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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36093-8.txt b/36093-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7238eff --- /dev/null +++ b/36093-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tennyson's Life and Poetry, by Eugene Parsons + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Tennyson's Life and Poetry + And Mistakes Concerning Tennyson + +Author: Eugene Parsons + +Release Date: May 13, 2011 [EBook #36093] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + + + + + + + + + Tennyson's Life and + Poetry: and Mistakes + Concerning Tennyson + + + By EUGENE PARSONS. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1892, By EUGENE PARSONS. + + Printed by THE CRAIG PRESS, Chicago. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTORY NOTE, 5 + + TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY, 8 + + MISTAKES CONCERNING TENNYSON, 22 + + TRANSLATIONS OF TENNYSON'S WORKS, 31 + + + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE. + + +There is already an extensive Tennyson literature. Of books relating to +the scenes connected with his life and works, are Walters' _In Tennyson +Land_; Brooks' _Out of Doors with Tennyson_; also Church's _Laureate's +Country_, and Napier's _Homes and Haunts of Lord Tennyson_. There is a +mass of material, both critical and biographical, in Shepherd's +_Tennysoniana_; Wace's _Life and Works of Tennyson_; Tainsh's _Study of +the Works of Tennyson_; Jennings' _Sketch of Lord Tennyson_; and Van +Dyke's _Poetry of Tennyson_. Besides these may be mentioned Brightwell's +_Tennyson Concordance_; Irving's _Tennyson_; Lester's _Lord Tennyson and +the Bible_; also Collins' _Illustrations of Tennyson_. + +Valuable help for understanding and appreciating _In Memoriam_ is afforded +by the volumes on that poem written by Robertson, Gatty, Genung, Chapman +and Davidson. Much interesting information is given in Dawson's _Study of +"The Princess"_; Mann's _Tennyson's "Maud" Vindicated_; Elsdale's _Studies +in the Idyls_; and Nutt's _Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail_. A +collection of Tennyson's songs, set to music by various composers, has +been issued by Stanley Lucas and by Harper & Bros. + +Several volumes of selections from Tennyson's writings have appeared as +follows: _Ausgewählte Gedichte_, with notes (in German) by Fischer, +Salzwedel, 1878; _Lyrical Poems of Alfred Tennyson_, with notes (in +Italian) by T. C. Cann, Florence, 1887; _Lyrical Poems of Lord Tennyson_, +annotated by F. T. Palgrave; _Select Poems of Tennyson_, and _Young +People's Tennyson_, both edited by W. J. Rolfe; _Tennyson Selections_, +with notes by F. J. Rowe and W. T. Webb; and _Tennyson for the Young_, +edited by Alfred Ainger. + +Among school editions of Tennyson's poems, are _The Princess_, with notes +by Rolfe, also by Wallace; _Enoch Arden_, with notes by Rolfe, by Webb, +and by Blaisdel; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in German) by Hamann, +Leipzig, 1890; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Courtois, Paris, +1891; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Beljame, Paris, 1891; _Les +Idylles du roi, Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Baret, Paris, +1886; _Enoch Arden, les Idylles du roi_, with notes (in French) by +Sevrette, Paris, 1887; _Aylmer's Field_, annotated by Webb; _The Two +Voices_ and _A Dream of Fair Women_, by Corson; _The Coming of Arthur_ and +_The Passing of Arthur_, by Rowe; _In Memoriam_ and other poems, by +Kellogg. + +Innumerable papers on Tennyson and his poetry have been published in +newspapers and periodicals. A large number of these reviews and some +descriptive articles are contained in the following volumes: Horne's +_Spirit of the Age_; Howitt's _Homes and Haunts of British Poets_; +Hamilton's _Poets-Laureate of England_; Robertson's _Lectures_; Kingsley's +_Miscellanies_; Bagehot's _Literary Studies_; Japp's _Three Great +Teachers_; Buchanan's _Master Spirits_; Austin's _Poets of the Period_; +Forman's _Our Living Poets_; Friswell's _Modern Men of Letters_; Haweis' +_Poets in the Pulpit_; McCrie's _Religion of Our Literature_; Devey's +_Comparative Estimate of English Poets_; Gladstone's _Gleanings of Past +Years_; Archer's _English Dramatists of To-Day_; Stedman's _Victorian +Poets_; Cooke's _Poets and Problems_; Fraser's _Chaucer to Longfellow_; +Dawson's _Makers of Modern English_; Egan's _Lectures on English +Literature_; and Ritchie's _Light-Bearers_. + +For favorable or unfavorable estimates of Tennyson, the reader is referred +to the lectures of Dowden and Ingram in the _Dublin Afternoon Lectures on +Literature and Art_, and to the collected essays of Brimley, Bayne, +Hadley, Masson, Stirling, Roscoe, Hayward, Hutton, Swinburne, Galton, +Noel, Heywood, Bayard Taylor and others. + +Some side-lights are thrown on the Laureate in Ruskin's _Modern Painters_; +Hamerton's _Thoughts on Art_; Masson's _Recent British Philosophy_; and +Arnold's _Lectures on Translating Homer_. Stray glimpses of the man in his +personal relations are found in the _Carlyle and Emerson Correspondence_; +Fanny Kemble's _Records of a Girlhood_; Caroline Fox's _Memories of Old +Friends_; Reid's _Life of Lord Houghton_; and in the _Letters and Literary +Remains of Edward Fitzgerald_. + +But with all that has been written concerning Tennyson, no monograph, so +far as I am aware, has hitherto appeared which is at once comprehensive +and accurate. Mrs. Ritchie's beautiful portraiture of the Laureate, with +its touch of hero-worship, lacks a great deal of being a survey of his +literary career. No biography of Alfred Tennyson has been published which +is worthy the name. For many years students and lovers of the poet +encountered difficulty in obtaining full and exact information on the +chief events of his life. I undertook to supply this want in the essay +entitled "Tennyson's Life and Poetry." + +In the preparation of this paper, I had occasion to consult various +periodicals and works of reference. With scarcely an exception, I found +the articles on Tennyson in cyclopedias and biographical dictionaries +faulty in many particulars. Even the sketches in recent compilations and +journals are full of misleading and conflicting statements. I became +impressed with the thought that these errors ought to be exposed and +corrected. The result was the critique--"Mistakes concerning Tennyson." I +gathered my materials from a variety of sources, and always aimed to +disengage the truth. I depended largely on Rev. Alfred Gatty, Mrs. +Ritchie, Mr. Gosse, Prof. Palgrave, Prof. Church, Mr. C. J. Caswell, and +Dr. Van Dyke as the most trustworthy authorities. + +My thanks are due Dr. W. F. Poole, of the Newberry Library, for placing at +my disposal an immense collection of bibliographies, catalogues and +bulletins of foreign books. I desire also to express my obligations to Dr. +Henry van Dyke, of New York City, for aiding me in my researches. + +EUGENE PARSONS. + + 3612 Stanton Ave., Chicago, + _April, 1892_. + + + + +TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY. + + +I. + +Alfred Tennyson was born August 6, 1809, in Somersby, a wooded hamlet of +Lincolnshire, England. "The native village of Tennyson," says Howitt, who +visited it many years ago, "is not situated in the fens, but in a pretty +pastoral district of softly sloping hills and large ash trees. It is not +based on bogs, but on a clean sandstone. There is a little glen in the +neighborhood, called by the old monkish name of Holywell." There he was +brought up amid the lovely idyllic scenes which he has made famous in the +"Ode to Memory" and other poems. The picturesque "Glen," with its tangled +underwood and purling brook, was a favorite haunt of the poet in +childhood. On one of the stones in this ravine he inscribed the +words--BYRON IS DEAD--ere he was fifteen. + +Alfred was the fourth son of the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, LL.D., +rector of Somersby and other neighboring parishes. His father, the oldest +son of George Tennyson, Esq., of Bayons and Usselby Hall, was a man of +uncommon talents and attainments, who had tried his hand, with fair +success, at architecture, painting, music and poetry. His mother was a +sweet, gentle soul, and exceptionally sensitive. The poet-laureate seems +to have inherited from her his refined, shrinking nature. + +Dr. Tennyson married Miss Elizabeth Fytche, August 6, 1805. Their first +child, George, died in infancy. According to the parish registers, the +Tennyson family consisted of eleven children, viz.: Frederick, Charles, +Alfred, Mary, Emily, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, Matilda, Cecilia and +Horatio. They formed a joyous, lively household--amusements being +agreeably mingled with their daily tasks. They were all handsome and +gifted, with marked mental traits and imaginative temperaments. They were +especially fond of reading and story-telling. At least four of the boys +were addicted to verse-writing--a habit they kept up through life, though +Alfred alone devoted himself to a poetical career as something more than +a pastime. Frederick Tennyson's occasional pieces are characterized by +luxuriant fancy and chaste diction; the sonnets of Charles won high praise +from Coleridge, but the fame of both has been overshadowed by that of +their distinguished brother.[1] + +The scholarly clergyman, who was an M. A. of Cambridge, carefully attended +to the education and training of his children. He turned his gifts and +accomplishments to good account in stimulating their mental growth. Alfred +was sent to the Louth Grammar School four years (1816-20). During this +time he presumably learned something, although no flattering reports of +his progress have come down to us. Then private teachers were employed by +Dr. Tennyson to instruct his boys, but he took upon himself for the most +part the burden of fitting them for college. Only a moderate amount of +study was imposed by the rector. A great deal of the time Alfred was out +of doors, rambling through the pastures and woods about Somersby and Bag +Enderby. He was solitary, not caring to mingle with other boys in their +sports. As a child, he exhibited the same peculiarities which +characterized the man. He was shy and reserved, moody and absent-minded. +Alfred and Charles were devotedly attached to each other, and frequently +were together in their walks. The lads were both large and strong for +their age. Charles was a popular boy in Somersby on account of his frank, +genial disposition--which cannot be said of the reticent Alfred. + +One incident connected with the poet's education at home is worth +repeating. His father required him to memorize the odes of Horace and to +recite them morning by morning until the four books were gone through. The +Laureate in later years testified to the value of this practice in +cultivating a delicate sense for metrical music. He called Horace his +master. Certainly no other bard has ever excelled Tennyson in the art of +expressing himself in melodious verse. + +From his twelfth to his sixteenth year, Alfred was apparently idle much of +the time, yet he was unconsciously preparing for his life-work. He was +gathering material and storing up impressions which were afterwards +utilized. It was with him a formative period. The hours he spent strolling +in lanes and woods were not wasted. The quiet, meditative boy lived in a +realm of the imagination, and his thoughts and fancies took shape in crude +poems. + +This period of day-dreaming was followed by one of marked intellectual +activity. The thin volume--_Poems by Two Brothers_, printed in 1826, +contained the pieces written by Alfred when he was only sixteen or +seventeen. It shows that these were busy years. The Tennyson youths not +only scribbled a great deal of verse--they ranged far and wide in the +fields of ancient and modern literature. Their father had a good library, +and they appreciated its treasures. In the footnotes of their first book +were many curious bits of information, and quotations from the classics. + +The Tennyson children were fortunate in having cultured parents. They were +favored in another respect. Dr. Tennyson was comfortably well off for a +clergyman. His means--which he shrewdly husbanded--enabled the family to +spend the summers at Mablethorpe on the Lincolnshire coast. Thus Alfred's +passion for the sea was early developed. For some time it was the rector's +custom to occupy a dwelling in Louth during the school year. In this way +the seclusion and monotony of Somersby life were broken. The young +Tennysons saw considerable of the world. They were often welcomed in the +home of their grandmother, Mrs. Fytche, in Westgate Place, and +occasionally visited the stately mansion at Bayons. Especially Charles and +Alfred were at times the guests of their great-uncle Samuel Turner, vicar +of Grasby and curate of Caistor, who afterwards left his property and +parish livings to his favorite, Charles Tennyson Turner. Such were the +experiences of the Laureate's youth and childhood, which inevitably +influenced his whole life and entered into his poetry. He illustrates the +truth that a poet is largely what his environment makes him. + +Byron exercised a magical spell over him in his teens, and this influence +is apparent in his boyish rhymes which are tinged with Byronic melancholy. +Afterwards Keats gained the ascendency. As a colorist, Tennyson owes much +to this gorgeous word-painter, whom he has equaled, if not surpassed, in +his own field. + +Alfred, in his boyhood, gave unmistakable indications of genius. During +his university course at Cambridge, he was generally looked upon as a +superior mortal, of whom great things were expected by his teachers and +fellow-collegians. Dr. Whewell, his tutor, treated him with unusual +respect. + +While at Trinity college (1828-31) he formed friendships which lasted till +death ended them one by one. It was indeed a company of choice spirits +with whom Tennyson had the good fortune to be associated. Among them were +Thackeray, Helps, Garden, Sterling, Thompson, Kinglake, Maurice, Kemble, +Milnes, Trench, Alford, Brookfield, Merivale, Spedding and others. Besides +these, he numbered among the friends of his early manhood Fitzgerald, +Hare, Hunt, Carlyle, Gladstone, Rogers, Landor, Forster, the Lushingtons +and other famous scholars and men of letters. + +In the companionship of such men, he found the stimulus necessary for the +development of his poetical faculty. They all regarded him with feelings +of warmest admiration.[2] The young poet had at least a few appreciative +readers during the ten or twelve years of obscurity when the public cared +little for his writings. He was encouraged by their words of commendation +to pursue the bard's divine calling, to which he was led by an +overmastering instinct. He could afford to wait and smile at his slashing +reviewers. Meanwhile he profited by the suggestions of his critics. In +this respect he presents a striking contrast to Browning. He mercilessly +subjected his productions to the most painstaking revision.[3] He +attempted various styles, and experimented with all sorts of metres. Thus +he served his laborious apprenticeship and acquired a mastery of his art. +His eminent success has confirmed the expectations of his youthful +admirers. + +During his stay at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam, a son of +the historian. Hallam, who was a young man of extraordinary promise, +became the dearest of his friends--more to him than brother. Their +intimate fellowship was strengthened by Arthur's love for the poet's +sister. It was his strongest earthly attachment. In 1830, the two friends +traveled through France together, and stopped a while in the Pyrenees. On +revisiting these mountains long afterward, the Laureate, overcome by +reminiscences of other days, wrote the affecting lines entitled "In the +Valley of Cauteretz": + + All along the valley, stream that flashest white, + Deepening thy voice with the deepening of the night, + All along the valley, where thy waters flow, + I walk'd with one I loved two and thirty years ago. + For all along the valley, while I walk'd to-day, + The two and thirty years were a mist that rolls away; + For all along the valley, down thy rocky bed, + Thy living voice to me was as the voice of the dead, + And all along the valley, by rock and cave and tree, + The voice of the dead was a living voice to me. + +In 1833, the sudden death of Hallam, then Emily's betrothed, produced on +Alfred's mind a deep and ineffaceable impression. While brooding over his +sorrow, the idea came to him of expressing his emotions in verse which +might be a fitting tribute to the dead. At different times and amid widely +varying circumstances, were composed the elegiac strains and poetic +musings that make up "In Memoriam," a poem representing many moods and +experiences. It is a work occupying a place apart in literature. Its +merits and defects are peculiar. There is no other elegy like it, and it +may be doubted whether a second In Memoriam will ever be written. Tennyson +erected an appropriate and imperishable monument to the memory of his lost +friend. In conferring immortality upon his beloved Arthur, he gained it +for himself. His best claim on the future is to be known and remembered as +the author of "In Memoriam," his masterpiece. + +Equally enduring is the melodious wail--"Break, break, break," one of the +sweetest dirges in all literature. Hallam was buried (Jan. 3, 1834) at +Clevedon by the Severn, near its entrance to the Bristol Channel, within +sound of the melancholy waves. Singularly this exquisite song, which +breathes of the sea, was not composed here, but "in a Lincolnshire lane at +five o'clock in the morning," as the Laureate himself has declared. It was +written within a year after Hallam's death, Sept. 15, 1833. + +Not much has been learned of Tennyson's early manhood. No very definite +picture can be formed of his life after he left college. He seldom wrote +letters. Even his most intimate friends could not succeed in carrying on a +correspondence with him. What happened to him is not, however, all a +blank. A few scraps relating to his history are found in the letters of +Carlyle, Fitzgerald, Milnes and others. A number of autobiographical +fragments are sprinkled through the poems which he wrote between 1830 and +1850, but they refer more to his spiritual development than to the outward +events which constitute memoirs. + +Mrs. Tennyson and her family continued to live at the Rectory after her +husband died, March 16, 1831. In the autumn of 1835, she removed to High +Beach, Epping Forest, ("In Memoriam," CII., CIV., CV.), and about 1840 to +Well Walk, Hampstead. Here she made her home the rest of her life with her +sister, Mary Ann Fytche--nearly all of her sons and daughters having +married and scattered. She died February 21, 1865, at the age of +eighty-four. + +Alfred's university career was cut short by his father's death. For some +years he remained at home--a diligent student of books and a close +observer of nature. He roamed back and forth between Somersby and London, +alternately in solitude and with his friends.[4] Fitzgerald tells of his +visiting with Tennyson at the Cumberland home of James Spedding in 1835. + +Here Alfred would spend hour after hour reading aloud "Morte d'Arthur" and +other unpublished poems, which his scholarly friend criticized. In 1838, +he was a welcome member of the Anonymous Club in London, and for several +years he had rooms in this city at various intervals.[5] It was his custom +to make long incursions through the country on foot, studying the +landscapes of England and Wales and pondering many a lay unsung. Thus he +became familiar with the natural features of the places illustrated in his +poems with such pictorial fidelity and vividness, though not with +photographic accuracy. + +Through this long period he was unknown to the great world. He lived +modestly, though not in actual want. His books brought him no substantial +returns till long after 1842. There was but little left of his patrimony, +if any, when he was granted a pension of £200 in 1845. This timely aid was +obtained for him by Sir Robert Peel, chiefly through the influence of +Carlyle and Milnes. + +Henceforth fortune graciously smiled upon him and made amends for past +neglect. His reputation was becoming well established, and new editions of +his poems were being called for. The Queen chanced to pick up one of his +earlier volumes, and was charmed with the simple story of "The Miller's +Daughter." She procured a copy of the book for the Princess Alice; this +incident, it is related, brought him into favor with the aristocracy and +gave a tremendous impetus to his popularity. After the death of Wordsworth +in 1850, Tennyson was appointed Poet Laureate. Since then he has been +highly esteemed by the royal family, and has produced in their honor some +spirited odes and stately dedications. + +The poet married (June 13, 1850) Miss Emily Sellwood, of Horncastle, whom +he had known from childhood. Her mother was a sister of Sir John Franklin, +and her youngest sister was the wife of Charles Tennyson Turner. Two or +three years they lived at Twickenham, where Hallam Tennyson was born in +1852. Together they visited Italy in 1851, and vivid memories of their +travels are recalled in "The Daisy," addressed to his wife. This +interesting poem, written at Edinburgh, was suggested by the finding of a +daisy in a book--the flower having been plucked on the Splugen and placed +by Mrs. Tennyson between the leaves of a little volume as a memento of +their Italian journey. The poet's fancy was stirred and revived the +delicious hours-- + + In lands of palm and southern pine; + In lands of palm, of orange blossom, + Of olive, aloe, and maize and vine. + +Those who are familiar with Tennyson's poems know how exalted is his ideal +of woman as wife and mother. Lady Tennyson seems to have met the poet's +exacting requirements almost perfectly. What sort of helpmeet she has been +he lovingly portrayed in the "Dedication,"--a tender tribute that was +fully deserved. "His most lady-like, gentle wife," Fitzgerald called her. +Of superior education and talent, she was a worthy companion for an +author. A number of her husband's songs she has set to music. She has +never sought public recognition. Content with the round of duties in a +domestic sphere, she has lived for husband and children. Their married +life has been exceptionally harmonious.[6] + +In 1852, the Laureate's largely increasing income enabled him to purchase +an estate of more than four hundred acres near Freshwater, Isle of Wight. +In the lines, "To the Rev. F. D. Maurice," dated January,[7] 1854, the +poet depicts his pleasant life in this delightful retreat: + + Where, far from noise and smoke of town, + I watch the twilight falling brown + All round a careless-order'd garden + Close to the ridge of a noble down. + + You'll have no scandal while you dine, + But honest talk and wholesome wine, + And only hear the magpie gossip + Garrulous under a roof of pine: + + For groves of pine on either hand, + To break the blast of winter, stand; + And further on, the hoary Channel + Tumbles a breaker on chalk and sand. + +In 1855, Tennyson received the honorary degree of D. C. L. from +Oxford.[8] His prosperity continued--there being considerable profits from +judicious investments and immense sales of his books. In 1867, he bought +an estate near Haslemere, Surrey, "for the purpose of enjoying inland air +and scenery." Here he built a fine Gothic mansion, which is an ideal +residence for a poet. Aldworth House is situated far up on Blackdown +Heath, and overlooks a lovely valley. It is near the northern border of +Sussex. "The prospect from the terrace of the house," says Church, "is one +of the finest in the south of England." The poet thus pictures the place +which has been his summer home for more than twenty years: + + Our birches yellowing and from each + The light leaf falling fast, + While squirrels from our fiery beech + Were bearing off the mast, + You came, and look'd, and loved the view + Long-known and loved by me, + Green Sussex fading into blue + With one gray glimpse of sea. + +In 1883, the Laureate had amassed property estimated to be worth £200,000. +He was offered and accepted a peerage during the latter part of this year, +and became Baron of Aldworth and Farringford, January 24, 1884. He took +his seat in the House of Lords March 11. In 1865, he declined a baronetcy +offered by the Queen as a reward for his loyal devotion to the Crown. +Whatever distinction may attach to the honorable name of Lord Tennyson, +the majority of his numerous readers prefer to call him plain Alfred +Tennyson. + +It may not be widely known that Baron Tennyson has a splendid lineage, of +which he has modestly kept silent, unlike Byron. According to a writer in +the _St. James' Gazette_, who traced his ancestry back to Norman times, +Tennyson is descended from an illustrious house of "princes, soldiers, and +statesmen, famous in British or European history." Some of his remote +relatives were crowned heads--one being the celebrated Malcolm III. of +Scotland. In Tennyson's descent "two lines are blended," says Church, "the +middle class line of the Tennysons, and the noble and even royal line of +the D'Eyncourts."[9] + +Alfred's uncle, the Right Hon. Charles Tennyson-D'Eyncourt of Bayons Manor +in Lincolnshire, was a man of marked ability and culture, who held +various public offices, and represented several boroughs in parliament +from 1818 to 1852. Since his death, in 1861, the family estate has +successively passed to his three sons--George Hildyard, Admiral Edwin +Clayton, C. B. (1871), and Louis Charles (1890), the present inheritor of +the D'Eyncourt seat and dignity. + +The poet's last years have been clouded by the bereavement of many old +friends and relatives. Septimus, Charles,[10] Mary,[11] Emily,[12] and +Edward are dead. He suffered a severe blow in the death of his second son +Lionel, while on the homeward voyage from India.