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+ <title>
+ The Project Gutenberg eBook of 'Diphtheria' by U. S. Public Health Service
+ </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Diphtheria, by Public Health Service
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Diphtheria
+ how to recognize the disease, how to keep from catching
+ it, how to treat those who do catch it
+
+Author: Public Health Service
+
+Release Date: May 1, 2011 [EBook #36006]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPHTHERIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Dianna Adair and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>Diphtheria</h1>
+
+<div class="center extraspace"><span class="smcap">How to Recognize the Disease<br />
+
+How to Keep from Catching It<br />
+
+How to Treat Those Who Do Catch It</span><br /><br />
+
+<p class="center extraspace">KEEP WELL SERIES No. 4</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter extraspace" style="width: 133px;">
+<img src="images/deco_001.png" width="133" height="129" alt="medical icon" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center extraspace"><small>TREASURY DEPARTMENT</small><br />
+UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE<br />
+<small>1919</small></div>
+
+
+<div class="center extraspace"><small>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</small></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;"/>
+
+
+<p><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h1><a name="Diphtheria" id="Diphtheria"></a>Diphtheria </h1>
+
+
+
+
+<p class='cap'><span class="uc">After</span> babyhood has passed, beware of
+diphtheria. Of all the deaths of children
+3 and 4 years of age, more than one-seventh
+are caused by diphtheria.
+</p>
+
+<p>Diphtheria is preventable and, when
+properly treated with antitoxin, is curable.
+Most of the children who die from diphtheria
+really lose their lives because of the
+ignorance and carelessness of their parents.</p>
+
+<p>Diphtheria is a disease most often occurring
+in children and resembling a sore
+throat or tonsillitis. It is caused by a small
+germ called the diphtheria bacillus. The
+disease may resemble:</p>
+
+<p><i>A very mild sore throat</i>, the tonsils and
+back of the mouth being redder than usual,
+and the person not feeling ill.</p>
+
+<p>It may look like a <i>more severe sore throat</i>
+or tonsillitis with a white or grayish patch,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>called a membrane, on the tonsils. There
+may be only one or a few small distinct
+patches, and the throat may feel somewhat
+sore. The glands in the neck, below the
+tonsils, may be slightly enlarged and may
+feel about the size of small peas. The
+patient may feel rather ill.</p>
+
+<p>Or the disease may be like a <i>very severe
+sore throat</i>, with small or large gray or
+white patches. Not only the tonsils but
+also the uvula, the small rounded end of
+the palate which hangs down between the
+tonsils, may have on it white or gray
+patches. (If there is a membrane on the
+uvula, the disease is almost certainly diphtheria.)
+With such a throat the person
+feels very sick. Not only does the throat
+hurt, but there are usually aches in the
+back of the neck and in the muscles generally.
+The glands in the neck may be
+quite large and feel painful when touched.
+The soreness in the throat may extend
+down the windpipe, and membranes may
+form there. The patient is feverish and
+often is delirious. The fever, however, is
+not necessarily high.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>In some cases the membranes may form
+in the larynx (Adam's apple). When this
+is the case the patient's voice sounds hoarse
+and croupy, and the child may breathe
+with difficulty. In small children it is not
+uncommon, if such cases remain untreated,
+for this membrane to choke the patient.
+Therefore, in all cases of croup, send for a
+doctor immediately.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THROAT CULTURES.</h4>
+
+<p>In order to prevent the spread of diphtheria
+to others it is important always to
+recognize the presence of the disease, even
+in mild cases. In order to do this the doctor
+makes a culture from the throat and
+nose of the suspected individual. He takes
+a piece of sterile cotton wrapped around
+the end of a thin stick of wire and touches
+this to the throat and tonsils, especially
+where there are patches or membranes.
