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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Kiowa Sun Dance, by Leslie Spier
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes on the Kiowa Sun Dance
+
+Author: Leslie Spier
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2011 [EBook #36224]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON THE KIOWA SUN DANCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tor Martin Kristiansen, Joseph Cooper and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
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+
+
+  ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS
+  OF
+  THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
+  OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+  VOL. XVI, PART VI
+
+
+  NOTES ON THE KIOWA SUN DANCE
+  BY
+  LESLIE SPIER
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
+  1921
+
+
+
+
+  NOTES ON THE KIOWA SUN DANCE.
+
+  BY LESLIE SPIER.
+
+
+
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  TEXT FIGURES.
+
+                                                       PAGE.
+  1. Groundplan of Dance Lodge                           441
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE KIOWA SUN DANCE.
+
+
+The following notes were obtained from Andres Martinez (Andele, a
+Mexican captive of the Kiowa whose history[1] is well known) in August,
+1919. Attention was directed in the first instance to the organization
+of the dance, but a brief description of the whole ceremony was also
+obtained, chiefly by way of comments on Scott's account.[2] The last
+Kiowa sun dance was held in 1887.[3]
+
+The Kiowa sun dance is the prerogative of the individual who owns the
+sacred image, the _tai'me_. He deputes the ancillary offices where he
+sees fit, although there is a well-defined tendency for them to be
+hereditary. The predominant idea of this image is that of a war
+medicine. Thus the dance is fundamentally like that of the Crow, but it
+differs from it in two important respects. First, the Kiowa rites
+cluster about only one particular medicine, whereas among the Crow, any
+one of a number of medicine dolls may be used in the ceremony. The
+question arises whether the dozen minor Kiowa images, which are
+sometimes brought into the dance, were more recently acquired or
+constructed in order to reproduce the functions of the _tai'me_, or
+whether one medicine doll has completely overshadowed all the others, as
+seemed about to happen among the Crow. The evidence favors the first
+view, since no rites, other than those attendant on any personal
+medicine, are described, or even intimated, for the minor images. The
+second difference is, that while the Crow shaman invokes his medicine
+for any one who appeals to him for aid, acting only in a directive
+capacity, the Kiowa _tai'me_ owner is himself the principal suppliant.
+Were it not for the hereditary bias in the distribution of ceremonial
+functions, the Kiowa sun dance would be the prerogative of one man as
+completely as that of the Crow is, when the latter is once under way.
+The hereditary principle does not appear in the military societies
+except in the ownership of the medicine lance or arrow (_ze'bo_).[4]
+
+The Kiowa sun dance (_k'o{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}dun_ specifically the name for the lodge) was
+an annual tribal affair, in which the associated Kiowa Apache freely
+joined.[5] It was danced in an effort to obtain material benefits from,
+or through, the medicine doll in the possession of the medicineman, who
+is at the same time director and principal performer.
+
+    This is a small image, less than 2 feet in length, representing a
+    human figure dressed in a robe of white feathers, with a headdress
+    consisting of a single upright feather and pendants of ermine skin,
+    with numerous strands of blue beads around its neck, and painted
+    upon the face, breast, and back with designs symbolic of the sun and
+    moon. [Martinez says the face is entirely obscured by hanging
+    beads.] The image itself is of dark-green stone, in form rudely
+    resembling a human head and bust, probably shaped by art like the
+    stone fetishes of the Pueblo tribes. It is preserved in a rawhide
+    box in charge of the hereditary keeper, and is never under any
+    circumstances exposed to view except at the annual sun dance, when
+    it is fastened to a short upright stick planted within the medicine
+    lodge, near the western side.... The ancient _tai'me_ image was of
+    buckskin, with a stalk of Indian tobacco for a headdress. This
+    buckskin image was left in the medicine lodge, with all the other
+    adornments and sacrificial offerings, at the close of each ceremony.
+    The present _tai'me_ is one of three, two of which came originally
+    from the Crows, through an Arapaho who married into the Kiowa tribe,
+    while the third came by capture from the Blackfeet.[6]
+
+The bundle containing the image is usually hung outside of its keeper's
+tipi. It is not customary to expose the image except at the sun dance,
+but tobacco is placed with it from time to time. Its function outside of
+the dance is identical with its use there: those who need its aid make
+vows to it, which they fulfil by sacrificing horses, etc., and making
+sweatlodges. The image is the property of one man, or more properly of
+his family, since it may be inherited by his blood relatives. If the
+transfer is made before the father's death, payment and a sweatlodge
+must be given by the son.[7] After Long Foot died about 1870, as he had
+no son, it passed into the possession of three of his nephews in
+succession, and reverted in 1894 to his daughter who still has it.[8]
+While she may handle the image, she would not be permitted to enter the
+dance with it.[9] There the functions which would normally devolve on
+her would be performed in their entirety by a captive. This captive has
+been trained to the position in order to take the place of the image
+keeper should he be sick. A captive is chosen for the substitute so that
+a calamity incurred by a mischance in the proceedings may fall on him
+alone and not on the Kiowa. The erstwhile substitute, a Mexican, is
+still living. The image keeper, like his four associates, must not look
+in a mirror, nor touch a skunk or jackrabbit. One who touches these
+animals cannot enter the tipi where the doll is housed until four days
+have elapsed. No dog is allowed in this tipi, nor is one permitted to
+jump over the keeper or his four associates, the _g.uolg.uat`_.
