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diff --git a/35976.txt b/35976.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e754057 --- /dev/null +++ b/35976.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3086 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Ku Klux Klan Secrets Exposed, by Ezra Asher Cook + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Ku Klux Klan Secrets Exposed + Attitude toward Jews, Catholics, Foreigners and Masons. + Fraudulent Methods Used. Atrocities Committed in Name of + Order. + +Author: Ezra Asher Cook + +Release Date: April 27, 2011 [EBook #35976] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KU KLUX KLAN SECRETS EXPOSED *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has | + | been preserved. | + | | + | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | + | a complete list, please see the end of this document. | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + KU KLUX KLAN + + SECRETS EXPOSED + + Attitude toward Jews, Catholics, Foreigners + and Masons. Fraudulent + Methods Used. Atrocities + Committed in Name + of Order. + + EZRA A. COOK, Publisher + (Incorporated) + 26 E. Van Buren St. CHICAGO + + + + + COPYRIGHT APPLIED + FOR 1922 + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Page + + The Old Ku Klux Klan 5 + + The New Ku Klux Klan 21 + + How the Modern Ku Klux Klan Was Organized 25 + + How the Ku Klux Klan Gets Members 29 + + Oath of the Ku Klux Klan 32 + + The Old Pledge of Loyalty 38 + + Modern Kleagles Pledge of Loyalty 39 + + How the Dollars Roll In 40 + + The Ku Klux Klan and the Jews 43 + + The Ku Klux Klan and the Catholics 46 + + The Ku Klux Klan and the Masons 55 + + The Ku Klux Klan and the Negroes 58 + + The Ku Klux Klan and Women 60 + + Atrocities Committed in the Name of the Order 62 + + + + +KU KLUX KLAN SECRETS EXPOSED + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE OLD KU KLUX KLAN + + +To the old Ku-Klux Klan which rode through the south in the days +following the civil war the new Ku-Klux Klan is a relative only in +name. + +It is not tied by blood. It holds the same position to its southern +aristocratic forbear as an imposter in social life does to some +illustrious gentleman of the same name of whom he claims to be a +descendant. + +The old Ku-Klux Klan was a historical development. The new is a man's +contrivance. The old Ku-Klux Klan movement was an outcome of +conditions that prevailed in the southern states after the war. The +present Klan, apparently, is an outcome of a group of men's desire to +make money. + +Widespread, spontaneous, popular, the movement of 1866 grew out of a +disordered society, not as a "movement" at all at first, but as a +scheme for having fun, a source of amusement among a group of young, +full-blooded southern men to puzzle outsiders. Its use as a weapon +against the stranger in the old south came later. + +The "stranger" was the northern carpetbagger. To the south he was the +pestilence that follows war. He was the blunderer who entered the land +whose social customs were unknown to him, in a year when the fabric by +those social customs was in need of mending. + + +NO RELIGIOUS TEST + +When southern society seized the Ku-Klux Klan as an instrument with +which to resist there were only two classes, carpet-bagger and unruly +negro, against which it operated. To join the ranks of the white-robed +horsemen, there were no qualifications of religion. The Klan made no +mention of Jew or Catholic. Its purpose was to restore order, not to +fan prejudice, and therein lies the difference between the old Klan +and the present Klan which makes the latter a maverick. + +The first unit of the horseback riding knights was founded in the +village of Pulaski, Tenn., with the same motive for its organization +as the old-time college hazing society. Its members were young men who +had come back from the war, poor, exhausted, discouraged, and bored +with the tameness of a country town. + + +HOW IT STARTED + +According to the story which has lived south of the Mason and Dixon +line since those post-bellum days, a group of youths cooling their +heels in a law office one May evening in 1866 organized a society for +a good time. If anyone had suggested to them at that time that five +years later a committee of congress would devote thirteen volumes to a +history of their "movement" and pass a law to suppress it, or that +before the child of their wits was fully grown it would have developed +into a terrorizing "hobgoblin" sheeted for lawlessness, they would +have thought it a jest. + +When their mere joke had become a grim joke, neighbors who feared it +found in its name "Ku-Klux" the suggestion of a clicking rifle. But +the name itself was proposed by its charter members in Tennessee as a +derivative of the Greek word "Kuklos," meaning a circle. From "Kuklos" +to "Ku-Klux" was an easy transition. The "Klan" followed because these +youthful students of Greek had an ear for the alliterative. + +From the Pulaski law office the society migrated to a haunted house on +the outskirts of the village. Its members found their first source of +amusement in initiation rites. They named their chief officer a Grand +Cyclops and their vice president a Grand Magi. Other officers were the +Grand Turk, or marshal; a Grand Exchequer or treasurer, and two +Lictors. + + +WORE WHITE MASKS + +The only germ in their constitution from which the "Imperial Wizard" +Simmons of the twentieth century Klan could breed his present +organization was the promise of absolute secrecy. For his copying +years later, the first Klan also contrived a disguise. It consisted of +a white mask, a tall cardboard hat, a gown or robe, and for the night +riding excursions, a cover for the horses' bodies and mufflers for +their feet. + +Only after the Pulaski organization had entertained itself for many +nights did the phenomenon present itself which was to make the Klan a +weapon in the progress of post-war reconstruction. It was the +discovery that the African negro was twice as fearful of mysticism and +mystery as the white man. It taught the white men of Tennessee and +neighboring states that they had a means of their own of preventing +what they considered political mismanagement and social insolence in +the control by northerners and freedmen of the state government. + + +BECOMES MILITARY ORGANIZATION + +The Pulaski riders made themselves popular. Young men of neighboring +towns organized brother Klans. When southern society found itself a +Humpty Dumpty fallen from the wall, it grasped the Pulaski idea as the +means for pulling itself up again. The Klan became a military +organization, with the purpose of keeping order among the negroes by +intimidating them. Mysticism in the order grew. Humor grew with it, +and by the time the states of the north discovered that the south had +an organization which was in purpose a society of regulators, the +young southern war veterans were donning their white robes and +cardboard hats with a human skull and two thigh bones as the symbols +of allegiance. + +The oath which the grand cyclops administered has been preserved in +southern diaries and documents. It was taken in a solemn manner as the +knights were grouped amid the bones. The oath follows. + + "We (or I, as the case might be) do solemnly swear before + Almighty God and these witnesses, and looking upon these human + bones, that I will obey and carry into effect every order made + by any cyclops or assistant cyclops, and if I fail strictly to + conform and execute every order made, as above required of me, + unless I am prevented from some cause which shall be no fault of + mine, or if I shall give any information to any person or + persons except members of this order, that the doom of all + traitors shall be meted out to me, and that my bones may become + as naked and dry as the bones I am looking upon. And I take this + oath voluntarily, without any mental reservation or evasion + whatever, for the causes set out in said order, so help me God." + +Ku-Klux horsemen who rode white-sheeted through the south in the +nights of 1866 regarded themselves as upholders of sectional +patriotism. + +They considered themselves the spiritual descendants of the New +Englanders who threw the English tea overboard into Boston harbor +nearly 100 years before. Their protests, and the acts of intimidation +by which they enforced their protests were against the white +"carpetbagger" from the north, the negro freedman to whom liberty +meant arrogant office-holding, and the "scalawag," by which terms they +designated those deserters from the southern aristocracy who had +joined the ranks of the northern stranger. + +The second stage came within a year after the secret body had its +birth, when the band of burlesquers became a band of regulators. + +To the south, the reconstruction acts which congress passed in 1867 +were pernicious. The one-time white confederate soldier believed that +the congressional legislation made official mismanagement permanent. +He saw negroes organized into the militia. He saw his former slaves +voting twice and thrice at elections where he himself had to pass, +literally, under bayonets to reach the polls. He disliked the +freedman's bureau, which substituted northern alien machinery for the +old patriarchal relation between white employer and black employe. He +heard drunken negroes at his gates in the night. He saw the +"carpetbagger" urging upon the freedman civic rights which he knew the +latter was not educated enough to perform. + + +FIRST OBJECTS POLITICAL + +These were the prejudices against which the original Ku-Klux Klan +threw itself. They were surface indications of an historical +development. They had nothing to do with the racial and religious +biases which the present Klan attempted to propagate. To the present +Klan, the old Klan, in its first stage, was unrelated. In its second +stage it was related only in its methods of terrorism and its removal +of justice from the courts to the masques until its own leaders were +powerless to check it. + +The Klan early fell a victim to the abuses inseparable from secrecy. +It happened that Tennessee, the birthplace of the hooded institution, +was also the first southern state to find itself turned upside down in +reconstruction. "Dem Ku-Kluxes," as the negro called the mysterious +union, became a band of regulators. Their first official convention +was held in Nashville early in 1867. + +The Klan, which, until then, had been bound together only by the +deference which priority rights gave to the grand cyclops of the +parental Pulaski "den," was organized into the "Invisible Empire of +the South." It was ruled by a grand wizard of the whole empire, a +grand dragon of each realm, or state, a grand titan of each dominion, +or county, a grand cyclops of each den, and staff officers with names +as equally suggestive of Arabian Nights. + + +LAWS DEFINE OBJECTS + +For the first time its laws defined serious objects. First was the +duty of protecting people, presumably white southerners, from +indignities and wrongs; second was the duty of succoring the +suffering, particularly among the families of dead confederate +soldiers; finally was the oath to defend "the constitution of the +United States and all laws passed in conformity thereto," and of the +states also, to aid in executing all constitutional laws, and to +protect the people from unlawful seizures and from trial otherwise +than by jury. + +It is these purposes which Imperial Wizard Simmons of the modern clan +pretends to perpetuate, plus persecutions of Jews, Catholics and +negroes, while denying charges of terrorizing outbreaks. + +The Nashville convention chose Gen. Nathan B. Forrest, the confederate +cavalry leader, as its supreme ruler. He is known to have increased +the membership of the hooded horsemen in the old south to 550,000. +Among his aides were Generals John B. Gordon, A.H. Colquitt, G.T. +Anderson, A.B. Lawton, W.J. Hardee, John C. Brown, George W. Gordon +and Albert Pike. The latter became one of the foremost authorities of +Masonry. + +Terrorism spread, until during the political campaign which preceded +the 1868 presidential election, 2,000 persons were killed and injured +in Louisiana by Ku-Klux Klansmen, who rode at night, disguised as +freebooters, and according to James G. Blaine, defeated candidate for +the presidency at a later date, hesitated at no cruelty. + +In the north, in the years immediately after the civil war, the +original Ku-Klux Klan was called a conspiracy. + +In the south, where society was being ground in the mills of +reconstruction, the Klan started its midnight rovings as an instrument +of moral force. But within three years its period of usefulness, as +the white southerner saw it useful, was over. + +Its founders had played with it as with an exciting bonfire. During +the months, however, when former confederate soldiers used it to +frighten away northern officeholders with oppressive tactics, it had +leaped in size until when the moment came for smothering it out its +leaders discovered it beyond control. + +Not until the full fire department of federal and state law had been +called out did the Invisible Empire cease to operate. + + +TENNESSEE ACTS AGAINST IT + +By 1872 the white-robed knights of midnight, whose purpose to enforce +law had in itself yielded to lawlessness, were for the most part +disappeared. But so, in one state after another, had the northern +carpetbagger and the southern scalawag. + +Tennessee, where the Klan was founded, was the first to take +legislative action against it. In September, 1868, its legislature +passed a statute making membership in the Klan punishable by a fine of +$500 and imprisonment for not less than five years. + +As a result, in February, 1869, Gen. Nathan B. Forrest, former cavalry +officer of the confederate army, who was grand wizard of the order, +officially proclaimed the Ku-Klux Klan and Invisible Empire dissolved +and disbanded forever. + +But members of the adventurous law-assuming organization were +reluctant to yield their mysterious power. + +The wizard's order went into effect. Klan property was burned. + + +NEW BANDS SPRING UP + +But immediately in southern states, as far west as Arkansas, there +sprang up disguised bands, some of them neighborhood groups only, +some of them bands of ruffians who traveled in the night to win +personal ends, still others new orders founded in imitation of the +Ku-Klux and using similar methods. + +Of the last, the Knights of the White Camellia was the largest. In +some private notebooks