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+Project Gutenberg's Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous, by Sarah K. Bolton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous
+
+Author: Sarah K. Bolton
+
+Release Date: April 24, 2011 [EBook #35950]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVE OF POOR BOYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Darleen Dove, Sharon Verougstraete and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  LIVES
+  OF
+  POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS.
+
+  BY
+  SARAH K. BOLTON.
+
+
+  "_There is properly no History, only Biography._"
+                                                  --EMERSON.
+
+  _Human portraits, faithfully drawn, are of all pictures the
+    welcomest on human walls._
+                                                  --CARLYLE.
+
+
+  _FORTY-FIRST THOUSAND._
+
+  NEW YORK
+  THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.
+  PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+  _Copyright,_
+  BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.
+  1885.
+
+
+  Norwood Press:
+  J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith.
+  Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+  MY ONLY SISTER,
+
+  Mrs. Halsey D. Miller,
+
+  IN REMEMBRANCE OF
+  MANY HAPPY HOURS.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+These characters have been chosen from various countries and from varied
+professions, that the youth who read this book may see that poverty is
+no barrier to success. It usually develops ambition, and nerves people
+to action. Life at best has much of struggle, and we need to be cheered
+and stimulated by the careers of those who have overcome obstacles.
+
+If Lincoln and Garfield, both farmer-boys, could come to the Presidency,
+then there is a chance for other farmer-boys. If Ezra Cornell, a
+mechanic, could become the president of great telegraph companies, and
+leave millions to a university, then other mechanics can come to fame.
+If Sir Titus Salt, working and sorting wool in a factory at nineteen,
+could build one of the model towns of the world for his thousands of
+workingmen, then there is encouragement and inspiration for other
+toilers in factories. These lives show that without WORK and WILL no
+great things are achieved.
+
+I have selected several characters because they were the centres of
+important historical epochs. With Garibaldi is necessarily told the
+story of Italian unity; with Garrison and Greeley, the fall of slavery;
+and with Lincoln and Sheridan, the battles of our Civil War.
+
+                                                    S. K. B.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                 PAGE
+
+  GEORGE PEABODY              Merchant              1
+
+  BAYARD TAYLOR               Traveller            13
+
+  Captain JAMES B. EADS       Civil Engineer       26
+
+  JAMES WATT                  Inventor             33
+
+  Sir JOSIAH MASON            Manufacturer         46
+
+  BERNARD PALISSY             Potter               54
+
+  BERTEL THORWALDSEN          Sculptor             65
+
+  WOLFGANG MOZART             Composer             72
+
+  SAMUEL JOHNSON              Author               83
+
+  OLIVER GOLDSMITH            Poet and Writer      90
+
+  MICHAEL FARADAY             Scientist            96
+
+  Sir HENRY BESSEMER          Maker of Steel      112
+
+  Sir TITUS SALT              Philanthropist      124
+
+  JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD       Silk Weaver         130
+
+  HORACE GREELEY              Editor              138
+
+  WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON      Reformer            156
+
+  GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI          Patriot             172
+
+  JEAN PAUL RICHTER           Novelist            187
+
+  LEON GAMBETTA               Statesman           204
+
+  DAVID G. FARRAGUT           Sailor              219
+
+  EZRA CORNELL                Mechanic            238
+
+  Lieut.-General SHERIDAN     Soldier             251
+
+  THOMAS COLE                 Painter             270
+
+  OLE BULL                    Violinist           284
+
+  MEISSONIER                  Artist              303
+
+  GEO. W. CHILDS              Journalist          313
+
+  DWIGHT L. MOODY             Evangelist          323
+
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN             President           342
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE PEABODY.]
+
+GEORGE PEABODY.
+
+
+If America had been asked who were to be her most munificent givers in
+the nineteenth century, she would scarcely have pointed to two grocer's
+boys, one in a little country store at Danvers, Mass., the other in
+Baltimore; both poor, both uneducated; the one leaving seven millions to
+Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, the other nearly nine millions to
+elevate humanity. George Peabody was born in Danvers, Feb. 18, 1795. His
+parents were respectable, hard-working people, whose scanty income
+afforded little education for their children. George grew up an
+obedient, faithful son, called a "mother-boy" by his companions, from
+his devotion to her,--a title of which any boy may well be proud.
+
+At eleven years of age he must go out into the world to earn his living.
+Doubtless his mother wished to keep her child in school; but there was
+no money. A place was found with a Mr. Proctor in a grocery-store, and
+here, for four years, he worked day by day, giving his earnings to his
+mother, and winning esteem for his promptness and honesty. But the boy
+at fifteen began to grow ambitious. He longed for a larger store and a
+broader field. Going with his maternal grandfather to Thetford, Vt., he
+remained a year, when he came back to work for his brother in a
+dry-goods store in Newburyport. Perhaps now in this larger town his
+ambition would be satisfied, when, lo! the store burned, and George was
+thrown out of employment.
+
+His father had died, and he was without a dollar in the world. Ambition
+seemed of little use now. However, an uncle in Georgetown, D.C., hearing
+that the boy needed work, sent for him, and thither he went for two
+years. Here he made many friends, and won trade, by his genial manner
+and respectful bearing. His tact was unusual. He never wounded the
+feelings of a buyer of goods, never tried him with unnecessary talk,
+never seemed impatient, and was punctual to the minute. Perhaps no one
+trait is more desirable than the latter. A person who breaks his
+appointments, or keeps others waiting for him, loses friends, and
+business success as well.
+
+A young man's habits are always observed. If he is worthy, and has
+energy, the world has a place for him, and sooner or later he will find
+it. A wholesale dry-goods dealer, Mr. Riggs, had been watching young
+Peabody. He desired a partner of energy, perseverance, and honesty.
+Calling on the young clerk, he asked him to put his labor against his,
+Mr. Riggs's, capital. "But I am only nineteen years of age," was the
+reply.
+
+This was considered no objection, and the partnership was formed. A year
+later, the business was moved to Baltimore. The boyish partner travelled
+on horseback through the western wilds of New York, Pennsylvania,
+Maryland, and Virginia, selling goods, and lodging over night with
+farmers or planters. In seven years the business had so increased, that
+branch houses were established in Philadelphia and New York. Finally Mr.
+Riggs retired from the firm; and George Peabody found himself, at the
+age of thirty-five, at the head of a large and wealthy establishment,
+which his own energy, industry, and honesty had helped largely to build.
+He had bent his life to one purpose, that of making his business a
+success. No one person can do many things well.
+
+Having visited London several times in matters of trade, he determined
+to make that great city his place of residence. He had studied finance
+by experience as well as close observation, and believed that he could
+make money in the great metropolis. Having established himself as a
+banker at Wanford Court, he took simple lodgings, and lived without
+display. When Americans visited London, they called upon the genial,
+true-hearted banker, whose integrity they could always depend upon, and
+transacted their business with him.
+
+In 1851, the World's Fair was opened at the Crystal Palace, London,
+Prince Albert having worked earnestly to make it a great success.
+Congress neglected to make the needed appropriations for America; and
+her people did not care, apparently, whether Powers' Greek Slave, Hoe's
+wonderful printing-press, or the McCormick Reaper were seen or not. But
+George Peabody cared for the honor of his nation, and gave fifteen
+thousand dollars to the American exhibitors, that they might make their
+display worthy of the great country which they were to represent. The
+same year, he gave his first Fourth of July dinner to leading Americans
+and Englishmen, headed by the Duke of Wellington. While he remembered
+and honored the day which freed us from England, no one did more than he
+to bind the two nations together by the great kindness of a great heart.
+
+Mr. Peabody was no longer the poor grocery boy, or the dry-goods clerk.
+He was fine looking, most intelligent from his wide reading, a total
+abstainer from liquors and tobacco, honored at home and abroad, and very
+rich. Should he buy an immense estate, and live like a prince? Should he
+give parties and grand dinners, and have servants in livery? Oh, no! Mr.
+Peabody had acquired his wealth for a different purpose. He loved
+humanity. "How could he elevate the people?" was the one question of his
+life. He would not wait till his death, and let others spend his money;
+he would have the satisfaction of spending it himself.
+
+And now began a life of benevolence which is one of the brightest in our
+history. Unmarried and childless, he made other wives and children happy
+by his boundless generosity. If the story be true, that he was once
+engaged to a beautiful American girl, who gave him up for a former poor
+lover, the world has been the gainer by her choice.
+
+In 1852, Mr. Peabody gave ten thousand dollars to help fit out the
+second expedition under Dr. Kane, in his search for Sir John Franklin;
+and for this gift a portion of the newly-discovered country was justly
+called Peabody Land. This same year, the town of Danvers, his
+birthplace, decided to celebrate its centennial. Of course the rich
+London banker was invited as one of the guests. He was too busy to be
+present, but sent a letter, to be opened on the day of the celebration.
+The seal was broken at dinner, and this was the toast, or sentiment, it
+contained: "EDUCATION--_a debt due from present to future generations._"
+A check was enclosed for twenty thousand dollars for the purpose of
+building an Institute, with a free library and free course of lectures.
+Afterward this gift was increased to two hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars. The poor boy had not forgotten the home of his childhood.
+
+Four years later, when Peabody Institute was dedicated, the giver, who
+had been absent from America twenty years, was present. New York and
+other cities offered public receptions; but he declined all save
+Danvers. A great procession was formed, the houses along the streets
+being decorated, all eager to do honor to their noble townsman. The
+Governor of Massachusetts, Edward Everett, and others made eloquent
+addresses, and then the kind-faced, great-hearted man responded:--
+
+"Though Providence has granted me an unvaried and unusual success in the
+pursuit of fortune in other lands, I am still in heart the humble boy
+who left yonder unpretending dwelling many, _very_ many years ago....
+There is not a youth within the sound of my voice whose early
+opportunities and advantages are not very much greater than were my own;
+and I have since achieved nothing that is impossible to the most humble
+boy among you. Bear in mind, that, to be truly great, it is not
+necessary that you should gain wealth and importance. Steadfast and
+undeviating _truth_, fearless and straightforward _integrity_, and an
+_honor_ ever unsullied by an unworthy word or action, make their
+possessor greater than worldly success or prosperity. These qualities
+constitute greatness."
+
+Soon after this, Mr. Peabody determined to build an Institute, combining
+a free library and lectures with an Academy of Music and an Art Gallery,
+in the city of Baltimore. For this purpose he gave over one million
+dollars--a princely gift indeed! Well might Baltimore be proud of the
+day when he sought a home in her midst.
+
+But the merchant-prince had not finished his giving. He saw the poor of
+the great city of London, living in wretched, desolate homes. Vice and
+poverty were joining hands. He, too, had been poor. He could sympathize
+with those who knew not how to make ends meet. What would so stimulate
+these people to good citizenship as comfortable and cheerful
+abiding-places? March 12, 1862, he called together a few of his trusted
+friends in London, and placed in their hands, for the erection of neat,
+tasteful dwellings for the poor, the sum of seven hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. Ah, what a friend the poor had found! not the gift of
+a few dollars, which would soon be absorbed in rent, but homes which for
+a small amount might be enjoyed as long as they lived.
+
+At once some of the worst portions of London were purchased; tumble-down
+structures were removed; and plain, high brick blocks erected, around
+open squares, where the children could find a playground. Gas and water
+were supplied, bathing and laundry rooms furnished. Then the poor came
+eagerly, with their scanty furniture, and hired one or two rooms for
+twenty-five or fifty cents a week,--cab-men, shoemakers, tailors, and
+needle-women. Tenants were required to be temperate and of good moral
+character. Soon tiny pots of flowers were seen in the windows, and a
+happier look stole into the faces of hard-working fathers and mothers.
+
+Mr. Peabody soon increased his gift to the London poor to three million
+dollars, saying, "If judiciously managed for two hundred years, its
+accumulation will amount to a sum sufficient to buy the city of London."
+
+No wonder that these gifts of millions began to astonish the world.
+London gave him the freedom of the city in a gold box,--an honor rarely
+bestowed,--and erected his bronze statue near the Royal Exchange. Queen
+Victoria wished to make him a baron; but he declined all titles. What
+gift, then, would he accept, was eagerly asked. "A letter from the Queen
+of England, which I may carry across the Atlantic, and deposit as a
+memorial of one of her most faithful sons," was the response. It is not
+strange that so pure and noble a man as George Peabody admired the
+purity and nobility of character of her who governs England so wisely.
+
+A beautiful letter was returned by the Queen, assuring him how deeply
+she appreciated his noble act of more than princely munificence,--an
+act, as the Queen believes, "wholly without parallel," and asking him to
+accept a miniature portrait of herself. The portrait, in a massive gold
+frame, is fourteen inches long and ten inches wide, representing the
+Queen in robes of state,--the largest miniature ever attempted in
+England, and for the making of which a furnace was especially built. The
+cost is believed to have been over fifty thousand dollars in gold. It is
+now preserved, with her letter, in the Peabody Institute near Danvers.
+
+Oct. 25, 1866, the beautiful white marble Institute in Baltimore was to
+be dedicated. Mr. Peabody had crossed the ocean to be present. Besides
+the famous and the learned, twenty thousand children with Peabody badges
+were gathered to meet him. The great man's heart was touched as he said,
+"Never have I seen a more beautiful sight than this vast collection of
+interesting children. The review of the finest army, attended by the
+most delightful strains of martial music, could never give me half the
+pleasure." He was now seventy-one years old. He had given nearly five
+millions; could the world expect any more? He realized that the freed
+slaves at the South needed an education. They were poor, and so were a
+large portion of the white race. He would give for their education three
+million dollars, the same amount he had bestowed upon the poor of
+London. To the trustees having this gift in charge he said, "With my
+advancing years, my attachment to my native land has but become more
+devoted. My hope and faith in its successful and glorious future have
+grown brighter and stronger. But, to make her prosperity more than
+superficial, her moral and intellectual development should keep pace
+with her material growth. I feel most deeply, therefore, that it is the
+duty and privilege of the more favored and wealthy portions of our
+nation to assist those who are less fortunate." Noble words! Mr.
+Peabody's health was beginning to fail. What he did must now be done
+quickly. Yale College received a hundred and fifty thousand dollars for
+a Museum of Natural History; Harvard the same, for a Museum of
+Arch�ology and Ethnology; to found the Peabody Academy of Science at
+Salem a hundred and forty thousand dollars; to Newburyport Library,
+where the fire threw him out of employment, and thus probably broadened
+his path in life, fifteen thousand dollars; twenty-five thousand dollars
+each to various institutions of learning throughout the country; ten
+thousand dollars to the Sanitary Commission during the war, besides four
+million dollars to his relatives; making in all thirteen million
+dollars. Just before his return to England, he made one of the most
+tender gifts of his life. The dear mother whom he idolized was dead, but
+he would build her a fitting monument; not a granite shaft, but a
+beautiful Memorial Church at Georgetown, Mass., where for centuries,
+perhaps, others will worship the God she worshipped. On a marble tablet
+are the words, "Affectionately consecrated by her children, George and
+Judith, to the memory of Mrs. Judith Peabody." Whittier wrote the hymn
+for its dedication:--
+
+    "The heart, and not the hand, has wrought,
+      From sunken base to tower above,
+    The image of a tender thought,
+      The memory of a deathless love."
+
+Nov. 4, 1869, Mr. Peabody lay dying at the house of a friend in London.
+The Queen sent a special telegram of inquiry and sympathy, and desired
+to call upon him in person; but it was too late. "It is a great
+mystery," said the dying man feebly; "but I shall know all soon." At
+midnight he passed to his reward.
+
+Westminster Abbey opened her doors for a great funeral, where statesmen
+and earls bowed their heads in honor of the departed. Then the Queen
+sent her noblest man-of-war, "Monarch," to bear in state, across the
+Atlantic, "her friend," the once poor boy of Danvers. Around the coffin,
+in a room draped in black, stood immense wax candles, lighted. When the
+great ship reached America, Legislatures adjourned, and went with
+Governors and famous men to receive the precious freight. The body was
+taken by train to Peabody, and then placed on a funeral car, eleven feet
+long and ten feet high, covered with black velvet, trimmed with silver
+lace and stars. Under the casket were winged cherubs in silver. The car
+was drawn by six horses covered with black and silver, while corps of
+artillery preceded the long procession. At sunset the Institute was
+reached, and there, surrounded by the English and American flags draped
+with crape, the guard kept silent watch about the dead. At the funeral,
+at the church, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop pronounced the eloquent eulogy,
+of the "brave, honest, noble-hearted friend of mankind," and then, amid
+a great concourse of people, George Peabody was buried at Harmony Grove,
+by the side of the mother whom he so tenderly loved. Doubtless he looked
+out upon this greensward from his attic window when a child or when he
+labored in the village store. Well might two nations unite in doing
+honor to this man, both good and great, who gave nine million dollars to
+bless humanity.
+
+[The building fund of �500,000 left by Mr. Peabody for the benefit of
+the poor of London has now been increased by rents and interest to
+�857,320. The whole of this great sum of money is in active employment,
+together with �340,000 which the trustees have borrowed. A total of
+�1,170,787 has been expended during the time the fund has been in
+existence, of which �80,903 was laid out during 1884. The results of
+these operations are seen in blocks of artisans' dwellings built on land
+purchased by the trustees and let to working men at rents within their
+means, containing conveniences and comforts not ordinarily attainable by
+them, thus fulfilling the benevolent intentions of Mr. Peabody. At the
+present time 4551 separate dwellings have been erected, containing
+10,144 rooms, inhabited by 18,453 persons. Thirteen new blocks of
+buildings are now in course of erection and near completion. Indeed,
+there is no cessation in the work of fulfilling the intentions of the
+noble bequest.--_Boston Journal_, Mar. 7, 1885.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BAYARD TAYLOR.]
+
+BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+Since Samuel Johnson toiled in Grub Street, London, literature has
+scarcely furnished a more pathetic or inspiring illustration of struggle
+to success than that of Bayard Taylor. Born of Quaker parentage in the
+little town of Kennett Square, near Philadelphia, Jan. 11, 1825, he grew
+to boyhood in the midst of fresh air and the hard work of farm-life. His
+mother, a refined and intelligent woman, who taught him to read at four,
+and who early discovered her child's love for books, shielded him as far
+as possible from picking up stones and weeding corn, and set him to
+rocking the baby to sleep. What was her amazement one day, on hearing
+loud cries from the infant, to find Bayard absorbed in reading, and
+rocking his own chair furiously, supposing it to be the cradle! It was
+evident, that, though such a boy might become a fine literary man, he
+could not be a successful baby-tender.
+
+He was especially eager to read poetry and travels, and, before he was
+twelve years old, had devoured the contents of their small circulating
+library, as well as Cooper's novels, and the histories of Gibbon,
+Robertson, and Hume. The few books which he owned were bought with money
+earned by selling nuts which he had gathered. He read Milton, Scott,
+Byron, and Wordsworth; and his mother would often hear him repeating
+poetry to his brother after they had gone to bed. He was always planning
+journeys in Europe, which seemed very far from being realized. At
+fourteen he began to study Latin and French, and at fifteen, Spanish;
+and a year later he assisted in teaching at the academy where he was
+attending school.
+
+He was ambitious; but there seemed no open door. There is never an open
+door to fame or prosperity, except we open it for ourselves. The world
+is too busy to help others; and assistance usually weakens rather than
+strengthens us. About this time he received, through request, an
+autograph from Charles Dickens, then lecturing in this country. The boy
+of sixteen wrote in his journal: "It was not without a feeling of
+ambition that I looked upon it; that as he, a humble clerk, had risen to
+be the guest of a mighty nation, so I, a humble pedagogue, might, by
+unremitted and arduous intellectual and moral exertion, become a light,
+a star, among the names of my country. May it be!... I believe all poets
+are possessed in a greater or less degree of ambition. I think this is
+never given without a mind of sufficient power to sustain it, and to
+achieve its lofty object."
+
+At seventeen, Bayard's schooling was over. He sketched well, and would
+gladly have gone to Philadelphia to study engraving; but he had no
+money. One poem had been published in the "Saturday Evening Post." Those
+only who have seen their first poem in print can experience his joy. But
+writing poetry would not earn him a living. He had no liking for
+teaching, but, as that seemed the only thing at hand, he would try to
+obtain a school. He did not succeed, however, and apprenticed himself
+for four years to a printer. He worked faithfully, using all his spare
+hours in reading and writing poetry.
+
+Two years later, he walked to Philadelphia and back--thirty miles each
+way--to see if fifteen of his poems could not be printed in a book! His
+ambition evidently had not abated. Of course no publisher would take the
+book at his own risk. There was no way of securing its publication,
+therefore, but to visit his friends, and solicit them to buy copies in
+advance. This was a trying matter for a refined nature; but it was a
+necessity. He hoped thus to earn a little money for travel, and "to win
+a name that the person who shall be chosen to share with me the toils of
+life will not be ashamed to own." This "person" was Mary Agnew, whose
+love and that of Bayard Taylor form one of the saddest and tenderest
+pictures in our literature.
+
+At last the penniless printer boy had determined to see Europe. For two
+years he had read every thing he could find upon travels abroad. His
+good mother mourned over the matter, and his acquaintances prophesied
+dire results from such a roving disposition. He would go again to
+Philadelphia, and see if the newspapers did not wish correspondence from
+Europe. All the editors politely declined the ardent boy's proposals.
+Probably he did not know that "unknown writers" are not wanted.
+
+About to return home, "not in despair," he afterwards wrote, "but in a
+state of wonder as to where my funds would come from, for I felt certain
+they would come," the editor of the "Saturday Evening Post" offered him
+four dollars a letter for twelve letters,--fifty dollars,--with the
+promise of taking more if they were satisfactory. The "United States
+Gazette" made a similar offer, and, after selling a few manuscript poems
+which he had with him, he returned home in triumph, with a hundred and
+forty dollars in his pocket! "This," he says, "seemed sufficient to
+carry me to the end of the world."
+
+Immediately Bayard and his cousin started on foot for Washington, a
+hundred miles, to see the member of Congress from their district, and
+obtain passports from him. Reaching a little village on their way
+thither, they were refused lodgings at the tavern because of the
+lateness of the hour,--nine o'clock!--and walked on till near midnight.
+Then seeing a house brilliantly lighted, as for a wedding, they
+approached, and asked the proprietor whether a tavern were near by. The
+man addressed turned fiercely upon the lads, shouting, "Begone! Leave
+the place instantly. Do you hear? Off!" The amazed boys hastened away,
+and at three o'clock in the morning, footsore and faint, after a walk of
+nearly forty miles, slept in a cart standing beside an old farmhouse.
+
+And now at nineteen, he was in New York, ready for Europe. He called
+upon the author, N. P. Willis, who had once written a kind note to him;
+and this gentleman, with a ready nature in helping others,--alas! not
+always found among writers--gave him several letters of introduction to
+newspaper men. Mr. Greeley said bluntly when applied to, "I am sick of
+descriptive letters, and will have no more of them. But I should like
+some sketches of German life and society, after you have been there, and
+know something about it. If the letters are good, you shall be paid for
+them; but don't write _until you know something_."
+
+July 1, 1844, Bayard and two young friends, after paying ten dollars
+each for steerage passage, started out for this eventful voyage. No
+wonder that, as land faded from sight, and he thought of gentle Mary
+Agnew and his devoted mother, his heart failed him, and he quite broke
+down. After twenty-eight days they landed in Liverpool, strangers, poor,
+knowing almost nothing of the world, but full of hope and enthusiasm.
+They spent three weeks in Scotland and the north of England, and then
+travelled through Belgium to Heidelberg. Bayard passed the first winter
+in Frankfort, in the plainest quarters, and then, with his knapsack on
+his back, visited Leipzig, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, and Munich. After
+this he walked over the Alps, and through Northern Italy, spending four
+months in Florence, and then visiting Rome. Often he was so poor that he
+lived on twenty cents a day. Sometimes he was without food for nearly
+two days, writing his natural and graphic letters when his ragged
+clothes were wet through, and his body faint from fasting. But the
+manly, enthusiastic youth always made friends by his good cheer and
+unselfishness.
+
+At last he was in London, with but thirty cents to buy food and lodging.
+But he had a poem of twelve hundred lines in his knapsack, which he
+supposed any London publisher would be glad to accept. He offered it;
+but it was "declined with thanks." The youth had not learned that Bayard
+Taylor unknown, and Bayard Taylor famous in two hemispheres, were two
+different names upon the title-page of a book. Publishers cannot usually
+afford to do missionary work in their business; they print what will
+sell. "Weak from sea-sickness," he says, "hungry, chilled, and without a
+single acquaintance in the great city, my situation was about as
+hopeless as it is possible to conceive."
+
+Possibly he could obtain work in a printer's shop. This he tried hour
+after hour, and failed. Finally he spent his last twopence for bread,
+and found a place to sleep in a third-rate chop-house, among sailors,
+and actors from the lower theatres. He rose early, so as not to be asked
+to pay for his bed, and again sought work. Fortunately he met an
+American publisher, who loaned him five dollars, and with a thankful
+heart he returned to pay for his lodging. For six weeks he staid in his
+humble quarters, wrote letters home to the newspapers, and also sent
+various poems to the English journals, which were all returned to him.
+For two years he supported himself on two hundred and fifty dollars a
+year, earning it all by writing. "I saw," he says, "almost nothing of
+intelligent European society; but literature and art were, nevertheless,
+open to me, and a new day had dawned in my life."
+
+On his return to America he found that his published letters had been
+widely read. He was advised to put them in a book; and "Views Afoot,"
+with a preface by N. P. Willis, were soon given to the world. Six
+editions were sold the first year; and the boy who had seen Europe in
+the midst of so much privation, found himself an author, with the
+prospect of fame. Not alone had poverty made these two years hard to
+bear. He was allowed to hold no correspondence with Mary Agnew, because
+her parents steadily refused to countenance the young lovers. He had
+wisely made his mother his confidante, and she had counselled patience
+and hope. The rising fame possibly smoothed the course of true love,
+for at twenty-one, Bayard became engaged to the idol of his heart. She
+was an intelligent and beautiful girl, with dark eyes and soft brown
+hair, and to the ardent young traveller seemed more angel than human. He
+showed her his every poem, and laid before her every purpose. He wrote
+her, "I have often dim, vague forebodings that an eventful destiny is in
+store for me"; and then he added in quaint, Quaker dialect, "I have told
+thee that existence would not be endurable without thee; I feel further
+that thy aid will be necessary to work out the destinies of the
+future.... I am really glad that thou art pleased with my poetry. One
+word from thee is dearer to me than the cold praise of all the critics
+in the land."
+
+For the year following his return home, he edited a country paper, and
+thereby became involved in debts which required the labors of the next
+three years to cancel. He now decided to go to New York if possible,
+where there would naturally be more literary society, and openings for a
+writer. He wrote to editors and publishers; but there were no vacancies
+to be filled. Finally he was offered enough to pay his board by
+translating, and this he gladly accepted. By teaching literature in a
+young ladies' school, he increased his income to nine dollars a week.
+Not a luxurious amount, surely.
+
+For a year he struggled on, saving every cent possible, and then Mr.
+Greeley gave him a place on the "Tribune," at twelve dollars a week. He
+worked constantly, often writing poetry at midnight, when his day's
+duties were over. He made true friends, such as Stedman and Stoddard,
+published a new book of poems; and in the beginning of 1849 life began
+to look full of promise. Sent by his paper to write up California, for
+six months he lived in the open air, his saddle for his pillow, and on
+his return wrote his charming book "El-dorado." He was now twenty-five,
+out of debt, and ready to marry Mary Agnew. But a dreadful cloud had
+meantime gathered and burst over their heads. The beautiful girl had
+been stricken with consumption. The May day bridal had been postponed.
+"God help me, if I lose her!" wrote the young author to Mr. Stoddard
+from her bedside. Oct. 24 came, and the dying girl was wedded to the man
+she loved. Four days later he wrote: "We have had some heart-breaking
+hours, talking of what is before us, and are both better and calmer for
+it." And, later still: "She is radiantly beautiful; but it is not the
+beauty of earth.... We have loved so long, so intimately, and so wholly,
+that the footsteps of her life have forever left their traces in mine.
+If my name should be remembered among men, hers will not be forgotten."
+Dec. 21, 1850, she went beyond; and Bayard Taylor at twenty-six was
+alone in the world, benumbed, unfitted for work of any kind. "I am not
+my true self more than half the time. I cannot work with any spirit:
+another such winter will kill me, I am certain. I shall leave next fall
+on a journey somewhere--no matter where," he wrote a friend.
+
+Fortunately he took a trip to the Far East, travelling in Egypt, Asia
+Minor, India, and Japan for two years, writing letters which made him
+known the country over. On his return, he published three books of
+travel, and accepted numerous calls in the lecture-field. His stock in
+the "Tribune" had become productive, and he was gaining great success.
+
+His next long journey was to Northern Europe, when he took his brother
+and two sisters with him, as he could enjoy nothing selfishly. This time
+he saw much of the Brownings and Thackeray, and spent two days as the
+guest of Tennyson. He was no longer the penniless youth, vainly looking
+for work in London to pay his lodging, but the well-known traveller,
+lecturer, and poet. Oct. 27, 1857, seven years after the death of Mary
+Agnew, he married the daughter of a distinguished German astronomer,
+Marie Hansen, a lady of great culture, whose companionship has ever
+proved a blessing.
+
+Tired of travel, Mr. Taylor now longed for a home for his wife and
+infant daughter, Lilian. He would erect on the old homestead, where he
+played when a boy, such a house as a poet would love to dwell in, and
+such as poet friends would delight to visit. So, with minutest care and
+thought, "Cedarcroft," a beautiful structure, was built in the midst of
+two hundred acres. Every flower, every tree, was planted with as much
+love as Scott gave to "Abbotsford." But, when it was completed, the old
+story had been told again, of expenses going far beyond expectations,
+and, instead of anticipated rest, toil and struggle to pay debts, and
+provide for constant outgoes.
+
+But Bayard Taylor was not the man to be disturbed by obstacles. He at
+once set to work to earn more than ever by his books and lectures. With
+his characteristic generosity he brought his parents and his sisters to
+live in his home, and made everybody welcome to his hospitality. The
+"Poet's Journal," a poem of exquisite tenderness, was written here, and
+"Hannah Thurston," a novel, of which fifteen thousand were soon sold.
+
+Shortly after the beginning of our civil war, Mr. Taylor was made
+Secretary of Legation at Russia. He was now forty years of age, loved,
+well-to-do, and famous. His novels--"John Godfrey's Fortunes" and the
+"Story of Kennett"--were both successful. The "Picture of St. John,"
+rich and stronger than his other poems, added to his fame. But the
+gifted and versatile man was breaking in health. Again he travelled
+abroad, and wrote "Byways in Europe." On his return he translated, with
+great care and study, "Faust," which will always be a monument to his
+learning and literary skill. He published "Lars, a Norway pastoral," and
+gave delightful lectures on German literature at Cornell University,
+and Lowell and Peabody Institutes, at Boston and Baltimore.
+
+At last he wearied of the care and constant expense of "Cedarcroft." He
+needed to be near the New York libraries. Mr. Greeley had died, his
+newspaper stock had declined, and he could not sell his home, as he had
+hoped. There was no alternative but to go back in 1871 into the daily
+work of journalism in the "Tribune" office. The rest which he had longed
+for was never to come. For four years he worked untiringly, delivering
+the Centennial Ode at our Exposition, and often speaking before learned
+societies.