+
+There are ten or twelve minor images (_tailyuka_) which strongly
+resemble the _tai'me_ in function, as they are essentially war
+medicines. Most of them were in the keeping of men other than the sacred
+doll owner, but two were kept by him for a time.[10] They have little or
+no part in the sun dance.
+
+    The _Gadombitsonhi_, "Old-woman-under-the-ground," belonged to the
+    Kinep band of the Kiowa. It was a small image, less than a foot
+    high, representing a woman with flowing hair. It was exposed in
+    front of the _tai'me_ at the great sun-dance ceremony, and by some
+    unexplained jugglery the priest in charge of it caused it to rise
+    out of the ground, dance in the sight of the people, and then again
+    sink into the earth.[11]
+
+The sun dance was normally an annual ceremony, but sometimes a year
+passed without one. The dance was theoretically dependent on someone
+going to the keeper and saying, "I dreamed of it (_i.e._, the sun
+dance)," or on the keeper himself dreaming of it. On two occasions a
+second dance was held in the dance lodge after the keeper had removed
+the sacred doll at the close of the first dance, because a second man
+had also dreamed of it.[12] After the dream is announced the keeper
+hangs the image on his back and rides out to all the camps, announcing,
+as he circles them, that he will conduct the ceremony the following
+spring (May or June). This announcement was sometimes made immediately
+after the close of the preceding dance, but usually it came just before
+they intended to hold the dance.[13] The keeper fasts while he is making
+the announcement, even if it takes three days, as may happen when the
+camps were scattered. When they know the dance is to be held, others vow
+to dance for a specified number of days, and all gather near the dance
+ground. No one may absent himself: they are all afraid of his medicine.
+When the tribe is assembled, the keeper circles the camp, again bearing
+the sacred doll on his back.
+
+Two young men are selected by the keeper from one of the military
+societies[14] to scout for a tree to serve as center pole for the dance
+lodge. While searching, they must refrain from drinking. About this time
+all those intending to dance are building sweatlodges to purify
+themselves: the keeper must enter each of these to direct the
+proceedings; this entails considerable work on him. Should he be sick at
+this time, the doll is carried into the sweatlodge by the captive in his
+stead. It is incumbent on the _tai'me_ shield owners to accompany this
+captive and help him perform the necessary ceremonies. When the tree for
+the center pole has been selected, the whole camp moves after the keeper
+and his family to the dance ground. A dozen or more old men follow
+immediately after him. The main body is guarded front, rear, and both
+flanks by the military societies, as is customary when a camp moves.[15]
+The procession halts four times on its journey while the keeper smokes
+and prays. Next, the soldier societies charge on the dance ground,
+or rather on a pole erected there before the camp circle is
+established,[16] according to Methvin (p. 64), but on the newly
+established camp itself according to Scott's informants (p. 357).
+
+The next morning the man who has that privilege sets out with his wife
+to get the hide of a young buffalo bull. When such a person dies, the
+keeper appoints one of his kin to take his place.[17] The couple must
+fast while on this hunt. If the buffalo is killed with a single arrow,
+it is a favorable omen, if many are needed, the opposite is indicated.
+The buffalo must be killed so that he falls on his belly with his head
+toward the east. A broad strip of back skin, with the tail and head skin
+attached is carried to the keeper's tipi, where feathers are tied to its
+head.[18]
+
+The next morning they set out to fetch the center pole. Scott describes
+a parade around the camp circle by the military societies which then
+proceed to charge the tree selected for the center pole, which is
+defended in sham combat by one of the men's societies[19] (_akiaik`to_,
+war with the trees). After the chiefs have recited their coups, and
+prayers have been said by the sacred doll keeper and his wife, who have
+brought the doll there, the tree is chopped down by a captive Mexican
+woman. A captive is always selected for this difficult task, so that any
+harm due to an error on her part may not fall on a tribesman. This
+function is always performed by a Mexican woman: when she dies, the
+keeper appoints her successor. As the tree falls, they shout and shoot
+in the air. The pole is carried to the dance ground by a society
+designated by the keeper,[20] where a hole to receive it has been dug by
+a men's military society.[21] The pole is set upright by a single
+medicineman who owns this privilege. The buffalo hide is then fastened
+across the forks with its head to the east and offerings of cloth, etc.,
+brought by various individuals are tied to it. In 1873 Battey
+observed:--
+
+    The central post is ornamented near the ground with the robes of
+    buffalo calves, their heads up, as if in the act of climbing it;
+    each of the branches above the fork is ornamented in a similar
+    manner, with the addition of shawls, calico, scarfs, &c., and
+    covered at the top with black muslin. Attached to the fork is a
+    bundle of cottonwood and willow limbs, firmly bound together, and
+    covered with a buffalo robe, with head and horns, so as to form a
+    rude image of a buffalo, to which were hung strips of new calico,
+    muslin, strouding, both blue and scarlet, feathers, shawls, &c., of
+    various lengths and qualities. The longer and more showy articles
+    were placed near the ends. This image was so placed as to face the
+    east.[22]
+
+The center pole is not painted.