of the south its membership was said to be even +larger than the parent Klan. + +From New Orleans early in 1868, it spread across to Texas and back to +the Carolinas. Racial supremacy was its purpose. + +Only white men 18 years or older were invited to the secrets of its +initiation, and in their oath they promised not only to be obedient +and secret, but to "maintain and defend the social and political +superiority of the white race on this continent." + +Initiates were enjoined, notwithstanding, to show fairness to the +negroes and to concede to them in the fullest measure "those rights +which we recognize as theirs." + + +"PALE FACES" AND OTHERS + +Other bands of nightriders responded to the names of "Pale Faces," +"White Leaguers," the "White Brotherhood" and the "Constitutional +Union Guards." + +Surviving members are hazy as to their aims and methods, the character +of their membership, their members, and the connection between them. + +Federal recognition that the Invisible Empire, whether it was the +original Klan or not, was everywhere a real empire came in the spring +of 1871, when a senate committee presented majority and minority +reports on the result of its investigations of the white man's will to +rule against the freedmen's militia in the south. + +The majority report found that the Ku-Klux Klan was a criminal +conspiracy of a distinctly political nature against the laws and +against the colored citizens. + +The minority found that Ku-Klux disorder and violence was due to +misgovernment and an exploitation of the states below the Mason and +Dixon line by radicals. + + +CONGRESS ACTS AGAINST KLAN + +The first Ku-Klux bill was passed in April, 1871, "to enforce the +fourteenth amendment." Power of the president to use troops to put +down the white-hooded riders was hinted at. + +In the next month the second Ku-Klux bill was passed to enforce "the +right of citizens in the United States to vote." + +In 1872 federal troops were sent into the south to back up his +anti-Ku-Klux proclamation. By the end of 1872 the "conspiracy" was +thought to be overthrown. + +At various times individuals in the south and elsewhere have tried to +put breath into the Klan's dead body. + +It was left for "Grand Wizard" Simmons of Atlanta to accomplish it. +His new organization, he explains, is imbued with the Ku-Klux +"spirit." + +"That this spirit may live always to warm the hearts of many men," he +says, "is the paramount ideal of the Knights of the Ku-Klux Klan." + +President Grant answered: "Thou shalt not" to the Ku-Klux Klan in +1871. He backed up his word with armed troops. + +During the whole of one session of congress senators and +representatives serving in Washington in the years just after the +civil war occupied themselves in stripping the masques off the +southern night-riders. + +Into the country south of the Mason and Dixon line they dispatched +congressional investigators, whose duty it was to enter the "portals +of the invisible empire" and discover what was hiding behind them. +When they reported that the Ku-Klux Klan, decked out in the uniform of +ghosts, was waging midnight warfare on the negro and carpet-bagger +congress passed legislation which suppressed the order. + + +PUTS ROBES OUT OF FASHION + +Action was quick. Almost before the government printing presses had +finished turning out ten volumes in which the committee recorded the +results of their investigation the white robes and hoods of the +Ku-Kluxes had gone out of fashion in the old south. + +President Grant in 1871 was without precedent. His law enforcers, just +getting acquainted with the amendment which freed the slaves, were +without a statute to deal with the armed clique which proposed to keep +the negro down in the day by frightening him in the night. The +emergency bill which congress passed at that period empowers the +regular army or the navy to put down any unlawful combination which is +doing domestic violence. + +When congress met for its forty-second session in 1871, the cross +bones and skull and coffin with which the Ku-Klux were marking their +threats had become the symbols of terrorism in the south. So grave was +the situation that speakers on the floor of the house, when the +session opened, classed the conspiracy of the Klan "less formidable, +but not less dangerous to American liberty" than the just-ended war of +the rebellion. They charged that as well as binding its members to +execute crimes against its opponents in the social-political life of +the south, it protected them against conviction and punishment by +perjury on the witness stand and in the jury box. Representatives +asked why, of all offenders, not one had been convicted. + + +PRESIDENT URGES ACTION + +On March 23, 1871, President Grant sent a message to both houses in +which he recommended that all other business be postponed until the +Klan was made subservient to the flag. + +"A condition of affairs now exists in some of the states of the Union +rendering life and property insecure and the carrying of the mails and +the collection of revenue dangerous," his message said. "The proof +that such a condition of affairs exists in some localities is now +before the senate. That the power to correct these evils is beyond the +control of the senate authorities I do not doubt; that the power of +the executive of the United States, acting within the limits of +existing laws is sufficient for present emergencies, is not clear. +Therefore, I urgently recommend such legislation as in the judgment of +congress shall effectually secure, life, liberty and property and the +enforcement of law in all parts of the United States. It may be +expedient to provide that such law as shall be passed in pursuance of +this recommendation shall expire at the end of the next session of +congress. There is no other subject on which I would recommend +legislation during the present session." + + +"FORCE BILL AT DISPOSAL" + +The law which was at the disposal of President Harding was popularly +known as "the Force bill." Under congressional passage it was entitled +"An act to enforce the Fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the +United States and for other purposes." President Grant approved it +April 20, 1871. + +It is aimed at two or more persons who conspire to use force and +intimidation "outside the law." It forbids them to go in disguise +along a public highway or upon the premises of another person for the +purpose, either directly or indirectly, of depriving that person of +equal privileges under the law. Punishment for the offense may be +imprisonment from six months to six years, a fine not less than $500, +nor more than $5,000, or both. + +The act took particular action against the practice of the Klanists of +protecting each other in court. It provides that every man called for +service on a jury in a Klan case shall take oath in open court that he +is not a member of nor has ever aided or advised any such "unlawful, +combination or conspiracy." + + +DISGUISE IS BARRED + +That individual was declared a violator of the law who shall "go in +disguise upon the public highway or upon the premises of another for +the purpose, either directly or indirectly, of depriving any person or +class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal +privileges or immunities under the laws, or by force, intimidation or +threat to prevent any citizen lawfully entitled to vote from giving +his support or advocacy in a lawful manner toward the election of any +lawfully qualified person for office." + +The act states further: "That in all cases where insurrection, +domestic violence, unlawful combinations or conspiracies in any state +shall so obstruct or hinder the execution of the laws thereof, and of +the United States, as to deprive any portion or class of the people of +any rights, privileges or immunities or protection, and the +constituted authorities of such state shall either be unable to +protect, or shall fail in or refuse protection, it shall be unlawful +for the president, and it shall be his duty, to take such measures by +the employment of the militia or the land and naval forces of the +United States for the suppression of such insurrection." + + +"KU-KLUX" FILLS RECORDS + +Pages of the Congressional Globe, as the present Congressional Record +was then called, were filled during the months before the passage of +this act with the word "Ku-Klux." + +The verb "Kukluxed" became in the mouths of senators and +representatives arguing over the bill a synonym for "intimidated." +Friends of the nightriders termed them "modern knights of the Round +Table," and "conservators of law and order." Opponents on the floor of +the house advocated a policy of "amnesty for every rebel, hanging for +every Ku-Klux." + +Black and white victims of the gun-toting ghosts were brought from +Tennessee, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas and other states where the Klan +rode to recount before the congressional committee the details of +their persecutions. Their accounts as the government documents +preserve them might well have been a primer, it has been said, for +the acts of later Lenines and Trotzkys. + + +REPORT OF OFFENSES VARIES + +The report of the congressional committee is a recital varying from +mirth to murder. In one county the victim of the hooded Klan might be +an itinerant minister who had offended by teaching a negro mammy to +pray. Next door a Ku-Klux sign, with a coffin painted in blood, might +be hung over the dead body of a "bad" negro whose freedom had made him +officious. + +One negro was whipped for stealing a beef. Another was tarred and +feathered because his daughter ran away from the white man who had +employed her. + +Colored cooks were beaten for talking saucily to their southern +mistresses. Northern white women were threatened for hiring colored +cooks. + + +IGNORES NOTE, DIES + +When a negro ignored a note carrying the Ku-Klux skull and cross bones +and voted "republican" instead of "conservative," his body, ornamented +with skull and bones in blood, might be found the next morning in the +middle of the road--lifeless. + +The congressional minutes report a bold, public display of the Klan's +official orders. They might appear in a whisk of the wind on the post +office window. They might be pinned on a tree or pole or building. On +one occasion, when a member of the Klan was on trial in a county +court, a band of white masquers, riding through the courtyard on +horse, dropped a note addressed to the court, grand jury and sheriff. + +"Go slow," it commanded. At the bottom was a drawing of a coffin and +on each side a rope. The signature was "K.K.K." + +Ku-Klux rule in the south half a century ago was an attempt to govern +by masque. + +Secret covenants arrived at by a sheeted brotherhood, veiled signs, +orders written in blood and posted at midnight on the victim's +door--by such means did the Klan substitute the masque for the ballot. + +Congressional investigating committees who stripped the night-riding +organization of secrecy during the administration of President Grant, +were entertained during a session of congress by tales of lares and +lemures howling at night in fields or on crossroads, bad luck omens +for the negroes. + + +UNDER MARTIAL LAW + +In organization the Klan was military, and its town, county and state +rule, as recorded in the Congressional Globe, operated as under +martial law. + +As the revolt of the white southerner to colored and northern +domination reared itself into giant-size, towns under Klan domination +came to take their rule and law from the K.K.K. note, flapping in the +wind on a tree or fencepost, with the coffin on its signature, urging +that it be obeyed. + + +WARN CARPET BAGGERS + +In South Carolina, according to the report of the federal committee, +townsfolk journeyed to the postoffice, not to get their mail, but to +read the daily Ku-Klux bulletin. One such, reprinted in the ten-volume +report of the committee which examined southern outrages, was a +warning against further "carpet bagger" administration. It is as +follows: + + Headquarters, Ninth Division, S.C. + Special Orders, No. 3, K.K.K. + + Ignorance is the curse of God. + + For that reason we are determined that members of the + legislature, the school committee and the county commissioners + of Union county shall no longer officiate. + + Fifteen days' notice from this date is given, and if they, and + all, do not at once and forever resign their present inhuman, + disgraceful and outrageous rule, then retributive justice will + as surely be used as night follows day. + + By order of the Grand Chief, + A.O., Grand Secretary. + + +THREATEN NEGROES FOR FIRES + +Another "special order," this one warning that the colored race in +general would be punished for all malicious fires in particular, was +made public in the Charleston News, Jan. 31, 1871. + + Headquarters, K.K.K. + January 22, 1871. + +Resolved: That in all cases of incendiarism, ten of the leading +colored people and two white sympathizers shall be executed. + +That if any armed bands of colored people are found hereafter +picketing the roads, the officers of the company to which the pickets +belong shall be executed. + +Southern speakers on the floor of the house in the debates which +preceded the passage of the "act to enforce the fourteenth amendment," +traced the origin of the Ku-Klux to the Union league, an association +in the south composed chiefly of northerners. Charges were also made +by statesmen once in the confederate army that "Tammany Hall" in New +York furnished arms to the Klanists, in order that they might murder +southern republicans. + + +SUPPRESSED IN 1871 + +When the act suppressing the Klan was approved by President Grant on +April 20, 1871, it was estimated that the night riders were operating +in eleven states of the south. Six months later, in October, President +Grant issued a proclamation calling on members of illegal +associations in nine counties in South Carolina to disperse and +surrender their arms and disguises in five days. + +Five days afterwards, another proclamation was issued suspending the +privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in the counties named. More +than 200 persons were arrested within a few days. It is believed that +the Ku-Klux Klan was practically overthrown by the middle of the +following January. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE NEW KU KLUX KLAN + + _Must Every Citizen be a Slave of Fear Spread by Masked + Night-Riders, or Will He Live under the Protection of the + Constitution of the United States?