONE OF 1886.</h4>
+
+<p>The most destructive storm yet recorded occurred on the afternoon of
+April 14, 1886. The clouds were first seen from St. Cloud to gather a
+short distance over the basin of the Masour cemetery about three
+o'clock, Sunday afternoon, in dark, overhanging masses. Then sharp
+tongues of lightning darted down with terrific force, and the storm
+with all its fury burst upon the doomed cities. The south end, or
+beginning of the cyclone track, was located two or three miles south
+and a little west of St. Cloud and its total length was twenty-four
+miles. The property destroyed amounted to over a quarter of a million
+of dollars, and the loss of life at St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids was
+seventy-five. If we include those who died later of injuries from
+wounds, exposure and fright, we may safely say a hundred.</p>
+
+<p>The first victim of the cyclone was Nicholas Junneman. The cyclone
+rising, as we have said, over or near Calvary cemetery, for a space of
+about three hundred yards in diameter the trees were uprooted or
+twisted off, gravestones were thrown flat, and fences demolished.
+Crossing over Calvary Hill, in a path about one hundred feet wide, it
+wrecked the small Catholic chapel and badly injured the crucifix
+located there. Next in its course was the farm house of Nicholas
+Junneman which was left a pile of ruins, and Mr. Junneman was killed,
+while his wife was dangerously injured. The first house struck within
+the city limits was J. W. Tenvoorde's. Just across the street J.
+Schwartz's two story brick house was almost wrecked. Here the path of
+the tornado was about two hundred feet wide, and increased until by
+the time it reached the Manitoba depot the width was six hundred feet,
+taking in in its fearful embrace during the length of its course half
+a hundred or more buildings, which were totally wrecked, moved from
+their foundations, or more or less damaged. In many instances there
+was nothing left to show where a house had stood, and the prairie was
+covered far and wide with the debris of the demolished buildings. Over
+fifty houses in St. Cloud were totally destroyed and as many more
+badly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_719" id="Page_719">[Pg 719]</a></span> damaged. Before striking the river it swerved slightly
+northward, and thus the costly building blocks and crowded streets in
+the heart of the city were spared. Had the cyclone veered in its
+course more to the south, the loss of property and life in St. Cloud
+would have been incalculable.</p>
+
+<p>Striking the river the cyclone appeared to be almost motionless for a
+few moments, or moved so slowly as to seem to hang over the face of
+the water, its huge black column rising toward the zenith. Then
+leaving the river, this monster of the air struck Sauk Rapids at
+Stanton's large flouring mill, which was left a heap of ruins. It then
+took Demeules' store and the Northern Pacific depot, and passed on
+through the main business part of the place, leaving but one important
+business house standing, Wood's store, which was badly damaged. Court
+house, church, school building, post office, newspaper offices,
+hotels, dwelling houses, all went down under the relentless power of
+the storm. Streets were blockaded with the wreck so as to be
+practically impassable. The list of dead out of a village of about
+1,000 population included some of the leading county officials and
+prominent citizens. Amongst them were John Renard, county auditor, and
+Gregg Lindley, register of deeds; also Edgar Hull, president of the
+German-American National Bank; E. G. Halbert, of the New York
+Insurance Company, with whom Mr. Hull had just filed an application
+for a $5,000 policy, was so badly injured that he died in a few days.
+The destruction of property in Sauk Rapids was far greater than in St.
+Cloud, as the business portion of the city was almost entirely swept
+away. The loss of life was also proportionately greater.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving Sauk Rapids the cyclone struck Rice's, a station on the
+Northern Pacific road, about fourteen miles from the former village.
+Some four miles southeast of the station, at the house of a farmer
+named Schultz, a happy wedding party was gathered, a daughter of the
+farmer having been married to Henry Friday, chairman of the board of
+supervisors of Langola. Almost before they realized it the terrible
+power of the storm encircled them, and in the twinkling of an eye nine
+of the goodly company were mangled corpses, among the number being the
+groom, while the bride was dangerously if not fatally injured. The
+victims also included the Rev. G. J. Schmidt, pastor of the German
+Evangelical church of Sauk Rapids. The Rev. Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">[Pg 720]</a></span> Seeder, pastor of the
+Two Rivers district, was found out on the prairie with both legs
+broken.</p>
+
+<p>At Buckman, Morrison county, several persons were killed, and six or
+seven farm houses destroyed. The suffering caused by this most
+terrible of cyclones evoked the liveliest sympathy, and large
+contributions of money, food and clothing were forwarded by the
+citizens of St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities throughout the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>G. W. Benedict, of Sauk Rapids, relates his experience in the storm as
+follows: "I was in the yard at my residence half a mile north of the
+depot, when I heard a terrible deafening roar, and on looking up I saw
+what first appeared to be a very heavy black volume of smoke from a
+railroad engine, but in a moment I realized what it was. The volume of
+black cloud soon increased to double its size, and had a funnel shape,
+gyrating in a peculiar zigzag form. Untold amounts of debris of
+houses, fences and everything above the surface were shooting and
+flying with terrific velocity from the cloud, which took a northerly
+direction. The horrible writhing demon of destruction, with its
+deafening roar, increased in volume and force, and hurled to utter
+destruction everything in its path, a great portion of which was
+carried miles in the air out of sight as though but trifles of
+lightest chaff."</p>
+
+<p>Thos. Van Etten was walking on the street, going home, when the
+cyclone struck the town, and he was bodily lifted into the air,
+carried four hundred feet up a steep hill and landed in a street,
+literally plastered over with mud. A young man fishing near the end of
+the bridge, on the opposite side from Sauk Rapids, says that many of
+the houses were lifted high in the air, and did not seem to be injured
+until they were dashed to the ground, when they collapsed, and the
+pieces were scattered in all directions. None of the very large number
+of persons who went into a cellar for protection from the storm were
+badly injured. The Fink family, the mother and four children of which
+were almost instantly killed, were in a house which had an excellent
+cellar, but the family forgot to utilize it. Near the ruins of the
+Carpenter house is a tree about ten inches in diameter, through which
+a pine board was driven so that it protruded at both sides of the
+tree. The property loss in Benton county was estimated at $300,000,
+and in St. Cloud at $56,000.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_721" id="Page_721">[Pg 721]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.</h4>
+
+<p>Some time in the '50s Messrs. Oaks, Rand, Witham, Carson, and twelve
+other men were in a tent on the banks of Lake St. Croix, just below
+the mouth of Willow river, during a severe thunder storm. It was about
+9 o'clock P. M. when lightning struck the tent and passing down killed
+Witham and Carson, and severely stunned Oaks and Rand. The other men
+were not injured, but, being badly frightened, ran away, and did not
+return till the following morning, when they found two of the men
+supposed killed still alive, but dazed and motionless. The two killed
+were lying close together, while Mr. Oaks lay upon one side and Mr.
+Rand upon the other. The lightning had struck the men who were killed
+upon the head, and traversing the body had passed out below the
+ankles. The current of electricity had passed up the arm of Mr. Oaks
+and down his body, burning spots the size of a pea, and plowing lines
+under the skin, the scars of which, after recovery, were raised in
+welts nearly as large as a whipcord. Mr. Oaks was nearly a year
+recovering. He says that during the time he lay motionless and
+apparently stunned he was in full possession of his faculties. Mr.
+Rand had one side of his body burned to a blister. Prior to this he
+had been affected with weak eyes, but the electrical treatment there
+received effected a complete cure.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ASIATIC CHOLERA.</h4>
+
+<p>Minnesota was early visited by this scourge of the eastern world. It
+was brought up the river on the crowded steamers and created the
+utmost consternation, and even panic. No one on board the Royal Arch,
+May, 1853, can forget the dreadful scenes upon this boat. The first
+case occurred at Galena, that of a child, and the next at La Crosse,
+that of a woman, who was put ashore in a dying condition twenty miles
+above. From thence to St. Paul the boat was a floating hospital, and
+thirteen corpses lay under a canvas on the lower deck.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the ghastly freight carried by the steamer, and its
+sick and dying passengers in the cabin above, kind hearts sympathized
+and kind hands were extended to help; and the dead were buried and
+every thing possible was done for the sick and suffering survivors,
+many of whom died after being carried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_722" id="Page_722">[Pg 722]</a></span> ashore at St. Paul. What these
+good Samaritans did was at the risk of their own lives, and more than
+one, among them Henry P. Pratt, editor of the St. Paul <i>Minnesotian</i>,
+sickened and died from infection caught by ministering to the stricken
+ones.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.</h4>
+
+<p>The first naturalization papers on record in Minnesota are somewhat
+unique, and for that reason worthy of preservation, and are herewith
+presented <i>et literatim</i>:</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Territory of Wisconsin</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">St. Croix County</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I, William Willim, an alien by birth, aged twenty-six years,
+do hereby, upon my oath, make known that I was born in the
+county of Hereford, in the kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland, on the twenty-sixth day of June, A. D. 1821; that I
+emigrated from the kingdom aforesaid, and landed in New
+York, in the state of New York, on the first day of October,
+1838; that I was at that time a minor aged seventeen years,
+and that I have since that time resided in the United States
+of America; that it is my <i>bona fide</i> intention to become a
+citizen of the United States, to renounce forever all
+allegiance and fidelity which I, in anywise, owe to any
+foreign power, potentate, state or sovereignty whatever, and
+more particularly all allegiance and fidelity which I, in
+anywise, owe to Victoria, queen of Great Britain, of whom I
+have heretofore been a subject, and, further that I do not
+possess any hereditary title, or belong to any of the order
+of nobility in the kingdom from whence I came; so help me
+God.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">William Willim</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sworn and subscribed to before me on this eighteenth day of
+June, 1847, in open court.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Joseph R. Brown</span>,<br />
+<i>Clerk of District Court of St. Croix County, Wisconsin Territory.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Another oath, such as is now administered, to support the constitution
+of the United States, was signed and attested in like manner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_723" id="Page_723">[Pg 723]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>BURNING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HOTEL.</h4>
+
+<p>On a clear, cold night in February, 1869, the International Hotel,
+located at the corner of Seventh and Jackson streets, took fire and
+was speedily consumed. The alarm was sounded at two o'clock in the
+morning. The hotel was crowded with boarders, among whom were many
+members of the legislature, then in session, and their families. The
+writer occupied a room on the second floor and was among the first
+aroused. Hastily seizing my trunk I hurried down stairs and returned
+to assist others, but was stopped by the smoke at the entrance. The
+guests of the house were pouring from every outlet. A group of ladies
+had escaped to the sidewalk, partly clad, some with bare feet. Ladders
+were placed to the windows to save those who had failed to escape in
+the hallway. Senators C. A. Gilman and Seagrave Smith, with their
+wives, were rescued in this manner. Many diverting circumstances
+occurred illustrative of nonchalance, coolness and daring, as well as
+of bewilderment and panic.</p>
+
+<p>Senator Armstrong tried in vain to throw his trunk from a window in
+which it was wedged fast and was obliged to leave it to the flames.
+Judge Meeker came out of the house carrying his clothing upon his arm,
+having a shawl wrapped round his head, and bewailing the loss of the
+maps and charts of Meeker's dam. Seagrave Smith tarried too long
+searching for a senate bill, and narrowly escaped sharing the fate of
+the bill. Many of the guests escaped in their night clothing, and
+carrying their clothing with them completed their toilet standing in
+the snow in the light of the burning building. Considering the
+rapidity of the fire, and the hour at which it occurred it seemed
+marvelous that no lives were lost.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GRASSHOPPERS.</h4>
+
+<p>Minnesota has been visited at intervals by that scourge of some of the
+Western States, grasshoppers. The first visitation was from the
+Selkirk (now Manitoba) settlement, about 1838-9. The pests are said to
+have accompanied some of the early immigrants from Selkirk who came
+down to the reservation about Fort Snelling. They made yearly
+visitations and threatened to become a serious obstacle to the
+settlement of the country. Some seasons they proved quite destructive.