[13] He mourns his loss in +the touching stanzas--"To the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava." + +Lord Tennyson was the recipient of many congratulations on the occasion of +his eightieth birthday, August 6, 1889. The same year was marked by the +publication of a new volume of poems, which attest that his intellectual +vigor is unimpaired by age or bodily weakness. A dainty little poem of +his--"To Sleep"--was published in the _New Review_ for March, 1891, and it +is not improbable that others will see the light in the near future. + +Tennyson's health, though quite robust for an octogenarian, has been +broken of late. In the spring of 1890, he was troubled with a grievous +illness, the result of exposure to cold--he having persisted in taking his +"daily two hours' walk along the cliff" in all kinds of weather. It was +expected that the poet would spend the following winter in the South to +avoid the rigorous climate of the Isle of Wight, but he recovered +sufficient strength to remain at Farringford House amid the scenes he +loves so well. + +Tennyson has always shunned publicity, living in a world apart--removed +from the gaze of the profane crowd. He rarely goes into society, +preferring rural retirement to social converse. As poet and man, he has +gained by this voluntary seclusion. His delight is to mingle with the +world of nature. The woods and skies, the streams and billows have been +his comrades. How much they have contributed to his poetic greatness +cannot be estimated. He is, however, a recluse with his eyes open. He has +watched the progress of mankind and observed the trend of the times. +Realizing the needs of the age, he grandly rose to the occasion--either to +lift up his voice in protest against its faults, or to sing its +achievements. + +For many years no strangers have been admitted to Farringford Park. +Visitors, while welcome at Aldworth in the afternoon, have not been +allowed to interrupt the accustomed occupations of the master of the +house, who is very methodical in his habits. It has long been his custom +to rise early and spend the morning hours in his study--writing and +dreaming in an atmosphere laden with smoke and the odor of tobacco. He now +uses the pen but little, owing to failing eyesight. The Honorable Hallam +Tennyson is his secretary and constant companion. + +Personally, his lordship is a man who would attract attention anywhere, +with his stalwart form slightly stooping, his noble face, his long flowing +hair and bushy beard. He dresses carelessly, and when out of doors wears a +shocking bad hat; with his cloak and walking-stick, he makes a picturesque +figure. He is a confirmed pedestrian. "Every morning," says a newspaper +correspondent, "in hail, rain or snow, the poet dons his frouzy cap and +his frouzier slouch hat, and promenades for an hour or so, none daring to +disturb him." + +Tennyson is taciturn and brusque before strangers, whose presence annoys +him, but he is delightfully easy and spontaneous with friends. Edward +Fitzgerald, in his letters to Frederick Tennyson and others, alludes again +and again, in terms of enthusiastic appreciation, to Alfred's wise and +pointed conversation. One of his original "sayings, which strike the nail +on the head," was about Dante. It is well worth quoting in Fitzgerald's +concise language, taken from a letter written in 1876: + +"What Mr. Lowell says of him recalled to me what Tennyson said to me some +thirty-five or forty years ago. We were stopping before a shop in Regent +street where were two figures of Dante and Goethe. I (I suppose) said, +'What is there in old Dante's face that is missing in Goethe's?' And +Tennyson (whose profile then had certainly a remarkable likeness to +Dante's) said: 'The divine.'" + +From first to last Alfred Tennyson has recognized that the mission of the +poet is that of an æsthetic teacher. Much has he done to educate +English-speaking people in the appreciation of beauty. But he is +emphatically more than this. A man of stainless reputation, his deeds and +words have almost invariably been on the side of righteousness. His career +has been free from the excesses which disgraced the lives of Marlowe and +Shelley, of Byron and Poe. He is rather to be ranged with the Spensers and +Miltons, the Wordsworths and Brownings, as a defender of truth and +religion. In the main he has steadfastly kept in mind the austere ideal-- + + Of those who, far aloof + From envy, hate and pity, and spite and scorn, + Live the great life which all our greatest fain + Would follow, center'd in eternal calm. + + +II. + +The current of Tennyson's genius is like a rivulet placidly flowing +through meadows and groves, occasionally rippling and swirling over +stones, then pursuing its even course--gradually widening and deepening; +not like a mighty river proudly sweeping in a resistless flood through a +wilderness, or tumbling down rocky chasms. All that he has given the world +during sixty years of literary activity is contained in less than a dozen +volumes of verse. Only a rapid survey of his poetical career is attempted +here. + +Passing by without comment _Poems by two Brothers_ (1826), "The Lover's +Tale" (composed about 1828), and "Timbuctoo" (1829), we come to Tennyson's +first bid for fame in _Poems, chiefly Lyrical_ (1830). This slender volume +included (along with much rubbish) a few pieces which are perennial +favorites with lovers of Tennyson, viz.: "Mariana," "Recollections of the +Arabian Nights," "The Dying Swan," "A Dirge," "Love and Death," and +"Circumstance." Among the poems suppressed in later editions is one in an +unusual vein--"Nero to Leander"--which Emerson inserted in his +_Parnassus_. + +His second book of _Poems_ (1833) was a more ambitious venture. Its +contents, though marred by faults of crude taste, possessed in a marked +degree, the characteristic qualities of the Laureate's poetry. Nearly all +of the lyrics in it have been found worthy of a permanent place in the +collected editions of his poems, but most of them underwent countless +changes before they were republished in 1842--being corrected and polished +till they were well-nigh perfect from a critical standpoint. + +The two volumes of _Poems_ (1842) revealed Tennyson at his best--a mature +singer whose dignified, harmonious verse compares favorably with the most +splendid contributions to British poetry. "The Princess" (1847), "In +Memoriam" (1850), and "Maud" (1855) made his position secure as the +greatest of living poets. + +Not satisfied to rest content as a lyrist, Tennyson essayed extended +narrative in _Idyls of the King_ (1859) and "Enoch Arden" (1864). Gaining +courage from the enthusiastic reception of the four Arthurian idyls, he +undertook to carry out a long cherished design--which Milton and Dryden +had conceived--of writing a national epic on King Arthur. He had already +made several attempts at versifying incidents from the _Mabinogion_ and +Malory's old romance _Morte d' Arthur_, but they were isolated fragments. +From time to time he added others, making the series of tales called the +Round Table a complete cycle as follows: + +The Coming of Arthur, 1869; Gareth and Lynette, 1872; Geraint and Enid, +1859; Balin and Balan, 1885; Merlin and Vivien, 1859; Lancelot and Elaine, +1859; The Holy Grail, 1869; Pelleas and Ettarre, 1869; The Last +Tournament, 1871; Guinevere, 1859; The Passing of Arthur, 1842, 1869. + +Then boldly entering the dangerous field of historical drama, Tennyson +became a rival of Shakspeare himself in "Queen Mary"[14] (1875), "Harold" +(1876), and "Becket" (1884). Besides these, he brought forth three shorter +plays or dramatic sketches--"The Cup"[15] (1884), "The Falcon"[16] (1884), +"The Promise of May"[17] (1886), and a lengthy idyllic drama called "The +Foresters"[18] (1892). + +As if to prove that his fertility was not exhausted in the province of the +lyric, he made fresh incursions into fields of song long familiar to him. +These winnowings of the last two decades are gathered into the following +volumes: + +_Ballads, and Other Poems_ (1880); _Tiresias, and Other Poems_ (1885); +_Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc._ (1886); _Demeter, and Other Poems_ +(1889). + +Enough books have been named to give at least half a dozen minstrels a +firm footing on Parnassus. The number of Tennyson's meritorious +performances is simply astonishing. But few poets have wrought with such +unwearying patience. Not many can present as imposing a catalogue of works +that are confessedly of such a high order of excellence. Browning has +written more, but Browning has not taken the trouble to perfect himself in +form--in short, he is not a finished artist. In literary workmanship, +Tennyson stands supreme. It is universally admitted that none of his +contemporaries ranks so high as man of letters. He is the brightest +ornament of the Victorian reign. + +Without doubt the Laureate deserves his hard-won glory. In his hale old +age, he has disarmed the critics of years ago who sneered at his empty +lays and feminine ways. The question--_Cui bono?_ could be asked as to +many of Tennyson's earlier efforts, such as "Oriana," "The Lady of +Shalott," "Audley Court," "Edwin Morris," "Amphion," "Lady Clare," "The +Lord of Burleigh," "The Beggar Maid" and others. These lyrics and idyls +are made up of ornate commonplaces which show the artistic instinct rather +than the poetic. They abound with the ephemeral conceits of drawing-room +poetry. They contain nothing that resembles vivacity or sublimity. They +have not the interest which is general and universal as distinguished from +the private or the unusual. They are not representative of human nature, +but of individual peculiarities. They are ideal pictures, not transcripts +from experience. + +With a few exceptions, the minor poems published in 1855 and 1864 are of +similar character; and it may be said that "The Princess," "Maud," "Enoch +Arden," and most of the Arthurian stories are in much the same vein. None +of these works, when viewed as an organic whole, can be called great. In +all of them, manliness is at a discount, and there is withal a dearth of +ideas. Sentiment and ornament are overdone, and there is not enough of +life. They can be described as a chaos of pretty fancies and idle +reveries. Such are not the strains that shape a nation's destiny and are +treasured in its heart. In the centuries agone, such a songster would have +been a first-class troubadour, much sought and praised in princely +circles. + +But former estimates of Tennyson must be revised. The slurs at the +euphonious jingler and effeminate Alfred are in place no more. He has +abandoned the domain of the legendary and the fantastic. Romance has given +way to history, and dreams to reality. Sensuous effects are now +subordinate. His verse no longer cloys with sweetness. It is simple, +natural, impassioned. + +"Queen Mary" and "Becket" certainly rank foremost among the few powerful +plays that have appeared since Shelley wrote "The Cenci." There are some +Bulwer-Lyttonish passages in "Becket," but they are more than redeemed by +the imperial magnificence of other passages in the same tragedy. The +ballads and other lyrics published within the last dozen years display a +rugged virility that was quite foreign to the labored "Idyls of the King." +"Rizpah" and "The Revenge" have the ring of genuine metal. There is no +hollow sound in the manly tributes to E. Fitzgerald and to his ancient +Mantuan master. The introspective poet of "The Two Voices" has grown to +fuller intellectual stature in "The Ancient Sage." The music and majesty +of "Tiresias" and "Demeter" are unsurpassed in "Ulysses" and "Tithonus." +"Romney's Remorse" excels "Sea Dreams" in portraying the better instincts +of humanity on the domestic side, and its tender lullaby--"Beat upon mine, +little heart!"--almost equals the incomparable "Sweet and low." While +"Vastness" and "Crossing the Bar" repeat the lyrical triumphs of his +palmiest days. + +Time has dealt gently with the venerable harper, whose hands sweep the +strings with surer touch and greater compass than before. Age has brought +more forceful speech and clearer vision. Some of his senile efforts betray +less of conscious effort, as though long practice in using metrical +language as a vehicle of thought and imagery had made it a pure mirror of +the poet's mind. His worn-out mannerisms appear occasionally, also his +subtleties of expression and feeling. There is the same imaginative +sorcery as of old, and the same consummate style, but the studied elegance +and artful devices of earlier productions are less noticeable. There is +less of minute finish in form and more of epic grandeur in tone and +spirit. A healthier inspiration has visited him in the evening of life. +His genius has gradually ripened. The full cup of advanced years was +needed to bring out what was best in him, to effect his complete +development. + +Since the hysterical explosion of "Locksley Hall Sixty Years After," the +Laureate seems to have attained the calmness of soul which belongs to the +true poetical spirit. He is no longer the fretful author of "The New +Timon," "The Spiteful Letter," and "Literary Squabbles," who lacked the +restraint of entire self-possession. A more serious tone pervades the +personal poems--"To Ulysses," "To Mary Boyle" and others in his 1889 +volume. A wiser man wrote the stately measures of "Happy" and "By an +Evolutionist," one who looked down upon past follies from spiritual +heights never before reached. There is a touch of Miltonic loftiness in +his "Parnassus," and the philosophic resignation of Goethe in "The +Progress of Spring." His is the tranquil, fruitful old age that crowns a +well ordered career. + + + + +MISTAKES CONCERNING TENNYSON. + +A STUDY IN CONTEMPORANEOUS BIOGRAPHY. + + +"Alfred Tennyson was born August 5, 1809, at Somersby, a hamlet in +Lincolnshire, England, of which, and of a neighboring parish, his father, +Dr. George Clayton Tennyson, was rector. The poet's mother was Elizabeth, +daughter of the Rev. Stephen Fytche, vicar of Louth. Alfred was the third +of seven sons--Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Horatio, Arthur, and +Septimus. A daughter, Cecilia, became the wife of Edmund Law Lushington, +long professor of Greek in Glasgow University. Whether there were other +daughters, the biographies of the poet do not mention." + +This is the opening paragraph of the Introduction to a school edition of +"The Two Voices" and "A Dream of Fair Women," by Dr. Hiram Corson. Here +are several inaccuracies as to the Tennyson family and the poet's +birthday, and the same mistakes and others are found in nearly all the +sketches of the Laureate in periodicals and works of reference. + +It is generally supposed that cyclopedia articles are prepared by +specialists who know what they are writing about. This is the popular +conception, but this is evidently not the case in regard to Tennyson, who +has fared sadly at the hands of his biographers. The brief accounts of his +life given in Appleton's, the Americanized Britannica, and other +cyclopedias fairly bristle with blunders and objectionable features. As +they stand, most of these articles are utterly untrustworthy. Their +assertions are often misleading, or so vague as to be practically +valueless. As a result, most people are more or less at sea in regard to +Tennyson chronology. + + +DR. TENNYSON AND FAMILY. + +A multitude of errors have been perpetrated about Dr. Tennyson and family. +We are told that Bayons Manor was his native place,[19] and that he was +"rector of Somersby and vicar of Bennington and Grimsby."[20] One writer +uncritically imagines him a doctor of divinity.[21] According to some +questionable authorities, he died "about 1830;"[22] "in 1830;"[23] "about +1831;"[24] "on the 18th of March, 1831;"[25] and in 1832.[26] Mrs. +Tennyson is said to have died "in her eighty-first year;"[27] also "in her +eighty-fourth year."[28] + +The number of sons and daughters in the Tennyson household is rarely given +correctly. Alfred is called, in a hit-or-miss fashion, one of three, four, +six, seven and eight brothers. His sisters are variously reckoned as one, +three, four and five. + +The Rev. George Clayton Tennyson was born at Market Rasen, December 10, +1778. He graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1801; he received +the degree of M. A. in 1805, and of LL.D. in 1813. He married (August 6, +1805) Miss Elizabeth Fytche of Louth. He moved to Somersby in 1808, where +he was rector till his death. If the inscription on his tomb is to be +trusted, Dr. Tennyson was rector of two neighboring parishes--Benniworth +and Bag Enderby--and was vicar of Great Grimsby;[29] and died March 16, +1831. The poet's mother died February 21, 1865, in her eighty-fifth year. + +Alfred Tennyson was the fourth of eight sons--George (who died in +infancy), Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, and +Horatio. The sisters were Mary, Emily, Matilda, and Cecilia. Excepting +George and Frederick, all of the children were born at Somersby. + + +ALFRED'S BIRTHDAY. + +The discussion as to the poet's birthday is now practically at rest--his +lordship himself having authoritatively settled the matter. Would that he +would enlighten us on some other perplexing points in his history! Mrs. +Tennyson kept August 6 as Alfred's birthday. Tourists who have hastily +examined the parish registers of Somersby have mistaken the figure 6 for a +5, owing to the fading of the ink "at the back, or left, of the loop."[30] +But careless hackwriters, depending upon the compilations published +decades ago, continue to assert that the Laureate was born August 5;[31] +April 9,[32] or April 6.[33] + + +YEAR OF TENNYSON'S BIRTH. + +In Welsh's _English Literature_ is a "biography" of Tennyson which says, +amid various other slips, that he was born in 1810. Allibone's _Dictionary +of Authors_ (p. 2371) is a year out of the way. When this ponderous work +was first published, not much was definitely known of the poet, but +Alden's _Cyclopedia of Literature_ (1890), and other unreliable +authorities put 1810 or 1811 as the year of his birth. + +In the parish registers of Somersby, Dr. Tennyson's handwriting records +Alfred's birth and baptism among the entries of 1809. Here is an instance +where one can put to flight a host--for the names of those who assign 1810 +as the year of the poet's birth are legion.[34] + + +TENNYSON'S SCHOOLDAYS. + +There is a want of precision in many of the statements that have been made +by Tennyson's biographers concerning his school days. In the _Encyclopedia +Americana_ (1889), vol. iv., p. 660, Dr. C. E. Washburn says Alfred +"attended for a time Cadney's village school, and for a brief period the +grammar-school at Louth,"--which is partly true, but curiously +misrepresents the matter. He was a pupil in Louth Grammar School four +years (1816-20)--not a very "brief period." Howitt and others make the +length of time "two or three years," and some have the mistaken impression +that he passed some time in Cadney's school before he went to Louth. +Cadney came to Somersby about 1820, and, in the autumn of the next year, +he instructed the Tennyson boys in arithmetic at the rectory. Cook +erroneously supposes that Charles and Alfred were at Louth in 1827.[35] + +There has been considerable guessing as to the time when Tennyson went to +Cambridge. He is said to have entered Trinity College in 1826;[36] in +1827;[37] about 1827;[38] in 1829;[39] and "early in 1829."[40] There is +no occasion for such indefiniteness. To be exact, Alfred became a student +of Trinity in October, 1828.[41] He left college without graduating, at +the time of his father's death. His brothers, Frederick and Charles, +finished the course in 1832. + + +COINCIDENCES. + +The cyclopedias also present numerous examples of coincidences as well as +variations--some of the incorrect details being repeated almost verbatim, +as though successive compilers had copied over and over the mistakes of +their superficial predecessors. This ought not to go on forever. + +The sketches of Tennyson in Lippincott's _Biographical Dictionary_ (1885) +and in the _Americanized Britannica_ (1890) may be taken as samples. In +the following sentence from Lippincott's the writer manages to make five +or six misstatements: + +"In 1851 he succeeded Wordsworth as poet-laureate, and about the same time +he married, and retired to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +resided until 1869, when he removed to Petersfield, Hampshire." + +In the biographical supplement of the _Americanized Britannica_, this +becomes two or three sentences, viz.: + +"He was made poet-laureate in 1851. It was about this time, too, that +Tennyson married, returning to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +lived until 1869.... It was in this year the poet moved from the Isle of +Wight and took up his residence in Petersfield, Hampshire." + +There are similar passages in Appleton's and Johnson's cyclopedias. It is +perfectly plain that there was not much independent investigation in these +unscholarly performances. + + +MISTAKES. + +Mistake No. 1: Tennyson received the Laureateship in 1850, the year of +Wordsworth's death. Mistake No. 2: he was married June 13, 1850. Mistake +No. 3: Farringford is misspelled. Mistake No. 4: Tennyson lived at +Twickenham three years after his marriage. Mistake No. 5: in 1853, he +first took possession of Farringford, which is still his winter residence. +Mistake No. 6: in 1867, the poet built a house near Haslemere in +Surrey--not at Petersfield, Hampshire--where he spends the summer months. +According to Prof. Church, the Laureate bought the Aldworth estate in +1872. The latter date is manifestly wrong.[42] + +The story of Tennyson's Petersfield establishment may be classed as a +myth, though supported by several monuments of research called +cyclopedias.[43] + +Nothing is said of a Hampshire home in Jennings' _Life of Tennyson_, in +Church's _Laureate's Country_, or in Van Dyke's admirable book on the +_Poetry of Tennyson_; no reference to it is found in the essays on +Tennyson by Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mrs. Anne Thackeray Ritchie. Nor is Lord +Tennyson's name found in the list of land owners of Hampshire, in +Walford's _County Families of the United Kingdom_. One is puzzled to +understand how such a report started. + + +TENNYSON'S ELEVATION TO THE PEERAGE. + +It is rather surprising to read in the _People's Cyclopedia_, Johnson's, +Lippincott's and elsewhere, that Tennyson was raised to the peerage in +1883 as "Baron d'Eyncourt," etc. This he cannot properly be called, +though a descendant from the ancient house of D'Eyncourt--which long ago +ceased to be a barony. The pedigree of Alfred's grandfather, who belonged +to the Lincolnshire gentry, is traced through ten generations to Edmund, +Duke of Somerset, and two centuries further back to Edward III.'s fourth +son, John of Gaunt. Dr. Tennyson died in the lifetime of his father, and +the D'Eyncourt seat and dignity passed to his younger brother Charles. The +poet's cousin Louis Charles is the present possessor of the family estate +at Bayons. England's noble Laureate (according to Burke's _Peerage_, ed. +of 1888, p. 1361) was created a peer of the realm Jan. 24, 1884, with the +new title--Baron of Aldworth, Surrey, and of Farringford, Isle of Wight. +He took his seat in the House of Lords, Mar. 11, 1884.[44] + + +LAPSES IN ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY. + +A common mistake is that of locating Aldworth in Sussex. Mr. Frederick +Dolman, in the _Ladies' Home Journal_ (August, 1891), carelessly speaks of +"the poet's residences in the fair Isle and sunny Sussex." According to +Murray's _Handbook for Surrey_ (ed. of 1888, p. 182), and other excellent +authorities,[45] Aldworth is in the county of Surrey--not far from the +northern borders of Sussex. In Walford's _County Families of the United +Kingdom_, p. 1203, Lord Tennyson's name occurs among the land owners of +Surrey--not with those of Sussex. + +Somersby and Somerby have been mixed by many people who are not familiar +with English geography. The latter village is in the western part of +Lincolnshire, near Grantham--a considerable distance from Alfred +Tennyson's birthplace. Duyckinck, in his _Eminent Men and Women_, +recklessly says he was born at "Somerby, a small parish in +Leicestershire."[46] + +If Europeans are guilty of crass ignorance of the United States, Americans +too are open to criticism for their hazy notions of foreign places. An +inexcusable blunder is that in Phillips' _Popular Manual of English +Literature_, vol. II., p. 497, where Blackdown is loosely referred to as +"a hill in the vicinity of Petersfield, Hampshire." Another writer is +remiss in accepting statements implicitly and without question. A footnote +in Kellogg's school edition of "In Memoriam," p. 23, says "Hallam was +buried in Cleveland Church on the Severn, which empties into British +Channel." If he had looked up the town for himself on the map of England, +he would have discovered that Clevedon, the birthplace of Hallam, is +situated on the bank of the Severn near its entrance to the Bristol +Channel. + + +VARIOUS ERRORS. + +It is not my purpose to enumerate all the errors that I have come across +in my reading relating to Tennyson and his works. For the sake of brevity, +I merely correct a few of them without giving full particulars in every +case. Tennyson first visited the Pyrenees in 1830--not in 1831; the second +visit was in 1862. He received the degree of D. C. L. in 1855--not in +1859. His son Hallam was born at Twickenham, Aug. 11, 1852; Lionel, at +Freshwater, Mar. 16, 1854. + +Tennyson did not write "Break, break, break" at Clevedon or Freshwater. +The intercalary lyrics of "The Princess" were first published in the third +edition--not in the second. The plot of "The Cup" is taken from Plutarch's +treatise _De Mulierum Virtutibus_; this work has been confused by Archer +and Jennings with Boccaccio's _De Claris Mulieribus_. + +Many unpardonable mistakes have been made in dating Tennyson's published +writings, also in wording and punctuating their titles. It has been said +that "The Princess" first appeared in print in 1846 and 1849; "In +Memoriam," in 1849 and 1851; "Idyls of the King," in 1855, 1858, and 1861; +"Enoch Arden," in 1865; "The Holy Grail, and Other Poems," in 1867 and +1870; "Harold," in 1877; "Becket," in 1879 and 1885; "Tiresias, and Other +Poems," in 1886; and "Demeter, and Other Poems," in 1890. In Hart's +_Manual of English Literature_, one of Tennyson's poems is named "The +Vision of Art," and a recent German cyclopedia makes him the author of +"Tristam and Iseult." A newspaper account of the sale of Tennysoniana in +London contains the queer bit of misinformation that _Poems by Two +Brothers_ "was published by Louth in 1826." These slips could have been +easily avoided. The mystery hanging about the Laureate's life does not +involve his works. + +It is believed that the following list, which has been carefully +verified, is correct both as to the titles and the dates of first +publication of all of Tennyson's books, viz: + + Poems by Two Brothers 1826 (dated 1827) + Poems, chiefly Lyrical 1830 + Poems 1832 (dated 1833) + Poems, 2 vols. 1842 + The Princess 1847 + In Memoriam 1850 + Maud, and Other Poems 1855 + Idyls of the King 1859 + Enoch Arden, etc. 1864 + The Holy Grail, and Other Poems 1869 + Gareth and Lynette, etc. 1872 + Queen Mary 1875 + Harold 1876 + The Lover's Tale 1879 + Ballads, and Other Poems 1880 + The Cup and The Falcon 1884 + Becket 1884 + Tiresias, and Other Poems 1885 + Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc. 1886 + Demeter, and Other Poems 1889 + The Foresters 1892 + + + + +TRANSLATIONS OF TENNYSON'S WORKS. + + +GERMAN. + +_Gedichte_: üb. von W. Hertzberg. Dessau, 1853. Dresden, 1868. + +_Ausgewählte Dichtungen_: üb. von A. Strodtmann (Bibliothek Klassiker in +deutscher Uebertragung. Leipzig, 1865-70). + +_Ausgewählte Dichtungen_: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870. (Bib. +ausl. Klassiker). + +_Ausgewählte Gedichte_: üb. von M. Rugard. Elbing, 1872. + +_In Memoriam_: Aus dem Engl. nach der 5. Aufl. Braunschweig, 1854. + +_Freundes-Klage._ Nach "In Memoriam," frei übertragen von R. +Waldmüller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1870. + +_In Memoriam_: üb. von Agnes von Bohlen. Berlin, 1874. + +_Maud_: üb. von F. W. Weber. Paderborn, 1891. + +_Königsidyllen_: üb. von W. Scholz. Berlin, 1867. + +_Königsidyllen_: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1872. + +_Königsidyllen_: üb. von C. Weiser (vols. 1817, 1818 Universal-Bibliothek, +Leipzig, 1883-6). + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von R. Schellwien. Quedlinburg, 1867. + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von R. Waldmüller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1868-70. + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869. + +_Enoch Arden_ und _Godiva_: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870. + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von C. Hessel. Leipzig, 1874. (490 in +Universal-Bibliothek). + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von A. Strodtmann. Berlin, 1876. + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von C. Eichholz. Hamburg, 1881. + +_Enoch Arden_: üb. von H. Griebenow. Halle, 1889. (Bib. der +Gesammt-Litteratur). + +_Enoch Arden_: frei bearbeitet für die Jugend. Leipzig, 1888. + +_Aylmers Feld_: üb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869. + +_Aylmers Feld_: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Ebend, 1870. + +_Harald_: üb. von Albr. Graf Wickenburg. Hamburg, 1879. + +_Locksley Hall_: üb. von F. Freiligrath--_Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre +später_: üb. von J. Feis. Hamburg, 1888. + +_Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre später_: üb von K. B. Esmarch. Gotha, 1888. + + +DUTCH. + +_The Miller's Daughter._ Freely tr. by A. J. de Bull. Utrecht, 1859. + +_Vier Idyllen van Konig Arthur._ Amsterdam, 1883. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by S. J. van den Bergh. Rotterdam, 1869. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by J. L. Wertheim. Amsterdam, 1882. + + +DANISH AND NORWEGIAN. + +_The May Queen._ Tr. by L. Falck. Christiania, 1855. + +_Anna og Locksley Slot._ Oversat af A. Hansen. 1872. + +_Idyller om Kong Arthur._ Ov. af A. Munch. 1876. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by A. Munch. Copenhagen, 1866. + +_Sea Dreams_ and _Aylmer's Field_. Tr. by F. L. Mynster. 