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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of What to do? by Leo Tolstoy/Tolstoi
+#13 in our series by Leo Tolstoy
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+Title: What to do?
+
+Author: Leo Tolstoy/Lyof N. Tolstoi
+
+Release Date: January, 2003  [Etext #3630]
+[Yes, we are about one year ahead of schedule]
+[The actual date this file first posted = 06/25/01]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of What to do? by Leo Tolstoy/Tolstoi
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+This etext was produced by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk,
+from the 1887 Tomas Y. Crowell edition.
+
+
+
+
+
+WHAT TO DO?
+
+by Leo Tolstoy/Lyof N. Tolstoi
+
+
+
+
+Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+
+
+
+Contents:
+    Translator's Note
+    Article on the Census in Moscow ***
+    Thoughts Evoked by the Census of Moscow ***
+    On the Significance of Science and Art ***
+    On Labor and Luxury
+    To Women
+
+*** Not included in this eText as they have been released separately
+by Project Gutenberg ***
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.
+
+
+
+Books which are prohibited by the Russian Censor are not always
+inaccessible.  An enterprising publishing-house in Geneva makes a
+specialty of supplying the natural craving of man for forbidden
+fruit, under which heading some of Count L. N. Tolstoi's essays
+belong.  These essays circulate in Russia in manuscript; and it is
+from one of these manuscripts, which fell into the hands of the
+Geneva firm, that the first half of the present translation has been
+made.  It is thus that the Censor's omissions have been noted, even
+in cases where such omissions are in no way indicated in the twelfth
+volume of Count Tolstoi's collected works, published in Moscow.  As
+an interesting detail in this connection, I may mention that this
+twelfth volume contains all that the censor allows of "My Religion,"
+amounting to a very much abridged scrap of Chapter X. in the last-
+named volume as known to the public outside of Russia.  The last half
+of the present book has not been published by the Geneva house, and
+omissions cannot be marked.
+
+ISABEL F. HAPGOOD
+BOSTON, Sept. 1, 1887
+
+
+
+ON LABOR AND LUXURY.
+
+
+
+I concluded, after having said every thing that concerned myself; but
+I cannot refrain, from a desire to say something more which concerns
+everybody, from verifying the deductions which I have drawn, by
+comparisons.  I wish to say why it seems to me that a very large
+number of our social class ought to come to the same thing to which I
+have come; and also to state what will be the result if a number of
+people should come to the same conclusion.
+
+I think that many will come to the point which I have attained:
+because if the people of our sphere, of our caste, will only take a
+serious look at themselves, then young persons, who are in search of
+personnel happiness, will stand aghast at the ever-increasing
+wretchedness of their life, which is plainly leading them to
+destruction; conscientious people will be shocked at the cruelty and
+the illegality of their life; and timid people will be terrified by
+the danger of their mode of life.
+
+The Wretchedness of our Life: --However much we rich people may
+reform, however much we may bolster up this delusive life of ours
+with the aid of our science and art, this life will become, with
+every year, both weaker and more diseased; with every year the number
+of suicides, and the refusals to bear children, will increase; with
+every year we shall feel the growing sadness of our life; with every
+generation, the new generations of people of this sphere of society
+will become more puny.
+
+It is obvious that in this path of the augmentation of the comforts
+and the pleasures of life, in the path of every sort of cure, and of
+artificial preparations for the improvements of the sight, the
+hearing, the appetite, false teeth, false hair, respiration, massage,
+and so on, there can be no salvation.  That people who do not make
+use of these perfected preparations are stronger and healthier, has
+become such a truism, that advertisements are printed in the
+newspapers of stomach-powders for the wealthy, under the heading,
+"Blessings for the poor," {1} in which it is stated that only the
+poor are possessed of proper digestive powers, and that the rich
+require assistance, and, among other various sorts of assistance,
+these powders.  It is impossible to set the matter right by any
+diversions, comforts, and powders, whatever; only a change of life
+can rectify it.