_ + + +Are you a citizen of the United States? If you are it is to your +interest to inform yourself about the Ku-Klux Klan. As a citizen you +are under the protection of the constitution of the United States. The +Ku Klux Klan has set itself above the constitution. It has made laws +of its own. Its members have inaugurated a reign of lawlessness that +may drag you out of your bed at midnight and submit you to a coat of +tar and feathers through the whims of some neighbor who does not like +the country in which you were born, or who objects to your religion, +your color, your opinions, your personal habits or anything else about +you that does not suit his fancy. + +The constitution guarantees that your house, your person and your +papers and effects are free from unlawful search and seizure; that you +cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of +law, which law must be publicly enforced in God's sunshine by persons +legally chosen; that when you are accused of any delinquency or crime +you shall have a speedy, public trial before a judge and an impartial +jury; that you may be a member of any religious denomination or sect +with whom you may worship as you please; that you have the right of +free speech; that you cannot be held in involuntary servitude except +as a punishment for crime, for which you have been found guilty in a +legal way; that you cannot be denied the right to vote on account of +your color. + + +MASKED MEN DEFY CONSTITUTION + +Masked riders of the night disagree with these guarantees of freedom. +They break into your house under cover of darkness unlawfully seize +your person and ride away with you, depriving you of liberty without +due process of law. They accuse you of charges that may or may not be +true, without giving you the opportunity of knowing the identity of +your accusers, because they are masked. They try you without giving +you a chance to defend yourself. They make themselves accuser, judge, +jury and executioner. They deny that you have the right to worship God +as you please. They deny your right to free speech, because they +forbid you to criticise what they do. + +The Ku Klux Klan clamps involuntary servitude on its own members by +making them take oaths to uphold their leaders, even when they violate +the constitution. It aims to place those whom it opposes under its +heel. It openly defies the article of the constitution that guarantees +race equality, by binding its members to put the black race under the +supremacy of the white. + +The American constitution says that if you were born abroad, but have +become a naturalized citizen of the United States, you have as many +rights here as though you were actually born here. The Ku Klux Klan is +against the constitution on that point. The Ku Klux Klan wants to make +the foreigner a serf. + +The Ku Klux Klan has set itself up as a regulator of morals. Persons +against whom there has been neighborhood gossip have been tarred and +feathered. Thanks to the _New York World_, court records have been +published showing that some of the highest persons in the Ku Klux have +been involved in proceedings as disgraceful as those for which tar and +feather parties have been organized by the Klan or persons +masquerading as Ku Klux. + + +MISTREAT WHITES AND BLACKS + +Men and women, white and black--have been mistreated by masked men. +The number of these attacks grows as the Klan increases in size. At +present the Klan has branches in all states of the union except +three--New Hampshire, Montana and Utah. In each state the law would be +enforced by legal officials against any persons guilty of crime if +public spirited citizens would make it their business to assist public +officials to round up law breakers. The Klan, however, believes in its +own method of punishment against those whom it opposes. It protects +its own members and there is no case on record where a Klansman has +been outraged. The Klan has one law for itself and another for its +victims. The revelations of scandal among its leaders have not +resulted in any movement on the part of its members to "clean house." +Its motto seems to be "A Klansman can do no wrong." The lesson to be +drawn from the revelations is that those in high places in the Klan +have played on the gullibility of tens of thousands of otherwise +sensible Americans. These leaders have become rich by dealing in the +hocuspocus of mysticism, secret rites and high sounding phrases and by +inflaming the passions of dupes by false stories involving religions +and races. + +In the south they have preached and conspired against the negroes. +This hatred also has been carried into certain sections of large +cities of the north where there are large negro populations. In some +states they have played upon the feelings of those who might be drawn +into the Klan by a crusade against Catholics. They have made use of +counterfeit documents in secret bids for membership on this score. In +cities like New York and Chicago, where the populations are largely +Jewish, they have fanned the flames of religious hatred by propaganda +against the Jews. Where foreign-born residents are living in large +numbers the Klan has secretly intrigued against them. On the Pacific +coast this propaganda is made against the Japanese; on the eastern +seaboard it has been against persons born in European and Asiatic +countries. + + +A GOLD MINE FOR PROMOTERS + +Those who have investigated the Klan are convinced that its principal +promoters are not inspired by a zeal for the welfare of the United +States, but on the other hand they are certain that the promoters are +in the Ku Klux Klan business to make money out of it; that they have +profited by millions of dollars and that for this filthy money they +have spread loose seeds of discontent and disorder that must be raked +out of the body politic by the united action of all patriotic +organizations and individuals. As far as its chief protagonists are +concerned the Ku Klux is a huge money-making hoax--a gold mine. The +poor dupes who have been "soaked" for regalia and dues will wake up +some time and discover how they have been deluded and misled. In the +meantime, however, it is the duty of every true American to inform +himself about the Klan so that in whatever way may come to his lot he +may counteract the terrible consequences of its teachings and +practices. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +HOW THE MODERN KU KLUX KLAN WAS ORGANIZED + + _Something about those who sit in judgment on the affairs of the + "Invisible Empire"; their troubles in court._ + + +William J. Simmons (who carries a bogus title as "colonel") is the +"Imperial Wizard" of the "Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux +Klan." He organized the masked men on Thanksgiving night in 1915. Some +of the organizers associated with him had belonged to the original Ku +Klux Klan which rampaged in the southern states after the Civil War, +killing hundreds of negroes and whites, and which was put out of +business by President U.S. Grant after the states had failed to do so. + +Simmons and thirty-four others secured a charter from the state of +Georgia on December 4, 1915. It is signed by Philip Cook, who was then +secretary of state of that commonwealth. Later, on July 1, 1916, a +special charter was issued by the Supreme court of Fulton county, Ga. +The granting of the charters followed the organization of the Klan +which occurred with midnight ceremonies on the top of Stone mountain, +near Atlanta, Thanksgiving night. + + +THAT COLD WINTER NIGHT + +In referring to the first ceremonies, Simmons has written as follows +in the official records of the Ku Klux: + +"On Thanksgiving night, 1915, men were seen emerging from the shadows +and gathering round the spring at the base of Stone mountain, the +world's greatest rock, near Atlanta, Ga., and from thence repaired to +the mountain top, and there under a blazing fiery cross they took the +oath of allegiance to the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux +Klan. + +"And thus on the mountain top that night at the midnight hour, while +men braved the surging blasts of wild wintry mountain winds and +endured a temperature far below freezing, bathed in the sacred glow of +the fiery cross, the Invisible Empire was called from its slumber of +half a century to take up a new task and fulfill a new mission for +humanity's good, and to call back to mortal habitation the good angel +of practical fraternity among men." + +It will be noticed that Simmons refers to "a temperature far below +freezing." The official weather reports of the region for that night +show that the temperature was thirty degrees above the freezing point. + +Simmons had a fraternal order in mind when he organized the Ku Klux. +He had been an itinerant Methodist preacher and organizer for the +Modern Woodmen of the World and had not met with success in either +capacity. He was a good talker but lacked the "punch" to put things +over. The Ku Klux Klan did not prosper under his direction. Then he +met Edward Y. Clarke and Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler. Clarke and Mrs. Tyler +were the owners of the Southern Publicity Association of Atlanta. +During the war they had been publicity agents for various "drives," +managed for the Y.M.C.A., such Y.W.C.A., the Salvation Army and such +enterprises. Clarke saw the value of the publicity that could be +coined from the old name of the Ku Klux Klan and entered into an +arrangement with Simmons to promote the Klan. He agreed to give +Simmons $100 a week if Simmons would follow his directions. Simmons +was to brush up on delivering speeches and writing articles for _The +Searchlight_, a magazine which Clarke founded as the official organ of +the Ku Klux. + +From this joining of forces Simmons, Clarke and Mrs. Tyler have become +rich. The Klan has extended its membership to all except three states +and it claims that 500,000 to 700,000 Klansmen are in its ranks. +Clarke is the "Imperial Kleagle," or boss salesman of memberships. +Mrs. Tyler is Grand Chief of Staff in charge of the woman's division +of the Klan. + + +WHAT POLICE RECORDS SHOW + +Investigation of the police and court records of Atlanta disclosed +that Clarke and Mrs. Tyler were arrested in their night clothes in a +house that Mrs. Tyler owned at No. 185 South Pryor street, Atlanta. +This occurred in October, 1919. Clarke gave the name of "Jim Slaton" +and Mrs. Tyler gave the name of "Mrs. Elizabeth Carroll." + +The cases were on the book of the Recorder's court as City of Atlanta +versus E.Y. Clarke and City of Atlanta versus Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler, +page 305 of the docket of 1919, case numbers 17,005 and 17,006. The +police were put on the trail of Clarke and Mrs. Tyler by Clarke's +wife. + +In addition to the charge of disorderly conduct, a charge of +possessing whisky illegally was placed against Mrs. Tyler and Clarke. +This was an amazing charge against Clarke because he had been known as +one of the leaders of the anti-saloon movement in Georgia. The whisky +charge was dropped when J.Q. Jett, son-in-law of Mrs. Tyler, claimed +ownership of the whisky and was fined $25. + +The Klan is supposed to stand for respect of women and children. The +records of the Atlanta courts still contain charges against Clarke +that he deserted and abandoned his wife and child. He never has denied +the charges. Mrs. Clarke went to work to support herself and her +little son. A suit for divorce was filed in October, 1919, by Mrs. +Clarke, who charged that her husband had deserted her three years +previously. After his arrest with Mrs. Tyler Clarke agreed to pay his +wife $75 a month. Since Clarke has become prosperous in the Ku Klux +Klan he has bought his wife a $10,000 house. + + +RECORDS ARE STOLEN + +When newspaper men began to investigate Mrs. Tyler and Clarke, they +discovered that the official records of the Atlanta police department +and the Recorder's office had been mutilated. Somebody had stolen the +pages from the books containing the records of the cases. Members of +the Ku Klux Klan are numbered among the police and official attaches +of the city and newspaper comment indicates that they helped smother +the case in behalf of their leaders. + + +SCANDAL OF "CHAPLAIN" RIDLEY + +Another leader of the Ku Klux Klan is "Rev." Caleb A. Ridley, who is +the "Imperial Chaplain" of the order. He is a right-hand assistant of +Mrs. Tyler and helps her to edit _The Searchlight_. + +Ridley also has had an experience in the recorder's court. He was +arrested on complaint of the husband of Mrs. J.B. Hamilton, who lives +on Cooper street, Atlanta, not a great distance from the Central +Baptist church, where Ridley preaches. Recorder Johnson dismissed the +case against Ridley. + +Mrs. Hamilton testified that Ridley used to walk past her house when +she sat on the porch and smile up at her. One day, without being +invited and with no encouragement from her, he walked up on the porch +and sat next to her on a swing. She said he chatted with her about +church questions, although she was not a member of his church. Then he +placed his arm around her, tried to embrace her and said something +that she thought was not proper. + +One witness testified that he had seen Ridley go on the porch and sit +on the swing. He had seen Mrs. Hamilton push Ridley away from her. + +Ridley was supported by his flock. Several women testified in behalf +of his character. He said he visited Mrs. Hamilton because she looked +lonely. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +HOW THE KU KLUX KLAN GETS MEMBERS + + _First Approached by Mysterious Notes, the Candidate is Soaked + for a "Donation" and Money for His Robes._ + + +The man who is invited to join the Ku Klux Klan is kidded into the +belief that he is one of the chosen of God's beings and that he is +being honored because his presence in the ranks is an honor to himself +as well as to the Klan. A kleagle is a common salesman. He has charge +of a small district. He works under a king kleagle, who has charge of +a state. He is the state salesmanager. A cyclops is in charge of the +king kleagles and the kleagles in several states. + +Here is the way one group of kleagles work. They are given the name of +a person who is eligible. One kleagle is assigned to catch him. The +kleagle sends the sucker the following message: + + "Sir (or Brother)--Six thousand men who are preparing for + eventualities have their eyes on you. You are being weighed in + the balance! + + "The Call is coming! Are you able and qualified to respond? + + "Discuss this matter with no one." + + "Yu-Bu-Tu" + +A few days later this card is sent: + + "Sir--You have heard from us because we believe in you. We are + for you and Need you! + + "The impenetrable Veil of Mystery is drawing aside. Soon you + will appear exactly as you are. + + "Are you a Real Man? + + "Lift your eyes to the Fiery Cross and falter not, but go + forward to the Light. + + "Discuss this matter with no one. + + "Yu-Bu-Tu" + +After another short wait this third message is sent: + + "Sir: + + "You have been weighed in the balance and found Not wanting! + + "Strong Men--Brave Men--R-e-a-l Men. We need such Men. We know + you are one. + + "The Goblins of the Invisible Empire will shortly issue their + Call. Be discreet, preserve silence and bide its coming. + + "Discuss this matter with no one. + + "Yu-Bu-Tu" + +By this time the candidate is supposed to be in a mood to fall, and +the kleagle calls on him personally. + + +QUESTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATE + +The kleagle presents the prospective initiate with the following list +of questions to be answered: + +(Note the questions marked with stars. They are used to bar out Jews, +Catholics, negroes and foreign born.) + + 1. Is the motive prompting your inquiry serious? + 2. What is you age? + 3. What is your occupation? + 4. Where where you born? + 5. How long have you resided in your present locality? + 6. Are you married, single or widower? + *7. Were your parents born in the United States of America? + *8. Are you a gentile or Jew? + *9. Are you of the white race or of a colored race? + 10. What educational advantages have you? + 11. Color of eyes? Hair? Weight? Height? + *12. Do you believe in the principles of Pure Americanism? + *13. Do you believe in white supremacy? + 14. What is your politics? + *15. What is your religious faith? + *16. Of what church are you a member (if any)? + *17. Of what religious faith are your parents? + 18. What secret, fraternal orders are you a member of (if any)? + 19. Do you honestly believe in the practice of Real fraternity? + *20. Do you owe any kind of allegiance to any foreign nation, + government, institution, sect, people, ruler or person? + + I most solemnly assert and affirm that each question above is + truthfully answered by me and in my own handwriting and that + below is my real signature. + + Signed ..................... + Inquirer. + + Business Address ...................... + Telephone No. ......................... + Date ............................. 19.. + Residence Address ..................... + Telephone No. ......................... + + N.B.--If space above is not sufficient to answer questions, then + make your answer on the other side of this sheet. Number the answer + to correspond with the question. + +If the candidate answers the question satisfactorily, he must pay his +initiation fees, called "donation" and provide money to pay for his +mask, robe, etc. This will be explained later. With his money affairs +settled, he is ready for the initiation, together with whatever other +candidates there are in the vicinity. The initiation services are held +at midnight, with a flaming cross, an American flag, a sword or +dagger, and a Bible as the chief outward signs of the order. There is +also a bottle of water on the "altar." + + + + +CHAPTER V + +OATH OF KU KLUX KLAN + + _Those who join the order must pledge blind allegiance to + Constitution. They do not see._ + + +Blind and unconditional obedience to the "constitution, laws, +regulations usages and requirements" of the Ku Klux Klan, even to the +extent of indorsing the principle of secret mob violence, is accepted +by every person who takes the oath of Grand Wizard Simmons' Invisible +Empire. + +That every Klansman, under penalty of death, also agrees to carry out +the mandates, degrees, edicts, rulings and "instructions" of Emperor +Simmons also is shown in a reproduction of the oath as supplied by +Klan organizers and officials. + +The first section of this oath that carries veiled hints of violence +to back it binds the members to unconditional obedience to a +constitution he has never seen. Not only that but it binds him to obey +any laws that may be enacted in the future, whether or not he approves +of them. When he takes this obligation he gives a lease on his life to +Simmons. + + +SWEARS TO ABSOLUTE SECRECY + +Absolute secrecy even in the face of death is his second obligation +and he promises that he "will pay promptly all just and legal demands +made upon me to defray the expenses of my Klan when same are due or +called for." + +Then, with his left hand over his heart and his right hand raised to +heaven and with the promise that "this oath I will seal with my +blood," the candidate takes oath that he "will most zealously and +valiantly shield and preserve by any and all JUSTIFIABLE means and +methods (not legal means and methods) the sacred constitutional rights +and privileges of free public schools, free speech, free press, +separation of church and state, liberty, white supremacy, just laws +and the pursuit of happiness, against any encroachment of any nature +by any person or persons, political party or parties, religious sect +or people, native, naturalized or foreign, of any race, color, creed, +lineage or tongue whatsoever." + + +MYSTERY IN AUTHORITY + +Who defines the permissible limits of zeal and valor is not stated. +Neither is it stated who decides when schools are free, speech and +press free, nor when church and state are sufficiently separated. It +is not stated whether it is the individual Klansman, the local Klan, +the supreme council or the Imperial Wizard. + +It has been revealed, however, that this phase of the Klan movement +has been much fathered by the sales crew selling subscriptions at $10 +each under the direction of Wizard Simmons and Imperial Kleagle +Clarke. + +The exact text of the oath of allegiance administered to new members +of the Ku Klux Klan is given herewith. The asterisks are printed to +take place of the Ku Klux Klan and also the officers of the order. +These places are left blank in the printed oath because it is carried +by Klan officials and might be lost, revealing their secret. + +The oath: + +You will place your left hand over your heart and raise your right +hand to heaven. + + +SEC. I.--OBEDIENCE + +(You will say) "I" ---- (Pronounce your full name ---- and repeat +after me) "In the presence of God and Man ---- most solemnly pledge, +promise and swear ---- unconditionally ---- that I will faithfully +obey ---- the constitution and laws ---- and will willingly conform to +---- all regulations, usages and requirements ---- of the * * * * ---- +which do now exist ---- or which may be hereafter enacted ---- and +will render at all times ---- loyal respect and steadfast support ---- +to the Imperial Authority of same ---- and will heartily heed ---- all +official mandates ---- decrees ---- edicts ---- rulings and +instructions ---- of the I* W* thereof. ---- I will yield prompt +response ---- to all summonses ---- I having knowledge of same ---- +Providence alone preventing. + + +SEC. II.--SECRECY + +"I most solemnly swear ---- that I will forever ---- keep sacredly +secret ---- the signs, words and grip ---- and any and all other ---- +matters and knowledge ---- of the * * * * ---- regarding which a most +rigid secrecy ---- must be maintained ---- which may at any time ---- +be communicated to me ---- and will never divulge same ---- nor even +cause the same to be divulged ---- to any person in the whole world +---- unless I know positively ---- that such person is a member of +this Order ---- in good and regular standing ---- and not even then +---- unless it be ---- for the best interest of this Order. + +"I most sacredly vow ---- and most positively swear ---- that I will +not yield to bribe ---- flattery ---- threats ---- passion ---- +punishment ---- persecution ---- persuasion ---- nor any enticements +whatever ---- coming from or offered by ---- any person or persons +---- male or female ---- for the purpose of ---- obtaining from me +---- a secret or secret information ---- of the * * * * ---- I will +die rather than divulge same ---- so help me God ---- + + AMEN!" + +You will drop your hands. + +GENTLEMEN (or SIR): + +You will wait in patience and peace until you are informed of the +decision of the E* C* and his * in klonklave assembled + + * * * * * + +You will place your left hand over your heart and raise your right +hand to heaven. + + +SEC. III.--FIDELITY + +(You will say) "I" ---- (pronounce your full name ---- and repeat +after me) "Before God ---- and in the presence of ---- these +mysterious *smen ---- on my sacred honor ---- do most solemnly and +sincerely pledge ---- promise and swear ---- that I will diligently +guard and faithfully foster ---- every interest of the * * * * ---- +and will maintain ---- its social cast and dignity. + +"I swear that I will not recommend ---- any person for membership in +this Order ---- whose mind is unsound ---- or whose reputation I know +to be bad ---- or whose character is doubtful ---- or whose loyalty to +our country ---- is in any way questionable. + +"I swear that I will pay promptly ---- all just and legal demands ---- +made upon me to defray the expenses ---- of my * and this Order ---- +when same are due or called for. + +"I swear that I will protect the property ---- of the * * * * ---- of +any nature whatsoever ---- and if any should be intrusted to my +keeping ---- I will properly keep ---- or rightly use same ---- and +will freely and promptly surrender same ---- on official demand ---- +or if ever I am banished from ---- or voluntarily discontinue ---- my +membership in this Order. + +"I swear that I will most determinedly ---- maintain peace and harmony +---- in all the deliberations ---- of the gatherings or assemblies +---- of the I* E* ---- and of any subordinate jurisdiction ---- or * +thereof. + +"I swear that I will most strenuously ---- discourage selfishness ---- +and selfish political ambition ---- on the part of myself or any +*sman. + +"I swear that I will never allow ---- personal friendship ---- blood +or family relationship ---- nor personal ---- political ---- or +professional prejudice ---- malice nor ill-will ---- to influence me +in casting my vote ---- for the election or rejection ---- of an +applicant ---- for membership in this Order ---- God being my helper +---- + + AMEN!" + +You will drop your hands. + + * * * * * + +You will place your left hand over your heart and raise your right +hand to heaven. + + +SEC. IV.--*ISHNESS + +(You will say) "I" ---- (Pronounce your full name ---- and repeat +after me) "Most solemnly pledge, promise and swear ---- that I will +never slander ---- defraud ---- receive ---- or in any manner wrong +---- the * * * * ---- a *sman ---- nor a *sman's family ---- nor will +I suffer the same to be done ---- if I can prevent it. + +"I swear that I will be faithful ---- in defending and protecting ---- +the home ---- reputation ---- and physical and business interest ---- +of a *sman ---- and that of a *sman's family. + +"I swear that I will at any time ---- without hesitating ---- go to +the assistance or rescue ---- of a *sman in any way ---- at his call I +will answer ---- I will be truly *ish toward *smen ---- in all things +honorable. + +"I swear that I will not allow ---- any animosity ---- friction nor +ill-will ---- to arise and remain ---- between myself and a *sman ---- +but will be constant in my efforts ---- to promote real *ishness ---- +among the members of this Order. + +"I swear that I will keep secure to myself ---- a secret of a *sman +---- when same is committed to me ---- in the sacred bond of *smanship +---- the crime of violating THIS solemn oath ---- treason against the +United States of America ---- rape ---- and malicious murder ---- +alone excepted. + +"I most solemnly assert and affirm ---- that to the Government of the +United States of America ---- and any State thereof ---- of which I +may become a resident ---- I sacredly swear ---- an unqualified +allegiance ---- above any other and every kind of government ---- in +the whole world ---- I here and now ---- pledge my life ---- my +property ---- my vote ---- and my sacred honor ---- to uphold its flag +---- its Constitution ---- and Constitutional laws ---- and will +protect ---- defend ---- and enforce same unto death. + +"I swear that I will most zealously ---- and valiantly ---- shield and +preserve ---- by any and all ---- justifiable means and methods ---- +the sacred constitutional rights ---- and privileges of ---- free +public schools ---- free speech ---- free press ---- separation of +church and state ---- liberty ---- white supremacy ---- just laws ---- +and the pursuit of happiness ---- against any encroachment ---- of any +nature ---- by any person or persons ---- political party or parties +---- religious sect or people ---- native, naturalized or foreign ---- +of any race ---- color ---- creed ---- lineage or tongue whatsoever. + +"All to which I have sworn by THIS oath ---- I will seal with my blood +---- be Thou my witness ---- Almighty God ---- AMEN!" + +You will drop your hands. + + +OLD PLEDGE OF LOYALTY + + APPELLATION + + This Organization shall be styled and denominated, The Order of + the (then follows three stars; no other name given). + + + CREED + + We, the Order of the * * *, reverentially acknowledge the + majesty and supremacy of the Divine Being, and recognize the + goodness and providence of the same. And we recognize our + relation to the United States Government, the supremacy of the + Constitution, the Constitutional Laws thereof, and the Union of + States thereunder. + + + OBJECTS OF THE ORDER + + This is an institution of Chivalry, Humanity, Mercy, and + Patriotism; embodying in its genius and its principles all that + is chivalric in conduct, noble in sentiment, generous in + manhood, and patriotic in purpose; its peculiar object being, + + First: To protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless, + from the indignities, wrongs, and outrages, of the lawless, the + violent, and the brutal; to relieve the injured and oppressed; + to succor the suffering and unfortunate, and especially the + widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers. + + Second: To protect and defend the Constitution of the United + States, and all laws passed in conformity thereto, and to + protect the States and the people thereof from all invasion from + any source whatever. + + Third: To aid and