1877. + + +SWEDISH. + +_Konung Arthur och hans riddare._ Romantish diktcykel. Upsala, 1876. + +_Elaine._ Endikt. Tr. by A. Hjelmstjerna. 1877. + + +FRENCH. + +_Les Idylles du Roi._ Enide, Viviane, Elaine, Genievre. Trad. par F. +Michel. 1869. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par M. de La Rive. 1870. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par X. Marmier. 1887. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par M. l'abbé R. Courtois. 2e edition. 1890. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par E. Duglin. 1890. + +_Idylles et Poèmes_: _Enoch Arden_: _Locksley Hall_. Traduits en vers +français par A. Buisson du Berger. 1888. + + +SPANISH. + +_Enid_ and _Elaine_. Tr. by L. Gisbert. 1875. + +_Poemes de Alfredo Tennyson_--_Enoch Arden_, _Gareth y Lynette_, _Merlin y +Bibiana_, etc. Tr. by D. Vicente de Arana. Barcelona, 1883. + + +ITALIAN. + +_Idilli, Liriche, Mite e Leggende, Enoc Arden._ Tr. by C. Faccioli. +Verona, 1876. + +_Tommaso Crammero e Maria e Filippo._[47] Tr. by C. Faccioli. Verona, +1878. + +_Il Primo Diverbio._[48] Tr. by E. Castelnuovo. Venice, 1886. + +_La Prima Lite._[48] Tr. by P. T. Pavolini. Bologna, 1888. + + +LATIN. + +_In Memoriam._ Tr. into Elegiac verse by O. A. Smith. 1866. + +_Enoch Arden_: Poema Tennysonianum Latine Redditum W. Selwyn. London, +1867. + +_Horæ Tennysonianæ_: sive Eclogæ e Tennysono Latine Redditæ A. J. Church. +London and Cambridge, 1870. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Three volumes of verse by Frederick Tennyson have appeared, viz.: +_Days and Hours_ (1854); _Isles of Greece; Sappho and Alcæus_ (1890); +_Daphne, and Other Poems_ (1801). The published works of Charles Turner +are as follows: _Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces_ (1830); _Sonnets_ (1864); +_Small Tableaux_ (1868); _Sonnets, Lyrics and Translations_ (1873); +_Collected Sonnets, Old and New_ (1880). Edward Tennyson (1813-1890) +achieved something of a reputation as a versifier; he contributed a sonnet +to the _Yorkshire Annual_ for 1832. + +[2] Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written in 1835, says: "I will say no +more of Tennyson than that the more I have seen of him, the more cause I +have to think him great. His little humours and grumpinesses were so +droll, that I was always laughing.... I felt what Charles Lamb describes, +a sense of depression at times from the overshadowing of a so much more +lofty intellect than my own."--_Letters and Literary Remains_, vol. i. + +[3] "Tennyson has been in town for some time: he has been making fresh +poems, which are finer, they say, than any he has done. But I believe he +is chiefly meditating on the purging and subliming of what he has already +done: and repents that he has published at all yet. It is fine to see how +in each succeeding poem the smaller ornaments and fancies drop away, and +leave the grand ideas single."--_Letters of Edward Fitzgerald_, vol. i., +p. 21. + +Extract from a letter dated October 23, 1833. + +[4] "Alfred Tennyson dined with us. I am always a little disappointed with +the exterior of our poet when I look at him, in spite of his eyes, which +are very fine; but his head and face, striking and dignified as they are, +are almost too ponderous and massive for beauty in so young a man; and +every now and then there is a slightly sarcastic expression about his +mouth that almost frightens me, in spite of his shy manner and habitual +silence."--Fanny Kemble's _Records of a Girlhood_, pp. 519-20. + +This entry in Fanny Kemble's journal is dated June 16, 1832. + +[5] Fitzgerald, in a letter written in London (April, 1838) says: "We have +had Alfred Tennyson here; very droll, and very wayward: and much sitting +up of nights till two and three in the morning with pipes in our mouths: +at which good hour we would get Alfred to give us some of his magic music, +which he does between growling and smoking."--_Letters and Literary +Remains_, vol. i., pp. 42, 43. + +[6] Milnes, in a letter dated July 20, 1856, gives this glimpse of the +Laureate's domestic life: "He is himself much happier than he used to be, +and devoted to his children, who are beautiful."--_Reid's Life of Lord +Houghton_, Vol. I. + +[7] The time of Tennyson's removal from Twickenham to Farringford can be +fixed with tolerable definiteness. Fitzgerald writes (Oct. 25, 1853): "I +am going to see the last of the Tennysons at Twickenham;" and again (in +December, 1853): "I hear from Mrs. Alfred they are got to their new abode +in the Isle of Wight."--_Letters and Literary Remains_, vol. i., pp. +225-6. + +[8] In 1865, Alfred Tennyson was elected a member of the Royal Society; in +1869, an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and, in 1884, +president of the Incorporated Society of Authors. He is also president of +the London Library. + +[9] "An interesting fact relating to the poet's descent may here be +mentioned. His mother's mother (Mrs. Fytche) was a granddaughter of a +certain Mons. Fauvelle, a French Huguenot, who was related to Madame de +Maintenon."--Church's _Laureate's Country_, p. 10. + +[10] Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written soon after Charles Turner's +death (April 25, 1879), says: "Tennyson's elder, not eldest, brother is +dead; and I was writing only yesterday to persuade Spedding to insist on +Macmillan publishing a complete edition of Charles' Sonnets: graceful, +tender, beautiful, and quite original little things."--_Letters and +Literary Remains_, vol. i., p. 437. + +[11] Mary Tennyson (1810-1884) married the Hon. Alan Ker, Puisine Judge of +the Supreme Court of Jamaica. + +[12] Emily Tennyson (1811-1887), who was betrothed to Arthur Hallam about +1830, became the wife of Capt. Richard Jesse, R. N. + +[13] The Hon. Lionel Tennyson was attacked by jungle fever during a visit +to India, and died on board the Chusan, near Aden, April 20, 1886, aged +thirty-two. He was a profound student of dramatic poetry, and would have +won a name for himself in literature. For several years he was connected +with the India office, and prepared a masterly report on "The Moral and +Material Condition of India," for 1881-82. In 1878, he married the +accomplished daughter of Frederick Locker. The eldest of their three sons +is the "golden-haired Ally" who inspired the well-known verses of his +grandfather. + +[14] "Queen Mary" was produced at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in April, +1876--Miss Bateman as Mary and Irving as Philip. + +[15] "The Cup" was played at the Lyceum in January, 1881--Irving taking +the part of Synorix and Miss Terry that of Camma. + +[16] "The Falcon" was presented at St. James' Theatre, London, in +December, 1879--Mr. Kendal playing the rôle of Count Federigo and Mrs. +Kendal that of Lady Giovanna. + +[17] "The Promise of May" was performed at the Globe Theatre, London, +(Nov. 11-Dec. 16, 1882), with Mrs. Bernard-Beere as Dora, Miss Emmeline +Ormsby as Eva, Mr. Hermann Vezin as Edgar and Mr. Charles Kelly as Dobson. + +[18] "The Foresters" was produced at Daly's Theatre, New York, (Mar. +17-April 22, 1892),--Mr. John Drew in the rôle of Robin Hood and Miss Ada +Rehan as Maid Marian. + +[19] Walter's _In Tennyson Land_, p. 62. + +[20] Appleton's _Cyclopedia_, vol. xv., p. 651. + +[21] Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, vol. vii., p. 755. + +[22] _Ibid._ + +[23] J. H. Ward, in _Atlantic Monthly_, Sept., 1879. + +[24] _Encyclopedia Americana_, vol. iv., p. 660. + +[25] J. A. Graham, in _Art Journal_, Feb., 1891. + +[26] Lodge's _Peerage_ (1888), p. 597. + +[27] _Art Journal_, Feb., 1891. + +[28] _Atlantic Monthly_, Sept., 1879. + +[29] A full transcript of the inscription on the rector's tomb is given in +Church's _Laureate's Country_ (p. 27), a work that is simply invaluable to +students of Tennyson. + +"Somersby and Bag Enderby are hamlets about one quarter of a mile apart," +says Gatty, "and are held by one Rector, who now resides at the latter +place."--_Key to "In Memoriam."_ Preface. + +"Not far from the south-eastern extremity of this Wold country is the +little village of Somersby. The nearest town to it is Horncastle, which is +six miles to the south-east.... Somersby is something less than fifteen +miles from the sea."--Church's _Laureate's Country_. + +[30] C. J. Caswell, in _Notes and Queries_, March 14, 1891. Van Dyke's +_Poetry of Tennyson_, p. 323. + +[31] Dawson's _Makers of Modern English_, p. 169. + +[32] _The Graphic_, (Chicago), Nov. 14, 1891. + +[33] _The Tribune_, (Chicago), March 26, 1892, p. 14. + +[34] Jenkins' _Handbook of British and American Literature_, p. 400. +Emerson's _Parnassus_, p. xxxiii. Friswell's _Modern Men of Letters_, p. +152. Collier's _History of English Literature_, p. 472. Angus' _Handbook +of English Literature_, p. 274. Fogh's _Nordish Con.-Lex._, vol. v., p. +665. Hoefer's _Nouvelle Biog. Gen._, vol. 44. Lorenz _Cat. Lib. Fran._, +vol. vi., p. 607. Bleibtreu's _Geschichte Eng. Lit._, p. 364. Fischer's +_Ausgewählte Gedichte v. A Tennyson_, p. 1. Waldmüller Duboc's +_Freundes-Klage_, p. 6. Faccioli's _A. Tennyson--Idilli Liriche_, etc., p. +ix. + +[35] _Poets and Problems_, p. 73. + +I am indebted to Mr. C. J. Caswell for his thorough investigations of +Tennyson's boyhood. See _Pall Mall Gazette_, June 19, 1890. + +[36] Brockhaus' _Conversations-Lex._, vol. xv., p. 559. + +[37] _Lives of English Authors_ (1890), p. 308. + +[38] Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, vol. vii., p. 755. + +[39] Cook's _Poets and Problems_, p. 73. + +[40] Cassell's _Lib. Eng. Lit._, Shorter Poems, p. 465. + +[41] Church's _Laureate's Country_, p. 74. Van Dyke's _Poetry of +Tennyson_, p. 323. + +Frederick Tennyson (a co-heir of the Earls of Scarsdale) was born June 5, +1807. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he +distinguished himself by writing Greek verse--winning the prize for a +Sapphic ode on "Egypt." He married an Italian lady, Maria Guiliotta, now +dead, by whom he had two sons--Julius and Alfred,--and three +daughters--Elise, Emily, Matilda. For many years he lived at Tenby in +South Wales; at present he resides in Jersey, and devotes himself to his +favorite Hellenic studies and to poetry. + +Charles Tennyson Turner (born July 4, 1808, died April 25, 1879) attended +Louth Grammar School (1815-21), and then was fitted for college at home. +At Trinity, he did admirable work in the classics--obtaining a Bell +scholarship. In 1836, he became vicar of Grasby, where he passed the +greater part of his life, well-known for his good works. In 1838, he +acquired property left him by his great-uncle, Rev. S. Turner, and assumed +the name of Turner by royal license. He married Louisa Sellwood, youngest +sister of Lady Tennyson; he died at Cheltenham. + +[42] "In 1872, Mr. Tennyson purchased a small estate on the top of +Blackdown." + +_Laureate's Country_, ch. XVI. On the other hand, _Every Saturday_, for +Jan. 1, 1870, says: + +"Mr. Tennyson has recently built himself a second residence, in a +picturesque valley in Surrey." "In 1867," says Jennings in his _Lord +Tennyson_ (p. 190), "it was announced that Tennyson had purchased the +Greenhill estate on the borders of Sussex." + +This statement is corroborated by a letter of Milnes, dated July 30, 1867: + +"Our expedition to Tennyson's was a moral success, but a physical +failure.... The bard was very agreeable, and his wife and son delightful. +He has built himself a very handsome and commanding home in a most +inaccessible site, with every comfort he can require, and every discomfort +to all who approach him. What can be more poetical?" + +Reid's _Life of Lord Houghton_, Vol. II, p. 176 + +Here the circumstances point to only one conclusion--that Tennyson was +living at Aldworth in the summer of 1867. It is a satisfaction to get down +to a solid substratum of truth. + +[43] + + Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, Vol. VII., p. 755. + Appleton's _Cyclopedia_, Vol. XV., p. 652. + Meyer's _Kon-Lex._, vol. XV., p. 589. + Hart's _Manual of English Literature_, p. 509. + Jenkins' _Handbook of British and American Literature_, p. 401. + +[44] _London Times_, March 12, 1884. An item in the _Chicago Herald_, +April 5, 1892, refers to Tennyson as "Baron d'Eyncourt." Thus he is called +in _Lives of English Authors_ (1890). His title is given as "baron +Tennyson d'Eyncourt d'Aldworth," by Larousse (_Dictionnaire Universel_, +2d. Supplement, p. 1914); and as "Baron Tennyson von Altworth," by +Brockhaus (_Con-Lex._, vol. xv., p. 559), and by Meyer (_Kon-Lex._, vol. +xv., p. 589). The _Illustrirtes Kon-Lex._ says he was offered a Baronetcy +in 1875. The _International Cyclopedia_ says he was made a baron in 1883, +as does Alden's _Cyc. of Univ. Lit._ and other compilations. From this +showing it would appear that French and German erudition is about on a par +with English and American. + +[45] Mrs. Ritchie on "Alfred Tennyson," in _Harper's Magazine_ (Dec., +1883), and Alice Maude Fenn on "The Borderlands of Surrey," in _The +Century_ (Aug., 1882). + +[46] Of the numerous works of reference which give Somerby as the poet's +birthplace, are the following: Vapereau. _Dictionnaire des Contemporains_; +Larousse. _Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe Siècle_, 2e. Supplement; Schem. +_Conversations-Lexicon_; Meyer. _Conversations-Lexicon._ Brockhaus, etc. + +[47] Selections from Tennyson's "Queen Mary." + +[48] "The First Quarrel." + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Tennyson's Life and Poetry, by Eugene Parsons + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + +***** This file should be named 36093-8.txt or 36093-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/0/9/36093/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Tennyson's Life and Poetry + And Mistakes Concerning Tennyson + +Author: Eugene Parsons + +Release Date: May 13, 2011 [EBook #36093] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="center"><span class="giant">Tennyson’s Life and<br /> +Poetry:</span> <span class="huge">and Mistakes<br /> +Concerning Tennyson</span></p> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco.png" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="large">By EUGENE PARSONS.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1892, By EUGENE PARSONS.<br /><br /> +Printed by <span class="smcap">The Craig Press</span>, Chicago.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Introductory Note</span>,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Tennyson’s Life and Poetry</span>,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Mistakes Concerning Tennyson</span>,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Translations of Tennyson’s Works</span>,</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<h2>INTRODUCTORY NOTE.</h2> + +<p>There is already an extensive Tennyson literature. Of books relating to +the scenes connected with his life and works, are Walters’ <i>In Tennyson +Land</i>; Brooks’ <i>Out of Doors with Tennyson</i>; also Church’s <i>Laureate’s +Country</i>, and Napier’s <i>Homes and Haunts of Lord Tennyson</i>. There is a +mass of material, both critical and biographical, in Shepherd’s +<i>Tennysoniana</i>; Wace’s <i>Life and Works of Tennyson</i>; Tainsh’s <i>Study of +the Works of Tennyson</i>; Jennings’ <i>Sketch of Lord Tennyson</i>; and Van +Dyke’s <i>Poetry of Tennyson</i>. Besides these may be mentioned Brightwell’s +<i>Tennyson Concordance</i>; Irving’s <i>Tennyson</i>; Lester’s <i>Lord Tennyson and +the Bible</i>; also Collins’ <i>Illustrations of Tennyson</i>.</p> + +<p>Valuable help for understanding and appreciating <i>In Memoriam</i> is afforded +by the volumes on that poem written by Robertson, Gatty, Genung, Chapman +and Davidson. Much interesting information is given in Dawson’s <i>Study of +“The Princess”</i>; Mann’s <i>Tennyson’s “Maud” Vindicated</i>; Elsdale’s <i>Studies +in the Idyls</i>; and Nutt’s <i>Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail</i>. A +collection of Tennyson’s songs, set to music by various composers, has +been issued by Stanley Lucas and by Harper & Bros.</p> + +<p>Several volumes of selections from Tennyson’s writings have appeared as +follows: <i>Ausgewählte Gedichte</i>, with notes (in German) by Fischer, +Salzwedel, 1878; <i>Lyrical Poems of Alfred Tennyson</i>, with notes (in +Italian) by T. C. Cann, Florence, 1887; <i>Lyrical Poems of Lord Tennyson</i>, +annotated by F. T. Palgrave; <i>Select Poems of Tennyson</i>, and <i>Young +People’s Tennyson</i>, both edited by W. J. Rolfe; <i>Tennyson Selections</i>, +with notes by F. J. Rowe and W. T. Webb; and <i>Tennyson for the Young</i>, +edited by Alfred Ainger.</p> + +<p>Among school editions of Tennyson’s poems, are <i>The Princess</i>, with notes +by Rolfe, also by Wallace; <i>Enoch Arden</i>, with notes by Rolfe, by Webb, +and by Blaisdel; <i>Enoch Arden</i>, with notes (in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> German) by Hamann, +Leipzig, 1890; <i>Enoch Arden</i>, with notes (in French) by Courtois, Paris, +1891; <i>Enoch Arden</i>, with notes (in French) by Beljame, Paris, 1891; <i>Les +Idylles du roi, Enoch Arden</i>, with notes (in French) by Baret, Paris, +1886; <i>Enoch Arden, les Idylles du roi</i>, with notes (in French) by +Sevrette, Paris, 1887; <i>Aylmer’s Field</i>, annotated by Webb; <i>The Two +Voices</i> and <i>A Dream of Fair Women</i>, by Corson; <i>The Coming of Arthur</i> and +<i>The Passing of Arthur</i>, by Rowe; <i>In Memoriam</i> and other poems, by +Kellogg.</p> + +<p>Innumerable papers on Tennyson and his poetry have been published in +newspapers and periodicals. A large number of these reviews and some +descriptive articles are contained in the following volumes: Horne’s +<i>Spirit of the Age</i>; Howitt’s <i>Homes and Haunts of British Poets</i>; +Hamilton’s <i>Poets-Laureate of England</i>; Robertson’s <i>Lectures</i>; Kingsley’s +<i>Miscellanies</i>; Bagehot’s <i>Literary Studies</i>; Japp’s <i>Three Great +Teachers</i>; Buchanan’s <i>Master Spirits</i>; Austin’s <i>Poets of the Period</i>; +Forman’s <i>Our Living Poets</i>; Friswell’s <i>Modern Men of Letters</i>; Haweis’ +<i>Poets in the Pulpit</i>; McCrie’s <i>Religion of Our Literature</i>; Devey’s +<i>Comparative Estimate of English Poets</i>; Gladstone’s <i>Gleanings of Past +Years</i>; Archer’s <i>English Dramatists of To-Day</i>; Stedman’s <i>Victorian +Poets</i>; Cooke’s <i>Poets and Problems</i>; Fraser’s <i>Chaucer to Longfellow</i>; +Dawson’s <i>Makers of Modern English</i>; Egan’s <i>Lectures on English +Literature</i>; and Ritchie’s <i>Light-Bearers</i>.</p> + +<p>For favorable or unfavorable estimates of Tennyson, the reader is referred +to the lectures of Dowden and Ingram in the <i>Dublin Afternoon Lectures on +Literature and Art</i>, and to the collected essays of Brimley, Bayne, +Hadley, Masson, Stirling, Roscoe, Hayward, Hutton, Swinburne, Galton, +Noel, Heywood, Bayard Taylor and others.</p> + +<p>Some side-lights are thrown on the Laureate in Ruskin’s <i>Modern Painters</i>; +Hamerton’s <i>Thoughts on Art</i>; Masson’s <i>Recent British Philosophy</i>; and +Arnold’s <i>Lectures on Translating Homer</i>. Stray glimpses of the man in his +personal relations are found in the <i>Carlyle and Emerson Correspondence</i>; +Fanny Kemble’s <i>Records of a Girlhood</i>; Caroline Fox’s <i>Memories of Old +Friends</i>; Reid’s <i>Life of Lord Houghton</i>; and in the <i>Letters and Literary +Remains of Edward Fitzgerald</i>.</p> + +<p>But with all that has been written concerning Tennyson, no monograph, so +far as I am aware, has hitherto appeared which is at once comprehensive +and accurate. Mrs. Ritchie’s beautiful portraiture of the Laureate, with +its touch of hero-worship, lacks a great deal of being a survey of his +literary career. No biography of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>Alfred Tennyson has been published which +is worthy the name. For many years students and lovers of the poet +encountered difficulty in obtaining full and exact information on the +chief events of his life. I undertook to supply this want in the essay +entitled “Tennyson’s Life and Poetry.”</p> + +<p>In the preparation of this paper, I had occasion to consult various +periodicals and works of reference. With scarcely an exception, I found +the articles on Tennyson in cyclopedias and biographical dictionaries +faulty in many particulars. Even the sketches in recent compilations and +journals are full of misleading and conflicting statements. I became +impressed with the thought that these errors ought to be exposed and +corrected. The result was the critique—“Mistakes concerning Tennyson.” I +gathered my materials from a variety of sources, and always aimed to +disengage the truth. I depended largely on Rev. Alfred Gatty, Mrs. +Ritchie, Mr. Gosse, Prof. Palgrave, Prof. Church, Mr. C. J. Caswell, and +Dr. Van Dyke as the most trustworthy authorities.</p> + +<p>My thanks are due Dr. W. F. Poole, of the Newberry Library, for placing at +my disposal an immense collection of bibliographies, catalogues and +bulletins of foreign books. I desire also to express my obligations to Dr. +Henry van Dyke, of New York City, for aiding me in my researches.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Eugene Parsons.</span></span></p> + +<p>3612 Stanton Ave., Chicago,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>April, 1892</i>.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> +<h2>TENNYSON’S LIFE AND POETRY.</h2> +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="large">I.</span></p> + +<p>Alfred Tennyson was born August 6, 1809, in Somersby, a wooded hamlet of +Lincolnshire, England. “The native village of Tennyson,” says Howitt, who +visited it many years ago, “is not situated in the fens, but in a pretty +pastoral district of softly sloping hills and large ash trees. It is not +based on bogs, but on a clean sandstone. There is a little glen in the +neighborhood, called by the old monkish name of Holywell.” There he was +brought up amid the lovely idyllic scenes which he has made famous in the +“Ode to Memory” and other poems. The picturesque “Glen,” with its tangled +underwood and purling brook, was a favorite haunt of the poet in +childhood. On one of the stones in this ravine he inscribed the +words—<span class="smcap">Byron is Dead</span>—ere he was fifteen.</p> + +<p>Alfred was the fourth son of the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, LL.D., +rector of Somersby and other neighboring parishes. His father, the oldest +son of George Tennyson, Esq., of Bayons and Usselby Hall, was a man of +uncommon talents and attainments, who had tried his hand, with fair +success, at architecture, painting, music and poetry. His mother was a +sweet, gentle soul, and exceptionally sensitive. The poet-laureate seems +to have inherited from her his refined, shrinking nature.</p> + +<p>Dr. Tennyson married Miss Elizabeth Fytche, August 6, 1805. Their first +child, George, died in infancy. According to the parish registers, the +Tennyson family consisted of eleven children, viz.: Frederick, Charles, +Alfred, Mary, Emily, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, Matilda, Cecilia and +Horatio. They formed a joyous, lively household—amusements being +agreeably mingled with their daily tasks. They were all handsome and +gifted, with marked mental traits and imaginative temperaments. They were +especially fond of reading and story-telling. At least four of the boys +were addicted to verse-writing—a habit they kept up through life, though +Alfred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> alone devoted himself to a poetical career as something more than +a pastime. Frederick Tennyson’s occasional pieces are characterized by +luxuriant fancy and chaste diction; the sonnets of Charles won high praise +from Coleridge, but the fame of both has been overshadowed by that of +their distinguished brother.<a name="fna_1_1" id="fna_1_1"></a><a href="#fn_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>The scholarly clergyman, who was an M. A. of Cambridge, carefully attended +to the education and training of his children. He turned his gifts and +accomplishments to good account in stimulating their mental growth. Alfred +was sent to the Louth Grammar School four years (1816-20). During this +time he presumably learned something, although no flattering reports of +his progress have come down to us. Then private teachers were employed by +Dr. Tennyson to instruct his boys, but he took upon himself for the most +part the burden of fitting them for college. Only a moderate amount of +study was imposed by the rector. A great deal of the time Alfred was out +of doors, rambling through the pastures and woods about Somersby and Bag +Enderby. He was solitary, not caring to mingle with other boys in their +sports. As a child, he exhibited the same peculiarities which +characterized the man. He was shy and reserved, moody and absent-minded. +Alfred and Charles were devotedly attached to each other, and frequently +were together in their walks. The lads were both large and strong for +their age. Charles was a popular boy in Somersby on account of his frank, +genial disposition—which cannot be said of the reticent Alfred.</p> + +<p>One incident connected with the poet’s education at home is worth +repeating. His father required him to memorize the odes of Horace and to +recite them morning by morning until the four books were gone through. The +Laureate in later years testified to the value of this practice in +cultivating a delicate sense for metrical music. He called Horace his +master. Certainly no other bard has ever excelled Tennyson in the art of +expressing himself in melodious verse.</p> + +<p>From his twelfth to his sixteenth year, Alfred was apparently idle much of +the time, yet he was unconsciously preparing for his life-work. He was +gathering material and storing up impressions which were afterwards +utilized. It was with him a formative period. The hours he spent strolling +in lanes and woods were not wasted. The quiet, meditative boy lived in a +realm of the imagination, and his thoughts and fancies took shape in crude +poems.</p> + +<p>This period of day-dreaming was followed by one of marked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> intellectual +activity. The thin volume—<i>Poems by Two Brothers</i>, printed in 1826, +contained the pieces written by Alfred when he was only sixteen or +seventeen. It shows that these were busy years. The Tennyson youths not +only scribbled a great deal of verse—they ranged far and wide in the +fields of ancient and modern literature. Their father had a good library, +and they appreciated its treasures. In the footnotes of their first book +were many curious bits of information, and quotations from the classics.</p> + +<p>The Tennyson children were fortunate in having cultured parents. They were +favored in another respect. Dr. Tennyson was comfortably well off for a +clergyman. His means—which he shrewdly husbanded—enabled the family to +spend the summers at Mablethorpe on the Lincolnshire coast. Thus Alfred’s +passion for the sea was early developed. For some time it was the rector’s +custom to occupy a dwelling in Louth during the school year. In this way +the seclusion and monotony of Somersby life were broken. The young +Tennysons saw considerable of the world. They were often welcomed in the +home of their grandmother, Mrs. Fytche, in Westgate Place, and +occasionally visited the stately mansion at Bayons. Especially Charles and +Alfred were at times the guests of their great-uncle Samuel Turner, vicar +of Grasby and curate of Caistor, who afterwards left his property and +parish livings to his favorite, Charles Tennyson Turner. Such were the +experiences of the Laureate’s youth and childhood, which inevitably +influenced his whole life and entered into his poetry. He illustrates the +truth that a poet is largely what his environment makes him.</p> + +<p>Byron exercised a magical spell over him in his teens, and this influence +is apparent in his boyish rhymes which are tinged with Byronic melancholy. +Afterwards Keats gained the ascendency. As a colorist, Tennyson owes much +to this gorgeous word-painter, whom he has equaled, if not surpassed, in +his own field.</p> + +<p>Alfred, in his boyhood, gave unmistakable indications of genius. During +his university course at Cambridge, he was generally looked upon as a +superior mortal, of whom great things were expected by his teachers and +fellow-collegians. Dr. Whewell, his tutor, treated him with unusual +respect.