+
+The Inconsistency of our Life with our Conscience: --however we may
+seek to justify our betrayal of humanity to ourselves, all our
+justifications will crumble into dust in the presence of the
+evidence.  All around us, people are dying of excessive labor and of
+privation; we ruin the labor of others, the food and clothing which
+are indispensable to them, merely with the object of procuring
+diversion and variety for our wearisome lives.  And, therefore, the
+conscience of a man of our circle, if even a spark of it be left in
+him, cannot be lulled to sleep, and it poisons all these comforts and
+those pleasures of life which our brethren, suffering and perishing
+in their toil, procure for us.  But not only does every conscientious
+man feel this himself,--he would be glad to forget it, but this he
+cannot do.
+
+The new, ephemeral justifications of science for science, of art for
+art, do not exclude the light of a simple, healthy judgment.  The
+conscience of man cannot be quieted by fresh devices; and it can only
+be calmed by a change of life, for which and in which no
+justification will be required.
+
+Two causes prove to the people of the wealthy classes the necessity
+for a change of life:  the requirements of their individual welfare,
+and of the welfare of those most nearly connected with them, which
+cannot be satisfied in the path in which they now stand; and the
+necessity of satisfying the voice of conscience, the impossibility of
+accomplishing which is obvious in their present course.  These
+causes, taken together, should lead people of the wealthy classes to
+alter their mode of life, to such a change as shall satisfy their
+well-being and their conscience.
+
+And there is only one such change possible:  they must cease to
+deceive, they must repent, they must acknowledge that labor is not a
+curse, but the glad business of life.  "But what will be the result
+if I do toil for ten, or eight, or five hours at physical work, which
+thousands of peasants will gladly perform for the money which I
+possess?" people say to this.
+
+The first, simplest, and indubitable result will be, that you will
+become a more cheerful, a healthier, a more alert, and a better man,
+and that you will learn to know the real life, from which you have
+hidden yourself, or which has been hidden from you.
+
+The second result will be, that, if you possess a conscience, it will
+not only cease to suffer as it now suffers when it gazes upon the
+toil of others, the significance of which we, through ignorance,
+either always exaggerate or depreciate, but you will constantly
+experience a glad consciousness that, with every day, you are doing
+more and more to satisfy the demands of your conscience, and you will
+escape from that fearful position of such an accumulation of evil
+heaped upon your life that there exists no possibility of doing good
+to people; you will experience the joy of living in freedom, with the
+possibility of good; you will break a window,--an opening into the
+domain of the moral world which has been closed to you.
+
+"But this is absurd," people usually say to you, for people of our
+sphere, with profound problems standing before us,--problems
+philosophical, scientific, artistic, ecclesiastical and social.  It
+would be absurd for us ministers, senators, academicians professors,
+artists, a quarter of an hour of whose time is so prized by people,
+to waste our time on any thing of that sort, would it not?--on the
+cleaning of our boots, the washing of our shirts, in hoeing, in
+planting potatoes, or in feeding our chickens and our cows, and so
+on; in those things which are gladly done for us, not only by our
+porter or our cook, but by thousands of people who value our time?
+
+But why should we dress ourselves, wash and comb our hair? why should
+we hand chairs to ladies, to guests? why should we open and shut
+doors, hand ladies, into carriages, and do a hundred other things
+which serfs formerly did for us?  Because we think that it is
+necessary so to do; that human dignity demands it; that it is the
+duty, the obligation, of man.
+
+And the same is the case with physical labor.  The dignity of man,
+his sacred duty and obligation, consists in using the hands and feet
+which have been given to him, for that for which they were given to
+him, and that which consumes food on the labor which produces that
+food; and that they should be used, not on that which shall cause
+them to pine away, not as objects to wash and clean, and merely for
+the purpose of stuffing into one's mouth food, drink, and cigarettes.
+This is the significance that physical labor possesses for man in
+every community; but in our community, where the avoidance of this
+law of labor has occasioned the unhappiness of a whole class of
+people, employment in physical labor acquires still another
+significance,--the significance of a sermon, and of an occupation
+which removes a terrible misfortune that is threatening mankind.
+
+To say that physical labor is an insignificant occupation for a man
+of education, is equivalent to saying, in connection with the
+erection of a temple:  "What does it matter whether one stone is laid
+accurately in its place?"  Surely, it is precisely under conditions
+of modesty, simplicity, and imperceptibleness, that every magnificent
+thing is accomplished; it is impossible to plough, to build, to
+pasture cattle, or even to think, amid glare, thunder, and
+illumination.  Grand and genuine deeds are always simple and modest.