+Then he sends this swab to a laboratory,
+where cultures are planted from it. The
+next day these cultures are examined with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+a microscope to see if diphtheria bacilli,
+the germs which cause diphtheria, are
+present.</p>
+
+<p>Since the diphtheria germs or bacilli
+grow on the lining of the throat and air
+passages, they are easily thrown out from
+the mouth and nose of the patient with
+particles of mucus or spit when the patient
+coughs, spits, or sneezes. But even when
+the patient talks, especially when he talks
+loudly, tiny droplets of mucus or spit are
+given off. These droplets may have diphtheria
+bacilli on them. The same is true
+of particles of food, no matter how small,
+falling from the patient's lips. Eating
+utensils such as cups, glasses, forks, and
+spoons that have touched the lips of the
+patient may likewise have saliva on them.
+When the patient has diphtheria all these
+droplets of saliva and of mucus may, and
+usually do, contain many diphtheria bacilli.
+Curiously, some persons may have diphtheria
+bacilli in the nose and throat and
+yet remain entirely well. Such persons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+are called "healthy carriers." They are
+especially dangerous, because there is no
+outward sign which will tell them or others
+that they are carrying deadly disease germs
+around.</p>
+
+<p>All who attend the patient must be very
+careful not to get any of the dangerous discharges
+from the patient's mouth or nose
+on the hands. In fact, it is important for
+the attendant always to wash her hands
+promptly after waiting on the patient. Besides
+this, care should be taken that the
+germs are not carried to others by the use
+of eating utensils, such as cups, glasses,
+spoons, forks, or plates. All of these
+should be sterilized with <i>boiling</i> water
+after each meal.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ANTITOXIN TREATMENT.</h4>
+
+<p>Depending on the way it is treated, diphtheria
+is one of the least dangerous or one
+of the most dangerous diseases. It is one
+of the least dangerous when promptly
+treated with antitoxin; it is one of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+dangerous when the antitoxin treatment is
+not given, or is delayed or insufficient. In
+the days before we had antitoxin one out
+of every three children who had diphtheria
+died. Now, if antitoxin is used on the first
+or second day of the disease ninety-eight
+out of every hundred children recover.
+The sooner diphtheria is attended to the
+more certain is a cure.</p>
+
+<p>In severe cases suspected to be diphtheria
+the doctor always gives diphtheria
+antitoxin at once. This is a wise thing to
+do, because the disease goes on rapidly
+and a delay of 12 or 24 hours may be fatal.
+Besides, no harm is done, even if the disease
+proves not to be diphtheria. The
+antitoxin, although making some people
+uncomfortable for a day or two, never does
+any real harm. Whenever antitoxin is
+given to a person ill with diphtheria it
+should be given in <i>one dose, large enough
+and early enough</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>TEMPORARY PROTECTION WITH ANTITOXIN.</h4>
+
+<p>Diphtheria is very contagious, and many
+people, especially children, can catch it.
+For this reason, whenever a case of diphtheria
+is discovered, the doctor injects the
+antitoxin not only into the patient, but
+also, as a protective against the disease,
+into those who have come into contact
+with the patient. This is spoken of as
+"immunizing" these individuals. The immunizing
+dose is not so large as the curative
+dose given to the patient, but it is usually
+sufficient to protect those exposed to
+diphtheria for a month from the time of
+injection. At the end of that time the protection
+disappears.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SCHICK TEST.</h4>
+
+<p>A few years ago a very simple test was
+discovered to tell whether a person could
+or could not catch diphtheria. This is
+known as the Schick test. It consists in
+injecting a few drops of a prepared diphtheria
+toxin into the skin and then watching<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+whether a characteristic red spot appears
+where the injection was made. If
+such a spot does not appear within two or
+three days it shows that the person can not
+catch diphtheria.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LASTING PROTECTION BY DIPHTHERIA
+VACCINATION.</h4>
+
+<p>For those in whom the characteristic
+redness appears, and who are therefore
+known to be liable to catch diphtheria,
+doctors now advise a course of protective
+injections similar to those which have
+proven so successful against typhoid fever.
+This protective treatment consists of three
+small injections, a week apart. There is
+no sore, as there is in smallpox vaccination,
+and the injections are harmless. The
+protection lasts for years, and perhaps even
+for life.</p>
+
+<p>Why not have the doctor make a Schick
+test on your child, and if this shows the
+lack of protection against diphtheria have
+him give the three protective injections?</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>PERSONAL AND BEDSIDE HYGIENE.</h4>
+
+<p>1. (<i>a</i>) All discharges from the nose and
+mouth should be gathered in soft, clean
+cloths or rags or papers and destroyed by
+burning. (<i>b</i>) The patient should cover the
+mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing,
+for a cough or sneeze will throw droplets
+of mucus to a distance of 10 or 12 feet.</p>
+
+<p>2. The attendant should wear a washable
+gown that completely covers her clothing.