+
+In 1878, President Hayes bestowed upon him a well-deserved honor, by
+appointing him minister to Berlin. Germany rejoiced that a lover of her
+life and literature had been sent to her borders. The best of New York
+gathered to say good-by to the noted author. Arriving in Berlin, Emperor
+William gave him cordial welcome, and Bismark made him a friend. A
+pleasant residence was secured, and furniture purchased. At last he was
+to find time to complete a long-desired work, the Lives of Goethe and
+Schiller. "Prince Deukalion," his last noble poem, had just reached him.
+All was ready for the best and strongest work of his life, when, lo! the
+overworked brain and body gave way. He did not murmur. Only once, Dec.
+19, he groaned, "I want--I want--oh, you know what I mean, that _stuff
+of life_!" It was too late. At fifty-three the great heart, the
+exquisite brain, the tired body, were still.
+
+    "Dead he lay among his books;
+    The peace of God was in his looks."
+
+Germany as well as America wept over the bier of the once poor Quaker
+lad, who travelled over Europe with scarce a shilling in his pocket,
+now, by his own energy, brought to one of the highest positions in the
+gift of his country. Dec. 22, the great of Germany gathered about his
+coffin, Bertold Auerbach speaking beautiful words.
+
+March 13, 1879, the dead poet lay in state in the City Hall at New York,
+in the midst of assembled thousands. The following day the body was
+borne to "Cedarcroft," and, surrounded by literary associates and tender
+friends, laid to rest. Public memorial meetings were held in various
+cities, where Holmes, Longfellow, Whittier, and others gave their loving
+tributes. A devoted student, a successful diplomat, a true friend, a
+noble poet, a gifted traveller, a man whose life will never cease to be
+an inspiration.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES B. EADS.
+
+
+On the steamship "Germanic" I played chess with the great civil
+engineer, Captain Eads, stimulated by the thought that to beat him was
+to defeat the man who had twice conquered the Mississippi. But I didn't
+defeat him.
+
+The building of a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Suez made famous the
+Frenchman, Ferdinand de Lesseps: so the opening-up of the mouth of the
+Mississippi River has distinguished Captain Eads. To-day both these men
+are struggling for the rare honor of joining, at the Isthmus of Panama,
+the waters of the great Atlantic and Pacific; a magnificent scheme,
+which, if successful, will save annually thousands of miles of dangerous
+sea-voyage around Cape Horn, besides millions of money.
+
+The "Great West" seems to delight in producing self-made men like
+Lincoln, Grant, Eads, and others.
+
+James B. Eads was born in Indiana in 1820. He is slender in form, neat
+in dress, genial, courteous, and over sixty years of age. In 1833, his
+father started down the Ohio River with his family, proposing to settle
+in Wisconsin. The boat caught fire, and his scanty furniture and
+clothing were burned. Young Eads barely escaped ashore with his
+pantaloons, shirt, and cap. Taking passage on another boat, this boy of
+thirteen landed at St. Louis with his parents; his little bare feet
+first touching the rocky shore of the city on the very spot where he
+afterwards located and built the largest steel bridge in the world, over
+the Mississippi,--one of the most difficult feats of engineering ever
+performed in America.
+
+At the age of nine, young Eads made a short trip on the Ohio, when the
+engineer of the steamboat explained to him so clearly the construction
+of the steam-engine, that, before he was a year older, he built a little
+working model of it, so perfect in its parts and movements, that his
+schoolmates would frequently go home with him after school to see it
+work. A locomotive engine driven by a concealed rat was one of his next
+juvenile feats in mechanical engineering. From eight to thirteen he
+attended school; after which, from necessity, he was placed as clerk in
+a dry-goods store.
+
+How few young people of the many to whom poverty denies an education,
+either understand the value of the saying, "knowledge is power," or
+exercise will sufficient to overcome obstacles. Willpower and thirst for
+knowledge elevated General Garfield from driving canal horses to the
+Presidency of the United States.
+
+Over the store in St. Louis, where he was engaged, his employer lived.
+He was an old bachelor, and, having observed the tastes of his clerk,
+gave him his first book in engineering. The old gentleman's library
+furnished evening companions for him during the five years he was thus
+employed. Finally, his health failing, at the age of nineteen he went on
+a Mississippi River steamer; from which time to the present day that
+great river has been to him an all-absorbing study.
+
+Soon afterwards he formed a partnership with a friend, and built a small
+boat to raise cargoes of vessels sunken in the Mississippi. While this
+boat was building, he made his first venture in submarine engineering,
+on the lower rapids of the river, by the recovery of several hundred
+tons of lead. He hired a scow or flat-boat, and anchored it over the
+wreck. An experienced diver, clad in armor, who had been hired at
+considerable expense in Buffalo, was lowered into the water; but the
+rapids were so swift that the diver, though incased in the strong armor,
+feared to be sunk to the bottom. Young Eads determined to succeed, and,
+finding it impracticable to use the armor, went ashore, purchased a
+whiskey-barrel, knocked out the head, attached the air-pump hose to it,
+fastened several heavy weights to the open end of the barrel; then,
+swinging it on a derrick, he had a practical diving-bell--the best use I
+ever heard made of a whiskey-barrel.
+
+Neither the diver, nor any of the crew, would go down in this
+contrivance: so the dauntless young engineer, having full confidence in
+what he had read in books, was lowered within the barrel down to the
+bottom; the lower end of the barrel being open. The water was sixteen
+feet deep, and very swift. Finding the wreck, he remained by it a full
+hour, hitching ropes to pig-lead till a ton or more was safely hoisted
+into his own boat. Then, making a signal by a small line attached to the
+barrel, he was lifted on deck, and in command again. The sunken cargo
+was soon successfully raised, and was sold, and netted a handsome
+profit, which, increased by other successes, enabled energetic Eads to
+build larger boats, with powerful pumps, and machinery on them for
+lifting entire vessels. He surprised all his friends in floating even
+immense sunken steamers--boats which had long been given up as lost.
+
+When the Rebellion came, it was soon evident that a strong fleet must be
+put upon Western rivers to assist our armies. Word came from the
+government to Captain Eads to report in Washington. His thorough
+knowledge of the "Father of Waters" and its tributaries, and his
+practical suggestions, secured an order to build seven gunboats, and
+soon after an order for the eighth was given.
+
+In forty-eight hours after receiving this authority, his agents and
+assistants were at work; and suitable ship-timber was felled in half a
+dozen Western States for their hulls. Contracts were awarded to large
+engine and iron works in St. Louis, Pittsburgh, and Cincinnati; and
+within one hundred days, eight powerful ironclad gunboats, carrying over
+one hundred large cannon, and costing a million dollars, were achieving
+victories no less important for the Mississippi valley than those which
+Ericsson's famous "Cheese-box Monitor" afterwards won on the James
+River.
+
+These eight gunboats, Commodore Foote ably employed in his brave attacks
+on Forts McHenry and Donaldson. They were the first ironclads the United
+States ever owned. Captain Eads covered the boats with iron: Commodore
+Foote covered them with glory.
+
+Eads built not less than fourteen of these gunboats. During the war, the
+models were exhibited by request to the German and other governments.
+His next work was to throw across the mighty Mississippi River, nearly
+half a mile wide, at St. Louis, a monstrous steel bridge, supported by
+three arches, the spans of two being five hundred and two feet long, and
+the central one five hundred and twenty feet. The huge piles were
+ingeniously sunk in the treacherous sand, one hundred and thirty-six
+feet below the flood-level to the solid rock, through ninety feet of
+sand. This bridge and its approaches cost eighty millions of dollars,
+and is used by ten or twelve railroad companies. Above the tracks is a
+big street with carriage-roads, street-cars, and walks for
+foot-passengers.
+
+The honor of building the finest bridge in the world would have
+satisfied most men, but not ambitious Captain Eads. He actually loved
+the noble river in which De Soto, its discoverer, was buried, and fully
+realized the vast, undeveloped resources of its rich valleys. Equally
+well he understood what a gigantic work in the past the river and its
+fifteen hundred sizable tributaries had accomplished in times of
+freshets, by depositing soil and sand north of the original Gulf of
+Mexico, forming an alluvial plain five hundred miles long, sixty miles
+wide, and of unknown depth, and having a delta extending out into the
+Gulf, sixty miles long, and as many miles wide, and probably a mile
+deep. And yet this heroic man, although jealously opposed for years by
+West Point engineers, having a sublime confidence in the laws of nature,
+and actuated by intense desire to benefit mankind, dared to stand on the
+immense sand-bars at the mouth of this defiant stream, and, making use
+of the jetty system, bid the river itself dig a wide, deep channel into
+the seas beyond, for the world's commerce.
+
+Captain Eads, who had studied the improvements on the Danube, Maas, and
+other European rivers, observed that all rivers flow faster in their
+narrow channels, and carry along in the swift water, sand, gravel, and
+even stones. This familiar law he applied at the South Pass of the
+Mississippi River, where the waters, though deep above, escaped from the
+banks into the Gulf, and spread sediment far and wide.
+
+The water on the sand-bars of the three principal passes varied from
+eight to thirteen feet in depth. Many vessels require twice the depth.
+Two piers, twelve hundred feet apart, were built from land's end, a mile
+into the sea. They were made from willows, timber, gravel, concrete, and
+stone. Mattresses, a hundred feet long, from twenty-five to fifty feet
+wide, and two feet thick, were constructed from small willows placed at
+right angles, and bound securely together. These were floated into
+position, and sunk with gravel, one mattress upon another, which the
+river soon filled with sand that firmly held them in their place. The
+top was finished with heavy concrete blocks, to resist the waves. These
+piers are called "jetties," and the swift collected waters have already
+carried over five million cubic yards of sand into the deep gulf, and
+made a ship-way over thirty feet deep. The five million dollars paid by
+the United States was little enough for so priceless a service.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In June, 1884, Captain Eads received the Albert medal of the British
+Society of Arts, the first American upon whom this honor has been
+conferred. Before his great enterprise of the Tehuantepec ship railroad
+had been completed, he died at Nassau, New Providence, Bahama Islands,
+March 8, 1887, after a brief illness, of pneumonia, at the age of
+sixty-seven.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JAMES WATT.]
+
+JAMES WATT.
+
+
+The history of inventors is generally the same old struggle with
+poverty. Sir Richard Arkwright, the youngest of thirteen children, with
+no education, a barber, shaving in a cellar for a penny to each
+customer, dies worth two and one-half million dollars, after being
+knighted by the King for his inventions in spinning. Elias Howe, Jr., in
+want and sorrow, lives on beans in a London attic, and dies at
+forty-five, having received over two million dollars from his
+sewing-machines in thirteen years. Success comes only through hard work
+and determined perseverance. The steps to honor, or wealth, or fame, are
+not easy to climb.
+
+The history of James Watt, the inventor of the steam-engine, is no
+exception to the rule of struggling to win. He was born in the little
+town of Greenock, Scotland, 1736. Too delicate to attend school, he was
+taught reading by his mother, and a little writing and arithmetic by his
+father. When six years of age, he would draw mechanical lines and
+circles on the hearth, with a colored piece of chalk. His favorite play
+was to take to pieces his little carpenter tools, and make them into
+different ones. He was an obedient boy, especially devoted to his
+mother, a cheerful and very intelligent woman, who always encouraged
+him. She would say in any childish quarrels, "Let James speak; from him
+I always hear the truth." Old George Herbert said, "One good mother is
+worth a hundred schoolmasters"; and such a one was Mrs. Watt.
+
+When sent to school, James was too sensitive to mix with rough boys, and
+was very unhappy with them. When nearly fourteen, his parents sent him
+to a friend in Glasgow, who soon wrote back that they must come for
+their boy, for he told so many interesting stories that he had read,
+that he kept the family up till very late at night.
+
+His aunt wrote that he would sit "for an hour taking off the lid of the
+teakettle, and putting it on, holding now a cup and now a silver spoon
+over the steam, watching how it rises from the spout, and catching and
+condensing the drops of hot water it falls into."
+
+Before he was fifteen, he had read a natural philosophy twice through,
+as well as every other book he could lay his hands on. He had made an
+electrical machine, and startled his young friends by some sudden
+shocks. He had a bench for his special use, and a forge, where he made
+small cranes, pulleys, pumps, and repaired instruments used on ships. He
+was fond of astronomy, and would lie on his back on the ground for
+hours, looking at the stars.
+
+Frail though he was in health, yet he must prepare himself to earn a
+living. When he was eighteen, with many tender words from his mother,
+her only boy started for Glasgow to learn the trade of making
+mathematical instruments. In his little trunk, besides his "best
+clothes," which were a ruffled shirt, a velvet waistcoat, and silk
+stockings, were a leather apron and some carpenter tools. Here he found
+a position with a man who sold and mended spectacles, repaired fiddles,
+and made fishing nets and rods.
+
+Finding that he could learn very little in this shop, an old
+sea-captain, a friend of the family, took him to London. Here, day after
+day, he walked the streets, asking for a situation; but nobody wanted
+him. Finally he offered to work for a watchmaker without pay, till he
+found a place to learn his trade. This he at last obtained with a Mr.
+Morgan, to whom he agreed to give a hundred dollars for the year's
+teaching. As his father was poorly able to help him, the conscientious
+boy lived on two dollars a week, earning most of this pittance by rising
+early, and doing odd jobs before his employer opened his shop in the
+morning. He labored every evening until nine o'clock, except Saturday,
+and was soon broken in health by hunger and overwork. His mother's heart
+ached for him, but, like other poor boys, he must make his way alone.
+
+At the end of the year he went to Glasgow to open a shop for himself;
+but other mechanics were jealous of a new-comer, and would not permit
+him to rent a place. A professor at the Glasgow University knew the
+deserving young man, and offered him a room in the college, which he
+gladly accepted. He and the lad who assisted him could earn only ten
+dollars a week, and there was little sale for the instruments after they
+were made: so, following the example of his first master, he began to
+make and mend flutes, fiddles, and guitars, though he did not know one
+note from another. One of his customers wanted an organ built, and at
+once Watt set to work to learn the theory of music. When the organ was
+finished, a remarkable one for those times, the young machinist had
+added to it several inventions of his own.
+
+This earning a living was a hard matter; but it brought energy,
+developed thought, and probably helped more than all else to make him
+famous. The world in general works no harder than circumstances compel.
+
+Poverty is no barrier to falling in love, and, poor though he was, he
+now married Margaret Miller, his cousin, whom he had long tenderly
+loved. Their home was plain and small; but she had the sweetest of
+dispositions, was always happy, and made his life sunny even in its
+darkest hours of struggling.
+
+Meantime he had made several intellectual friends in the college, one of
+whom talked much to him about a steam-carriage. Steam was not by any
+means unknown. Hero, a Greek physician who lived at Alexandria a century
+before the Christian era, tells how the ancients used it. Some crude
+engines were made in Watt's time, the best being that of Thomas
+Newcomen, called an atmospheric engine, and used in raising water from
+coal-mines. It could do comparatively little, however; and many of the
+mines were now useless because the water nearly drowned the miners.
+
+Watt first experimented with common vials for steam-reservoirs, and
+canes hollowed out for steam-pipes. For months he went on working night
+and day, trying new plans, testing the powers of steam, borrowing a
+brass syringe a foot long for his cylinder, till finally the essential
+principles of the steam-engine were born in his mind. He wrote to a
+friend, "My whole thoughts are bent on this machine. I can think of
+nothing else." He hired an old cellar, and for two months worked on his
+model. His tools were poor; his foreman died; and the engine, when
+completed, leaked in all parts. His old business of mending instruments
+had fallen off; he was badly in debt, and had no money to push forward
+the invention. He believed he had found the right principle; but he
+could not let his family starve. Sick at heart, and worn in body, he
+wrote: "Of all things in life there is nothing more foolish than
+inventing." Poor Watt!
+
+His great need was money,--money to buy food, money to buy tools, money
+to give him leisure for thought. Finally, a friend induced Dr. Roebuck,
+an iron-dealer, to become Watt's partner, pay his debts of five thousand
+dollars, take out a patent, and perfect the engine. Watt went to London
+for his patent, but so long was he delayed by indifferent officials,
+that he wrote home to his young wife, quite discouraged. With a brave
+heart in their pinching poverty, Margaret wrote back, "I beg that you
+will not make yourself uneasy, though things should not succeed to your
+wish. If the engine will not do, _something else will; never despair_."
+
+On his return home, for six months he worked in setting up his engine.
+The cylinder, having been badly cast, was almost worthless; the piston,
+though wrapped in cork, oiled rags, and old hat, let the air in and the
+steam out; and the model proved a failure. "To-day," he said, "I enter
+the thirty-fifth year of my life, and I think I have hardly yet done
+thirty-five pence worth of good in the world: but I cannot help it." The
+path to success was not easy.
+
+Dr. Roebuck was getting badly in debt, and could not aid him as he had
+promised; so Watt went sadly back to surveying, a business he had taken
+up to keep the wolf from the door. In feeble health, out in the worst
+weather, his clothes often wet through, life seemed almost unbearable.
+When absent on one of these surveying excursions, word was brought that
+Margaret, his beloved wife, was dead. He was completely unnerved. Who
+would care for his little children, or be to him what he had often
+called her, "the comfort of his life"? After this he would often pause
+on the threshold of his humble home to summon courage to enter, since
+she was no longer there to welcome him. She had shared his poverty, but
+was never to share his fame and wealth.
+
+And now came a turning-point in his life, though the struggles were by
+no means over. At Birmingham, lived Matthew Boulton, a rich
+manufacturer, eight years older than Watt. He employed over a thousand
+men in his hardware establishment, and in making clocks, and reproducing
+rare vases. He was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, with whom he had
+corresponded about the steam-engine, and he had also heard of Watt and
+his invention through Dr. Roebuck. He was urged to assist. But Watt
+waited three years longer for aid. Nine years had passed since he made
+his invention; he was in debt, without business, and in poor health.
+What could he do? He seemed likely to finish life without any success.
+
+Finally Boulton was induced to engage in the manufacture of engines,
+giving Watt one-third of the profits, if any were made. One engine was
+constructed by Boulton's men, and it worked admirably. Soon orders came
+in for others, as the mines were in bad condition, and the water must be
+pumped out. Fortunes, like misfortunes, rarely come singly. Just at this
+time the Russian Government offered Watt five thousand dollars yearly if
+he would go to that country. Such a sum was an astonishment. How he
+wished Margaret could have lived to see this proud day!
+
+He could not well be spared from the company now; so he lived on at
+Birmingham, marrying a second time, Anne Macgregor of Scotland, to care
+for his children and his home. She was a very different woman from
+Margaret Miller; a neat housekeeper, but seemingly lacking in the
+lovable qualities which make sunshine even in the plainest home.
+
+As soon as the Boulton and Watt engines were completed, and success
+seemed assured, obstacles arose from another quarter. Engines had been
+put into several Cornwall mines, which bore the singular names of "Ale
+and Cakes," "Wheat Fanny," "Wheat Abraham," "Cupboard," and "Cook's
+Kitchen." As soon as the miners found that these engines worked well,
+they determined to destroy the patent by the cry that Boulton and Watt
+had a monopoly of a thing which the world needed. Petitions were
+circulated, giving great uneasiness to both the partners. Several
+persons also stole the principle of the engine, either by bribing the
+engine-men, or by getting them drunk so that they would tell the secrets
+of their employers. The patent was constantly infringed upon. Every hour
+was a warfare. Watt said, "The rascality of mankind is almost past
+belief."
+
+Meantime Boulton, with his many branches of business, and the low state
+of trade, had gotten deeply in debt, and was pressed on every side for
+the tens of thousands which he owed. Watt was nearly insane with this
+trouble. He wrote to Boulton: "I cannot rest in my bed until these money
+matters have assumed some determinate form. I am plagued with the blues.
+I am quite eaten up with the mulligrubs."
+
+Soon after this, Watt invented the letter-copying press, which at first
+was greatly opposed, because it was thought that forged names and
+letters would result. After a time, however, there was great demand for
+it. Watt was urged by Boulton to invent a rotary engine; but this was
+finally done by their head workman, William Murdock, the inventor of
+lighting by gas. He also made the first model of a locomotive, which
+frightened the village preacher nearly out of his senses, as it came
+puffing down the street one evening. Though devoted to his employers,
+sometimes working all night for them, they counselled him to give up all
+thought about his locomotive, lest by developing it he might in time
+withdraw from their firm. Alas for the selfishness of human nature! He
+was never made a partner, and, though he thought out many inventions
+after his day's work was done, he remained faithful to their service
+till the end of his life. Mr. Buckle tells this good story of Murdock.
+Having found that fish-skins could be used instead of isinglass, he came
+to London to inform the brewers, and took board in a handsome house.
+Fancying himself in his laboratory, he went on with his experiments.
+Imagine the horror of the landlady when she entered his room, and found
+her elegant wall-paper covered with wet fish-skins, hung up to dry! The
+inventor took an immediate departure with his skins. When the rotary
+engine was finished, the partners sought to obtain a charter, when lo!
+The millers and mealmen all opposed it, because, said they, "If flour is
+ground by steam, the wind and water-mills will stop, and men will be
+thrown out of work." Boulton and Watt viewed with contempt this new
+obstacle of ignorance. "Carry out this argument," said the former, "and
+we must annihilate water-mills themselves, and go back again to the
+grinding of corn by hand labor." Presently a large mill was burned by
+incendiaries, with a loss of fifty thousand dollars.
+
+Watt about this time invented his "Parallel Motion," and the Governor,
+for regulating the speed of the engine. Large orders began to come in,
+even from America and the West Indies; but not till they had expended
+two hundred thousand dollars were there any profits. Times were
+brightening for the hard-working inventor. He lost his despondency, and
+did not long for death, as he had previously.
+
+After a time, he built a lovely home at Heathfield, in the midst of
+forty acres of trees, flowers, and tasteful walks. Here gathered some of
+the greatest minds of the world,--Dr. Priestley who discovered oxygen,
+Sir William Herschel, Dr. Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood, and scores of others,
+who talked of science and literature. Mrs. Watt so detested dirt, and so
+hated the sight of her husband's leather apron and soiled hands, that he
+built for himself a "garret," where he could work unmolested by his
+wife, or her broom and dustpan. She never allowed even her two pug-dogs
+to cross the hall without wiping their feet on the mat. She would seize
+and carry away her husband's snuff-box, wherever she found it, because
+she considered snuff as dirt. At night, when she retired from the
+dining-room, if Mr. Watt did not follow at the time fixed by her, she
+sent a servant to remove the lights. If friends were present, he would
+say meekly, "We must go," and walk slowly out of the room. Such conduct
+must have been about as trying as the failure of his engines. For days
+together he would stay in his garret, not even coming down to his meals,
+cooking his food in his frying-pan and Dutch oven, which he kept by him.
+One cannot help wondering, whether, sometimes, as he worked up there
+alone, he did not think of Margaret, whose face would have brightened
+even that dingy room.
+
+A crushing sorrow now came to him. His only daughter, Jessie, died, and
+then his pet son, Gregory, the dearest friend of Humphry Davy, a young
+man of brilliant scholarship and oratorical powers. Boulton died before
+his partner, loved and lamented by all, having followed the precept he
+once gave to Watt: "Keep your mind and your heart pleasant, if possible;
+for the way to go through life sweetly is not to regard rubs."
+
+Watt died peacefully Aug. 19, 1819, in his eighty-third year, and was
+buried in beautiful Handsworth Church. Here stands Chantrey's
+masterpiece, a sitting statue of the great inventor. Another is in
+Westminster Abbey. When Lord Brougham was asked to write the inscription
+for this monument, he said, "I reckon it one of the chief honors of my
+life." Sir James Mackintosh placed him "at the head of all inventors in
+all ages and nations"; and Wordsworth regarded him, "Considering both
+the magnitude and the universality of his genius, as perhaps the most
+extraordinary man that this country has ever produced."
+
+After all the struggle came wealth and fame. The mine opens up its
+treasures only to those who are persevering enough to dig into it; and
+life itself yields little, only to such as have the courage and the will
+to overcome obstacles.
+
+Heathfield has passed into other hands; but the quiet garret is just as
+James Watt left it at death. Here is a large sculpture machine, and many
+busts partly copied. Here is his handkerchief tied to the beam on which
+he rested his head. The beam itself is crumbling to dust. Little pots of
+chemicals on the shelves are hardened by age. A bunch of withered grapes
+is on a dish, and the ashes are in the grate as when he sat before it.
+Close by is the hair trunk of his beloved Gregory, full of his
+schoolbooks, his letters, and his childish toys. This the noble old man
+kept beside him to the last.
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOSIAH MASON.
+
+
+One sunny morning in June, I went out five miles from the great
+manufacturing city of Birmingham, England, to the pretty town called
+Erdington, to see the Mason Orphanage. I found an immense brick
+structure, with high Gothic towers, in the midst of thirteen acres of
+velvety lawn. Over the portals of the building were the words, "DO DEEDS
+OF LOVE." Three hundred happy children were scattered over the premises,
+the girls in brown dresses with long white aprons: some were in the
+great play-room, some doing the housework, and some serving at dinner.
+Sly Cupid creeps into an orphan-asylum even; and the matron had to watch
+carefully lest the biggest pieces of bread and butter be given by the
+girls to the boys they liked best.
+
+In the large grounds, full of flowers and trees, among the children he
+so tenderly loved and called by name, the founder, Sir Josiah Mason, and
+his wife, are buried, in a beautiful mausoleum, a Gothic chapel, with
+stone carving and stained-glass windows.
+
+[Illustration: SIR JOSIAH MASON.]
+
+And who was this founder?
+
+In a poor, plain home in Kidderminster, Feb. 23 1795, Sir Josiah Mason
+was born. His father was a weaver, and his mother the daughter of a
+laborer. At eight years of age, with of course little education, the boy
+began the struggle of earning a living. His mother fitted up two baskets
+for him, and these he filled with baker's cakes, and sold them about the
+streets. Little Joe became so great a favorite, that the buyers often
+gave him an extra penny. Finally a donkey was obtained; and a bag
+containing cakes in one end, and fruit and vegetables in the other, was
+strapped across his back. In this way, for seven years, Joe peddled from
+door to door. Did anybody ever think then that he would be rich and
+famous?
+
+The poor mother helped him with her scanty means, and both parents
+allowed him to keep all he could make. His father's advice used to be,
+"Joe, thee'st got a few pence; never let anybody know how much thee'st
+got in thee pockets." And well the boy carried out his father's
+injunction in afterlife.
+
+When he was fifteen, his brother had become a confirmed invalid, and
+needed a constant attendant. The father was away at the shop, and the
+mother busy with her cares: so Joe, who thought of others always before
+himself, determined to be nurse, and earn some money also. He set about
+becoming a shoemaker, having learned the trade from watching an old man
+who lived near their house; but he could make only a bare pittance. Then
+he taught himself writing, and earned a trifle for composing letters and
+Valentines for his poor neighbors. This money he spent in books, for he
+was eager for an education. He read no novels nor poetry, but books of
+history, science, and theology.
+
+Finally the mother started a small grocery and bakery, and Joe assisted.
+Many of their customers were tramps and beggars, who could buy only an
+ounce or half-ounce of tea; but even a farthing was welcome to the
+Masons. Later, Josiah took up carpet-weaving and blacksmithing; but he
+could never earn more than five dollars a week, and he became restless
+and eager for a broader field. He had courage, was active and
+industrious, and had good habits.
+
+He was now twenty-one. He decided to go to Birmingham on Christmas Day,
+to visit an uncle whom he had never seen. He went, and this was the
+turning-point of his life. His uncle gave him work in making gilt toys;
+and, what was perhaps better still for the poor young man, he fell in
+love with his cousin Annie Griffiths, and married her the following
+year. This marriage proved a great blessing, and for fifty-two years,
+childless, they two were all in all to each other. For six years the
+young husband worked early and late, with the promise of succeeding to
+the small business; but at the end of these years the promise was
+broken, and Mason found himself at thirty, out of work, and owning less
+than one hundred dollars.
+
+Walking down the street one day in no very happy frame of mind, a
+stranger stepped up to him, and said, "Mr. Mason?"
+
+"Yes," was the answer.
+
+"You are now, I understand, without employment. I know some one who
+wants just such a man as you, and I will introduce him to you. Will you
+meet me to-morrow morning at Mr. Harrison's, the split-ring maker?"
+
+"I will."
+
+The next day the stranger said to Mr. Harrison, "I have brought you the
+very man you want."
+
+The business man eyed Mason closely, saying, "I've had a good many young
+men come here; but they are afraid of dirtying their fingers."
+
+Mason opened his somewhat calloused hands, and, looking at them, said,
+"Are _you_ ashamed of dirtying yourselves to get your own living?"
+
+Mason was at once employed, and a year later Mr. Harrison offered him
+the business at twenty-five hundred dollars. Several men, observing the
+young man's good qualities, had offered to loan him money when he should
+go into trade for himself. He bethought him of these friends, and called
+upon them; but they all began to make excuse. The world's proffers of
+help or friendship we can usually discount by half. Seeing that not a
+dollar could be borrowed, Mr. Harrison generously offered to wait for
+the principal till it could be earned out of the profits. This was a
+noble act, and Mr. Mason never ceased to be grateful for it.
+
+He soon invented a machine for bevelling hoop-rings, and made five
+thousand dollars the first year from its use. Thenceforward his life
+reads like a fairy-tale. One day, seeing some steel pens on a card, in a
+shop-window, he went in and purchased one for twelve cents. That evening
+he made three, and enclosed one in a letter to Perry of London, the
+maker, paying eighteen cents' postage, which now would be only two
+cents.
+
+His pen was such an improvement that Mr. Perry at once wrote for all he
+could make. In a few years, Mason became the greatest pen-maker in the
+world, employing a thousand persons, and turning out over five million
+pens per week. Sixty tons of pens, containing one and a half million
+pens to the ton, were often in his shops. What a change from peddling
+cakes from door to door in Kidderminster!
+
+Later he became the moneyed partner in the great electro-plating trade
+of the Elkingtons, whose beautiful work at the Centennial Exposition we
+all remember.
+
+Mr. Mason never forgot his laborers. When he established copper-smelting
+works in Wales, he built neat cottages for the workmen, and schools for
+the three hundred and fifty children. The Welsh refused to allow their
+children to attend school where they would be taught English. Mr. Mason
+overcame this by distributing hats, bonnets, and other clothing to the
+pupils, and, once in school, they needed no urging to remain. The
+manufacturer was as hard a worker as any of his men. For years he was
+the first person to come to his factory, and the last to leave it. He
+was quick to decide a matter, and act upon it, and the most rigid
+economist of time. He allowed nobody to waste his precious hours with
+idle talk, nor did he waste theirs. He believed, with Shakespeare, that
+"Talkers are no good doers." His hours were regular. He took much
+exercise on foot, and lived with great simplicity. He was always
+cheerful, and had great self-control. Finally he began to ask himself
+how he could best use his money before he died. He remembered his poor
+struggling mother in his boyish days. His first gift should be a home
+for aged women--a noble thought!--his next should be for orphans, as he
+was a great lover of children. For eight years he watched the beautiful
+buildings of his Orphanage go up, and then saw the happy children
+gathered within, bringing many of them from Kidderminster, who were as
+destitute as himself when a boy. He seemed to know and love each child,
+for whose benefit he had included even his own lovely home, a million
+dollars in all. The annual income for the Orphanage is about fifty
+thousand dollars. What pleasure he must have had as he saw them swinging
+in the great playgrounds, where he had even thought to make triple
+columns so that they could the better play hide-and-seek! At eight, he
+was trudging the streets to earn bread; they should have an easier lot
+through his generosity.