+And such is the grandest of all deeds which we have to deal with,--
+the reconciliation of those fearful contradictions amid which we are
+living.  And the deeds which will reconcile these contradictions are
+those modest, imperceptible, apparently ridiculous ones, the serving
+one's self, physical labor for one's self, and, if possible, for
+others also, which we rich people must do, if we understand the
+wretchedness, the unscrupulousness, and the danger of the position
+into which we have drifted.
+
+What will be the result if I, or some other man, or a handful of men,
+do not despise physical labor, but regard it as indispensable to our
+happiness and to the appeasement of our conscience?  This will be the
+result, that there will be one man, two men, or a handful of men,
+who, coming into conflict with no one, without governmental or
+revolutionary violence, will decide for ourselves the terrible
+question which stands before all the world, and which sets people at
+variance, and that we shall settle it in such wise that life will be
+better to them, that their conscience will be more at peace, and that
+they will have nothing to fear; the result will be, that other people
+will see that the happiness which they are seeking everywhere, lies
+there around them; that the apparently unreconcilable contradictions
+of conscience and of the constitution of this world will be
+reconciled in the easiest and most joyful manner; and that, instead
+of fearing the people who surround us, it will become necessary for
+us to draw near to them and to love them.
+
+The apparently insoluble economical and social problem is merely the
+problem of Kriloff's casket. {2}  The casket will simply open.  And
+it will not open, so long as people do not do simply that first and
+simple thing--open it.
+
+A man sets up what he imagines to be his own peculiar library, his
+own private picture-gallery, his own apartments and clothing, he
+accumulates his own money in order therewith to purchase every thing
+that he needs; and the end of it all is, that engaged with this
+fancied property of his, as though it were real, he utterly loses his
+sense of that which actually constitutes his property, on which he
+can really labor, which can really serve him, and which will always
+remain in his power, and of that which is not and cannot be his own
+property, whatever he may call it, and which cannot serve as the
+object of his occupation.
+
+Words always possess a clear significance until we deliberately
+attribute to them a false sense.
+
+What does property signify?
+
+Property signifies that which has been given to me, which belongs to
+me exclusively; that with which I can always do any thing I like;
+that which no one can take away from me; that which will remain mine
+to the end of my life, and precisely that which I am bound to use,
+increase, and improve.  Now, there exists but one such piece of
+property for any man,--himself.
+
+Hence it results that half a score of men may till the soil, hew
+wood, and make shoes, not from necessity, but in consequence of an
+acknowledgment of the fact that man should work, and that the more he
+works the better it will be for him.  It results, that half a score
+of men,--or even one man, may demonstrate to people, both by his
+confession and by his actions, that the terrible evil from which they
+are suffering is not a law of fate, the will of God, or any
+historical necessity; but that it is merely a superstition, which is
+not in the least powerful or terrible, but weak and insignificant, in
+which we must simply cease to believe, as in idols, in order to rid
+ourselves of it, and in order to rend it like a paltry spider's web.
+Men who will labor to fulfil the glad law of their existence, that is
+to say, those who work in order to fulfil the law of toil, will rid
+themselves of that frightful superstition of property for themselves.
+
+If the life of a man is filled with toil, and if he knows the
+delights of rest, he requires no chambers, furniture, and rich and
+varied clothing; he requires less costly food; he needs no means of
+locomotion, or of diversion.  But the principal thing is, that the
+man who regards labor as the business and the joy of his life will
+not seek that relief from his labor which the labors of others might
+afford him.  The man who regards life as a matter of labor will
+propose to himself as his object, in proportion as he acquires
+understanding, skill, and endurance, greater and greater toil, which
+shall constantly fill his life to a greater and greater degree.  For
+such a man, who sees the meaning of his life in work itself, and not
+in its results, for the acquisition of property, there can be no
+question as to the implements of labor.  Although such a man will
+always select the most suitable implements, that man will receive the
+same satisfaction from work and rest, when he employs the most
+unsuitable implements.  If there be a steam-plough, he will use it;
+if there is none, he will till the soil with a horse-plough, and, if
+there is none, with a primitive curved bit of wood shod with iron, or
+he will use a rake; and, under all conditions, he will equally attain
+his object.  He will pass his life in work that is useful to men, and
+he will therefore win complete satisfaction.