assist in the execution of all constitutional + laws, and to protect the people from unlawful seizure, and from + trial except by their peers in conformity to the laws of the + land. + + Note the vast difference between this and the following page. + One, the pledge to all that is right and uplifting--the other to + a single autocrat. The above was formed for the protection and + enforcement of law--the Kleagle's pledge, merely a vow to do + anything that the Imperial Wizard Simmons might see fit. + + +MODERN KLEAGLE'S PLEDGE OF LOYALTY + + I, the undersigned, in order to be a regular appointed KlEagle + of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan + (Incorporated), do freely and voluntarily promise, pledge and + fully guarantee a lofty respect, whole-hearted loyalty and an + unwavering devotion at all times and under any and all + circumstances and conditions from this day and date forward to + William Joseph Simmons as Imperial Wizard and Emperor of the + Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (Incorporated). I + shall work in all respects in perfect harmony with him and under + his authority and directions, in all his plans for the extension + and government of the Society, and under his directions, with + any and all of my officially superior officers duly appointed by + him. + + I shall at any and all times be faithful and true in all things, + and most especially in preventing and suppressing any factions, + cisms or conspiracies against him or his plans and purposes or + the peace and harmony of the Society which may arise or attempt + to arise. I shall discourage and strenuously oppose any degree + of disloyalty or disrespect on the part of myself or any + klansman, any where and at any time or place, towards him as the + founder and as the supreme chief governing head of the Society + above named. + + This pledge, promise and guarantee I make is a condition + precedent to my appointment stated above, and the continuity of + my appointment as a KlEagle, and it is fully agreed that any + deviation by me from this pledge will instantly automatically + cancel and completely void my appointment together with all its + prerogatives, my membership in the Society, and I shall forfeit + all remunerations which may be then due me. + + I make this solemn pledge on my Oath of Allegiance and on my + integrity and honor as a man and as a klansman, with serious + purpose to keep same inviolate. + + Done in the city of ...................., State of + ........................... on this the .......... + day of .................... A.D. 19... + Signed .............................. + Address ............................. + Witness: ......................................... + Address .......................................... + + This is the oath taken by Kleagles in the Ku Klux Klan. It binds + the Kleagle to "Imperial Wizard" Simmons personally in an almost + slavish fashion. The oath is taken as a pledge of loyalty to + Simmons and not to the order. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +HOW THE DOLLARS ROLL IN + + _The Klan Claims to Have 500,000 to 700,000 Members. Plan to get + College Boys._ + + +The Ku Klux Klan claims to have 500,000 to 700,000 members. As a +matter of fact it is generally believed that that number is a hot air +figure. It offers a basis for some interesting figures on the money +that has changed hands, however. + +Every person initiated must pay $10 as an initiation fee. Kleagles who +have left the order say that the "initiation" fee is called a +"donation" so that the Klan can escape paying income tax to the +government, because dues in clubs and societies are taxable. + +Of the $10, the kleagle who enrolls the member gets $4. The king +kleagle, or state salesmanager, gets $1. The cyclops, or division +manager, gets 50 cents. Clarke, the Imperial Kleagle, gets $3 and the +office of Imperial Wizard Simmons gets $1.50. On this basis of 700,000 +members, Clarke has collected more than $2,000,000. So far as known no +public accounting ever has been made. + +In addition the person initiated pays $6.50 for a mask, or helmet, and +a robe. This he must purchase from the Gate City Manufacturing Company +of Atlanta, owned by Clarke. Clarke's fortune grows every time a new +member is taken in. If the Klansman rides a horse in ceremonies he +must buy a robe for $14--also from Clarke's company. + + +WATER AT $10 A QUART + +Another source of revenue to Clarke is the water used in initiations. +It comes from the Chattahoochee river (Indian for "muddy water") near +Atlanta. It is sent around the country as special Ku Klux Klan liquid +without which an initiation cannot be held. It costs $10 a quart, +money to be paid to Clarke. + +Simmons and Clarke live in costly houses on Peachtree road, outside of +Atlanta. It is explained that their homes were presented to them by +the Klan. It also is explained that some of the money of the Klan goes +to Lanier university, near Atlanta, where young students are to be +trained to spread the Ku Klux Klan to every village of the country. + + +AFTER THE COLLEGE BOYS + +In addition to the general membership, Simmons started a plan to get +college boys into the Ku Klux Klan at $1 a head and with a charge of +$5 for masks and regalia. The watchword for the college boys was to be +"Kuno." Simmons, according to kleagles who deserted him, explained +that he got the college idea from the German militarism system, which +started to train boys for the army when they were in school. Simmons +wrote this inspiration to attract college boys: + +"Klannishners is your creed and faith; therefore, let no angel, man or +devil break you from its glorious anchorage. Then when the end of your +initiation shall have been reached in this life and you have been +summoned to take your place as an inhabitant of the Invisible Empire, +as you pass through the veil you can say to the world in tones of +truth triumphant: "I have kept the Faith!" Thus preserving your honor +by a faithful allegiance your life shall not have been lived in vain." + + +THE BOOK OF "KLORAN" + +The ceremony of initiation is contained in a copyrighted book called +the Kloran written by Imperial Wizard Simmons. The Bible is opened at +the 12th Chapter of Romans. + +These songs are sung: + + We meet in cordial greetings + In this our sacred cave + To pledge anew our compact + With hearts sincere and brave; + A band of faithful Klansmen + Knights of the K.K.K. + We all will stand together + Forever and for aye. + + Chorus: + Home, home, country and home; + Klansmen, we'll live and die + For our country and home. + + Her honor, love and justice + Must actuate us all, + Before our sturdy phalanx + All hate and strife shall fall. + In union we'll labor + Wherever we may roam, + To shield a Klansman's welfare, + His country, name and home. + + +KLEXOLOGY + +(Tune--America) + + "God of Eternity, + Guide, guard our great country, + Our homes and store. + Keep our great state to Thee; + Its people right and free + In us Thy glory be + Forevermore." + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +KU KLUX KLAN AND THE JEWS + + _"Drive them out of the United States" are the words that are + used to enlist Jew-haters into the ranks._ + + +In spite of the fact that ever since the beginning of the American +colonies, in the war of the revolution and in other national crises, +great Jews have helped to make the United States what it is today, the +Ku Klux Klan recruits misguided members on the representation that it +has found a scheme to drive the Jews out of the country. Anti-Jewish +propaganda is used particularly in large cities and in smaller +communities where racial and religious flames may be fanned in order +to win members and money for the Ku Klux. + +_The Searchlight_, the official paper of the Klan, teems with +anti-Jewish literature. Secret documents and stories are passed around +privately among the organizers and used in gaining recruits. + +"Chaplain" Ridley is one of the most rabid of the campaigners against +the Jews. He never lets an opportunity go by to ridicule Jews and stir +up prejudice. + +In the first place, Jews are barred from the Ku Klux Klan. In a +questionnaire that must be filled in by those who are initiated these +questions are asked: + +"Are you a gentile or a jew? What is your religious faith? Of what +church are you a member (if any)? Of what religious faith are your +parents?" + + +CHAPLAIN ATTACKS JEWS + +"Chaplain" Ridley in _The Searchlight_, writes: + +"I cannot help being what I am racially. I am not a Jew, nor a negro +nor a foreigner. I am an Anglo-Saxon white man, so ordained by the +hand and will of God, and so constituted and trained that I cannot +conscientiously take either my politics or my religion from some +secluded ass on the other side of the world. + +"Now, if somebody else happens to be a Jew, I can't help it any more +than he can. Or if he happens to be black, I can't help that, either. +If he were born under a foreign flag, I couldn't help it--but there is +one thing I can do. I can object to his un-American propaganda being +preached in my home or practiced in the solemn assembly of real +Americans." + +_The Searchlight_ constantly mixes Jews and negroes in ridiculous +"movements." For instance, one writer in the issue of July 30, 1921, +declares that his investigations have demonstrated that Jewish +plotters are stirring up the negroes to make a race war so that the +government will be destroyed. + +The writer goes on: + +"For the same reason, the Jew is interested in overthrowing Christian +Russia. But remember, he does not intend to stop at Russia. Through +his Third Internationale of Moscow he is working to overthrow all the +Gentile Governments of the world. I am enclosing an editorial clipped +from The New York _World_ of Saturday, July 23. You will keep in mind +that _The World_ is Jew-owned, as is every other newspaper in New York +City except the Tribune. * * * In all my twenty-five years traveling +about over this continent I have never met a disloyal American who +failed to be either foreign-born or a Semite. With the best wishes for +the success of the Ku Klux Klan." + + +HOW TO THROW JEWS OUT + +In the instructions to kleagles, who sell memberships in the Klan, the +anti-Jewish feeling in some communities is appealed to in this manner: + +"The Jew patronizes only the Jew unless it is impossible to do so. +Therefore, we klansmen, the only real Americans, must, by the same +methods, protect ourselves, and practice by actual application the +teachings of klannishness. With this policy faithfully adhered to, it +will not be long before the Jew will be forced out of business by our +practice of his own business methods, for when the time comes when +klansmen trade only with klansmen then the days of the Jews' success +in business will be numbered and the Invisible Empire can drive them +from the shores of our own America." + +Another favorite way to create interest in the anti-Jewish movement is +to represent that Imperial Kleagle Clarke has in hand the organization +of a nation-wide Jewish society to oppose the Sons of Israel. This +society is to be created by Jews who are in the pay of Kleagle Clarke +and who are really traitors to their own co-religionists. Spies +working in the ranks of the Sons of Israel will keep the Ku Klux Klan +informed of what the Sons of Israel are doing and finally a clash +between the two organizations is to be engineered, to the destruction +of both. Of course this is the wildest sort of propaganda, but it +demonstrates how the agents play with fire in order to get members. + + +"SEARCHLIGHT" AND THE JEWS + +Among the articles in _The Searchlight_ there are those headed, "A +Message from Jerusalem--Esau the Wanderer must Pay for His +Pottage--the Mightiest Weapons for the Jews are Pounds and Pence." + +"Doesn't Think Much of the Jews." + +"Jewish Rabbi Gets Rabid." + +A paragraph from "Doesn't Think Much of the Jews," published Feb. 12, +1921, contains this passage: + +"Their religion is to control wealth and thereby control all nations. +And you cannot deny but they are doing so under false names. Jews are +entering into every Government, every nation on earth except China and +Japan, where their heavenly God received little recognition. They +spread their ingenious religion that strangled the ignorant and +credulous by causing dissension to their advantage." + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +KU KLUX KLAN AND THE CATHOLICS + + _Misrepresentation of Oath of Knights of Columbus is Used to + excite Religious Hatred in order to get money._ + + +Just as the organizers of the Ku Klux Klan misrepresent the Jews in +order to get members and money for their order, they go to great +lengths to create prejudice against Catholics. In some communities +anti-Catholic arguments are thought to be those that will bring the +most members into the fold. Fake documents and false statements on +printed cards that can be slyly passed from hand to hand are used for +this purpose. Anti-Catholic lies that can be hurled at Klansmen at +meetings to inspire them to get in more members and increase the +incomes of the "imperial wizard," the kleagles and other officers are +spread around. + +One of these documents is a card entitled "Do You Know?" A kleagle of +the Klan asked the King Kleagle of his state for some literature that +he could employ to stir up interest in the Klan. In a short time the +kleagle received the literature from the Gate City Manufacturing +Company of Atlanta, Ga., a company promoted by "Imperial Kleagle" +Clarke. The supply of literature contained 100 copies of a card +bearing the heading "Do You Know?" + +Another document that is sent broadcast to foment religious unrest and +hatred is a fake oath ascribed to the Knights of Columbus, which is +composed of Catholics and which has published the oath that its +members take. Before reading the fake oath, it will be well to examine +the real oath. + + +REAL K. OF C. OATH + +The bona fide oath that is taken by men initiated into the Knights of +Columbus, and which, it has been proven, is the correct oath follows: + +"I swear to support the Constitution of the United States. I pledge +myself, as a Catholic citizen and Knight of Columbus, to enlighten +myself fully upon my duties as a citizen and to conscientiously +perform such duties entirely in the interest of my country and +regardless of all personal consequences. I pledge myself to do all in +my power to preserve the integrity and purity of the ballot, and to +promote reverence and respect