+
+After the center pole is in place, everyone, but especially the military
+societies, assists in building the enclosing structure. The lodge is
+like those of the Arapaho and Cheyenne: it is circular, the rafters rest
+on the center pole, and the covering of boughs extends a third of the
+way to the center of the roof. An entrance is left on the east side. A
+flat stone is placed here so that every dancer passing through must set
+his foot on it. Wet sand is spread over the ground in the dance
+lodge[23] and heaped around the base of the center pole. Two little
+round holes, walled in with mud, are dug near the rear of the lodge to
+hold incense smudges. A screen of cottonwood and cedar branches is
+constructed just north of these.
+
+    This business continued through the day, except for an hour or two
+    in the middle of the afternoon, when the old women[24]--the
+    grandmothers of the tribe--had a dance. The music consisted of
+    singing and drumming, done by several old women, who were squatted
+    on the ground in a circle. The dancers--old, gray-headed women, from
+    sixty to eighty years of age--performed in a circle around them for
+    some time, finally striking off upon a waddling run, one behind
+    another; they formed a circle, came back and, doubling so as to
+    bring two together, threw their arms around each other's necks, and
+    trudged around for some time longer; then sat down, while a youngish
+    man circulated the pipe, from which each in turn took two or three
+    whiffs, and this ceremony ended.[25]
+
+    [When the dance lodge was completed] the soldiers of the tribe then
+    had a frolic in and about it, running and jumping, striking and
+    kicking, throwing one another down, stripping and tearing the
+    clothes off each other.[26]... Before this frolic was over, a party
+    of ten or twelve warriors appeared, moving a kind of shield to and
+    fro before their bodies, making, in some manner (as I was not near
+    enough to see how it was done), a grating sound, not unlike the
+    filing of a mill-saw.[27]
+
+    In the afternoon, a party of a dozen or more warriors and braves
+    proceeded to the medicine house, followed by a large proportion of
+    the people of the encampment. They were highly painted, and wore
+    shirts only, with head-dresses of feathers which extended down the
+    backs to the ground, and were kept in their proper places by means
+    of an ornamented strap clasping the waist. Some of them had long
+    horns attached to their head-dresses. They were armed with lances
+    and revolvers, and carrying a couple of long poles mounted from end
+    to end with feathers, the one white and the other black. They also
+    bore shields highly ornamented with paint, feathers, and hair.
+
+    They took their station upon the side opposite the entrance, the
+    musicians standing behind them.
+
+    Many old women occupied a position to the right and near the
+    entrance, who set up a tremulous shrieking; the drums began to beat,
+    and the dance began, the party above described only participating in
+    it.
+
+    They at first slowly advanced towards the central post, followed by
+    the musicians several of whom carried a side of raw hide (dried),
+    which was beaten upon with sticks, making about as much music as to
+    beat upon the sole of an old shoe, while the drums, the voices of
+    the women, and the rattling of pebbles in instruments of raw hide
+    filled out the choir.
+
+    After slowly advancing nearly to the central post, they retired
+    backward, again advanced, a little farther than before; this was
+    repeated several times, each time advancing a little farther, until
+    they crowded upon the spectators, drew their revolvers, and
+    discharged them into the air.
+
+    Soon after, the women rushed forward with a shrieking yell, threw
+    their blankets violently upon the ground, at the feet of the
+    retiring dancers, snatched them up with the same tremulous shriek
+    that had been before produced, and retired; which closed this part
+    of the entertainment. The ornamented shields used on this occasion
+    were afterwards hung up with the medicine.[28]
+
+These may be the shields which are associated with the _tai'me_. Later,
+after the sacred doll has been brought into the lodge, they are either
+hung with it on the cedar screen as Battey observed,[29] or on stakes
+set up outside the dance lodge to the west, i.e., behind the image,
+where Martinez saw them. No offerings are made to them there. It is
+incumbent on a _tai'me_ shield owner to dance with the associates
+(_g.uolg.uat`_) in every sun dance so long as he continues to own the
+shield. He is not considered one of the associates however. Shield
+owners always help the image keeper when he asks their aid. They must
+also assist his captive substitute when officiating in a sweatlodge. A
+shield owner cannot sell his shield, but he may give it to his son in
+anticipation of his death, receiving presents in return. Otherwise, on
+the death of its owner the shield is placed on his grave. Should a son
+or nephew dream of it, he has the right to make a duplicate with the
+help of the doll owner in order to keep it in the family. However, if
+any other man dreams of it and wants to make the duplicate, he must pay
+the owner.[30] The shield is usually hung outside of its owner's tipi.
+The shield owners "must not eat buffalo hearts, or touch a bearskin, or
+have anything to do with a bear." Like the associates, "they must not
+smoke with their moccasins on,[31] or kill, or eat any kind of rabbit,
+or kill or touch a skunk."[32] These shields are used only in war as
+their owner's personal medicine: no offerings are ever made to them.