+
+And the position of such a man, both in his external and internal
+conditions, will be more happy than that of the man who devotes his
+life to the acquisition of property.  Such a man will never suffer
+need in his outward circumstances, because people, perceiving his
+desire to work, will always try to provide him with the most
+productive work, as they proportion a mill to the water-power.  And
+they will render his material existence free from care, which they
+will not do for people who are striving to acquire property.  And
+freedom from anxiety in his material conditions is all that a man
+needs.  Such a man will always be happier in his internal conditions,
+than the one who seeks wealth, because the first will never gain that
+which he is striving for, while the latter always will, in proportion
+to his powers.  The feeble, the aged, the dying, according to the
+proverb, "With the written absolution in his hands," will receive
+full satisfaction, and the love and sympathy of men.
+
+What, then, will be the outcome of a few eccentric individuals, or
+madmen, tilling the soil, making shoes, and so on, instead of smoking
+cigarettes, playing whist, and roaming about everywhere to relieve
+their tedium, during the space of the ten leisure hours a day which
+every intellectual worker enjoys?  This will be the outcome:  that
+these madmen will show in action, that that imaginary property for
+which men suffer, and for which they torment themselves and others,
+is not necessary for happiness; that it is oppressive, and that it is
+mere superstition; that property, true property, consists only in
+one's own head and hands; and that, in order to actually exploit this
+real property with profit and pleasure, it is necessary to reject the
+false conception of property outside one's own body, upon which we
+expend the best efforts of our lives.  The outcome us, that these men
+will show, that only when a man ceases to believe in imaginary
+property, only when he brings into play his real property, his
+capacities, his body, so that they will yield him fruit a hundred-
+fold, and happiness of which we have no idea,--only then will he be
+so strong, useful, and good a man, that, wherever you may fling him,
+he will always land on his feet; that he will everywhere and always
+be a brother to everybody; that he will be intelligible to everybody,
+and necessary, and good.  And men looking on one, on ten such madmen,
+will understand what they must all do in order to loose that terrible
+knot in which the superstition regarding property has entangled them,
+in order to free themselves from the unfortunate position in which
+they are all now groaning with one voice, not knowing whence to find
+an issue from it.
+
+But what can one man do amid a throng which does not agree with him?
+There is no argument which could more clearly demonstrate the terror
+of those who make use of it than this.  The burlaki {3} drag their
+bark against the current.  There cannot be found a burlak so stupid
+that he will refuse to pull away at his towing-rope because he alone
+is not able to drag the bark against the current.  He who, in
+addition to his rights to an animal life, to eat and sleep,
+recognizes any sort of human obligation, knows very well in what that
+human obligation lies, just as the boatman knows it when the tow-rope
+is attached to him.  The boatman knows very well that all he has to
+do is to pull at the rope, and proceed in the given direction.  He
+will seek what he is to do, and how he is to do it, only when the
+tow-rope is removed from him.  And as it is with these boatmen and
+with all people who perform ordinary work, so it is with the affairs
+of all humanity.  All that each man needs is not to remove the tow-
+rope, but to pull away on it in the direction which his master
+orders.  And, for this purpose, one sort of reason is bestowed on all
+men, in order that the direction may be always the same.  And this
+direction has obviously been so plainly indicated, that both in the
+life of all the people about us, and in the conscience of each
+individual man, only he who does not wish to work can say that he
+does not see it.  Then, what is the outcome of this?
+
+This:  that one, perhaps two men, will pull; a third will look on,
+and will join them; and in this manner the best people will unite
+until the affair begins to start, and make progress, as though itself
+inspiring and bidding thereto even those who do not understand what
+is being done, and why it is being done.  First, to the contingent of
+men who are consciously laboring in order to comply with the law of
+God, there will be added the people who only half understand and who
+only half confess the faith; then a still greater number of people
+who admit the same doctrine will join them, merely on the faith of
+the originators; and finally the majority of mankind will recognize
+this, and then it will come to pass, that men will cease to ruin
+themselves, and will find happiness.