+
+For this and other noble deeds Queen Victoria made him a knight. What
+would his poor mother have said to such an honor for her boy, had she
+been alive!
+
+What would the noble man, now over eighty, do next with his money? He
+recalled how hard it had been for him to obtain knowledge. The colleges
+were patronized largely by the rich. He would build a great School of
+Science, free to all who depended upon themselves for support. They
+might study mathematics, languages, chemistry, civil engineering,
+without distinction of sex or race. For five years he watched the
+elegant brick and stone structure in Birmingham rise from its
+foundations. And then, Oct. 1, 1880, in the midst of assembled
+thousands, and in the presence of such men as Fawcett, Bright, and Max
+Muller, Mason Science College was formally opened. Professor Huxley, R.
+W. Dale, and others made eloquent addresses. In the evening, a thousand
+of the best of England gathered at the college, made beautiful by
+flowers and crimson drapery. On a dais sat the noble giver, in his
+eighty-sixth year. The silence was impressive as the grand old man
+arose, handing the key of his college, his million-dollar gift, to the
+trustees. Surely truth is stranger than fiction! To what honor and
+renown had come the humble peddler!
+
+On the following 25th of June, Sir Josiah Mason was borne to his grave,
+in the Erdington mausoleum. Three hundred and fifty orphan-children
+followed his coffin, which was carried by eight servants or workingmen,
+as he had requested. After the children had sung a hymn, they covered
+the coffin-lid with flowers, which he so dearly loved. He sleeps in the
+midst of his gifts, one of England's noble benefactors.
+
+
+
+
+BERNARD PALISSY.
+
+
+In the Louvre in Paris, preserved among almost priceless gems, are
+several pieces of exquisite pottery called Palissy ware. Thousands
+examine them every year, yet but few know the struggles of the man who
+made such beautiful works of art.
+
+Born in the south of France in 1509, in a poor, plain home, Bernard
+Palissy grew to boyhood, sunny-hearted and hopeful, learning the trade
+of painting on glass from his father. He had an ardent love for nature,
+and sketched rocks, birds, and flowers with his boyish hands. When he
+was eighteen, he grew eager to see the world, and, with a tearful
+good-by from his mother, started out to seek his fortune. For ten years
+he travelled from town to town, now painting on glass for some rich
+lord, and now sketching for a peasant family in return for food.
+Meantime he made notes about vegetation, and the forming of crystals in
+the mountains of Auvergne, showing that he was an uncommon boy.
+
+[Illustration: BERNARD PALISSY.]
+
+Finally, like other young people, he fell in love, and was married at
+twenty-eight. He could not travel about the country now, so he settled
+in the little town of Saintes. Then a baby came into their humble home.
+How could he earn more money, since the poor people about him had no
+need for painted glass? Every time he tried to plan some new way to grow
+richer, his daily needs weighed like a millstone around his neck.
+
+About this time he was shown an elegant enamelled cup from Italy. "What
+if I could be the first and only maker of such ware in France?" thought
+he. But he had no knowledge of clay, and no money to visit Italy, where
+alone the secret could be obtained.
+
+The Italians began making such pottery about the year 1300. Two
+centuries earlier, the Pagan King of Majorca, in the Mediterranean Sea,
+was said to keep confined in his dungeons twenty thousand Christians.
+The Archbishop of Pisa incited his subjects to make war upon such an
+infidel king, and after a year's struggle, the Pisans took the island,
+killed the ruler, and brought home his heir, and great booty. Among the
+spoils were exquisite Moorish plates, which were so greatly admired that
+they were hung on the walls of Italian churches. At length the people
+learned to imitate this Majolica ware, which brought very high prices.
+
+The more Palissy thought about this beautiful pottery, the more
+determined he became to attempt its making. But he was like a man
+groping in the dark. He had no knowledge of what composed the enamel on
+the ware; but he purchased some drugs, and ground them to powder. Then
+he bought earthen pots, broke them in pieces, spread the powder upon the
+fragments, and put them in a furnace to bake. He could ill afford to
+build a furnace, or even to buy the earthenware; but he comforted his
+young wife with the thought that as soon as he had discovered what would
+produce white enamel they would become rich.
+
+When the pots had been heated sufficiently, as he supposed, he took them
+out, but, lo! the experiment had availed nothing. Either he had not hit
+upon the right ingredients, or the baking had been too long or too short
+in time. He must of course try again. For days and weeks he pounded and
+ground new materials; but no success came. The weeks grew into months.
+Finally his supply of wood became exhausted, and the wife was losing her
+patience with these whims of an inventor. They were poor, and needed
+present income rather than future prospects. She had ceased to believe
+Palissy's stories of riches coming from white enamel. Had she known that
+she was marrying an inventor, she might well have hesitated, lest she
+starve in the days of experimenting; but now it was too late.
+
+His wood used up, Palissy was obliged to make arrangements with a potter
+who lived three miles away, to burn the broken pieces in his furnace.
+His enthusiasm made others hopeful; so that the promise to pay when
+white enamel was discovered was readily accepted. To make matters sure
+of success at this trial, he sent between three and four hundred pieces
+of earthenware to his neighbor's furnace. Some of these would surely
+come back with the powder upon them melted, and the surface would be
+white. Both himself and wife waited anxiously for the return of the
+ware; she much less hopeful than he, however. When it came, he says in
+his journal, "I received nothing but shame and loss, because it turned
+out good for nothing."
+
+Two years went by in this almost hopeless work, then a third,--three
+whole years of borrowing money, wood, and chemicals; three years of
+consuming hope and desperate poverty. Palissy's family had suffered
+extremely. One child had died, probably from destitution. The poor wife
+was discouraged, and at last angered at his foolishness. Finally the
+pottery fever seemed to abate, and Palissy went back to his drudgery of
+glass-painting and occasional surveying. Nobody knew the struggle it had
+cost to give up the great discovery; but it must be done.
+
+Henry II., who was then King of France, had placed a new tax on salt,
+and Palissy was appointed to make maps of all the salt-marshes of the
+surrounding country. Some degree of comfort now came back to his family.
+New clothes were purchased for the children, and the overworked wife
+repented of her lack of patience. When the surveying was completed, a
+little money had been saved, but, alas! the pottery fever had returned.
+
+Three dozen new earthen pots were bought, chemicals spread over them as
+before, and these taken to a glass-furnace, where the heat would be much
+greater. He again waited anxiously, and when they were returned, some of
+the powder had actually melted, and run over the earthenware. This added
+fuel to the flame of his hope and ambition. And now, for two whole years
+more, he went between his house and the glass-furnace, always hoping,
+always failing.
+
+His home had now become like a pauper's. For five years he had chased
+this will-o'-the-wisp of white enamel; and the only result was the
+sorrow of his relatives and the scorn of his neighbors. Finally he
+promised his heart-broken wife that he would make but one more trial,
+and if this failed, he would give up experimenting, and support her and
+the children. He resolved that this should be an almost superhuman
+effort. In some unknown way he raised the money for new pots and three
+hundred mixtures of chemicals. Then, with the feelings of a man who has
+but one chance for life, he walked beside the person who carried his
+precious stock to the furnace. He sat down before the mouth of the great
+hot oven, and waited four long hours. With what a sinking heart he
+watched the pieces as they were taken out! He hardly dared look, because
+it would probably be the old story of failure. But, lo! some were
+melted, and as they hardened, oh, joy unspeakable, they turned white!
+He hastened home with unsteady step, like one intoxicated, to tell his
+wife the overwhelming truth. Surely he could not stop now in this great
+work; and all must be done in secret, lest other potters learn the art.
+
+Fears, no doubt, mingled with the new-born hopes of Mrs. Palissy, for
+there was no regular work before her husband, and no steady income for
+hungry little mouths. Besides, he must needs build a furnace in the shed
+adjoining their home. But how could he obtain the money? Going to the
+brick yard, he pledged some of the funds he hoped to receive in the
+future, and brought home the bricks upon his back. Then he spent seven
+long months experimenting in clay vessels, that he might get the best
+shapes and quality to take the enamel. For another month, from early
+morning till late at night, he pounded his preparations of tin, lead,
+iron, and copper, and mixed them, as he hoped, in proper proportions.
+When his furnace was ready, he put in his clay pots, and seated himself
+before the mouth.
+
+All day and all night, he fed the fire, his little children bringing him
+soup, which was all the food the house afforded. A second day and night
+he watched the results eagerly; but the enamel did not melt. Covered
+with perspiration, and faint from loss of sleep and food, with the
+desperation of hope that is akin to despair, for six days and six
+nights, catching scarcely a moment of sleep, he watched the earthen
+pots; but still the enamel did not melt. At last, thinking that his
+proportions in his mixtures might have been wrong, he began once more to
+pound and grind the materials without letting his furnace cool. His clay
+vessels which he had spent seven months in making were also useless, so
+he hastened to the shops, and bought new ones.
+
+The family were now nearly frantic with poverty and the pottery madness
+of the father. To make matters quite unbearable, the wood had given out,
+and the furnace-fires must not stop. Almost wild with hope deferred, and
+the necessities of life pressing upon him, Palissy tore up the fence
+about his garden, and thrust it into the furnace-mouth. Still the enamel
+did not melt. He rushed into the house, and began breaking up the table
+and chairs for fuel. His wife and children were horrified. They ran
+through the streets, crying out that Palissy was tearing the house down,
+and had become crazy. The neighbors gathered, and begged him to desist,
+but all to no purpose. He tore up the floors of the house, and threw
+them in. The town jeered at him, and said, "It is right that he die of
+hunger, seeing that he has left off following his trade." He was
+exhausted and dried up by the heat of the furnace; but still he could
+not yield. Finally the enamel melted. But now he was more crazy than
+before. He must go forward, come what might.
+
+With his family nearer than ever to starvation, he hired an assistant
+potter, promising the old promise,--to pay when the discovery had been
+perfected. The town of Saintes must have become familiar with that
+promise. An innkeeper boarded the potter for six months, and charged it
+to Palissy, to be paid, like all the other bills, in the future.
+Probably Mrs. Palissy did not wish to board the assistant, even had she
+possessed the necessary food. At the end of the six months the potter
+departed, receiving, as pay, nearly all Palissy's wearing-apparel, which
+probably was scarcely worth carrying away.
+
+He now felt obliged to build an improved furnace, tearing down the old
+one to recover the bricks, nearly turned to stone by the intense heat.
+His hands were fearfully bruised and cut in the work. He begged and
+borrowed more money, and once more started his furnace, with the boast
+that this time he would draw three or four hundred francs from it. When
+the ware was drawn out, the creditors came, eager for their share; but,
+alas! there was no share for them. The mortar had been full of flints,
+which adhered to the vessels; and Palissy broke the spoiled lot in
+pieces. The neighbors called him a fool; the wife joined in the
+maledictions--and who could blame her?
+
+Under all this disappointment his spirit gave way, and he fled to his
+chamber, and threw himself upon the bed. Six of his children had died
+from want during the last ten years of struggle. What agony for the fond
+mother! "I was so wasted in person," he quaintly wrote afterwards,
+"that there was no form nor prominence of muscle on my arms or legs;
+also the said legs were throughout of one size, so that the garters with
+which I tied my stockings were at once, when I walked, down upon my
+heels, with the stockings too. I was despised and mocked by all."
+
+But the long lane turned at last. He stopped for a year, and took up his
+old work to support his dying family, and then perfected his discovery.
+For five or six years there were many failures,--the furnaces were too
+hot, or the proportions were wrong; but finally the work became very
+beautiful. His designs from nature were perfect, and his coloring
+marvellous. His fame soon spread abroad; and such nobles as Montmorenci,
+who stood next in rank to the King, and counts and barons, were his
+patrons. He designed tiles for the finest palaces, ideal heads of the
+Saviour, and dainty forms from Greek mythology.
+
+Invited by Catherine de Medicis, wife of King Henry II., Palissy removed
+to Paris, and was thenceforward called "Bernard of the Tuileries." He
+was now rich and famous. What a change from that day when his
+half-starved wife and children fled along the streets of Saintes, their
+furniture broken up for furnace-fires! And yet, but for this blind
+devotion to a single object, he would have remained a poor, unknown
+glass-painter all his life. While in Paris, he published two or three
+books which showed wide knowledge of history, mines, springs, metals,
+and philosophy. He founded a Museum of Natural History, and for eight
+years gave courses of lectures, attended by all the learned men of the
+day. When his great learning was commented upon, he replied, "I have had
+no other book than the sky and the earth, known to all." A wonderful man
+indeed!
+
+All his life Palissy was a devoted Huguenot, not fearing to read his
+Bible, and preach to the people daily from it. Once he was imprisoned at
+Bordeaux, and but for his genius, and his necessity to the beautifying
+of palaces and chapels, he would have been put to death. When he was
+seventy-six, under the brutal Henry III., he was shut up in the
+Bastille. After nearly four years, the curled and vain monarch visited
+him, and said, "My good man, you have been forty-five years in the
+service of the Queen my mother, or in mine, and we have suffered you to
+live in your own religion, amidst all the executions and the massacres.
+Now, however, I am so pressed by the Guise party and my people, that I
+have been compelled, in spite of myself, to imprison these two poor
+women and you; they are to be burnt to-morrow, and you also, if you will
+not be converted."
+
+"Sire," answered the old man, "you have said several times that you feel
+pity for me; but it is I who pity you, who have said, 'I am compelled.'
+That is not speaking like a King. These girls and I, who have part in
+the kingdom of heaven, we will teach you to talk royally. The Guisarts,
+all your people, and yourself, cannot compel a potter to bow down to
+images of clay."
+
+The two girls were burnt a few months afterward. The next year, 1589,
+Henry III. was stabbed by a monk who knelt before his throne; and the
+same year, Palissy died in the Bastille, at the age of eighty.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THORWALDSEN.]
+
+BERTEL THORWALDSEN.
+
+
+A few months ago we visited a plain old house in Copenhagen, the boyhood
+home of the great Danish sculptor. Here he worked with his father, a
+poor wood-carver, who, thinking his boy would be a more skilful workman
+if he learned to draw, sent him to the Free Royal Academy of Fine Arts
+when he was twelve years old. At the end of four years he took a prize,
+and the fact was mentioned in the newspapers. The next day, one of the
+teachers asked, "Thorwaldsen, is it your brother who has carried off the
+prize?"
+
+Bertel's cheeks colored with pride as he said, "No, sir; it is I." The
+teacher changed his tone, and replied, "Mr. Thorwaldsen, you will go up
+immediately to the first rank."
+
+Years afterward, when he had become famous, he said no praise was ever
+so sweet as being called "Mr." when he was poor and unknown.
+
+Two years later, he won another prize; but he was now obliged to stay at
+home half the time to help support the large family. Obtaining a small
+gold medal from the Academy, although so modest that, after the
+examination, he escaped from the midst of the candidates by a private
+staircase, he determined to try for the large gold medal. If he could
+obtain this, he would receive a hundred and twenty dollars a year for
+three years, and study art in Italy. He at once began to give
+drawing-lessons, taught modelling to wealthy boys, and helped illustrate
+books, working from early morning till late at night. He was rarely seen
+to smile, so hard was the struggle for daily bread. But he tried for the
+medal, and won.
+
+What visions of fame must have come before him now, as he said good-by
+to his poor parents, whom, alas, he was never to see again, and, taking
+his little dog Hector, started for far-away Italy! When he arrived, he
+was so ill and homesick that several times he decided to give up art and
+go back. He copied diligently the works of the old masters, and tried in
+vain to earn a little money. He sent some small works of his own to
+Copenhagen; but nobody bought them. He made "Jason with the Golden
+Fleece," and, when no one ordered it, the discouraged artist broke it in
+pieces. The next year he modelled another Jason, a lady furnishing the
+means; and while everybody praised it, and Canova said, "This young Dane
+has produced a work in a new and grand style," it did not occur to any
+one to buy the statue in marble.
+
+An artist could not live on praise alone. Anxious days came and went,
+and he was destitute and wretched. He must leave Rome, and go back to
+the wood-carving in Copenhagen; for no one wanted beautiful things,
+unless the maker was famous. He deferred going from week to week, till
+at last his humble furniture had been sold, and his trunks waited at the
+door. As he was leaving the house, his travelling companion said to him,
+"We must wait till to-morrow, from a mistake in our passports."
+
+A few hours later, Mr. Thomas Hope, an English banker, entered his
+studio, and, struck with the grandeur of his model of Jason, asked the
+cost in marble. "Six hundred sequins" (over twelve hundred dollars), he
+answered, not daring to hope for such good fortune. "That is not enough;
+you should ask eight," said the generous man, who at once ordered it.
+
+And this was the turning-point in Bertel's life. How often a rich man
+might help a struggling artist, and save a genius to the world, as did
+this banker! Young Thorwaldsen now made the acquaintance of the Danish
+ambassador to Naples, who introduced him to the family of Baron Wilhelm
+von Humboldt, where the most famous people in Rome gathered. Soon a
+leading countess commissioned him to cut four marble statues,--Bacchus,
+Ganymede, Apollo, and Venus. Two years later, he was made professor in
+the Royal Academy of Florence.
+
+The Academy of Copenhagen now sent him five hundred dollars as an
+expression of their pride in him. How much more he needed it when he was
+near starving, all those nine years in Rome! The bashful student had
+become the genial companion and interesting talker. Louis of Bavaria,
+who made Munich one of the art centres of the world, was his admirer and
+friend. The Danish King urged him to return to Copenhagen; but, as the
+Quirinal was to be decorated with great magnificence, Rome could not
+spare him. For this, he made in three months his famous "Entry of
+Alexander into Babylon," and soon after his exquisite bas-reliefs,
+"Night" and "Morning,"--the former, a goddess carrying in her arms two
+children, Sleep and Death; the latter, a goddess flying through the air,
+scattering flowers with both hands.
+
+In 1816, when he was forty-six, he finished his Venus, after having made
+_thirty_ models of the figure. He threw away the first attempt, and
+devoted three years to the completion of the second. Three statues were
+made, one of which is at Chatsworth, the elegant home of the Duke of
+Devonshire; and one was lost at sea. A year later, he carved his
+exquisite Byron, now at Trinity College, Cambridge.
+
+He was now made a member of three other famous academies. Having been
+absent from Denmark twenty-three years, the King urged his return for a
+visit, at least. The Royal Palace of Charlottenburg was prepared for his
+reception The students of the Academy escorted him with bands of music,
+cannon were fired, poems read, cantatas sung; and the King created him
+councillor of state.
+
+Was the wood-carver's son proud of all these honors? No. The first
+person he met at the palace was the old man who had served as a model
+for the boys when Thorwaldsen was at school. So overcome was he as he
+recalled those days of toil and poverty, that he fell upon the old man's
+neck, and embraced him heartily.
+
+After some of the grandest work of his life in the Frue Kirke,--Christ
+and the Twelve Apostles, and others,--he returned to Rome, visiting, on
+the way, Alexander of Russia, who, after Thorwaldsen had made his bust,
+presented the artist with a diamond ring.
+
+Although a Protestant, accounted now the greatest living sculptor, he
+was made president of the Academy of St. Luke, a position held by Canova
+when he was alive, and was commissioned to build the monument of Pius
+VII. in St. Peters. Mendelssohn, the great composer, had become his warm
+friend, and used to play for him as he worked in his studio. Sir Walter
+Scott came to visit the artist, and as the latter could speak scarcely a
+word of English, the two shook hands heartily, and clapped each other on
+the shoulder as they parted.
+
+When Thorwaldsen was sixty-eight years old, he left Rome to end his
+days among his own people. The enthusiasm on his arrival was unbounded.
+The whole city waited nearly three days for his coming. Boats decked
+with flowers went out to meet him, and so many crowded on board his
+vessel that it was feared she would sink. The members of the Academy
+came in a body; and the crowd took the horses from the carriage, and
+drew it themselves through the streets to the Palace of Charlottenburg.
+In the evening there was a grand torchlight procession, followed by a
+constant round of parties.
+
+So beset was he with invitations to dinner, that, to save a little time
+for himself, he told his servant Wilkins, that he would dine with him
+and his wife. Wilkins, greatly confused, replied, "What would the world
+think if it found out that the chancellor dined with his servant?"
+
+"The world--the world! Have I not told you a thousand times that I don't
+care in the least what the world thinks about these things?" Sometimes
+he refused even to dine with the King. Finding at last that society
+would give him no rest, he went to live with some friends at Nyso, seven
+hours by boat from Copenhagen.
+
+Once more he visited Rome, for a year, receiving royal attentions all
+through Germany. Two years after, as he was sitting in the theatre, he
+rose to let a lady pass. She saw him bending toward the floor, and
+asked, "Have you dropped something?"
+
+The great man made no answer; he was dead. The funeral was a grand
+expression of love and honor. His body lay in state in the Royal Palace,
+laurel about his brow, the coffin ornamented with floral crowns--one
+made by the Queen of Denmark; his chisel laid in the midst of laurel and
+palm, and his great works of art placed about him. Houses were draped in
+black, bells tolled in all the churches, women threw flowers from their
+windows before the forty artists who carried the coffin, and the King
+and Prince royal received it in person at the Frue Kirke.
+
+Then it was borne to the large museum which Copenhagen had built to
+receive his work, and buried in the centre of the inner court, which had
+been prepared under his own hand. A low granite coping surrounds the
+grave, which is entirely covered with ivy, and on the side is his boyish
+name, Bertel (Bartholomew) Thorwaldsen.
+
+
+
+
+MOZART.
+
+
+The quaint old city of Salzburg, Austria, built into the mountain-side,
+is a Mecca for all who love music, and admire the immortal Mozart. When
+he was alive, his native city allowed him nearly to starve; when he was
+dead, she built him a beautiful monument, and preserved his home, a
+plain two-story, stuccoed building, for thousands of travellers to look
+upon sadly and tenderly.
+
+Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born Jan. 27, 1756, a delicate, sensitive
+child, who would ask a dozen times a day whether his friends loved him,
+and, if answered in the negative, would burst into tears. At three, he
+began to show his passion for music. He would listen intensely as his
+father taught his little sister, Nannerl, seven years old; would move
+his playthings from one room to another, to the sound of the violin; and
+at four, composed pieces which astonished his sire.
+
+[Illustration: W. A. MOZART.]
+
+Two years later, the proud father took Wolfgang and his sister on a
+concert tour to Vienna. So well did the boy play, that the Empress Maria
+Theresa held him in her arms, and kissed him heartily. One day as he
+was walking between two of her daughters, he slipped on the polished
+floor and fell. Marie Antoinette, afterward Empress of France, raised
+him up, whereupon he said, "You are very kind; I will marry you." The
+father was alarmed at this seeming audacity; but the lovely Princess
+playfully kissed him.
+
+The next year he was taken to Paris, and here two sets of sonatas, the
+works of a boy of seven, were brought out, dedicated to Marie
+Antoinette. The children sat at the royal table, poems were written
+about them, and everywhere they excited wonder and admiration; yet so
+excessively modest was young Mozart, that he cried when praised too
+much. In London, Bach took the boy between his knees, and alternately
+they played his own great works and those of Handel at sight. Royalty
+gave them "gold snuffboxes enough to set up a shop," wrote home the
+father; "but in money I am poor." Wolfgang was now taken ill of
+inflammatory fever; but he could not give up his music. A board was laid
+across the bed, and on this he wrote out his thoughts in the notes.
+Finally, with ardor dampened at their lack of pecuniary success, Leopold
+Mozart took his dear ones back to quiet Salzburg.
+
+Here the cold archbishop, discrediting the reports of the boy's genius,
+shut him up alone for a week to compose an oratorio, the text furnished
+by himself. Mozart, only ten years old, stood the test brilliantly. The
+next year a second tour was taken to Vienna, to be present at the
+marriage of the Archduchess Maria Josepha. The bride died from smallpox
+shortly after their arrival: and poor Wolfgang took the disease, and was
+blind for nine days. When he recovered, the musicians, moved by envy and
+jealousy, would not be outdone by a boy of twelve, who was equally at
+home in German or Italian opera, and determined to hiss off the stage
+whatever he might compose. Sad at heart, and disappointed, again the
+Mozarts went back to the old home.
+
+Two years later, after much self-sacrifice, the father took his boy to
+Italy for study. The first day in Passion Week they went to the Sistine
+Chapel to hear the famous "Miserere" of Allegri, which was considered so
+sacred, that the musicians were forbidden to take home any part of it,
+or copy it out of the chapel, on pain of excommunication. Wolfgang, as
+soon as he reached his lodgings, wrote it out from memory; which
+remarkable feat for a boy of fourteen astonished all Rome. So
+wonderfully did he play, that the audience at Naples declared there was
+witchcraft in the ring which he wore on his left hand, and he was
+obliged to remove it. At Milan, when he was nearly fifteen, he composed
+the opera "Mithridate," conducting it himself, which was given twenty
+nights in succession to enthusiastic audiences. After this came requests
+for operas from Maria Theresa, Munich, and elsewhere. He was busy every
+moment. Overworked, he was often ill; but the need for money to meet
+heavy expenses made constant work a necessity. All this time he wrote
+beautiful letters to his mother and sister. "Kiss mamma's hand for me a
+thousand billion times," is the language of his loving heart. He could
+scarcely be said to have had any childhood; but he kept his tenderness
+and affection to the last of his life.
+
+After their return to Salzburg, finding the new archbishop even less
+cordial than the old--the former had allowed Wolfgang the munificent
+salary of five dollars and a fourth yearly!--it was deemed wise to try
+to find a new field for employment. The father, now sixty years of age,
+must earn a pittance for the family by giving music-lessons, while the
+mother accompanied the son to Paris. The separation was a hard one for
+the devoted father, who could not say good-by to his idolized son, and
+poor Nannerl wept the whole day long. Mozart, now twenty-one, and
+famous, well repaid this affection by his pure character. He wrote: "I
+have God always before me. Whatever is according to his will is also
+according to mine; therefore I cannot fail to be happy and contented."
+
+Stopping for a time at Mannheim, he attempted to gain the position of
+tutor to the elector's children, but was disappointed. Here he fell in
+love with Aloysia Weber, a pretty girl of fifteen, whose father, a
+prompter at the National Theatre, earned only two hundred dollars yearly
+for the support of his wife and six children. The girl had a fine
+voice; and Mozart, blinded by love, asked no higher joy than to write
+operas in which she might be the star. The good old father, who had
+spent all his life in helping his son to win fame, was nearly
+heart-broken when he learned of this foolish affection, and wrote him
+tenderly but firmly: "Off with you to Paris; get the great folks on your
+side; _aut C�sar, aut nihil_. From Paris, the name and fame of a man of
+great talent goes through the whole world."
+
+The young man, carrying out his childish motto, "God first, and then
+papa," reluctantly started for Paris. Here he did not meet with great
+success, for scores of applicants waited for every position. His loving
+mother soon died, perhaps from over economy in her cold, dark lodgings;
+and the young musician took his lonely way back to Salzburg, begging his
+father's consent to his stopping at Mannheim to see the Webers. Finding
+that Aloysia had gone upon the stage at Munich, he hastened to see her.
+She had been offered a good salary. Meantime Mozart had won no new
+laurels at Paris. He was small in stature, and poor; and the girl who
+wept at his departure a few months previously professed now scarcely to
+have seen his face before. The young lover, cut to the heart, yet proud,
+seated himself at the piano, and played,
+
+    "I leave the girl gladly who cares not for me,"
+
+and then hastened away to Salzburg. Aloysia married a comedian, and
+lived a most unhappy life, gaining some fame from singing the music
+which Mozart wrote for her.
+
+He remained at home for a year and a half, till called to Munich to
+write the opera "Idomeneo," and later to Vienna. Here, unfortunately, he
+met the Webers again, and, their father having died, he boarded in their
+house, and gave lessons to Constance, a younger sister of Aloysia. She
+was a plain, good-hearted girl, without much energy, but with a great
+appreciation of her gifted teacher. The result came naturally; he fell
+in love with the penniless girl, and, despite the distress of his aged
+father at his choice, married her when he was twenty-six and she
+eighteen.
+
+Henceforward there was no hope of any thing save the direst poverty. To
+marry without love is a grave mistake; to marry simply for love is
+sometimes a mistake equally grave. He could of course do nothing now for
+his aged father or sister. Unsteady employment, a rapidly-increasing
+family, and a wife ill most of the time, made the struggle for existence
+ten times harder than before his marriage. Once when he had prepared to
+visit his father for the first time after the wedding, and had waited
+months for the necessary funds, he was arrested for a debt of fifteen
+dollars, just as he was stepping into the carriage.
+
+The Emperor Joseph said to him one day, "Why did you not marry a rich
+wife?" With dignity Mozart at once replied, "Sire, I trust that my
+genius will always enable me to support the woman I love"; but
+unfortunately it did not. He wrote after his marriage: "The moment we
+were made one, my wife as well as myself began to weep, which touched
+every one, even the priest, and they all cried when they witnessed how
+our hearts were moved." How little they dreamed that they should weep
+more seriously when hunger stared their six children in the face!
+
+From the time of his marriage till his death, nine years, says Rev. Mr.
+Haweis, "his life can be compared to nothing but a torch burning out
+rapidly in the wind." It was a period of incessant, astonishing labor.
+He dedicated six quartets to his dear friend Joseph Haydn, who said,
+"Mozart is the greatest composer who has ever lived"; wrote "Figaro"
+when he was twenty-nine, which had the greatest popularity, "Don
+Giovanni" at thirty-one, and the "Flauto Magico" gratis, for the benefit
+of the theatre director, who was in want. The two latter creations were
+hailed with delight. Goethe wrote to Schiller later of "Don Giovanni,"
+"That piece stands entirely alone; and Mozart's death has rendered all
+hope of any thing like it idle."
+
+Whenever he appeared at the theatre, he was called upon the stage from
+all parts of the house; yet all this time he could not earn enough to
+live. He received only a hundred dollars from his "Don Giovanni," and
+less for the others. He gave lessons every hour he could spare, concerts
+in the open air, borrowed from his friends, scrimped himself, to send
+money to his sick wife at Baden, pawned his silver plate to make one
+more unsuccessful journey to win the aid of indifferent princes, and
+fainted often at his tasks after midnight. Still he wrote to "the best
+and dearest wife of my heart," "If I only had a letter from you, all
+would be right," and promised her to work harder than ever to earn
+money.
+
+When Constance was at home with him, if he left her in the morning
+before she awakened, he would leave a note for her with the words,
+"Good-morning, my darling wife. I shall be at home at -- o'clock
+precisely." Once when she had been ill for eight months, and Mozart was
+composing beside her as she slept, suddenly a noisy messenger entered.
+Alarmed lest his wife should be disturbed, he rose hastily, when the
+penknife in his hand fell, and buried itself in his foot. Without a word
+escaping his lips, he left the room, a surgeon was called, and, though
+lame for some time, the wife was not told of the accident.
+
+His compositions found few purchasers, for the people generally could
+not comprehend them. Publishers' shops were closed to him, unless he
+would write in the popular style. "Then I can make no more by my pen,"
+he said bitterly, "and I had better starve and go to destruction at
+once." So poor had his family become, that, with no fuel in the house,
+he and his wife were found by a friend, waltzing to keep warm.
+
+About this time a sepulchral-looking man called to ask that a "Requiem"
+be written on the death of the wife of an Austrian nobleman, who was to
+be considered the author, and thus his intense grief be shown, though
+manifested through a lie. Mozart consulted with his wife, as was his
+custom, and, as she indorsed it, he accepted the commission for fifty
+dollars. Overworked, harassed by debts which he could not pay, hurt at
+the jealousies and intrigues of several musicians, disappointed at the
+reception of his new opera at Prague, his hopeful nature forsook him,
+and he told Constance that the "Requiem" would be written for himself.