+In 1874-5-6-7 the state<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_724" id="Page_724">[Pg 724]</a></span> legislature made appropriations to relieve
+those suffering from their ravages in the western and southwestern
+parts of the State. There were also large private contributions to the
+relief fund. One of the acts passed at the session of 1877
+appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the destruction of
+grasshoppers and their eggs. Townships and villages were also
+authorized to levy taxes for the destruction of the common enemy, and
+$75,000 was appropriated to furnish seed grain for those who had lost
+their crops, and $5,000 was voted for a common relief fund. Special
+prayers were offered for an abatement of the scourge. In 1877, when
+the grasshopper appeared in myriads again, the governor appointed a
+day of fasting and prayer for riddance from the calamity. From some
+unknown cause the grasshoppers disappeared, and have not since
+returned in such numbers as to prove a plague. These grasshoppers were
+a species known as the Rocky Mountain locusts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANCIENT MOUNDS.</h4>
+
+<p>The valley of the Mississippi and the valleys of its tributary streams
+abound with mounds of various sizes and fashions, circular, oval or
+oblong, serpentine and sometimes irregular in outline, and all works
+of intelligence and design, wrought by some ancient people for
+purposes now not fully known. It is probable, however, that some were
+used as places of defense, others were built for sacrificial or
+religious purposes, others for sepulture, and others still may be the
+remains of dwellings. Most of them contain relics, coins or implements
+made of shells, of flints and in some instances of baked earthenware,
+and lastly human remains. These relics are not necessarily of
+cotemporaneous date, and many of them are comparatively modern. Such
+mounds were used for burial places long after their original builders
+had passed away.</p>
+
+<p>That they are very ancient is unquestionable. They outdate the
+traditions of the Indians who inhabited this country at the date of
+its discovery, while the most ancient remains taken from them indicate
+as their builders a people widely different from the present
+aborigines, and possessed of arts unknown to them. Conjecture points
+to a race from the South, probably the Aztecs, as the mound builders.
+This race was exterminated in some way, or driven away by some
+stronger tribes, who may in turn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_725" id="Page_725">[Pg 725]</a></span> have given place to our present race
+of Indians. A full description of these ancient works would require
+volumes; we can therefore allude only to a few that may be considered
+typical specimens of their class.</p>
+
+<p>At Prairie Village, now Waukesha, Wisconsin, in 1836, the writer saw a
+mound six feet high, representing a tortoise, the head, feet and tail
+being still distinctly traceable. Many mounds exist at Prairie du
+Chien, some quite large, and of varying shape, some representing
+inclosures or fortifications, with gateways or openings. These are
+located on the high bluffs east of the Prairie. Many of these, very
+distinct in the early days, are now almost obliterated by the
+plowshare of the farmer and the spade of the relic hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The builders of the ancient mounds certainly exercised great taste in
+their location, as they are generally found in pleasant localities, on
+grassy plateaus or elevated lands, and by the shores of lakes and
+streams. Some, originally built on plains, have since been overgrown
+with trees. In some cases trees of immense size have been found
+growing even on the summit of the mounds. The most notable mounds of
+the St. Croix valley are at Vasa village, in Marine township,
+Washington county, Minnesota, and in the neighborhood of Osceola
+Mills, Polk county, Wisconsin. We append notes of a survey of the
+latter, made in 1870. They are sixteen in number and we mention only
+the most remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>No. 1 is of circular form, 20 feet in height and 60 in diameter. Trees
+2 feet in diameter are found on this mound. Mound No. 2 has a diameter
+of 90 feet, and was originally 30 feet high; at present but 20. This
+mound is also of circular formation. Mound No. 3 is circular in form,
+36 feet in diameter and 2 feet high. Mound No. 4 is circular, 40 feet
+in diameter and 5 feet high. Mound No. 5 is oblong and 40&times;60 feet in
+dimensions, and 4 feet high. The largest and finest of these mounds
+have been nearly destroyed by the encroachments of the road makers.
+These mounds are located two miles north of Osceola, on Close creek.
+Alanson Thompson made a homestead of the land on which they are
+situated, and built his home immediately in the rear of the two larger
+mounds. His garden included many of the mounds.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. T. H. Lewis, of St. Paul, made a later survey of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_726" id="Page_726">[Pg 726]</a></span> ancient
+mounds. In the group north of the creek and near the school house,
+which he classifies as the upper group, he finds ninety-six well
+developed mounds, and some of them of peculiar shape and great
+interest. In the group south of the creek, which he calls the lower
+group, he finds forty-nine mounds, a total of one hundred and
+forty-five in the two groups; at least five times as many as has been
+supposed to be there.</p>
+
+<p>But one of the mounds is an effigy mound, and this is not clearly
+defined, plowing in the field having disturbed the outline of the
+effigy. The most of them contain bones, as has long been known, and
+Mr. Lewis finds in them shell relics, which are rarely found in any
+mounds; also pottery, and beads made from shells.</p>
+
+<p>Another peculiar mound not included in this description may be found
+on the bluff overlooking the St. Croix, not far from the Close creek
+series of mounds. It is over one hundred feet in length and serpentine
+in form, one end being enlarged to represent the head. There are also
+fine specimens of ancient mounds on Chisago lake, near Centre City and
+Chisago City.</p>
+
+<p>The subject is a fascinating one to the archaeologist, but it behooves
+him to make haste with his investigations, as these marvelous works
+are rapidly disappearing, being dug over by the irresponsible and
+unscientific relic hunter, or worn down by the plow, or carted away
+for loose earth to mend a roadway or fill a sinkhole.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LAKE ITASCA.</h4>
+
+<p>The Mississippi appropriately takes its name at the outlet of Lake
+Itasca, its reputed source. This lake, although known to the fur
+company adventurers of the eighteenth, and the early part of the
+nineteenth centuries, received the name Itasca in 1832 from
+Schoolcraft and Boutwell. A complete account of the naming of the lake
+will be found in the biography of Rev. W. T. Boutwell, attached to the
+history of Pine county in this work. Itasca lies in range 36,
+townships 133 and 134, and is about three miles in length by one and
+one-half in width. Its title to the distinction of being the true
+source of the Mississippi has been frequently called in question.
+There are tributary lakes of smaller size lying near it, connected
+with it by small streams, barely navigable for birch canoes. Elk lake,
+a body of water three-fourths of a mile in length, lying south, is
+connected with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_727" id="Page_727">[Pg 727]</a></span> it by a stream 25 links wide and 30 rods in length.
+Elk lake has an influent stream 2 miles in length, which drains a
+swamp lying south.</p>
+
+<p>Another stream from the south, two miles in length, flows into Itasca,
+and has its source in a lake one-fourth of a mile long. As this lake
+has not been named in any original or later township map, United
+States Surveyor Chandler, Chief Clerk B. C. Baldwin and the writer, in
+January, 1887, agreed to give it the name of Boutwell, in honor of the
+devoted missionary who visited Itasca in company with Schoolcraft in
+1832. This lake is really the source of the Mississippi, though from
+its small size is not likely to receive general recognition as such.
+Lakes Itasca, Elk and Boutwell lie in range 36, township 143, west of
+the 5th principal meridian, United States survey, latitude 47.10, and
+longitude 95.30 west from Greenwich United States survey. The lands
+bordering on and adjacent to these lakes were surveyed in October,
+1875, by Edwin Hall, and lie in Beltrami county, which was named after
+an Italian traveler who visited this section in 1823.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. B. C. Baldwin, a member of the Minnesota constitutional
+convention of 1857, told the writer that when surveying government
+lands in 1874, he discovered in range 37, township 143, six miles west
+of Itasca, a lake two and a half miles in length, without inlet or
+outlet, the waters apparently rising, as trees were standing in the
+water near the shore and submerged at least eight feet. Small lakes of
+similar character were also discovered. Twelve miles west of Itasca
+the tributaries of the Red River of the North have their source.</p>
+
+<p>The latest claim made as to the discovery of the source of the
+Missispippi is that of Capt. Willard Glazier, who, in 1881, claimed to
+have discovered Elk lake as the source of the Mississippi. The
+Minnesota State Historical Society promptly repudiated his
+assumptions, and protested against affixing to Elk lake the name
+Glazier, as the captain was in no sense a discoverer, either of the
+lake or its connections with Itasca, the adjacent lands having been
+surveyed in 1875, and partially covered with claims in 1881. With far
+more justice we might claim for Lake Boutwell, a more remote lake, the
+distinguished honor of being the true source of the Mississippi.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_728" id="Page_728">[Pg 728]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>COPPER MINING ON THE ST. CROIX.</h4>
+
+<p>As early as 1842, a company, composed of the Harris brothers and
+others, of Galena, Illinois, prospected in the Upper St. Croix valley
+for copper. Their superintendent, Mr. Crosby, located a mineral permit
+at Pine island, one mile above St. Croix Falls, where he found rich
+specimens. Citizens and operatives at St. Croix Mills gave liberally
+to aid the enterprise, but Mr. Crosby's health having failed he left
+expecting to spend the winter in Cuba, but sickened and died at New
+Orleans, and the mining enterprise of the Galena company was never
+resumed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847, a Boston company, composed of Caleb Cushing, Robert Rantoul,
+Dexter and Harrington, and others, of Boston, and some other
+capitalists, located a mineral permit one mile square at St. Croix
+Falls, and another of the same dimensions on the St. Croix and Kettle
+River rapids. This proved to be a speculative scheme of Boston and
+Washington capitalists and politicians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, David Dale Owen, a prominent geologist, made an exploration
+of the territory now included in Minnesota and Wisconsin and published
+a report. His work being done at the order of the government, he was
+accompanied by a corps of scientific men, and had time and means to
+make thorough investigations. He reported that the trap rock ranges of
+the St. Croix, a continuation of the copper ranges of Superior, are
+rich in specimens of copper. These ranges crop out every few miles in
+a southwesterly direction from Superior. The most southerly are those
+known as the Dalles of the St. Croix, including as a part the
+Franconia ledge three miles below. The Kanabec river range crops out
+near Chengwatana. The Kettle river range crosses the St. Croix further
+north.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865 the Minnesota legislature placed the sum of $1,000 in the
+hands of N. C. D. Taylor for the purpose of examining and reporting
+the different mineral prospects on the St. Croix and its tributaries.
+He reported the Kettle river veins as being very promising. Mr. Taylor
+sunk a shaft in a locality in Taylor's Falls to a depth of forty feet
+and found excellent indications of copper, and some good specimens. He
+reports most of the rock in the St. Croix valley above Taylor's Falls
+to be of the different kinds of trap rock, with belts of conglomerate
+running through them in a direction from northeast to southwest, the
+conglomerate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_729" id="Page_729">[Pg 729]</a></span> being most abundant on the Kettle river. There are
+limited patches of sandstone which in places contain marine shells,
+but no rock in place. Prof. Hall says of the Taylor's Falls vein that
+it is a very distinct vein and shows quite equal to the early showing
+of many of the best paying mines of Superior. He regards the Kettle
+river vein as one of the most promising yet found in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Other veins have been discovered in the vicinity of the St. Croix
+Dalles. Considerable money has been spent in prospecting and
+development, but more capital is needed than miners have yet been able
+to obtain.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company was organized Dec. 15, 1874, W.