+
+This will happen,--and it will be very speedily,--when people of our
+set, and after them a vast majority, shall cease to think it
+disgraceful to pay visits in untanned boots, and not disgraceful to
+walk in overshoes past people who have no shoes at all; that it is
+disgraceful not to understand French, and not disgraceful to eat
+bread and not to know how to set it; that it is disgraceful not to
+have a starched shirt and clean clothes, and not disgraceful to go
+about in clean garments thereby showing one's idleness; that it is
+disgraceful to have dirty hands, and not disgraceful not to have
+hands with callouses.
+
+All this will come to pass when the sense of the community shall
+demand it.  But the sense of the community will demand this when
+those delusions in the imagination of men, which have concealed the
+truth from them, shall have been abolished.  Within my own
+recollection, great changes have taken place in this respect.  And
+these changes have taken place only because the general opinion has
+undergone an alteration.  Within my memory, it has come to pass, that
+whereas it used to be disgraceful for wealthy people not to drive out
+with four horses and two footmen, and not to keep a valet or a maid
+to dress them, wash them, put on their shoes, and so forth; it has
+now suddenly become discreditable for one not to put on one's own
+clothes and shoes for one's self, and to drive with footmen.  Public
+opinion has effected all these changes.  Are not the changes which
+public opinion is now preparing clear?
+
+All that was necessary five and twenty years ago was to abolish the
+delusion which justified the right of serfdom, and public opinion as
+to what was praiseworthy and what was discreditable changed, and life
+changed also.  All that is now requisite is to annihilate the
+delusion which justifies the power of money over men, and public
+opinion will undergo a change as to what is creditable and what is
+disgraceful, and life will be changed also; and the annihilation of
+the delusion, of the justification of the moneyed power, and the
+change in public opinion in this respect, will be promptly
+accomplished.  This delusion is already flickering, and the truth
+will very shortly be disclosed.  All that is required is to gaze
+steadfastly, in order to perceive clearly that change in public
+opinion which has already taken place, and which is simply not
+recognized, not fitted with a word.  The educated man of our day has
+but to reflect ever so little on what will be the outcome of those
+views of the world which he professes, in order to convince himself
+that the estimate of good and bad, by which, by virtue of his
+inertia, he is guided in life, directly contradict his views of the
+world.
+
+All that the man of our century has to do is to break away for a
+moment from the life which runs on by force of inertia, to survey it
+from the one side, and subject it to that same standard which arises
+from his whole view of the world, in order to be horrified at the
+definition of his whole life, which follows from his views of the
+world.  Let us take, for instance, a young man (the energy of life is
+greater in the young, and self-consciousness is more obscured).  Let
+us take, for instance, a young man belonging to the wealthy classes,
+whatever his tendencies may chance to be.
+
+Every good young man considers it disgraceful not to help an old man,
+a child, or a woman; he thinks, in a general way, that it is a shame
+to subject the life or health of another person to danger, or to shun
+it himself.  Every one considers that shameful and brutal which
+Schuyler relates of the Kirghiz in times of tempest,--to send out the
+women and the aged females to hold fast the corners of the kibitka
+[tent] during the storm, while they themselves continue to sit within
+the tent, over their kumis [fermented mare's-milk].  Every one thinks
+it shameful to make a week man work for one; that it is still more
+disgraceful in time of danger--on a burning ship, for example,--being
+strong, to be the first to seat one's self in the lifeboat,--to
+thrust aside the weak and leave them in danger, and so on.
+
+All men regard this as disgraceful, and would not do it upon any
+account, in certain exceptional circumstances; but in every-day life,
+the very same actions, and others still worse, are concealed from
+them by delusions, and they perpetrate them incessantly.  The
+establishment of this new view of life is the business of public
+opinion.  Public opinion, supporting such a view, will speedily be
+formed.
+
+Women form public opinion, and women are especially powerful in our
+day.
+
+
+
+TO WOMEN.
+
+
+
+As stated in the Bible, a law was given to the man and the woman,--to
+the man, the law of labor; to the woman, the law of bearing children.