+
+In the midst of this wretchedness their sixth child was born. The poor
+wife forgot her own sorrows, and prevailed upon him to give up work for
+a time; but the active brain could not rest, and he wrote as he lay on
+his sick-bed. On the day before he died, Dec. 4, 1791, at two o'clock,
+he persisted in having a portion of the "Requiem" sung by the friends
+who stood about his bed, and, joining with them in the alto, burst into
+tears, saying, "Did I not say that I was writing the 'Requiem' for
+myself?" Soon after he said, "Constance, oh that I could only hear my
+'Flauto Magico!'" and a friend playing it, he was cheered.
+
+A messenger now arrived to tell him that he was appointed organist at
+St. Stephen's Cathedral, a position for which he had longed for years;
+but it came too late. Death was unwelcome to him. "Now must I go," he
+said, "just as I should be able to live in peace; I must leave my
+family, my poor children, at the very instant in which I should have
+been able to provide for their welfare." Cold applications were ordered
+by the physicians for his burning head; he became delirious for two
+hours, and died at midnight, only thirty-five years old. Constance was
+utterly prostrated, and threw herself upon his bed, hoping to die also.
+
+Mozart's body was laid beside his piano, and then, in a pouring rain,
+buried in a "common grave," in the plainest manner possible, with nobody
+present except the keepers of the cemetery. Weeks after, when the wife
+visited the spot, she found a new grave-digger, who could not tell where
+her beloved husband was buried, and to this day the author of fourteen
+Italian operas, seventeen symphonies, and dozens of cantatas and
+serenades, about eight hundred compositions in all, sleeps in an unknown
+grave. The Emperor Leopold aided her in a concert to raise fifteen
+hundred dollars to pay her husband's debts, and provide a little for
+herself. Eighteen years afterward she married the Danish councillor,
+Baron von Missen, who educated her two sons, four other children having
+died. Salzburg waited a half-century before she erected a bronze statue
+to her world-renowned genius, in the Square of St. Michael; and, seventy
+years after his death, Vienna built him a monument in the Cemetery of
+St. Mark. History scarcely furnishes a more pathetic life. He filled the
+world with music, yet died in want and sorrow.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL JOHNSON.]
+
+DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON.
+
+
+In a quaint old house in Lichfield, England, now used as a draper's
+shop, Samuel Johnson, son of a poor bookseller and bookbinder, was born.
+Here, as in Westminster Abbey, a statue is erected to his memory. Near
+by is the schoolhouse where Addison and Garrick studied.
+
+When Samuel was two and a half years old, diseased with scrofula, his
+good mother, with ten dollars sewed in her skirt so that nobody could
+steal it, took him to London that, with two hundred others, he might be
+touched by Queen Anne, and thus, as superstitious people believed, be
+healed. On this journey she bought him a silver cup and spoon. The
+latter he kept till his dying-day, and parted with the cup only in the
+dire poverty of later years.
+
+The touch of the Queen did no good, for he became blind in one eye; with
+the other he could not see a friend half a yard off, and his face was
+sadly disfigured. Being prevented thus from sharing the sports of other
+boys, much time was spent in reading. He was first taught at a little
+school kept by Widow Oliver, who years after, when he was starting for
+Oxford, brought him a present of gingerbread, telling him he was the
+best scholar she ever had. After a time he studied Latin under a master
+who "whipped it into him." The foolish teacher would ask the boy the
+Latin word for candlestick, or some unexpected thing, and then whip him,
+saying, "This I do to save you from the gallows!"
+
+Naturally indolent, Samuel had to struggle against this tendency. He
+had, however, the greatest ambition to excel, and to this he attributed
+his later success. He was also inquisitive, and had a wonderful memory.
+When he wore short dresses, his mother gave him the Prayer-Book one day,
+and, pointing to the Collect, said, "You must get this by heart." She
+went up stairs, but no sooner had she reached the second floor than she
+heard him following. He could repeat it perfectly, having looked it over
+but twice. He left school at sixteen, spending two years at home in
+helping his parents, and studying earnestly. One day, his father, being
+ill, asked him to go to a neighboring town and take his place in selling
+books at a stall on market-day. He was proud, and did not go. Fifty
+years afterward, in his greatness, then an old man, he went to this
+stall, and, with uncovered head, remained for an hour in the rain where
+his father had formerly stood, exposed to the sneers of the bystanders
+and the inclemency of the weather. It showed the repentance of a noble
+soul for disobedience to a parent.
+
+At nineteen, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, where he acted as
+servant. He used to go daily to his friend Taylor, and get lectures
+second-hand, till his feet, showing through his worn-out shoes, were
+perceived by the students, and he ceased going. A rich young man
+secretly put a pair of new shoes at his door, which he indignantly threw
+out of the window. He was willing to work and earn, but would not
+receive charity. At the end of three years he became so poor that he was
+obliged to leave college, his father dying soon after.
+
+After various experiences, he sought the position of usher at a school,
+but was refused because it was thought that the boys would make fun of
+his ugliness. He finally obtained such a place, was treated with great
+harshness, and left in a few months. Strange to say, the poor, lonely
+scholar, only twenty-six, now fell in love with a widow forty-eight
+years old. After obtaining his mother's consent, he married her, and the
+union proved a most happy one. With the little money his wife possessed,
+he started a school, and advertised for pupils; but only three came, and
+the school soon closed. In despair he determined to try London, and see
+if an author could there earn his bread. In that great city he lived for
+some time on nine cents a day. One publisher to whom he applied
+suggested to him that the wisest course would be to become a porter and
+carry trunks.
+
+A poem written at this time, entitled "London," for which he received
+fifty dollars, one line of which was in capital letters,
+
+    "SLOW RISES WORTH BY POVERTY DEPRESSED,"
+
+attracted attention; and Pope, who was then at the height of his fame,
+asked Dublin University to give to the able scholar the degree of M.A.,
+that he might thus be able to take the principalship of a school, and
+earn three hundred dollars a year; but this was refused. Out of such
+struggles come heroic souls.
+
+When he was forty, he published the "Vanity of Human Wishes," receiving
+seventy-five dollars, asserted by many to be the most impressive thing
+of its kind in the language. The lines,
+
+    "There mark what ills the scholar's life assail,
+    Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the jail,"
+
+show his struggles. A drama soon after, played by the great actor, David
+Garrick, brought him nearly a thousand dollars; but the play itself was
+a failure. When asked by his friends how he felt about his ill success,
+he replied, "Like the monument," meaning that he continued firm and
+unmoved, like a column of granite. Fame was coming at last, after he had
+struggled in London for thirteen years--and what bitterness they had
+brought!
+
+For two years he worked almost constantly on a paper called the
+"Rambler." When his wife said that, well as she had thought of him
+before, she had never considered him equal to this, he was more pleased
+than with any praise he ever received. She died three days after the
+last copy was published, and Johnson was utterly prostrated. He buried
+himself in hard work in his garret, a most inconvenient room; but he
+said, "In that room I never saw Mrs. Johnson." Her wedding-ring was
+placed in a little box, and tenderly kept till his death.
+
+Three years afterward, his great work, his Dictionary, appeared, for
+which he received eight thousand dollars; but, as he had been obliged to
+employ six assistants for seven years, he was still poor, but now
+famous. The Universities of Oxford and Dublin, when he no longer needed
+their assistance, hastened to bestow their degrees upon him. Even George
+III. invited him to the royal palace,--a strange contrast to a few years
+before, when Samuel Johnson was under arrest for a debt of thirty
+dollars! When asked by Reynolds how he had obtained his accuracy and
+flow of language in conversation, he replied, "By trying to do my best
+on every occasion and in every company." About this time his aged mother
+died, and in the evenings of one week, to defray her funeral expenses,
+he wrote "Rasselas," and received five hundred dollars for it. He wrote
+in his last letter to her, "You have been the best mother, and I believe
+the best woman, in the world. I thank you for your indulgence to me, and
+beg forgiveness of all that I have done ill, and of all that I have
+omitted to do well." His last great work was "The Lives of the Poets."
+
+He received now a pension of fifteen hundred dollars a year, for his
+valuable services to literature, but never used more than four hundred
+dollars for himself. He took care of a blind woman of whom he said, "She
+was a friend to my poor wife, and was in the house when she died, she
+has remained in it ever since," of a mother and daughter dependent upon
+an old family physician, and of two men whom nobody else would care for.
+Once when he found a poor woman on the street late at night, he took her
+home, and kept her till she was restored to health. His pockets were
+always filled with pennies for street Arabs; and, if he found poor
+children asleep on a threshold, he would slip money into their hands
+that, when they awakened, they might buy a breakfast. When a servant was
+dying who had been in the family for forty-three years, he prayed with
+her and kissed her, the tears falling down his cheeks. He wrote in his
+diary, "We kissed and parted--I humbly hope to meet again, and part no
+more." He held, rightly, that Christianity levels all distinctions of
+rank.
+
+He was very tender to animals. Once, when in Wales, a gardener brought
+into the house a hare which had been caught in the potatoes, and was
+told to give it to the cook. Dr. Johnson asked to have it placed in his
+arms; then, taking it to the window, he let it go, shouting to it to
+run as fast as possible. He would buy oysters for his cat, Hodge, that
+the servants, from seeing his fondness for it, might be led to treat it
+kindly.
+
+He died at the age of seventy-five, such men as Burke and Reynolds
+standing by his bedside. Of the latter, he begged that he would "read
+his Bible, and never paint on Sundays." His last words were to a young
+lady who had asked his blessing: "God bless you, my dear!" He was buried
+with appropriate honors in Westminster Abbey, and monuments are erected
+to him in St. Paul's Cathedral, and at Lichfield. The poor boy, nearly
+blind, became "the brightest ornament of the eighteenth century."
+
+
+
+
+OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+
+
+On a low slab in a quiet spot, just north of the Church of Knight
+Templars, in London, are the simple words, "Here lies Oliver Goldsmith."
+The author of the "Vicar of Wakefield" needs no grander monument; for he
+lives in the hearts of the people.
+
+Oliver Goldsmith was born in Pallas, Ireland, in 1728, the son of a poor
+minister, who, by means of tilling some fields and assisting in a parish
+outside his own, earned two hundred dollars a year for his wife and
+seven children! When about six years old, Oliver nearly died of
+smallpox, and his pitted face made him an object of jest among the boys.
+At eight he showed great fondness for books, and began to write verses.
+His mother pleaded for a college education for him, but there seemed
+little prospect of it. One day, when a few were dancing at his uncle's
+house, the little boy sprang upon the floor and began to dance. The
+fiddler, to make fun of his short figure and homely face, exclaimed,
+"�sop!" The boy, stung to the quick, replied:--
+
+    "Heralds, proclaim aloud! all saying,
+    'See �sop dancing and his monkey playing;'"
+
+when, of course, the fiddler became much chagrined.
+
+[Illustration: OLIVER GOLDSMITH.]
+
+All his school life Oliver was painfully diffident, but a good scholar.
+His father finally earned a better salary, and the way seemed open for
+college, when, lo! his sister, who had the opportunity of marrying a
+rich man, was obliged--so thought the public opinion of the day--to have
+a marriage portion of $2,000, and poor Oliver's educational hopes were
+blasted. He must now enter Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar
+(servant), wear a coarse black gown without sleeves, a red cap,--the
+badge of servitude,--sweep the courts, carry dishes, and be treated with
+contempt, which nearly crushed his sensitive nature.
+
+A year and a half later his father died, and his scanty means ceased
+from that source. To keep from starving he wrote ballads, selling them
+to street musicians at $1.25 apiece, and stole out at night to hear them
+sung. Often he shared this pittance with some one more wretched than
+himself. One cold night he gave his blankets to a person with five
+children, and crawled into the ticking of his bed for warmth. When a
+kind friend, who often brought him food, came in the morning, he was
+obliged to break in the door, as Goldsmith could not extricate himself
+from his bed.
+
+Obtaining a small scholarship, he gave a little party in his room in
+honor of the event. A savage tutor appeared in the midst of the
+festivities, and knocked him down. So incensed was Goldsmith that he ran
+away from college, and with twenty-five cents in his pocket started for
+Cork. For three days he lived on eight cents a day, and, by degrees,
+parted with nearly all his clothes for food.
+
+Though wholly unfitted for the ministry, Goldsmith was urged by his
+relatives to enter the church, because he would then have a living. Too
+young to be accepted, he remained at home for two years, assisting his
+brother Henry in the village school; and then offering himself as a
+candidate, was refused, it was said, because he appeared before the
+right reverend in scarlet trousers! After being tutor for a year, his
+uncle gave him $250, that he might go to Dublin and study law. On
+arriving, he met an old friend, lost all his money in playing cards with
+him, and, ashamed and penniless, returned and begged the forgiveness of
+his relative.
+
+A little more money was given him, and with this he studied medicine in
+Edinburgh for over a year, earning later some money by teaching.
+Afterward he travelled in Italy and France, begging his way by singing
+or playing on his flute at the doors of the peasants, returning to
+England at twenty-eight years of age without a cent in his pocket.
+Living among the beggars in Axe Lane, he asked to spread plasters, or
+pound in the mortars of the apothecaries, till, finally, a chemist hired
+him out of pity. Through the aid of a fellow-student, he finally opened
+a doctor's office, but few came to a stranger, and these usually so
+poor as to be unable to pay.
+
+Attending one day upon a workman, he held his hat close to his breast,
+so as to cover a big patch in his second-hand clothes, while he felt the
+patient's pulse. Half guessing the young doctor's poverty, the sick man
+told him about his master, the author of the famous old novel, "Clarissa
+Harlowe," and how he had befriended writers. Goldsmith at once applied
+for work, and became press corrector in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street.
+
+Later he was employed as a reviewer on a magazine. Being obliged to
+submit all his reviews to an illiterate bookseller and his wife, the
+engagement soon came to an end. He lived now in a garret, was dunned
+even for his milk-bill, wrote a book for a college friend, under whose
+name it was published, and began a work of his own, "Polite Learning in
+Europe," writing to a wealthy relative for aid to publish, which letter
+was never answered, though it was greatly regretted after Goldsmith
+became famous.
+
+With no hope in London, he was promised a position in the East Indies.
+Life began to look bright, though his Fleet Street garret, with one
+chair, was surrounded by swarms of children and dirt. The promise was
+not kept, and he applied for the position of hospital mate. His clothes
+being too poor for him to be seen on the streets, he pledged the money
+to be received for four articles, bought a new suit, went up to the
+court of examiners, and was rejected! Had any of these positions been
+obtained, the world, doubtless, would never have known the genius of
+Oliver Goldsmith.
+
+He went back to his garret to write, pawned his clothes to pay the
+landlady, who was herself to be turned out of the wretched lodgings,
+sold his "Life of Voltaire" for twenty dollars, and published his
+"Polite Learning in Europe," anonymously. The critics attacked it, and
+Goldsmith's day of fame had dawned at last. "The Citizen of the World,"
+a good-natured satire on society, next appeared, and was a success. Dr.
+Johnson became his friend, and made him a member of his club with
+Reynolds, Burke, and other noted men. The "Traveller" was next
+published, with an immense sale. Goldsmith now moved into the buildings
+which bear his name, near Temple Church, and, for once, had flowers and
+green grass to look out upon.
+
+He was still poor, doubtless spending what money he received with little
+wisdom. His landlady arrested him for room-rent, upon hearing which, Dr.
+Johnson came at once to see him, gave him money, took from his desk the
+manuscript of the "Vicar of Wakefield," and sold it to a publisher for
+three hundred dollars. This was the fruit of much labor, and the world
+received it cordially. Some of his essays were now reprinted sixteen
+times. What a change from the Fleet Street garret!
+
+The "Deserted Village" was published five years later, Goldsmith having
+spent two whole years in reviewing it after it was written, so careful
+was he that every word should be the best that could be chosen. This was
+translated at once into German by Goethe, who was also a great admirer
+of the "Vicar of Wakefield." He also wrote an English History, a Roman,
+a Grecian, several dramas, of which "She Stoops to Conquer" was the most
+popular, and eight volumes of the "History of the Earth and Animated
+Nature," for which he received five hundred dollars a volume, leaving
+this unfinished.
+
+Still in debt, overworked, laboring sometimes far into the morning
+hours, not leaving his desk for weeks together, even for exercise,
+Goldsmith died at forty-five, broken with the struggle of life, but with
+undying fame. When he was buried, one April day, 1774, Brick Court and
+the stairs of the building were filled with the poor and the forsaken
+whom he had befriended. His monument is in the Poets' Corner at
+Westminster Abbey, the greatest honor England could offer. True, she let
+him nearly starve, but she crowned him at the last. He conquered the
+world by hard work, kindness, and a gentleness as beautiful as his
+genius was great.
+
+
+
+
+MICHAEL FARADAY.
+
+
+In the heart of busy London, over a stable, lived James and Margaret
+Faraday, with their four little children. The father was a blacksmith,
+in feeble health, unable to work for a whole day at a time, a kind, good
+man to his household; the mother, like himself, was uneducated, but neat
+and industrious, and devoted to her family. The children learned the
+rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic at school, and then, of
+course, were obliged to earn their living.
+
+Michael, the third child, born 1791, became, at thirteen years of age,
+an errand-boy in a bookseller's shop. His first duty was to carry
+newspapers in the morning to customers, who read them for an hour or two
+for a trifle, a penny probably, and then gave them to the newsboy to be
+re-loaned. Often on Sunday morning the patrons would say, "You must call
+again," forgetting that the next place might be a mile away, and that
+the young boy was quite as desirous as they, to go to church with his
+parents. Years after this, when he had become famous the world over, he
+said, "I always feel a tenderness for those boys, because I once
+carried newspapers myself."
+
+[Illustration: MICHAEL FARADAY.]
+
+The following year, 1805, he was apprenticed to a bookseller for seven
+years, to learn the trade of binding and selling books. Here was hard
+work before him till he was twenty-one; not a cheerful prospect for one
+who loved play as well as other boys. Whenever he had a spare moment, he
+was looking inside the books he was binding. Mrs. Marcet's
+"Conversations in Chemistry" delighted him; and when he was given the
+"Encyclopedia Britannica" to bind, the article on Electricity seemed a
+treasure-house of wonders. He soon made an electrical machine,--not an
+expensive one,--simply a glass vial, and other apparatus of a similar
+kind; and afterwards with a real cylinder. These cost only a few pence a
+week, but they gave a vast amount of pleasure to the blacksmith's son.
+
+One day he saw in a shop-window a notice that a Mr. Tatum was to give at
+his own house some lectures on Natural Philosophy. The charge for each
+was twenty-five cents. No bookseller's apprentice would have such an
+amount of money to spend weekly as that. However, his brother Robert,
+three years older, himself a blacksmith, with some pride, perhaps, that
+Michael was interested in such weighty matters, furnished the money, and
+a lodger at the home of the bookseller taught him drawing, so that he
+might be able, in taking notes, to illustrate the experiments. He
+attended the lectures, wrote them out carefully in a clear hand, bound
+them in four volumes, and dedicated them to his employer.
+
+A customer at the shop had become interested in a boy who cared so much
+for science, and took him to hear four lectures given by Sir Humphry
+Davy at the Royal Institution. This was an unexpected pleasure. He was
+beginning to sigh for something beyond book-binding. "Oh, if I could
+only help in some scientific work, no matter how humble!" he thought to
+himself. He says in his journal, "In my ignorance of the world, and
+simplicity of my mind, I wrote to Sir Joseph Banks, President of the
+Royal Society." No answer was ever returned to the request for a
+situation. Could the president have realized that some day ten thousand
+people would know the name of Michael Faraday where one knew the name of
+Sir Joseph Banks, probably he would have answered the boy's letter.
+Blessings on the great man or woman who takes time, however briefly, to
+answer every letter received! Such a man was Garfield, and such is
+Whittier. A civil question demands a civil answer, whether the person
+addressed be king or peasant.
+
+About the time his apprenticeship ended, in 1812, he summoned courage to
+write directly to the great Sir Humphry Davy, sending the full notes he
+had made at that gentleman's lectures. Sir Humphry, possibly remembering
+that he, too, had been a poor boy, the son of a widowed milliner, wrote
+a polite note, saying, that "Science was a harsh mistress, and, in a
+pecuniary point of view, but poorly rewarding those who devoted
+themselves to her service;" that he was going out of town, but would see
+if he could some time aid him.
+
+Meantime Michael was making crude galvanic experiments. He bought some
+malleable zinc, cut out seven plates, each the size of a half-penny,
+covered these with the copper half-pennies, placing between them six
+pieces of paper soaked in a solution of muriate of soda, and with this
+simple battery, decomposed sulphate of magnesia. So pleased was he that
+he wrote a letter to one of his boy friends, telling of the experiment,
+and adding, "Time is all I require. Oh, that I could purchase at a cheap
+rate some of our modern gent's spare hours, nay, days! I think it would
+be a good bargain, both for them and for me." The youth had learned the
+first secret of success,--not to waste time; not to throw it away on
+useless persons or useless subjects.
+
+He had learned another secret, that of choosing right companions. To
+this same young friend, Abbott, he wrote, "A companion cannot be a good
+one, unless he is morally so. I have met a good companion in the lowest
+path of life, and I have found such as I despised in a rank far superior
+to mine.... I keep regular hours, and enter not intentionally into
+pleasures productive of evil." London's highest circles possessed no
+purer spirit than this young mechanic.
+
+Faraday now began work at his trade of book-binding for a Frenchman in
+London, who, having no children, promised him the business, if he would
+remain with him always; but the employer's temper was so hasty that the
+position became almost unbearable. The young man was growing depressed
+in spirits, when one night, just as he was preparing for bed, a loud
+knock on the door startled him. On looking out of the window, he espied
+a grand carriage, with a footman in livery, who left a note. This was a
+request from Sir Humphry Davy to see him in the morning. Was there,
+then, the possibility of a place in the Royal Institution? Between
+conflicting hopes and fears, he went to sleep, and in the morning
+hastened to see the great chemist. The result was an engagement at six
+dollars a week, with two rooms at the top of the house! He was to clean
+the instruments, move them to and from the lecture-room, and in all ways
+to make himself useful. Now he could say good-by to book-binding; and,
+though six dollars a week was not a munificent sum, yet he could
+actually handle beautiful instruments,--not copper half-pence and bits
+of zinc,--and could listen to stimulating lectures.
+
+And now work began in earnest. He joined the City Philosophical Society,
+an association of thirty or forty persons in moderate circumstances, who
+met each Wednesday evening, one of their number giving a lecture. Then a
+half dozen friends came together once a week to read, criticise, and
+correct each other in pronunciation and conversation. How eagerly would
+such a young man have attended college! There was no opportunity to hear
+polished talk in elegant drawing-rooms, no chance to improve manners in
+so-called "best society." He did what is in the power of everybody,--he
+educated himself. Did he not need recreation after the hard day's work?
+Every person has to make his choice. Amusements do not make scholars:
+pleasure and knowledge do not go hand in hand. Faraday chose the topmost
+story of the Royal Institution, and books for companions, and immortal
+fame was the result.
+
+The experiments with Davy soon became absorbing, and often dangerous.
+Now they extracted sugar from beet-root; now they treated chloride of
+nitrogen, wearing masks of glass upon their faces, which,
+notwithstanding, were sometimes badly cut by the explosions. Seven
+months after this, Sir Humphry decided to travel upon the Continent, and
+asked Faraday to be his amanuensis. This was a rare opportunity for the
+young assistant. For a year and a half they visited France, Switzerland,
+Italy, and Germany, climbing Vesuvius, enjoying art-galleries, and
+meeting the learned and famous of the age. The journey had its
+disagreeable side; for Faraday was made more or less a servant by Davy
+and his sometimes inconsiderate wife; but it had great and lasting
+advantages for one who had never been but twelve miles from London.
+
+His heart turned longingly back to the poor ones he had left behind. He
+wrote to his mother, "The first and last thing in my mind is England,
+home, and friends. When sick, when cold, when tired, the thoughts of
+those at home are a warm and refreshing balm to my heart.... These are
+the first and greatest sweetness in the life of man.... I am almost
+contented except with my ignorance, which becomes more visible to me
+every day." And again, "I have several times been more than half decided
+to return hastily home: I am only restrained by the wish of
+improvement." To his sister he wrote, "Give my love with a kiss to
+mother, the first thing you do on reading this letter, and tell her how
+much I think of her." To Abbott he wrote something intended for his eyes
+only, but headed, "I do not wish that my mother should remain ignorant
+of it. I _have no secrets from her_." His heart bounded with joy at the
+prospect of meeting them again, and "enjoying the pleasure of their
+conversation, from which he had been excluded." No absorption in science
+could make him outgrow his parents and his humble home.
+
+On his return to England his salary was increased to $500 yearly, and he
+was promoted to Laboratory Assistant. He was now twenty-four. He had
+noted carefully Davy's researches in iodine and chlorine, had seen him
+develop his safety-lamp, which has proved an untold blessing to miners,
+had made many experiments from his own thinking; and now he too was to
+give his first course of six lectures before his friends in the City
+Philosophical Society, on Chemical Affinity, and kindred topics. He
+wrote them out with great care; for whatever he did was well done. This
+year he published his first paper in the "Quarterly Journal of Science"
+on caustic lime. Encouraged by the approving words of Sir Humphry, the
+following year he wrote six papers for the "Quarterly," giving his
+experiments with gases and minerals, and gave another course of lectures
+before the Philosophical Society. To improve himself in delivering
+these, he attended lectures on oratory, taking copious notes.
+
+Seven years had now gone by in his apprenticeship to Science. He had
+published thirty-seven papers in the "Quarterly," had a book ready for
+the press, on the alloys of steel, and had read a paper before the Royal
+Society itself, on two new compounds of chlorine and carbon, and a new
+compound of iodine, carbon, and hydrogen. But the young and now
+brilliant student had other weighty matters in hand. Five years before
+this, he had written in his diary:
+
+    "What is't that comes in false, deceitful guise,
+    Making dull fools of those that 'fore were wise?
+                                          'Tis love.
+    What's that the wise man always strives to shun,
+    Though still it ever o'er the world has run?
+                                          'Tis love."
+
+But now, whether he tried to shun it or no, he became thoroughly in love
+with Sarah Barnard, an intelligent and sweet-tempered girl, the
+daughter of a silversmith. Distracted by fears lest he might not win
+her, he wrote her. "In whatever way I can best minister to your
+happiness, either by assiduity or by absence, it shall be done. Do not
+injure me by withdrawing your friendship, or punish me for aiming to be
+more than a friend by making me less."
+
+The girl showed this to her father, who replied that love made
+philosophers say very foolish things. She hesitated about accepting him,
+and went away to the seaside to consider it; but the ardent lover
+followed, determined to learn the worst if need be. They walked on the
+cliffs overhanging the ocean, and Faraday wrote in his journal as the
+day drew near its close, "My thoughts saddened and fell, from the fear I
+should never enjoy such happiness again. I could not master my feelings,
+or prevent them from sinking, and I actually at last shamed myself by
+moist eyes." He blamed himself because he did not know "the best means
+to secure the heart he wished to gain." He knew how to fathom the depths
+of chemical combinations, but he could not fathom the depths of Sarah
+Barnard's heart.
+
+At last the hour of her decision came; and both were made supremely
+happy by it. A week later he wrote her, "Every moment offers me fresh
+proof of the power you have over me. I could not at one time have
+thought it possible that I, that any man, could have been under the
+dominion of feelings so undivided and so intense: now I think that no
+other man can have felt or feel as I do." A year later they were married
+very quietly, he desiring their wedding day to be "just like any other
+day." Twenty-eight years later he wrote among the important dates and
+discoveries of his life, "June 12, 1821, he married,--an event which,
+more than any other, contributed to his earthly happiness and healthful
+state of mind. The union has nowise changed, except in the depth and
+strength of its character."
+
+For forty-seven years "his dear Sarah" made life a joy to him. He rarely
+left home; but if so, as at the great gathering of British Scientists at
+Birmingham, he wrote back, "After all, there is no pleasure like the
+tranquil pleasure of home; and here, even here, the moment I leave the
+table, I wish I were with you IN QUIET. Oh, what happiness is ours! My
+runs into the world in this way only serve to make me esteem that
+happiness the more."
+
+And now came twenty years in science that made Faraday the wonder and
+ornament of his age. Elected an F.R.S., he began at once twelve lectures
+in Chemical Manipulation before the London Institution, six on Chemical
+Philosophy before the Royal Society, published six papers on
+electromagnetism, and began a course of juvenile lectures which
+continued for nineteen years. This was one of the beautiful things of
+Faraday's life,--a great man living in a whirl of work, yet taking time
+to make science plain to the young. When asked at what age he would
+teach science, he replied that he had never found a child too young to
+understand him. For twenty years he lectured at the Royal Academy at
+Woolwich, became scientific adviser to the government with regard to
+lighthouses and buoys, not for gain, but for the public good, drew all
+London to his eloquent lectures with his brilliant experiments, Prince
+Albert attending with his sons; and published one hundred and
+fifty-eight scientific essays and thirty series of "Experimental
+Researches in Electricity," which latter, says Dr. Gladstone, "form one
+of the most marvellous monuments of intellectual work; one of the rarest
+treasure-houses of newly-discovered knowledge, with which the world has
+ever been enriched."
+
+He not only gathered into his vast brain what other men had learned of
+science, but he tested every step to prove the facts, and became, says
+Professor Tyndall, "the greatest experimental philosopher the world has
+ever seen." He loved science as he loved his family and his God, and
+played with Nature as with a petted child. When he lectured, "there was
+a gleaming in his eyes which no painter could copy, and which no poet
+could describe. His audience took fire with him, and every face was
+flushed."
+
+In his earlier discoveries in compressing gases into liquids, he
+obtained from one thousand cubic feet of coal gas one gallon of fluid
+from which he distilled benzine. In 1845 the chemist Hofman found this
+same substance in coal-tar, from which come our beautiful aniline dyes.
+
+After eighteen years of studying the wonderful results of Galvani's
+discovery at the University of Bologna, that the legs of a dead frog
+contract under the electric current; and of Volta, in 1799, with his
+voltaic pile of copper, zinc, and leather, in salt-water; and of
+Christian Oersted at the University of Copenhagen; and Amp�re and Arago,
+that electricity will produce magnets, Faraday made the great discovery
+of magneto-electricity,--that magnets will produce electricity. At once
+magneto-electric machines were made for generating electricity for the
+electric light, electro-plating, etc. This discovery, says Professor
+Tyndall, "is the greatest experimental result ever attained by an
+investigator, the Mont Blanc of Faraday's achievements."
+
+Soon after he made another great discovery, that of electric induction,
+or that one electric current will induce another current in an adjoining
+wire. Others had suspected this, but had sought in vain to prove it. The
+Bell telephone, which Sir William Thompson calls "the wonder of
+wonders," depends upon this principle. Here no battery is required; for
+the vibration of a thin iron plate is made to generate the currents.
+After this, Faraday proved that the various kinds of electricity are
+identical; and that the electricity of the Voltaic pile is produced by
+chemical action, and not by contact of metals, as Volta had supposed.
+The world meantime had showered honors upon the great scientist. Great
+Britain had made him her idol. The Cambridge Philosophical Society, the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, of British Architects, of Philosophy and
+of Medicine, and the leading associations of Scotland had made him an
+honorary member. Paris had elected him corresponding member of all her
+great societies. St. Petersburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Berlin, Palermo,
+Modena, Lisbon, Heidelberg, Frankfort, and our own Boston and
+Philadelphia had sent tokens of admiration. Eminent men from all the
+world came to see him.