+
+Late in the day, a number of men who have vowed to take part in the
+subsequent dance, together with one woman who has the privilege,[33] are
+garbed in buffalo robes to represent the living animals. They gather to
+the east of the lodge where they simulate the actions of a herd of
+buffalo. A man, called a scout, starts from the entrance of the lodge
+with a firebrand and circles about the herd until he meets a second man,
+mounted and carrying a shield and a straight pipe, who thereupon drives
+the buffalo toward the dance lodge, which they circle several times
+before negotiating the entrance. Once inside they lie down; the man with
+the pipe dismounts and enters. Picking up the hairs on the back of first
+one animal and another, he says, "This is the fattest animal. He is our
+protector in war." Then he recites a coup. This designated (or makes ?)
+a brave man of that buffalo.[34] Both the man with the firebrand and he
+with the pipe ought to be medicinemen. The present incumbent of the
+first office also has the privilege of erecting the center pole. When
+these men die, the sacred doll keeper selects successors from their
+families.[35]
+
+That evening after sunset the dance proper begins, to last four nights
+and days, ending in the evening. The doll keeper proceeds to his own
+tipi, where, with the assistance of seven other medicinemen (_tai'me_
+shield keepers and some others not otherwise connected with the
+ceremony), he unwraps the _tai'me_. Carrying it on his back, he walks to
+the dance lodge, and, completely circles it four times, feigning to
+enter each time he passes the entrance. After entering, he goes around
+by the south side to the northwest quadrant, where he plants the image
+hanging on a staff. Formerly two or more of the minor images,
+_tailyuka_, were placed with the _tai'me_. After the image is in place
+the dancers enter to perform for the night.
+
+The keeper dances throughout the whole four-day period. He is painted
+yellow, with a design representing the sun, and sometimes another for
+the moon, drawn on his chest and back. "His face was painted, like that
+of the Taimay itself, with red and black zigzag lines downward from the
+eyes." He wears a yellow buckskin kilt, a jackrabbit skin cap with down
+attached, and sage wristlets. He is barefoot. He carries a bunch of
+cedar in his hand, and an eagle bone whistle from which an eagle feather
+is pendent. Battey observed that he was painted white at the
+"buffalo-herding" rite, and not painted at all in the dance proper.[36]
+
+Beside the _tai'me_ keeper there are three classes of persons who dance;
+the associates (_g.uolg.uat`_), the _tai'me_ shield keepers, and the
+common dancers. The four associates (Scott's "keeper's assistants") must
+dance throughout the whole four day period. They appear in four
+successive dances (normally four years), after which they choose
+successors from among those young men, eighteen to thirty years old, who
+have made the best records in war. These young men, with the assistance
+of their relatives,[37] pay horses and buffalo robes for the privilege,
+receiving the regalia in return.[38] One who is chosen cannot refuse: if
+he does, he may expect a calamity. The associate may belong to any of
+the military societies. His office does not impose obligations of
+foolhardiness in war (such as the no-flight idea), but he is obliged to
+act the part of an intrepid warrior, because he enjoys security in
+battle.[39] The associate must not look in a mirror lest he become
+blind,[40] nor can he touch a skunk or jackrabbit, nor remain near a
+fire where someone is cooking. Dogs must not be permitted to jump over
+an associate. He must remove his moccasins before he smokes, but others
+may keep theirs on when smoking in his presence. The associate dances in
+order to live long and to be a great warrior. His body is painted white
+or yellow: a round spot representing the sun is painted on the middle of
+his chest, with a crescent moon (the concavity upward) on both sides of
+the sun, and the same decoration is repeated on his back. The skin is
+cut away as a sacrifice and to make these designs permanent after his
+first dance. A scalp from a _tai'me_ shield hangs on his breast with two
+eagle feathers; another on his back. His face is "ornamented with a
+green stripe across the forehead, and around down the sides of the
+cheeks, to the corners of the mouth, and meeting on the chin."[41] He
+wears a yellow buckskin kilt, with his breechclout hung outside, like
+the Arapaho and Cheyenne sun dancers. Bunches of sage are stuck into his
+belt, others tied around his wrists and ankles, and carried in each
+hand. On his head is either a cap of jackrabbitskin in which is stuck an
+eagle feather or a sage wreath with down attached. He carries a bone
+whistle. Like the sacred doll keeper and all other dancers, he is
+barefoot.[42] Battey saw three associates purify themselves in the
+incense from the censors, and then dance on piles of sage.[43]
+
+The _tai'me_ shield owners, who dance with the associates are sometimes
+painted yellow or green with pictures of the sun and moon on their
+bodies, but otherwise they wear the regalia of the common dancers.
+
+The rank and file of the dancers are men, never women. Anyone may vow to
+dance a certain number of days, with the object of becoming a better
+warrior and living long.
+
+    They believe that it warded off sickness, caused happiness,
+    prosperity, many children, success in war, and plenty of buffalo for
+    all the people. It was frequently vowed by persons in danger from
+    sickness or the enemy.[44]
+
+Sometimes a medicineman danced to intercede for a sick man. A sick man
+who had vowed to attend the dance in order to be cured would be carried
+into the dance lodge, but he would not dance. These dancers make
+offerings to the _tai'me_. They do not pay the doll keeper in order to
+enter the dance, and they have no rights in any subsequent performance
+by reason of having once participated. Like all other dancers they must
+fast and go without water during the period that they dance; they can
+however, smoke, provided the proper rites are observed.