for law and order. I promise to practice +my religion openly and consistently, but without ostentation, and to +so conduct myself in public affairs, and in the exercise of public +virtue as to reflect nothing but credit upon our Holy Church, to the +end that she may flourish and our country prosper to the greater honor +and glory of God." + + +BOGUS K. OF C. OATH + +We can now appreciate the animus behind the bogus oath that is +ascribed to the Knights of Columbus by the Ku Klux Klan. This +fraudulent oath, as used by the recruiting organization of kleagles of +Ku Klux follows: + +"I, ---- ----, now in the presence of Almighty God, the blessed Virgin +Mary, the blessed St. John the Baptist, the Holy Apostles, St. Peter +and St. Paul, and all the saints, sacred host of Heaven, and to you, +my Ghostly Father, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, +founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, in the pontification of Paul the III, +and continued to the present, do by the womb of the Virgin, the matrix +of God, and the rod of Jesus Christ, declare and swear that His +Holiness the Pope is Christ's vicegerent and is the true and only head +of the Catholic or Universal Church throughout the earth; and that by +virtue of the keys of binding and loosing given His Holiness by my +Saviour, Jesus Christ, he hath power to depose heretical Kings, +Princes, states, Commonwealths and Governments and they may be safely +destroyed. Therefore to the utmost of my power I will defend this +doctrine and His Holiness's right and custom against all usurpers of +the heretical or Protestant authority whatever, especially the +Lutheran Church of Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and +the now pretended authority and Churches of England and Scotland, and +the branches of same now established in Ireland and on the Continent +of America and elsewhere, and all adherents in regard that they may be +usurped and heretical opposing the sacred Mother Church of Rome. + +"I do now denounce and disown any allegiance as due to any heretical +King, Prince, or state, named Protestant or liberals, or obedience to +any of their laws, Magistrates, or officers. + +"I do further declare that the doctrine of the Churches of England and +Scotland, of the Calvinists, Huguenots and others of the name of +Protestants or Masons to be damnable, and they themselves to be damned +who will not forsake the same. + +"I do further declare that I will help, assist and advise all or any +of His Holiness' agents, in any place where I should be, in +Switzerland, Holland, Ireland or America, or in any other kingdom or +territory I shall come to, and do my utmost to extirpate the heretical +Protestant or Masonic doctrines and to destroy all their pretended +powers, legal or otherwise. + + +MORE OF IT + +"I do further promise and declare that, notwithstanding that I am +dispensed with to assume any religion heretical for the propaganda of +the Mother Church's interest, to keep secret and private all her +agents' counsels from time to time, as they instruct me, and not +divulge, directly or indirectly, by word, writing or circumstances +whatever, but to execute all that should be proposed, given in charge +or discovered unto me by you, my Ghostly Father, or any of this sacred +order. + +"I do further promise and declare that I will have no opinion or will +of my own or any mental reservation whatsoever, even as a corpse or +cadaver (perinde ac cadaver), but will unhesitatingly obey each and +every command that I may receive from my superiors in the militia of +the Pope and of Jesus Christ. + +"That I will go to any part of the world whithersoever I may be sent, +to the frozen regions north, jungles of India, to the centers of +civilization of Europe or to the wild haunts of the barbarous savages +of America without murmuring or repining, and will be submissive in +all things whatsoever is communicated to me. + + +AND STILL MORE + +"I do further promise and declare that I will, when opportunity +presents, make and wage relentless war, secretly and openly, against +all heretics, Protestants and Masons, as I am directed to do, to +extirpate them from the face of the whole earth; and that I will spare +neither age, sex or condition, and that I will hang, burn, waste, +boil, flay, strangle, and bury alive these infamous heretics; rip up +the stomachs and wombs of their women and crash their infants' heads +against the walls in order to annihilate their execrable race. That +when the same cannot be done openly, I will secretly use the poisonous +cup, strangulation cord, the steel of the poniard or the leaden +bullet, regardless of the honor, rank, dignity or authority of the +persons, whatever may be their condition in life, either public or +private, as I at any time may be directed so to do by any agents of +the Pope or superior of the Brotherhood of the Holy Father of the +Society of Jesus. + +"In confirmation of which I hereby dedicate my life, soul and all +corporate powers, and with the dagger which I now receive I will +subscribe my name written in my blood in testimony thereof; and +should I prove false or weaken in my determination, may my brethren +and fellow soldiers of the militia of the Pope cut off my hands and +feet and my throat from ear to ear, my belly opened and sulphur burned +therein with all the punishment that can be inflicted upon me on earth +and my soul shall be tortured by demons in eternal hell forever. + + +NEARING THE END NOW + +"That I will in voting always vote for a K. of C. in preference to a +Protestant, especially a Mason, and that I will leave my party so to +do; that if two Catholics are on the ticket I will satisfy myself +which is the better supporter of Mother Church and vote accordingly. + +"That I will not deal with or employ a Protestant if in my power to +deal with or employ a Catholic. That I will place Catholic girls in +Protestant families, that a weekly report may be made of the inner +movements of the heretics. + +"That I will provide myself with arms and ammunition that I may be in +readiness when the word is passed or I am commanded to defend the +church, either as an individual or with the militia of the Pope. + +"All of which I, ---- ----, do swear by the blessed Trinity and +blessed sacrament which I am now to receive to perform and on my part +to keep this, my oath. + +"In testimony whereof, I take this most holy and blessed sacrament of +the Eucharist and witness the same further with my name written with +the point of this dagger dipped in my own blood and seal it in the +face of this holy sacrament." (Excerpts from "Contested election case +of Eugene C. Bonniwell against Thomas S. Butler," as appears in the +Congressional Record ---- House, Feb. 15, 1913, at pages 3215, &c., +and ordered printed therein "by unanimous consent." Attached thereto +and printed (on page 3216) as a part of said report as above.) + +The above spurious oath, and others like it, have been found to be +fraudulent, both by the courts and by an investigation made by +Masonic bodies. The above oath made its appearance according to a book +published by Maurice Francis Egan, for eleven years United States +Minister to Denmark, and John B. Kennedy, in 1912. Messrs. Egan and +Kennedy explain it as follows: + +"It was filed by Mr. Eugene C. Bonniwell of Pennsylvania in his charge +against Thomas S. Butler before the Committee of Elections No. 1, in +Congress, when Mr. Bonniwell stated that it had been used against him +as a Fourth Degree Knight of Columbus in an election contest. Mr. +Butler, in his defense, stated that he had refrained from condemning +the 'oath,' until election day, although he did not believe it to be +genuine, because he feared to give it notoriety. + +"Far from being disconcerted by the airing of this delectable document +in Congress, those profiting by its circulation seized upon its +inclusion in the Congressional Record to give it an air of authority +by printing on future copies the annotation 'Copied from the +Congressional Record, &c.,' not pausing, however, to explain the +circumstances under which it was allowed to appear in that official +journal." + + +EDITORS ARE CONVICTED + +A.M. Morrison and Garfield E. Morrison, editors of the _Morning +Journal_ of Mankato, Minn., charged E.M. Lawless, editor of the +Waterville, Minn., _Sentinel_ with having taken the bogus oath. +Lawless took the case to court and the two Morrisons were convicted. +The foreman of the jury was a Methodist minister. + +In 1914 the bogus oath came to light in California. The Knights of +Columbus asked a committee of two, 32nd and 33rd degree, Masons, Past +or Past Grand Masters of Masonry of that state, to make an +investigation of all the rituals, pledges and oaths used by the +Knights of Columbus. The Masonic committee gave out a report saying +that they had made such an investigation. They found that the +ceremonies of the Knights of Columbus were embodied in four degrees +"intended to teach and inculcate principles that lie at the +foundations of every great religion and every great state." + + +WHAT MASONS REPORTED + +Their report continued: + +"Our examination was made primarily to ascertain whether or not a +certain alleged oath * * * which has been printed and widely +circulated was in fact used by the Order and whether * * * any oath, +obligation or pledge was used which was or would be offensive to +Protestants or Masons. * * * We find that neither the alleged oath nor +any such oath or pledge bearing the remotest resemblance thereto in +matter, manner, spirit or purpose is used or forms a part of the +ceremonies of any degree of the Knights of Columbus. The alleged oath +is scurrilous, wicked and libelous and must be the invention of an +impious and venomous mind. * * * There is no propaganda proposed or +taught against Protestants or Masons or persons not of Catholic faith. +* * * We can find nothing in the entire ceremonials of the Order that +to our minds could be objected to by any person." + +_The Searchlight_, official organ of the Ku Klux, contains many +articles that misrepresent the Catholics. For instance, of Feb. 26, +1921, _The Searchlight_ had an article which was captioned: "Facts +Gathered by the Knights of Luther from the Washington Bureau of +Statistics": + + +CHARGES OF "KNIGHTS OF LUTHER" + +Without one word to support them, the following were printed as +"facts": + +"The National Democratic Committee is by majority a Roman Catholic +body. It usually has a Roman Catholic President and secretary. + +"Catholics influenced the national campaign which elected Wilson. + +"The President's private secretary is a Roman Catholic. + +"Over 70 per cent. of all appointments made by President Wilson are +Catholics. Their influence is so powerful it compels the homage of +those in authority. + +"Five States now have Catholic Administrations. + +"Thirty-one States have Roman Catholic Democratic Central Committees. + +"Twenty thousand public schools have one-half Catholic teachers. + +"Over 100,000 public schools now contribute a part or all of the +school tax to Catholic Churches and schools. + +"Six hundred public schools use Catholic readers and teach from them +the Roman Catholic catechism. + +"Sixty-two per cent. of all offices of the United States, both +elective and appointive, are now held by Roman Catholics. + +"New York, Chicago, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland, +Toledo, St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston now have 75 +per cent. Catholic teachers in their public schools. + +"In all the cities and towns of the United States of 10,000 or more +inhabitants an average of over 90 per cent. of the police force are +Roman Catholics. + +"Roman Catholics are in the majority of the City Council of 10,000 +cities and towns of the United States." + + +MORE OF THE SAME STUFF + +_The Searchlight_ continues: + +"We will now look at the results of Catholic teaching on vice and +virtue. The history of assassins of heads of Governments in the past +is a history of murderous Roman Catholics. In 90 per cent. of the +cases where criminals are executed for crimes committed, the victims +of the execution have a priest at their elbow to administer the last +sacrament. + +"The man who shot Roosevelt was a Roman Catholic. + +"The man who shot President Garfield was a Roman Catholic. + +"The man who shot President Lincoln was a Roman Catholic. + +"The plot that took the life of Lincoln emanated from Roman Catholic +influence in the house of a Roman Catholic. + +"Abraham Lincoln said, 'I do not pretend to be a prophet but, though +not a prophet, I see a very dark cloud on our horizon, and that cloud +is coming from Rome. It is filled with tears and blood. The true +motive power is secreted behind the walls of the Vatican, the colleges +and schools of the Jesuits, the convents of the nuns, and the +confessional boxes of Rome,' and such opinions cost the Nation his +life. + +"Over 65 per cent. of prison convicts of all grades and of all kinds +of prisoners are Roman Catholics, while less than 5 per cent. are +graduates of our public schools. + +"These statements are astounding when we remember that only about 12-1/2 +per cent. of the entire population of the United States are Roman +Catholics, while the other 87-1/2 per cent. are not." + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +KU KLUX KLAN AND THE MASONS + + _Iowa and Missouri Jurisdiction Grand Masters Issue Public + Denunciations Against the Klan_. + + +Promoters of the Ku Klux Klan brag that most of its members are +Masons. Whether this is true no one on the outside can tell. It is +known, however, that the kleagles or salesmen, who solicit members in +a community try to play upon the Masonic spirit to help along their +game. That this is done with the disapproval of the leading Masonic +bodies of the country is shown by the action of the grand commanders +of the Iowa and Missouri jurisdictions. They have issued public +denunciations of the operations and purposes of the Klan, especially +that feature that resorts to the masking of members when they are +taking part in Klan rites. The examples of Iowa and Missouri are being +followed by Masons in other states. + + +IOWA GRAND MASTER'S STATEMENT + +Amos N. Alberson of Washington, Iowa, grand master of that state, has +directed a communication to all Masonic lodges under his jurisdiction +as follows: + +"Whereas, It has become known to your grand master that a certain 'Ku +Klux Klan' has been and is now organizing within this jurisdiction an +alleged 'secret and