+It should be put on when entering the room
+of the patient and taken off immediately on
+leaving it.</p>
+
+<p>3. A basin of water, together with a cake
+of castile soap (or where possible an antiseptic
+solution), should be placed in a convenient
+place, so that the doctor and nurse
+attending the patient may wash their hands
+whenever leaving the room, and even <i>before</i>
+touching the door handle.</p>
+
+<p>4. All eating utensils that the patient uses
+should be washed in boiling hot water separately
+from other dishes and used exclusively
+by the patient.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>5. All bedclothes and bedding should be
+boiled in soap and water, or they should be
+exposed to the sunshine. <i>Direct sunshine
+kills disease germs.</i></p>
+
+<p>6. The person attending the patient
+should wear a double layer of gauze or
+other soft thin cloth across the mouth and
+nose as a <i>face mask</i> whenever near the
+patient so as to prevent the droplets containing
+the germs coming from the patient's
+mouth from entering and lodging
+on the lining of the mouth or throat of the
+attendant. <i>Always remember that even
+though you may not get the disease if the
+germs lodge in your throat they may grow
+there and you may carry the disease to
+another person who may catch it.</i></p>
+
+<p>7. There should be but one attendant
+wherever possible.</p>
+
+<p>8. No visitors should be permitted in the
+sick room&mdash;not even during convalescence.</p>
+
+<p>9. The one who attends the sick should
+not prepare or handle the food of others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+Sometimes it is impossible to take this precaution,
+as very often it is the mother who
+must take care of the patient, cook, and do
+all the housework. In such cases the one
+attending the sick must <i>never neglect</i> whenever
+near the patient&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(1) To wear a face mask.</p>
+
+<p>(2) To wear a washable gown (which
+is to be taken off on leaving the
+room).</p>
+
+<p>(3) To wash her hands when leaving
+the sick room.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Every attendant on the sick should know
+how disease germs are carried from the
+sick to the well. This knowledge should
+make her more careful, and thus help to
+prevent the spread of the disease.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter extraspace" style="width: 146px;">
+<img src="images/deco_002.png" width="146" height="167" alt="medical icon" title="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span><br /> <br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center size90 extraspace">
+For other instructive Health Leaflets<br />
+write to the&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="center size90">
+UNITED STATES<br />
+PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE<br />
+WASHINGTON, D. C.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter extraspace" style="width: 69px;">
+<img src="images/deco_003.png" width="69" height="250" alt="medical icon" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Diphtheria, by Public Health Service
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPHTHERIA ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Diphtheria, by Public Health Service
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Diphtheria
+ how to recognize the disease, how to keep from catching
+ it, how to treat those who do catch it
+
+Author: Public Health Service
+
+Release Date: May 1, 2011 [EBook #36006]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIPHTHERIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Dianna Adair and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Diphtheria
+
+
+HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE DISEASE
+ HOW TO KEEP FROM CATCHING IT
+ HOW TO TREAT THOSE WHO DO CATCH IT
+
+
+ KEEP WELL SERIES No. 4
+
+
+ [Illustration: logo]
+
+
+ TREASURY DEPARTMENT
+UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
+ 1919
+
+
+ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Diphtheria
+
+
+After babyhood has passed, beware of diphtheria. Of all the deaths of
+children 3 and 4 years of age, more than one-seventh are caused by
+diphtheria.
+
+Diphtheria is preventable and, when properly treated with antitoxin, is
+curable. Most of the children who die from diphtheria really lose their
+lives because of the ignorance and carelessness of their parents.
+
+Diphtheria is a disease most often occurring in children and resembling
+a sore throat or tonsillitis. It is caused by a small germ called the
+diphtheria bacillus. The disease may resemble:
+
+_A very mild sore throat_, the tonsils and back of the mouth being
+redder than usual, and the person not feeling ill.