</p> + +<p>While at Trinity college (1828-31) he formed friendships which lasted till +death ended them one by one. It was indeed a company of choice spirits +with whom Tennyson had the good fortune to be associated. Among them were +Thackeray, Helps, Garden, Sterling, Thompson, Kinglake, Maurice, Kemble, +Milnes, Trench, Alford, Brookfield, Merivale, Spedding and others. Besides +these, he numbered among the friends of his early manhood Fitzgerald, +Hare,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Hunt, Carlyle, Gladstone, Rogers, Landor, Forster, the Lushingtons +and other famous scholars and men of letters.</p> + +<p>In the companionship of such men, he found the stimulus necessary for the +development of his poetical faculty. They all regarded him with feelings +of warmest admiration.<a name="fna_2_2" id="fna_2_2"></a><a href="#fn_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The young poet had at least a few appreciative +readers during the ten or twelve years of obscurity when the public cared +little for his writings. He was encouraged by their words of commendation +to pursue the bard’s divine calling, to which he was led by an +overmastering instinct. He could afford to wait and smile at his slashing +reviewers. Meanwhile he profited by the suggestions of his critics. In +this respect he presents a striking contrast to Browning. He mercilessly +subjected his productions to the most painstaking revision.<a name="fna_3_3" id="fna_3_3"></a><a href="#fn_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> He +attempted various styles, and experimented with all sorts of metres. Thus +he served his laborious apprenticeship and acquired a mastery of his art. +His eminent success has confirmed the expectations of his youthful +admirers.</p> + +<p>During his stay at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam, a son of +the historian. Hallam, who was a young man of extraordinary promise, +became the dearest of his friends—more to him than brother. Their +intimate fellowship was strengthened by Arthur’s love for the poet’s +sister. It was his strongest earthly attachment. In 1830, the two friends +traveled through France together, and stopped a while in the Pyrenees. On +revisiting these mountains long afterward, the Laureate, overcome by +reminiscences of other days, wrote the affecting lines entitled “In the +Valley of Cauteretz”:</p> + +<p class="poem">All along the valley, stream that flashest white,<br /> +Deepening thy voice with the deepening of the night,<br /> +All along the valley, where thy waters flow,<br /> +I walk’d with one I loved two and thirty years ago.<br /> +For all along the valley, while I walk’d to-day,<br /> +The two and thirty years were a mist that rolls away;<br /> +For all along the valley, down thy rocky bed,<br /> +Thy living voice to me was as the voice of the dead,<br /> +And all along the valley, by rock and cave and tree,<br /> +The voice of the dead was a living voice to me.</p> + +<p>In 1833, the sudden death of Hallam, then Emily’s betrothed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> produced on +Alfred’s mind a deep and ineffaceable impression. While brooding over his +sorrow, the idea came to him of expressing his emotions in verse which +might be a fitting tribute to the dead. At different times and amid widely +varying circumstances, were composed the elegiac strains and poetic +musings that make up “In Memoriam,” a poem representing many moods and +experiences. It is a work occupying a place apart in literature. Its +merits and defects are peculiar. There is no other elegy like it, and it +may be doubted whether a second In Memoriam will ever be written. Tennyson +erected an appropriate and imperishable monument to the memory of his lost +friend. In conferring immortality upon his beloved Arthur, he gained it +for himself. His best claim on the future is to be known and remembered as +the author of “In Memoriam,” his masterpiece.</p> + +<p>Equally enduring is the melodious wail—“Break, break, break,” one of the +sweetest dirges in all literature. Hallam was buried (Jan. 3, 1834) at +Clevedon by the Severn, near its entrance to the Bristol Channel, within +sound of the melancholy waves. Singularly this exquisite song, which +breathes of the sea, was not composed here, but “in a Lincolnshire lane at +five o’clock in the morning,” as the Laureate himself has declared. It was +written within a year after Hallam’s death, Sept. 15, 1833.</p> + +<p>Not much has been learned of Tennyson’s early manhood. No very definite +picture can be formed of his life after he left college. He seldom wrote +letters. Even his most intimate friends could not succeed in carrying on a +correspondence with him. What happened to him is not, however, all a +blank. A few scraps relating to his history are found in the letters of +Carlyle, Fitzgerald, Milnes and others. A number of autobiographical +fragments are sprinkled through the poems which he wrote between 1830 and +1850, but they refer more to his spiritual development than to the outward +events which constitute memoirs.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Tennyson and her family continued to live at the Rectory after her +husband died, March 16, 1831. In the autumn of 1835, she removed to High +Beach, Epping Forest, (“In Memoriam,” CII., CIV., CV.), and about 1840 to +Well Walk, Hampstead. Here she made her home the rest of her life with her +sister, Mary Ann Fytche—nearly all of her sons and daughters having +married and scattered. She died February 21, 1865, at the age of +eighty-four.</p> + +<p>Alfred’s university career was cut short by his father’s death. For some +years he remained at home—a diligent student of books and a close +observer of nature. He roamed back and forth between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Somersby and London, +alternately in solitude and with his friends.<a name="fna_4_4" id="fna_4_4"></a><a href="#fn_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Fitzgerald tells of his +visiting with Tennyson at the Cumberland home of James Spedding in 1835.</p> + +<p>Here Alfred would spend hour after hour reading aloud “Morte d’Arthur” and +other unpublished poems, which his scholarly friend criticized. In 1838, +he was a welcome member of the Anonymous Club in London, and for several +years he had rooms in this city at various intervals.<a name="fna_5_5" id="fna_5_5"></a><a href="#fn_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> It was his custom +to make long incursions through the country on foot, studying the +landscapes of England and Wales and pondering many a lay unsung. Thus he +became familiar with the natural features of the places illustrated in his +poems with such pictorial fidelity and vividness, though not with +photographic accuracy.</p> + +<p>Through this long period he was unknown to the great world. He lived +modestly, though not in actual want. His books brought him no substantial +returns till long after 1842. There was but little left of his patrimony, +if any, when he was granted a pension of £200 in 1845. This timely aid was +obtained for him by Sir Robert Peel, chiefly through the influence of +Carlyle and Milnes.</p> + +<p>Henceforth fortune graciously smiled upon him and made amends for past +neglect. His reputation was becoming well established, and new editions of +his poems were being called for. The Queen chanced to pick up one of his +earlier volumes, and was charmed with the simple story of “The Miller’s +Daughter.” She procured a copy of the book for the Princess Alice; this +incident, it is related, brought him into favor with the aristocracy and +gave a tremendous impetus to his popularity. After the death of Wordsworth +in 1850, Tennyson was appointed Poet Laureate. Since then he has been +highly esteemed by the royal family, and has produced in their honor some +spirited odes and stately dedications.</p> + +<p>The poet married (June 13, 1850) Miss Emily Sellwood, of Horncastle, whom +he had known from childhood. Her mother was a sister of Sir John Franklin, +and her youngest sister was the wife of Charles Tennyson Turner. Two or +three years they lived at Twickenham, where Hallam Tennyson was born in +1852. Together they visited Italy in 1851, and vivid memories of their +travels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> are recalled in “The Daisy,” addressed to his wife. This +interesting poem, written at Edinburgh, was suggested by the finding of a +daisy in a book—the flower having been plucked on the Splugen and placed +by Mrs. Tennyson between the leaves of a little volume as a memento of +their Italian journey. The poet’s fancy was stirred and revived the +delicious hours—</p> + +<p class="poem">In lands of palm and southern pine;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In lands of palm, of orange blossom,</span><br /> +Of olive, aloe, and maize and vine.</p> + +<p>Those who are familiar with Tennyson’s poems know how exalted is his ideal +of woman as wife and mother. Lady Tennyson seems to have met the poet’s +exacting requirements almost perfectly. What sort of helpmeet she has been +he lovingly portrayed in the “Dedication,”—a tender tribute that was +fully deserved. “His most lady-like, gentle wife,” Fitzgerald called her. +Of superior education and talent, she was a worthy companion for an +author. A number of her husband’s songs she has set to music. She has +never sought public recognition. Content with the round of duties in a +domestic sphere, she has lived for husband and children. Their married +life has been exceptionally harmonious.<a name="fna_6_6" id="fna_6_6"></a><a href="#fn_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>In 1852, the Laureate’s largely increasing income enabled him to purchase +an estate of more than four hundred acres near Freshwater, Isle of Wight. +In the lines, “To the Rev. F. D. Maurice,” dated January,<a name="fna_7_7" id="fna_7_7"></a><a href="#fn_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> 1854, the +poet depicts his pleasant life in this delightful retreat:</p> + +<p class="poem">Where, far from noise and smoke of town,<br /> +I watch the twilight falling brown<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All round a careless-order’d garden</span><br /> +Close to the ridge of a noble down.<br /> +<br /> +You’ll have no scandal while you dine,<br /> +But honest talk and wholesome wine,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And only hear the magpie gossip</span><br /> +Garrulous under a roof of pine:<br /> +<br /> +For groves of pine on either hand,<br /> +To break the blast of winter, stand;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And further on, the hoary Channel</span><br /> +Tumbles a breaker on chalk and sand.</p> + +<p>In 1855, Tennyson received the honorary degree of D. C. L.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> from +Oxford.<a name="fna_8_8" id="fna_8_8"></a><a href="#fn_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> His prosperity continued—there being considerable profits from +judicious investments and immense sales of his books. In 1867, he bought +an estate near Haslemere, Surrey, “for the purpose of enjoying inland air +and scenery.” Here he built a fine Gothic mansion, which is an ideal +residence for a poet. Aldworth House is situated far up on Blackdown +Heath, and overlooks a lovely valley. It is near the northern border of +Sussex. “The prospect from the terrace of the house,” says Church, “is one +of the finest in the south of England.” The poet thus pictures the place +which has been his summer home for more than twenty years:</p> + +<p class="poem">Our birches yellowing and from each<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The light leaf falling fast,</span><br /> +While squirrels from our fiery beech<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Were bearing off the mast,</span><br /> +You came, and look’d, and loved the view<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Long-known and loved by me,</span><br /> +Green Sussex fading into blue<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With one gray glimpse of sea.</span></p> + +<p>In 1883, the Laureate had amassed property estimated to be worth £200,000. +He was offered and accepted a peerage during the latter part of this year, +and became Baron of Aldworth and Farringford, January 24, 1884. He took +his seat in the House of Lords March 11. In 1865, he declined a baronetcy +offered by the Queen as a reward for his loyal devotion to the Crown. +Whatever distinction may attach to the honorable name of Lord Tennyson, +the majority of his numerous readers prefer to call him plain Alfred +Tennyson.</p> + +<p>It may not be widely known that Baron Tennyson has a splendid lineage, of +which he has modestly kept silent, unlike Byron. According to a writer in +the <i>St. James’ Gazette</i>, who traced his ancestry back to Norman times, +Tennyson is descended from an illustrious house of “princes, soldiers, and +statesmen, famous in British or European history.” Some of his remote +relatives were crowned heads—one being the celebrated Malcolm III. of +Scotland. In Tennyson’s descent “two lines are blended,” says Church, “the +middle class line of the Tennysons, and the noble and even royal line of +the D’Eyncourts.”<a name="fna_9_9" id="fna_9_9"></a><a href="#fn_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Alfred’s uncle, the Right Hon. Charles Tennyson-D’Eyncourt of Bayons Manor +in Lincolnshire, was a man of marked ability and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> culture, who held +various public offices, and represented several boroughs in parliament +from 1818 to 1852. Since his death, in 1861, the family estate has +successively passed to his three sons—George Hildyard, Admiral Edwin +Clayton, C. B. (1871), and Louis Charles (1890), the present inheritor of +the D’Eyncourt seat and dignity.</p> + +<p>The poet’s last years have been clouded by the bereavement of many old +friends and relatives. Septimus, Charles,<a name="fna_10_10" id="fna_10_10"></a><a href="#fn_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +Mary,<a name="fna_11_11" id="fna_11_11"></a><a href="#fn_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +Emily,<a name="fna_12_12" id="fna_12_12"></a><a href="#fn_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and +Edward are dead. He suffered a severe blow in the death of his second son +Lionel, while on the homeward voyage from India.<a name="fna_13_13" id="fna_13_13"></a><a href="#fn_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> He mourns his loss in +the touching stanzas—“To the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava.”</p> + +<p>Lord Tennyson was the recipient of many congratulations on the occasion of +his eightieth birthday, August 6, 1889. The same year was marked by the +publication of a new volume of poems, which attest that his intellectual +vigor is unimpaired by age or bodily weakness. A dainty little poem of +his—“To Sleep”—was published in the <i>New Review</i> for March, 1891, and it +is not improbable that others will see the light in the near future.</p> + +<p>Tennyson’s health, though quite robust for an octogenarian, has been +broken of late. In the spring of 1890, he was troubled with a grievous +illness, the result of exposure to cold—he having persisted in taking his +“daily two hours’ walk along the cliff” in all kinds of weather. It was +expected that the poet would spend the following winter in the South to +avoid the rigorous climate of the Isle of Wight, but he recovered +sufficient strength to remain at Farringford House amid the scenes he +loves so well.</p> + +<p>Tennyson has always shunned publicity, living in a world apart—removed +from the gaze of the profane crowd. He rarely goes into society, +preferring rural retirement to social converse. As poet and man, he has +gained by this voluntary seclusion. His delight is to mingle with the +world of nature. The woods and skies, the streams and billows have been +his comrades. How much they have contributed to his poetic greatness +cannot be estimated. He is, however, a recluse with his eyes open. He has +watched the progress of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>mankind and observed the trend of the times. +Realizing the needs of the age, he grandly rose to the occasion—either to +lift up his voice in protest against its faults, or to sing its +achievements.</p> + +<p>For many years no strangers have been admitted to Farringford Park. +Visitors, while welcome at Aldworth in the afternoon, have not been +allowed to interrupt the accustomed occupations of the master of the +house, who is very methodical in his habits. It has long been his custom +to rise early and spend the morning hours in his study—writing and +dreaming in an atmosphere laden with smoke and the odor of tobacco. He now +uses the pen but little, owing to failing eyesight. The Honorable Hallam +Tennyson is his secretary and constant companion.</p> + +<p>Personally, his lordship is a man who would attract attention anywhere, +with his stalwart form slightly stooping, his noble face, his long flowing +hair and bushy beard. He dresses carelessly, and when out of doors wears a +shocking bad hat; with his cloak and walking-stick, he makes a picturesque +figure. He is a confirmed pedestrian. “Every morning,” says a newspaper +correspondent, “in hail, rain or snow, the poet dons his frouzy cap and +his frouzier slouch hat, and promenades for an hour or so, none daring to +disturb him.”</p> + +<p>Tennyson is taciturn and brusque before strangers, whose presence annoys +him, but he is delightfully easy and spontaneous with friends. Edward +Fitzgerald, in his letters to Frederick Tennyson and others, alludes again +and again, in terms of enthusiastic appreciation, to Alfred’s wise and +pointed conversation. One of his original “sayings, which strike the nail +on the head,” was about Dante. It is well worth quoting in Fitzgerald’s +concise language, taken from a letter written in 1876:</p> + +<p>“What Mr. Lowell says of him recalled to me what Tennyson said to me some +thirty-five or forty years ago. We were stopping before a shop in Regent +street where were two figures of Dante and Gœthe. I (I suppose) said, +‘What is there in old Dante’s face that is missing in Gœthe’s?’ And +Tennyson (whose profile then had certainly a remarkable likeness to +Dante’s) said: ‘The divine.’”</p> + +<p>From first to last Alfred Tennyson has recognized that the mission of the +poet is that of an æsthetic teacher. Much has he done to educate +English-speaking people in the appreciation of beauty. But he is +emphatically more than this. A man of stainless reputation, his deeds and +words have almost invariably been on the side of righteousness. His career +has been free from the excesses which disgraced the lives of Marlowe and +Shelley, of Byron and Poe. He is rather to be ranged with the Spensers and +Miltons, the Wordsworths<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> and Brownings, as a defender of truth and +religion. In the main he has steadfastly kept in mind the austere ideal—</p> + +<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 9em;">Of those who, far aloof</span><br /> +From envy, hate and pity, and spite and scorn,<br /> +Live the great life which all our greatest fain<br /> +Would follow, center’d in eternal calm.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="large">II.</span></p> + +<p>The current of Tennyson’s genius is like a rivulet placidly flowing +through meadows and groves, occasionally rippling and swirling over +stones, then pursuing its even course—gradually widening and deepening; +not like a mighty river proudly sweeping in a resistless flood through a +wilderness, or tumbling down rocky chasms. All that he has given the world +during sixty years of literary activity is contained in less than a dozen +volumes of verse. Only a rapid survey of his poetical career is attempted +here.</p> + +<p>Passing by without comment <i>Poems by two Brothers</i> (1826), “The Lover’s +Tale” (composed about 1828), and “Timbuctoo” (1829), we come to +Tennyson’s first bid for fame in <i>Poems, chiefly Lyrical</i> (1830). This +slender volume included (along with much rubbish) a few pieces which are +perennial favorites with lovers of Tennyson, viz.: “Mariana,” +“Recollections of the Arabian Nights,” “The Dying Swan,” “A Dirge,” “Love +and Death,” and “Circumstance.” Among the poems suppressed in later +editions is one in an unusual vein—“Nero to Leander”—which Emerson +inserted in his <i>Parnassus</i>.</p> + +<p>His second book of <i>Poems</i> (1833) was a more ambitious venture. Its +contents, though marred by faults of crude taste, possessed in a marked +degree, the characteristic qualities of the Laureate’s poetry. Nearly all +of the lyrics in it have been found worthy of a permanent place in the +collected editions of his poems, but most of them underwent countless +changes before they were republished in 1842—being corrected and polished +till they were well-nigh perfect from a critical standpoint.</p> + +<p>The two volumes of <i>Poems</i> (1842) revealed Tennyson at his best—a mature +singer whose dignified, harmonious verse compares favorably with the most +splendid contributions to British poetry. “The Princess” (1847), “In +Memoriam” (1850), and “Maud” (1855) made his position secure as the +greatest of living poets.</p> + +<p>Not satisfied to rest content as a lyrist, Tennyson essayed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>extended +narrative in <i>Idyls of the King</i> (1859) and “Enoch Arden” (1864). Gaining +courage from the enthusiastic reception of the four Arthurian idyls, he +undertook to carry out a long cherished design—which Milton and Dryden +had conceived—of writing a national epic on King Arthur. He had already +made several attempts at versifying incidents from the <i>Mabinogion</i> and +Malory’s old romance <i>Morte d’ Arthur</i>, but they were isolated fragments. +From time to time he added others, making the series of tales called the +Round Table a complete cycle as follows:</p> + +<p>The Coming of Arthur, 1869; Gareth and Lynette, 1872; Geraint and Enid, +1859; Balin and Balan, 1885; Merlin and Vivien, 1859; Lancelot and Elaine, +1859; The Holy Grail, 1869; Pelleas and Ettarre, 1869; The Last +Tournament, 1871; Guinevere, 1859; The Passing of Arthur, 1842, 1869.</p> + +<p>Then boldly entering the dangerous field of historical drama, Tennyson +became a rival of Shakspeare himself in “Queen Mary”<a name="fna_14_14" id="fna_14_14"></a><a href="#fn_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +(1875), “Harold” (1876), and “Becket” (1884). Besides these, he brought forth three shorter +plays or dramatic sketches—“The Cup”<a name="fna_15_15" id="fna_15_15"></a><a href="#fn_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +(1884), “The Falcon”<a name="fna_16_16" id="fna_16_16"></a><a href="#fn_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> (1884), +“The Promise of May”<a name="fna_17_17" id="fna_17_17"></a><a href="#fn_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> (1886), and a lengthy idyllic drama called “The +Foresters”<a name="fna_18_18" id="fna_18_18"></a><a href="#fn_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> (1892).</p> + +<p>As if to prove that his fertility was not exhausted in the province of the +lyric, he made fresh incursions into fields of song long familiar to him. +These winnowings of the last two decades are gathered into the following +volumes:</p> + +<p><i>Ballads, and Other Poems</i> (1880); <i>Tiresias, and Other Poems</i> (1885); +<i>Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc.</i> (1886); <i>Demeter, and Other Poems</i> +(1889).</p> + +<p>Enough books have been named to give at least half a dozen minstrels a +firm footing on Parnassus. The number of Tennyson’s meritorious +performances is simply astonishing. But few poets have wrought with such +unwearying patience. Not many can present as imposing a catalogue of works +that are confessedly of such a high order of excellence. Browning has +written more, but Browning has not taken the trouble to perfect himself in +form—in short, he is not a finished artist. In literary workmanship, +Tennyson stands supreme. It is universally admitted that none of his +contemporaries ranks so high<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> as man of letters. He is the brightest +ornament of the Victorian reign.</p> + +<p>Without doubt the Laureate deserves his hard-won glory. In his hale old +age, he has disarmed the critics of years ago who sneered at his empty +lays and feminine ways. The question—<i>Cui bono?</i> could be asked as to +many of Tennyson’s earlier efforts, such as “Oriana,” “The Lady of +Shalott,” “Audley Court,” “Edwin Morris,” “Amphion,” “Lady Clare,” “The +Lord of Burleigh,” “The Beggar Maid” and others. These lyrics and idyls +are made up of ornate commonplaces which show the artistic instinct rather +than the poetic. They abound with the ephemeral conceits of drawing-room +poetry. They contain nothing that resembles vivacity or sublimity. They +have not the interest which is general and universal as distinguished from +the private or the unusual. They are not representative of human nature, +but of individual peculiarities. They are ideal pictures, not transcripts +from experience.</p> + +<p>With a few exceptions, the minor poems published in 1855 and 1864 are of +similar character; and it may be said that “The Princess,” “Maud,” “Enoch +Arden,” and most of the Arthurian stories are in much the same vein. None +of these works, when viewed as an organic whole, can be called great. In +all of them, manliness is at a discount, and there is withal a dearth of +ideas. Sentiment and ornament are overdone, and there is not enough of +life. They can be described as a chaos of pretty fancies and idle +reveries. Such are not the strains that shape a nation’s destiny and are +treasured in its heart. In the centuries agone, such a songster would have +been a first-class troubadour, much sought and praised in princely +circles.</p> + +<p>But former estimates of Tennyson must be revised. The slurs at the +euphonious jingler and effeminate Alfred are in place no more. He has +abandoned the domain of the legendary and the fantastic. Romance has given +way to history, and dreams to reality. Sensuous effects are now +subordinate. His verse no longer cloys with sweetness. It is simple, +natural, impassioned.</p> + +<p>“Queen Mary” and “Becket” certainly rank foremost among the few powerful +plays that have appeared since Shelley wrote “The Cenci.” There are some +Bulwer-Lyttonish passages in “Becket,” but they are more than redeemed by +the imperial magnificence of other passages in the same tragedy. The +ballads and other lyrics published within the last dozen years display a +rugged virility that was quite foreign to the labored “Idyls of the King.” +“Rizpah” and “The Revenge” have the ring of genuine metal. There is no +hollow sound in the manly tributes to E. Fitzgerald and to his ancient +Mantuan master. The introspective poet of “The Two Voices” has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> grown to +fuller intellectual stature in “The Ancient Sage.” The music and majesty +of “Tiresias” and “Demeter” are unsurpassed in “Ulysses” and “Tithonus.” +“Romney’s Remorse” excels “Sea Dreams” in portraying the better instincts +of humanity on the domestic side, and its tender lullaby—“Beat upon mine, +little heart!”—almost equals the incomparable “Sweet and low.” While +“Vastness” and “Crossing the Bar” repeat the lyrical triumphs of his +palmiest days.</p> + +<p>Time has dealt gently with the venerable harper, whose hands sweep the +strings with surer touch and greater compass than before. Age has brought +more forceful speech and clearer vision. Some of his senile efforts betray +less of conscious effort, as though long practice in using metrical +language as a vehicle of thought and imagery had made it a pure mirror of +the poet’s mind. His worn-out mannerisms appear occasionally, also his +subtleties of expression and feeling. There is the same imaginative +sorcery as of old, and the same consummate style, but the studied elegance +and artful devices of earlier productions are less noticeable. There is +less of minute finish in form and more of epic grandeur in tone and +spirit. A healthier inspiration has visited him in the evening of life. +His genius has gradually ripened. The full cup of advanced years was +needed to bring out what was best in him, to effect his complete +development.