+H. C. Folsom, president; Geo. W. Seymour, secretary; Levi W. Folsom,
+treasurer; David A. Caneday, mining agent. They sunk a shaft one
+hundred and thirty feet deep and found good indications. This mine was
+worked in 1875-76, at an expenditure of over $5,000. Excellent
+specimens were found but not in paying quantities. The rock increased
+in richness as the shaft sunk in depth. The work was suspended for
+want, of material aid. There is but little doubt that as the valley
+becomes known and populated, that as wealth increases, the mineral
+resources of the country are better known, mining will become a
+prominent and profitable industry.</p>
+
+
+<h4>REMINISCENCES OF REV. JULIUS S. WEBBER.<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a>
+</h4>
+<p>We reached Stillwater, June 3, 1850, and moved into the Elfelt house
+on North Hill. The village contained at that time about thirty
+dwellings, two hotels, three stores, and a number of saloons. Three
+religious denominations held services each Sabbath, the missionaries
+in charge alternating through the successive Sabbaths, and supporting
+in addition a union prayer meeting and Sabbath-school, of which Capt.
+Wm. Holcomb was the first superintendent. The meetings were held in a
+school house on Third street.</p>
+
+<p>My appointments outside of Stillwater were at Willow River, Kinnikinic
+and Prescott, Wisconsin, and at Cottage Grove and Point Douglas in
+Minnesota. In 1852 Rev. S. T. Catlin was appointed to that part of my
+field lying east of the St. Croix<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_730" id="Page_730">[Pg 730]</a></span> river, and I formed appointments at
+Arcola, Marine, Taylor's and St. Croix Falls. We organized a Baptist
+society at Stillwater, Oct. 26, 1850, consisting of eight members;
+Rev. J. P. Parsons and wife, Dean A. H. Cavender and wife of St. Paul,
+J. S. Webber and wife, constituting a council of recognition. Rev. J.
+P. Parsons preached the sermon of recognition, and J. S. Webber
+extended the right hand of fellowship. The first baptism by immersion
+in the county was administered in a large spring just below Nelson's
+store, Jan. 30, 1853, the waters of the spring being free from ice.
+The candidate was Margaret Towner, of Pembina. In 1853 I made a tour
+of the Minnesota valley to Mankato. On the first day, September 23d, I
+traveled from Fort Snelling to Shakopee and saw not a human habitation
+nor a human being on the trail. At Shakopee I found a home with Judge
+Dowling. On the next day I traveled to Le Sueur. On Sabbath morning I
+preached at Traverse des Sioux, and in the afternoon I went to
+Mankato, and stopped at the house of Mr. Hannah, where I preached in
+the evening, to a congregation that had come together hastily from the
+neighborhood, the first sermon preached in Mankato. On the
+twenty-sixth I preached the first sermon at Le Seuer, and the first
+sermon at Shakopee on my return.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 I opened on the South Hill, known later as Nelson's addition
+to Stillwater, a school known as Washington Seminary, which received
+liberal patronage from the citizens of Stillwater and surrounding
+country. In May, 1855, I sold the school to Mr. Kent, and it passed
+into the hands of an Episcopal clergyman. I returned to New York where
+I have since lived, pursuing my calling, which has suffered thus far
+no interruption from sickness or infirmities.</p>
+
+<p>The remembrance of my association with the people of the St. Croix
+valley is pleasant. Amongst the most pleasant of my recollections are
+those of the lumbermen of St. Croix, who often made up a large portion
+of my congregation. They were kind and courteous, attentive hearers
+and valued as friends and associates.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AN AMUSING INCIDENT.</h4>
+
+<p>An amusing incident occurred in Carver county, in Judge E. O. Hamlin's
+district (an account of which was published in "The Drawer" of
+Harper's <i>Monthly</i>, some years after it occurred).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_731" id="Page_731">[Pg 731]</a></span> Judge Hamlin,
+going to Chaska to hold his first term of court in Carver county,
+found the sheriff absent, and his deputy, a foreigner who could speak
+English very imperfectly, ignorant alike of his duties and of the
+language in which they were to be performed, confessed his entire
+ignorance of "how to open court," but said he could read writing.
+Therefore Judge Hamlin wrote out the form for opening court, and
+instructed him when the order was given for "the sheriff to open
+court," to stand up and read distinctly the form prepared for him.
+This was in the usual terms, beginning "Hear ye, hear ye, all manner
+of persons having any business," etc., etc., and ending with "come
+forward and give your attendance, and you shall be heard." At the hour
+fixed the court room was reasonably well filled. Parties, witnesses
+and jurors, together with the district attorney (who at that time went
+with the judge over the whole district) were in attendance. The judge
+was on the bench, and the deputy sheriff, fully conscious of the
+dignity of his office, awaited the order of the judge. Upon being told
+to "make proclamation for the opening of court," this officer arose,
+and holding the written form before his eyes, roared out in stentorian
+tones: "<i>Here we are! Here we are!</i>" and running through the remainder
+of the form closed with "come forward and give your attendance, and
+you <i>will be sure to be here</i>!" The air of importance with which it
+was said, together with his self complacency in the discharge of his
+new duties, was scarcely less amusing than the mistake he had made.
+Its effect may be better imagined than described.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.</h4>
+
+<p>By an act of the legislature approved May 33, 1857, the "Old Settlers
+Association" was incorporated with the following charter members: H.
+H. Sibley, Socrates Nelson, Franklin Steele, A. L. Larpenteur, Wm.
+Holcombe, Wm. H. Randall, Wm. Hartshorn, Cornelius Lyman, Lorenzo A.
+Babcock, J. D. Ludden, David Olmsted, H. M. Rice, Alex. Ramsey, Wm. R.
+Marshall, Jos. R. Brown, Chas. W. Borup, Henry Jackson, Martin McLeod,
+Norman W. Kittson, Vetal Guerin, J. W. Selby, Aaron Goodrich, and
+Philander Prescott. These members, with those whom they might
+associate with them, were duly empowered to buy, sell, hold property,
+to sue or be sued, to receive donations, to keep a common seal, and to
+enjoy all the franchises incident to a corporate body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_732" id="Page_732">[Pg 732]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was provided that no person should be eligible to a membership who
+had not been a resident of the Territory prior to Jan. 1, 1850. The
+seal of the association was devised by Aaron Goodrich. On the two
+sides of the seal were represented the past and the future. In the
+background of the side representing the past is delineated a plain; in
+the distance are seen the last rays of the declining sun; nearer are
+seen Indian hunters, their lodges, women and children, and a herd of
+buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent in the foreground of the side representing the future stands
+an aged man with silvered hair; he leans upon his staff; he is in the
+midst of a cemetery; the spire of a church is seen in the distance; as
+he turns from a survey of the various monuments which mark the resting
+place of departed old settlers, his eye rests upon a new made grave.
+It is that of his last associate; <i>he is the last survivor</i>; his
+companions have fallen asleep. A group of children in the foreground
+represents the rising generation of Minnesota which shall reap the
+fruits of the pioneer's toil.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/illus-732.jpg" width="650" height="325" alt="SEAL OF THE ASSOCIATION." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SEAL OF THE ASSOCIATION.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h4>ORGANIZATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The first meeting of the Old Settlers Association was held, in
+pursuance of public notice, at the hall of the Historical Society of
+Minnesota, in the capitol, in St. Paul, on Saturday, Feb. 27, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of Judge Goodrich, his excellency Henry H. Sibley was
+unanimously elected president. Hon. Aaron Goodrich and Hon. L. A.
+Babcock were unanimously elected vice presidents, A. L. Larpenteur,
+Esq., secretary, and J. W. Bass, Esq.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_733" id="Page_733">[Pg 733]</a></span> treasurer. After which Gov.
+Sibley addressed the meeting in a manner able, pertinent and feeling.
+Several other members spoke.</p>
+
+<p>On motion a committee of three was appointed by the chair to report
+by-laws for the government of the association. Also a committee of
+three to report such measures as shall be deemed best calculated to
+effectuate the objects of the charter.</p>
+
+<p>The president appointed H. L. Moss, L. A. Babcock and T. R. Potts
+committee on by-laws, and Aaron Goodrich, B. W. Lott and Chas. S. Cave
+committee on charter.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Goodrich said this occasion was one of deep and abiding interest
+to the pioneers of Minnesota; that there were epochs in our history
+that should be commemorated. He desired that the first day of June be
+fixed upon as the day for the future meetings of the association; he
+named this day for the reason that on the first day of June, 1849, the
+local organization of this Territory took place.</p>
+
+<p>The following resolution was adopted:</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved, That the annual meeting of this association be held</i> on the
+first day of June, providing that when said month shall commence on
+the Sabbath, said meeting shall be held on the following Monday.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of Judge Goodrich the following preamble and resolution were
+adopted:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The object of this association and the individuals composing
+the same are closely <i>allied</i> to and identified with that of the
+Historical Society of Minnesota, therefore</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That up to the period in which this association shall
+possess a hall in which to meet, its place of meeting shall be the
+hall of said Historical Society.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of history we record the names of the members originally
+and subsequently enrolled.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ames, Michael E.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ayer, Frederick.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Abbott, G. S.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Altenberg, William.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Armstrong, William.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Atkinson, John W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Anderson, John.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Arpin, A.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Babcock, Lorenzo A.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bailly, Alexis.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bass, Jacob W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beatty, James.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Banfill, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Barton, Thomas.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bazille, Charles.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Becker, George L.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_734" id="Page_734">[Pg 734]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Berard, Antoine.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bevans, Henry L.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Black, Mahlon.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bautien. V.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beaulieu, Clement H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beau, James.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bishop. Thornton.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beaupre, Philip.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blackburn, John T.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Burns, Hugh.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Berriwick, J.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blair, O. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Boutwell, W. T.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blakeley, Russell.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bolles, Lemuel.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Borup, Chas. W. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bostwiek, Lardner.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bradley, J.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brady, Patrick.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brawley, Daniel J.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brisette, Edmond.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bromley, C. B.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brown, Joseph R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brown, Wm. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brunson, Benj. W<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bryant, Alden.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Buffit, C.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Burkelo, Samuel.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bottineau, Pierre.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bettington, John C.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beauchier, Francis.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Besour, A. C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bailly John.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Boal, James Mc C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Campbell, George W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cavalier, Charles.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cave, Chas. S.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cavender, A. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chute, Rirchard.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clewitt, James R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Colter, William.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Conway, Chas. R.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cooper, David.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cormack, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cave, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Culver, George.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Culver, J. B.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Connell, William.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cummings, R. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Curtis, Harley.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chapman, John J.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cloutier, A.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Colby, Wm. F.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Colter, Charles.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Carlie, C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chase, A. M.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Comer, Elias H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Church, Cal.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dana, Napoleon, J. T.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day, David.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day, James.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dayton, Lyman.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Desmarais, Louis.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Desnoyers, Stephen.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dewey, John J.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dibble, William B.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Doe, William E.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day, Henry T.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day, Leonard P.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dorr, Caleb D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dobney, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Durant, E. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Day, William P.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dudley, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Davis, Patten W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dresser, Horace.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Elfelt, Charles D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ely, Edmund F.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ellison, Smith.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eddy, Frank S.*<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_735" id="Page_735">[Pg 735]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eldridge, Ariel.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eaton, Alonzo.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Elfelt, L. C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faribault, J. B.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faribault, Alex.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farrington, G. W.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fisher, Jacob.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forbes, W. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ford, J. A.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Finch, T. M.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Findley, S. J.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Foster, A. D.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Foster, Thomas.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Freeborn, William.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">French, A. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Folsom, S. P.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Furber, J. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Furber, P. P.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fuller, A. G.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Folsom, W. H. C.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fox, Patrick.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fairbanks, John H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Foster, Henry.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Furber, Theodore.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fisk, Frank.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Folsom, Edgar.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Folsom, Ward W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farnham, S. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fillmore, R. G.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fisher, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Finn, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farnham, Rufus, Jr.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gammel, Irenus.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gibbs, H.R.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gilman, David.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Godfrey, Ard.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Goodrich, Aaron.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Greely, Elam.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Guerin, Vetal.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gautier, Napoleon.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Guernsey, W.H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Glenn, Samuel.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Getchel, W. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gervais, Benjamin.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gardner, Charles R.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gardner, John C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gray, Isaac.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Guion, Joseph.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hartshorn, W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hartshorn, W. E.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hobart, Chancey.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Holcombe, William.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Holmes, Thomas.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hoyt, B. F.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hoyt, Lorenzo.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hopkins, Daniel.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hopkins, Peter.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Humphrey, J. K.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Harris, George.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Holton, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Houghton, George.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Houghton, James.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Haskell, Joseph.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hone, David.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Henkly, J. S.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hoffman, James.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Haskill, Hiram.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hetherington, Thomas,*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Holcombe, W. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hill, Lewis.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Irvine, J. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Irvine, B. F.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jackson, Henry.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jarvis, W. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Johnson, P. K.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Johnson, R. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jackins, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jackman, H. A.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kellogg, M. N.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kennedy, Robert.