+
+How proud his mother must have felt at this wonderful success! She was
+not able to enter into her son's pursuits from lack of early education;
+but she talked much about him, calling him ever, "my Michael"; and would
+do nothing whatever without his advice. He supported her in her
+declining years; and she seemed perfectly happy. His father had died in
+his boyhood; but Faraday ever honored his occupation. He used to say, "I
+love a smith-shop, and anything relating to smithing. My father was a
+blacksmith."
+
+He was now forty-nine. The overtaxed brain refused to work longer.
+Memory was losing her grasp, and but for the sweet and careful presence
+of Sarah Faraday, the life-work would doubtless have been finished at
+this time. She took him to Switzerland, where he walked beside the lakes
+and over the mountains with "my companion, dear wife, and partner in
+all things." For four years he made scarcely any experiments in original
+research, and then the tired brain seemed to regain its wonted power,
+and go on to other discoveries.
+
+An Italian philosopher, Morichini, was the first to announce the
+magnetizing power of the solar rays. Mrs. Somerville covered one-half of
+a sewing-needle with paper, and exposed the other half to the violet
+rays. In two hours the exposed end had acquired magnetism. Faraday, by
+long and difficult experiments, showed the converse of this: he
+magnetized a ray of light,--an experiment "high, beautiful, and alone,"
+says Mr. Tyndall. He also showed the magnetic condition of all matter.
+
+He was always at work. He entered the laboratory in the morning, and
+often worked till eleven at night, hardly stopping for his meals. He
+seldom went into society, for time was too precious. If he needed a
+change, he read aloud Shakspeare, Byron, or Macaulay to his wife in the
+evening, or corresponded with Herschel, Humboldt, and other great men.
+In the midst of exhausting labors he often preached on the Sabbath,
+believing more earnestly in the word of God the more he studied science.
+
+When he was sixty-four the great brain began to show signs of decline.
+Belgium, Munich, Vienna, Madrid, Rome, Naples, Turin, Rotterdam, Upsala,
+Lombardy, and Moscow had sent him medals, or made him a member of their
+famous societies. Napoleon III. made him commander of the Legion of
+Honor, a rare title; and the French exhibition awarded him the grand
+medal of honor. The Queen asked him to dine with her at Windsor Castle,
+and, at the request of Prince Albert her husband, she presented him with
+a lovely home at Hampton Court.
+
+At seventy-one he wrote to Mrs. Faraday from Glasgow, "My head is full,
+and my heart also; but my recollection rapidly fails. You will have to
+resume your old function of being a pillow to my mind, and a rest,--a
+happy-making wife." Still he continued to make able reports to the
+government on lighthouses, electric machines, steam-engines, and the
+like.
+
+And then for two years the memory grew weaker, the body feebler, and he
+was, as he told a friend, "just waiting." He died in his chair in his
+study, August 25th, 1867, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
+Westminster Abbey would have opened her doors to him, but he requested
+to be buried "in the simplest earthly place, with a gravestone of the
+most ordinary kind." On a plain marble slab in the midst of clustering
+ivy are his name and the dates of his birth and death. One feels a
+strange tenderness of heart as he stands beside this sacred spot where
+rests one, who, though elected to seventy societies, and offered nearly
+one hundred titles and tokens of honor, said he "would remain plain
+Michael Faraday to the last."
+
+Wonderful man! great in mind, noble in heart, and gentle in manner,
+having brought a strong nature under the most complete discipline. His
+energy, his devotion to a single object, his untiring work, and his
+beautiful character carried the blacksmith's son to the highest
+success.
+
+
+
+
+SIR HENRY BESSEMER.
+
+
+A little way from London, England, at Denmark Hill, looking toward the
+Crystal Palace, is a mansion which is fit for royalty. The grounds,
+covering from thirty to forty acres, are beautifully terraced, dotted
+here and there with lakelets, fountains, and artificial caverns, while
+the great clumps of red rhododendron, yellow laburnum, pink hawthorne,
+and white laurel make an exquisitely colored picture. The home itself is
+spacious and inviting, with its elegant conservatory and rare works of
+art. The owner of this house, Sir Henry Bessemer, is cordial and
+gracious; and from his genial face and manner, no one would imagine that
+his life had been one long struggle with obstacles.
+
+Born in Charlton, a little county town in Hertfordshire, Jan. 19, 1813,
+he received the rudiments of an education like other boys in the
+neighborhood. His father, Anthony Bessemer, an inventor, seeing that his
+son was inclined to mechanics, bought him, in London, a five-inch
+foot-lathe, and a book which described the art of turning. Day after
+day, in the quiet of his country home, he studied and practised turning,
+and modelling in clay.
+
+[Illustration: SIR HENRY BESSEMER.]
+
+At eighteen years of age he went to London, "knowing no one," he says,
+"and myself unknown,--a mere cipher in a vast sea of human enterprise."
+He soon found a place to work as modeller and designer, engraving a
+large number of original designs on steel, with a diamond point, for
+patent-medicine labels. A year later he exhibited one of his models at
+the Royal Academy. His inventive brain and observing eye were always
+alert in some new direction. Having ascertained that the Government lost
+thousands of pounds annually by the transfer of adhesive stamps from old
+deeds to new ones, he determined to devise a stamp which could not be
+used twice.
+
+For several months he worked earnestly, at night after his daily tasks
+were over, and in secret, thinking how richly the Government would
+reward him if he succeeded. At last he produced a die of unique design,
+which perforated a parchment deed with four hundred little holes. He
+hastened to the Stamp officials to show his work. They were greatly
+pleased, and asked him which he preferred for his reward, a sum of
+money, or the position of Superintendent of Stamps, with a salary of
+three or four thousand dollars a year. He delightedly chose the latter,
+as that would make him comfortable for life. There was another reason
+for his delight; for being engaged to be married, he would have no
+solicitude now about daily needs: life would flow on as smoothly as a
+river.
+
+At once he visited the young lady, and told her of his great success.
+She listened eagerly, and then said, "Yes, I understand this; but
+surely, if all stamps had a _date_ put upon them, they could not at a
+future time be used without detection." His spirits fell. He confessed
+afterward that, "while he felt pleased and proud of the clever and
+simple suggestion of the young lady, he saw also that all his more
+elaborate system, the result of months of toil, was shattered to pieces
+by it." What need for four hundred holes in a die, when a single date
+was more effective? He soon worked out a die with movable dates, and
+with frankness and honor presented it before the Government officials.
+They saw its preferableness: the new plan was adopted by Act of
+Parliament; the old stamps were called in and new ones issued; and then
+the young inventor was informed that his services as Superintendent of
+Stamps, at three thousand dollars a year, were not needed.
+
+But surely the Government, which was to save a half million dollars a
+year, would repay him for his months of labor and thought! Associations,
+like individuals, are very apt to forget favors, when once the desired
+end is attained. The Premier had resigned; and, after various promises
+and excuses, a lawyer in the Stamp Office informed him that he made the
+new stamp of his own free will, and there was no money to be given him.
+"Sad and dispirited, and with a burning sense of injustice overpowering
+all other feelings," says young Bessemer, "I went my way from the Stamp
+Office, too proud to ask as a favor that which was indubitably my
+right."
+
+Alas! that he must learn thus early the selfishness of the world! But he
+took courage; for, had he not made one real invention? and it must be in
+his power to make others. When he was twenty-five he produced a
+type-casting machine; but so opposed was it by the compositors, that it
+was finally abandoned. He also invented a machine for making figured
+Utrecht velvet; and some of his productions were used in the state
+apartments of Windsor Castle.
+
+A little later his attention was accidentally called to bronze powder,
+he having bought a small portion to ornament his sister's album. The
+powder, made in Germany, cost only twenty-two cents a pound in the raw
+material, and sold for twenty-two dollars. Here was a wonderful profit.
+Why could he not discover the process of making it? He worked for
+eighteen months, trying all sorts of experiments, and failed. But
+failure to a great mind never really means failure; so, after six
+months, he tried again, and--succeeded. He knew little about patents,
+had been recently defrauded by the Government; and he determined that
+this discovery should be kept a secret. He made a small apparatus, and
+worked it himself, sending out a travelling-man with the product. That
+which cost him less than one dollar was sold for eighteen. A fortune
+seemed now really within his grasp.
+
+A friend, assured of his success, put fifty thousand dollars into the
+business. Immediately Bessemer made plans of all the machinery required,
+sent various parts to as many different establishments, lest his secret
+be found out, and then put the pieces of his self-acting machines
+together. Five assistants were engaged at high wages, under pledge of
+secrecy. At first he made one thousand per cent profit; and now, in
+these later years, the profit is three hundred per cent. Three of the
+assistants have died; and Mr. Bessemer has turned over the business and
+the factory to the other two. The secret of making the bronze powder has
+never been told. Even Mr. Bessemer's oldest son had reached manhood
+before he ever entered the locked room where it was made.
+
+For ten years the inventor now turned his attention to the construction
+of railway carriages, centrifugal pumps, etc. His busy brain could not
+rest. When frequent explosions in coal-mines occasioned discussion
+throughout the country, he made, at large expense, a working model for
+ventilating mines, and offered to explain it to a committee of the House
+of Commons. His offer was declined with thanks. A little investigation
+on the part of great statesmen would have been scarcely out of place.
+
+At the great exhibition in London in 1851, he exhibited several
+machines,--one for grinding and polishing plate glass, and another for
+draining, in an hour, an acre of land covered with water a foot deep.
+The crowd looked at them, called the inventor "the ingenious Mr.
+Bessemer," and passed on. Two years later he made some improvements in
+war implements, and submitted his plans to the Woolwich Arsenal; but
+they were declined, without thanks even. Some other men might have
+become discouraged; but Mr. Bessemer knew that obstacles only strengthen
+and develop men.
+
+The improved ordnance having been brought to the knowledge of Napoleon
+III., he encouraged the inventor, and furnished the money to carry
+forward the experiments. While the guns were being tested at Vincennes,
+an officer remarked, "If you cannot get stronger metal for your guns,
+such heavy projectiles will be of little use." And then Mr. Bessemer
+began to ask himself if he could not improve iron. But he had never
+studied metallurgy. This, however, did not deter him; for he immediately
+obtained the best books on the subject, and visited the iron-making
+districts. Then he bought an old factory at Baxter House, where Richard
+Baxter used to live, and began to experiment for himself. After a whole
+year of labor he succeeded in greatly improving cast-iron, making it
+almost as white as steel.
+
+Could he not improve steel also? For eighteen months he built and pulled
+down one furnace after another, at great expense. At last "the idea
+struck him," he says, of making cast-iron malleable by forcing air into
+the metal when in a fluid state, cast-iron being a combination of iron
+and carbon. When oxygen is forced in, it unites with the carbon, and
+thus the iron is left nearly pure. The experiment was tried at the
+factory, in the midst of much trepidation, as the union of the
+compressed air and the melted iron produced an eruption like a volcano;
+but when the combustion was over, the result was steel.
+
+Astonished and delighted, after two years and a half of labor, Bessemer
+at once took out a patent; and the following week, by request, Aug. 11,
+1856, read a paper before the British Association, on "The manufacture
+of malleable iron and steel without fuel." There was great ridicule made
+beforehand. Said one leading steel-maker to another. "I want you to go
+with me this morning. There is a fellow who has come down from London to
+read a paper on making steel from cast-iron without fuel! Ha! ha! ha!"
+
+The paper was published in the "Times," and created a great sensation.
+Crowds hastened to Baxter House to see the wonderful process. In three
+weeks Mr. Bessemer had sold one hundred thousand dollars worth of
+licenses to make steel by the new and rapid method. Fame, as well as
+great wealth, seemed now assured, when lo! in two months, it being found
+that only certain kinds of iron could be worked, the newspapers began to
+ridicule the new invention, and scientists and business men declared
+the method visionary, and worse than useless.
+
+Mr. Bessemer collected a full portfolio of these scathing criticisms;
+but he was not the man to be disconcerted or cast down. Again he began
+the labor of experimenting, and found that phosphorus in the iron was
+the real cause of the failure. For three long years he pursued his
+investigations. His best friends tried to make him desist from what the
+world had proved to be an impracticable thing. Sometimes he almost
+distrusted himself, and thought he would give up trying, and then the
+old desire came back more strongly than ever. At last, success was
+really assured, but nobody would believe it. Every one said, "Oh, this
+is the thing which made such a blaze two or three years ago, and which
+was a failure."
+
+Mr. Bessemer took several hundredweight of the new steel to some
+Manchester friends, that their workmen might try it, without knowing
+from whence it came. They detected no difference between this which cost
+thirty dollars a ton, and what they were then using at three hundred
+dollars a ton.
+
+But nobody wanted to buy the new steel. Two years went by in this
+fruitless urging for somebody to take up the manufacture of the new
+metal. Finally, Bessemer induced a friend to unite with him, and they
+erected works, and began to make steel. At first the dealers would buy
+only twenty or thirty pounds; then the demand steadily increased. At
+last the large manufacturers awoke to the fact that Bessemer was
+underselling them by one hundred dollars a ton, and they hastened to pay
+a royalty for making steel by the new process.
+
+But all obstacles were not yet overcome. The Government refused to make
+steel guns; the shipbuilders were afraid to touch it; and when the
+engineer of the London and North-western Railway was asked to use steel
+rails, he exclaimed, excitedly, "Mr. Bessemer, do you wish to see me
+tried for manslaughter?" Now, steel rails are used the world over, at
+the same cost as iron formerly, and are said to last twenty times as
+long as iron rails.
+
+Prejudice at last wore away, and in 1866, the "Bessemer process," the
+conversion of crude iron into steel by forcing cold air through it for
+fifteen or twenty minutes, was bringing to its inventor an income of
+five hundred thousand dollars a year! Fame had now come, as well as
+wealth. In 1874, he was made President of the Iron and Steel Institute,
+to succeed the Duke of Devonshire. The Institute of Civil Engineers gave
+him the Telford Gold Medal; the Society of Arts, the Albert Gold Medal.
+Sweden made him honorary member of her Iron Board; Hamburg gave him the
+freedom of the city; and the Emperor of Austria conferred upon him the
+honor of Knight Commander of the Order of Francis Joseph, sending a
+complimentary letter in connection with the jewelled cross and circular
+collar of the order. Napoleon III. wished to give him the Grand Cross of
+the Legion of Honor, but the English Government would not permit him to
+wear it; the Emperor therefore presented him in person with a gold medal
+weighing twelve ounces. Berlin and the King of Wurtemburg sent him gold
+medals. In 1879 he was made Fellow of the Royal Society, and the same
+year was knighted by Queen Victoria. In 1880 the freedom of the city of
+London was presented to him in a gold casket; the only other great
+discoverers who have received this distinction being Dr. Jenner, who
+introduced vaccination, and Sir Rowland Hill, the author of penny
+postage. In the United States, which gives no ribbons or decorations,
+Indiana has appropriately named a flourishing town after him.
+
+It is estimated that Sir Henry Bessemer's one discovery of making steel
+has saved the world, in the last twenty-one years, above five thousand
+million dollars.
+
+When his patent expired in 1870, he had received in royalties over five
+million dollars. In his steel works at Sheffield, after buying in all
+the licenses sold in 1856, when the new process seemed a failure, the
+profits every two months equalled the original capital, or in fourteen
+years the company increased the original capital eighty-one times by the
+profits.
+
+How wise it proved that the country lad did not obtain the permanent
+position of superintendent of stamps, at three thousand dollars a year!
+
+Rich beyond his highest hopes, the friend of such eminent and
+progressive men as the King of the Belgians, who visits Denmark Hill,
+Sir Henry has not ceased his inventions. Knowing the terrors of
+sea-sickness, he designed a great swinging saloon, seventy feet by
+thirty, in the midst of a sea-going vessel named the "Bessemer." The
+experiment cost one hundred thousand dollars, but has not yet proved
+successful. In 1877, when sixty-four years old, he began to devote
+himself to the study of Herschel's works on optics, and has since
+constructed an immense and novel telescope, which magnifies five
+thousand times. The instrument is placed in a comfortable observatory,
+so that the investigator can either sit or stand while making his
+observations. "The observing room, with its floor, windows, and dome,
+revolve and keep pace automatically with every motion of the telescope."
+This is accomplished by hydraulic power.
+
+No wonder that Bessemer has been called the "great captain of modern
+civilization." He has revolutionized one of the most important of the
+world's industries; he has fought obstacles at every step,--poverty, the
+ridicule of the press, the indifference of his countrymen, and the
+cupidity of men who would steal his inventions or appropriate the
+results. He has earned leisure, but he rarely takes it. His has been a
+life of labor, prosecuted with indomitable will and energy. He has taken
+out one hundred and twenty patents, for which the specifications and
+drawings fill seven large volumes, all made by himself. The world had at
+last come to know and honor the boy who came to London at the age of
+eighteen, "a mere cipher in a vast sea of human enterprise." He made his
+way to greatness unaided, save by his helpful wife.
+
+Sir Henry died on the fifteenth of March, 1898, leaving an immense
+fortune, which, nevertheless, was not inordinate when compared with the
+services rendered by him to mankind; and a stainless name. The unfair
+treatment which had embittered his earlier days had been atoned for by
+the Queen granting him a title in recognition of his invention accepted
+by the Post-Office, and he had come to be regarded as one of the
+greatest benefactors of modern times. Such a life, crowned with such a
+success, is calculated to be a mighty inspiration to every ambitious
+youth.
+
+
+
+
+SIR TITUS SALT.
+
+
+I spent a day, with great interest, in visiting the worsted mills and
+warehouses at Saltaire, just out from Bradford, England, which cover
+about ten acres. The history of the proprietor, Sir Titus Salt, reads
+like a romance. A poor boy, the son of a plain Yorkshire man, at
+nineteen in a loose blouse he was sorting and washing wool; a little
+later, a good salesman, a faithful Christian worker and the
+superintendent of a Sunday school.
+
+At thirty-three, happening to be in Liverpool, he observed on the docks
+some huge pieces of dirty-looking alpaca wool. They had long lain in the
+warehouses, and becoming a nuisance to the owners, were soon to be
+reshipped to Peru. Young Salt took away a handful of the wool in his
+handkerchief, scoured and combed it, and was amazed at its attractive
+appearance. His father and friends advised him strongly to have nothing
+to do with the dirty stuff, as he could sell it to no one; and if he
+attempted to make cloth from it himself, he ran a great risk of failure.
+Finally he said, "I am going into this alpaca affair right and left, and
+I'll either make myself a man or a mouse."
+
+[Illustration: SIR TITUS SALT.]
+
+Returning to Liverpool, he bought the whole three hundred bales for a
+small sum, and toiled diligently till proper machinery was made for the
+new material. The result was a great success. In three years over two
+million pounds of alpaca wool were imported, and now four million pounds
+are brought to Bradford alone. Employment was soon furnished to
+thousands, laborers coming from all over Great Britain and Germany. Ten
+years later Mr. Salt was made mayor of Bradford; ten years after this a
+member of Parliament, and ten years later still a baronet by Queen
+Victoria,--a great change from the boy in his soiled coarse blouse, but
+he deserved it all. He was a remarkable man in many ways. Even when
+worth his millions, and giving lavishly on every hand, he would save
+blank leaves and scraps of paper for writing, and lay them aside for
+future use. He was an early riser, always at the works before the
+engines were started. It used to be said of him, "Titus Salt makes a
+thousand pounds before others are out of bed." He was punctual to the
+minute, most exact, and unostentatious. After he was knighted, it was no
+uncommon thing for him to take a poor woman and her baby in the carriage
+beside him, or a tired workman, or scatter hundreds of tracts in a
+village where he happened to be. Once a gypsy, not knowing who he was,
+asked him to buy a broom. To her astonishment, he bought all she was
+carrying!
+
+The best of his acts, one which he had thought out carefully, as he
+said, "to do good to his fellow-men," was the building of Saltaire for
+his four thousand workmen. When asked once what he had been reading of
+late, he replied. "Alpaca. If you had four or five thousand people to
+provide for every day, you would not have much time left for reading."
+Saltaire is a beautiful place on the banks of the river Aire, clean and
+restful. In the centre of the town stands the great six-story mill,
+well-ventilated, lighted, and warmed, five hundred and forty-five feet
+long, of light-colored stone, costing over a half million dollars. The
+four engines of eighteen hundred horse-power consume fifteen thousand
+tons of coal per year. The weaving shed, covering two acres, holds
+twelve hundred looms, which make eighteen miles of fabric per day.
+
+The homes of the work-people are an honor to the capitalist. They are of
+light stone, like the mill, two stories high, each containing parlor,
+kitchen, pantry, and three bedrooms or more, well ventilated and
+tasteful. Flower beds are in every front yard, with a vegetable garden
+in the rear. No broken carts or rubbish are to be seen. Not satisfied to
+make Saltaire simply healthful, by proper sanitary measures, and
+beautiful, for which Napoleon III. made him one of the Legion of Honor,
+Mr. Salt provided school buildings at a cost of $200,000, a
+Congregational church, costing $80,000, Italian in style,--as are the
+other buildings,--a hospital for sick or injured, and forty-five pretty
+almshouses, like Italian villas, where the aged and infirm have a
+comfortable home. Each married man and his wife receive $2.50 weekly,
+and each single man or woman $1.87 for expenses. Once a year Mr. Salt
+and his family used to take tea with the inmates, which was a source of
+great delight.
+
+Believing that "indoor washing is most pernicious, and a fruitful source
+of disease, especially to the young," he built twenty-four baths, at a
+cost of $35,000, and public wash-houses. These are supplied with three
+steam engines and six washing machines. Each person bringing clothes is
+provided with a rubbing and boiling tub, into which steam and hot and
+cold water are conveyed by pipes. The clothes are dried by hot air, and
+can be washed, dried, mangled, and folded in an hour. In Sweden, I found
+the same dislike to having washing done in the homes, and clothes are
+usually carried to the public wash-houses.
+
+Perhaps the most interesting of all Mr. Salt's gifts to his workmen is
+the Saltaire Club and Institute, costing $125,000; a handsome building,
+with large reading-room supplied with daily papers and current
+literature, a library, lecture-hall for eight hundred persons, a "School
+of Art," with models, drawings, and good teachers, a billiard-room with
+four tables, a room for scientific study, each student having proper
+appliances for laboratory work, a gymnasium and drill-room nearly sixty
+feet square, an armory for rifle-practice, and a smoking-room, though
+Mr. Salt did not smoke. The membership fee for all this study and
+recreation is only thirty seven cents for each three months. Opposite
+the great mill is a dining-hall, where a plate of meat can be purchased
+for four cents, a bowl of soup for two cents, and a cup of tea or coffee
+for one cent. If the men prefer to bring their own food, it is cooked
+free of charge. The manager has a fixed salary, so that there is no
+temptation to scrimp the buyers.
+
+Still another gift was made to the work-people; a park of fourteen
+acres, with croquet and archery grounds, music pavilion, places for
+boating and swimming, and walks with beautiful flowers. No saloon has
+ever been allowed in Saltaire. Without the temptation of the beer-shops,
+the boys have grown to intelligent manhood, and the girls to virtuous
+womanhood. Sir Titus Salt's last gift to his workmen was a Sunday-school
+building costing $50,000, where are held the "model Sunday schools of
+the country," say those who have attended the meetings. No wonder, at
+the death of this man, 40,000 people came to his burial,--members of
+Parliament, clergymen, workingmen's unions, and ragged schools. No
+wonder that statues have been erected to his memory, and that thousands
+go every year to Saltaire, to see what one capitalist has done for his
+laborers. No fear of strikes in his workshops; no socialism talked in
+the clean and pretty homes of the men; no squalid poverty, no depraving
+ignorance.
+
+That capital is feeling its responsibility in this matter of homes for
+laborers is one of the hopeful signs of the times. We shall come,
+sometime, to believe with the late President Chadbourne, "The rule now
+commonly acted upon is that business must be cared for, and men must
+care for themselves. The principle of action, in the end, must be that
+_men must be cared for_, and business must be subservient to this great
+work."
+
+If, as Spurgeon has well said, "Home is the grandest of all
+institutions," capital can do no better work than look to the homes of
+the laborer. It is not the mansion which the employer builds for
+himself, but the home which he builds for his employ�, which will insure
+a safe country for his children to dwell in. If discontent and poverty
+surround his palace, its foundations are weak; if intelligence has been
+disseminated, and comfort promoted by his unselfish thought for others,
+then he leaves a goodly heritage for his children.
+
+
+
+
+JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD.
+
+
+The small world which lives in elegant houses knows little of the great
+world in dingy apartments with bare walls and empty cupboards. Those who
+walk or ride in the sunshine often forget the darkness of the mines, or
+the tiresome treadmill of the factories.
+
+Over a century ago, in Lyons, France, lived a man who desired to make
+the lives of the toilers brighter and happier. Joseph Jacquard, the son
+of a silk-weaver who died early, began his young manhood, the owner of
+two looms and a comfortable little home. He had married Claudine
+Boichon, the daughter of a goldsmith who expected to give his daughter a
+marriage portion, but was unable from loss of property. Jacquard loved
+her just as devotedly, however, as though she had brought him money. A
+pretty boy was born into their home, and no family was happier in all
+France. But the young loom-owner saw the poor weavers working from four
+in the morning till nine at night, in crowded rooms, whole families
+often bending over a loom, their chests shrunken and their cheeks
+sallow from want of air and sunlight; and their faces dull and vacant
+from the monotony of unvaried toil. There were no holidays, no walks in
+the fields among the flowers, no reading of books, nothing but the
+constant routine which wore out body and mind together. There was no
+home-life; little children grew pinched and old; and mothers went too
+early to their graves. If work stopped, they ate the bread of charity,
+and went to the almshouse. The rich people of Lyons were not
+hard-hearted, but they did not _think_; they were too busy with their
+parties and their marriages; too busy buying and selling that they might
+grow richer. But Jacquard was always thinking how he could lighten the
+labor of the silk-weavers by some invention.
+
+The manufacture of silk had become a most important industry. Seventeen
+hundred years before Christ the Chinese had discovered the making of
+silk from silk-worms, and had cultivated mulberry-trees. They forbade
+anybody to export the eggs or to disclose the process of making the
+fabric, under penalty of death. The Roman Emperor Justinian determined
+to wrest this secret from China, and thus revive the resources of his
+empire. He sent two monks, who ostensibly preached Christianity, but in
+reality studied silk-worms, and, secreting some eggs in two hollow
+reeds, returned to Justinian, and breaking these canes, laid the eggs on
+the lap of the beautiful Empress Theodora. From this the art spread into
+Italy, and thence into France.
+
+The more Jacquard thought how he could help the silk-weavers of France
+the more he became absorbed, and forgot that money was needed to support
+his family. Soon the looms had to be sold at auction, with his small
+home. The world ridiculed, and his relatives blamed him; but Claudine
+his wife encouraged him, and prophesied great fame for him in the
+future. She sold her little treasures, and even her bed, to pay his
+debts. Finally, when there was no food in the house, with tears in his
+eyes, Jacquard left his wife and child, to become a laborer for a
+lime-burner in a neighboring town. Claudine went to work in a
+straw-bonnet factory; and for sixteen years they battled with poverty.
+
+Then the French Revolution burst upon Lyons in 1793. Her crime before
+such murderers as Robespierre and Marat was that she was the friend of
+Louis XVI. Sixty thousand men were sent against her by the so-called
+Republicans, who were commanded to utterly destroy her, and write over
+the ruins, "Lyons made war upon liberty; Lyons is no more." Six thousand
+persons were put to death, their houses burned, and twelve thousand
+exiled; among them Jacquard.
+
+His only child, a brave boy of sixteen, had joined the Republican ranks,
+that he might fight against the foreign armies of England, Austria, and
+Naples, who had determined, under Pitt, to crush out the new government.
+At the boy's earnest request his father enlisted with him, and together
+they marched toward the Rhine. In one of the first battles a
+cannon-ball struck the idolized son, who fell expiring in Jacquard's
+arms. Covered with the blood of his only child, he dug a grave for him
+on the battle-field; and exhausted and heart-broken went to the hospital
+till his discharge was obtained.
+
+He returned to Lyons and sought his poor wife. At last he found her in
+the outskirts of the city, living in a hay-loft, and earning the barest
+pittance by spreading out linen for the laundresses to dry. She divided
+her crusts with her husband, while they wept together over their
+irreparable loss. She soon died of grief, but, with her last words, bade
+Jacquard go forward in developing his genius, and have trust in God, who
+would yet show him the way of success. Blessed Claudine! A sweet,
+beautiful soul, shining like a star in the darkness of the French
+Revolution.
+
+Jacquard with all earthly ties severed went back to the seclusion of
+inventing. After his day's work was done as a laborer, he studied on his
+machine for silk-weaving. Finally, after seven years,--a long time to
+patiently develop an idea,--he had produced a loom which would decrease
+the number of workmen at each machine, by one person. The model was
+placed at the Paris Industrial Exposition in 1801; and the maker was
+awarded a bronze medal. In gratitude for this discovery he went to the
+image of the Virgin which stood on a high hill, and for nine days
+ascended daily the steps of the sacred place. Then he returned to his
+work, and seating himself before a Vaucanson loom, which contained the
+germ of his own, he consecrated himself anew to the perfecting of his
+invention.
+
+Jacques de Vaucanson, who died when Jacquard was thirty years old, was
+one of the most celebrated mechanicians of France. His automatons were
+the wonder of the age. He exhibited a duck which, when moved, ate and
+drank like a live one. The figure would stretch out its neck for food,
+and swallow it: walk, swim, dabble in the water, and quack most
+naturally. His musician, playing the flageolet with the left hand, and
+beating the tambourine with the right, executing many pieces of
+difficult music with great accuracy, was an astonishment to every body.
+He had been appointed inspector of silk-factories at Lyons, and, because
+he made some improvements in machines, he was pelted with stones by the
+workmen, who feared that they would thereby lose their labor. He
+revenged himself by making a machine which wove, brocaded, and colored
+at the same time, and was worked by a donkey!
+
+It remained for Jacquard to make the Vaucanson loom of the utmost
+practical use to Lyons and to the world. After a time he was not only
+able to dispense with one workman at each loom, but he made machinery do
+the work of three men and two women at each frame. The city authorities
+sent a model of this machine to Paris, that the Emperor Napoleon might
+examine it. So pleased was he that he at once sent for Jacquard to come
+to Paris. The latter had previously invented a machine for making
+fishing-nets, now used in producing Nottingham lace. When brought before
+Bonaparte, and Carnot the Minister of the Interior, the latter asked,
+"Is it you then, who pretend to do a thing which is impossible for
+man,--to make a knot upon a tight thread?"
+
+Jacquard answered the brusque inquiry by setting up a machine, and
+letting the incredulous minister see for himself.
+
+The Emperor made Jacquard welcome to the _Conservatoire des Arts et
+Metiers_, where he could study books and machines to his heart's
+content, and gave him a pension of about twelve hundred dollars for his
+discovery. When he had, with his own hands, woven a magnificent brocaded
+silk dress for the Empress Josephine, he returned to Lyons to set up the
+Jacquard looms. His name began to be lauded everywhere. Claudine's
+prophecies had at last come true. She had given her life to help him;
+but she could not live to share his honors.