invisible empire'; and, + +"Whereas, It is reported that its organizers and agents have stated +and intimated to members of our craft that the said 'Ku Klux Klan' is +in effect an adjunct of Freemasonry and in accord with its principles +and purposes; and, + +"Whereas, Any such statement or intimation is absolutely false and +untrue, in that Masonry can not and does not approve of or ally itself +with any organization or movement, secret or public, that proposes to +subvert or supersede the processes of orderly representative +government 'of the people, for the people, and by the people'; nor one +that appeals to bigotry and endeavors to foster hatred of any +nationality, class, religious faith or sect, as such. + + +THE SOLEMN CHARGE + +"Therefore, I, Amos N. Alberson, grand master of Masons in Iowa, do +solemnly charge each and all of the regular Masons in Iowa, now as +heretofore when you were made a Mason, that 'in the state you are to +be a quiet and peaceable subject, true to your government and just to +your country; you are not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion, but +patiently submit to legal authority, and conform with cheerfulness to +the government of the country in which you live.' + + +CITES MASONIC OBLIGATION + +"Furthermore, I charge each and all, that as our fathers have framed +the truly Masonic principles of liberty and conscience, equality +before the law, and fraternity among men into the constitutions of +this nation and state, we as Free Masons and citizens of this republic +are obligated to perform our full moral and civic duty, to promote and +enforce an orderly administration of justice and equity, acting openly +that it may be known of all men." + +Grand Master Alberson further orders and directs "that this letter to +the craft be read aloud at the next meeting, whether regular or +special, of each lodge throughout this jurisdiction; that it shall be +made of record, and due notice of the same circulated among the +brethrens, that it may come to the knowledge of all Masons in Iowa." + + +MISSOURI'S ACTION ON KLAN + +William F. Johnson, grand master of the Carterlin Grand Lodge of +Missouri Ancient-Free and Accepted Masons made this statement at the +annual meeting of the grand lodge, which indorsed it: + +"As the impression seems to prevail in some sections, that the Masonic +fraternity is directly or indirectly associated with or furthering +this secret organization (Ku Klux Klan), and as I have been asked on +numerous occasions what relations, if any, our fraternity bears to +such secret society or order, it is well that the seal of disapproval +be positively placed by this grand lodge upon this secret +organization, which assumes to itself the right and authority to +administer law and punish crimes. + +"Nothing is more destructive of free government than secret control. +The arraying of race against race, color against color, sect against +sect is destructive of peace and harmony, which is the great end we, +as Free Masons, have in view. We profess and boast that we are true to +our government and just to our country. + + +IS SUBVERSIVE OF THE REPUBLIC + +"We can not, as Free Masons and good citizens, recognize the right of +any secret society or combination of men to assume unto themselves the +right to administer law and to inflict punishment upon their fellow +men. Such an assumption is subversive of our republican institutions, +contrary to the great principles of Free Masonry. + +"An organization that practices censorship of private conduct behind +the midnight anonymity of mask and robe, and enforces its secret +decrees with the weapons of whips and tar and feathers must ultimately +merit and receive the condemnation of those who believe in courts, +open justice and good citizenship." + + + + +CHAPTER X + +KU KLUX KLAN AND THE NEGRO + + _Members of the Klan take an oath to Bring about White + Supremacy, notwithstanding the Constitution, which guarantees + the Negro Equal Rights._ + + +Under the constitution of the United States, the negro is guaranteed +equal rights with all other citizens. When the President of the United +States is sworn into office he takes an oath to uphold the +constitution and the laws passed under it. Every senator, congressman, +governor and other important officer in the United States and in each +of the states is sworn to uphold the constitution. + +But the members of the Ku Klux Klan take an oath that puts the +constitution at naught. They swear to bring about "white supremacy." +Taken in conjunction with the speeches and writings of their leaders, +this oath shows that the Klansmen intend to work together to create +strife against the negro, to belittle him and his family, his +churches, his business, his social societies and other things that are +dear to him. The Klan is determined to put the negro out of business +in the United States and to drive him back to Africa. + +As is all other main objects--the warfare on Jews, Catholics and +foreign born--the Klan intends to follow its own laws in dealing with +the negro. The writings of its leaders are very plain on that point. + +In his oath the Klansman swears: + +"I swear that I will most zealously and valiantly shield and preserve +by any and all justifiable means and methods White Supremacy---- + +"All to which I have sworn by this oath. I will seal with my blood by +Thou my witness, Almighty God. Amen." + +Prominent lawyers who have examined this oath declare that it really +is an oath upholding mob rule and that any time the Klansman is given +orders he will follow his leaders in a crusade outside the +constitution of the United States that might lead to serious trouble +and bloodshed. + +Chaplain Ridley of the Ku Klux Klan has written in _The Searchlight_ +on white supremacy as follows: + +"Back in the days of the reconstruction the fathers gathered at the +call of the low, shrill whistle and rode into immortal fame, rescuing +a threatened civilization and making real once more the White Man's +Supremacy. Klansmen of to-day, whether they assemble in the mountains +of Maine, or 'neath the shadows of the great Rockies, or on the plains +of the Wonderful West, or amid the trailing vines and wild flowers of +Dixie, meet to keep alive the memory of these men and preserve the +traditions of those days when the souls of men were tried as if by +fire." + +In Texas a white man who testified in behalf of an accused negro--he +merely told the truth under oath as he knew it--was tarred and +feathered by masked men. + +_The Searchlight_ has printed column after column of anti-negro stuff, +mostly under anonymous names or under the titles of organizations +whose addresses are not given. One such resolution adopted by the +"Patriotic Societies of Atlanta" condemns Rev. Ashby Jones, a +minister, for inviting an honorable negro to an interracial meeting +and for addressing the negro as "mister." + +Here are some of the titles of articles in _The Searchlight_, showing +its evident purpose of stirring up racial feelings: + +"Social Equality Put Under Ban." + +"Negroes Must Serve on Chain Gangs Now." + +"Separate Cars for Negroes." + +"White Woman Marries a Negro." + +_The Searchlight_ condemned President Harding for appointing Henry +Lincoln Johnson, a negro, as register of deeds. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE KU KLUX KLAN AND WOMEN + + +Here is the proclamation issued by Imperial Wizard Simmons, making +Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler his "grand chief of staff" to have charge of the +women's organization to be affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan: + +"To all Genii, Grand Dragons and Hydras of Realms, Grand Goblins and +Kleagles of Domains, Grand Titans and Furies of Provinces, Giants, +Exalted Cyclops and Terrors of Cantons, and to all citizens of the +Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, in the name of our +valiant and venerated dead, I affectionately greet you: + +"In view of our Nation's need and as an additional force in helping on +the great work of conserving, protecting and making effective the +great principles of our Anglo-Saxon civilization and American ideals +and institutions, the Imperial Kloncilium, in regular session +assembled, after deliberate care and earnest prayer, decided that +there shall be established within the bounds and under the supreme +authority and government of the Invisible Empire an organization that +will admit the splendid women of our great national commonwealth, who +are now citizens with us in directing the affairs of the Nation. Which +decision of the Imperial Kloncilium I have officially ratified after +serious, careful and devoted consideration of all matters and things +involved by this move. + +"In view of the foregoing, I hereby officially declare and proclaim +that such organization does now exist in prospect. Plans, methods, +ritualism and regulations of same are now in process of formation and +will be perfected at an early date and officially announced. + +"I do farther proclaim that in order to have the proper assistance in +the formation and perfecting of this organization, I have this day +and date selected and officially appointed Mary Elizabeth Tyler of +Atlanta, Fulton county, Ga., to be my grand chief of staff, to have +immediate charge of work pertaining to said woman's organization under +my authority and direction. + +"Further information will be duly and officially communicated from +time to time. + +"Done in the Aulic of His Majesty, Imperial Wizard, Emperor of the +Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, in the Imperial City of +Atlanta, Commonwealth of Georgia, United States of America, on this, +the ninth day of the ninth month of the year of our Lord, 1921. + +"Duly signed and sealed by His Majesty, + + William Joseph Simmons, + "Imperial Wizard." + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +ATROCITIES COMMITTED IN THE NAME OF KU KLUX KLAN + + _Ku Klux Klan Knights of Beaumont, Texas, issue a justification + for taking the law into Their own hands._ + + +Confession that the Ku Klux Klan uses tar and feathers and the lash to +punish persons whose actions it condemns is made by the Klansmen of +Beaumont, Tex. The Beaumont Ku Klux Klan organization tarred and +feathered Dr. J.S. Paul and R.F. Scott and later acknowledged, under +its official seal, that its members did the job. + +"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, No. 7, Beaumont, Texas," admitted taking +the law into their own hands in a statement dated July 21, 1921. This +statement was made to the editors of two newspapers of Beaumont. It +sought to justify the "tar and feather party" and gave warning that +the "heavy hand of the Ku Klux Klan" was waiting to yank other persons +from their beds in case they came into its displeasure. + + +SHOW SIMMONS MISREPRESENTS + +Grand Wizard William J. Simmons has declared publicly that the Ku Klux +did not indulge in midnight raids on defenseless victims whom it +tarred and feathered. He has defended the Ku Klux Klan by ascribing +these unlawful actions to imposters who use the regalia of the Ku +Klux. The Beaumont incident proves that the Ku Klux not only was +responsible for assaults on Dr. Paul and Scott, but that it boasted of +its exploits with them. + + +LETTER ADMITS USE OF TAR + +The Paul-Scott "party" occurred on May 8. Its details were telegraphed +all over the country. The letter to the two Beaumont newspapers the +following July read: + +"Your publication since the organization of the Ku Klux Klan in the +city of Beaumont has on various occasions published information +concerning and pertaining to the affairs of this organization. We +believe, as you do, that a newspaper should serve the best interests +of its constituency and that all legitimate news should be given the +public through its columns. During the past two months items have +appeared in your paper relative to the case of the Ku Klux Klan and +its connection with Dr. J.S. Paul. + +"Now, that you and the public may be fully informed of the true facts +in the case, the Klan has assembled and herewith hands you an +intelligent, true and correct history of the entire matter. The Klan +suggests that this summary of facts be published in the columns of +your paper not later than Sunday, July 24, 1921, and that it be +published verbatim, according to the enclosed copy, typographical +errors excepted. + + Knights of the Ku Klux Klan." + + +PHYSICIAN IS ACCUSED + +The "intelligent, true and correct history of the entire matter" was a +lengthy statement. It accused Dr. Paul of being a physician who for +years had sold whisky and narcotic drugs and had performed illegal +operations on women. Because he had political and financial backing +grand jury proceedings against him had been squelched. + +About the middle of December, 1920, R.F. Scott, who lived in +Deweyville, Texas (Scott was a former member of the United States +Marine corps), consulted Dr. Paul and arranged for an illegal +operation. The statement declares the girl became seriously ill as a +result of malpractice on Dr. Paul's part and was taken from her +residence to a hospital, where a serious operation was performed. + +After this occurrence the girl demanded that Dr. Paul assist her in +defraying the extra expense due to his negligence, and he offered her +$500 to leave Beaumont. This bargain he broke and is accused of having +threatened to cause her arrest for attempted blackmail, or with death +if she exposed him. + + +MORAL LAW ABOVE WRITTEN + +Her predicament was reported to the Klan and the statement says her +cry was heard by men who respect the "great moral law more than the +technicalities of the legal code." + +The statement goes on: + +"The eyes of the unknown had seen and had observed the wrong to be +redressed. Dr. Paul was wealthy. His victim was a poor girl. Between +the two stood the majesty of the law, draped in technicalities of +changes of venue, mistrials, appeals, postponements, eminent counsel +skilled in the esoteric art of protecting crime and interpreting laws +involved in a mass of legal verbiage, the winding and unwinding of red +tape, instead of the sinewy arm of justice, wielding the unerring +sword. The law of the Klan is JUSTICE. + +"Dr. Paul was approached in his office by three men on the night of +May 7 and instructed to go with them. He was placed in a waiting +automobile and escorted a few miles out of town. The judgment of the +Klan was read to him and charges were related to him, none of which he +would deny. + + +"LASHED, TARRED AND