+Although we, with our science, avons change tout ca, the law for the
+man, as for woman, remains as unalterable as the liver in its place,
+and departure from it is equally punished with inevitable death.  The
+only difference lies in this, that departure from the law, in the
+case of the man, is punished so immediately in the future, that it
+may be designated as present punishment; but departure from the law,
+in the case of the woman, receives its chastisement in a more distant
+future.
+
+The general departure of all men from the law exterminates people
+immediately; the departure from it of all women annihilates it in the
+succeeding generation.  But the evasion by some men and some women
+does not exterminate the human race, and only deprives those who
+evade it of the rational nature of man. The departure of men from
+this law began long ago, among those classes who were in a position
+to subject others, and, constantly spreading, it has continued down
+to our own times; and in our own day it has reached folly, the ideal
+consisting in evasion of the law,--the ideal expressed by Prince
+Blokhin, and shared in by Renan and by the whole cultivated world:
+"Machines will work, and people will be bundles of nerves devoted to
+enjoyment."
+
+There was hardly any departure from the law in the part of women, it
+was expressed only in prostitution, and in the refusal to bear
+children--in private cases.  The women belonging to the wealthy
+classes fulfilled their law, while the men did not comply with
+theirs; and therefore the women became stronger, and continued to
+rule, and must rule, over men who have evaded the law, and who have,
+therefore, lost their senses.  It is generally stated that woman (the
+woman of Paris in particular is childless) has become so bewitching,
+through making use of all the means of civilization, that she has
+gained the upper hand over man by this fascination of hers.  This is
+not only unjust, but precisely the reverse of the truth.  It is not
+the childless woman who has conquered man, but the mother, that woman
+who has fulfilled her law, while the man has not fulfilled his.  That
+woman who deliberately remains childless, and who entrances man with
+her shoulders and her locks, is not the woman who rules over men, but
+the one who has been corrupted by man, who has descended to his
+level,--to the level of the vicious man,--who has evaded the law
+equally with himself, and who has lost, in company with him, every
+rational idea of life.
+
+From this error springs that remarkable piece of stupidity which is
+called the rights of women.  The formula of these rights of women is
+as follows:  "Here! you man," says the woman, "you have departed from
+your law of real labor, and you want us to bear the burden of our
+real labor.  No, if this is to be so, we understand, as well as you
+do, how to perform those semblances of labor which you exercise in
+banks, ministries, universities, and academies; we desire, like
+yourselves, under the pretext of the division of labor, to make use
+of the labor of others, and to live for the gratification of our
+caprices alone."  They say this, and prove by their action that they
+understand no worse, if not better, than men, how to exercise this
+semblance of labor.
+
+This so-called woman question has come up, and could only come up,
+among men who have departed from the law of actual labor.  All that
+is required is, to return to that, and this question cannot exist.
+Woman, having her own inevitable task, will never demand the right to
+share the toil of men in the mines and in the fields.  She could only
+demand to share in the fictitious labors of the men of the wealthy
+classes.
+
+The woman of our circle has been, and still is, stronger than the
+man, not by virtue of her fascinations, not through her cleverness in
+performing the same pharisaical semblance of work as man, but because
+she has not stepped out from under the law that she should undergo
+that real labor, with danger to her life, with exertion to the last
+degree, from which the man of the wealthy classes has excused
+herself.
+
+But, within my memory, a departure from this law on the part of
+woman, that is to say, her fall, has begun; and, within my memory, it
+has become more and more the case.  Woman, having lost the law, has
+acquired the belief that her strength lies in the witchery of her
+charms, or in her skill in pharisaical pretences at intellectual
+work.  And both things are bad for the children.  And, within my
+memory, women of the wealthy classes have come to refuse to bear
+children.  And so mothers who hold the power in their hands let it
+escape them, in order to make way for the dissolute women, and to put
+themselves on a level with them.  The evil is already wide-spread,
+and is extending farther and farther every day; and soon it will lay
+hold on all the women of the wealthy classes, and then they will
+compare themselves with men:  and in company with them, they will
+lose the rational meaning of life.  But there is still time.
+
+If women would but comprehend their destiny, their power, and use it
+for the salvation of their husbands, brothers, and children,--for the
+salvation of all men!