+
+Soon, however, the tide of praise turned. Whole families found
+themselves forced into the street for lack of work, as the looms were
+doing what their hands had done. Bands of unemployed men were shouting,
+"Behold the traitor! Let him provide for our wives and children now
+driven as mendicants from door to door; or let him, the destroyer of
+the peoples' labor, share in the death which he has prepared for us!"
+The authorities seemed unable to quell the storm, and by their orders
+the new loom was broken in pieces on the public square. "The iron," says
+Jacquard, "was sold as old iron; the wood, for fuel." One day he was
+seized by a crowd of starving workmen, who knocked him down, and dragged
+him to the banks of the Rhone, where he would have been drowned at once,
+had not the police rescued him, bleeding and nearly dead. He left the
+city overwhelmed with astonishment and sorrow. Soon Switzerland,
+Germany, Italy, and America were using the Jacquard looms, largely
+increasing the manufacture and sale of silk, and therefore the number of
+laborers. The poor men of Lyons awoke to the sad fact, that by breaking
+up Jacquard's machines, they had put the work of silk-weaving into other
+hands all over the world; and idleness was proving their ruin. They
+might have doubled and trebled the number of their factories, and
+benefited labor a thousand-fold.
+
+The inventor refused to take out a patent for himself, nor would he
+accept any offers made him by foreigners, because he thought all his
+services belonged to France. He loved the working people, who, for
+twenty years, were too blind to see it.
+
+He removed to a little home and garden at Oullins, near Lyons, the use
+of which had been given him for life, where he could hear the sound of
+his precious looms on which he had worked for sixty years, and which
+his city had at last adopted. Here he attended his garden, and went
+every morning to early church, distributing each day some small pieces
+of money to poor children. As old age came on, Lyons realized the
+gratitude due her great inventor. A silver medal was awarded him, and
+then the grand distinction of the cross of the Legion of Honor.
+
+People from the neighboring towns visited Oullins, and pointed out with
+pride the noble old man at eighty-four, sitting by his garden-wall,
+dressed like a workman in his long black tunic, but wearing his broad
+red ribbon with his cross of honor. Illustrious travellers and statesmen
+visited him whose fame was now spread through Europe and America.
+
+Toinette, a faithful servant who had known and loved Claudine, watched
+over the pure-hearted Jacquard till death came, Aug. 7, 1834. Six years
+after, Lyons, which once broke his machine and nearly killed him, raised
+a beautiful statue of him in the public square. The more than seventy
+thousand looms in the city, employing two hundred thousand workmen, are
+grander monuments even than the statue. The silk-weavers are better
+housed and fed than formerly. The struggling, self-sacrificing man, who
+might have been immensely rich as well as famous, was an untold blessing
+to labor and to the world.
+
+
+
+
+HORACE GREELEY.
+
+
+Among the hills of New Hampshire, in a lonely, unpainted house, Horace
+Greeley was born, Feb. 3, 1811, the third of seven children. His father
+was a plain farmer, hard-working, yet not very successful, but aided by
+a wife of uncommon energy and good spirits, notwithstanding her many
+cares. Besides her housework, and spinning, and making the children's
+clothes, she hoed in the garden, raked and loaded hay to help her
+husband, laughing and singing all day long, and telling her feeble
+little son, Horace, stories and legends all the evening. Her first two
+children having died, this boy was especially dear. Mrs. Greeley was a
+great reader of such books as she could obtain, and remembered all she
+read. It requires no great discernment to see from whence Horace Greeley
+derived his intense love for reading, and his boundless energy.
+
+[Illustration: HORACE GREELEY.]
+
+He learned to read, one can scarcely tell how. When two years old, he
+would pore over the Bible, as he lay on the floor, and ask questions
+about the letters; at three, he went to the "district school," often
+carried through the deep snow on the shoulders of one of his aunts, or
+on the back of an older boy. He soon stood at the head of his little
+class in spelling and reading, "and took it so much to heart when he did
+happen to lose his place, that he would cry bitterly; so that some boys,
+when they had gained the right to get above him, declined the honor,
+because it hurt Horace's feelings so."
+
+Before he was six years old he had read the Bible through, and
+"Pilgrim's Progress." Their home contained only about twenty books, and
+these he read and re-read. As he grew older, every book within seven
+miles was borrowed, and perused after the hard day's work of farming was
+over. He gathered a stock of pine knots, and, lighting one each night,
+lay down by the hearth, and read, oblivious to all around him. The
+neighbors came and made their friendly visits, and ate apples and drank
+cider, as was the fashion, but the lad never noticed their coming or
+their going. When really forced to leave his precious books for bed, he
+would repeat the information he had learned, or the lessons for the next
+day, to his brother, who usually, most ungraciously, fell asleep before
+the conversation was half completed.
+
+When Horace was nearly ten years old, his father, who had speculated in
+a small way in lumber, became a bankrupt; his house and furniture were
+sold by the sheriff, and he was obliged to flee from the State to avoid
+arrest. Some of these debts were paid, thirty years afterward, by his
+noble son. Going to Westhaven, Vt., Mr. Greeley obtained work on a farm,
+and moved his family thither. They were very poor, the children sitting
+on the floor and eating their porridge together out of a tin pan; but
+they were happy in the midst of their hard work and plain food. The
+father and the boys chopped logs, and the little sisters, with the
+mother, gathered them in heaps, the voice of the latter, says Mr. James
+Parton, in his biography, "ringing out in laughter from the tangled
+brushwood in which she was often buried." Would there were thousands
+more of such women, who can laugh at disaster, and keep their children
+and themselves from getting soured with life. Everybody has troubles;
+and very wise are they who do not tell them, either in their faces or by
+their words.
+
+Horace earned a few pennies all his own; sometimes by selling nuts, or
+bundles of the roots of pitch-pine for kindling, which he carried on his
+back to the store. This money he spent in books, buying Mrs. Hemans's
+poetry and "Shakspeare." No wonder that the minister of the town said,
+"Mark my words; that boy was not made for nothing."
+
+He could go to school no longer, and must now support himself. From
+earliest childhood he had determined to be a printer; so, when eleven
+years of age, he walked nine miles to see the publisher of a newspaper,
+and obtain a situation. The editor looked at the small, tow-haired boy,
+shook his head, and said, "You are too young." With a heavy heart the
+child walked the long nine miles back again. But he must do something;
+and, a little later, with seventy-five cents in his pocket, and some
+food tied in a bundle, which he hung on the end of a stick, slung over
+his shoulder, he walked one hundred and twenty miles back to New
+Hampshire, to see his relatives. After some weeks he returned, with a
+few more cents in his purse than when he started!
+
+The father Greeley ought to have foreseen that such energy and will
+would produce results; but because Horace, in a fit of abstraction,
+tried to yoke the "off" ox on the "near" side, he said, "Ah! that boy
+will never get along in the world. He'll never know more than enough to
+come in when it rains." Alas! for the blindness of Zaccheus Greeley,
+whose name even would not be remembered but for his illustrious son.
+
+When Horace was fourteen, he read in a newspaper that an apprentice was
+wanted in a printing-office eleven miles distant. He hastened thither,
+and, though unprepossessing, from his thin voice, short pantaloons, lack
+of stockings, and worn hat, he was hired on trial. The first day he
+worked at the types in silence. Finally the boys began to tease him with
+saucy remarks, and threw type at him; but he paid no attention. On the
+third day, one of the apprentices took a large black ball, used to put
+ink on the type, and remarking that Horace's hair was too light, daubed
+his head four times. The pressman and editor both stopped their labors
+to witness a fight; but they were disappointed, for the boy never turned
+from his work. He soon left his desk, spent an hour in washing the ink
+from his hair, and returned to his duties. Seeing that he could not be
+irritated, and that he was determined to work, he became a great
+favorite.
+
+When at his type, he would often compose paragraphs for the paper,
+setting up the words without writing them out. He soon joined a debating
+society, composed of the best-informed persons of the little town of
+East Poultney,--the minister, the doctor, the lawyer, the
+schoolteachers, and the like. What was their surprise to find that the
+young printer knew almost every thing, and was always ready to speak, or
+read an essay.
+
+He was often laughed at because of his poor clothes, and pitied because,
+slender and pale as he was, he never wore an overcoat; but he used to
+say, "I guess I'd better wear my old clothes than run in debt for new
+ones." Ah! they did not know that every penny was saved and sent to the
+father, struggling to clear a farm in the wilderness in Pennsylvania.
+During his four years' apprenticeship he visited his parents twice,
+though six hundred miles distant, and walked most of the way.
+
+Soon after he had learned his trade, the newspaper suspended, and he was
+thrown out of work. The people with whom he boarded gave him a brown
+overcoat, not new, and with moistened eyes said good-by to the poor
+youth whom they had learned to love as their own. He remained a few
+weeks with his family, then walked fifty miles east to a town in New
+York State, where he found plenty of work, but no money, and in six
+weeks returned to the log-cabin. After trying various towns, he found a
+situation in Erie, taking the place of a workman who was ill, and for
+seven months he did not lose a day. Out of his wages--eighty-four
+dollars--he had used only six, less than one dollar a mouth! Putting
+fifteen dollars in his pocket, he took the balance of sixty-three in a
+note, and gave it to his father. A noble son indeed, who would not buy a
+single garment for himself, but carried the money home, so as to make
+the poor ones a trifle more comfortable!
+
+He had become tired of working in the small towns; he determined to go
+to the great city of New York, and "be somebody." He walked a part of
+the way by the tow-path along the canal, and sometimes rode in a scow.
+Finally, at sunrise, Friday, Aug. 18, 1831, he landed close to the
+Battery, with ten dollars in his pocket, knowing, he says, "no human
+being within two hundred miles." His first need was a boarding-place.
+Over a saloon, kept by an Irishman, he found room and board for two
+dollars and a half a week. Fortunately, though it was the almost
+universal custom to use liquors, Horace was a teetotaler, and despised
+chewing or smoking tobacco, which he regarded "as the vilest, most
+detestable abuse of his corrupted sensual appetites whereof depraved man
+is capable;" therefore he had no fear of temptation from these sources.
+
+All day Friday and Saturday he walked the streets of New York, looking
+for work. The editor of the "Journal of Commerce" told him plainly that
+he was a runaway apprentice from the country, and he did not want him.
+"I returned to my lodging on Saturday evening, thoroughly weary,
+disheartened, disgusted with New York, and resolved to shake its dust
+from my feet next Monday morning, while I could still leave with money
+in my pocket, and before its almshouse could foreclose upon me." On
+Sunday he went to church, both morning and afternoon. Late in the day, a
+friend who called upon the owner of the house, learning that the printer
+wanted work, said he had heard of a vacancy at Mr. West's, 85 Chatham
+Street.
+
+The next morning Horace was at the shop at half-past five! New York was
+scarcely awake; even the newsboys were asleep in front of the paper
+offices. He waited for an hour and a half,--a day, it seemed to
+him,--when one of the journey-men arrived, and, finding the door locked,
+sat down beside the stranger. He, too, was a Vermonter, and he
+determined to help young Greeley, if possible. He took him to the
+foreman, who decided to try him on a Polyglot Testament, with marginal
+references, such close work that most of the men refused to do it. Mr.
+West came an hour or two later, and said, in anger, "Did you hire that
+fool?"
+
+"Yes; we need help, and he was the best I could get," said the foreman.
+
+"Well, pay him off to-night, and let him go about his business."
+
+When night came, however, the country youth had done more and better
+work, than anybody who had tried the Testament. By beginning his labors
+before six in the morning, and not leaving his desk till nine in the
+evening, working by the light of a candle stuck in a bottle, he could
+earn six dollars a week. At first his fellow-workmen called him "the
+ghost," from his white hair and complexion; but they soon found him
+friendly, and willing to lend money, which, as a rule, was never
+returned to him; they therefore voted him to be a great addition to the
+shop. As usual, though always scrupulously clean, he wore his poor
+clothes, no stockings, and his wristbands tied together with twine. Once
+he bought a second-hand black suit of a Jew, for five dollars, but it
+proved a bad bargain. His earnings were sent, as before, to his parents.
+
+After a year, business grew dull, and he was without a place. For some
+months he worked on various papers, when a printer friend, Mr. Story,
+suggested that they start in business, their combined capital being one
+hundred and fifty dollars. They did so, and their first work was the
+printing of a penny "Morning Post," which suspended in three weeks, they
+losing sixty dollars. The partner was drowned shortly after, and his
+brother-in-law took his place.
+
+Young Greeley, now twenty-three, and deeply interested in politics,
+determined to start a weekly paper. Fifteen of his friends promised to
+subscribe for it. The "New Yorker" was begun, and so well conducted was
+it that three hundred papers throughout the country gave it
+complimentary notices. It grew to a subscription list of nine thousand
+persons; but much of the business was done on trust, times were hard,
+and, after seven years, the enterprise had to be abandoned. This was a
+severe trial to the hard-working printer, who had known nothing but
+struggles all his life. Years after this he wrote, "Through most of this
+time I was very poor, and for four years really bankrupt, though always
+paying my notes, and keeping my word, but living as poorly as possible.
+My embarrassments were sometimes dreadful; not that I feared
+destitution, but the fear of involving my friends in my misfortunes was
+very bitter.... I would rather be a convict in a State prison, a slave
+in a rice-swamp, than to pass through life under the harrow of debt.
+Hunger, cold, rags, hard work, contempt, suspicion, unjust reproach, are
+disagreeable, but debt is infinitely worse than them all. Avoid
+pecuniary obligation as you would pestilence or famine. If you have but
+fifty cents, and can get no more for a week, buy a peck of corn, parch
+it, and live on it, rather than owe any man a dollar."
+
+Meantime the young editor had married Miss Mary Y. Cheney, a
+schoolteacher of unusual mind and strength of character. It was, of
+course, a comfort to have some one to share his sorrows; but it pained
+his tender heart to make another help bear his burdens. Beside editing
+the "New Yorker," he had also taken charge of the "Jeffersonian," a
+weekly campaign paper published at Albany, and the "Log-Cabin,"
+established to aid in the election of General Harrison to the
+Presidency. The latter paper was a great success, the circulation
+running up to ninety thousand, though very little money was made; but it
+gave Mr. Greeley a reputation in all parts of the country for
+journalistic ability.
+
+President Harrison died after having been a month in office; and seven
+days after his death, Mr. Greeley started, April 10, 1841, a new paper,
+the "New York Tribune," with the dying words of Harrison as its motto:
+"I desire you to understand the true principles of the government. I
+wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." The paper had scarcely any
+money for its foundation,--only a thousand dollars loaned by a
+friend,--but it had a _true man_ at its head, strong in his hatred of
+slavery, and the oppression of the laboring man, and fearless in the
+advocacy of what he believed to be right.
+
+Success did not come at first. Of the five thousand copies published and
+to be sold at a cent each, Mr. Greeley says, "We found some difficulty
+in giving them away." The expenses for the first week were five hundred
+and twenty-five dollars; receipts, ninety-two. But the boy who could
+walk nearly six hundred miles to see his parents, and be laughed at for
+poor clothes, while he saved his money for their use, was not to be
+overcome at thirty years of age, by the failure of one or of a dozen
+papers. Some of the New York journals fought the new sheet; but it lived
+and grew till, on the seventh week, it had eleven thousand subscribers.
+A good business-manager was obtained as partner. Mr. Greeley worked
+sixteen hours a day. He wrote four columns of editorial matter (his
+copy, wittily says Junius Henri Browne, "strangers mistook for diagrams
+of Boston"), dozens of letters, often forgot whether he had been to his
+meals, and was ready to see and advise with everybody. When told that he
+was losing time by thus seeing people, he said, "I know it; but I'd
+rather be beset by loafers, and stopped in my work, than be cooped up
+where I couldn't be got at by men who really wanted to and had a right
+to see me." So warm as this were his sympathies with all humanity!
+
+In 1842, when he was thirty-one, he visited Washington, Niagara, and
+his parents in Pennsylvania, and wrote delightful letters back to his
+paper. How proud the mother must have felt of the growing fame of her
+son! What did Zaccheus think now of his boy of whom he prophesied "would
+never know more than enough to come in when it rains"?
+
+The years passed on. Margaret Fuller came upon the editorial staff; for
+Mr. Greeley was ever the advocate of the fullest liberty for woman in
+any profession, and as much pay for her work as for that of men. And now
+came a great sorrow, harder to bear than poverty. His little son Pickie,
+called "the glorious boy with radiant beauty never equalled," died
+suddenly. "When at length," he said, "the struggle ended with his last
+breath, and even his mother was convinced that his eyes would never
+again open upon the scenes of this world, I knew that the summer of my
+life was over; that the chill breath of its autumn was at hand; and that
+my future course must be along the down-hill of life." He wrote to
+Margaret Fuller in Italy, "Ah, Margaret, the world grows dark with us!
+You grieve, for Rome is fallen; I mourn, for Pickie is dead." His hopes
+were centered in this child; and his great heart never regained its full
+cheerfulness.
+
+In 1848 he was elected to Congress for three months to fill out the
+unexpired term of a deceased member, and did most effective work with
+regard to the mileage system and the use of the public lands. To a high
+position had come the printer-boy. At this time he was also prominently
+in the lecture-field, speaking twice a week to large audiences all over
+the country. In 1850 his first book was published by the Harpers, "Hints
+toward Reform," composed of ten lectures and twenty essays. The
+following year he visited England as one of the "jury" in the awarding
+of prizes; and while there made a close study of philanthropic and
+social questions. He always said, "He, who by voice or pen strikes his
+best blow at the impostures or vices whereby our race is debased and
+paralyzed, may close his eyes in death, consoled and cheered by the
+reflection that he has done what he could for the emancipation and
+elevation of his kind."
+
+In 1855 he again visited Europe; and four years later, California, where
+he was received with great demonstrations of honor and respect. In 1860
+he was at the Chicago Convention, and helped to nominate Abraham Lincoln
+in preference to William H. Seward. Mr. Greeley had now become one of
+the leading men of the nation. His paper molded the opinions of hundreds
+of thousands. He had fought against slavery with all the strength of his
+able pen; but he advocated buying the slaves for four hundred million
+dollars rather than going to war,--a cheaper method than our subsequent
+conflict, with enormous loss of life and money. When he found the war
+inevitable, after General McClellan's defeat at the Chickahominy, he
+urged upon Mr. Lincoln immediate emancipation, which was soon adopted.
+The "New York World" said after his death, "Mr. Greeley will hold the
+first place with posterity on the roll of emancipation."
+
+In the draft riots in New York, in 1863, the mob burst into the Tribune
+Building, smashing the furniture, and shouting, "Down with the old white
+coat!" Mr. Greeley always wore a coat and hat of this hue. Had he been
+present, doubtless he would have been killed at once. When urged to arm
+the office, he said, "No; all my life I have worked for the workingmen;
+if they would now burn my office and hang me, why, let them do it."
+
+The same year he began his "History of the Civil War" for a Hartford
+publisher. Because so constantly interrupted, he went to the Bible
+House, and worked with an amanuensis from nine in the morning till four
+in the afternoon, and then to the "Tribune" office, and wrote on his
+paper till eleven at night. These volumes, dedicated to John Bright,
+have had a sale of several hundred thousand copies.
+
+After the war Mr. Greeley, while advocating "impartial suffrage" for
+black as well as white, advocated also "universal amnesty." He believed
+nothing was to be gained by punishing a defeated portion of our nation,
+and wanted the past buried as quickly as possible. He was opposed to the
+hanging of Jefferson Davis; and with Gerritt Smith, a well-known
+abolitionist, and about twenty others, he signed Mr. Davis's bail-bond
+for one hundred thousand dollars, which released him from prison at
+Fortress Monroe, where he had been for two years. At once the North was
+aflame with indignation. No criticism was too scathing; but Mr. Greeley
+took the denunciations like a hero, because he had done what his
+conscience approved. He said, "Seeing how passion cools and wrath
+abates, I confidently look forward to the time when thousands who have
+cursed will thank me for what I have done and dared in resistance to
+their own sanguinary impulses.... Out of a life earnestly devoted to the
+good of human kind, your children will select my going to Richmond and
+signing that bail-bond as the wisest act."
+
+In 1872 considerable disaffection having arisen in the Republican party
+at the course pursued by President Grant at the South, the "Liberal
+Republicans," headed by Sumner, Schurz, and Trumbull, held a convention
+at Cincinnati, and nominated Horace Greeley for President. The
+Democratic party saw the hopelessness of nominating a man in opposition
+to Grant and Greeley, and accepted the latter as their own candidate.
+The contest was bitter and partisan in the extreme. Mr. Greeley received
+nearly three million votes, while General Grant received a half million
+majority.
+
+No doubt the defeat was a great disappointment to one who had served his
+country and the Republican party for so many years with very little
+political reward. But just a month before the election came the
+crushing blow of his life, in the death of his noble wife. He left his
+speech-making, and for weeks attended her with the deepest devotion. A
+few days before she died, he said, "I am a broken down old man. I have
+not slept one hour in twenty-four for a month. If she lasts, poor soul,
+another week, I shall go before her."
+
+After her death he could not sleep at all, and brain-fever soon set in.
+Friday, Nov. 29, the end came. At noon he said distinctly, his only
+remaining children, Ida and Gabriella, standing by his bedside, "I know
+that my Redeemer liveth;" and at half-past three, "It is done." He was
+ready for the great change. He had written only a short time before,
+"With an awe that is not fear, and a consciousness of demerit which does
+not exclude hope, I await the opening, before my steps, of the gates of
+the eternal world." Dead at sixty-one! Overworked, not having had "a
+good night's sleep in fifteen years!"
+
+When his death became known, the whole nation mourned for him.
+Newspapers from Maine to Louisiana gave touching tributes to his
+greatness, his purity, and his far-sightedness as a leader of the
+people. The Union League Club, the Lotos, the Typographical Society, the
+Associated Press, German and colored clubs, and temperance organizations
+passed resolutions of sorrow. Cornell University, of whose Board he was
+a member, did him honor. St. Louis, Albany, Indianapolis, Nashville,
+and other cities held memorial meetings. John Bright sent regrets over
+"our friend, Horace Greeley." Congress passed resolutions of respect for
+his "eminent services and personal purity and worth."
+
+And then came the sad and impressive burial. In the governor's room in
+the City Hall, draped in black, surrounded by a guard of honor composed
+of the leading men of New York, the body of the great journalist lay in
+state. Over fifty thousand persons, rich and poor, maimed soldiers and
+working people, passed in one by one to look upon the familiar face.
+Said one workman, "It is little enough to lose a day for Horace Greeley,
+who spent many a day working for us." Just as the doors of the room were
+being closed for the night, a farmer made his way, saying, "I've come a
+hundred miles to be at the funeral of Horace Greeley. Can't you possibly
+let me in to have one last look?" The man stood a moment by the open
+coffin, and then, pulling his hat low down to hide the tears, was lost
+in the crowd.
+
+From there the body was taken to Dr. Chapin's church, where it rested
+under a solid arch of flowers, with the words, "I know that my Redeemer
+liveth"; and in front of the pulpit, "It is done." The coffin was nearly
+hidden by floral gifts; one of the most touching being a plow made of
+white camelias on a ground of violets, from the "Tribune" workmen,--a
+gift to honor the man who honored labor, and ennobled farm-life at his
+country home at Chappaqua, a few miles from New York.
+
+And then through an enormous concourse of people, Fifth Avenue being
+blocked for a mile, the body was borne to Greenwood Cemetery. Stores
+were closed, and houses along the route were draped in black. Flags on
+the shipping, in the harbor, were at half-mast; and bells tolled from
+one to three o'clock. Two hundred and fifty carriages, containing the
+President of the United States, governors, senators, and other friends,
+were in the procession. By the side of his wife and their three little
+children the great man was laid to rest, the two daughters stepping into
+the vault, and laying flowers tenderly upon the coffin.
+
+The following Sabbath clergymen all over the country preached about this
+wonderful life: its struggles succeeded by world-wide honor. Mr.
+Greeley's one great wish was gratified, "I cherish the hope that the
+journal I projected and established will live and flourish long after I
+shall have mouldered into forgotten dust; and that the stone which
+covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible
+inscription, 'Founder of the NEW YORK TRIBUNE.'"
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON.
+
+
+For a great work God raises up a great man. Usually he is trained in the
+hard school of poverty, to give him courage and perseverance. Usually he
+stands alone among a great multitude, that he may have firmness and
+endurance.
+
+William Lloyd Garrison was born to be pre�minently the deliverer of the
+slave. For two hundred years the curse of African slavery had rested
+upon one of the fairest portions of our land. Everybody thought it an
+evil to keep four million human beings from even the knowledge of how to
+read and write, and a cruelty to sell children away from parents, to
+toil forever without home or kindred. Everybody knew that slavery was as
+ruinous almost to master as to slave; that labor was thereby despised,
+and that luxury was sapping the vigor of a race. But every slave meant
+money, and money is very dear to mankind.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON.]
+
+Before the Declaration of Independence, three hundred thousand slaves
+had been brought to this country. Some of the colonists remonstrated,
+but the traffic was not stopped till 1808. The Quakers were opposed to
+human bondage from the first, and decided, in 1780, to free all their
+slaves. Vermont had freed hers three years previously, and other
+Northern States soon followed. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
+and others were outspoken against the sin; but it continued to increase
+till, in 1810, we had over a million slaves.
+
+Five years before this time, in a plain, wooden house in Newburyport,
+Mass., a boy was born who was to electrify America, and the world even,
+on this great subject. William Lloyd Garrison's father was a
+sea-captain, a man who loved books and had some literary ambition; the
+mother was a noble woman, deeply religious, willing to bear all and
+brave all for conscience' sake, and fearless in the path of duty. She
+early taught her boy to hate oppression of every kind, and to stand
+everywhere for the right. Very poor, there was no chance for William,
+either in school or college. When he was seven, his mother, having found
+work for herself as a nurse for the sick, placed the child with a deacon
+of the town, where he learned to split wood and other useful things. At
+nine, the careful mother put him to the shoemaking trade, though he was
+scarcely large enough to hold the lap-stone. He was not happy here,
+longing for something that made him think.
+
+Perhaps he would like to build tables and chairs better, so he was
+apprenticed to a cabinet-maker; but here he was no more satisfied than
+with the monotony of sewing leather. At his own request, the dealer
+cancelled the agreement, and the boy found a place to set type on the
+Newburyport "Herald." At last he had obtained the work he loved. He
+would some day own a paper, he thought, and write articles for it. Ah!
+how often poor boys and rich build air-castles which tumble to the
+ground. It is well that we build them, for life soon becomes prosaic
+enough to the happiest of us.
+
+At sixteen he wrote an article for the "Herald," signing it "An Old
+Bachelor." Imagine his surprise and delight when he saw it really in
+print! Meantime his mother, who was six hundred miles away, wrote him
+devoted letters, ever encouraging and stimulating him to be upright and
+temperate. A year later she died, and William was left to fight his
+battles alone. He missed the letters,--missed having some one to whom he
+could tell a boy's hopes and fears and temptations. That boy is
+especially blest who has a mother to whom he can confide everything;
+such a boy usually has a splendid future, because by her wisdom and
+advice he becomes well fitted for life, making no foolish experiments.
+
+Reading as much as possible, at nineteen William wrote some political
+articles for a Salem paper, and, strange to say, they were attributed to
+Hon. Timothy Pickering! Surely, he could do something in the world now;
+so when his apprenticeship was over and he had worked long and
+faithfully, he started a paper for himself. He called it the "Free
+Press." It was a good title, and a good paper; but, like most first
+literary adventures, it proved a failure. Perhaps he ought to have
+foreseen that one can do little without capital; but youth is about as
+blind as love, and rarely stops to reason.
+
+Did one failure discourage him? Oh, no! He went to Boston, and found a
+place in a printing office. He soon became the editor of the "National
+Philanthropist," the first paper established to advocate total
+abstinence from intoxicants. His motto was a true one, not very popular,
+however, in those days, "Moderate drinking is the down-hill road to
+drunkenness." He was now twenty-two, poor, but God-fearing and
+self-reliant. About this time there came to Boston a man whose influence
+changed young Garrison's whole life,--Benjamin Lundy, a Quaker,
+thirty-nine years of age. Leaving his father's home at nineteen, he had
+spent four years at Wheeling, Va., where he learned the saddler's trade,
+and learned also the cruelties of slave-holding. After this he moved to
+Ohio, and in four years earned three thousand dollars above his living
+expenses. When he was twenty-six he organized an Anti-slavery Society at
+his own house, and, promising to become assistant editor of an abolition
+paper, he went to St. Louis to dispose of his stock of saddlery.
+Business was greatly depressed, the whole region being agitated over the
+admission of Missouri as a slave State; and, after spending two years,
+Lundy returned to Ohio, on foot, in winter, his property entirely gone.
+
+None of his ardor for freedom having abated, he determined to start a
+monthly paper, though poor and entirely ignorant about printing. This
+sheet he called the "Genius of Universal Emancipation," printed twenty
+miles from his home, the edition being carried on his back, each month,
+as he walked the long distance. He moved shortly after to East
+Tennessee, walking half of the eight hundred miles, and gradually
+increased his subscription list. Several times his life was in danger;
+but the slight, gentle Quaker kept quietly on his course. In 1824 he set
+out on foot for Baltimore, paying his way by saddlery or
+harness-mending, living on the poorest fare; and he subsequently
+established the "Genius" there. While he was absent from home, his wife
+died, leaving twins, and his five children were divided among friends.
+Deeply sorrowing, he renewed his resolve to devote his life to worse
+than motherless children,--those sold into bondage,--and made his way as
+best he could to Boston. Of such material were the foundation stones of
+the anti-slavery cause.
+
+At his boarding-place Lundy met Garrison, and told him his burning
+desire to rid the country of slavery. The heart of the young printer was
+deeply moved. He, too, was poor and unknown, but he had not forgotten
+his mother's teachings and prayers. After some time he agreed to go to
+Baltimore, and help edit the "Genius of Universal Emancipation." Lundy
+was in favor of sending the slaves to the West Indies or Africa as fast
+as their masters would consent to free them, which was not very fast.
+Garrison said, "The slaves are here by no fault of their own, and do not
+deserve to be sent back to barbarous Africa." He was in favor of
+immediate freedom for every human being.
+
+Baltimore had slave-pens on the principal streets. Vessel-loads of
+slaves, torn from their homes, were sent hundreds of miles away to
+southern ports, and the auction-block often witnessed heart-rending
+scenes. The tender heart of Garrison was stirred to its very depths. In
+the first issue of his paper he declared for Immediate Emancipation, and
+soon denounced the slave-trade between Baltimore and New Orleans as
+"domestic piracy," giving the names of several citizens engaged in the
+traffic, among them a vessel-owner from his own town, Newburyport. The
+Northern man immediately arrested Garrison for "gross and malicious
+libel," and he was found guilty by a slave-holding court, and fined
+fifty dollars and costs. No one was ready to give bail, and he was
+thrown into prison. The young man was not in the least cast down, but,
+calm and heroic, wrote two sonnets on the walls of his cell.
+
+Meantime, a noble young Quaker at the North, John G. Whittier, was
+deeply anxious for Garrison. He had no money to pay his fine, but,
+greatly admiring Henry Clay, whom he hoped to see President, wrote him
+urging that he aid the "guiltless prisoner." Clay would doubtless have
+done so, but Arthur Tappan, one of New York's noble men, sent the money,
+releasing Garrison from his forty-nine days' imprisonment. Wendell
+Phillips says of him, "He was in jail for his opinions when he was just
+twenty-four. He had confronted a nation in the very bloom of his youth."