+
+    ... The pipe was filled, brought forward, and laid upon the ground;
+    the person, carefully turning the stem towards the fire, and bedding
+    it in the sand, so that the bowl should remain in an upright
+    position, arose and stood with his back towards it, or facing the
+    medicine. It was then approached by one of the musicians, who, in a
+    squatting position, raised his hand reverently towards the sun, the
+    medicine, the top of the central post, or buffalo; then, passing his
+    hands slowly over the pipe, took it up with his left hand, and
+    taking a pinch from the bowl with the thumb and fore finger of the
+    right, held it to the sun, the medicine, the top of the central
+    post, then the bottom, and finally covered it up in the ground. He
+    then proceeded to light the pipe, blowing a whiff of smoke towards
+    the several objects of adoration, and placed it carefully where he
+    found it, in reversed order, that is, with the stem from the fire.
+    The person who brought it had stood waiting all this time for it. He
+    now took it up and retired to the dancers, who, wrapped in buffalo
+    robes, were waiting, in a squatting position, to receive it. The
+    sand where the pipe had lain was carefully smoothed by the hand, and
+    all marks of it wholly obliterated.[45]
+
+These dancers are painted white; they wear white buckskin kilts, with
+the breechclout outside, carry bone whistles, and are barefoot. They
+have no headdress, wrist or ankle ornaments. They paint themselves.[46]
+There is only one style of paint used by either the principal or the
+common dancers throughout the sun dance.
+
+The dancers form a line on the east side of the lodge facing the image.
+Their step is that characteristic of the sun dance of other tribes: they
+stand in place, alternately bending their knees and rising on their
+toes. They dance intermittently throughout four days and nights; the
+common dancers leave as the periods for which they have vowed to dance
+have elapsed or when they can no longer stand the combined strain of
+fasting, thirsting, and dancing. Martinez left after three days and
+nights. The "four days and nights" which are specified are in reality
+only three nights and days; evidently the first day of preliminary
+dancing is included to fill out the quota to the magic "four." In
+Scott's account, the dancers perform on the first day from evening to
+the middle of the night, and on the succeeding days from sunrise to the
+chorus's breakfast, nine o'clock to dinner, four in the afternoon to
+sundown, and from evening to midnight, ending in the evening of the
+fourth day. The dance Battey describes evidently began in the evening of
+the 18th and continued intermittently to late afternoon of the 21st.
+Apparently the dancers do not leave the lodge during this entire period.
+
+    _19th_ [June, 1873.]--Music and dancing continued in the medicine
+    house through the night. At an early hour this morning I went
+    thither with Couguet, and witnessed one dance throughout. The ground
+    inside the enclosure had been carefully cleared of grass, sticks,
+    and roots, and covered, several inches deep, with a clean, white
+    sand. A screen had been constructed on the side opposite the
+    entrance, by sticking small cottonwoods and cedars deep into the
+    ground, so as to preserve them fresh as long as possible. A space
+    was left, two or three feet wide, between it and the enclosing wall,
+    in which the dancers prepared themselves for the dance, and in front
+    of which was the medicine. This consisted of an image, lying on the
+    ground, but so concealed from view, in the screen, as to render its
+    form indistinguishable; above it was a large fan, made of eagle
+    quills, [an error, these are crow feathers], with the quill part
+    lengthened out nearly a foot, by inserting a stick into it, and
+    securing it there. These were held in a spread form by means of a
+    willow rod, or wire, bent in a circular form; above this was a mass
+    of feathers, concealing an image, on each side of which were several
+    shields, highly decorated with feathers and paint. Various other
+    paraphernalia of heathen worship were suspended in the screen, among
+    these shields or over them, impossible for me to describe so as to
+    be comprehended. A mound had also been thrown up around the central
+    post of the building, two feet high, and perhaps five feet in
+    diameter.
+
+    The musicians, who, if I mistake not, are the war chiefs, were
+    squatted on the ground, in true heathen style, to the left, and near
+    the entrance, having Indian drums and rattles. The music was
+    sounding when we entered.
+
+    Presently the dancers came from behind the screen; their faces,
+    arms, and the upper part of their bodies were painted white; a soft,
+    white buckskin skirt, secured about the loins, descended nearly to
+    the ankles, while the breech-cloth,--blue on this occasion,--hanging
+    to the ground, outside the skirt, both in front and behind,
+    completed the dress. They faced the medicine--shall I say idols? for
+    it was conducted with all the solemnity of worship,--jumping up and
+    down in true time with the beating of the drums, while a bone
+    whistle in their mouths, through which the breath escaped as they
+    jumped about, and the singing of the women, completed the music. The
+    dancers continued to face the medicine, with arms stretched upwards
+    and towards it,--their eyes as it were riveted to it. They were
+    apparently oblivious to all surroundings, except the music and what
+    was before them.