FEATHERED" + +"In a cowardly, whimpering plea, he pleaded that others were as guilty +as he. The lash was laid on his back and the tar and feathers applied +to his body. He was then informed of the will of the Klan that he +should leave the city within forty-eight hours. Upon the return of the +party to Beaumont, Dr. Paul was discharged from an automobile at the +intersection of two of the main streets of the city, that he might be +a warning to all of his ilk that decent men and women no longer wanted +him in the community. + +"Dr. Paul complied with the instructions of the Klan that he leave the +city and returned for a few days to his former home at Lufkin. During +this time he was constantly under the surveillance of the Klan. Within +a few days he had surrounded himself with relatives and hired +hench-men of his own tribe and character and returned to Beaumont. + + +SCOTT ALSO TARRED AND FEATHERED + +"Scott, who had been constantly watched by the Klan, whose number is +legion and whose eye is all-seeing and whose methods of gathering +information are not known to the alien world, was apprehended and +punished in the same manner Dr. Paul had been dealt with. He was taken +to the woods and guarded until nightfall. His captors during this time +treated him with kindness and consideration. They provided him with +food and fruit to eat and ice water to drink. During the day he was +questioned and admitted all the charges the Klan had accused him of. +The judgment of the Klan was that he was to be given ten lashes across +the bare back and that he was to be tarred and feathered. + + +EYES OF "UNKNOWN" ON HIM + +"Scott left Beaumont on Monday, July 18, and spent the major portion +of the day in Orange parading the streets and proclaimed the +diabolical lie that he had been subjected to the tortures of the +inquisition. He posed to the gullible public and sensational +newspapers as a patriot and a hero. All these things the eyes of the +unknown have seen and their ears have heard. We can not be deceived +and JUSTICE will no longer be mocked." + +The seal of the Beaumont Klan was attached to the end of the +statement. + +Rev. Caleb Ridley, known as the imperial chaplain of the order, +acknowledged that the Klan's purpose was to set itself up as +prosecutor, jury, judge and sheriff. + + +PASTOR GIVES WARNING + +On Aug. 26, 1921, he issued to the citizens of Dallas county, Texas, +the following warning: + +"To the Citizens of Dallas County, Greetings: This organization has +caused to be posted the following proclamation: + +"Be it known and hereby proclaimed + +"That this organization is composed of native-born Americans and none +other. + +"That its purpose is to uphold the dignity and the authority of the +law. * * * + +"That this organization * * * recognizes * * * that situations +frequently arise where no existing law offers a remedy. + +"That this organization does * * * not countenance and will not stand +for social parasites remaining in this city. It is equally opposed to +the gambler, the trickster, the moral degenerate and the man who lives +by his wits and is without visible means of support. + +"The eye of the unknown hath seen and doth constantly observe all, +white or black, who disregard this warning. 'Whatsoever thou sowest +that shall you also reap.' Regardless of official, social or financial +position, this warning applies to all living within the jurisdiction +of this Klan. + +"This warning will not be repeated. + +"'Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin.' + +"Hereafter all communications from us will bear the official seal of +the Klan. + + "KNIGHTS OF THE KU KLUX KLAN." + + +KU KLUX KLAN SHOOTS SHERIFF + +The attitude of members of the Ku Klux Klan toward officers of the law +was demonstrated on October 1, 1921, in Lorena, Tex., when the Ku Klux +Klan shot Sheriff Bob Buchanan of McLennan county, when he attempted +to stop a parade of Masked Knights. + +Without getting an official permit to hold the parade, the Ku Klux +Klan announced that it would be held at 8:30 p.m. The sheriff notified +the community that the parade was against the law and that he would +not allow it. The word was carried to the Ku Klux Klan leaders. +Messages were sent back and forth, and the Ku Kluxers tried to scare +the sheriff into a retreat. He refused to back down, however, and +ended the negotiations by telling the Klansmen that they had to obey +the law as well as other citizens. + +The sheriff said there was a law against uncertain masked men who +refused to divulge their identity. He would agree to the parade if the +names of the masked men were furnished to him. This the Klan leaders +refused to do. + +The Klansmen held a council of war at which the sheriff was denounced +for daring to give them orders. They decided to show the people of +Lorena that they were bigger than the sheriff or the law that he +represented. The chief of the Klansmen gave the order for the parade +to start. + +With a posse of citizens and deputies, Sheriff Buchanan met the parade +at the intersection of the main streets. Thousands of persons were out +to witness the test of strength between the law and the Ku Klux Klan. +The sheriff approached a masked Klansman who carried a fiery cross. He +attempted to seize the cross. There was a shot. A bullet hit the +sheriff in the right arm. A general gun fight followed and ten persons +were injured. The Masked Knights hurriedly departed, carrying one of +their number who was wounded. + +Sheriff Buchanan is hailed as a hero in Texas by the law-abiding +element. The United States needs more public officials like him--men +with the courage to stand by their oaths of office. + + +OTHER OUTRAGES + +Since the Ku Klux Klan was organized night outrages in which masked +men are involved have increased to a frequency not known in the United +States since the years just following the Civil War, when the original +Ku Klux Klan was active in the southern states against "carpet +baggers" and Negroes. + +A murder was committed on June 9, 1921, at Sea Breeze, Fla., by masked +men who said they were Ku Klux Klan. They took Thomas L. Reynolds from +his bed and punched and kicked him. Then one of the masked men shot +him. He died later. Official investigation failed to involve the Ku +Klux Klan. + + +WIZARD SIMMONS DENIES + +In the case of Paul and Scott in Beaumont, Tex., an organization +claiming to be the Ku Klux Klan admitted under a seal that it was +responsible. In many other instances the masked riders have openly +boasted that they were Ku Kluxers. In other cases they have worn +regalia like that of the Ku Klux. Imperial Wizard Simmons has denied +that the Ku Klux is responsible for any outrages. Whether he knows +what he is talking about probably will be determined only by a +Congressional investigation. + +Meanwhile the people of the country have the big fact on which to form +their judgment--namely, that since the Ku Klux has extended its +membership and influence by influencing hundreds of thousands to get +down on their knees and take the oath of "white supremacy," bands of +night riders who take the law into their own hands have been carrying +on these disgraceful marauding "parties" with a boldness that +challenges public attention. + +In Daytona, Fla., H.C. Sparkman, an editor, carried on a campaign +against the Ku Klux Klan. On June 12, 1921, Sparkman received by mail +a threat warning him that if he did not let the Ku Klux alone the Klan +would take up his case and that he might be killed. In Pensacola, +Fla., on July 8, 1921, a band of men wearing white robes like those of +the Ku Klux Klan in their initiation ceremonies appeared at the store +of Chris Lochas, a restaurant keeper, and while the chief of police +was looking on gave him a written order to leave town because of +certain charges. The warning was signed "K.K.K." + + +KU KLUX KLANSMAN KILLED + +In the city of Atlanta, Ga., where the Ku Klux Klan is strongest a +killing resulted from a raid by masked men on J.C. Thomas, who had a +lunch room at 280-1/2 Decatur street. Thomas had received letters +threatening him with violence unless he "let alone" a certain woman in +his employ. On March 12, 1920, four men got Thomas to enter an +automobile and drove him to a spot in a lonely neighborhood. There +they took him from the car and told him that he was to be punished +because he had not observed their warnings. When they started to +strike Thomas, he took a knife from his pocket and killed Fred +Thompson who was later identified as a member of the Ku Klux Klan. + +The case of killing against Thomas was put before a grand jury but the +jury refused to indict him. At the inquest into the death of Thompson, +Homer Pitts was identified as the driver of the car in which Thomas +had been kidnapped. Pitts was represented in the proceedings by +Attorney W.S. Coburn. In the official list of Ku Kluxers there is a +H.R. Pitts who is a kleagle at Fresno, Cal., and a W.S. Coburn who is +a grand goblin with headquarters at Los Angeles, Cal. + + +100 OUTRAGES IN TEXAS + +Texas, where the Ku Klux Klan is strong, has been the scene of nearly +100 unlawful punishments by masked men. In one case the initials +"K.K.K." were branded on the forehead of a negro who was horsewhipped +on the charge of having been found in a white woman's room. + +Something the same treatment that was given Dr. Paul was handed out to +J.S. Allen, an attorney of Houston, Tex., who on April 10, 1921, was +whisked from a downtown street, driven to the country and tarred and +feathered. The masked men then took him back to the city and threw him +out of the automobile into a crowd. He was nude except for his coat of +tar and feathers. + + + + +SECRET SOCIETY RITUALS + + +REVISED FREEMASONRY ILLUSTRATED. + + The complete and accurate ritual of the First Seven Masonic + Degrees of the Blue Lodge and Chapter, by Jacob O. Doesburg, + Past Master of Unity Lodge, Holland, Michigan, a Royal Arch + Mason, with full Monitorial and Scripture Readings and the + Secret Work profusely illustrated. The exact Michigan "Work," + with a Historical Sketch of the Order and a critical analysis of + each degree by President J. Blanchard. Also the legal + attestation of the accuracy of the ritual by the author and + others. + + Paper cover $1.50 + Cloth 2.00 + First Three Degrees, paper 1.00 + Cloth 1.50 + + +THE MASTER'S CARPET; + + By Edmond Ronayne, Past Master of Keystone Lodge, No. 639, + Chicago. The work contains 406 pages, illustrated with 50 + engravings, and is substantially bound in cloth. + + Price $1.25 + + Explains the true source and meaning of every ceremony and + symbol of the Blue Lodge, showing the basis on which the ritual + is founded. By a careful perusal of this work, a more thorough + knowledge of the principles of the order can be obtained than by + attending the Lodge for years. Every Mason, every person + contemplating becoming a member, and even those who are + indifferent on the subject, should procure and carefully read + this work. + + +MAH-HAH-BONE; + + By Edmond Ronayne. Bound in fine cloth, 690 pages, 135 + illustrations. + + Price $2.25 + + Comprises the "Hand Book of Free Masonry" and "Master's Carpet" + in one volume. The value and convenience of this combined book + will be seen at once. As the Master's Carpet frequently refers + by foot notes to the Hand Book, and the Hand Book as frequently + refers to the "Carpet," by having both books under one cover, + reference can be made in an instant. It is cheaper; as the + Carpet at $1.25 and the Hand Book at $1.50 would make $2.75, + while the combined book sells in fine cloth binding at + + $2.25 + + + EZRA A. COOK, Publisher + (Incorporated) + 26 E. Van Buren St. Chicago + + +HAND BOOK OF FREE MASONRY; + + By Edmond Ronayne, Past Master of Keystone Lodge, No. 639, + Chicago. Latest Revised Edition, with portraits enlarged to 284 + pages, 85 illustrations + + This work gives the correct or "Standard" work and ritual of + Masonry; the proper position of each officer in the Lodge room, + order of opening and closing the Lodge, dress of candidate, + ceremony of initiation, the correct method of conferring the + three degrees of "Ancient Craft Masonry," Entered Apprentice, + Fellow Craft and Master Mason, the proper manner of conducting + the business of the Lodge, and giving the signs, grips, + pass-words, etc., all of which are accurately illustrated with + 85 engravings. + + Paper cover, pocket size $1.00 + Flexible Cloth, pocket size 1.50 + + +BLUE LODGE AND CHAPTER. + + By Edmond Ronayne. Bound in fine Cloth, 604 pages. + + Price $2.00 + + This book comprises the Hand Book of Free Masonry, which gives + the written and the "unwritten" work of the three degrees of + Blue Lodge Masonry, and the complete work of the four degrees of + Chapter Masonry, including the Royal Arch degree. This makes a + compact, handy and economical volume. + + +REVISED ILLINOIS FREEMASONRY, ILL'D. + + The complete and accurate ritual of the First Seven Masonic + Degrees of the Blue Lodge and Chapter, by a Past High Priest, + with all Monitorial and Scripture Readings and the Secret Work + fully illustrated. The exact Illinois "Work." Nearly 400 + foot-notes from the highest Masonic authorities. Complete work + of 640 pages, the First Seven Degrees comprising the Blue Lodge + and the Chapter Degrees. + + Cloth $2.00 + First 3 degrees, cloth. Price 1.50 + + +POCKET LEXICON OF FREEMASONRY. + + By J.W. Morris. A reliable companion to the young Mason on the + ritual and customs of the Order, as well as a memory-aid to the + older brethren. 53 pages, cloth bound. + + Price $1.00 + Paper covers .50 + + + EZRA A. COOK, Publisher + (Incorporated) + 26 E. Van Buren St. Chicago + + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Typographical errors corrected in text: | + | | + | Page 10: aids replaced with aides | + | Page 32: agres replaced with agrees | + | Page 40: "If the Klansmen rides a horse" replaced with | + | "If the Klansman rides a horse" | + | Page 51: Bulter replaced with Butler | + | Page 63: orgaization replaced with organization | + | Page 67: law-aboding replaced with law-abiding | + | Page 68: maurading replaced with marauding | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Ku Klux Klan Secrets Exposed, by Ezra Asher Cook + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KU KLUX KLAN SECRETS EXPOSED *** + +***** This file should be named 35976.txt or 35976.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/7/35976/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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