</p> + +<p>Since the hysterical explosion of “Locksley Hall Sixty Years After,” the +Laureate seems to have attained the calmness of soul which belongs to the +true poetical spirit. He is no longer the fretful author of “The New +Timon,” “The Spiteful Letter,” and “Literary Squabbles,” who lacked the +restraint of entire self-possession. A more serious tone pervades the +personal poems—“To Ulysses,” “To Mary Boyle” and others in his 1889 +volume. A wiser man wrote the stately measures of “Happy” and “By an +Evolutionist,” one who looked down upon past follies from spiritual +heights never before reached. There is a touch of Miltonic loftiness in +his “Parnassus,” and the philosophic resignation of Gœthe in “The +Progress of Spring.” His is the tranquil, fruitful old age that crowns a +well ordered career.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h2>MISTAKES CONCERNING TENNYSON.</h2> +<p class="center"><span class="large">A STUDY IN CONTEMPORANEOUS BIOGRAPHY.</span></p> + +<p>“Alfred Tennyson was born August 5, 1809, at Somersby, a hamlet in +Lincolnshire, England, of which, and of a neighboring parish, his father, +Dr. George Clayton Tennyson, was rector. The poet’s mother was Elizabeth, +daughter of the Rev. Stephen Fytche, vicar of Louth. Alfred was the third +of seven sons—Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Horatio, Arthur, and +Septimus. A daughter, Cecilia, became the wife of Edmund Law Lushington, +long professor of Greek in Glasgow University. Whether there were other +daughters, the biographies of the poet do not mention.”</p> + +<p>This is the opening paragraph of the Introduction to a school edition of +“The Two Voices” and “A Dream of Fair Women,” by Dr. Hiram Corson. Here +are several inaccuracies as to the Tennyson family and the poet’s +birthday, and the same mistakes and others are found in nearly all the +sketches of the Laureate in periodicals and works of reference.</p> + +<p>It is generally supposed that cyclopedia articles are prepared by +specialists who know what they are writing about. This is the popular +conception, but this is evidently not the case in regard to Tennyson, who +has fared sadly at the hands of his biographers. The brief accounts of his +life given in Appleton’s, the Americanized Britannica, and other +cyclopedias fairly bristle with blunders and objectionable features. As +they stand, most of these articles are utterly untrustworthy. Their +assertions are often misleading, or so vague as to be practically +valueless. As a result, most people are more or less at sea in regard to +Tennyson chronology.</p> + + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. Tennyson and Family.</span></p> + +<p>A multitude of errors have been perpetrated about Dr. Tennyson and family. +We are told that Bayons Manor was his native place,<a name="fna_19_19" id="fna_19_19"></a><a href="#fn_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and that he was +“rector of Somersby and vicar of Bennington and Grimsby.”<a name="fna_20_20" id="fna_20_20"></a><a href="#fn_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> One writer +uncritically imagines him a doctor of divinity.<a name="fna_21_21" id="fna_21_21"></a><a href="#fn_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> According to some +questionable authorities, he died “about 1830;”<a name="fna_22_22" id="fna_22_22"></a><a href="#fn_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +“in 1830;”<a name="fna_23_23" id="fna_23_23"></a><a href="#fn_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> “about +1831;”<a name="fna_24_24" id="fna_24_24"></a><a href="#fn_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> “on the 18th of March, +1831;”<a name="fna_25_25" id="fna_25_25"></a><a href="#fn_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and in +1832.<a name="fna_26_26" id="fna_26_26"></a><a href="#fn_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Mrs. +Tennyson is said to have died “in her eighty-first year;”<a name="fna_27_27" id="fna_27_27"></a><a href="#fn_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> also “in her +eighty-fourth year.”<a name="fna_28_28" id="fna_28_28"></a><a href="#fn_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>The number of sons and daughters in the Tennyson household is rarely given +correctly. Alfred is called, in a hit-or-miss fashion, one of three, four, +six, seven and eight brothers. His sisters are variously reckoned as one, +three, four and five.</p> + +<p>The Rev. George Clayton Tennyson was born at Market Rasen, December 10, +1778. He graduated at St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 1801; he received +the degree of M. A. in 1805, and of LL.D. in 1813. He married (August 6, +1805) Miss Elizabeth Fytche of Louth. He moved to Somersby in 1808, where +he was rector till his death. If the inscription on his tomb is to be +trusted, Dr. Tennyson was rector of two neighboring parishes—Benniworth +and Bag Enderby—and was vicar of Great Grimsby;<a name="fna_29_29" id="fna_29_29"></a><a href="#fn_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> and died March 16, +1831. The poet’s mother died February 21, 1865, in her eighty-fifth year.</p> + +<p>Alfred Tennyson was the fourth of eight sons—George (who died in +infancy), Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, and +Horatio. The sisters were Mary, Emily, Matilda, and Cecilia. Excepting +George and Frederick, all of the children were born at Somersby.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Alfred’s Birthday.</span></p> + +<p>The discussion as to the poet’s birthday is now practically at rest—his +lordship himself having authoritatively settled the matter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Would that he +would enlighten us on some other perplexing points in his history! Mrs. +Tennyson kept August 6 as Alfred’s birthday. Tourists who have hastily +examined the parish registers of Somersby have mistaken the figure 6 for a +5, owing to the fading of the ink “at the back, or left, of the loop.”<a name="fna_30_30" id="fna_30_30"></a><a href="#fn_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> +But careless hackwriters, depending upon the compilations published +decades ago, continue to assert that the Laureate was born August 5;<a name="fna_31_31" id="fna_31_31"></a><a href="#fn_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +April 9,<a name="fna_32_32" id="fna_32_32"></a><a href="#fn_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> or April +6.<a name="fna_33_33" id="fna_33_33"></a><a href="#fn_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Year of Tennyson’s Birth.</span></p> + +<p>In Welsh’s <i>English Literature</i> is a “biography” of Tennyson which says, +amid various other slips, that he was born in 1810. Allibone’s <i>Dictionary +of Authors</i> (p. 2371) is a year out of the way. When this ponderous work +was first published, not much was definitely known of the poet, but +Alden’s <i>Cyclopedia of Literature</i> (1890), and other unreliable +authorities put 1810 or 1811 as the year of his birth.</p> + +<p>In the parish registers of Somersby, Dr. Tennyson’s handwriting records +Alfred’s birth and baptism among the entries of 1809. Here is an instance +where one can put to flight a host—for the names of those who assign 1810 +as the year of the poet’s birth are legion.<a name="fna_34_34" id="fna_34_34"></a><a href="#fn_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Tennyson’s Schooldays.</span></p> + +<p>There is a want of precision in many of the statements that have been made +by Tennyson’s biographers concerning his school days. In the <i>Encyclopedia +Americana</i> (1889), vol. iv., p. 660, Dr. C. E. Washburn says Alfred +“attended for a time Cadney’s village school, and for a brief period the +grammar-school at Louth,”—which is partly true, but curiously +misrepresents the matter. He was a pupil in Louth Grammar School four +years (1816-20)—not a very “brief period.” Howitt and others make the +length of time “two or three years,” and some have the mistaken impression +that he passed some time in Cadney’s school before he went to Louth. +Cadney came to Somersby about 1820, and, in the autumn of the next year, +he instructed the Tennyson boys in arithmetic at the rectory. Cook +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>erroneously supposes that +Charles and Alfred were at Louth in 1827.<a name="fna_35_35" id="fna_35_35"></a><a href="#fn_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<p>There has been considerable guessing as to the time when Tennyson went to +Cambridge. He is said to have entered Trinity College in 1826;<a name="fna_36_36" id="fna_36_36"></a><a href="#fn_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> in +1827;<a name="fna_37_37" id="fna_37_37"></a><a href="#fn_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> about +1827;<a name="fna_38_38" id="fna_38_38"></a><a href="#fn_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> in +1829;<a name="fna_39_39" id="fna_39_39"></a><a href="#fn_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> and “early +in 1829.”<a name="fna_40_40" id="fna_40_40"></a><a href="#fn_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> There is +no occasion for such indefiniteness. To be exact, Alfred became a student +of Trinity in October, 1828.<a name="fna_41_41" id="fna_41_41"></a><a href="#fn_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> He left college without graduating, at +the time of his father’s death. His brothers, Frederick and Charles, +finished the course in 1832.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcaplc">COINCIDENCES.</span></p> + +<p>The cyclopedias also present numerous examples of coincidences as well as +variations—some of the incorrect details being repeated almost verbatim, +as though successive compilers had copied over and over the mistakes of +their superficial predecessors. This ought not to go on forever.</p> + +<p>The sketches of Tennyson in Lippincott’s <i>Biographical Dictionary</i> (1885) +and in the <i>Americanized Britannica</i> (1890) may be taken as samples. In +the following sentence from Lippincott’s the writer manages to make five +or six misstatements:</p> + +<p>“In 1851 he succeeded Wordsworth as poet-laureate, and about the same time +he married, and retired to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +resided until 1869, when he removed to Petersfield, Hampshire.”</p> + +<p>In the biographical supplement of the <i>Americanized Britannica</i>, this +becomes two or three sentences, viz.:</p> + +<p>“He was made poet-laureate in 1851. It was about this time, too, that +Tennyson married, returning to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +lived until 1869.... It was in this year the poet moved from the Isle of +Wight and took up his residence in Petersfield, Hampshire.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>There are similar passages in Appleton’s and Johnson’s cyclopedias. It is +perfectly plain that there was not much independent investigation in these +unscholarly performances.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcaplc">MISTAKES.</span></p> + +<p>Mistake No. 1: Tennyson received the Laureateship in 1850, the year of +Wordsworth’s death. Mistake No. 2: he was married June 13, 1850. Mistake +No. 3: Farringford is misspelled. Mistake No. 4: Tennyson lived at +Twickenham three years after his marriage. Mistake No. 5: in 1853, he +first took possession of Farringford, which is still his winter residence. +Mistake No. 6: in 1867, the poet built a house near Haslemere in +Surrey—not at Petersfield, Hampshire—where he spends the summer months. +According to Prof. Church, the Laureate bought the Aldworth estate in +1872. The latter date is manifestly wrong.<a name="fna_42_42" id="fna_42_42"></a><a href="#fn_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>The story of Tennyson’s Petersfield establishment may be classed as a +myth, though supported by several monuments of research called +cyclopedias.<a name="fna_43_43" id="fna_43_43"></a><a href="#fn_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Nothing is said of a Hampshire home in Jennings’ <i>Life of Tennyson</i>, in +Church’s <i>Laureate’s Country</i>, or in Van Dyke’s admirable book on the +<i>Poetry of Tennyson</i>; no reference to it is found in the essays on +Tennyson by Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mrs. Anne Thackeray Ritchie. Nor is Lord +Tennyson’s name found in the list of land owners of Hampshire, in +Walford’s <i>County Families of the United Kingdom</i>. One is puzzled to +understand how such a report started.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcaplc">TENNYSON’S ELEVATION TO THE PEERAGE.</span></p> + +<p>It is rather surprising to read in the <i>People’s Cyclopedia</i>, Johnson’s, +Lippincott’s and elsewhere, that Tennyson was raised to the peerage in +1883 as “Baron d’Eyncourt,” etc. This he cannot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> properly be called, +though a descendant from the ancient house of D’Eyncourt—which long ago +ceased to be a barony. The pedigree of Alfred’s grandfather, who belonged +to the Lincolnshire gentry, is traced through ten generations to Edmund, +Duke of Somerset, and two centuries further back to Edward III.’s fourth +son, John of Gaunt. Dr. Tennyson died in the lifetime of his father, and +the D’Eyncourt seat and dignity passed to his younger brother Charles. The +poet’s cousin Louis Charles is the present possessor of the family estate +at Bayons. England’s noble Laureate (according to Burke’s <i>Peerage</i>, ed. +of 1888, p. 1361) was created a peer of the realm Jan. 24, 1884, with the +new title—Baron of Aldworth, Surrey, and of Farringford, Isle of Wight. +He took his seat in the House of Lords, Mar. 11, 1884.<a name="fna_44_44" id="fna_44_44"></a><a href="#fn_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcaplc">LAPSES IN ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY.</span></p> + +<p>A common mistake is that of locating Aldworth in Sussex. Mr. Frederick +Dolman, in the <i>Ladies’ Home Journal</i> (August, 1891), carelessly speaks of +“the poet’s residences in the fair Isle and sunny Sussex.” According to +Murray’s <i>Handbook for Surrey</i> (ed. of 1888, p. 182), and other excellent +authorities,<a name="fna_45_45" id="fna_45_45"></a><a href="#fn_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> Aldworth is in the county of Surrey—not far from the +northern borders of Sussex. In Walford’s <i>County Families of the United +Kingdom</i>, p. 1203, Lord Tennyson’s name occurs among the land owners of +Surrey—not with those of Sussex.</p> + +<p>Somersby and Somerby have been mixed by many people who are not familiar +with English geography. The latter village is in the western part of +Lincolnshire, near Grantham—a considerable distance from Alfred +Tennyson’s birthplace. Duyckinck, in his <i>Eminent Men and Women</i>, +recklessly says he was born at “Somerby, a small parish in +Leicestershire.”<a name="fna_46_46" id="fna_46_46"></a><a href="#fn_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<p>If Europeans are guilty of crass ignorance of the United States, Americans +too are open to criticism for their hazy notions of foreign places. An +inexcusable blunder is that in Phillips’ <i>Popular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Manual of English +Literature</i>, vol. II., p. 497, where Blackdown is loosely referred to as +“a hill in the vicinity of Petersfield, Hampshire.” Another writer is +remiss in accepting statements implicitly and without question. A footnote +in Kellogg’s school edition of “In Memoriam,” p. 23, says “Hallam was +buried in Cleveland Church on the Severn, which empties into British +Channel.” If he had looked up the town for himself on the map of England, +he would have discovered that Clevedon, the birthplace of Hallam, is +situated on the bank of the Severn near its entrance to the Bristol +Channel.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcaplc">VARIOUS ERRORS.</span></p> + +<p>It is not my purpose to enumerate all the errors that I have come across +in my reading relating to Tennyson and his works. For the sake of brevity, +I merely correct a few of them without giving full particulars in every +case. Tennyson first visited the Pyrenees in 1830—not in 1831; the second +visit was in 1862. He received the degree of D. C. L. in 1855—not in 1859. +His son Hallam was born at Twickenham, Aug. 11, 1852; Lionel, at +Freshwater, Mar. 16, 1854.</p> + +<p>Tennyson did not write “Break, break, break” at Clevedon or Freshwater. +The intercalary lyrics of “The Princess” were first published in the third +edition—not in the second. The plot of “The Cup” is taken from Plutarch’s +treatise <i>De Mulierum Virtutibus</i>; this work has been confused by Archer +and Jennings with Boccaccio’s <i>De Claris Mulieribus</i>.</p> + +<p>Many unpardonable mistakes have been made in dating Tennyson’s published +writings, also in wording and punctuating their titles. It has been said +that “The Princess” first appeared in print in 1846 and 1849; “In +Memoriam,” in 1849 and 1851; “Idyls of the King,” in 1855, 1858, and 1861; +“Enoch Arden,” in 1865; “The Holy Grail, and Other Poems,” in 1867 and +1870; “Harold,” in 1877; “Becket,” in 1879 and 1885; “Tiresias, and Other +Poems,” in 1886; and “Demeter, and Other Poems,” in 1890. In Hart’s +<i>Manual of English Literature</i>, one of Tennyson’s poems is named “The +Vision of Art,” and a recent German cyclopedia makes him the author of +“Tristam and Iseult.” A newspaper account of the sale of Tennysoniana in +London contains the queer bit of misinformation that <i>Poems by Two +Brothers</i> “was published by Louth in 1826.” These slips could have been +easily avoided. The mystery hanging about the Laureate’s life does not +involve his works.</p> + +<p>It is believed that the following list, which has been carefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +verified, is correct both as to the titles and the dates of first +publication of all of Tennyson’s books, viz:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Poems by Two Brothers</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td align="right">1826 (dated 1827)</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poems, chiefly Lyrical</td><td> </td><td align="right">1830</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1832 (dated 1833)</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poems, 2 vols.</td><td> </td><td align="right">1842</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Princess</td><td> </td><td align="right">1847</td></tr> +<tr><td>In Memoriam</td><td> </td><td align="right">1850</td></tr> +<tr><td>Maud, and Other Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1855</td></tr> +<tr><td>Idyls of the King</td><td> </td><td align="right">1859</td></tr> +<tr><td>Enoch Arden, etc.</td><td> </td><td align="right">1864</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Holy Grail, and Other Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1869</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gareth and Lynette, etc.</td><td> </td><td align="right">1872</td></tr> +<tr><td>Queen Mary</td><td> </td><td align="right">1875</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harold</td><td> </td><td align="right">1876</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Lover’s Tale</td><td> </td><td align="right">1879</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ballads, and Other Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1880</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Cup and The Falcon</td><td> </td><td align="right">1884</td></tr> +<tr><td>Becket</td><td> </td><td align="right">1884</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tiresias, and Other Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1885</td></tr> +<tr><td>Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc.</td><td> </td><td align="right">1886</td></tr> +<tr><td>Demeter, and Other Poems</td><td> </td><td align="right">1889</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Foresters</td><td> </td><td align="right">1892</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<h2>TRANSLATIONS OF TENNYSON’S WORKS.</h2> + +<div class="note"> +<p class="center"><br />GERMAN.</p> + +<p><i>Gedichte</i>: üb. von W. Hertzberg. Dessau, 1853. Dresden, 1868.</p> + +<p><i>Ausgewählte Dichtungen</i>: üb. von A. Strodtmann (Bibliothek Klassiker in +deutscher Uebertragung. Leipzig, 1865-70).</p> + +<p><i>Ausgewählte Dichtungen</i>: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870. (Bib. +ausl. Klassiker).</p> + +<p><i>Ausgewählte Gedichte</i>: üb. von M. Rugard. Elbing, 1872.</p> + +<p><i>In Memoriam</i>: Aus dem Engl. nach der 5. Aufl. Braunschweig, 1854.</p> + +<p><i>Freundes-Klage.</i> Nach “In Memoriam,” frei übertragen von R. +Waldmüller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1870.</p> + +<p><i>In Memoriam</i>: üb. von Agnes von Bohlen. Berlin, 1874.</p> + +<p><i>Maud</i>: üb. von F. W. Weber. Paderborn, 1891.</p> + +<p><i>Königsidyllen</i>: üb. von W. Scholz. Berlin, 1867.</p> + +<p><i>Königsidyllen</i>: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1872.</p> + +<p><i>Königsidyllen</i>: üb. von C. Weiser (vols. 1817, 1818 Universal-Bibliothek, +Leipzig, 1883-6).</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von R. Schellwien. Quedlinburg, 1867.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von R. Waldmüller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1868-70.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i> und <i>Godiva</i>: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von C. Hessel. Leipzig, 1874. (490 in +Universal-Bibliothek).</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von A. Strodtmann. Berlin, 1876.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von C. Eichholz. Hamburg, 1881.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: üb. von H. Griebenow. Halle, 1889. (Bib. der +Gesammt-Litteratur).</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: frei bearbeitet für die Jugend. Leipzig, 1888.</p> + +<p><i>Aylmers Feld</i>: üb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869.</p> + +<p><i>Aylmers Feld</i>: üb. von H. A. Feldmann. Ebend, 1870.</p> + +<p><i>Harald</i>: üb. von Albr. Graf Wickenburg. Hamburg, 1879.</p> + +<p><i>Locksley Hall</i>: üb. von F. Freiligrath—<i>Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre +später</i>: üb. von J. Feis. Hamburg, 1888.</p> + +<p><i>Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre später</i>: üb von K. B. Esmarch. Gotha, 1888.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>DUTCH.</p> + +<p><i>The Miller’s Daughter.</i> Freely tr. by A. J. de Bull. Utrecht, 1859.</p> + +<p><i>Vier Idyllen van Konig Arthur.</i> Amsterdam, 1883.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Tr. by S. J. van den Bergh. Rotterdam, 1869.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Tr. by J. L. Wertheim. Amsterdam, 1882.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />DANISH AND NORWEGIAN.</p> + +<p><i>The May Queen.</i> Tr. by L. Falck. Christiania, 1855.</p> + +<p><i>Anna og Locksley Slot.</i> Oversat af A. Hansen. 1872.</p> + +<p><i>Idyller om Kong Arthur.</i> Ov. af A. Munch. 1876.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Tr. by A. Munch. Copenhagen, 1866.</p> + +<p><i>Sea Dreams</i> and <i>Aylmer’s Field</i>. Tr. by F. L. Mynster. 1877.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />SWEDISH.</p> + +<p><i>Konung Arthur och hans riddare.</i> Romantish diktcykel. Upsala, 1876.</p> + +<p><i>Elaine.</i> Endikt. Tr. by A. Hjelmstjerna. 1877.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />FRENCH.</p> + +<p><i>Les Idylles du Roi.</i> Enide, Viviane, Elaine, Genievre. Trad. par F. +Michel. 1869.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Trad. par M. de La Rive. 1870.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Trad. par X. Marmier. 1887.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Trad. par M. l’abbé R. Courtois. 2e edition. 1890.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden.</i> Trad. par E. Duglin. 1890.</p> + +<p><i>Idylles et Poèmes</i>: <i>Enoch Arden</i>: <i>Locksley Hall</i>. Traduits en vers +français par A. Buisson du Berger. 1888.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />SPANISH.</p> + +<p><i>Enid</i> and <i>Elaine</i>. Tr. by L. Gisbert. 1875.</p> + +<p><i>Poemes de Alfredo Tennyson</i>—<i>Enoch Arden</i>, <i>Gareth y Lynette</i>, <i>Merlin y +Bibiana</i>, etc. Tr. by D. Vicente de Arana. Barcelona, 1883.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />ITALIAN.</p> + +<p><i>Idilli, Liriche, Mite e Leggende, Enoc Arden.</i> Tr. by C. Faccioli. +Verona, 1876.</p> + +<p><i>Tommaso Crammero e Maria e Filippo.</i><a name="fna_47_47" id="fna_47_47"></a><a href="#fn_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> Tr. by C. Faccioli. Verona, +1878.</p> + +<p><i>Il Primo Diverbio.</i><a name="fna_48_48" id="fna_48_48"></a><a href="#fn_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Tr. by E. Castelnuovo. Venice, 1886.</p> + +<p><i>La Prima Lite.</i><a href="#fn_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Tr. by P. T. Pavolini. Bologna, 1888.</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />LATIN.</p> + +<p><i>In Memoriam.</i> Tr. into Elegiac verse by O. A. Smith. 1866.</p> + +<p><i>Enoch Arden</i>: Poema Tennysonianum Latine Redditum W. Selwyn. London, +1867.</p> + +<p><i>Horæ Tennysonianæ</i>: sive Eclogæ e Tennysono Latine Redditæ A. J. Church. +London and Cambridge, 1870.</p></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p> + +<p><a name="fn_1_1" id="fn_1_1"></a><a href="#fna_1_1">[1]</a> Three volumes of verse by Frederick Tennyson have appeared, +viz.: <i>Days and Hours</i> (1854); <i>Isles of Greece; Sappho and Alcæus</i> +(1890); <i>Daphne, and Other Poems</i> (1801). The published works of Charles +Turner are as follows: <i>Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces</i> (1830); <i>Sonnets</i> +(1864); <i>Small Tableaux</i> (1868); <i>Sonnets, Lyrics and Translations</i> +(1873); <i>Collected Sonnets, Old and New</i> (1880). Edward Tennyson +(1813-1890) achieved something of a reputation as a versifier; he +contributed a sonnet to the <i>Yorkshire Annual</i> for 1832.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_2_2" id="fn_2_2"></a><a href="#fna_2_2">[2]</a> Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written in 1835, says: “I will +say no more of Tennyson than that the more I have seen of him, the more +cause I have to think him great. His little humours and grumpinesses were +so droll, that I was always laughing.... I felt what Charles Lamb +describes, a sense of depression at times from the overshadowing of a so +much more lofty intellect than my own.”—<i>Letters and Literary Remains</i>, +vol. i.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_3_3" id="fn_3_3"></a><a href="#fna_3_3">[3]</a> “Tennyson has been in town for some time: he has been making +fresh poems, which are finer, they say, than any he has done. But I +believe he is chiefly meditating on the purging and subliming of what he +has already done: and repents that he has published at all yet. It is fine +to see how in each succeeding poem the smaller ornaments and fancies drop +away, and leave the grand ideas single.”—<i>Letters of Edward Fitzgerald</i>, +vol. i., p. 21.</p> + +<p>Extract from a letter dated October 23, 1833.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_4_4" id="fn_4_4"></a><a href="#fna_4_4">[4]</a> “Alfred Tennyson dined with us. I am always a little +disappointed with the exterior of our poet when I look at him, in spite of +his eyes, which are very fine; but his head and face, striking and +dignified as they are, are almost too ponderous and massive for beauty in +so young a man; and every now and then there is a slightly sarcastic +expression about his mouth that almost frightens me, in spite of his shy +manner and habitual silence.”