+
+Garrison had not been idle while in prison. He had prepared several
+lectures on slavery, and these he now gave when he could find a hearing.
+Large churches were not opened to him, and nobody offered him two
+hundred dollars a night! The free colored people welcomed him gladly,
+but the whites were usually indifferent or opposed to such "fanatical"
+ideas. At last he came to Boston to start a paper,--that city where
+brains and not wealth open the doors to the best society. Here, with no
+money nor influential friends, he started the "Liberator," with this for
+his motto, "I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as
+justice. On this subject I do not wish to speak or write with
+moderation. I am in earnest. I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I
+will not retreat a single inch--_and I will be heard!_"
+
+The North was bound hand and foot by the slave-trade almost as
+effectually as the South. The great plea was the fear lest the Union
+would be dissolved. Cotton factories had sprung up on every hand, and it
+was believed that slave-labor was essential to the producing of cotton.
+Some thought it would not be safe to free the slaves; that
+assassinations would be the result. The real secret, however, was that
+each slave meant several hundred dollars, and freedom meant poverty to
+the masters. Meantime, the "Liberator" was making itself felt, despite
+Garrison's poverty. The Vigilance Association of South Carolina offered
+a reward of $1,500 for the apprehension and prosecution of any white
+person who might be detected in distributing or circulating it. In
+Raleigh, N.C., the grand jury found a bill against the young editor,
+hoping to bring him to that State for trial. Hon. Robert Y. Hayne, of
+South Carolina, having received a paper by mail, wrote to Harrison Gray
+Otis, Mayor of Boston, to ascertain the sender. Mr. Otis caused an agent
+to visit the office of the "Liberator," and returned answer to Mr.
+Hayne, that he found it "an obscure hole, his only visible auxiliary a
+negro boy; and his supporters a few very insignificant persons of all
+colors."
+
+And where was this "obscure hole"? In the third story of a business
+block, "the walls dingy," says Mr. Oliver Johnson in "Garrison and his
+Times"; "the small windows bespattered with printers' ink; the press
+standing in one corner; the long editorial and mailing table covered
+with newspapers; the bed of the editor and publisher on the floor--all
+these make a picture never to be forgotten." Their food, what little
+they had, was procured at a neighboring bakery.
+
+Soon Georgia passed a law offering $5,000 to any person arresting and
+bringing to trial, under the laws of the State, and punishing to
+conviction, the editor or publisher of the "Liberator." What a wonder
+that some ruffian at midnight did not break into the "obscure hole," and
+drag the young man off to a slave-vessel lying close by in the harbor!
+The leaven of anti-slavery was beginning to work. Twelve "fanatics"
+gathered one stormy night in the basement of an African church in
+Boston, and organized the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832.
+
+The following year, as the managers of the American Colonization Society
+had sent an agent to England, it was deemed best to send Garrison abroad
+to tell Wilberforce and others who were working for the suppression of
+slavery in the West Indies, that it was not a wise plan to send the
+slaves to Africa. It was difficult to raise the money needed; but
+self-sacrifice usually leaves a good bank-account. The "fanatic," only
+twenty-eight, was received with open arms by such men as Lord Brougham,
+Wilberforce, Clarkson, and Daniel O'Connell. Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton
+gave a breakfast in his honor. When the guests had arrived, among them
+Mr. Garrison, Mr. Buxton held up both hands, exclaiming, "Why, my dear
+sir, I thought you were a black man!" This, Mr. Garrison used to say,
+was the greatest compliment of his life, because it showed how truly and
+heartily he had labored for the slave. A great meeting was arranged for
+him at Exeter Hall, London. How inspiring all this for the young
+reformer! Here he met the eloquent George Thompson, and asked him to
+visit our country, which invitation he accepted.
+
+On his return the American Anti-Slavery Society was formed, Dec. 4,
+1833, at Philadelphia, delegates coming from eleven States. John G.
+Whittier was chosen Secretary. The noble poet has often said that he was
+more proud that his name should appear signed to the Declaration of
+Principles adopted at that meeting than on the title-page of any of his
+volumes. Thus has he ever loved liberty.
+
+The contest over the slavery question was growing extremely bitter.
+Prudence Crandall of Canterbury, Conn., a young Quaker lady, admitted
+several colored girls to her school, who came from Boston, New York, and
+Philadelphia. The people were indignant at such a commingling of races.
+Shopkeepers refused to sell her anything; her well was filled with
+refuse, and at last her house was nearly torn down by a midnight mob.
+Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, Western Reserve College, Hudson,
+O., with some others, were nearly broken up by the conflict of opinion.
+Some anti-slavery lecturers were tarred and feathered or thrown into
+prison. In New York, a pro-slavery mob broke in the doors and windows of
+a Presbyterian church, and laid waste schoolhouses and dwellings of
+colored people. In Philadelphia, the riots lasted three days, forty-four
+houses of colored people being nearly or quite destroyed.
+
+In Boston, a "most respectable" mob, composed, says Horace Greeley, "in
+good part of merchants," dispersed a company of women belonging to the
+Female Anti-Slavery Society, while its President was engaged in prayer.
+Learning that Garrison was in the adjoining office, they shouted, "We
+must have Garrison! Out with him! Lynch him!"
+
+Attempting to escape by the advice of the Mayor, who was present, he
+sought refuge in a carpenter's shop, but the crowd drew him out, and
+coiling a rope around his body, dragged him bareheaded along the street.
+One man called out, "He shan't be hurt; he is an American!" and this
+probably saved his life, though many blows were aimed at his head, and
+his clothes were nearly torn from his body. The Mayor declaring that he
+could only be saved by being lodged in jail, Garrison pressed into a
+hack, and was driven as rapidly as possible to the prison, the maddened
+crowd clinging to the wheels, dashing against the doors and seizing hold
+of the horses. At last he was behind the bars and out of their reach. On
+the walls of his cell he wrote:--
+
+"William Lloyd Garrison was put into this cell on Wednesday afternoon,
+Oct. 21, 1835, to save him from the violence of a respectable and
+influential mob, who sought to destroy him for preaching the abominable
+and dangerous doctrine that 'all men are created equal,' and that all
+oppression is odious in the sight of God. Confine me as a prisoner, but
+bind me not as a slave. Punish me as a criminal, but hold me not as a
+chattel. Torture me as a man, but drive me not like a beast. Doubt my
+sanity, but acknowledge my immortality."
+
+The "respectable" mob had wrought wiser than they knew. Garrison and his
+"Liberator" became more widely known than ever. Famous men and women now
+joined the despised Abolitionists. The conflict was growing deeper.
+Elijah P. Lovejoy, the ardent young preacher of Alton, Illinois, was
+murdered by four balls at the hands of a pro-slavery mob, who broke up
+his printing-press, and threw it into the river. A public meeting was
+held in Faneuil Hall to condemn such an outrage. A prominent man in the
+gallery having risen to declare that Lovejoy "died as the fool dieth," a
+young man, unknown to most, stepped to the rostrum, and spoke as though
+inspired. From that day Wendell Phillips was the orator of America. From
+that day the anti-slavery cause had a new consecration.
+
+From this time till 1860 the struggle between freedom and slavery was
+continuous. The South needed the Territories for her rapid increase of
+slaves. The North was opposed; but in the year 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska
+Act, devised by Stephen A. Douglas, repealed the Missouri Compromise of
+1820, which had prohibited slavery north of latitude 36� 30', the
+southern boundary of Kansas. Kansas at once became a battle-ground.
+Armed men came over from Missouri to establish slavery. Men came from
+New England determined that the soil should be free, if they spilled
+their blood to gain it. The Fugitive Slave Law, whereby slaves were
+returned without trial by jury, and slave-owners allowed to search the
+North for their slaves, made great bitterness. The brutal attack of
+Preston Brooks, of South Carolina, on Charles Sumner, for his speech on
+Kansas, and the hanging of John Brown by the State of Virginia for his
+invasion of Harper's Ferry with seventeen white men and five negroes,
+calling upon the slaves to rise and demand their liberty, brought
+matters to a crisis.
+
+Garrison was opposed to war; but after the firing on Sumter, April 12,
+1861, it was inevitable. For two years after Abraham Lincoln's election
+to the Presidency, Garrison waited impatiently for that pen-stroke which
+set four million human beings free. When the Emancipation Proclamation
+was issued, Jan. 1. 1863, Garrison's life-work was accomplished.
+Thirty-five years of untiring, heroic struggle had not been in vain.
+When two years later the stars and stripes were raised again over Fort
+Sumter, he was invited by President Lincoln, as a guest of the
+government, to witness the imposing scene. When Mr. Garrison arrived in
+Charleston, the colored people were nearly wild with joy. Children sang
+and men shouted. A slave made an address of welcome, his two daughters
+bearing a wreath of flowers to their great benefactor. Garrison's heart
+was full to overflowing as he replied, "Not unto us, not unto us, but
+unto God be all the glory for what has been done in regard to your
+emancipation.... Thank God, this day, that you are free. And be resolved
+that, once free, you will be free forever. Liberty or death, but never
+slavery! While God gives me reason and strength, I shall demand for you
+everything I claim for the whitest of the white in this country."
+
+The same year he discontinued the publication of the "Liberator,"
+putting in type with his own hands the official ratification of the
+Thirteenth Amendment, forever prohibiting slavery in the United States,
+and adding, "Hail, redeemed, regenerated America! Hail, all nations,
+tribes, kindred, and peoples, made of one blood, interested in a common
+redemption, heirs of the same immortal destiny! Hail, angels in glory;
+tune your harps anew, singing, 'Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord
+God Almighty!'"
+
+Two years after the war Mr. Garrison crossed the ocean for the fourth
+time. He was no longer the poor lad setting type at thirteen, or
+sleeping on the hard floor of a printing-room, or lying in a Baltimore
+jail, or the victim of a Boston mob. He was the centre of a grand and
+famous circle. The Duke and Duchess of Argyle and the Duchess of
+Sutherland paid him special honors. John Bright presided at a public
+breakfast given him at St. James' Hall, London. Such men as John Stuart
+Mill, Herbert Spencer, and Prof. Huxley, graced the feast. Mr. Bright
+said in his opening address, concerning Mr. Garrison: "His is the
+creation of that opinion which has made slavery hateful, and which has
+made freedom possible in America. His name is venerated in his own
+country; venerated in this country and in Europe, wheresoever
+Christianity softens the hearts and lessens the sorrows of men."
+Edinburgh conferred upon him the freedom of the city, an honor accorded
+to one other American only,--George Peabody. Birmingham, Manchester, and
+other cities held great public meetings to do him reverence.
+
+On his return, such friends as Sumner, Wilson, Emerson, Longfellow,
+Lowell, Greeley, and others presented him with $30,000. The remainder of
+his life he devoted to temperance, woman-suffrage, and every other
+reform calculated to make the world better. His true character was shown
+when, years before, appointed to the London Anti-Slavery Convention as a
+delegate, he refused to take his seat after his long journey across the
+ocean, because such noble co-workers as Lucretia Mott, Mrs. Wendell
+Phillips, and others, were denied their place as delegates. Thus
+strenuous was he for right and justice to all. Always modest, hopeful,
+and cheerful, he was as gentle in his private life with his wife and
+five children, as he was strong and fearless in his public career. He
+died at the home of his daughter in New York, May 24, 1879, his children
+singing about his bed, at his request:
+
+    "Awake, my soul, stretch every nerve,"
+
+and,
+
+    "Rise, my soul, and stretch thy wings."
+
+At sunset, in Forest Hills, they laid the brave man to rest, a quartette
+of colored singers around his open grave, singing, "I cannot always
+trace the way."
+
+    "The storm and peril overpast,
+      The hounding hatred shamed and still,
+    Go, soul of freedom! take at last
+      The place which thou alone canst fill.
+
+    "Confirm the lesson taught of old--
+      Life saved for self is lost, while they
+    Who lose it in His service hold
+      The lease of God's eternal day."
+
+
+
+
+GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI.
+
+
+Few men come to greatness. Most drift on with the current, having no
+special plan nor aim. They live where their fathers lived, taking no
+thought beyond their neighborhood or city, and die in their little round
+of social life.
+
+Not so a boy born in Southern France, in 1807. Giuseppe Garibaldi was
+the son of humble parents. His father was a sailor, with a numerous
+family to support, seemingly unskilled in keeping what little property
+he had once acquired. His mother was a woman of ambition, energy, and
+nobility of character. If one looks for the cause of greatness in a man,
+he seldom has to go further than the mother. Hence the need of a highly
+educated, noble womanhood all over the world. Such as Giuseppe Garibaldi
+are not born of frivolous, fashionable women.
+
+Of his mother, the great soldier wrote in later years, "She was a model
+for mothers. Her tender affection for me has, perhaps, been excessive;
+but do I not owe to her love, to her angel-like character, the little
+good that belongs to mine? Often, amidst the most arduous scenes of my
+tumultuous life, when I have passed unharmed through the breakers of
+the ocean or the hail-storms of battle, she has seemed present with me.
+I have, in fancy, seen her on her knees before the Most High--my dear
+mother!--imploring for the life of her son; and I have believed in the
+efficacy of her prayers." No wonder that, "Give me the mothers of the
+nation to educate, and you may do what you like with the boys," was one
+of his favorite maxims.
+
+[Illustration: GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI.]
+
+Giuseppe was an ardent boy, fond of books, loving to climb the lonely
+mountains around his home, and eager for some part of the world's
+bustle. Sometimes he earned his living among the fishermen on the
+Riviera; sometimes he took sea-voyages with his father. He had unusual
+tenderness of heart, combined with fearlessness. One day he caught a
+grasshopper, took it to his house, and, in handling it, broke its leg.
+He was so grieved for the poor little creature, that he went to his room
+and wept bitterly for hours. Another time, standing by a deep ditch, he
+discovered that a woman had fallen from the bank as she was washing
+clothes. With no thought for his own life, he sprang in and rescued her.
+
+His parents, seeing that he was quick in mathematics and the languages,
+desired him to study for the ministry; but he loved the sea and
+adventure too well for a sedentary life. Becoming tired of study, at
+twelve years of age, he and some companions procured a boat, put some
+provisions and fishing-tackle on board, and started to make their
+fortune in the East. These visions of greatness soon came to an
+inglorious end; for the paternal Garibaldi put to sea at once, and soon
+overtook and brought home the mortified and disappointed infantile crew.
+
+At twenty-one, we find Garibaldi second in command on the brig
+"Cortese," bound for the Black Sea. Three times during the voyage they
+were plundered by Greek pirates, their sails, charts, and every article
+of clothing taken from them, the sailors being obliged to cover their
+bodies with some matting, left by chance in the hold of the ship. As a
+result of this destitution, the young commander became ill at
+Constantinople, and was cared for by some Italian exiles. Poor, as are
+most who are born to be leaders, he must work now to pay the expenses
+incurred by this illness. Through the kindness of his physician, he
+found a place to teach, and when once more even with the world
+pecuniarily, went back to sea, and was made captain.
+
+He was now twenty-seven years old. Since his father had taken him when a
+mere boy to Rome, he had longed for and prayed over his distracted
+Italy. He saw what the Eternal City must have been in her ancient
+splendor; he pictured her in the future, again the pride and glory of a
+united nation. He remembered how Italy had been the battle-ground of
+France, Spain, and Austria, when kings, as they have ever done,
+quarrelled for power. He saw the conqueror of Europe himself conquered
+by the dreadful Russian campaign: then the Congress of Vienna parcelling
+out a prostrate people among the nations. Austria took Lombardy and
+Venice; Parma and Lucca were given to Marie Louise, the second wife of
+Napoleon; and the Two Sicilies to Ferdinand II., who ruled them with a
+rod of iron. Citizens for small offences were lashed to death in the
+public square. Filthy dungeons, excavated under the sea, without light
+or air, were filled with patriots, whose only crime was a desire for a
+free country. The people revolted in Naples and Sardinia, and asked for
+a constitution; but Austria soon helped to restore despotism. Kings had
+divine rights; the people had none. No man lessens his power willingly.
+The only national safety is the least possible power in the hands of any
+one person. The rule of the many is liberty; of the few, despotism.
+
+Garibaldi was writing all these things on his heart. His blood boiled at
+the slavery of his race. Mazzini, a young lawyer of Genoa, had just
+started a society called "Young Italy," and was looking hopefully, in a
+hopeless age, toward a republic for his native country. Garibaldi was
+ready to help in any manner possible. The plan proposed was to seize the
+village of St. Julien, and begin the revolt; but, as usual, there was a
+traitor in the camp: they were detected; and Garibaldi, like the rest,
+was sentenced to death. This was an unexpected turn of events for the
+young sea-captain. Donning the garb of a peasant, he escaped by mountain
+routes to Nice, his only food being chestnuts, bade a hasty farewell to
+his precious mother, and started for South America. He had learned,
+alas, so soon, the result of working for freedom in Italy!
+
+He arrived at Rio Janeiro, an exile and poor; but, finding several of
+his banished countrymen, they assisted him in buying a trading-vessel;
+and he engaged in commerce. But his mind constantly dwelt on freedom.
+The Republic of Rio Grande had just organized and set up its authority
+against Brazil. Here was a chance to fight for liberty. A small cruiser
+was obtained, which he called "The Mazzini," and, with twenty
+companions, he set out to combat an empire. After capturing a boat
+loaded with copper, the second vessel they met gave battle, wounded
+Garibaldi in the neck, and made them all prisoners.
+
+A little later, attempting to escape, he was brutally beaten with a
+club, and then his wrists tied together by a rope, which was flung over
+a beam. He was suspended in the air for two hours. His sufferings were
+indescribable. Fever parched his body, and the rope cut his flesh. He
+was rescued by a fearless lady, Senora Alemon, but for whom he would
+have died. After two months, finding that he would divulge nothing of
+the plans of his adopted republic, he was released without trial, and
+entered the war again at once.
+
+After several successful battles, his vessel was shipwrecked, nearly all
+his friends were drowned, and he escaped as by a miracle. His heart now
+became desolate. He says in his diary, "I felt the want of some one to
+love me, and a desire that such a one might be very soon supplied, as my
+present state of mind seemed insupportable." After all, the brave young
+captain was human, and cried out for a human affection. He had "always
+regarded woman as the most perfect of creatures"; but he had never
+thought it possible to marry with his adventurous life.
+
+About this time he met a dark-haired, dark-eyed, young woman, tall and
+commanding, and as brave and fearless as himself. Anita belonged to a
+wealthy family, and her father was incensed at the union, though years
+after, when Garibaldi became famous, he wrote them a letter of
+forgiveness. They idolized each other; and the soldier's heart knew
+desolation no longer, come now what would. She stood beside him in every
+battle, waving her sword over her head to encourage the men to their
+utmost. When a soldier fell dead at her feet, she seized his carbine,
+and kept up a constant fire. When urged by her husband to go below,
+because almost frantic with fear for her safety, she replied, "If I do,
+it will be but to drive out those cowards who have sought concealment
+there," and then return to the fight. In one of the land-battles she was
+surrounded by twenty or more of the enemy; but she put spurs to her
+horse, and dashed through their midst. At first they seemed dazed, as
+though she were something unearthly; then they fired, killing her
+animal, which fell heavily to the ground; and she was made a prisoner.
+Obtaining permission to search among the dead for her husband, and, not
+finding him, she determined to make her escape. That night, while they
+slept, she seized a horse, plunged into the forests, and for four days
+lived without food. On the last night,--a stormy one,--closely pursued
+by several of the enemy, she urged her horse into a swollen river, five
+hundred yards broad, and seizing fast hold of his tail, the noble
+creature swam across, dragging her with him. After eight days she
+reached her agonized husband, and their joy was complete.
+
+After a year or more of battles and hardships, their first child,
+Menotti, was born, named for the great Italian Liberal. Garibaldi,
+fighting for a poor republic, destitute of everything for his wife and
+child, started across the marshes to purchase a few articles of
+clothing. In his absence, their little company was attacked by the
+Imperialists, and Anita mounted her saddle in a pitiless storm, and fled
+to the woods with her twelve-days-old infant. Three months later the
+child came near dying, the mother carrying him in a handkerchief tied
+round her neck, and keeping him warm with her breath, as they forded
+swamps and rivers.
+
+After six years of faithful service for the South American Republic,
+Garibaldi determined to settle down to a more quiet life, with his
+little family, and sought a home at Montevideo, where he took up his
+former occupation of teaching. But he was soon drawn into war again, and
+his famous "Italian Legion," of about four hundred men, made for
+themselves a record throughout Europe and America for bravery and
+success against fearful odds. The grateful people made Garibaldi
+"General," and placed a large tract of land at the disposal of the
+Legion; but the leader said, "In obedience to the cause of liberty alone
+did the Italians of Montevideo take up arms, and not with any views of
+gain or advancement," and the gift was declined. Yet so poor was the
+family of Garibaldi, that they used to go to bed at sunset because they
+had no candles; and his only shirt he had given to a companion in arms.
+When his destitution became known, the minister of war sent him one
+hundred dollars. He accepted half for Anita and her little ones, and
+begged that the other half might be given to a poor widow.
+
+Fourteen years had gone by since he left Italy under sentence of death.
+He was now forty-one, in the prime of his life and vigor. Italy had
+become ripe for a revolution. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, had
+declared himself ready to give constitutional liberty to his people, and
+to help throw off the Austrian yoke. Garibaldi believed that his hour
+had come, and saying good-bye to the Montevideans, who were loathe to
+part with him, he took fifty-six of his brave Italian Legion, and sailed
+for Nice, in the ship Esperanza. His beloved Anita improvised a
+Sardinian flag, made from a counterpane, a red shirt, and a bit of old
+green uniform; and the little company gave themselves to earnest plans
+and hopes. They met a hearty reception on their arrival; Garibaldi's
+mother taking Anita and her three children, Menotti, Meresita, and
+Ricciotti, to her home. General Garibaldi at once presented himself
+before Charles Albert, and offered his services. He wore a striking
+costume, consisting of a cap of scarlet cloth, a red blouse, and a white
+cloak lined with red, with a dagger at his belt, besides his sword. The
+King, perhaps remembering that the brave soldier was once a Republican
+in sentiment, made the great mistake of declining his aid. Nothing
+daunted, he hurried to Milan, only to find that the weak King had
+yielded it to Austria. Charles Albert soon abdicated in favor of his son
+Victor Emmanuel, and died from sorrow and defeat.
+
+Meantime Rome had declared herself a Republic, and Pius IX. had fled the
+city. Garibaldi was asked to defend her, and entered with his troops,
+April 28, in 1849. England and France were urged to remain neutral,
+while Rome fought for freedom. But alas! Louis Napoleon, then President
+of the French Republic, desired to please the Papal party, and sent
+troops to reinstate the Pope! When Rome found that this man at the head
+of a republic was willing to put a knife to her throat, her people
+fought like tigers. They swarmed out of the workshops armed with weapons
+of every kind, while women urged them on with applause. For nearly three
+months Rome held out against France and Austria, Garibaldi showing
+himself an almost superhuman leader, and then the end came. Pius IX.
+re-entered the city, and the Republic was crushed by monarchies.
+
+When all was lost, Garibaldi called his soldiers together, and, leaping
+on horseback, shouted, "Venice and Garibaldi do not surrender. Whoever
+will, let him follow me! Italy is not yet dead!" and he dashed off at
+full speed. By lonely mountain-paths, he, with Anita and about two
+hundred of his troops, arrived on the shore of the Adriatic, where
+thirteen boats were waiting to carry them to Venice. Nine were soon
+taken by the Austrians, the rest escaping, though nearly all were
+finally captured and shot at once. The General and his wife escaped to a
+cornfield, where she lay very ill, her head resting on his knee. Some
+peasants, though fearful that they would be detected by the Austrians,
+brought a cart, and carried the dying wife to the nearest cottage,
+where, as soon as she was laid upon the bed, she breathed her last,
+leaning on Garibaldi's arm. Overwhelmed with the loss of his idol, he
+seemed benumbed, with no care whether he was made a prisoner or not. At
+last, urged for the sake of Italy to flee, he made the peasants promise
+to bury Anita under the shade of the pine grove near by, and, hunted
+like a robber from mountain to mountain, he found a hiding-place among
+the rocks of the Island of Caprera. There was nothing left now but to
+seek a refuge in the great American Republic.
+
+Landing in New York, the noble General asked aid from no one, but
+believing, as all true-minded persons believe, that any labor is
+honorable, began to earn his living by making candles. What a contrast
+between an able general working in a tallow factory, and some proud
+young men and women who consent to be supported by friends, and thus
+live on charity! Woe to America if her citizens shall ever feel
+themselves too good to work!
+
+For a year and a half he labored patiently, his children three thousand
+miles away with his mother. Then he became captain of a merchant vessel
+between China and Peru. When told that he could bring some Chinese
+slaves to South America in his cargo, he refused, saying, "Never will I
+become a trafficker in human flesh." America might buy and sell four
+millions of human beings, but not so Garibaldi. After four years he
+decided to return to Italy. With the little money he had saved, he
+bought half the rocky island of Caprera, five miles long, off the coast
+of Sardinia, whose boulders had once sheltered him, built him a
+one-story plain house, and took his three children there to live, his
+mother having died.
+
+Meantime Cavour, the great Italian statesman, had not been idle in
+diplomacy. The Crimean War had been fought, and Italy had helped England
+and France against Russia. When Napoleon III. went to war with Austria
+in 1859, Cavour was glad to make Italy his ally. He called Garibaldi
+from Caprera, and made him Major-General of the Alps. At once the red
+blouse and white cloak seemed to inspire the people with confidence.
+Lombardy sprang to arms. Every house was open, and every table spread
+for the Liberators. And then began a series of battles, which, for
+bravery and dash and skill, made the name of Garibaldi the terror of
+Austria, and the hope and pride of Italy. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and
+Lucca declared for King Victor Emmanuel. The battles of Magenta and
+Solferino made Austria bite the dust, and gladly give up Lombardy.
+
+At last it seemed as if Italy were to be redeemed and reunited.
+Garibaldi started with his famous "Mille," or thousand men, to release
+the two Sicilies from the hated rule of Francis, the son of Ferdinand
+II. The first battle was fought at Palermo, the Neapolitans who
+outnumbered the troops of Garibaldi four to one being defeated after
+four hours' hard fighting. Then the people dared to show their true
+feelings. Peasants flocked in from the mountains, and ladies wore red
+dresses and red feathers. When the cars carried the soldiers from one
+town to another, the people crowded the engine, and shouted themselves
+hoarse. Drums were beaten, and trumpets blown, and women pressed
+forward to kiss the hand or touch the cloak of the Lion of Italy. He was
+everywhere the bravest of the brave. Once when surrounded by four
+dragoons, who called upon him to surrender, he drew his sword, and said,
+"I am Garibaldi; you must surrender to me."
+
+And yet amid all this honor and success in war, and supremacy in power,
+as he was the Dictator, he was so poor that he would wash his red shirt
+in a brook, and wait for it to dry while he ate his lunch of bread and
+water, with a little fruit. No wonder the Sicilians believed him to be a
+second Messiah, and the French that he could shake the bullets from his
+body into his loose red shirt, and empty them out at his leisure! The
+sailor boy had become the hero of all who loved liberty the world over.
+When the war was ended, he resigned his Dictatorship, handed the two
+Sicilies over to his sovereign, distributed medals to his devoted
+soldiers, and returned to his island home at Caprera, with barely three
+dollars in his pocket, having borrowed one hundred to pay his debts. How
+rarely does any age produce such a man as Garibaldi!
+
+But Rome was not yet the capital of Italy. The hero could not rest while
+the city was governed by a Pope. At last, tired of waiting for the king
+to take action, he started with three thousand men for Rome. Victor
+Emmanuel, fearing to offend France, if the Pope were molested, sent the
+royal troops against Garibaldi at Aspromonte, who badly wounded him,
+and carried him to a prison on the Gulf of Spezzia. The people,
+indignant at the Government, crowded around him, bearing gifts, and
+kissing the hem of his raiment. They even bored a hole in the door of
+the prison, that they might catch a glimpse of their idol, as he lay on
+his iron bedstead, a gift from an English friend.
+
+After his release and return to Caprera, he visited England in 1864, the
+whole country doing him honor. Stations were gaily decorated, streets
+arched with flowers, ladies dressed in red; the Duke of Sutherland
+entertained him; London gave him the freedom of the city; Tennyson made
+him his guest at the Isle of Wight; and crowds made it scarcely possible
+for him to appear on the public thoroughfares. He refused to receive a
+purse of money from his friends, and went back to Caprera, majestic in
+his unselfishness.
+
+Again Italy called him to help her in her alliance with Prussia against
+Austria in 1866, and again he fought nobly. The year following he
+attempted to take Rome, but was a second time arrested and imprisoned
+for fear of Napoleon III. When that monarch fell at Sedan, and the
+French troops were withdrawn from the Eternal City, Victor Emmanuel
+entered without a struggle, and Rome was free.
+
+In 1874, after helping the French Republic, the brave Spartan was
+elected to Parliament. He was now sixty-seven. As he entered Rome, the
+streets were blocked with people, who several times attempted to remove
+the horses, and draw the carriage themselves. Ah! if Anita had only
+been there to have seen this homage of a grateful nation. He entered the
+Senate House on the arm of his son Menotti, and when he rose in his red
+shirt and gray cloak to take the oath, so infirm that he was obliged to
+be supported by two friends, men wept as they recalled his struggles,
+and shouted frantically as he took his seat.
+
+Seven years longer the grand old man lived at Caprera, now beautified
+with gifts from all the world, the recipient of a thank-offering of
+$10,000 yearly from Italy. Around him were Francesca, whom he married
+late in life, and their two children whom he idolized,--Manlio and
+Clelia. He spent his time in writing several books, in tilling the soil,
+and in telling visitors the wonderful events of his life and of Anita.
+
+On June 2, 1882, all day long he lay by the window, looking out upon the
+sea. As the sun was setting, a bird alighted on the sill, singing. The
+great man stammered, "Quanti o allegro!" How joyful it is! and closed
+his eyes in death. He directed in his will that his body should be
+burned; but, at the request of the Government and many friends, it was
+buried at Caprera, to be transferred at some future time to Rome, now
+the capital of united Italy. Not alone does Italy honor her great
+Liberator, whom she calls the "most blameless and most beloved of men."
+Wherever a heart loves liberty, there will Garibaldi's name be cherished
+and honored.
+
+
+
+
+JEAN PAUL RICHTER.
+
+
+Vasari, who wrote the lives of the Italian painters, truly said, "It is
+not by sleeping, but by working, waking, and laboring continually, that
+proficiency is attained and reputation acquired." This was emphatically
+true of Richter, as it is of every man or woman who wins a place in the
+memory of men. The majority die after a commonplace life, and are never
+heard of; they were probably satisfied to drift along the current, with
+no especial purpose, save to eat, drink, and be merry.
+
+Not so with the German boy, born in the cold Pine Mountains of Bavaria.
+His home was a low, thatched building, made of beams of wood, filled in
+with mortar, one part for the family, and the other for corn and goats.
+This is still the custom in Switzerland, the poor caring as tenderly for
+their dumb beasts as for their children. Jean Paul was born on the 21st
+of March, 1763: "My life and the life of the spring began the same
+month," he used to say in after years, and the thought of robin
+red-breasts and spring flowers made the poor lad happy amid the deepest
+trials.