+
+    After some time, a middle-aged man, painted as the others, but
+    wearing a buffalo robe, issued from behind the screen, facing
+    the entrance, but having his eyes fixed upon the sun, upon
+    which he stood gazing, without winking or moving a muscle,
+    for some time, then began slowly to incline his head from side
+    to side, as if to avoid some obstruction in his view of it,
+    swaying his body slightly, then, stepping slowly from side to
+    side--forward--backward--increasing his motions, both in rapidity
+    and extent, until in appearance nearly frantic, his robes fell off,
+    leaving him--except his blue breechclout--entirely naked. In this
+    condition he jumped and ran about the enclosure,--head, arms,
+    and legs all equally participating in the violence of his
+    gestures,--every joint of his body apparently loosened, his eyes
+    only fixed. I wondered how, with every joint apparently dislocated,
+    and every muscular fibre relaxed, he could maintain the upright
+    position.
+
+    Thus he continued to exercise without ceasing, or once removing his
+    eyes from the sun, until the sweat ran down in great rolling drops,
+    washing the white paint into streaks no more ornamental than the
+    original painting, and he was at length compelled to retire, from
+    mere exhaustion, the other dancers still continuing their exercises.
+
+    Presently another man [the _tai'me_ keeper] entered from behind the
+    screen, wearing an Indian fur cap and a blue breechcloth reaching to
+    the ground. He was unpainted, and had a human scalp fastened to his
+    scalplock, the soft, flowing hair of which, spreading out upon his
+    naked back, bore mute testimony to the tragical death of some
+    unfortunate white woman. This man, with a kind of half running jump,
+    still in step with the music, went around all the dancers, who did
+    not notice him, with one arm stretched out over his heads, first in
+    one direction, then the other, turning his course at every time,
+    after stopping in front of the medicine, and making some
+    indescribable motions before it. He sometimes parted the feathers
+    concealing the small image, appearing to examine it minutely, as if
+    searching for something, and sometimes putting his lips to it, as if
+    in the act of kissing it. [He takes some medicine root into his
+    mouth, chews it and blows it on the dancers.][47] At length, after
+    repeated examinations, he, apparently for the first time, discovered
+    the fan, and took hold of it hesitatingly, and as if afraid.
+
+    This was loosed from its fastenings by a hand behind the screen, and
+    he slowly raised it up, looking intently at it, while the expression
+    of his countenance indicated a fearfulness of the result of handling
+    an object whose hidden and mysterious powers were so far beyond his
+    comprehension. He held it up before the medicine, waved it up and
+    down, and from side to side, then, turning round so as to face the
+    dancers and spectators, waved it from side to side near the ground,
+    once around the dancers; then, raising it above his head, he waved
+    it in the same manner, performing another circle around the dancers.
+
+    Then, with gestures of striking, and a countenance scowling as with
+    fierce rage, he began to chase them around and around the ring,
+    [i.e., around the center pole] from left to right. Finally, getting
+    one of them separated from the rest, he pursued him with the most
+    fiend-like attitude, fiercely striking at him with his fan. The
+    pursued one fled from him with a countenance expressive of almost
+    death-like terror, until, after several rounds, he stumbled and fell
+    heavily to the ground. Another and another were thus separated from
+    the dancers, pursued, and fell before the mystical power of the fan,
+    and the act closed.[48]
+
+The "feather-killing" (_staienkial_, he runs after them with feathers)
+occurs every day in the late forenoon.[49] The associates as well as the
+other dancers, are fanned into unconsciousness.[50] In such a condition
+they would try to get visions: they would rise, call for a pipe, and
+announce what they had seen.[51]
+
+    Being called to a council of the war chiefs, I went no more to the
+    medicine house to-day, though the music and dancing continued the
+    whole time, by day and by night, with short intervals between the
+    different acts, to give opportunity for rest, arranging dress,
+    painting, and such other changes as the programme of the ceremony
+    demanded.
+
+    _20th._--Saw but one dance to-day. Quite a quantity of goods, such
+    as blankets, strouding (blue and scarlet list-cloth), calico,
+    shawls, scarfs, and other Indian wares, had been carried into the
+    medicine house previous to my entrance. The dancers had been painted
+    white, three of them [the _g.uolg.uat`_] ornamented with a green
+    stripe across the forehead, and around down the sides of the cheeks,
+    to the corner of the mouth, and meeting on the chin. A round green
+    spot was painted on the back and breast, about three inches in
+    diameter, while on either side of it, and somewhat elevated above
+    it, was a crescent of the same size and color. Two small, hollow
+    mounds of sand and clay had been made before the medicine, in which
+    fire was placed, and kept just sufficiently burning, with the
+    partially dried cottonwood leaves, cedar twigs, and probably
+    tobacco, to produce a smoke. A small fire was burning near the
+    musicians, for lighting pipes, tightening drums, &c.