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_736" id="Page_736">[Pg 736]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kittson, N. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keogh, James.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knox, M. C.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kent, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kattenberg, Henry.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lambert, H. A.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Larpenteur, E. N.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Larpenteur, A. L.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lennon, J. G.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lennon, J. E.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leavitt, Martin.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lull, C. P. V.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lyman, Cornelius S.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lott, B. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ludden, J. D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leonard, C. E.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Loomis, D. B.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lowry, S. B.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lyman, Stoers B.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lyman, David P.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKenny, J. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKenzie, J. G.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Masterson, H. F.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKusick, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKusick, J. E.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mitchell, J. B. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Marshall, W. R.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McLeod, Martin.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McCleod, Alexander.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McLean, N.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Murphy, Edward.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Meeker, Bradley B.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Murphy, Alfred C.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKusick, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McHattie, Alexander.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Manaege, Peter.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mackey, Andrew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McDonald, R.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Masier, Josiah.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Marks, Isaac.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moreau, Charles.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mahoney, Wm.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mahoney, Jeremiah.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Morgan, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moffett, Lot.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Morrison, W. C.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Morrison, Allen.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Morton, T. F.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moss, H. L.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Murray, M. P.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Murphy, J. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Myrick, Nathan.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McComb, J. D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McKean, Elias.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McMullen, James.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McLean, Henry.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Masterman, Joseph.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mause, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mower, Wm.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mower, Martin.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mower, John E.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mosher, Jacob.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McHale, M.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McHattie, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McLery, Charles.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moulton, E. (Jr.)+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">McCarty, A.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Manse, Charles.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Neill, E. D.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nichols, G. C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nelson, Socrates.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nobles, W. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Norris, J. S.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">North, J. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Northrup, Anson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Newbury, H. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oakes, C. H.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oakes, David.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Odel, T. S.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Olmsted, David.*<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_737" id="Page_737">[Pg 737]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Owens, J. P.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Parker, Rodney.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perin, Moses.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Potts, T. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prescott, Philander.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Presley, Bartley.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pomeroy, J. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proctor, J. S.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pond, G. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Powers, Simon.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Potter, Colver.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perro, Joseph.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Parker, L. N.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Parsons, Oliver.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quinn, W. B.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quinn, Peter.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Randall, B. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Randolph, S. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ramsey, Alexander.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ramsey, J. C.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ravoux, Auguste.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reed, C. M.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rice, H. M.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rice, Edmund.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robertson, Andrew.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rice, C. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robert, Louis.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robert, Joseph.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Richardson, R. M.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rollins, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rose, Isaac.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Russell, R. P.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Russell, Jeremiah.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Riggs, S. R.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robert, Alexis.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Roy, Peter.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Russell, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rohrer, Daniel.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Robert, Nelson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rogers, John.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ramsden, Thomas.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rutherford, Wm.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rogers, Richard.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rutherford, James.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Selby, J. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Simons, Orlando.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Simpson, J. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Simpson, Robert.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shaffer, C. E.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shearer, A. L.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sherman, M.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spencer, J. B.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spicer, Nathan.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shelley, E. Y.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Steele, Franklin.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spencer, John H.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sawyer, Seth M.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spates, Samuel.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Somerville, John.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stevens, J. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stone, Lewis.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sturgis, W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet, G. W.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Setzer, H. N.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stanchfield, Sam.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sibley, H. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stinson, C. F.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Santel, A.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Staples, Josiah.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shamley, John+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sanford, H. S.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shearer, James.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stratton, L. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Scott, C. P.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Short, A. J.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shoasby, John.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stiles, W. L.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Taylor, J. L.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Taylor, Jesse W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Taylor, N. C. D.*<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_738" id="Page_738">[Pg 738]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terry, J. C.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tinker, W. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thompson, James (colored).*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trask, Sylvanus.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trower, John.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thompson, G. W.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terry, Robert.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Van Voorhes A.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Villaume, Thomas.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Von Tassel, William.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Walker, Orange.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whitaker, E. H.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whitney, J. C.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wilkinson, M. S.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wilkin, Alex.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wells, James.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wilson, Harvey.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Woodbury, Warren.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Willoughby, A.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wright, Thomas.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Williamson, T. S.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Willim, William.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wilmarth, Alvin M.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wallis, John.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Worthingham, Wm.+<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">White, Asa.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Westing, Henry.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Welshance, M.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Williams, D. D.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whalen, Patrick.*<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yorks, J. C.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>[Note: * Deceased.]</p>
+
+<p>[Note: + Unknown.]</p>
+
+
+<h4>OBJECTS AND ORGANIZATION.</h4>
+
+<p>The society was organized in 1849 by a few of the pioneers of the
+Territory, and incorporated by an act of the first territorial
+legislature, approved Oct. 20, 1849, this being the first literary
+institution organized in the Territory; and its "library," then only a
+few volumes, was the first ever established in Minnesota. The original
+charter of the society stated its objects to be: "The collection and
+preservation of a library, mineralogical and geological specimens,
+Indian curiosities, and other matters and things connected with, and
+calculated to illustrate and perpetuate the history and settlement of
+said Territory." The amended charter of 1856 enacted: "The objects of
+said society, with the enlarged powers and duties herein provided,
+shall be in addition to the collection and preservation of
+publications, manuscripts, antiquities, curiosities, and other things
+pertaining to the social, political and natural history of Minnesota,
+to cultivate among the citizens thereof a knowledge of the useful and
+liberal arts, science and literature."</p>
+
+<p>The work of this society may therefore be formulated thus:</p>
+
+<p>I. (1) The collection, (2) the preservation, (3) the publication of
+materials for the history of Minnesota and its people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_739" id="Page_739">[Pg 739]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>II. The collection and management of a library containing useful works
+of reference on the most valuable departments of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>III. The diffusion among citizens of the State of useful knowledge.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ITS PROGRESS.</h4>
+
+<p>In the early days of the Territory, owing to its want of means, the
+sparse population and its poverty, and the infancy of the commonwealth
+generally, the society accomplished but little beyond collecting some
+information regarding the early history of this region, and printing
+the same in several pamphlet volumes. In 1864 it had only eight
+hundred and forty volumes in its library. It was then reorganized, and
+with the aid of a small annual appropriation from the State, since
+enlarged, has been able to make very gratifying progress.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ITS PRESENT CONDITION.</h4>
+
+<p>It has now comfortable apartments in the state capitol, a building
+believed to be fireproof; a sufficient income to pay its current
+expenses, granted partly by the State and partly contributed by its
+members; one of the largest and most valuable libraries in the State,
+containing 22,000 volumes of choice works, together with a cabinet or
+museum of historical and arch&aelig;logical curiosities, and a number of
+historical pictures, engravings, manuscripts, etc. An endowment fund
+of several thousand dollars, accumulated by gifts and membership fees;
+two lots, eligibly situated, on which at no distant day, will be
+erected a fireproof building.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PROPOSED BUILDING FOR THE SOCIETY.</h4>
+
+<p>Reference was made before to the building lots of the society. These
+were purchased by a subscription of the members in 1855, for the sum
+of $1,500, in hopes that the society would be enabled to erect thereon
+a fireproof building for its use, but up to this time it has not been
+able to do so. The lots are now valued at $20,000 or more. Several
+months ago an effort was made by the president of the society to raise
+enough by subscription to insure the commencement of a building to
+cost, completed, $50,000; of this amount $14,500 was subscribed, and
+it is believed that there are liberal and public spirited citizens of
+our State who will contribute the balance when called on, or provide,
+by will,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_740" id="Page_740">[Pg 740]</a></span> for bequests in its aid. Such an edifice would be a
+perpetual monument to their generosity and public spirit, and would be
+an inestimable boon to succeeding generations, who will frequent our
+library in pursuit of knowledge.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PRESIDENTS OF THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1858. Henry H. Sibley.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1859. Socrates Nelson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1860. J. E. McKusick.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1861. Wm. H. Nobles.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1862. Dr. T. R. Potts.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1863. Frank Steele.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1864. R. M. Richardson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1865. John D. Ludden.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1866. Socrates Nelson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1867. Abram Van Voorhes.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1868. Henry H. Sibley.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1869. Nathaniel McLean.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1870. Bartlett Presley.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1871. John H. Stevens.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1872. George L. Becker.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1873. David B. Loomis.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1874. Henry M. Rice.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1875. Alex. Ramsey.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1876. Norman W. Kittson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1877. Charles H. Oakes.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1878. Mahlon Black.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1879. Charles E. Leonard.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1880. Benj. H. Randall.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1881. S. P. Folsom.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1882. Jacob W. Bass.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1883. Benj. W. Brunson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1884. Clement H. Beaulieu.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1885. Henry L. Moss.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1886. R. W. Johnson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1887. Anson Northrup.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1888. David Day.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Judge Goodrich was secretary of the Old Settlers Association from 1859
+until his death, in 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ST. CROIX VALLEY OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.</h4>
+
+<p>This association was organized Nov. 5, 1875, at the office of Durant &amp;
+Wheeler, in the city of Stillwater. Charles E. Leonard was elected
+president, and David B. Loomis, secretary. The latter has been
+re-elected and served continuously to the present time. It is a
+requisite that members shall have been residents in the Northwest
+prior to 1850.</p>
+
+<p>The following have been presidents of the association, the term of
+service being limited to one year:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1875. D. B. Loomis.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1876. Christopher Carli.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1877. W. T. Boutwell.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1878. John D. Ludden.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1879. Henry L. Moss.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1880. Wm. R. Marshall.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1881. Daniel Mears.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1882. Henry A. Jackman.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1883. W. H. C. Folsom.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1884. Edward W. Durant.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1885. Albert Stimson.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1886. Henry N. Setzer.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">1887. Morton S. Wilkinson.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_741" id="Page_741">[Pg 741]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>The annual meetings are held on or about the middle of September, at
+Stillwater.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEWSPAPER HISTORY IN RAMSEY COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>The St. Paul <i>Weekly Pioneer</i>, established by James M. Goodhue as the
+<i>Minnesota Pioneer</i>, issued its first number April 28, 1849, one day
+later than the St. Paul <i>Register</i>, but, unlike that paper, it was
+printed in the place of publication. In March, 1854, Earl S. Goodrich
+purchased the <i>Pioneer</i>, and on May 1st issued the first number of the
+<i>Daily Pioneer</i>. On Oct. 31, 1855, the <i>Democrat</i> was merged in the
+<i>Pioneer</i>, which became the <i>Pioneer and Democrat</i>, which name it
+continued to bear for six years, when it resumed its former name, the
+<i>Pioneer</i>. Nov. 8, 1865, the <i>Pioneer</i> was sold to H. P. Hall and John
+X. Davidson. July 29, 1866, the <i>Pioneer</i> was sold to Capt. H. L.
+Carver, C. W. Nash and others. April 22, 1874, the <i>Pioneer</i> became
+the property of David Blakely. April 11, 1875, the <i>Pioneer</i> and
+<i>Press</i> consolidated, and the name was changed to St. Paul <i>Pioneer
+Press</i>, under the management of the Pioneer Press Company, with J. A.