—Fanny Kemble’s <i>Records of a Girlhood</i>, pp. +519-20.</p> + +<p>This entry in Fanny Kemble’s journal is dated June 16, 1832.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_5_5" id="fn_5_5"></a><a href="#fna_5_5">[5]</a> Fitzgerald, in a letter written in London (April, 1838) says: +“We have had Alfred Tennyson here; very droll, and very wayward: and much +sitting up of nights till two and three in the morning with pipes in our +mouths: at which good hour we would get Alfred to give us some of his +magic music, which he does between growling and smoking.”—<i>Letters and +Literary Remains</i>, vol. i., pp. 42, 43.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_6_6" id="fn_6_6"></a><a href="#fna_6_6">[6]</a> Milnes, in a letter dated July 20, 1856, gives this glimpse +of the Laureate’s domestic life: “He is himself much happier than he used +to be, and devoted to his children, who are beautiful.”—<i>Reid’s Life of +Lord Houghton</i>, Vol. I.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_7_7" id="fn_7_7"></a><a href="#fna_7_7">[7]</a> The time of Tennyson’s removal from Twickenham to Farringford +can be fixed with tolerable definiteness. Fitzgerald writes (Oct. 25, +1853): “I am going to see the last of the Tennysons at Twickenham;” and +again (in December, 1853): “I hear from Mrs. Alfred they are got to their +new abode in the Isle of Wight.”—<i>Letters and Literary Remains</i>, vol. i., +pp. 225-6.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_8_8" id="fn_8_8"></a><a href="#fna_8_8">[8]</a> In 1865, Alfred Tennyson was elected a member of the Royal +Society; in 1869, an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and, +in 1884, president of the Incorporated Society of Authors. He is also +president of the London Library.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_9_9" id="fn_9_9"></a><a href="#fna_9_9">[9]</a> “An interesting fact relating to the poet’s descent may here +be mentioned. His mother’s mother (Mrs. Fytche) was a granddaughter of a +certain Mons. Fauvelle, a French Huguenot, who was related to Madame de +Maintenon.”—Church’s <i>Laureate’s Country</i>, p. 10.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_10_10" id="fn_10_10"></a><a href="#fna_10_10">[10]</a> Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written soon after Charles +Turner’s death (April 25, 1879), says: “Tennyson’s elder, not eldest, +brother is dead; and I was writing only yesterday to persuade Spedding to +insist on Macmillan publishing a complete edition of Charles’ Sonnets: +graceful, tender, beautiful, and quite original little things.”—<i>Letters +and Literary Remains</i>, vol. i., p. 437.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_11_11" id="fn_11_11"></a><a href="#fna_11_11">[11]</a> Mary Tennyson (1810-1884) married the Hon. Alan Ker, Puisine +Judge of the Supreme Court of Jamaica.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_12_12" id="fn_12_12"></a><a href="#fna_12_12">[12]</a> Emily Tennyson (1811-1887), who was betrothed to Arthur +Hallam about 1830, became the wife of Capt. Richard Jesse, R. N.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_13_13" id="fn_13_13"></a><a href="#fna_13_13">[13]</a> The Hon. Lionel Tennyson was attacked by jungle fever during +a visit to India, and died on board the Chusan, near Aden, April 20, 1886, +aged thirty-two. He was a profound student of dramatic poetry, and would +have won a name for himself in literature. For several years he was +connected with the India office, and prepared a masterly report on “The +Moral and Material Condition of India,” for 1881-82. In 1878, he married +the accomplished daughter of Frederick Locker. The eldest of their three +sons is the “golden-haired Ally” who inspired the well-known verses of his +grandfather.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_14_14" id="fn_14_14"></a><a href="#fna_14_14">[14]</a> “Queen Mary” was produced at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in +April, 1876—Miss Bateman as Mary and Irving as Philip.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_15_15" id="fn_15_15"></a><a href="#fna_15_15">[15]</a> “The Cup” was played at the Lyceum in January, 1881—Irving +taking the part of Synorix and Miss Terry that of Camma.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_16_16" id="fn_16_16"></a><a href="#fna_16_16">[16]</a> “The Falcon” was presented at St. James’ Theatre, London, in +December, 1879—Mr. Kendal playing the rôle of Count Federigo and Mrs. +Kendal that of Lady Giovanna.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_17_17" id="fn_17_17"></a><a href="#fna_17_17">[17]</a> “The Promise of May” was performed at the Globe Theatre, +London, (Nov. 11-Dec. 16, 1882), with Mrs. Bernard-Beere as Dora, Miss +Emmeline Ormsby as Eva, Mr. Hermann Vezin as Edgar and Mr. Charles Kelly +as Dobson.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_18_18" id="fn_18_18"></a><a href="#fna_18_18">[18]</a> “The Foresters” was produced at Daly’s Theatre, New York, +(Mar. 17-April 22, 1892),—Mr. John Drew in the rôle of Robin Hood and +Miss Ada Rehan as Maid Marian.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_19_19" id="fn_19_19"></a><a href="#fna_19_19">[19]</a> Walter’s <i>In Tennyson Land</i>, p. 62.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_20_20" id="fn_20_20"></a><a href="#fna_20_20">[20]</a> Appleton’s <i>Cyclopedia</i>, vol. xv., p. 651.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_21_21" id="fn_21_21"></a><a href="#fna_21_21">[21]</a> Johnson’s <i>Cyclopedia</i>, vol. vii., p. 755.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_22_22" id="fn_22_22"></a><a href="#fna_22_22">[22]</a> <i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name="fn_23_23" id="fn_23_23"></a><a href="#fna_23_23">[23]</a> J. H. Ward, in <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, Sept., 1879.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_24_24" id="fn_24_24"></a><a href="#fna_24_24">[24]</a> <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>, vol. iv., p. 660.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_25_25" id="fn_25_25"></a><a href="#fna_25_25">[25]</a> J. A. Graham, in <i>Art Journal</i>, Feb., 1891.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_26_26" id="fn_26_26"></a><a href="#fna_26_26">[26]</a> Lodge’s <i>Peerage</i> (1888), p. 597.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_27_27" id="fn_27_27"></a><a href="#fna_27_27">[27]</a> <i>Art Journal</i>, Feb., 1891.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_28_28" id="fn_28_28"></a><a href="#fna_28_28">[28]</a> <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, Sept., 1879.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_29_29" id="fn_29_29"></a><a href="#fna_29_29">[29]</a> A full transcript of the inscription on the rector’s tomb is +given in Church’s <i>Laureate’s Country</i> (p. 27), a work that is simply +invaluable to students of Tennyson.</p> + +<p>“Somersby and Bag Enderby are hamlets about one quarter of a mile apart,” +says Gatty, “and are held by one Rector, who now resides at the latter +place.”—<i>Key to “In Memoriam.”</i> Preface.</p> + +<p>“Not far from the south-eastern extremity of this Wold country is the +little village of Somersby. The nearest town to it is Horncastle, which is +six miles to the south-east.... Somersby is something less than fifteen +miles from the sea.”—Church’s <i>Laureate’s Country</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_30_30" id="fn_30_30"></a><a href="#fna_30_30">[30]</a> C. J. Caswell, in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, March 14, 1891. Van +Dyke’s <i>Poetry of Tennyson</i>, p. 323.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_31_31" id="fn_31_31"></a><a href="#fna_31_31">[31]</a> Dawson’s <i>Makers of Modern English</i>, p. 169.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_32_32" id="fn_32_32"></a><a href="#fna_32_32">[32]</a> <i>The Graphic</i>, (Chicago), Nov. 14, 1891.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_33_33" id="fn_33_33"></a><a href="#fna_33_33">[33]</a> <i>The Tribune</i>, (Chicago), March 26, 1892, p. 14.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_34_34" id="fn_34_34"></a><a href="#fna_34_34">[34]</a> Jenkins’ <i>Handbook of British and American Literature</i>, p. +400. Emerson’s <i>Parnassus</i>, p. xxxiii. Friswell’s <i>Modern Men of Letters</i>, +p. 152. Collier’s <i>History of English Literature</i>, p. 472. Angus’ <i>Handbook +of English Literature</i>, p. 274. Fogh’s <i>Nordish Con.-Lex.</i>, vol. v., p. +665. Hoefer’s <i>Nouvelle Biog. Gen.</i>, vol. 44. Lorenz <i>Cat. Lib. Fran.</i>, +vol. vi., p. 607. Bleibtreu’s <i>Geschichte Eng. Lit.</i>, p. 364. Fischer’s +<i>Ausgewählte Gedichte v. A Tennyson</i>, p. 1. Waldmüller Duboc’s +<i>Freundes-Klage</i>, p. 6. Faccioli’s <i>A. Tennyson—Idilli Liriche</i>, etc., p. ix.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_35_35" id="fn_35_35"></a><a href="#fna_35_35">[35]</a> <i>Poets and Problems</i>, p. 73.</p> + +<p>I am indebted to Mr. C. J. Caswell for his thorough investigations of +Tennyson’s boyhood. See <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, June 19, 1890.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_36_36" id="fn_36_36"></a><a href="#fna_36_36">[36]</a> Brockhaus’ <i>Conversations-Lex.</i>, vol. xv., p. 559.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_37_37" id="fn_37_37"></a><a href="#fna_37_37">[37]</a> <i>Lives of English Authors</i> (1890), p. 308.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_38_38" id="fn_38_38"></a><a href="#fna_38_38">[38]</a> Johnson’s <i>Cyclopedia</i>, vol. vii., p. 755.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_39_39" id="fn_39_39"></a><a href="#fna_39_39">[39]</a> Cook’s <i>Poets and Problems</i>, p. 73.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_40_40" id="fn_40_40"></a><a href="#fna_40_40">[40]</a> Cassell’s <i>Lib. Eng. Lit.</i>, Shorter Poems, p. 465.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_41_41" id="fn_41_41"></a><a href="#fna_41_41">[41]</a> Church’s <i>Laureate’s Country</i>, p. 74. Van Dyke’s <i>Poetry of +Tennyson</i>, p. 323.</p> + +<p>Frederick Tennyson (a co-heir of the Earls of Scarsdale) was born June 5, +1807. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he +distinguished himself by writing Greek verse—winning the prize for a +Sapphic ode on “Egypt.” He married an Italian lady, Maria Guiliotta, now +dead, by whom he had two sons—Julius and Alfred,—and three +daughters—Elise, Emily, Matilda. For many years he lived at Tenby in +South Wales; at present he resides in Jersey, and devotes himself to his +favorite Hellenic studies and to poetry.</p> + +<p>Charles Tennyson Turner (born July 4, 1808, died April 25, 1879) attended +Louth Grammar School (1815-21), and then was fitted for college at home. +At Trinity, he did admirable work in the classics—obtaining a Bell +scholarship. In 1836, he became vicar of Grasby, where he passed the +greater part of his life, well-known for his good works. In 1838, he +acquired property left him by his great-uncle, Rev. S. Turner, and assumed +the name of Turner by royal license. He married Louisa Sellwood, youngest +sister of Lady Tennyson; he died at Cheltenham.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_42_42" id="fn_42_42"></a><a href="#fna_42_42">[42]</a> “In 1872, Mr. Tennyson purchased a small estate on the top +of Blackdown.”</p> + +<p><i>Laureate’s Country</i>, ch. XVI. On the other hand, <i>Every Saturday</i>, for +Jan. 1, 1870, says:</p> + +<p>“Mr. Tennyson has recently built himself a second residence, in a +picturesque valley in Surrey.” “In 1867,” says Jennings in his <i>Lord +Tennyson</i> (p. 190), “it was announced that Tennyson had purchased the +Greenhill estate on the borders of Sussex.”</p> + +<p>This statement is corroborated by a letter of Milnes, dated July 30, 1867:</p> + +<p>“Our expedition to Tennyson’s was a moral success, but a physical +failure.... The bard was very agreeable, and his wife and son delightful. +He has built himself a very handsome and commanding home in a most +inaccessible site, with every comfort he can require, and every discomfort +to all who approach him. What can be more poetical?”</p> + +<p>Reid’s <i>Life of Lord Houghton</i>, Vol. II, p. 176</p> + +<p>Here the circumstances point to only one conclusion—that Tennyson was +living at Aldworth in the summer of 1867. It is a satisfaction to get down +to a solid substratum of truth.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_43_43" id="fn_43_43"></a><a href="#fna_43_43">[43]</a></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Johnson’s <i>Cyclopedia</i>, Vol. VII., p. 755.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Appleton’s <i>Cyclopedia</i>, Vol. XV., p. 652.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Meyer’s <i>Kon-Lex.</i>, vol. XV., p. 589.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hart’s <i>Manual of English Literature</i>, p. 509.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jenkins’ <i>Handbook of British and American Literature</i>, p. 401.</span></p> + +<p><a name="fn_44_44" id="fn_44_44"></a><a href="#fna_44_44">[44]</a> <i>London Times</i>, March 12, 1884. An item in the <i>Chicago +Herald</i>, April 5, 1892, refers to Tennyson as “Baron d’Eyncourt.” Thus he +is called in <i>Lives of English Authors</i> (1890). His title is given as +“baron Tennyson d’Eyncourt d’Aldworth,” by Larousse (<i>Dictionnaire +Universel</i>, 2d. Supplement, p. 1914); and as “Baron Tennyson von +Altworth,” by Brockhaus (<i>Con-Lex.</i>, vol. xv., p. 559), and by Meyer +(<i>Kon-Lex.</i>, vol. xv., p. 589). The <i>Illustrirtes Kon-Lex.</i> says he was +offered a Baronetcy in 1875. The <i>International Cyclopedia</i> says he was +made a baron in 1883, as does Alden’s <i>Cyc. of Univ. Lit.</i> and other +compilations. From this showing it would appear that French and German +erudition is about on a par with English and American.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_45_45" id="fn_45_45"></a><a href="#fna_45_45">[45]</a> Mrs. Ritchie on “Alfred Tennyson,” in <i>Harper’s Magazine</i> +(Dec., 1883), and Alice Maude Fenn on “The Borderlands of Surrey,” in <i>The +Century</i> (Aug., 1882).</p> + +<p><a name="fn_46_46" id="fn_46_46"></a><a href="#fna_46_46">[46]</a> Of the numerous works of reference which give Somerby as the +poet’s birthplace, are the following: Vapereau. <i>Dictionnaire des +Contemporains</i>; Larousse. <i>Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe Siècle</i>, 2e. +Supplement; Schem. <i>Conversations-Lexicon</i>; Meyer. +<i>Conversations-Lexicon.</i> Brockhaus, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="fn_47_47" id="fn_47_47"></a><a href="#fna_47_47">[47]</a> Selections from Tennyson’s “Queen Mary.”</p> + +<p><a name="fn_48_48" id="fn_48_48"></a><a href="#fna_48_48">[48]</a> “The First Quarrel.”</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Tennyson's Life and Poetry, by Eugene Parsons + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + +***** This file should be named 36093-h.htm or 36093-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/0/9/36093/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Tennyson's Life and Poetry + And Mistakes Concerning Tennyson + +Author: Eugene Parsons + +Release Date: May 13, 2011 [EBook #36093] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + + + + + + + + + Tennyson's Life and + Poetry: and Mistakes + Concerning Tennyson + + + By EUGENE PARSONS. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1892, By EUGENE PARSONS. + + Printed by THE CRAIG PRESS, Chicago. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTORY NOTE, 5 + + TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY, 8 + + MISTAKES CONCERNING TENNYSON, 22 + + TRANSLATIONS OF TENNYSON'S WORKS, 31 + + + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE. + + +There is already an extensive Tennyson literature. Of books relating to +the scenes connected with his life and works, are Walters' _In Tennyson +Land_; Brooks' _Out of Doors with Tennyson_; also Church's _Laureate's +Country_, and Napier's _Homes and Haunts of Lord Tennyson_. There is a +mass of material, both critical and biographical, in Shepherd's +_Tennysoniana_; Wace's _Life and Works of Tennyson_; Tainsh's _Study of +the Works of Tennyson_; Jennings' _Sketch of Lord Tennyson_; and Van +Dyke's _Poetry of Tennyson_. Besides these may be mentioned Brightwell's +_Tennyson Concordance_; Irving's _Tennyson_; Lester's _Lord Tennyson and +the Bible_; also Collins' _Illustrations of Tennyson_. + +Valuable help for understanding and appreciating _In Memoriam_ is afforded +by the volumes on that poem written by Robertson, Gatty, Genung, Chapman +and Davidson. Much interesting information is given in Dawson's _Study of +"The Princess"_; Mann's _Tennyson's "Maud" Vindicated_; Elsdale's _Studies +in the Idyls_; and Nutt's _Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail_. A +collection of Tennyson's songs, set to music by various composers, has +been issued by Stanley Lucas and by Harper & Bros. + +Several volumes of selections from Tennyson's writings have appeared as +follows: _Ausgewaehlte Gedichte_, with notes (in German) by Fischer, +Salzwedel, 1878; _Lyrical Poems of Alfred Tennyson_, with notes (in +Italian) by T. C. Cann, Florence, 1887; _Lyrical Poems of Lord Tennyson_, +annotated by F. T. Palgrave; _Select Poems of Tennyson_, and _Young +People's Tennyson_, both edited by W. J. Rolfe; _Tennyson Selections_, +with notes by F. J. Rowe and W. T. Webb; and _Tennyson for the Young_, +edited by Alfred Ainger. + +Among school editions of Tennyson's poems, are _The Princess_, with notes +by Rolfe, also by Wallace; _Enoch Arden_, with notes by Rolfe, by Webb, +and by Blaisdel; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in German) by Hamann, +Leipzig, 1890; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Courtois, Paris, +1891; _Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Beljame, Paris, 1891; _Les +Idylles du roi, Enoch Arden_, with notes (in French) by Baret, Paris, +1886; _Enoch Arden, les Idylles du roi_, with notes (in French) by +Sevrette, Paris, 1887; _Aylmer's Field_, annotated by Webb; _The Two +Voices_ and _A Dream of Fair Women_, by Corson; _The Coming of Arthur_ and +_The Passing of Arthur_, by Rowe; _In Memoriam_ and other poems, by +Kellogg. + +Innumerable papers on Tennyson and his poetry have been published in +newspapers and periodicals. A large number of these reviews and some +descriptive articles are contained in the following volumes: Horne's +_Spirit of the Age_; Howitt's _Homes and Haunts of British Poets_; +Hamilton's _Poets-Laureate of England_; Robertson's _Lectures_; Kingsley's +_Miscellanies_; Bagehot's _Literary Studies_; Japp's _Three Great +Teachers_; Buchanan's _Master Spirits_; Austin's _Poets of the Period_; +Forman's _Our Living Poets_; Friswell's _Modern Men of Letters_; Haweis' +_Poets in the Pulpit_; McCrie's _Religion of Our Literature_; Devey's +_Comparative Estimate of English Poets_; Gladstone's _Gleanings of Past +Years_; Archer's _English Dramatists of To-Day_; Stedman's _Victorian +Poets_; Cooke's _Poets and Problems_; Fraser's _Chaucer to Longfellow_; +Dawson's _Makers of Modern English_; Egan's _Lectures on English +Literature_; and Ritchie's _Light-Bearers_. + +For favorable or unfavorable estimates of Tennyson, the reader is referred +to the lectures of Dowden and Ingram in the _Dublin Afternoon Lectures on +Literature and Art_, and to the collected essays of Brimley, Bayne, +Hadley, Masson, Stirling, Roscoe, Hayward, Hutton, Swinburne, Galton, +Noel, Heywood, Bayard Taylor and others. + +Some side-lights are thrown on the Laureate in Ruskin's _Modern Painters_; +Hamerton's _Thoughts on Art_; Masson's _Recent British Philosophy_; and +Arnold's _Lectures on Translating Homer_. Stray glimpses of the man in his +personal relations are found in the _Carlyle and Emerson Correspondence_; +Fanny Kemble's _Records of a Girlhood_; Caroline Fox's _Memories of Old +Friends_; Reid's _Life of Lord Houghton_; and in the _Letters and Literary +Remains of Edward Fitzgerald_. + +But with all that has been written concerning Tennyson, no monograph, so +far as I am aware, has hitherto appeared which is at once comprehensive +and accurate. Mrs. Ritchie's beautiful portraiture of the Laureate, with +its touch of hero-worship, lacks a great deal of being a survey of his +literary career. No biography of Alfred Tennyson has been published which +is worthy the name. For many years students and lovers of the poet +encountered difficulty in obtaining full and exact information on the +chief events of his life. I undertook to supply this want in the essay +entitled "Tennyson's Life and Poetry." + +In the preparation of this paper, I had occasion to consult various +periodicals and works of reference. With scarcely an exception, I found +the articles on Tennyson in cyclopedias and biographical dictionaries +faulty in many particulars. Even the sketches in recent compilations and +journals are full of misleading and conflicting statements. I became +impressed with the thought that these errors ought to be exposed and +corrected. The result was the critique--"Mistakes concerning Tennyson." I +gathered my materials from a variety of sources, and always aimed to +disengage the truth. I depended largely on Rev. Alfred Gatty, Mrs. +Ritchie, Mr. Gosse, Prof. Palgrave, Prof. Church, Mr. C. J. Caswell, and +Dr. Van Dyke as the most trustworthy authorities. + +My thanks are due Dr. W. F. Poole, of the Newberry Library, for placing at +my disposal an immense collection of bibliographies, catalogues and +bulletins of foreign books. I desire also to express my obligations to Dr. +Henry van Dyke, of New York City, for aiding me in my researches. + +EUGENE PARSONS. + + 3612 Stanton Ave., Chicago, + _April, 1892_. + + + + +TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY. + + +I. + +Alfred Tennyson was born August 6, 1809, in Somersby, a wooded hamlet of +Lincolnshire, England. "The native village of Tennyson," says Howitt, who +visited it many years ago, "is not situated in the fens, but in a pretty +pastoral district of softly sloping hills and large ash trees. It is not +based on bogs, but on a clean sandstone. There is a little glen in the +neighborhood, called by the old monkish name of Holywell." There he was +brought up amid the lovely idyllic scenes which he has made famous in the +"Ode to Memory" and other poems. The picturesque "Glen," with its tangled +underwood and purling brook, was a favorite haunt of the poet in +childhood. On one of the stones in this ravine he inscribed the +words--BYRON IS DEAD--ere he was fifteen. + +Alfred was the fourth son of the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, LL.D., +rector of Somersby and other neighboring parishes. His father, the oldest +son of George Tennyson, Esq., of Bayons and Usselby Hall, was a man of +uncommon talents and attainments, who had tried his hand, with fair +success, at architecture, painting, music and poetry. His mother was a +sweet, gentle soul, and exceptionally sensitive. The poet-laureate seems +to have inherited from her his refined, shrinking nature. + +Dr. Tennyson married Miss Elizabeth Fytche, August 6, 1805. Their first +child, George, died in infancy. According to the parish registers, the +Tennyson family consisted of eleven children, viz.: Frederick, Charles, +Alfred, Mary, Emily, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, Matilda, Cecilia and +Horatio. They formed a joyous, lively household--amusements being +agreeably mingled with their daily tasks. They were all handsome and +gifted, with marked mental traits and imaginative temperaments. They were +especially fond of reading and story-telling. At least four of the boys +were addicted to verse-writing--a habit they kept up through life, though +Alfred alone devoted himself to a poetical career as something more than +a pastime. Frederick Tennyson's occasional pieces are characterized by +luxuriant fancy and chaste diction; the sonnets of Charles won high praise +from Coleridge, but the fame of both has been overshadowed by that of +their distinguished brother.[1] + +The scholarly clergyman, who was an M. A. of Cambridge, carefully attended +to the education and training of his children. He turned his gifts and +accomplishments to good account in stimulating their mental growth. Alfred +was sent to the Louth Grammar School four years (1816-20). During this +time he presumably learned something, although no flattering reports of +his progress have come down to us. Then private teachers were employed by +Dr. Tennyson to instruct his boys, but he took upon himself for the most +part the burden of fitting them for college. Only a moderate amount of +study was imposed by the rector. A great deal of the time Alfred was out +of doors, rambling through the pastures and woods about Somersby and Bag +Enderby. He was solitary, not caring to mingle with other boys in their +sports. As a child, he exhibited the same peculiarities which +characterized the man. He was shy and reserved, moody and absent-minded. +Alfred and Charles were devotedly attached to each other, and frequently +were together in their walks. The lads were both large and strong for +their age. Charles was a popular boy in Somersby on account of his frank, +genial disposition--which cannot be said of the reticent Alfred. + +One incident connected with the poet's education at home is worth +repeating. His father required him to memorize the odes of Horace and to +recite them morning by morning until the four books were gone through. The +Laureate in later years testified to the value of this practice in +cultivating a delicate sense for metrical music. He called Horace his +master. Certainly no other bard has ever excelled Tennyson in the art of +expressing himself in melodious verse. + +From his twelfth to his sixteenth year, Alfred was apparently idle much of +the time, yet he was unconsciously preparing for his life-work. He was +gathering material and storing up impressions which were afterwards +utilized. It was with him a formative period. The hours he spent strolling +in lanes and woods were not wasted. The quiet, meditative boy lived in a +realm of the imagination, and his thoughts and fancies took shape in crude +poems. + +This period of day-dreaming was followed by one of marked intellectual +activity. The thin volume--_Poems by Two Brothers_, printed in 1826, +contained the pieces written by Alfred when he was only sixteen or +seventeen. It shows that these were busy years. The Tennyson youths not +only scribbled a great deal of verse--they ranged far and wide in the +fields of ancient and modern literature. Their father had a good library, +and they appreciated its treasures. In the footnotes of their first book +were many curious bits of information, and quotations from the classics. + +The Tennyson children were fortunate in having cultured parents. They were +favored in another respect. Dr. Tennyson was comfortably well off for a +clergyman. His means--which he shrewdly husbanded--enabled the family to +spend the summers at Mablethorpe on the Lincolnshire coast. Thus Alfred's +passion for the sea was early developed. For some time it was the rector's +custom to occupy a dwelling in Louth during the school year. In this way +the seclusion and monotony of Somersby life were broken. The young +Tennysons saw considerable of the world. They were often welcomed in the +home of their grandmother, Mrs. Fytche, in Westgate Place, and +occasionally visited the stately mansion at Bayons. Especially Charles and +Alfred were at times the guests of their great-uncle Samuel Turner, vicar +of Grasby and curate of Caistor, who afterwards left his property and +parish livings to his favorite, Charles Tennyson Turner. Such were the +experiences of the Laureate's youth and childhood, which inevitably +influenced his whole life and entered into his poetry. He illustrates the +truth that a poet is largely what his environment makes him. + +Byron exercised a magical spell over him in his teens, and this influence +is apparent in his boyish rhymes which are tinged with Byronic melancholy. +Afterwards Keats gained the ascendency. As a colorist, Tennyson owes much +to this gorgeous word-painter, whom he has equaled, if not surpassed, in +his own field. + +Alfred, in his boyhood, gave unmistakable indications of genius. During +his university course at Cambridge, he was generally looked upon as a +superior mortal, of whom great things were expected by his teachers and +fellow-collegians. Dr. Whewell, his tutor, treated him with unusual +respect. + +While at Trinity college (1828-31) he formed friendships which lasted till +death ended them one by one. It was indeed a company of choice spirits +with whom Tennyson had the good fortune to be associated. Among them were +Thackeray, Helps, Garden, Sterling, Thompson, Kinglake, Maurice, Kemble, +Milnes, Trench, Alford, Brookfield, Merivale, Spedding and others. Besides +these, he numbered among the friends of his early manhood Fitzgerald, +Hare, Hunt, Carlyle, Gladstone, Rogers, Landor, Forster, the Lushingtons +and other famous scholars and men of letters. + +In the companionship of such men, he found the stimulus necessary for the +development of his poetical faculty. They all regarded him with feelings +of warmest admiration.