+
+    When all was ready, the three young men, who were painted as
+    described, were led, each by a man clad in a buffalo robe [possibly
+    the former _g.uolg.uat`_ who were transferring their privileges],
+    near to the smoking mounds in front of the medicine. An ornamented
+    fur cap was, with some ceremony, placed upon the head of one of
+    them; wisps of green wild wormwood were fastened to the wrists and
+    ankles, which being done, he reverently raised his hands above his
+    head, leaning forward over one of the mounds, brought them down
+    nearly to it; then, straightening up, passed his hands over his face
+    and stroked his breast. This was repeated several times; then, after
+    holding one foot, and the other, over the mound, as if to warm them,
+    two or three times, he went around the central post, and back to the
+    other mound, where the same ceremony was repeated. During this whole
+    ceremony I could perceive that his lips moved, though he uttered
+    nothing. I afterwards learned that it was in prayer to this effect:
+    "May this medicine render me brave in war, proof against the weapons
+    of my enemies, strong in the chase, wise in council; and, finally,
+    may it preserve me to a good age, and may I at last die in peace
+    among my own people." The others, one at a time, were similarly
+    brought forward, and went through with the same ceremony. Three
+    bunches of wild wormwood were then placed on the ground in a row,
+    crossing the line of entrance, and between it and the central post,
+    upon which the three young men were placed by their attendants, who
+    stood behind them, with their hands upon their shoulders, the music
+    playing all the time. Two or three men then approached the pile of
+    goods, selected therefrom some plaid shawls, strouding, blankets,
+    scarfs, and an umbrella, and hung them over the medicine; this being
+    done, the six men began to dance,--the three foremost ones upon the
+    wormwood, with their arms stretched towards the medicine, the three
+    others with their hands still resting upon the shoulders of the
+    former. After some time the latter retired; the other dancers came
+    from behind the screen, and joined in the dance, which continued
+    until they were driven off by the medicine chief, as described in
+    yesterday's dance. All these ceremonies had a sacred significance,
+    which I did not understand, but have been informed that they believe
+    any article of wearing apparel, or of harness for their horses, hung
+    up by the medicine during these ceremonies, receives a charmed power
+    to protect their wearers from disease, or the assaults of their
+    enemies, during the year.
+
+    _21st._--At one of the dances to-day, all but one retired behind the
+    screen, who continued to dance by himself for a long time. Various
+    articles were brought forward, and laid upon the ground, which he
+    took up and hung in proximity to the medicine. After along time, the
+    other dancers reappeared, and he retired; these continued their
+    exercises, until driven off as before. The last dance differed from
+    the preceding in this: the last man selected and separated from the
+    others by the medicine chief to be driven off, though he ran from
+    him, did not appear terrified, and would not fall down, but retired,
+    with the medicine chief, behind the screen.
+
+    At one of the dances to-day, five human scalps were exhibited,--one
+    attached to each of the right wrists of two men, and one to each
+    wrist of another, besides the one worn attached to the scalp lock of
+    the medicine chief. Two of these scalps were from the heads of
+    Indians. They had all been tanned, and evidently belonged with the
+    medicine fixtures.
+
+    The whole ceremony closed about four o'clock in the afternoon. The
+    medicine was packed away by the medicine chief, and the several
+    articles which had been hung about it--medicated, I suppose, or, in
+    other words, sanctified by proximity to the sacred things during
+    the ceremonies, and consequently having power to protect their
+    possessors from evil--were restored to the proper owners. They then
+    packed them, took them upon their backs, formed into a procession,
+    and marched, to the music of the drums, around and out of the
+    medicine house, whence every one took the direction of his or her
+    own lodge, and the ceremonies of the great medicine were ended.[52]
+
+At the end of the ceremony, the image keeper chews up some medicine root
+and prepares a drink, of which the dancers are permitted to imbibe a
+little.[53]
+
+After the image has been removed, old clothing is hung on the center
+pole as a sacrifice. Once Martinez saw a horse tied to the center pole
+as a sacrifice to the sun. It remained there until it starved to death.
+Horses were also painted and placed, together with blankets and similar
+valuables, on high hills as sacrifices. Others beside the associates
+sacrificed their flesh to the sun at this time, or in fact, whenever
+they wanted to, as Martinez has done. The Kiowa never suspended their
+dancers, as in the self-torture dance of other tribes, neither in the
+sun dance, nor when an individual sought a vision while fasting alone in
+the mountains.
+
+The night the dance closes everyone joins in a hilarious time in the
+dance lodge. Next morning the camp circle breaks up, and the warriors
+soon go off to war.[54] They do not molest the dance lodge, though other
+tribes passing that way may do so: the Kiowa do not care.
+
+
+
+
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+text figure. 1921. Price, $.25.
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+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[1] Methvin, J. J., _Andele, or The Mexican-Kiowa Captive_. _A Story of
+Real Life among the Indians_ (Louisville, Kentucky, 1899).
+
+[2] Scott, Hugh Lenox, "Notes on the Kado, or Sun Dance of the Kiowa"
+(_American Anthropologist_, N. S., vol. 13, pp. 345-379, 1911). The
+phonetic system used in the present paper is that of the "Phonetic
+Transcription of Indian Languages" (_Smithsonian Miscellaneous
+Collections_, vol. 66, no. 6, 1916), 2-7.
+
+[3] Mooney, James, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians" (_Seventeenth
+Annual Report_, _Bureau of American Ethnology_, part 1, pp. 129-445,
+Washington, 1911), 385.