+Wheelock editor-in-chief. The <i>Pioneer Press</i> now embodies, by
+consolidation, twenty-five distinct newspapers. Its daily issue is
+about 18,000 copies. The stock company is now officered by J. A.
+Wheelock, president; F. Driscoll, Sr., vice president and treasurer;
+F. Driscoll, Jr., secretary. The management is in the hands of J. A.
+Wheelock, editor-in-chief; F. A. Carle, managing editor; F. Driscoll,
+business manager; A. W. Dunn, city editor.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul <i>Globe</i> was established Jan. 15, 1878, by H. P. Hall, and
+conducted as an individual enterprise until July 1, 1881, when it was
+made into a stock company with a capital of $150,000. Its first
+officers were: President, H. H. Sibley; vice president, P. H. Kelly;
+treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary, Ansel Oppenheim; general
+manager, H. P. Hall. This company, which was called the St. Paul Globe
+Printing Company, was sold to a new company, styled the St. Paul Globe
+Publishing Company, Feb. 1, 1885. The first officers of that company
+were: President, N. W. Kittson; vice president, P. H. Kelly;
+treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary and general manager, Lewis
+Baker. All the officers of each company were resident in St. Paul. The
+<i>Globe</i> publishes daily and weekly editions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_742" id="Page_742">[Pg 742]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul <i>Dispatch</i> was founded by H. P. Hall and David Ramaley,
+Feb. 29, 1868. It has passed through many ownerships. The company
+publish a weekly and evening daily paper.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Paul <i>Daily Times</i> was established in 1854, by T. M. Newson,
+M. J. Clum and J. B. H. Mitchell. In 1869 it was merged into the St.
+Paul <i>Press</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Register</i>, <i>Chronicle</i> and <i>Democrat</i> were published in
+territorial days, and have been discontinued.</p>
+
+<p><i>Die Volkszeitung</i>, the first German paper of St. Paul, was
+established in 1857. Another German paper was subsequently
+established, and the two were consolidated, Sept. 6, 1877, as <i>Die
+Volkszeitung</i>. It issues daily and weekly editions. Chas. H. Lineau is
+general manager, A. Wolff, editor-in-chief; C. Newhausen, city editor,
+and Louis Hern, literary editor.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Northwest Magazine</i> is a monthly journal, devoted to the
+interests of the Northwest. It was established in 1883. E. V. Smalley
+is the editor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OTHER ST. PAUL PUBLICATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>A. O. U. W. Guide</i>, weekly Guide Publishing Company, established
+1883.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pythian Advocate</i>, monthly, Pythian Company, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Chronicle</i>, weekly (Catholic), Northwestern Publishing
+Company, established 1866.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herald</i>, weekly, Chantler &amp; Nichols, established 1883.</p>
+
+<p><i>Der Wanderer</i> (German), weekly, Wanderer Publishing Company,
+established 1867.</p>
+
+<p><i>Familien Zeitung</i> (German), weekly, Engel-Dreis Company, established
+1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Le Canadien</i> (French), weekly, E. R. Dufresne, L. N. Dixon,
+established 1877.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nordvesten</i> (Scandinavian), weekly, C. H. Brandt, established 1880.</p>
+
+<p><i>Skaffaren</i> (Swedish Lutheran), weekly, J. E. Osborn, established
+1877.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Lancet</i>, semi-monthly, C. B. Witherle, established 1882.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwest Reporter</i> (legal), weekly, West Publishing Company,
+established 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday Evening News</i>, weekly, Lewis &amp; Bole, established 1883.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_743" id="Page_743">[Pg 743]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Western Appeal</i>, weekly, F. D. Parker, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Home Gazette</i>, monthly, S. Sherin, established 1883.</p>
+
+<p>St. Paul <i>Daily Evening News</i>, established 1888.</p>
+
+<p>St. Paul <i>Labor Echo</i>, Eric Olson, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p>White Bear <i>Lake Breeze</i>, A. H. S. Perkins, established 1879.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HENNEPIN COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>The first paper established in Hennepin county as now bounded was the
+St. Anthony <i>Express</i>, E. Tyler, publisher, Isaac Atwater, editor. The
+first number was issued May 31, 1857. The Minneapolis <i>Democrat</i> was
+established in 1854. Neither of these papers is to be found in the
+directory.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PAPERS OF MINNEAPOLIS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Evening Journal</i>, daily, D. B. Blakely, established 1887.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening Mercury</i>, daily, E. Ferwald, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Minneapolis <i>Gazette</i>, daily, W. Bickley, established 1870.</p>
+
+<p>Minneapolis <i>Tribune</i>, daily, Will E. Haskell, Tribune Publishing
+Company, established 1867.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commercial Bulletin</i>, weekly, Commercial Publishing Company,
+established 1883.</p>
+
+<p>Minneapolis <i>Life</i>, weekly, W. E. Atkins, established in 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday Evening Spectator</i>, weekly, C. H. Dubois, established 1879.</p>
+
+<p><i>Temperance Review</i>, weekly, L. Bixby, established 1865.</p>
+
+<p><i>Budstikken</i> (Norwegian), Johann E. Gidde, established 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>Folkebladt</i> (Norwegian), weekly, Folkebladt Publishing Company,
+established 1878.</p>
+
+<p><i>Svenska Posten</i> (Swedish), weekly, Svenska-American Publishing
+Company, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Svenska Tidning</i> (Swedish), weekly, Svenska Publishing Company,
+established 1883.</p>
+
+<p><i>Svenska Kistna Herolden</i>, weekly, Svenska Herolden Publishing
+Company, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herold</i> (German), weekly, German Press Association, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Freie Presse</i> (German), weekly, F. Doerr, established 1869.</p>
+
+<p><i>Le Progres</i> (French), weekly, J. B. A. Paradis, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Echo De L'Ouest</i> (French), weekly, A. F. Carrier, established 1883.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_744" id="Page_744">[Pg 744]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Free Baptist</i>, weekly, A. A. Smith, established 1882.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Standard</i>, weekly, Ed. O'Brien, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Presbyterian</i>, weekly, Edgar A. Gay, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Our Church</i> (Unitarian), semi-monthly, Rev. L. D. Boynton,
+established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Farm, Stock and Home Journal</i>, monthly, Farm, Stock and Home Company,
+established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mississippi Valley Lumberman</i>, weekly, Platt B. Walker, established
+1876.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Miller</i>, weekly, C. M. Palmer, established 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Trade</i>, bi-weekly, E. E. Haynes, established 1883.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homestead</i>, monthly, Homestead Publishing Company, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Housekeeper</i>, monthly, Buckeye Publishing Company, established 1878.</p>
+
+<p><i>Medical Mirror</i>, monthly, N. M. Cook, M.D., established 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Architect</i>, monthly, Bruce &amp; Brundage, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pilgrim</i> (Congregational), monthly, Pilgrim Publishing Company,
+established 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>Poultry and Farm Journal</i>, monthly, I. I. Bachellor, established
+1877.</p>
+
+<p><i>Real Estate Review</i>, monthly, C. H. Dubois &amp; Co., established 1883.</p>
+
+<p><i>Temperance Educator</i>, monthly, L. Bigby, established 1882.</p>
+
+<p><i>To-Day</i> (Evangelical), Geo. F. Wells, A. S. Edwards, established
+1880.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wood and Iron</i>, monthly, Wood and Iron Publishing Company,
+established 1880.</p>
+
+<p><i>Methodist Herald</i>, weekly, R. H. Young, established 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EXCELSIOR.</h4>
+
+<p>Minnetonka <i>Mirror</i>, weekly, W. H. Mitchell, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Tourist</i>, weekly, A. S. Dimond &amp; Son, established 1876.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHINGTON COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>The first newspaper published in Washington county was the St. Croix
+<i>Union</i>, established Oct. 8, 1854, in Stillwater. It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_745" id="Page_745">[Pg 745]</a></span> continued
+under the management of Cable &amp; Easton one year, when F. S. Cable sold
+out to Milton H. Abbott. Soon after Mr. Abbott bought out the interest
+of M. S. Easton. The paper went down in the crash of 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater <i>Messenger</i> made its appearance under the management of
+A. T. Van Voorhes, Sept. 11, 1856. It changed ownership several times,
+and in 1871 Seward &amp; Taylor, the present owners, came into possession.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater <i>Democrat</i> succeeded the defunct <i>Union</i> in 1858. L. F.
+Spaulding and C. P. Lane became the editors and proprietors. It was
+discontinued in 1861.</p>
+
+<p>A. B. Easton and J. N. Castle established the Stillwater <i>Gazette</i>,
+the first number appearing Aug. 6, 1870. This paper was successful
+from the first, and with but few changes in proprietorship is
+published at the present day as a daily and weekly by Clewell &amp;
+Easton.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater <i>Lumberman</i> was established April 9, 1875, by Ed. H.
+Folsom. It afterward passed into the hands of a stock company, and was
+discontinued in 1884.</p>
+
+<p>The Stillwater <i>Post</i>, a German paper, was established by W. P.
+Shilling &amp; Co. Aug. 26, 1876. Two years later it passed into the hands
+of Wm. Schermuly, and in 1880 it was taken charge of by Julius Duel,
+who is succeeded by F. C. Neumeier.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHISAGO COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Taylor's Falls <i>Reporter</i>, F. H. Pratt, established February, 1860; in
+1862 the name was changed to Taylor's Falls <i>Monitor</i>; in 1883 the
+name was again changed to Taylor's Falls <i>Journal</i>; present editor,
+Ed. H. Folsom.</p>
+
+<p>Rush City <i>Pos.</i>, Hial P. Robie, established in 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Chisago County <i>Times</i>, Taylor's Falls, Rowe &amp; Walker, established
+April 19, 1888.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PINE COUNTY&mdash;PINE CITY.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Pine County Pioneer</i>, weekly, Ed. C. Gottry, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARLTON COUNTY&mdash;CLOQUET.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Pine Knot</i>, weekly, Dr. H. B. Allen, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Industrial Vidette</i>, established 1887.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_746" id="Page_746">[Pg 746]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. LOUIS COUNTY&mdash;DULUTH.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Tribune</i>, weekly and daily, R. C. Mitchell, established 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lake Superior News</i>, weekly, Wm. S. Woodbridge, established 1878.</p>
+
+<p>Duluth <i>Daily News</i>, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Duluth <i>Skandinav</i>, Wesenbergad Hurst, established 1887.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paragrapher</i>, established 1887.</p>
+
+<p><i>Volksfreund</i>, Dworsehak &amp; Son, established 1886.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening Journal</i>, established 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TOWER.</h4>
+
+<p>Tower <i>Press</i>, C. T. Bingham, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>TWO HARBORS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Iron Post</i>, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>AITKIN COUNTY&mdash;AITKIN.</h4>
+
+<p>Aitkin <i>Age</i>, weekly, E. F. Barrett, established 1883.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CROW WING COUNTY&mdash;BRAINERD.</h4>
+
+<p>Brainerd <i>Dispatch</i>, weekly, Ingersoll &amp; Willard, established 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Brainerd <i>Journal</i>, weekly, H. C. Stivers, established 1882.</p>
+
+<p><i>Northwestern Tribune</i>, weekly, Halsted &amp; Pennell, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>News</i>, daily, established 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>KANABEC COUNTY&mdash;MORA.</h4>
+
+<p>Mora <i>Times</i>, weekly, R. W. Safford, established 1882.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MILLE LACS COUNTY&mdash;PRINCETON.</h4>
+
+<p>Princeton <i>Union</i>, weekly, R. C. Dunn, established 1876.</p>
+
+
+<h4>MORRISON COUNTY&mdash;LITTLE FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p>Little Falls <i>Sun</i>, weekly, Little Falls Publishing Company, Cyrus D.