+
+It may look like a _more severe sore throat_ or tonsillitis with a white
+or grayish patch, called a membrane, on the tonsils. There may be only
+one or a few small distinct patches, and the throat may feel somewhat
+sore. The glands in the neck, below the tonsils, may be slightly
+enlarged and may feel about the size of small peas. The patient may feel
+rather ill.
+
+Or the disease may be like a _very severe sore throat_, with small or
+large gray or white patches. Not only the tonsils but also the uvula,
+the small rounded end of the palate which hangs down between the
+tonsils, may have on it white or gray patches. (If there is a membrane
+on the uvula, the disease is almost certainly diphtheria.) With such a
+throat the person feels very sick. Not only does the throat hurt, but
+there are usually aches in the back of the neck and in the muscles
+generally. The glands in the neck may be quite large and feel painful
+when touched. The soreness in the throat may extend down the windpipe,
+and membranes may form there. The patient is feverish and often is
+delirious. The fever, however, is not necessarily high.
+
+In some cases the membranes may form in the larynx (Adam's apple). When
+this is the case the patient's voice sounds hoarse and croupy, and the
+child may breathe with difficulty. In small children it is not uncommon,
+if such cases remain untreated, for this membrane to choke the patient.
+Therefore, in all cases of croup, send for a doctor immediately.
+
+
+THROAT CULTURES.
+
+In order to prevent the spread of diphtheria to others it is important
+always to recognize the presence of the disease, even in mild cases. In
+order to do this the doctor makes a culture from the throat and nose of
+the suspected individual. He takes a piece of sterile cotton wrapped
+around the end of a thin stick of wire and touches this to the throat
+and tonsils, especially where there are patches or membranes. Then he
+sends this swab to a laboratory, where cultures are planted from it. The
+next day these cultures are examined with a microscope to see if
+diphtheria bacilli, the germs which cause diphtheria, are present.
+
+Since the diphtheria germs or bacilli grow on the lining of the throat
+and air passages, they are easily thrown out from the mouth and nose of
+the patient with particles of mucus or spit when the patient coughs,
+spits, or sneezes. But even when the patient talks, especially when he
+talks loudly, tiny droplets of mucus or spit are given off. These
+droplets may have diphtheria bacilli on them. The same is true of
+particles of food, no matter how small, falling from the patient's lips.
+Eating utensils such as cups, glasses, forks, and spoons that have
+touched the lips of the patient may likewise have saliva on them. When
+the patient has diphtheria all these droplets of saliva and of mucus
+may, and usually do, contain many diphtheria bacilli. Curiously, some
+persons may have diphtheria bacilli in the nose and throat and yet
+remain entirely well. Such persons are called "healthy carriers." They
+are especially dangerous, because there is no outward sign which will
+tell them or others that they are carrying deadly disease germs around.
+
+All who attend the patient must be very careful not to get any of the
+dangerous discharges from the patient's mouth or nose on the hands. In
+fact, it is important for the attendant always to wash her hands
+promptly after waiting on the patient. Besides this, care should be
+taken that the germs are not carried to others by the use of eating
+utensils, such as cups, glasses, spoons, forks, or plates. All of these
+should be sterilized with _boiling_ water after each meal.
+
+
+ANTITOXIN TREATMENT.
+
+Depending on the way it is treated, diphtheria is one of the least
+dangerous or one of the most dangerous diseases. It is one of the least
+dangerous when promptly treated with antitoxin; it is one of the most
+dangerous when the antitoxin treatment is not given, or is delayed or
+insufficient. In the days before we had antitoxin one out of every three
+children who had diphtheria died. Now, if antitoxin is used on the first
+or second day of the disease ninety-eight out of every hundred children
+recover. The sooner diphtheria is attended to the more certain is a
+cure.
+
+In severe cases suspected to be diphtheria the doctor always gives
+diphtheria antitoxin at once. This is a wise thing to do, because the
+disease goes on rapidly and a delay of 12 or 24 hours may be fatal.