+
+[4] Lowie, R. H., "Societies of the Kiowa" (this series, vol. 11), 847;
+Mooney, 325, 338.
+
+[5] Mooney, 253, states the contrary.
+
+[6] Mooney, 240; Plate LXIX shows a model (see Scott, 349).
+
+[7] This coupling of purchase with inheritance is strictly comparable to
+the Hidatsa bundle (this volume, 416-417).
+
+[8] Scott, 369, 373.
+
+[9] If this is more than a general taboo against women handling sacred
+objects, it has its parallel in a similar Crow bias (this volume, 13).
+
+[10] Mooney, 241, 323, 324.
+
+[11] Mooney, 239.
+
+[12] Mooney, 279, 343.
+
+[13] Lowie, 842.
+
+[14] Lowie, 843.
+
+[15] Compare, Battey, Thomas C., _The Life and Adventures of a Quaker
+among the Indians_ (Boston, 1876) 185.
+
+[16] The Southern Cheyenne also charge and count coup on some sticks
+marking the site of the dance lodge (G. A. Dorsey, _Cheyenne Sun
+Dance_).
+
+[17] Cf. 83, 109. Mooney, 349.
+
+[18] Scott, 358-360, 365. In this account the hide is taken into a
+sweatlodge at this juncture.
+
+[19] "Foot-soldiers," Scott, 360-361.
+
+[20] Lowie, 843.
+
+[21] Not by a woman's society as Scott's informant states (361).
+
+[22] Battey, 170.
+
+[23] By the "old women soldiers" according to Scott (361), but Martinez
+informs me that, with the exception of the dance described by Battey,
+the two women's societies have no significant part in the sun dance.
+
+[24] The Old Woman society (Lowie, 850).
+
+[25] Battey, 168.
+
+[26] Cf. Lowie, 843.
+
+[27] Battey, 169.
+
+[28] Battey, 170-172. War singing _gwudanke_, was customary before an
+expedition set out for war (Lowie, 850).
+
+[29] Scott, Pl. XXV.
+
+[30] Evidently a shield of this type was made by Konate, who was
+instructed to do so by the _tai'me_ which appeared to him as he lay
+wounded (Mooney, 304).
+
+[31] Lewis notes this custom for the Shoshoni, and Lowie for their
+medicinemen when treating the sick (Lowie, Northern Shoshone, 213-214).
+The Crow do not smoke where their moccasins are hung up, according to
+Maximilian, (Reise in das innere Nord-America in den Jahren 1832 bis
+1834 [Coblenz, 1841], I, 400).
+
+[32] Scott, 373.
+
+[33] Scott, 362.
+
+[34] Martinez puts this performance after the image has been brought
+into the dance lodge: this does not seem correct.
+
+[35] Battey has the keeper signal to the herd with a firebrand. Neither
+Battey nor Scott mention a mounted herder; the former puts the pipe in
+the hands of the keeper, and the latter in those of a third man who
+remains in the dance lodge, but in Scott's account also the function of
+the pipe is to force the buffalo to enter the lodge. In Battey's account
+two men assist the keeper in designating warriors, and in Scott's three
+men with straight pipes do it. (Battey, 172-173; Scott, 362-364).
+
+[36] Battey, 173, 176; Scott, 351-352, 367, Pl. XXII; Methvin, 66, notes
+that his feet are painted black with sage wreaths about his ankles.
+
+[37] Lowie, 843.
+
+[38] Martinez, in Methvin's account, (71), states that the payment is
+made in four successive years.
+
+[39] Methvin, 71; Scott, 352, states that these men directed the sun
+dance as substitutes for the keeper and did the ceremonial painting, but
+this is contrary to my information.
+
+[40] Compare Mooney, 296.
+
+[41] Battey, 178.
+
+[42] Compare Scott, 352, 368, Pls. XVIII, XXII; Methvin, 70-71.
+
+[43] Battey, 178-179.
+
+[44] Scott, 347.
+
+[45] Battey, 181-182.
+
+[46] Mooney, 302, notes that one of these individuals carried his
+personal medicine in the dance.
+
+[47] Methvin, 66; Scott, 366.
+
+[48] Battey, 173-177.
+
+[49] Once, not three times a day as Scott states (366).
+
+[50] Scott, 366, places raven fans in hands of the associates.
+
+[51] In the ghost dance a shaman hypnotizes the dancers by waving a
+feather or scarf before their faces. The subject staggers into the ring
+and falls (Mooney, _Ghost dance_, 925-926). This performance may not be
+related to that of the Kiowa, since it appeared among the Sioux before
+the southern Plains tribes took up the ghost dance. On the other hand,
+the Paiute, from whom the ghost dance was derived, did not hypnotize.
+
+[52] Battey, 177-181.
+
+[53] Scott, 365, 367.
+
+[54] Mooney, _Kiowa Calendar History_, 282, 297, 304, 321, 322. Another
+suggestive similarity to the Crow is the assumption of "no-flight"
+obligations in both tribes at the sun dance (_Ibid._, 284, 287, 320).
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: On page 443, 'the the' changed to 'the' (Once inside
+they lie down; the man with the pipe ...)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Notes on the Kiowa Sun Dance, by Leslie Spier
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