+Auyer, editor, established 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Little Falls <i>Transcript</i>, weekly, W. M. Fuller, established 1877.</p>
+
+<p><i>Morrison County Democrat</i>, weekly, Cyrus D. Auyer, established 1886.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_747" id="Page_747">[Pg 747]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>ROYALTON.</h4>
+
+<p>Royalton <i>Record</i>, weekly, changed name to Royalton <i>Banner</i>, A. W.
+Swanson, editor, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p>The first newspaper in Morrison county was the <i>Northern Herald</i>,
+established in Little Falls, 1856, suspended in 1858. The Little Falls
+<i>Courier</i> was established later, but discontinued and the <i>Transcript</i>
+took its place.</p>
+
+
+<h4>STEARNS COUNTY&mdash;MELROSE AND SAUK CENTRE.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Herald and Record</i>, weekly, C. F. Hendryx, established 1867.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SAUK CENTRE.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Democrat</i>, weekly, Barnum and Henshaw, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tribune</i>, weekly, W. C. Brower, established 1873.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CLOUD.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Der Nordstern</i> (German), weekly, Rosenberger &amp; Remer, established
+1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal-Press</i>, weekly; W. Mitchell, established 1857.</p>
+
+<p><i>Times</i>, weekly, C. F. MeDonald, established 1861.</p>
+
+<p>The first paper in St. Cloud, and in Stearns county, was styled the
+<i>Minnesota Advertiser</i>. The first number appeared Jan. 1, 1857, H.
+Cowles, editor, and James Mowatt, publisher. Mrs. Jane G. Swisshelm
+succeeded to the proprietorship in December, 1857, and changed the
+name to the St. Cloud <i>Visitor</i>, and edited it till the destruction of
+her press and material by a mob, March 24, 1858. The paper reappeared
+under new auspices and with the name changed to the <i>Democrat</i>. In
+1866 W. B. Mitchell changed the name to the <i>Journal</i>. In 1876 he
+purchased the <i>Press</i> and consolidated it under the name of
+<i>Journal-Press</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Cloud <i>Union</i> was established in 1861, by C. C. Andrews,
+afterward a general in the Union Army and minister to Sweden and
+Norway. In 1862 Mr. Wood purchased the paper, but sold it in 1863 to
+Spafford &amp; Simonton, who sold it in 1864 to R. C. Moore, who published
+it as the St. Cloud <i>Times</i>. In 1875 it was purchased by the present
+owner, C. F. McDonald.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Nordstern</i> was originally established by Peter E. Kaiser and
+Peter Brieke and has now a circulation of 25,000 copies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_748" id="Page_748">[Pg 748]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SHERBURNE COUNTY&mdash;ELK RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Sherburne County Star News</i>, weekly, A. N. Dare, established 1875.</p>
+
+<p>A. J. Clark started the Sherburne <i>Weekly</i> in 1867, and published it
+one year, when John W. Thompson started the Elk River <i>News</i>. The
+<i>Sherburne County Star</i> was established in 1875, and consolidated with
+the <i>News</i> in 1861.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ISANTI COUNTY&mdash;CAMBRIDGE.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Isanti County Press</i>, weekly, C. W. Van Wormer, established 1874.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BENTON COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Watab <i>Reveille</i>, weekly, J. W. Chasanack, editor, established 1850.</p>
+
+<p><i>Free Press</i>, weekly, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854 Jeremiah Russell and George W. Benedict started the Sauk
+Rapids <i>Frontiersman</i>, and continued the publication three years, when
+the <i>New Era</i> made its appearance, published by W. H. Wood assisted by
+G. W. Benedict. The <i>Era</i> was afterward merged in the St. Cloud
+<i>Times</i>. In 1868 G. W. Benedict established the Sauk River <i>Sentinel</i>
+which, with a few changes, has continued to the present time.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANOKA COUNTY&mdash;ANOKA.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Anoka County Union</i>, weekly, Granville S. Pease, established 1865.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anoka County Herald</i>, weekly, Alvah Eastman, established. 1865.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DAKOTA COUNTY&mdash;FARMINGTON.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Dakota County Tribune</i>, weekly, C. P. Carpenter, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p>Hastings <i>News</i>, daily, D. F. Chamberlain, established 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Hastings <i>Banner</i>, weekly, E. D. Barker, established 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Hastings <i>Gazette</i>, weekly, Irving Todd, established 1857.</p>
+
+<p>Hastings <i>Bugle Call</i>, monthly, Chamberlain &amp; Smith, established 1886.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GOODHUE COUNTY&mdash;CANNON RIVER FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Beacon</i>, weekly, S. S. Lewis, established 1876.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_749" id="Page_749">[Pg 749]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>KENYON.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Leader</i>, weekly, U. Curtis, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PINE ISLAND.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Journal</i>, weekly, Holmes &amp; Ingalls, established 1882.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RED WING.</h4>
+
+<p>Red Wing <i>Republican</i>, daily, Red Wing Publishing Company, established
+1885.</p>
+
+<p>Red Wing <i>Advance Sun</i>, weekly, Red Wing Publishing Company,
+established 1884.</p>
+
+<p>Red Wing <i>Argus</i>, weekly, C. L. Davis, established 1864.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ZUMBROTA.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Independent</i>, weekly, E. A. Mitchell, established 1875.</p>
+
+<p><i>News</i>, weekly, Thompson &amp; Bradford, established 1877.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WABASHA COUNTY&mdash;MAZEPPA.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Tribune</i>, weekly, M. Schrane, established 1877.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PLAINVIEW.</h4>
+
+<p><i>News</i>, weekly, Ed. A. Paradis, established 1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wabasha County Herald</i>, weekly, O. F. Collier &amp;.Co., established
+1857.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wabasha County Post</i>, weekly, John P. W. Weller, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WINONA COUNTY&mdash;ST. CHARLES.</h4>
+
+<p>St. Charles <i>Union</i>, weekly, J. S. Whitten, established 1877.</p>
+
+<p>Winona <i>Republican</i>, daily and weekly, Sinclair Publishing Company,
+established 1855.</p>
+
+<p><i>Adler</i>, weekly, Adler Publishing Company, established 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herald</i>, weekly, Boynton &amp; Metcalf, established 1869.</p>
+
+<p><i>Westlicher Herald</i>, weekly, Joseph Leicht, established 1881.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wiarus</i> (Polish), weekly, Wiarus Publishing Company, established
+1885.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NEWSPAPERS IN WISCONSIN.</h3>
+
+
+<h4>PIERCE COUNTY&mdash;ELLSWORTH.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Pierce County Herald</i>, weekly, Case &amp; Doolittle, established 1868.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ariel</i>, weekly, John M. Pryse, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pierce County Plaindealer</i>, weekly, E. H. Ives, established 1874.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_750" id="Page_750">[Pg 750]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>RIVER FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Journal</i>, weekly, S. B. Merrick. W. S. Fowler, established 1874.</p>
+
+<p>The first paper named in Prescott was the <i>Paraclete</i>, published by C.
+E. Young, Feb. 14, 1854. The name was changed in 1855 to the
+<i>Transcript</i>. In 1857 the <i>Northwestern Democrat</i> was issued by Lusk,
+Wise &amp; Bailey. In 1861 Lute A. Taylor moved the River Falls <i>Journal</i>
+to Prescott, changing the name to Prescott <i>Journal</i>. In 1868 Flint &amp;
+Webber purchased the <i>Journal</i>. In 1872, after the fire, the River
+Falls <i>Journal</i> was revived at River Falls by A. Morse; the office and
+material were burned. In 1873 M. B. Kimball issued the Prescott
+<i>Clarion</i> and changed the name to <i>Pierce County Plaindealer</i>. In 1876
+E. H. Ives became editor and proprietor.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX COUNTY&mdash;BALDWIN.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Bulletin</i>, weekly, Ferd. Peachman, established 1879.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HAMMOND.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Hammond Review</i>, weekly, &mdash;&mdash; Frost, established 1886.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HUDSON.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Star and Times</i>, weekly, Taylor &amp; Price, established 1855.</p>
+
+<p><i>True Republican</i>, weekly, Cline &amp; Cogswell, established 1871.</p>
+
+
+<h4>NEW RICHMOND.</h4>
+
+<p><i>St. Croix Republican</i>, weekly, Abe C. Van Meter, established 1869.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Voice</i>, weekly, E. P. Huntington, established 1886.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>St. Croix Banner</i>, the first paper in the St. Croix valley, was
+issued Jan. 20, 1850, by Col. and Mrs. James Hughes. It was printed in
+the <i>Pioneer</i> office, St. Paul. Saxton &amp; Johnson in the same year
+commenced publishing the <i>St. Croix Enquirer</i>. These papers were
+short-lived. In 1853 U. B. Shaver started the Hudson <i>Journal</i>,
+afterward edited by Col. Hughes as the Hudson <i>Republican</i>. The office
+was destroyed by fire and the paper discontinued in 1854. The <i>Star</i>
+was established by Dr. Otis Hoyt in 1855, and in the same year U. B.
+Shaver established the <i>Chronicle</i>. In 1860 these two papers were
+purchased by Horace A. Taylor, and consolidated as the <i>Star and
+Times</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_751" id="Page_751">[Pg 751]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1856 Col. Hughes issued the <i>Shield and Banner</i>, which was
+succeeded by a campaign paper called the <i>Pathfinder</i>. The Hudson
+<i>Democrat</i> was established in 1864 by E. O. Jones and discontinued in
+1875. The <i>True Republican</i> was established by M. A. Fulton in 1875,
+and sold to the present owners in 1886.</p>
+
+
+<h4>POLK COUNTY&mdash;CLEAR LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p>Clear Lake <i>Herald</i>, weekly, A. T. Churchill, established 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>North Wisconsin News</i>, weekly, Johnson E. Russell.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OSCEOLA MILLS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Polk County Press</i>, weekly, Charles E. Mears, established 1860.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ST. CROIX FALLS.</h4>
+
+<p><i>St. Croix Valley Standard</i>, weekly, George F. Ely, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>St. Croixian</i> was first established at St. Croix in 1860 by John
+D. Reymert and Junius Bartlett. S. S. Fifield bought the paper in
+1861, and removed it to Osceola, changing the name to <i>Polk County
+Press</i>. In 1872 C. F. Meara succeeded to the ownership. In 1874 C. C.
+Jordan established the <i>New Era</i> at Osceola, but soon discontinued it.