+
+Women of the wealthy classes who are mothers, the salvation of the
+men of our world from the evils from which they are suffering, lies
+in your hands.
+
+Not those women who are occupied with their dainty figures, with
+their bustles, their hair-dressing, and their attraction for men, and
+who bear children against their will, with despair, and hand them
+over to nurses; nor those who attend various courses of lectures, and
+discourse of psychometric centres and differentiation, and who also
+endeavor to escape bearing children, in order that it may not
+interfere with their folly which they call culture:  but those women
+and mothers, who, possessing the power to refuse to bear children,
+consciously and in a straightforward way submit to this eternal,
+unchangeable law, knowing that the burden and the difficulty of such
+submission is their appointed lot in life,--these are the women and
+mothers of our wealthy classes, in whose hands, more than in those of
+any one else, lies the salvation of the men of our sphere in society
+from the miseries that oppress them.
+
+Ye women and mothers who deliberately submit yourselves to the law of
+God, you alone in our wretched, deformed circle, which has lost the
+semblance of humanity, you alone know the whole of the real meaning
+of life, according to the law of God; and you alone, by your example,
+can demonstrate to people that happiness in life, in submission to
+the will of God, of which they are depriving themselves.  You alone
+know those raptures and those joys which invade the whole being, that
+bliss which is appointed for the man who does not depart from the law
+of God.  You know the happiness of love for your husbands,--a
+happiness which does not come to an end, which does not break off
+short, like all other forms of happiness, and which constitutes the
+beginning of a new happiness,--of love for your child.  You alone,
+when you are simple and obedient to the will of God, know not that
+farcical pretence of labor which the men of our circle call work, and
+know that the labor imposed by God on men, and know its true rewards,
+the bliss which it confers.  You know this, when, after the raptures
+of love, you await with emotion, fear, and terror that torturing
+state of pregnancy which renders you ailing for nine months, which
+brings you to the verge of death, and to intolerable suffering and
+pain.  You know the conditions of true labor, when, with joy, you
+await the approach and the increase of the most terrible torture,
+after which to you alone comes the bliss which you well know.  You
+know this, when, immediately after this torture, without respite,
+without a break, you undertake another series of toils and
+sufferings,--nursing,--in which process you at one and the same time
+deny yourselves, and subdue to your feelings the very strongest human
+need, that of sleep, which, as the proverb says, is dearer than
+father or mother; and for months and years you never get a single
+sound, unbroken might's rest, and sometimes, nay, often, you do not
+sleep at all for a period of several nights in succession, but with
+failing arms you walk alone, punishing the sick child who is breaking
+your heart.  And when you do all this, applauded by no one, and
+expecting no praises for it from any one, nor any reward,--when you
+do this, not as an heroic deed, but like the laborer in the Gospel
+when he came from the field, considering that you have done only that
+which was your duty, then you know what the false, pretentious labor
+of men performed for glory really is, and that true labor is
+fulfilling the will of God, whose command you feel in your heart.
+You know that if you are a true mother it makes no difference that no
+one has seen your toil, that no one has praised you for it, but that
+it has only been looked upon as what must needs be so, and that even
+those for whom your have labored not only do not thank you, but often
+torture and reproach you.  And with the next child you do the same:
+again you suffer, again you undergo the fearful, invisible labor; and
+again you expect no reward from any one, and yet you feel the sane
+satisfaction.
+
+If you are like this, you will not say after two children, or after
+twenty, that you have done enough, just as the laboring man fifty
+years of age will not say that he has worked enough, while he still
+continues to eat and to sleep, and while his muscles still demand
+work; if you are like this, your will not cast the task of nursing
+and care-taking upon some other mother, just as a laboring man will
+not give another man the work which he has begun, and almost
+completed, to finish:  because into this work you will throw your
+life.  And therefore the more there is of this work, the fuller and
+the happier is your life.
+
+And when you are like this, for the good fortune of men, you will
+apply that law of fulfilling God's will, by which you guide your
+life, to the lives of your husband, of your children, and of those
+most nearly connected with you.  If your are like this, and know from
+your own experience, that only self-sacrificing, unseen, unrewarded
+labor, accompanied with danger to life and to the extreme bounds of
+endurance, for the lives of others, is the appointed lot of man,
+which affords him satisfaction, then you will announce these demands
+to others; you will urge your husband to the same toil; and you will
+measure and value the dignity of men acceding to this toil; and for
+this toil you will also prepare your children.