[2] The young poet had at least a few appreciative +readers during the ten or twelve years of obscurity when the public cared +little for his writings. He was encouraged by their words of commendation +to pursue the bard's divine calling, to which he was led by an +overmastering instinct. He could afford to wait and smile at his slashing +reviewers. Meanwhile he profited by the suggestions of his critics. In +this respect he presents a striking contrast to Browning. He mercilessly +subjected his productions to the most painstaking revision.[3] He +attempted various styles, and experimented with all sorts of metres. Thus +he served his laborious apprenticeship and acquired a mastery of his art. +His eminent success has confirmed the expectations of his youthful +admirers. + +During his stay at Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry Hallam, a son of +the historian. Hallam, who was a young man of extraordinary promise, +became the dearest of his friends--more to him than brother. Their +intimate fellowship was strengthened by Arthur's love for the poet's +sister. It was his strongest earthly attachment. In 1830, the two friends +traveled through France together, and stopped a while in the Pyrenees. On +revisiting these mountains long afterward, the Laureate, overcome by +reminiscences of other days, wrote the affecting lines entitled "In the +Valley of Cauteretz": + + All along the valley, stream that flashest white, + Deepening thy voice with the deepening of the night, + All along the valley, where thy waters flow, + I walk'd with one I loved two and thirty years ago. + For all along the valley, while I walk'd to-day, + The two and thirty years were a mist that rolls away; + For all along the valley, down thy rocky bed, + Thy living voice to me was as the voice of the dead, + And all along the valley, by rock and cave and tree, + The voice of the dead was a living voice to me. + +In 1833, the sudden death of Hallam, then Emily's betrothed, produced on +Alfred's mind a deep and ineffaceable impression. While brooding over his +sorrow, the idea came to him of expressing his emotions in verse which +might be a fitting tribute to the dead. At different times and amid widely +varying circumstances, were composed the elegiac strains and poetic +musings that make up "In Memoriam," a poem representing many moods and +experiences. It is a work occupying a place apart in literature. Its +merits and defects are peculiar. There is no other elegy like it, and it +may be doubted whether a second In Memoriam will ever be written. Tennyson +erected an appropriate and imperishable monument to the memory of his lost +friend. In conferring immortality upon his beloved Arthur, he gained it +for himself. His best claim on the future is to be known and remembered as +the author of "In Memoriam," his masterpiece. + +Equally enduring is the melodious wail--"Break, break, break," one of the +sweetest dirges in all literature. Hallam was buried (Jan. 3, 1834) at +Clevedon by the Severn, near its entrance to the Bristol Channel, within +sound of the melancholy waves. Singularly this exquisite song, which +breathes of the sea, was not composed here, but "in a Lincolnshire lane at +five o'clock in the morning," as the Laureate himself has declared. It was +written within a year after Hallam's death, Sept. 15, 1833. + +Not much has been learned of Tennyson's early manhood. No very definite +picture can be formed of his life after he left college. He seldom wrote +letters. Even his most intimate friends could not succeed in carrying on a +correspondence with him. What happened to him is not, however, all a +blank. A few scraps relating to his history are found in the letters of +Carlyle, Fitzgerald, Milnes and others. A number of autobiographical +fragments are sprinkled through the poems which he wrote between 1830 and +1850, but they refer more to his spiritual development than to the outward +events which constitute memoirs. + +Mrs. Tennyson and her family continued to live at the Rectory after her +husband died, March 16, 1831. In the autumn of 1835, she removed to High +Beach, Epping Forest, ("In Memoriam," CII., CIV., CV.), and about 1840 to +Well Walk, Hampstead. Here she made her home the rest of her life with her +sister, Mary Ann Fytche--nearly all of her sons and daughters having +married and scattered. She died February 21, 1865, at the age of +eighty-four. + +Alfred's university career was cut short by his father's death. For some +years he remained at home--a diligent student of books and a close +observer of nature. He roamed back and forth between Somersby and London, +alternately in solitude and with his friends.[4] Fitzgerald tells of his +visiting with Tennyson at the Cumberland home of James Spedding in 1835. + +Here Alfred would spend hour after hour reading aloud "Morte d'Arthur" and +other unpublished poems, which his scholarly friend criticized. In 1838, +he was a welcome member of the Anonymous Club in London, and for several +years he had rooms in this city at various intervals.[5] It was his custom +to make long incursions through the country on foot, studying the +landscapes of England and Wales and pondering many a lay unsung. Thus he +became familiar with the natural features of the places illustrated in his +poems with such pictorial fidelity and vividness, though not with +photographic accuracy. + +Through this long period he was unknown to the great world. He lived +modestly, though not in actual want. His books brought him no substantial +returns till long after 1842. There was but little left of his patrimony, +if any, when he was granted a pension of L200 in 1845. This timely aid was +obtained for him by Sir Robert Peel, chiefly through the influence of +Carlyle and Milnes. + +Henceforth fortune graciously smiled upon him and made amends for past +neglect. His reputation was becoming well established, and new editions of +his poems were being called for. The Queen chanced to pick up one of his +earlier volumes, and was charmed with the simple story of "The Miller's +Daughter." She procured a copy of the book for the Princess Alice; this +incident, it is related, brought him into favor with the aristocracy and +gave a tremendous impetus to his popularity. After the death of Wordsworth +in 1850, Tennyson was appointed Poet Laureate. Since then he has been +highly esteemed by the royal family, and has produced in their honor some +spirited odes and stately dedications. + +The poet married (June 13, 1850) Miss Emily Sellwood, of Horncastle, whom +he had known from childhood. Her mother was a sister of Sir John Franklin, +and her youngest sister was the wife of Charles Tennyson Turner. Two or +three years they lived at Twickenham, where Hallam Tennyson was born in +1852. Together they visited Italy in 1851, and vivid memories of their +travels are recalled in "The Daisy," addressed to his wife. This +interesting poem, written at Edinburgh, was suggested by the finding of a +daisy in a book--the flower having been plucked on the Splugen and placed +by Mrs. Tennyson between the leaves of a little volume as a memento of +their Italian journey. The poet's fancy was stirred and revived the +delicious hours-- + + In lands of palm and southern pine; + In lands of palm, of orange blossom, + Of olive, aloe, and maize and vine. + +Those who are familiar with Tennyson's poems know how exalted is his ideal +of woman as wife and mother. Lady Tennyson seems to have met the poet's +exacting requirements almost perfectly. What sort of helpmeet she has been +he lovingly portrayed in the "Dedication,"--a tender tribute that was +fully deserved. "His most lady-like, gentle wife," Fitzgerald called her. +Of superior education and talent, she was a worthy companion for an +author. A number of her husband's songs she has set to music. She has +never sought public recognition. Content with the round of duties in a +domestic sphere, she has lived for husband and children. Their married +life has been exceptionally harmonious.[6] + +In 1852, the Laureate's largely increasing income enabled him to purchase +an estate of more than four hundred acres near Freshwater, Isle of Wight. +In the lines, "To the Rev. F. D. Maurice," dated January,[7] 1854, the +poet depicts his pleasant life in this delightful retreat: + + Where, far from noise and smoke of town, + I watch the twilight falling brown + All round a careless-order'd garden + Close to the ridge of a noble down. + + You'll have no scandal while you dine, + But honest talk and wholesome wine, + And only hear the magpie gossip + Garrulous under a roof of pine: + + For groves of pine on either hand, + To break the blast of winter, stand; + And further on, the hoary Channel + Tumbles a breaker on chalk and sand. + +In 1855, Tennyson received the honorary degree of D. C. L. from +Oxford.[8] His prosperity continued--there being considerable profits from +judicious investments and immense sales of his books. In 1867, he bought +an estate near Haslemere, Surrey, "for the purpose of enjoying inland air +and scenery." Here he built a fine Gothic mansion, which is an ideal +residence for a poet. Aldworth House is situated far up on Blackdown +Heath, and overlooks a lovely valley. It is near the northern border of +Sussex. "The prospect from the terrace of the house," says Church, "is one +of the finest in the south of England." The poet thus pictures the place +which has been his summer home for more than twenty years: + + Our birches yellowing and from each + The light leaf falling fast, + While squirrels from our fiery beech + Were bearing off the mast, + You came, and look'd, and loved the view + Long-known and loved by me, + Green Sussex fading into blue + With one gray glimpse of sea. + +In 1883, the Laureate had amassed property estimated to be worth L200,000. +He was offered and accepted a peerage during the latter part of this year, +and became Baron of Aldworth and Farringford, January 24, 1884. He took +his seat in the House of Lords March 11. In 1865, he declined a baronetcy +offered by the Queen as a reward for his loyal devotion to the Crown. +Whatever distinction may attach to the honorable name of Lord Tennyson, +the majority of his numerous readers prefer to call him plain Alfred +Tennyson. + +It may not be widely known that Baron Tennyson has a splendid lineage, of +which he has modestly kept silent, unlike Byron. According to a writer in +the _St. James' Gazette_, who traced his ancestry back to Norman times, +Tennyson is descended from an illustrious house of "princes, soldiers, and +statesmen, famous in British or European history." Some of his remote +relatives were crowned heads--one being the celebrated Malcolm III. of +Scotland. In Tennyson's descent "two lines are blended," says Church, "the +middle class line of the Tennysons, and the noble and even royal line of +the D'Eyncourts."[9] + +Alfred's uncle, the Right Hon. Charles Tennyson-D'Eyncourt of Bayons Manor +in Lincolnshire, was a man of marked ability and culture, who held +various public offices, and represented several boroughs in parliament +from 1818 to 1852. Since his death, in 1861, the family estate has +successively passed to his three sons--George Hildyard, Admiral Edwin +Clayton, C. B. (1871), and Louis Charles (1890), the present inheritor of +the D'Eyncourt seat and dignity. + +The poet's last years have been clouded by the bereavement of many old +friends and relatives. Septimus, Charles,[10] Mary,[11] Emily,[12] and +Edward are dead. He suffered a severe blow in the death of his second son +Lionel, while on the homeward voyage from India.[13] He mourns his loss in +the touching stanzas--"To the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava." + +Lord Tennyson was the recipient of many congratulations on the occasion of +his eightieth birthday, August 6, 1889. The same year was marked by the +publication of a new volume of poems, which attest that his intellectual +vigor is unimpaired by age or bodily weakness. A dainty little poem of +his--"To Sleep"--was published in the _New Review_ for March, 1891, and it +is not improbable that others will see the light in the near future. + +Tennyson's health, though quite robust for an octogenarian, has been +broken of late. In the spring of 1890, he was troubled with a grievous +illness, the result of exposure to cold--he having persisted in taking his +"daily two hours' walk along the cliff" in all kinds of weather. It was +expected that the poet would spend the following winter in the South to +avoid the rigorous climate of the Isle of Wight, but he recovered +sufficient strength to remain at Farringford House amid the scenes he +loves so well. + +Tennyson has always shunned publicity, living in a world apart--removed +from the gaze of the profane crowd. He rarely goes into society, +preferring rural retirement to social converse. As poet and man, he has +gained by this voluntary seclusion. His delight is to mingle with the +world of nature. The woods and skies, the streams and billows have been +his comrades. How much they have contributed to his poetic greatness +cannot be estimated. He is, however, a recluse with his eyes open. He has +watched the progress of mankind and observed the trend of the times. +Realizing the needs of the age, he grandly rose to the occasion--either to +lift up his voice in protest against its faults, or to sing its +achievements. + +For many years no strangers have been admitted to Farringford Park. +Visitors, while welcome at Aldworth in the afternoon, have not been +allowed to interrupt the accustomed occupations of the master of the +house, who is very methodical in his habits. It has long been his custom +to rise early and spend the morning hours in his study--writing and +dreaming in an atmosphere laden with smoke and the odor of tobacco. He now +uses the pen but little, owing to failing eyesight. The Honorable Hallam +Tennyson is his secretary and constant companion. + +Personally, his lordship is a man who would attract attention anywhere, +with his stalwart form slightly stooping, his noble face, his long flowing +hair and bushy beard. He dresses carelessly, and when out of doors wears a +shocking bad hat; with his cloak and walking-stick, he makes a picturesque +figure. He is a confirmed pedestrian. "Every morning," says a newspaper +correspondent, "in hail, rain or snow, the poet dons his frouzy cap and +his frouzier slouch hat, and promenades for an hour or so, none daring to +disturb him." + +Tennyson is taciturn and brusque before strangers, whose presence annoys +him, but he is delightfully easy and spontaneous with friends. Edward +Fitzgerald, in his letters to Frederick Tennyson and others, alludes again +and again, in terms of enthusiastic appreciation, to Alfred's wise and +pointed conversation. One of his original "sayings, which strike the nail +on the head," was about Dante. It is well worth quoting in Fitzgerald's +concise language, taken from a letter written in 1876: + +"What Mr. Lowell says of him recalled to me what Tennyson said to me some +thirty-five or forty years ago. We were stopping before a shop in Regent +street where were two figures of Dante and Goethe. I (I suppose) said, +'What is there in old Dante's face that is missing in Goethe's?' And +Tennyson (whose profile then had certainly a remarkable likeness to +Dante's) said: 'The divine.'" + +From first to last Alfred Tennyson has recognized that the mission of the +poet is that of an aesthetic teacher. Much has he done to educate +English-speaking people in the appreciation of beauty. But he is +emphatically more than this. A man of stainless reputation, his deeds and +words have almost invariably been on the side of righteousness. His career +has been free from the excesses which disgraced the lives of Marlowe and +Shelley, of Byron and Poe. He is rather to be ranged with the Spensers and +Miltons, the Wordsworths and Brownings, as a defender of truth and +religion. In the main he has steadfastly kept in mind the austere ideal-- + + Of those who, far aloof + From envy, hate and pity, and spite and scorn, + Live the great life which all our greatest fain + Would follow, center'd in eternal calm. + + +II. + +The current of Tennyson's genius is like a rivulet placidly flowing +through meadows and groves, occasionally rippling and swirling over +stones, then pursuing its even course--gradually widening and deepening; +not like a mighty river proudly sweeping in a resistless flood through a +wilderness, or tumbling down rocky chasms. All that he has given the world +during sixty years of literary activity is contained in less than a dozen +volumes of verse. Only a rapid survey of his poetical career is attempted +here. + +Passing by without comment _Poems by two Brothers_ (1826), "The Lover's +Tale" (composed about 1828), and "Timbuctoo" (1829), we come to Tennyson's +first bid for fame in _Poems, chiefly Lyrical_ (1830). This slender volume +included (along with much rubbish) a few pieces which are perennial +favorites with lovers of Tennyson, viz.: "Mariana," "Recollections of the +Arabian Nights," "The Dying Swan," "A Dirge," "Love and Death," and +"Circumstance." Among the poems suppressed in later editions is one in an +unusual vein--"Nero to Leander"--which Emerson inserted in his +_Parnassus_. + +His second book of _Poems_ (1833) was a more ambitious venture. Its +contents, though marred by faults of crude taste, possessed in a marked +degree, the characteristic qualities of the Laureate's poetry. Nearly all +of the lyrics in it have been found worthy of a permanent place in the +collected editions of his poems, but most of them underwent countless +changes before they were republished in 1842--being corrected and polished +till they were well-nigh perfect from a critical standpoint. + +The two volumes of _Poems_ (1842) revealed Tennyson at his best--a mature +singer whose dignified, harmonious verse compares favorably with the most +splendid contributions to British poetry. "The Princess" (1847), "In +Memoriam" (1850), and "Maud" (1855) made his position secure as the +greatest of living poets. + +Not satisfied to rest content as a lyrist, Tennyson essayed extended +narrative in _Idyls of the King_ (1859) and "Enoch Arden" (1864). Gaining +courage from the enthusiastic reception of the four Arthurian idyls, he +undertook to carry out a long cherished design--which Milton and Dryden +had conceived--of writing a national epic on King Arthur. He had already +made several attempts at versifying incidents from the _Mabinogion_ and +Malory's old romance _Morte d' Arthur_, but they were isolated fragments. +From time to time he added others, making the series of tales called the +Round Table a complete cycle as follows: + +The Coming of Arthur, 1869; Gareth and Lynette, 1872; Geraint and Enid, +1859; Balin and Balan, 1885; Merlin and Vivien, 1859; Lancelot and Elaine, +1859; The Holy Grail, 1869; Pelleas and Ettarre, 1869; The Last +Tournament, 1871; Guinevere, 1859; The Passing of Arthur, 1842, 1869. + +Then boldly entering the dangerous field of historical drama, Tennyson +became a rival of Shakspeare himself in "Queen Mary"[14] (1875), "Harold" +(1876), and "Becket" (1884). Besides these, he brought forth three shorter +plays or dramatic sketches--"The Cup"[15] (1884), "The Falcon"[16] (1884), +"The Promise of May"[17] (1886), and a lengthy idyllic drama called "The +Foresters"[18] (1892). + +As if to prove that his fertility was not exhausted in the province of the +lyric, he made fresh incursions into fields of song long familiar to him. +These winnowings of the last two decades are gathered into the following +volumes: + +_Ballads, and Other Poems_ (1880); _Tiresias, and Other Poems_ (1885); +_Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc._ (1886); _Demeter, and Other Poems_ +(1889). + +Enough books have been named to give at least half a dozen minstrels a +firm footing on Parnassus. The number of Tennyson's meritorious +performances is simply astonishing. But few poets have wrought with such +unwearying patience. Not many can present as imposing a catalogue of works +that are confessedly of such a high order of excellence. Browning has +written more, but Browning has not taken the trouble to perfect himself in +form--in short, he is not a finished artist. In literary workmanship, +Tennyson stands supreme. It is universally admitted that none of his +contemporaries ranks so high as man of letters. He is the brightest +ornament of the Victorian reign. + +Without doubt the Laureate deserves his hard-won glory. In his hale old +age, he has disarmed the critics of years ago who sneered at his empty +lays and feminine ways. The question--_Cui bono?_ could be asked as to +many of Tennyson's earlier efforts, such as "Oriana," "The Lady of +Shalott," "Audley Court," "Edwin Morris," "Amphion," "Lady Clare," "The +Lord of Burleigh," "The Beggar Maid" and others. These lyrics and idyls +are made up of ornate commonplaces which show the artistic instinct rather +than the poetic. They abound with the ephemeral conceits of drawing-room +poetry. They contain nothing that resembles vivacity or sublimity. They +have not the interest which is general and universal as distinguished from +the private or the unusual. They are not representative of human nature, +but of individual peculiarities. They are ideal pictures, not transcripts +from experience. + +With a few exceptions, the minor poems published in 1855 and 1864 are of +similar character; and it may be said that "The Princess," "Maud," "Enoch +Arden," and most of the Arthurian stories are in much the same vein. None +of these works, when viewed as an organic whole, can be called great. In +all of them, manliness is at a discount, and there is withal a dearth of +ideas. Sentiment and ornament are overdone, and there is not enough of +life. They can be described as a chaos of pretty fancies and idle +reveries. Such are not the strains that shape a nation's destiny and are +treasured in its heart. In the centuries agone, such a songster would have +been a first-class troubadour, much sought and praised in princely +circles. + +But former estimates of Tennyson must be revised. The slurs at the +euphonious jingler and effeminate Alfred are in place no more. He has +abandoned the domain of the legendary and the fantastic. Romance has given +way to history, and dreams to reality. Sensuous effects are now +subordinate. His verse no longer cloys with sweetness. It is simple, +natural, impassioned. + +"Queen Mary" and "Becket" certainly rank foremost among the few powerful +plays that have appeared since Shelley wrote "The Cenci." There are some +Bulwer-Lyttonish passages in "Becket," but they are more than redeemed by +the imperial magnificence of other passages in the same tragedy. The +ballads and other lyrics published within the last dozen years display a +rugged virility that was quite foreign to the labored "Idyls of the King." +"Rizpah" and "The Revenge" have the ring of genuine metal. There is no +hollow sound in the manly tributes to E. Fitzgerald and to his ancient +Mantuan master. The introspective poet of "The Two Voices" has grown to +fuller intellectual stature in "The Ancient Sage." The music and majesty +of "Tiresias" and "Demeter" are unsurpassed in "Ulysses" and "Tithonus." +"Romney's Remorse" excels "Sea Dreams" in portraying the better instincts +of humanity on the domestic side, and its tender lullaby--"Beat upon mine, +little heart!"--almost equals the incomparable "Sweet and low." While +"Vastness" and "Crossing the Bar" repeat the lyrical triumphs of his +palmiest days. + +Time has dealt gently with the venerable harper, whose hands sweep the +strings with surer touch and greater compass than before. Age has brought +more forceful speech and clearer vision. Some of his senile efforts betray +less of conscious effort, as though long practice in using metrical +language as a vehicle of thought and imagery had made it a pure mirror of +the poet's mind. His worn-out mannerisms appear occasionally, also his +subtleties of expression and feeling. There is the same imaginative +sorcery as of old, and the same consummate style, but the studied elegance +and artful devices of earlier productions are less noticeable. There is +less of minute finish in form and more of epic grandeur in tone and +spirit. A healthier inspiration has visited him in the evening of life. +His genius has gradually ripened. The full cup of advanced years was +needed to bring out what was best in him, to effect his complete +development. + +Since the hysterical explosion of "Locksley Hall Sixty Years After," the +Laureate seems to have attained the calmness of soul which belongs to the +true poetical spirit. He is no longer the fretful author of "The New +Timon," "The Spiteful Letter," and "Literary Squabbles," who lacked the +restraint of entire self-possession. A more serious tone pervades the +personal poems--"To Ulysses," "To Mary Boyle" and others in his 1889 +volume. A wiser man wrote the stately measures of "Happy" and "By an +Evolutionist," one who looked down upon past follies from spiritual +heights never before reached. There is a touch of Miltonic loftiness in +his "Parnassus," and the philosophic resignation of Goethe in "The +Progress of Spring." His is the tranquil, fruitful old age that crowns a +well ordered career. + + + + +MISTAKES CONCERNING TENNYSON. + +A STUDY IN CONTEMPORANEOUS BIOGRAPHY. + + +"Alfred Tennyson was born August 5, 1809, at Somersby, a hamlet in +Lincolnshire, England, of which, and of a neighboring parish, his father, +Dr. George Clayton Tennyson, was rector. The poet's mother was Elizabeth, +daughter of the Rev. Stephen Fytche, vicar of Louth. Alfred was the third +of seven sons--Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Horatio, Arthur, and +Septimus. A daughter, Cecilia, became the wife of Edmund Law Lushington, +long professor of Greek in Glasgow University. Whether there were other +daughters, the biographies of the poet do not mention." + +This is the opening paragraph of the Introduction to a school edition of +"The Two Voices" and "A Dream of Fair Women," by Dr. Hiram Corson. Here +are several inaccuracies as to the Tennyson family and the poet's +birthday, and the same mistakes and others are found in nearly all the +sketches of the Laureate in periodicals and works of reference. + +It is generally supposed that cyclopedia articles are prepared by +specialists who know what they are writing about. This is the popular +conception, but this is evidently not the case in regard to Tennyson, who +has fared sadly at the hands of his biographers. The brief accounts of his +life given in Appleton's, the Americanized Britannica, and other +cyclopedias fairly bristle with blunders and objectionable features. As +they stand, most of these articles are utterly untrustworthy. Their +assertions are often misleading, or so vague as to be practically +valueless. As a result, most people are more or less at sea in regard to +Tennyson chronology. + + +DR. TENNYSON AND FAMILY. + +A multitude of errors have been perpetrated about Dr. Tennyson and family. +We are told that Bayons Manor was his native place,[19] and that he was +"rector of Somersby and vicar of Bennington and Grimsby."[20] One writer +uncritically imagines him a doctor of divinity.[21] According to some +questionable authorities, he died "about 1830;"[22] "in 1830;"[23] "about +1831;"[24] "on the 18th of March, 1831;"[25] and in 1832.