+The <i>Dalles of the St. Croix</i> was established at St. Croix Falls in
+1881 by D. A. Caneday, and discontinued in 1884. The <i>Polk County
+News</i> was established at St. Croix Falls in 1885 by George H. Ely, who
+was succeeded by L. A. Ingersoll, who changed the name to <i>St. Croix
+Valley Standard</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BARRON COUNTY&mdash;BARRON.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Barron County Shield</i>, weekly, Charles S. Taylor, established 1876.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHETEK.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Alert</i>, weekly, Walter Speed, established 1882.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CUMBERLAND.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Advocate</i>, weekly, Cumberland Publishing Company, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RICE LAKE.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Barron County Chronotype</i>, weekly, P. H. Swift, editor, established
+1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>Times</i>, weekly, Times Publishing Company, established 1883.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_752" id="Page_752">[Pg 752]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SAWYER COUNTY&mdash;HAYWOOD.</h4>
+
+<p><i>North Wisconsin News</i>, weekly, E. O. Johnson, established 1878.</p>
+
+<h4>
+BURNETT COUNTY&mdash;GRANTSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Burnett County Sentinel</i>, weekly, W. A. Talboy, established 1875.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ASHLAND COUNTY&mdash;ASHLAND.</h4>
+
+<p>Ashland <i>Press</i>, weekly and daily, Sam S. Fifield, established 1872.</p>
+
+<p>Ashland <i>News</i>, weekly, John S. Saul, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GLIDDEN.</h4>
+
+<p>Glidden <i>Pioneer</i>, weekly, R. M. Williams, F. A. Healy, established
+1884.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HURLEY.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Montreal River Miner</i>, weekly, Gowdey &amp; Goodale, established 1885.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAYFIELD COUNTY&mdash;BAYFIELD.</h4>
+
+<p>Bayfield <i>Press</i>, weekly, Currie G. Bell, established 1868.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHBURN.</h4>
+
+<p>Washburn <i>Bee</i>, weekly, Allan T. Williams, established 1885.</p>
+
+<p><i>Itemizer</i>, weekly, Bareger Brothers, established 1884.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DOUGLAS COUNTY&mdash;SUPERIOR.</h4>
+
+<p>Superior <i>Chronicle</i>, John C. Wise, established 185-.</p>
+
+<p>Superior <i>Times</i>, Bardon Brothers, established 1870.</p>
+
+<p><i>Inter Ocean</i>, weekly and daily, Street &amp; Co., established 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Superior <i>Sentinel</i>, M. B. Kimball, established 1888.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday Morning Call</i>, established 1887.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WASHBURN COUNTY.</h4>
+
+<p>Shell Lake <i>Watchman</i>, William Irle, established 1882.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN ODD CHAPTER IN POLITICAL HISTORY&mdash;THE BLACK HAWK WAR.</h3>
+
+<p>Gen. Winfield Scott, when a young man, was stationed at Fort Snelling,
+at that day perhaps the remotest outpost of the United<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_753" id="Page_753">[Pg 753]</a></span> States. When
+the Black Hawk War was inaugurated some militia from Illinois
+proffered their services to aid in conquering the savages. With a view
+to mustering them into the service of the United States two
+lieutenants were sent by Scott to the then village of Dixon. One of
+these was a very fascinating, good-looking, easy-mannered, affable,
+and fluent young gentleman. The other equally pleasant, but an
+exceedingly modest young man. On the morning when the mustering in was
+to take place a tall, gawky, slab-sided, homely young man, dressed in
+a suit of home-made blue jeans, presented himself to the two
+lieutenants as the captain of the recruits, and was duly sworn in.
+This was he who afterward became the president of the United
+States&mdash;the lamented Lincoln. One of the lieutenants, the modest
+youth, was he who fired the first gun from Sumter, Maj. Anderson. The
+other, and he who administered the oath, was in after years president
+of the southern confederacy, Jefferson Davis.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN EARLY RUNAWAY MATCH.</h3>
+
+<p>We have gleaned from the newspapers the particulars of a love romance
+in which Jefferson Davis was the central figure.</p>
+
+<p>It was down at old Fort Crawford, whose ruins are still to be seen
+just south of Prairie du Chien. It was away back in 1834, when
+ex-President Zachariah Taylor, then a colonel in the regular army, was
+commandant of the post. Jeff. Davis, who was then a young lieutenant,
+was assigned to duty under Col. Taylor, and fell in love with his
+commander's beautiful daughter. The love making between the young
+people was the most natural thing in the world under the
+circumstances, but for some reason Col. Taylor had taken the most
+intense dislike to the young lieutenant and frowned upon his suit. In
+order to prevent his daughter from marrying Davis the grim old warrior
+sent her to a convent at Baton Rouge.</p>
+
+<p>Some months afterward the young lieutenant appeared before Col. Taylor
+with a document which required his signature. It was an order from
+Gen. Wayne granting a furlough to Davis. Old Zach. understood human
+nature well enough to know that when young Davis got his leave of
+absence he would take a bee line for Baton Rouge, so he immediately
+dispatched his swiftest messenger to bring his daughter home by the
+most circuitous route, and thus thwart the young officer, who he knew
+would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_754" id="Page_754">[Pg 754]</a></span> hurrying to meet her. When Davis returned to Fort Crawford
+the coldness between himself and his old commander grew more frigid,
+while the young woman pined away in the seclusion of a log hut, where
+her father had established his headquarters, until at last she was
+released from her imprisonment by her lover, who took her from her
+father's roof by stealth and in the night, and taking her across the
+river to a spot where a priest was in waiting, they were made man and
+wife.</p>
+
+<p>George Green, an old river man, now eighty years old, who still lives
+at Prairie du Chien, is the person who rowed them over the river that
+night. He says that Davis took the young woman from an upper window in
+the log cabin and by the assistance of the chaplain was able to get
+her beyond the picket lines unobserved. Green was at the river bank in
+waiting with a canoe and took them to the spot where the marriage
+ceremony was performed. He says the young lady cried a good deal
+during the voyage across the river, but she leaned her head on the
+young lieutenant's bosom in a way that assured him that she was not
+altogether unhappy. Soon after the marriage a steamboat from St. Paul
+came down the river and by a preconcerted arrangement halted, took the
+bridal couple on board and passed on down the Mississippi to Jeff.
+Davis' home in the South.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Taylor never did forgive Davis for marrying his daughter. He
+never spoke to him from that time until the evening after the close of
+the battle of Buena Vista. Jeff. Davis had undoubtedly won the battle
+with his Mississippi Rifles, and as he lay wounded in his tent that
+night Gen. Taylor walked in, extended his hand in friendly greeting
+and thanked him for his gallant services. But there was no further
+attempt at reconciliation after that. Mrs. Davis did not live long,
+and the lady who now presides over Beauvoir is Mr. Davis' second wife.
+She was a Miss Howell, of Georgia.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DRED SCOTT AT FORT SNELLING.</h3>
+
+<p>The following incident connected with the famous Dred Scott case,
+taken from a St. Paul paper of 1887, may prove of interest to the
+present generation of readers, few of whom are aware that the
+principal personage in the case was a resident of Fort Snelling, or
+more exactly speaking, the chattel of an American officer at that
+place:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_755" id="Page_755">[Pg 755]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the year 1839 the Fifth United States Infantry was stationed on the
+Upper Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, and, although Fort Crawford
+(Prarie du Chien) was their headquarters, Fort Snelling was the most
+important, it being the only military post north of Prairie du Chien,
+between Lake Superior and the Pacific ocean, and far from the
+frontier, as the nearest settlement was several hundred miles away.</p>
+
+<p>During the season of open water the post was reached by boats, and in
+the winter by pony or dog trains, but in the spring before the river
+was free of floating ice and in the fall before it was frozen, the
+inhabitants were almost cut off from civilization, as the place was
+considered inaccessible, by all but the hardy voyageur and the
+postman, who brought the mail on his back twice a month from Prairie
+du Chien. Fort Snelling was the only post office in what is now
+Minnesota, Dakota and Montana.</p>
+
+<p>It was seldom that a stranger made his appearance after the close of
+navigation, for the timid did not venture so far from the comforts of
+life. During the winter the weather was severe, the houses were not so
+comfortable as now, storm windows and furnaces were unthought of, and
+stoves were considered luxuries.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that on a cold, dreary day in the early winter the
+quartermaster was distributing stoves, but did not have more than
+enough to supply the officers and the married men of the command, and
+not all of the latter. The surgeon, Dr. Emerson, a giant in body,
+applied for one for his slave, Dred Scott, but was told by Lieut.
+McPhail, the quartermaster, who was a man under size, that the darkey
+would have to wait until the others were supplied, and it was doubtful
+if there were enough for all. The doctor became very much excited and
+insinuated that McPhail was lying, whereupon the latter hit the doctor
+between the eyes, breaking his spectacles and bruising his nose.
+Emerson, very much infuriated, rushed to his quarters, loaded a pair
+of huge flintlock pistols, returned to McPhail, who was unarmed, and
+without ceremony presented them to the head of the little
+quartermaster. He, not liking their looks, sought safety in flight,
+and with a speed that showed a good condition of body ran across the
+parade ground, followed by the doctor. As they neared McPhail's
+company quarters a friend of his, Lieut. Whitall, and a sergeant,
+seized firearms and prepared to give their assistance if it was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_756" id="Page_756">[Pg 756]</a></span>
+needed. The commanding officer, Maj. Plympton, armed with a cane, ran
+after the doctor, and upon overtaking him put him under arrest. By
+this time the occupants of all the quarters had gathered upon the
+scene, too excited to feel the cold or think of stoves, and two
+parties were quickly formed. The smaller party consisted of the young
+men, who, anxious for a fight, insisted that by running McPhail had
+brought disgrace upon himself which could be wiped out only by blood.
+The other and influential side was composed of men with families, who
+knew that in case of illness no other physician could be had except
+from Prairie du Chien, and the roads were such that it might be
+impossible to get one at all; therefore they urged peace, and after
+several days of excitement they were able to unfurl the flag of
+triumph.</p>
+
+<p>The terms of settlement between the belligerents were not made known,
+and those who had hoped for a fight felt that the secrecy added
+largely to their already heavy disappointment; but the men of peace
+wore an expression of relief when they realized that if ill, their
+victory would enable them to obtain the immediate services of the
+doctor, and that there would not be a repetition of the duel which had
+been fought there many years before, the first and last duel ever
+fought in Minnesota. Although peace was declared, bitter feelings
+which had risen during the strife still lingered in the heads of all
+but Dred Scott, the innocent cause of the trouble, who for the first
+time in his life became at all conspicuous. Shortly after, however,
+his name was as well known, and oftener heard in social, military and
+political circles than any other, not only in his own country, but
+abroad. He left Fort Snelling with Dr. Emerson, and was afterward in
+Missouri, where he was one day whipped, as he had often been before.
+But this proved to be the last time the poor fellow intended
+submitting as a slave, for immediately after a suit was commenced for
+assault and battery, claiming that as he had been in a free territory
+he was a free man. His master dying, his widow and daughter defended
+the suit, which was decided in their favor two days after the
+inauguration of President Buchanan, and Dred Scott was remanded to
+slavery. This was considered a great victory for the South, but in
+reality was not, for the civilized world became aroused in behalf of
+freedom, and public opinion, the higher law, was invoked. Civil war
+soon followed; slavery was abolished, and Dred Scott made free. It was
+half a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_757" id="Page_757">[Pg 757]</a></span> century ago that this simple-minded negro lived in slavery in
+Hennepin, the historic county of Minnesota.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OLD BETZ AND THE ST. PAUL TRIBE OF INDIANS.</h4>
+
+<p>No history of the early days would be complete without mention of the
+celebrated and picturesquely homely squaw known as Old Betz and the
+tribe to which she belonged. The camp of the latter may still be seen
+at South St. Paul to the number of three or four tepees. The Indians
+are the descendants of the warriors of Little Crow. They live in
+canvas tepees of primitive style, but with the exception of moccasins
+and a few Indian trinkets they have conformed somewhat to the costumes
+of the civilized people around them.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians living in this vicinity, says A. L. Larpenteur in the
+<i>Pioneer Press</i>, represent a remnant of the Minnesota Sioux who were
+not taken to the reservation after the massacre of 1861. There may be
+nearly a score of families in all, including the inhabitants of the
+little Indian village at South St. Paul, the aboriginal residents at
+Mendota, and some red men living near Newport. These are mostly
+descendants of the members of Little Crow's band. Three or four
+families have descended from the famous old squaw known as "Old Betz,"
+who died at an advanced age only two years ago. At least two of old
+Betz's daughters are living. They are very large, fleshy squaws, and
+are frequently seen on the streets of St. Paul. When you catch sight
+of a big squaw with a heavy pack slung over her shoulders, seated in
+some doorway down street panting for breath, you may make up your mind
+that it is one of Old Betz's daughters&mdash;either Doo-to-win (Scarlet
+Female) or Pa-zen-ta-win (Medicine Woman); for such are their names.</p>
+
+<p>They obtain a livelihood suitable to their lingering aboriginal tastes
+and their condition of life, by selling moccasins, ginseng and wild
+flowers in their season, and the skins of animals which they hunt or
+trap. These skins are chiefly muskrat skins. They bring several
+hundred to market in the course of the season. Then the squaws do the
+begging, and the great white packs which these dusky females carry
+upon their backs as they trudge along the streets of the city are
+filled with specked fruit, tainted chickens and meat, dried up
+cranberries and other unsalable stuff that the commission men of the
+city have kindly bestowed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_758" id="Page_758">[Pg 758]</a></span> upon them. An Indian is not so particular
+about what he eats as a white person. When meat is tainted he boils it
+until he gets all the taint out. What remains serves as savory sauce
+for the meat. The Indians are intelligent. They don't have much to say
+to strangers, but among themselves they are quite sociable, and sit
+together by the hour smoking pipes and recounting traditions and
+incidents. They are very fond of story telling. They also discuss
+topics of interest with a freedom and intelligence worthy of a modern
+white man's debating society. "I have sat with them in their lodges by
+the hour," says Mr. Larpenteur, "and have been vastly entertained by
+their anecdotes and discussions." So it appears that the Indians
+hereabout are not so glum and reticent as red men in general are
+credited with being.</p>
+
+<p>There are a great many people in St. Paul who remember Old Betz, and
+the stories that were told in relation to her, quite well. She was
+said to be one hundred and twenty years old when she died, and, as
+there was no evidence to the contrary, and she certainly bore the mark
+of great age, this estimate of her years was generally accepted. Mr.