+
+Only that mother who looks upon children as a disagreeable accident,
+and upon love, the comforts of life, costume, and society, as the
+object of life, will rear her children in such a manner that they
+shall have as much enjoyment as possible out of life, and that they
+shall make the greatest possible use of it; only she will feed them
+luxuriously, deck them out, amuse them artificially; only she will
+teach them, not that which will fit them for self-sacrificing
+masculine or feminine labor with danger of their lives, and to the
+last limits of endurance, but that which will deliver them from this
+labor.  Only such a woman, who has lost the meaning of her life, will
+sympathize with that delusive and false male labor, by means of which
+her husband, having rid himself of the obligations of a man, is
+enabled to enjoy, in her company, the work of others.  Only such a
+woman will choose a similar man for the husband of her daughter, and
+will estimate men, not by what they are personally, but by that which
+is connected with them,--position, money, or their ability to take
+advantage of the labor of others.
+
+But the true mother, who actually knows the will of God, will fit her
+children to fulfil it also.  For such a mother, to see her child
+overfed, enervated, decked out, will mean suffering; for all this, as
+she well knows, will render difficult for him the fulfilment of the
+law of God in which she has instructed him.  Such a mother will
+teach, not that which will enable her son and her daughter to rid
+themselves of labor, but that which will help them to endure the
+toils of life.  She will have no need to inquire what she shall teach
+her children, for what she shall prepare them.  Such a woman will not
+only not encourage her husband to false and delusive labor, which has
+but one object, that of using the labors of others; but she will bear
+herself with disgust and horror towards such an employment, which
+serves as a double temptation to her children.  Such a woman will not
+choose a husband for her daughter on account of the whiteness of his
+hands and the refinement of manner; but, well aware that labor and
+deceit will exist always and everywhere, she will, beginning with her
+husband, respect and value in men, and will require from them, real
+labor, with expenditure and risk of life, and she will despise that
+deceptive labor which has for its object the ridding one's self of
+all true toil.
+
+Such a mother, who brings forth children and nurses them, and will
+herself, rather than any other, feed her offspring and prepare their
+food, and sew, and wash, and teach her children, and sleep and talk
+with them, because in this she grounds the business of her life,--
+only such a mother will not seek for her children external guaranties
+in the form of her husband's money, and the children's diplomas; but
+she will rear them to that same capacity for the self-sacrificing
+fulfilment of the will of God which she is conscious of herself
+possessing,--a capacity for enduring toil with expenditure and risk
+of life,--because she knows that in this lies the sole guaranty, and
+the only well-being in life.  Such a mother will not ask other people
+what she ought to do; she will know every thing, and will fear
+nothing.
+
+If there can exist any doubt for the man and for the childless woman,
+as to the path in which the fulfilment of the will of God lies, this
+path is firmly and clearly defined for the woman who is a mother; and
+if she has complied with it in submissiveness and in simplicity of
+spirit, she, standing on that loftiest height of bliss which the
+human being is permitted to attain, will become a guiding-star for
+all men who are seeking good.  Only the mother can calmly say before
+her death, to Him who sent her into this world, and to Him whom she
+has served by bearing and rearing children more dear than herself,--
+only she can say calmly, having served Him who has imposed this
+service upon her:  "Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace."
+And this is the highest perfection, towards which, as towards the
+highest bliss, men are striving.
+
+Such are the women, who, having fulfilled their destiny, reign over
+powerful men; such are the women who prepare the new generations of
+people, and fix public opinion:  and, therefore, in the hands of
+these women lies the highest power of saving men from the prevailing
+and threatening evils of our times.
+
+Yes, ye women and mothers, in your hands, more than in those of all
+others, lies the salvation of the world!
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+{1}  In English in the text.
+
+{2}  An excellent translation of Kriloff's Fables, by Mr. W. R. S.
+Ralston, is published in London.
+
+{3}  Burlak, pl. burlaki, is a boatman on the River Volga.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of What to do? by Leo Tolstoy/Tolstoi
+
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