+Besides, no harm is done, even if the disease proves not to be
+diphtheria. The antitoxin, although making some people uncomfortable for
+a day or two, never does any real harm. Whenever antitoxin is given to a
+person ill with diphtheria it should be given in _one dose, large enough
+and early enough_.
+
+
+TEMPORARY PROTECTION WITH ANTITOXIN.
+
+Diphtheria is very contagious, and many people, especially children, can
+catch it. For this reason, whenever a case of diphtheria is discovered,
+the doctor injects the antitoxin not only into the patient, but also, as
+a protective against the disease, into those who have come into contact
+with the patient. This is spoken of as "immunizing" these individuals.
+The immunizing dose is not so large as the curative dose given to the
+patient, but it is usually sufficient to protect those exposed to
+diphtheria for a month from the time of injection. At the end of that
+time the protection disappears.
+
+
+THE SCHICK TEST.
+
+A few years ago a very simple test was discovered to tell whether a
+person could or could not catch diphtheria. This is known as the Schick
+test. It consists in injecting a few drops of a prepared diphtheria
+toxin into the skin and then watching whether a characteristic red spot
+appears where the injection was made. If such a spot does not appear
+within two or three days it shows that the person can not catch
+diphtheria.
+
+
+LASTING PROTECTION BY DIPHTHERIA VACCINATION.
+
+For those in whom the characteristic redness appears, and who are
+therefore known to be liable to catch diphtheria, doctors now advise a
+course of protective injections similar to those which have proven so
+successful against typhoid fever. This protective treatment consists of
+three small injections, a week apart. There is no sore, as there is in
+smallpox vaccination, and the injections are harmless. The protection
+lasts for years, and perhaps even for life.
+
+Why not have the doctor make a Schick test on your child, and if this
+shows the lack of protection against diphtheria have him give the three
+protective injections?
+
+
+PERSONAL AND BEDSIDE HYGIENE.
+
+1. (_a_) All discharges from the nose and mouth should be gathered in
+soft, clean cloths or rags or papers and destroyed by burning. (_b_) The
+patient should cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, for a
+cough or sneeze will throw droplets of mucus to a distance of 10 or 12
+feet.
+
+2. The attendant should wear a washable gown that completely covers her
+clothing. It should be put on when entering the room of the patient and
+taken off immediately on leaving it.
+
+3. A basin of water, together with a cake of castile soap (or where
+possible an antiseptic solution), should be placed in a convenient
+place, so that the doctor and nurse attending the patient may wash their
+hands whenever leaving the room, and even _before_ touching the door
+handle.
+
+4. All eating utensils that the patient uses should be washed in boiling
+hot water separately from other dishes and used exclusively by the
+patient.
+
+5. All bedclothes and bedding should be boiled in soap and water, or
+they should be exposed to the sunshine. _Direct sunshine kills disease
+germs._
+
+6. The person attending the patient should wear a double layer of gauze
+or other soft thin cloth across the mouth and nose as a _face mask_
+whenever near the patient so as to prevent the droplets containing the
+germs coming from the patient's mouth from entering and lodging on the
+lining of the mouth or throat of the attendant. _Always remember that
+even though you may not get the disease if the germs lodge in your
+throat they may grow there and you may carry the disease to another
+person who may catch it._
+
+7. There should be but one attendant wherever possible.
+
+8. No visitors should be permitted in the sick room--not even during
+convalescence.
+
+9. The one who attends the sick should not prepare or handle the food of
+others. Sometimes it is impossible to take this precaution, as very
+often it is the mother who must take care of the patient, cook, and do
+all the housework. In such cases the one attending the sick must _never
+neglect_ whenever near the patient--
+
+ (1) To wear a face mask.
+
+ (2) To wear a washable gown (which is to be taken off on leaving
+ the room).
+
+ (3) To wash her hands when leaving the sick room.
+
+_Every attendant on the sick should know how disease germs are carried
+from the sick to the well. This knowledge should make her more careful,
+and thus help to prevent the spread of the disease._
+
+[Illustration: logo]
+
+
+
+
+For other instructive Health Leaflets
+write to the--
+
+ UNITED STATES
+ PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
+ WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: medical symbol]
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Diphtheria, by Public Health Service
+
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