+Larpenteur has reason for thinking that her age has been very much
+exaggerated. Old Betz told him one day, a short time before her death,
+in a confidential way, that when soldiers first came to Fort Snelling
+she was still in her teens. That was in 1819, and, therefore, Old Betz
+could not have been over eighty-eight when she died.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The Wah-tap&mdash;or Wa-tab&mdash;empties from the west into
+the Mississippi just above Sauk Rapids&mdash;H. M. R.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The rejection of Thomas P. Burnett as a member of the
+council, by Gov. Dodge, created great excitement at the time, and the
+governor was severely criticised for his action. In making the
+apportionment the governor had made Crawford county a district, but
+had left it without a representative in the council, although two had
+been assigned to the house, the governor claiming that this was
+equivalent to one in the senate and one in the house. His action, to
+say the least, was curious and unprecedented.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Jean Brunet was of French extraction. He made the first
+manufacturing improvements at Chippewa Falls.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Alexander McGregor, a Scotchman, built a large hotel in
+Prairie du Chien, and located a claim on the western side of the
+Mississippi rivers opposite which has become the site of the city of
+McGregor. In the third session of the territorial legislature he was
+elected to represent the Dubuque district, and charges were preferred
+against him of accepting a bribe. Pending the investigation of the
+charges he resigned, removed to the east side of the river and was
+elected to represent the Crawford district. The ensuing session, the
+house, by resolution, declared him unworthy of confidence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> The loan amendment was approved by Gov. Medary, through
+his private secretary, March 9, 1858. The amendment was adopted by the
+people April 15, 1858, by a vote of 25,023 to 6,733. The amount of
+bonds issued was $2,275,000. The expunging resolution was adopted Nov.
+6, 1860, by a popular vote of 19,308 to 710.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Rev Mr. Webber was born in the state of New York in 1821;
+was educated for the ministry ordained and sent to Minnesota as a
+missionary by the Calvinistic Baptist church. He came to Stillwater in
+1850. He is now a resident of Fleming, Cayuga county, New York.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_759" id="Page_759">[Pg 759]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ADDENDA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A history of the Northwest that would omit any mention of the war of
+the Rebellion would be an unfinished work. It was the original
+intention of the author of this work to add a military history in
+which should be placed upon record not only some statistics as to the
+number of troops contributed to the United States service from the
+parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin lying along the Mississippi river,
+but some account of incidents connected with the war, which the
+citizens of the valley would take pride in perusing. The plan was
+abandoned reluctantly on account of the want of space for such a
+record. We are able to furnish a synopsis of the military history of
+Minnesota taken from a recent address made by ex-Gov. Ramsey before
+the Loyal Legion at St. Paul. It is doubly interesting, coming as it
+does from the governor of the State during the earlier portion of the
+war:</p>
+
+<p>Ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey was called upon to respond to the toast,
+"Minnesota and the War; For God, Our Country and the Right." He said:</p>
+
+<p>"Amid the many evidences of harmony and prosperity in all sections of
+the great republic it is difficult to realize that the citizens of
+Minnesota, within the memory of many still alive, were called upon to
+preserve the integrity of the United States of America by the force of
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>"There has ever been a community of interest between our own State, in
+whose midst are found the sources of the Mississippi, and the several
+states on its borders toward the Gulf of Mexico; the wheat fields of
+Minnesota, the cotton and sugar plantations of Mississippi and
+Louisiana must be inseparable, yet it can not be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_760" id="Page_760">[Pg 760]</a></span> disguised that a
+short-sighted statesmanship made a vigorous attempt to separate those
+whom an all-wise Providence had joined together.</p>
+
+<p>"In the month of April, 1861, upon official business as governor of
+Minnesota, I was called to the city of Washington. The knots of
+earnest men and anxious faces in the corridors and reading rooms of
+the hotels indicated a widespread belief that there was an impending
+peril, a serious conspiracy upon the part of some in the cotton
+producing and slave holding states to secede from the Union, although
+the general government had never infringed upon their rights under the
+constitution.</p>
+
+<p>"On Saturday night, April 13th, the population of Washington was
+deeply moved by the intelligence that Fort Sumter in the harbor of
+Charleston had been attacked by insurgents, and that the garrison had
+surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>"Early Sunday morning, accompanied by two citizens of Minnesota, I
+visited the war department, and found the secretary with his hat on
+and papers in his hand about to leave his office. I said 'My business
+is simply as governor of Minnesota to tender a thousand men to defend
+the government.' 'Sit down immediately,' he replied, 'and write the
+tender you have made, as I am now on my way to the president's
+mansion.'</p>
+
+<p>"This was quickly done, and thus Minnesota became the first to cheer
+the president by offers of assistance in the crisis which had arrived.</p>
+
+<p>"My action and the acceptance of this offer were dispatched to St.
+Paul, and in a few days companies in the different towns in Minnesota
+were being organized, and on the twenty-seventh of the month Adjt.
+Gen. John B. Sanborn issued an order that more companies had been
+organized than were necessary to complete the First regiment of
+Minnesota, and on the third of May, having returned to St. Paul during
+April, I sent a telegram to the president offering a second regiment.</p>
+
+<p>"On the twenty-first of June the First regiment, under Col. Gorman,
+left Fort Snelling, and in one month, on Sunday, the twenty-first of
+July, distinguished itself as the advance of Heintzleman's division in
+the battle of Bull Run, Virginia. The Second regiment, in command of
+Col. H. P. Van Cleve, a graduate of West Point, left Fort Snelling in
+October, and on the nineteenth of January was in close conflict with
+the enemy near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_761" id="Page_761">[Pg 761]</a></span> Mill Springs, Kentucky, Gen. Zollicoffer and other
+insurgent officers having fallen under their fire. A third regiment,
+under Col. H. C. Lester, left the State in November, 1861, and a
+fourth regiment, under Col. John B. Sanborn, was soon organized, and
+not long after a fifth, under Col. Borgersrode, was formed. In the
+spring of 1862, within a few weeks of each other, the last two left
+for the seat of war, and were assigned to the Army of the Mississippi,
+and before the close of May were, with their comrades of the Second,
+in the action at Corinth.</p>
+
+<p>"But while Minnesota was thus rapidly sending forth her able bodied
+men, she was called upon to endure a trial greater than any of her
+sister states. On the nineteenth of August there rushed into the
+governor's office at the capitol a dusty and exhausted messenger who
+had been fifteen hours in the saddle with dispatches from Galbraith,
+the Sioux agent, containing the startling intelligence that the Sioux
+had risen and were murdering the settlers and plundering and burning
+their houses. An hour or two later another messenger arrived from
+Forest City with information that the Sioux had also killed many
+whites at Acton. It was evident that there was a general uprising, and
+that no time was to be lost.</p>
+
+<p>"I immediately proceeded to Fort Snelling and consulted as to the best
+measures to protect our people. Here were only raw recruits, without
+arms or clothing, but at length four companies of the Sixth regiment
+were organized, and that night sent up the Minnesota river to
+Shakopee, and ex-Gov. H. H. Sibley, who had had a long acquaintance
+with the Sioux, was placed in command.</p>
+
+<p>"From that point they were directed to proceed by land. Telegrams were
+sent to President Lincoln and the governors of Wisconsin, Iowa,
+Illinois, and Michigan relative to the horrible outbreak and asking
+for aid.</p>
+
+<p>"When the troops reached St. Peter they were delayed in moulding balls
+to fit their arms and in preparing canister shot. By September
+portions of the Third regiment, which had returned to the State, and
+the Sixth and Seventh regiments, which had been organized, were in the
+field, and on the twenty-third of the month had a battle with the
+Indians at Wood lake, Lieut. Col. Marshall, of the Seventh regiment,
+your late commander of this legion, leading five companies of his own
+and two of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_762" id="Page_762">[Pg 762]</a></span> Sixth in a successful charge, clearing a ravine of
+hostile savages.</p>
+
+<p>"Never before in the history of the republic had so many settlers
+fallen from Indian barbarity. In ten days in August about eight
+hundred white men, women and children were killed, and at least 15,000
+persons fled from the scalping knife to St. Paul and other places of
+security.</p>
+
+<p>"During the summer of 1862 the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota
+regiments of Volunteers were organized. In January, 1863, having been
+elected to represent the State in the United States senate, Lieut.
+Gov. Swift on and after the tenth of July acted as governor for the
+unexpired term, who was succeeded by Gov. Stephen H. Miller, both of
+whom, in every way possible, sustained the general government.</p>
+
+<p>"Minnesota during the war had surely not more than 40,000 citizens
+able to bear arms. She furnished eleven regiments of infantry, one of
+heavy artillery, three batteries of light artillery, four cavalry
+organizations and two companies of sharpshooters, and official returns
+show that she contributed 25,000 soldiers in all."</p>
+
+<p>Mention of George H. Hazzard, of St. Paul, unintentionally omitted
+from the body of the work, is appended below.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/illus-792.jpg" width="350" height="450" alt="GEORGE H. HAZZARD." title="" />
+<span class="caption">GEORGE H. HAZZARD.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>George H. Hazzard is one of St. Paul's wide awake, energetic young
+men. He is a native of the state of New York. He came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_763" id="Page_763">[Pg 763]</a></span> to the West
+when a youth and located in St. Paul in 1859. He has been engaged in
+general agencies and real estate, and has served as county
+commissioner of Ramsey county and filled other city positions in St.
+Paul. He was a member of the Methodist General Conference in New York
+City in 1888. He married a daughter of Rev. Benjamin F. Hoyt, of St.
+Paul.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ST. CROIX VALLEY&mdash;WISCONSIN SIDE.</h4>
+
+<p>Thirty-eighth Session, 1885&mdash;Senators: Hans B. Warner, Joel F. Nason.
+House: Thomas Porter, James Johnson, Charles S. Thayer, Frank M. Nye.</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-ninth Session, 1887&mdash;First Biennial Session&mdash;Senate: Joel F.
+Nason, William A. Rust. House: J. B. Thayer, John A. Murphy, H. L.
+Humphrey, James N. McCourt, Charles S. Taylor.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifty Years In The Northwest, by 
+William Henry Carman Folsom
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:05:41 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:05:41 -0700
commit	8e16bdf018a464dc520a2386028a2a41ecd3d196 (patch)
tree	c828ac8c1f3fd9b383435776d7d8fabb00e450c7 /36375-h