[26] Mrs. +Tennyson is said to have died "in her eighty-first year;"[27] also "in her +eighty-fourth year."[28] + +The number of sons and daughters in the Tennyson household is rarely given +correctly. Alfred is called, in a hit-or-miss fashion, one of three, four, +six, seven and eight brothers. His sisters are variously reckoned as one, +three, four and five. + +The Rev. George Clayton Tennyson was born at Market Rasen, December 10, +1778. He graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1801; he received +the degree of M. A. in 1805, and of LL.D. in 1813. He married (August 6, +1805) Miss Elizabeth Fytche of Louth. He moved to Somersby in 1808, where +he was rector till his death. If the inscription on his tomb is to be +trusted, Dr. Tennyson was rector of two neighboring parishes--Benniworth +and Bag Enderby--and was vicar of Great Grimsby;[29] and died March 16, +1831. The poet's mother died February 21, 1865, in her eighty-fifth year. + +Alfred Tennyson was the fourth of eight sons--George (who died in +infancy), Frederick, Charles, Alfred, Edward, Arthur, Septimus, and +Horatio. The sisters were Mary, Emily, Matilda, and Cecilia. Excepting +George and Frederick, all of the children were born at Somersby. + + +ALFRED'S BIRTHDAY. + +The discussion as to the poet's birthday is now practically at rest--his +lordship himself having authoritatively settled the matter. Would that he +would enlighten us on some other perplexing points in his history! Mrs. +Tennyson kept August 6 as Alfred's birthday. Tourists who have hastily +examined the parish registers of Somersby have mistaken the figure 6 for a +5, owing to the fading of the ink "at the back, or left, of the loop."[30] +But careless hackwriters, depending upon the compilations published +decades ago, continue to assert that the Laureate was born August 5;[31] +April 9,[32] or April 6.[33] + + +YEAR OF TENNYSON'S BIRTH. + +In Welsh's _English Literature_ is a "biography" of Tennyson which says, +amid various other slips, that he was born in 1810. Allibone's _Dictionary +of Authors_ (p. 2371) is a year out of the way. When this ponderous work +was first published, not much was definitely known of the poet, but +Alden's _Cyclopedia of Literature_ (1890), and other unreliable +authorities put 1810 or 1811 as the year of his birth. + +In the parish registers of Somersby, Dr. Tennyson's handwriting records +Alfred's birth and baptism among the entries of 1809. Here is an instance +where one can put to flight a host--for the names of those who assign 1810 +as the year of the poet's birth are legion.[34] + + +TENNYSON'S SCHOOLDAYS. + +There is a want of precision in many of the statements that have been made +by Tennyson's biographers concerning his school days. In the _Encyclopedia +Americana_ (1889), vol. iv., p. 660, Dr. C. E. Washburn says Alfred +"attended for a time Cadney's village school, and for a brief period the +grammar-school at Louth,"--which is partly true, but curiously +misrepresents the matter. He was a pupil in Louth Grammar School four +years (1816-20)--not a very "brief period." Howitt and others make the +length of time "two or three years," and some have the mistaken impression +that he passed some time in Cadney's school before he went to Louth. +Cadney came to Somersby about 1820, and, in the autumn of the next year, +he instructed the Tennyson boys in arithmetic at the rectory. Cook +erroneously supposes that Charles and Alfred were at Louth in 1827.[35] + +There has been considerable guessing as to the time when Tennyson went to +Cambridge. He is said to have entered Trinity College in 1826;[36] in +1827;[37] about 1827;[38] in 1829;[39] and "early in 1829."[40] There is +no occasion for such indefiniteness. To be exact, Alfred became a student +of Trinity in October, 1828.[41] He left college without graduating, at +the time of his father's death. His brothers, Frederick and Charles, +finished the course in 1832. + + +COINCIDENCES. + +The cyclopedias also present numerous examples of coincidences as well as +variations--some of the incorrect details being repeated almost verbatim, +as though successive compilers had copied over and over the mistakes of +their superficial predecessors. This ought not to go on forever. + +The sketches of Tennyson in Lippincott's _Biographical Dictionary_ (1885) +and in the _Americanized Britannica_ (1890) may be taken as samples. In +the following sentence from Lippincott's the writer manages to make five +or six misstatements: + +"In 1851 he succeeded Wordsworth as poet-laureate, and about the same time +he married, and retired to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +resided until 1869, when he removed to Petersfield, Hampshire." + +In the biographical supplement of the _Americanized Britannica_, this +becomes two or three sentences, viz.: + +"He was made poet-laureate in 1851. It was about this time, too, that +Tennyson married, returning to Faringford, in the Isle of Wight, where he +lived until 1869.... It was in this year the poet moved from the Isle of +Wight and took up his residence in Petersfield, Hampshire." + +There are similar passages in Appleton's and Johnson's cyclopedias. It is +perfectly plain that there was not much independent investigation in these +unscholarly performances. + + +MISTAKES. + +Mistake No. 1: Tennyson received the Laureateship in 1850, the year of +Wordsworth's death. Mistake No. 2: he was married June 13, 1850. Mistake +No. 3: Farringford is misspelled. Mistake No. 4: Tennyson lived at +Twickenham three years after his marriage. Mistake No. 5: in 1853, he +first took possession of Farringford, which is still his winter residence. +Mistake No. 6: in 1867, the poet built a house near Haslemere in +Surrey--not at Petersfield, Hampshire--where he spends the summer months. +According to Prof. Church, the Laureate bought the Aldworth estate in +1872. The latter date is manifestly wrong.[42] + +The story of Tennyson's Petersfield establishment may be classed as a +myth, though supported by several monuments of research called +cyclopedias.[43] + +Nothing is said of a Hampshire home in Jennings' _Life of Tennyson_, in +Church's _Laureate's Country_, or in Van Dyke's admirable book on the +_Poetry of Tennyson_; no reference to it is found in the essays on +Tennyson by Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mrs. Anne Thackeray Ritchie. Nor is Lord +Tennyson's name found in the list of land owners of Hampshire, in +Walford's _County Families of the United Kingdom_. One is puzzled to +understand how such a report started. + + +TENNYSON'S ELEVATION TO THE PEERAGE. + +It is rather surprising to read in the _People's Cyclopedia_, Johnson's, +Lippincott's and elsewhere, that Tennyson was raised to the peerage in +1883 as "Baron d'Eyncourt," etc. This he cannot properly be called, +though a descendant from the ancient house of D'Eyncourt--which long ago +ceased to be a barony. The pedigree of Alfred's grandfather, who belonged +to the Lincolnshire gentry, is traced through ten generations to Edmund, +Duke of Somerset, and two centuries further back to Edward III.'s fourth +son, John of Gaunt. Dr. Tennyson died in the lifetime of his father, and +the D'Eyncourt seat and dignity passed to his younger brother Charles. The +poet's cousin Louis Charles is the present possessor of the family estate +at Bayons. England's noble Laureate (according to Burke's _Peerage_, ed. +of 1888, p. 1361) was created a peer of the realm Jan. 24, 1884, with the +new title--Baron of Aldworth, Surrey, and of Farringford, Isle of Wight. +He took his seat in the House of Lords, Mar. 11, 1884.[44] + + +LAPSES IN ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY. + +A common mistake is that of locating Aldworth in Sussex. Mr. Frederick +Dolman, in the _Ladies' Home Journal_ (August, 1891), carelessly speaks of +"the poet's residences in the fair Isle and sunny Sussex." According to +Murray's _Handbook for Surrey_ (ed. of 1888, p. 182), and other excellent +authorities,[45] Aldworth is in the county of Surrey--not far from the +northern borders of Sussex. In Walford's _County Families of the United +Kingdom_, p. 1203, Lord Tennyson's name occurs among the land owners of +Surrey--not with those of Sussex. + +Somersby and Somerby have been mixed by many people who are not familiar +with English geography. The latter village is in the western part of +Lincolnshire, near Grantham--a considerable distance from Alfred +Tennyson's birthplace. Duyckinck, in his _Eminent Men and Women_, +recklessly says he was born at "Somerby, a small parish in +Leicestershire."[46] + +If Europeans are guilty of crass ignorance of the United States, Americans +too are open to criticism for their hazy notions of foreign places. An +inexcusable blunder is that in Phillips' _Popular Manual of English +Literature_, vol. II., p. 497, where Blackdown is loosely referred to as +"a hill in the vicinity of Petersfield, Hampshire." Another writer is +remiss in accepting statements implicitly and without question. A footnote +in Kellogg's school edition of "In Memoriam," p. 23, says "Hallam was +buried in Cleveland Church on the Severn, which empties into British +Channel." If he had looked up the town for himself on the map of England, +he would have discovered that Clevedon, the birthplace of Hallam, is +situated on the bank of the Severn near its entrance to the Bristol +Channel. + + +VARIOUS ERRORS. + +It is not my purpose to enumerate all the errors that I have come across +in my reading relating to Tennyson and his works. For the sake of brevity, +I merely correct a few of them without giving full particulars in every +case. Tennyson first visited the Pyrenees in 1830--not in 1831; the second +visit was in 1862. He received the degree of D. C. L. in 1855--not in +1859. His son Hallam was born at Twickenham, Aug. 11, 1852; Lionel, at +Freshwater, Mar. 16, 1854. + +Tennyson did not write "Break, break, break" at Clevedon or Freshwater. +The intercalary lyrics of "The Princess" were first published in the third +edition--not in the second. The plot of "The Cup" is taken from Plutarch's +treatise _De Mulierum Virtutibus_; this work has been confused by Archer +and Jennings with Boccaccio's _De Claris Mulieribus_. + +Many unpardonable mistakes have been made in dating Tennyson's published +writings, also in wording and punctuating their titles. It has been said +that "The Princess" first appeared in print in 1846 and 1849; "In +Memoriam," in 1849 and 1851; "Idyls of the King," in 1855, 1858, and 1861; +"Enoch Arden," in 1865; "The Holy Grail, and Other Poems," in 1867 and +1870; "Harold," in 1877; "Becket," in 1879 and 1885; "Tiresias, and Other +Poems," in 1886; and "Demeter, and Other Poems," in 1890. In Hart's +_Manual of English Literature_, one of Tennyson's poems is named "The +Vision of Art," and a recent German cyclopedia makes him the author of +"Tristam and Iseult." A newspaper account of the sale of Tennysoniana in +London contains the queer bit of misinformation that _Poems by Two +Brothers_ "was published by Louth in 1826." These slips could have been +easily avoided. The mystery hanging about the Laureate's life does not +involve his works. + +It is believed that the following list, which has been carefully +verified, is correct both as to the titles and the dates of first +publication of all of Tennyson's books, viz: + + Poems by Two Brothers 1826 (dated 1827) + Poems, chiefly Lyrical 1830 + Poems 1832 (dated 1833) + Poems, 2 vols. 1842 + The Princess 1847 + In Memoriam 1850 + Maud, and Other Poems 1855 + Idyls of the King 1859 + Enoch Arden, etc. 1864 + The Holy Grail, and Other Poems 1869 + Gareth and Lynette, etc. 1872 + Queen Mary 1875 + Harold 1876 + The Lover's Tale 1879 + Ballads, and Other Poems 1880 + The Cup and The Falcon 1884 + Becket 1884 + Tiresias, and Other Poems 1885 + Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc. 1886 + Demeter, and Other Poems 1889 + The Foresters 1892 + + + + +TRANSLATIONS OF TENNYSON'S WORKS. + + +GERMAN. + +_Gedichte_: ueb. von W. Hertzberg. Dessau, 1853. Dresden, 1868. + +_Ausgewaehlte Dichtungen_: ueb. von A. Strodtmann (Bibliothek Klassiker in +deutscher Uebertragung. Leipzig, 1865-70). + +_Ausgewaehlte Dichtungen_: ueb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870. (Bib. +ausl. Klassiker). + +_Ausgewaehlte Gedichte_: ueb. von M. Rugard. Elbing, 1872. + +_In Memoriam_: Aus dem Engl. nach der 5. Aufl. Braunschweig, 1854. + +_Freundes-Klage._ Nach "In Memoriam," frei uebertragen von R. +Waldmueller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1870. + +_In Memoriam_: ueb. von Agnes von Bohlen. Berlin, 1874. + +_Maud_: ueb. von F. W. Weber. Paderborn, 1891. + +_Koenigsidyllen_: ueb. von W. Scholz. Berlin, 1867. + +_Koenigsidyllen_: ueb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1872. + +_Koenigsidyllen_: ueb. von C. Weiser (vols. 1817, 1818 Universal-Bibliothek, +Leipzig, 1883-6). + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von R. Schellwien. Quedlinburg, 1867. + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von R. Waldmueller-Duboc. Hamburg, 1868-70. + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869. + +_Enoch Arden_ und _Godiva_: ueb. von H. A. Feldmann. Hamburg, 1870. + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von C. Hessel. Leipzig, 1874. (490 in +Universal-Bibliothek). + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von A. Strodtmann. Berlin, 1876. + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von C. Eichholz. Hamburg, 1881. + +_Enoch Arden_: ueb. von H. Griebenow. Halle, 1889. (Bib. der +Gesammt-Litteratur). + +_Enoch Arden_: frei bearbeitet fuer die Jugend. Leipzig, 1888. + +_Aylmers Feld_: ueb. von F. W. Weber. Leipzig, 1869. + +_Aylmers Feld_: ueb. von H. A. Feldmann. Ebend, 1870. + +_Harald_: ueb. von Albr. Graf Wickenburg. Hamburg, 1879. + +_Locksley Hall_: ueb. von F. Freiligrath--_Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre +spaeter_: ueb. von J. Feis. Hamburg, 1888. + +_Locksley Hall sechzig Jahre spaeter_: ueb von K. B. Esmarch. Gotha, 1888. + + +DUTCH. + +_The Miller's Daughter._ Freely tr. by A. J. de Bull. Utrecht, 1859. + +_Vier Idyllen van Konig Arthur._ Amsterdam, 1883. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by S. J. van den Bergh. Rotterdam, 1869. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by J. L. Wertheim. Amsterdam, 1882. + + +DANISH AND NORWEGIAN. + +_The May Queen._ Tr. by L. Falck. Christiania, 1855. + +_Anna og Locksley Slot._ Oversat af A. Hansen. 1872. + +_Idyller om Kong Arthur._ Ov. af A. Munch. 1876. + +_Enoch Arden._ Tr. by A. Munch. Copenhagen, 1866. + +_Sea Dreams_ and _Aylmer's Field_. Tr. by F. L. Mynster. 1877. + + +SWEDISH. + +_Konung Arthur och hans riddare._ Romantish diktcykel. Upsala, 1876. + +_Elaine._ Endikt. Tr. by A. Hjelmstjerna. 1877. + + +FRENCH. + +_Les Idylles du Roi._ Enide, Viviane, Elaine, Genievre. Trad. par F. +Michel. 1869. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par M. de La Rive. 1870. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par X. Marmier. 1887. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par M. l'abbe R. Courtois. 2e edition. 1890. + +_Enoch Arden._ Trad. par E. Duglin. 1890. + +_Idylles et Poemes_: _Enoch Arden_: _Locksley Hall_. Traduits en vers +francais par A. Buisson du Berger. 1888. + + +SPANISH. + +_Enid_ and _Elaine_. Tr. by L. Gisbert. 1875. + +_Poemes de Alfredo Tennyson_--_Enoch Arden_, _Gareth y Lynette_, _Merlin y +Bibiana_, etc. Tr. by D. Vicente de Arana. Barcelona, 1883. + + +ITALIAN. + +_Idilli, Liriche, Mite e Leggende, Enoc Arden._ Tr. by C. Faccioli. +Verona, 1876. + +_Tommaso Crammero e Maria e Filippo._[47] Tr. by C. Faccioli. Verona, +1878. + +_Il Primo Diverbio._[48] Tr. by E. Castelnuovo. Venice, 1886. + +_La Prima Lite._[48] Tr. by P. T. Pavolini. Bologna, 1888. + + +LATIN. + +_In Memoriam._ Tr. into Elegiac verse by O. A. Smith. 1866. + +_Enoch Arden_: Poema Tennysonianum Latine Redditum W. Selwyn. London, +1867. + +_Horae Tennysonianae_: sive Eclogae e Tennysono Latine Redditae A. J. Church. +London and Cambridge, 1870. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Three volumes of verse by Frederick Tennyson have appeared, viz.: +_Days and Hours_ (1854); _Isles of Greece; Sappho and Alcaeus_ (1890); +_Daphne, and Other Poems_ (1801). The published works of Charles Turner +are as follows: _Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces_ (1830); _Sonnets_ (1864); +_Small Tableaux_ (1868); _Sonnets, Lyrics and Translations_ (1873); +_Collected Sonnets, Old and New_ (1880). Edward Tennyson (1813-1890) +achieved something of a reputation as a versifier; he contributed a sonnet +to the _Yorkshire Annual_ for 1832. + +[2] Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written in 1835, says: "I will say no +more of Tennyson than that the more I have seen of him, the more cause I +have to think him great. His little humours and grumpinesses were so +droll, that I was always laughing.... I felt what Charles Lamb describes, +a sense of depression at times from the overshadowing of a so much more +lofty intellect than my own."--_Letters and Literary Remains_, vol. i. + +[3] "Tennyson has been in town for some time: he has been making fresh +poems, which are finer, they say, than any he has done. But I believe he +is chiefly meditating on the purging and subliming of what he has already +done: and repents that he has published at all yet. It is fine to see how +in each succeeding poem the smaller ornaments and fancies drop away, and +leave the grand ideas single."--_Letters of Edward Fitzgerald_, vol. i., +p. 21. + +Extract from a letter dated October 23, 1833. + +[4] "Alfred Tennyson dined with us. I am always a little disappointed with +the exterior of our poet when I look at him, in spite of his eyes, which +are very fine; but his head and face, striking and dignified as they are, +are almost too ponderous and massive for beauty in so young a man; and +every now and then there is a slightly sarcastic expression about his +mouth that almost frightens me, in spite of his shy manner and habitual +silence."--Fanny Kemble's _Records of a Girlhood_, pp. 519-20. + +This entry in Fanny Kemble's journal is dated June 16, 1832. + +[5] Fitzgerald, in a letter written in London (April, 1838) says: "We have +had Alfred Tennyson here; very droll, and very wayward: and much sitting +up of nights till two and three in the morning with pipes in our mouths: +at which good hour we would get Alfred to give us some of his magic music, +which he does between growling and smoking."--_Letters and Literary +Remains_, vol. i., pp. 42, 43. + +[6] Milnes, in a letter dated July 20, 1856, gives this glimpse of the +Laureate's domestic life: "He is himself much happier than he used to be, +and devoted to his children, who are beautiful."--_Reid's Life of Lord +Houghton_, Vol. I. + +[7] The time of Tennyson's removal from Twickenham to Farringford can be +fixed with tolerable definiteness. Fitzgerald writes (Oct. 25, 1853): "I +am going to see the last of the Tennysons at Twickenham;" and again (in +December, 1853): "I hear from Mrs. Alfred they are got to their new abode +in the Isle of Wight."--_Letters and Literary Remains_, vol. i., pp. +225-6. + +[8] In 1865, Alfred Tennyson was elected a member of the Royal Society; in +1869, an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and, in 1884, +president of the Incorporated Society of Authors. He is also president of +the London Library. + +[9] "An interesting fact relating to the poet's descent may here be +mentioned. His mother's mother (Mrs. Fytche) was a granddaughter of a +certain Mons. Fauvelle, a French Huguenot, who was related to Madame de +Maintenon."--Church's _Laureate's Country_, p. 10. + +[10] Edward Fitzgerald, in a letter written soon after Charles Turner's +death (April 25, 1879), says: "Tennyson's elder, not eldest, brother is +dead; and I was writing only yesterday to persuade Spedding to insist on +Macmillan publishing a complete edition of Charles' Sonnets: graceful, +tender, beautiful, and quite original little things."--_Letters and +Literary Remains_, vol. i., p. 437. + +[11] Mary Tennyson (1810-1884) married the Hon. Alan Ker, Puisine Judge of +the Supreme Court of Jamaica. + +[12] Emily Tennyson (1811-1887), who was betrothed to Arthur Hallam about +1830, became the wife of Capt. Richard Jesse, R. N. + +[13] The Hon. Lionel Tennyson was attacked by jungle fever during a visit +to India, and died on board the Chusan, near Aden, April 20, 1886, aged +thirty-two. He was a profound student of dramatic poetry, and would have +won a name for himself in literature. For several years he was connected +with the India office, and prepared a masterly report on "The Moral and +Material Condition of India," for 1881-82. In 1878, he married the +accomplished daughter of Frederick Locker. The eldest of their three sons +is the "golden-haired Ally" who inspired the well-known verses of his +grandfather. + +[14] "Queen Mary" was produced at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in April, +1876--Miss Bateman as Mary and Irving as Philip. + +[15] "The Cup" was played at the Lyceum in January, 1881--Irving taking +the part of Synorix and Miss Terry that of Camma. + +[16] "The Falcon" was presented at St. James' Theatre, London, in +December, 1879--Mr. Kendal playing the role of Count Federigo and Mrs. +Kendal that of Lady Giovanna. + +[17] "The Promise of May" was performed at the Globe Theatre, London, +(Nov. 11-Dec. 16, 1882), with Mrs. Bernard-Beere as Dora, Miss Emmeline +Ormsby as Eva, Mr. Hermann Vezin as Edgar and Mr. Charles Kelly as Dobson. + +[18] "The Foresters" was produced at Daly's Theatre, New York, (Mar. +17-April 22, 1892),--Mr. John Drew in the role of Robin Hood and Miss Ada +Rehan as Maid Marian. + +[19] Walter's _In Tennyson Land_, p. 62. + +[20] Appleton's _Cyclopedia_, vol. xv., p. 651. + +[21] Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, vol. vii., p. 755. + +[22] _Ibid._ + +[23] J. H. Ward, in _Atlantic Monthly_, Sept., 1879. + +[24] _Encyclopedia Americana_, vol. iv., p. 660. + +[25] J. A. Graham, in _Art Journal_, Feb., 1891. + +[26] Lodge's _Peerage_ (1888), p. 597. + +[27] _Art Journal_, Feb., 1891. + +[28] _Atlantic Monthly_, Sept., 1879. + +[29] A full transcript of the inscription on the rector's tomb is given in +Church's _Laureate's Country_ (p. 27), a work that is simply invaluable to +students of Tennyson. + +"Somersby and Bag Enderby are hamlets about one quarter of a mile apart," +says Gatty, "and are held by one Rector, who now resides at the latter +place."--_Key to "In Memoriam."_ Preface. + +"Not far from the south-eastern extremity of this Wold country is the +little village of Somersby. The nearest town to it is Horncastle, which is +six miles to the south-east.... Somersby is something less than fifteen +miles from the sea."--Church's _Laureate's Country_. + +[30] C. J. Caswell, in _Notes and Queries_, March 14, 1891. Van Dyke's +_Poetry of Tennyson_, p. 323. + +[31] Dawson's _Makers of Modern English_, p. 169. + +[32] _The Graphic_, (Chicago), Nov. 14, 1891. + +[33] _The Tribune_, (Chicago), March 26, 1892, p. 14. + +[34] Jenkins' _Handbook of British and American Literature_, p. 400. +Emerson's _Parnassus_, p. xxxiii. Friswell's _Modern Men of Letters_, p. +152. Collier's _History of English Literature_, p. 472. Angus' _Handbook +of English Literature_, p. 274. Fogh's _Nordish Con.-Lex._, vol. v., p. +665. Hoefer's _Nouvelle Biog. Gen._, vol. 44. Lorenz _Cat. Lib. Fran._, +vol. vi., p. 607. Bleibtreu's _Geschichte Eng. Lit._, p. 364. Fischer's +_Ausgewaehlte Gedichte v. A Tennyson_, p. 1. Waldmueller Duboc's +_Freundes-Klage_, p. 6. Faccioli's _A. Tennyson--Idilli Liriche_, etc., p. +ix. + +[35] _Poets and Problems_, p. 73. + +I am indebted to Mr. C. J. Caswell for his thorough investigations of +Tennyson's boyhood. See _Pall Mall Gazette_, June 19, 1890. + +[36] Brockhaus' _Conversations-Lex._, vol. xv., p. 559. + +[37] _Lives of English Authors_ (1890), p. 308. + +[38] Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, vol. vii., p. 755. + +[39] Cook's _Poets and Problems_, p. 73. + +[40] Cassell's _Lib. Eng. Lit._, Shorter Poems, p. 465. + +[41] Church's _Laureate's Country_, p. 74. Van Dyke's _Poetry of +Tennyson_, p. 323. + +Frederick Tennyson (a co-heir of the Earls of Scarsdale) was born June 5, +1807. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he +distinguished himself by writing Greek verse--winning the prize for a +Sapphic ode on "Egypt." He married an Italian lady, Maria Guiliotta, now +dead, by whom he had two sons--Julius and Alfred,--and three +daughters--Elise, Emily, Matilda. For many years he lived at Tenby in +South Wales; at present he resides in Jersey, and devotes himself to his +favorite Hellenic studies and to poetry. + +Charles Tennyson Turner (born July 4, 1808, died April 25, 1879) attended +Louth Grammar School (1815-21), and then was fitted for college at home. +At Trinity, he did admirable work in the classics--obtaining a Bell +scholarship. In 1836, he became vicar of Grasby, where he passed the +greater part of his life, well-known for his good works. In 1838, he +acquired property left him by his great-uncle, Rev. S. Turner, and assumed +the name of Turner by royal license. He married Louisa Sellwood, youngest +sister of Lady Tennyson; he died at Cheltenham. + +[42] "In 1872, Mr. Tennyson purchased a small estate on the top of +Blackdown." + +_Laureate's Country_, ch. XVI. On the other hand, _Every Saturday_, for +Jan. 1, 1870, says: + +"Mr. Tennyson has recently built himself a second residence, in a +picturesque valley in Surrey." "In 1867," says Jennings in his _Lord +Tennyson_ (p. 190), "it was announced that Tennyson had purchased the +Greenhill estate on the borders of Sussex." + +This statement is corroborated by a letter of Milnes, dated July 30, 1867: + +"Our expedition to Tennyson's was a moral success, but a physical +failure.... The bard was very agreeable, and his wife and son delightful. +He has built himself a very handsome and commanding home in a most +inaccessible site, with every comfort he can require, and every discomfort +to all who approach him. What can be more poetical?" + +Reid's _Life of Lord Houghton_, Vol. II, p. 176 + +Here the circumstances point to only one conclusion--that Tennyson was +living at Aldworth in the summer of 1867. It is a satisfaction to get down +to a solid substratum of truth. + +[43] + + Johnson's _Cyclopedia_, Vol. VII., p. 755. + Appleton's _Cyclopedia_, Vol. XV., p. 652. + Meyer's _Kon-Lex._, vol. XV., p. 589. + Hart's _Manual of English Literature_, p. 509. + Jenkins' _Handbook of British and American Literature_, p. 401. + +[44] _London Times_, March 12, 1884. An item in the _Chicago Herald_, +April 5, 1892, refers to Tennyson as "Baron d'Eyncourt." Thus he is called +in _Lives of English Authors_ (1890). His title is given as "baron +Tennyson d'Eyncourt d'Aldworth," by Larousse (_Dictionnaire Universel_, +2d. Supplement, p. 1914); and as "Baron Tennyson von Altworth," by +Brockhaus (_Con-Lex._, vol. xv., p. 559), and by Meyer (_Kon-Lex._, vol. +xv., p. 589). The _Illustrirtes Kon-Lex._ says he was offered a Baronetcy +in 1875. The _International Cyclopedia_ says he was made a baron in 1883, +as does Alden's _Cyc. of Univ. Lit._ and other compilations. From this +showing it would appear that French and German erudition is about on a par +with English and American. + +[45] Mrs. Ritchie on "Alfred Tennyson," in _Harper's Magazine_ (Dec., +1883), and Alice Maude Fenn on "The Borderlands of Surrey," in _The +Century_ (Aug., 1882). + +[46] Of the numerous works of reference which give Somerby as the poet's +birthplace, are the following: Vapereau. _Dictionnaire des Contemporains_; +Larousse. _Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe Siecle_, 2e. Supplement; Schem. +_Conversations-Lexicon_; Meyer. _Conversations-Lexicon._ Brockhaus, etc. + +[47] Selections from Tennyson's "Queen Mary." + +[48] "The First Quarrel." + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Tennyson's Life and Poetry, by Eugene Parsons + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TENNYSON'S LIFE AND POETRY *** + +***** This file should be named 36093.txt or 36093.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/0/9/36093/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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