+
+His father was an under-pastor and organist in the little village of
+Wunsiedel, and lived on a pitiful salary; but, generous to a fault, he
+stripped off his own garments to clothe the poor, and sent the
+schoolmaster a meal every day, because, if possible, he was poorer than
+the preacher. In school, Jean Paul was a studious boy, almost envying
+every one who said his lessons well, and fond of his teachers and mates;
+but one of the boys having cut Paul's hand, the father at once took him
+home and became his instructor. A painstaking and conscientious man, he
+showed little aptness for his work, when he gave his boy, at nine years
+of age, a Latin dictionary to commit to memory! For four solid hours in
+the morning, and three in the afternoon, Paul and his brother learned
+grammatical lessons and Latin verses of which they did not understand a
+word. Still the boy grew more and more fond of books, and of
+Nature,--made clocks with pendulums and wheels; a sun-dial, drawing his
+figures on a wooden plate with ink; invented a new language from the
+calendar signs of the almanac; and composed music on an old harpsichord
+whose only tuning-hammer and tuning-master were the winds and the
+weather.
+
+When Paul was thirteen, the family moved to Schwarzenbach, where he made
+the acquaintance of a young pastor, Vogel, who owned quite a valuable
+library, and encouraged him to educate himself. Given free access to the
+books, he began to read eagerly. Thinking that he should never own
+volumes for himself, he made blank-books, of three hundred pages each,
+from his father's sermon-paper, and began the almost interminable labor
+of copying whatever he thought he should need in law, medicine,
+philosophy, theology, natural history, and poetry. For nearly four years
+he worked thus, till he had quite a library of his own, and a wealth of
+information in his brain, which proved invaluable in the writing of
+after years. Such a boy could not fail of success.
+
+Paul's father, meantime, had become despondent over his debts, small
+though they were, and died when his son was sixteen. The grandfather on
+the mother's side dying soon after, Frau Richter became entitled by will
+to his property. The remaining brothers and sisters at once went to law
+about the matter, preferring to spend the estate in the courts rather
+than have a favorite child enjoy it. Two years later, at eighteen, Paul
+started for college at Leipzig, hoping that in this cultured city he
+might teach while pursuing his own studies. Alas! scores had come with
+the same hope, and there was no work to be obtained. He found himself
+alone in a great city, poorly dressed, timid, sensitive, and without a
+hand to help. Many boys had brought letters of introduction to the
+professors, and thus of course received attention. He wrote to his
+mother, "The most renowned, whose esteem would be useful to me, are
+oppressed with business, surrounded by a multitude of respectable
+people, and by a swarm of envious flatterers. If one would speak to a
+professor without a special invitation, he incurs the suspicion of
+vanity. But do not give up your hopes. I will overcome all these
+difficulties. I shall receive some little help, and at length I shall
+not need it." All honor to the brave boy who could write so
+encouragingly in the midst of want and loneliness!
+
+He longed to make the acquaintance of some learned people, but there was
+no opportunity. Finally, getting deeper and deeper into debt, he wrote
+to his mother, "As I have no longer any funds, I must continue to be
+trusted. But what can I at last expect? I must eat, and I cannot
+continue to be trusted. I cannot freeze, but where shall I get wood
+without money? I can no longer take care of my health, for I have warm
+food neither morning nor evening. It is now a long time since I asked
+you for twenty-six dollars; when they come, I shall scarcely be able to
+pay what I already owe. Perhaps the project I have in my head will
+enable me to earn for you and myself." Poor lad! how many hearts have
+ached from poverty just as did his. The mother was also in debt, but in
+some way she managed to obtain the money; for what will a mother not do
+for her child?
+
+Paul worked on, but was soon in debt again. He could tell nobody but his
+devoted mother: "I will not ask you for money to pay my victualler," he
+wrote, "to whom I owe twenty-four dollars; nor my landlady to whom I am
+indebted ten; or even for other debts, that amount to six dollars. For
+these great sums I will ask no help, but for the following you must not
+deny me your assistance. I must every week pay the washerwoman, who does
+not trust. I must drink some milk every morning. I must have my boots
+soled by the cobbler, who does not trust; my torn cap must be repaired
+by the tailor, who does not trust; and I must give something to the
+maid-servant, who of course does not trust. Eight dollars of Saxon money
+will satisfy all, and then I shall need your help no longer."
+
+He was keeping up courage, because he was writing a book! He told his
+mother, with his high dreams of young authorship, that he should bring
+home all his old shirts and stockings at vacation, for he should buy new
+ones then! It is well that all the mountains seem easy to climb in
+youth; when we are older, we come to know their actual height. The
+mother discouraged authorship, and hoped her boy would become a
+preacher; but his project was too dear to be given up. When his book of
+satirical essays, called "Eulogy of Stupidity," was finished, it was
+sent, with beating heart, to a publisher. In vain Paul awaited its
+return. He hoped it would be ready at Michaelmas fair, but the publisher
+"so long and so kindly patronized the book by letting it lie on his
+desk, that the fair was half over before the manuscript was returned."
+The boyish heart must have ached when the parcel came. He had not
+learned, what most authors are familiar with, the heart sickness from
+first rejected manuscripts. He had not learned, too, that fame is a hard
+ladder to climb, and that a "friend at court" is often worth as much, or
+more, than merit. Publishers are human, and cannot always see merit till
+fame is won.
+
+For a whole year Paul tried in vain to find a publisher. Then he said to
+the manuscript, "Lie there in the corner together with school exercises,
+for thou art no better. I will forget, for the world would certainly
+have forgotten thee." Faint from lack of food, he says, "I undertook
+again a wearisome work, and created in six months a brand-new satire."
+This book was called the "Greenland Lawsuits," a queer title for a
+collection of essays on theology, family pride, women, fops, and the
+like.
+
+Paul had now gained courage by failure. Instead of writing a letter, he
+went personally to every publisher in Leipzig, and offered his
+manuscript, and every publisher refused it. Finally he sent it to Voss
+of Berlin. On the last day of December, as he sat in his room, hungry,
+and shivering because there was no fire in the stove, there was a knock
+at the door, and a letter from Voss was handed in. He opened it hastily,
+and found an offer of seventy dollars for the "Greenland Lawsuits."
+Through his whole life he looked back to this as one of its supreme
+moments. It was not a great sum, only three dollars a week for the six
+months, but it was the first fruit of his brain given to the public. He
+was now nineteen. What little property the mother had possessed had
+wasted away in the lawsuits; one brother in his despair had drowned
+himself, and another had entered the army; but Paul still had hope in
+the future.
+
+After a short vacation with his mother, he went back to Leipzig. The
+second volume of the "Greenland Lawsuits" was now published, and for
+this he received one hundred and twenty-six dollars,--nearly twice that
+given for the first volume. This did not take with the public, and the
+third volume was refused by every publisher. His money was gone. What
+could he do? He would try, as some other authors had done, the plan of
+writing letters to distinguished people, telling them his needs. He did
+so, but received no answers. Then, spurred on by necessity, he took the
+manuscript in his hand, and presented it himself at the doors of the
+learned; but he was either not listened to, or repulsed on every
+occasion. How one pities this lad of nineteen! How many wealthy men
+might have aided him, but they did not! He wrote a few essays for
+various periodicals, but these brought little money, and were seldom
+wanted. His high hopes for a literary career began to vanish.
+
+It was evident that he must give up college life, for he could not get
+enough to eat. He had long discontinued his evening meal, making his
+supper of a few dried prunes. His boarding-mistress was asking daily for
+her dues. He could bear the privation and the disgrace no longer, and,
+packing his satchel, and borrowing a coat from a college boy, that he
+might not freeze, he stole away from Leipzig in the darkness of the
+twilight, and went home to his disconsolate mother. Is it any wonder
+that the poor are disconsolate? Is it any wonder that they regard the
+wealthy as usually cold and indifferent to their welfare? Alas! that so
+many of us have no wish to be our "brother's keeper."
+
+Perhaps some of the professors and students wondered where the bright
+lad had gone; but the world forgets easily. Frau Richter received her
+college boy with a warm heart, but an empty purse. She was living with
+her two children in one room, supporting them as best she could by
+spinning, working far into the night. In this room, where cooking,
+washing, cleaning, and spinning were all carried on, Paul placed his
+little desk and began to write. Was the confusion trying to his
+thoughts? Ah! necessity knows no law. He says, "I was like a prisoner,
+without the prisoner's fare of bread and water, for I had only the
+latter; and if a gulden found its way into the house, the jubilee was
+such that the windows were nearly broken with joy." But with the
+strength of a noble and heroic nature, he adds, "What is poverty that a
+man should whine under it? It is but like the pain of piercing the ears
+of a maiden, and you hang precious jewels in the wound."
+
+The family were so needy, however, that they must look somewhere for
+aid, and hesitatingly Paul applied to Vogel, the young pastor, who
+loaned them twenty-five gulden. Very soon the boarding-mistress from
+Leipzig appeared, having walked the whole way to Hof, and demanded her
+pay. In his distress Paul sent her to another friend, Otto, who became
+surety for the debt.
+
+Richter now began to work harder than ever. His books of extracts were
+invaluable, as were his hand-books of comical matters, touching
+incidents, synonyms, etc. He made it a rule to write half a day, and
+take long walks in the afternoon in the open air, thinking out the plans
+for his books. Poor as he was, he was always cheerful, sustaining by his
+letters any who were downhearted. One of his best friends, Herman, who
+had become a physician through much struggle, died about this time,
+broken on the wheel of poverty. Despite his own starving condition, Paul
+sent him five dollars. Having an opportunity to teach French to the
+brother of a Leipzig friend, he accepted; but at the end of three years,
+through the disappointing character of the pupil, and the miserliness of
+the father, Paul returned to his mother, broken in health and
+dispirited. His heart ached for those who like himself were suffering,
+and now he made a resolution that changed for life the course of his
+writing. He would write satire no more. He said, "I will not pour into
+the cup of humanity a single drop of gall." Henceforward love, and hope,
+and tenderness, breathe upon his every page.
+
+He now wrote ten essays on "What is Death?" asking the noble-hearted
+Herder to send them to Weiland for his magazine, lest they be overlooked
+in his mass of papers, if Richter, unaided, should venture to ask the
+favor. They were overlooked for months; but finally Herder procured the
+insertion of one essay in a different magazine, but Richter never
+received any pay for it. Three years had passed, and all this time the
+third volume of the "Greenland Lawsuits" had been journeying from one
+publishing house to another. At last it was accepted, but little money
+came from it.
+
+Again he taught,--this time at Schwarzenbach, where he used to go to
+school. Here his tenderness, his tact, and good cheer won the hearts of
+the pupils. There was no memorizing of Latin dictionaries, but the exact
+work of all was kept in a "red book" for parents to see. He instructed
+them orally five hours a day, till they were eager for astronomy,
+history, and biography. For four years he taught, "his schoolroom being
+his Paradise," every Sunday walking to Hof to see his mother. Well might
+he say, "To the man who has had a mother all women are sacred for her
+sake."
+
+Paul now determined to write a novel, and though he had little knowledge
+of any sphere of life save that in which poverty held sway, he would put
+his own heart into the work. The "Invisible Lodge" was written and sent
+to the Counsellor of the town, asking, if the work pleased him, that he
+would assist in its publication. At first Counsellor Moritz was annoyed
+at the request; but as he read he became deeply interested, and said,
+this is surely from Goethe, Herder, or Weiland. The book was soon
+published, and two hundred and twenty-six dollars paid for it! The
+moment Richter received the first instalment of seventy dollars, he
+hastened to Hof, and there, late at night, found his mother spinning by
+the light of the fire, and poured the whole of the gold into her lap.
+The surprise, joy, and thanksgiving of the poor woman can well be
+imagined. Her son immediately moved her into a small but more
+comfortable home.
+
+The new novel began to be talked about and widely read. Fame was really
+coming. He began at once to work on "Hesperus," one of his most famous
+productions, though when published he received only two hundred dollars
+for the four volumes. Letters now came from scholars and famous people.
+One admirer sent fifty Prussian dollars. What joy must have swelled the
+heart of the poor schoolteacher! "Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces"
+followed shortly after, and Richter was indeed famous. Learned ladies of
+Weimar wrote most enthusiastic thanks. With his reverence for woman,
+and delight in her intellectual equality with man, these letters were
+most inspiring. Request after request came for him to visit Weimar. Dare
+he go and meet such people as Goethe, and Schiller, and Herder, and
+Weiland, whom for twelve long years he had hoped sometime to look upon?
+At last he started, and upon reaching Weimar, was made the lion of the
+day. His warm heart, generous and unaffected nature, and brilliant and
+well-stored mind made him admired by all. Herder said: "Heaven has sent
+me a treasure in Richter. That I neither deserved nor expected. He is
+all heart, all soul; an harmonious tone in the great golden harp of
+humanity." Caroline Herder, his wife, a very gifted woman, was equally
+his friend and helper. Noble and intellectual women gathered about him
+to do him honor. Some fell in love with him; but he studied them closely
+as models for future characters in his books, giving only an ardent
+friendship in return. He was even invited to court, and gathered here
+the scenes for his greatest work, "Titan." How grand all this seemed to
+the poor man who had been hungering all his life for refined and
+intellectual companionship! So rejoiced was he that he wrote home, "I
+have lived twenty years in Weimar in a few days. I am happy, wholly
+happy, not merely beyond all expectation, but beyond all description."
+
+He was now thirty-four. The poor, patient mother had just died, but not
+till she had heard the fame of her son spoken on every hand. After her
+death, Paul found a faded manuscript in which she had kept the record of
+those small gains in spinning into the midnight hours. He carried it
+next his heart, saying, "If all other manuscripts are destroyed, yet
+will I keep this, good mother." For weeks he was not able to write a
+letter, or mention the loss of his parent.
+
+His youngest brother, Samuel, a talented boy, was now ready for college;
+so Jean Paul determined to make Leipzig his home while his brother
+pursued his course. What changes the last few years had wrought! Then he
+was stealing away from Leipzig in debt for his board, cold, hungry, and
+desolate; now he was coming, the brilliant author whom everybody
+delighted to honor. When we are in want, few are ready to help; when
+above want, the world stands ready to lavish all upon us. After spending
+some time in Leipzig, he visited Dresden to enjoy the culture of that
+artistic city. During this visit, Samuel, who had become dissipated,
+broke into his brother's desk, stole all his hard-earned money, and left
+the city. He led a wandering life thereafter, dying in a hospital in
+Silesia. Paul never saw him again, but sent him a yearly allowance, as
+soon as he learned his abiding-place. What a noble character!
+
+He now returned to Weimar, dedicating his "Titan" to the four daughters
+of the Duke of Mecklenburg, one of whom became the mother of Emperor
+William, the famous and beautiful Louise of Prussia. He visited her
+later in Berlin, where he writes, "I have never been received in any
+city with such idolatry. I have a watch-chain of the hair of three
+sisters; and so much hair has been begged of me, that if I were to make
+it a traffic, I could live as well from the outside of my head as from
+what is inside of it."
+
+In this city he met the woman who was to be hereafter the very centre of
+his life. He had had a passing fancy for several, but never for one that
+seemed fitted, all in all, to make his life complete. Caroline Myer, the
+daughter of one of the most distinguished Prussian officers, was a
+refined, intellectual, noble girl, with almost unlimited resources
+within herself, devoted to her family and to every good. Paul had met
+women who dressed more elegantly, who were more sparkling in
+conversation, who were more beautiful, but they did not satisfy his
+heart. In his thirty-eighth year he had found a character that seemed
+perfection. He wrote, "Caroline has exactly that inexpressible love for
+all beings that I have till now failed to find even in those who in
+everything else possess the splendor and purity of the diamond. She
+preserves in the full harmony of her love to me the middle and lower
+tones of sympathy for every joy and sorrow in others."
+
+Her love for Richter was nearly adoration. Several months after their
+marriage she wrote her father, "Richter is the purest, the holiest, the
+most godlike man that lives. Could others be admitted, as I am, to his
+inmost emotions, how much more would they esteem him!" Richter also
+wrote to his best friend, Otto, "Marriage has made me love her more
+romantically, deeper, infinitely more than before." At the birth of
+their first child, he wrote again to Otto, "You will be as transported
+as I was when the nurse brought me, as out of a cloud, my second love,
+with the blue eyes wide open, a beautiful, high brow, kiss-lipped,
+heart-touching. God is near at the birth of every child."
+
+On Caroline's first birthday after their marriage, he wrote, "I will be
+to thee father and mother! Thou shalt be the happiest of human beings,
+that I also may be happy."
+
+"Titan," now ten years in progress, was published, and made a great
+sensation. The literary world was indignant at the fate of "Linda," his
+heroine, but all pronounced it a great book,--his masterpiece.
+
+Soon after he removed to Bayreuth, and settled down to earnest work.
+Almost every day he might be seen walking out into the country, where he
+rented a room in a peasant's house for quiet and country air. Whenever
+the day was pleasant he worked out of doors. A son had now been born to
+him, and life seemed complete. Now he played with his home-treasures,
+and now talked at table about some matter of art or science that all
+might be instructed. He was especially fond of animals, having usually
+a mouse, a tame spider, a tree-frog, and dogs. So good was he to his
+canary birds that he never left the house without opening the door of
+their cage that they might fly about and not be lonely. Often when he
+wrote, they walked over his manuscript, scattering water from the vase
+and mingling it with his ink.
+
+His son Max, a boy of sixteen, had entered school at Munich. He was a
+beautiful youth, conscientious, sensitive, devoted to study, and the
+idol of the household. At first he wept whole nights from homesickness,
+denying himself sufficient fire, food, and clothing, from a desire to
+save expense to his parents. He was a fine scholar, but distrusted his
+intellectual gifts. At the end of a year he came home, pale and worn,
+and died at the age of nineteen.
+
+To Richter this was a death-blow. He went on writing, while the tears
+dropped upon his page. He could never bear the sight of a book his boy
+had touched, and the word "philology," his son's favorite study, cut him
+to the heart. At the end of three months he wrote to a friend, "My being
+has suffered not merely a wound, but a complete cutting off of all joy.
+My longing after him grows always more painful." Broken in health he
+visited Dresden; but the end was near. The sight of the left eye at
+first failed him, then the right, till he was left in complete darkness.
+He still hoped to finish his autobiography, and the "Immortality of the
+Soul," begun on the very day Max was buried; but this was denied him.
+Once only did his sorrows overpower him, when pitifully looking toward
+the window, he cried out as Ajax in the "Iliad":--
+
+    "Light! light only, then may the enemy come!"
+
+The devoted wife and two daughters grew unspeakably dear to him. When
+tired with thinking, he would seat himself at the piano, and play till
+he, as well as those who heard him, would burst into tears. On the 14th
+of November, 1825, he sat in his chamber, his youngest child climbing on
+the back of his chair, and laying her face against her father's. It was
+only noon, but thinking it was night, Richter said, "It is time to go to
+rest." He was wheeled into his sleeping apartment, and some flowers laid
+on the bed beside him. "My beautiful flowers! My lovely flowers!" he
+said, as he folded his arms, and soon fell asleep. His wife sat beside
+him, her eyes fixed on the face of the man she loved. About six the
+doctor arrived. The breath came shorter, the face took on a heavenly
+expression, and grew cold as marble. The end had come. He was buried by
+torchlight, the unfinished manuscript of the "Immortality of the Soul"
+being borne upon his coffin, while the students sung Klopstock's hymn,
+"Thou shalt arise, my Soul." His more than one hundred volumes and his
+noble, generous life are his monuments. He said, "I shall die without
+having seen Switzerland or the ocean, but the ocean of eternity I shall
+not fail to see."
+
+
+
+
+LEON GAMBETTA.
+
+
+On January 6, 1883, Paris presented a sad and imposing spectacle. Her
+shops were closed; her public buildings and her homes were draped in
+black. Her streets were solid with hundreds of thousands, all
+dispirited, and many in tears. A large catafalque covered with black
+velvet upheld a coffin shrouded with the tricolor. From a vase at each
+corner rose burning perfume, whose vapor was like sweet incense. Six
+black horses drew the funeral car, and two hundred thousand persons
+followed in the procession, many bearing aloft wreaths of flowers, and
+shouting, "Vive la Republique! Vive la Gambetta!"
+
+The maker of the Republic, the brilliant, eloquent leader of the French
+people, was dead; dead in the prime of his life at forty-five. The
+"Figaro" but voiced the feeling of the world when it said, "The Republic
+has lost its greatest man." America might well mourn him as a friend,
+for he made her his pattern for his beloved France. The "Pall-Mall
+Gazette" said, "He will live in French history among the most
+courageous"; and even Germany courted him as the bravest of the brave,
+while she breathed freer, saying in the "Berlin Press," "The death of
+Gambetta delivers the peace of Europe from great danger." The hand that
+would sometime doubtless have reached out to take back sobbing Alsace
+and Lorraine was palsied; the voice that swayed the multitude, now with
+its sweet persuasiveness, and now with its thunder like the rush of a
+swollen torrent, was hushed; the supreme will that held France like a
+willing child in its power, had yielded to the inevitable,--death.
+
+[Illustration: LEON GAMBETTA.]
+
+Leon Gambetta was born at Cahors, April 2, 1838. His father was an
+Italian from Genoa, poor, and of good character; his mother, a French
+woman, singularly hopeful, energetic, and noble. They owned a little
+bazaar and grocery, and here, Onasie, the wife, day after day helped her
+husband to earn a comfortable living. When their only son was seven
+years old, he was sent to a Jesuits' preparatory school at Monfaucon,
+his parents hoping that he would become a priest. His mother had great
+pride in him, and faith in his future. She taught him how to read from
+the "National," a newspaper founded by Thiers, republican in its
+tendencies. She saw with delight that when very young he would learn the
+speeches of Thiers and Guizot, which he found in its columns, and
+declaim them as he roamed alone the narrow streets, and by the quaint
+old bridges and towers of Cahors. At Monfaucon, he gave his orations
+before the other children, the mother sending him the much-prized
+"National" whenever he obtained good marks, and the Jesuits, whether
+pleased or not, did not interfere with their boyish republican.
+
+At eight years of age an unfortunate accident happened which bade fair
+to ruin his hopes. While watching a cutter drill the handle of a knife,
+the foil broke, and a piece entered the right eye, spoiling the sight.
+Twenty years afterward, when the left, through sympathy, seemed to be
+nearly destroyed, a glass eye was inserted, and the remaining one was
+saved.
+
+When Leon was ten years old, the Revolution of 1848 deposed Louis
+Philippe, the Orleanist, and Louis Napoleon was made President of the
+Republic. Perhaps the people ought to have known that no presidency
+would long satisfy the ambition of a Bonaparte. He at once began to
+increase his power by winning the Catholic Church to his side. The
+Jesuits no longer allowed the boy Leon to talk republicanism; they saw
+that it was doomed. They scolded him, whipped him, took away the
+"National," and finally expelled him, writing to his parents, "You will
+never make a priest of him; he has an utterly undisciplinable
+character."
+
+The father frowned when he returned home, and the neighbors prophesied
+that he would end his life in the Bastile for holding such radical
+opinions. The poor mother blamed herself for putting the "National" into
+his hands, and thus bringing all this trouble upon him. Ah, she wrought
+better than she knew! But for the "National," and Gambetta's
+unconquerable love for a republic, France might to-day be the plaything
+of an emperor.
+
+Meantime Louis Napoleon was putting his friends into office, making
+tours about the country to win adherents, and securing the army and the
+police to his side. At seven o'clock, on the morning of December 2,
+1851, the famous Coup d'�tat came, and the unscrupulous President had
+made himself Emperor. Nearly two hundred and fifty deputies were
+arrested and imprisoned, and the Republicans who opposed the usurpation
+were quickly subdued by the army. Then the French were graciously
+permitted to say, by ballot, whether they were willing to accept the
+empire. There was, of course, but one judicious way to vote, and that
+was in the affirmative, and they thus voted.
+
+Joseph Gambetta, the father, saw the political storm which was coming,
+and fearing for his outspoken son, locked him up in a lyceum at Cahors,
+till he was seventeen. Here he attracted the notice of his teachers by
+his fondness for reading, his great memory, and his love of history and
+politics. At sixteen he had read the Latin authors, and the economical
+works of Proudhon. When he came home, his father told him that he must
+now become a grocer, and succeed to the business. He obeyed, but his
+studious mind had no interest in the work. He recoiled from spending his
+powers in persuading the mayor's wife that a yard of Genoa velvet at
+twenty francs was cheaper than the same measure of the Lyon's article at
+thirteen. So tired and sick of the business did he become, that he
+begged his father to be allowed to keep the accounts, which he did in a
+neat, delicate hand.
+
+His watchful mother saw that her boy's health was failing. He was
+restless and miserable. He longed to go to Paris to study law, and then
+teach in some provincial town. He planned ways of escape from the hated
+tasks, but he had no money, and no friends in the great city.
+
+But his mother planned to some purpose. She said to M. Menier, the
+chocolate-maker, "I have a son of great promise, whom I want to send to
+Paris against his father's will to study law. He is a good lad, and no
+fool. But my husband, who wants him to continue his business here, will,
+I know, try to starve him into submission. What I am about to propose is
+that if I buy your chocolate at the rate you offer it, and buy it
+outright instead of taking it to sell on commission, will you say
+nothing if I enter it on the book at a higher price, and you pay the
+difference to my son?" Menier, interested to have the boy prosper,
+quickly agreed.
+
+After a time, she called her son aside and, placing a bag of money in
+his hand, said, "This, my boy, is to pay your way for a year. A trunk
+full of clothes is ready for you. Try and come home somebody. Start
+soon, and take care to let nobody suspect you are going away. Do not
+say good-bye to a single soul. I want to avoid a scene between you and
+your father."
+
+Ambition welled up again in his heart, and the bright expression came
+back into his face. The next morning he slipped away, and was soon at
+Paris. He drove to the Sorbonne, because he had heard that lectures were
+given there. The cab-driver recommended a cheap hotel close by, and,
+obtaining a room in the garret, the youth, not yet eighteen, began his
+studies. He rose early and worked hard, attending lectures at the
+medical school as well as at the law, buying his books at second-hand
+shops along the streets. Though poverty often pinched him as to food,
+and his clothes were poor, he did not mind it, but bent all his energies
+to his work. His mother wrote how angered the father was at his leaving,
+and would not allow his name to be mentioned in his presence. Poor
+Joseph! how limited was his horizon.
+
+Leon's intelligence and originality won the esteem of the professors,
+and one of them said, "Your father acts stupidly. You have a true
+vocation. Follow it. But go to the bar, where your voice, which is one
+in a thousand, will carry you on, study and intelligence aiding. The
+lecture-room is a narrow theatre. If you like, I will write to your
+father to tell him what my opinion of you is."
+
+Professor Valette wrote to Joseph Gambetta, "The best investment you
+ever made would be to spend what money you can afford to divert from
+your business in helping your son to become an advocate."
+
+The letter caused a sensation in the Gambetta family. The mother took
+courage and urged the case of her darling child, while her sister, Jenny
+Massabie, talked ardently for her bright nephew. An allowance was
+finally made. In two years Leon had mastered the civil, criminal,
+military, forest, and maritime codes. Too young to be admitted to the
+bar to plead, for nearly a year he studied Paris, its treasures of art,
+and its varied life. It opened a new and grand world to him.
+Accidentally he made the acquaintance of the head usher at the Corps
+Legislatif, who said to the young student, "You are an excellent fellow,
+and I shall like to oblige you; so if the debates of the Corps
+Legislatif interest you, come there and ask for me, and I will find you
+a corner in the galleries where you can hear and see everything." Here
+Leon studied parliamentary usage, and saw the repression of thought
+under an empire. At the Caf� Procope, once the resort of Voltaire,
+Diderot, Rousseau, and other literary celebrities, the young man talked
+over the speeches he had heard, with his acquaintances, and told what he
+would do if he were in the House. An improbable thing it seemed that a
+poor and unknown lad would ever sit in the Corps Legislatif, as one of
+its members! He organized a club for reading and debating, and was of
+course made its head. It could not be other than republican in
+sentiment.
+
+In 1860, at the age of twenty-two, Gambetta was admitted to the bar. The
+father was greatly opposed to his living in Paris, where he thought
+there was no chance for a lawyer who had neither money nor influential
+friends, and urged his returning to Cahors. Again his aunt Jenny, whom
+he always affectionately called "Tata," took his part. Having an income
+of five hundred dollars a year, she said to the father, "You do not see
+how you can help your son in Paris, it may be for long years; but next
+week I will go with him, and we shall stay together;" and then, turning
+to her nephew, she added, "And now, my boy, I will give you food and
+shelter, and you will do the rest by your work."
+
+They took a small house in the Latin Quartier, very plain and
+comfortless. His first brief came after waiting eighteen months! Grepps,
+a deputy, being accused of conspiracy against the Government, Gambetta
+defended him so well that Cr�mieux, a prominent lawyer, asked him to
+become his secretary. The case was not reported in the papers, and was
+therefore known only by a limited circle. For six years the brilliant
+young scholar was virtually chained to his desk. The only recreation was
+an occasional gathering of a few newspaper men at his rooms, for whom
+his aunt cooked the supper, willing and glad to do the work, because she
+believed he would some day come to renown from his genius.
+
+Finally his hour came. At the Coup d'�tat, Dr. Baudin, a deputy, for
+defending the rights of the National Assembly, was shot on a barricade.
+On All-Soul's Day, 1868, the Republicans, to the number of a thousand,
+gathered at the grave in the cemetery of Montmartre, to lay flowers upon
+it and listen to addresses. The Emperor could not but see that such
+demonstrations would do harm to his throne. Dellschuzes, the leader, was
+therefore arrested, and chose the unknown lawyer, Gambetta, to defend
+him. He was a strong radical, and he asked only one favor of his lawyer,
+that he would "hit hard the Man of December," as those who hated the
+Coup d'�tat of December 2, loved to call Louis Napoleon.
+
+Gambetta was equal to the occasion. He likened the Emperor to Catiline,
+declaring that as a highwayman, he had taken France and felled her
+senseless. "For seventeen years," he said, "you have been masters of
+France, and you have never dared to celebrate the Second of December. It
+is we who take up the anniversary, which you no more dare face than a
+fear-haunted murderer can his victim's corpse." When finally, overcome
+with emotion, Gambetta sank into his seat at the close of his speech,
+the die was cast. He had become famous from one end of France to the
+other, and the Empire had received a blow from which it never recovered.
+That night at the clubs, and in the press offices, the name of Leon
+Gambetta was on every lip.
+
+It is not strange that in the elections of the following year, he was
+asked to represent Belleville and Marseilles, and chose the latter,
+saying to his constituents that he was in "irreconcilable opposition to
+the Empire." He at once became the leader of a new party, the
+"Irreconcilables," and Napoleon's downfall became from that hour only a
+question of time. Gambetta spoke everywhere, and was soon conceded to be
+the finest orator in France. Worn in body, by the confinement of the
+secretaryship, and the political campaign, he repaired to Ems for a
+short time, where he met Bismarck. "He will go far," said the Man of
+Iron. "I pity the Emperor for having such an irreconcilable enemy." The
+"National," under Madam Gambetta's teaching in childhood, was bearing
+fruit.
+
+Napoleon saw that something must be done to make his throne more stable
+in the hearts of his people. He attempted a more liberal policy, with
+�mile Ollivier at the head of affairs. But Gambetta was still
+irreconcilable, saying in one of his great speeches, "We accept you and
+your Constitutionalism as a bridge to the Republic, but nothing more."
+At last war was declared against Prussia, as much with the hope of
+promoting peace at home as to win honors in Germany. Everybody knows the
+rapid and crushing defeat of the French, and the fall of Napoleon at
+Sedan, September 2, when he wrote to King William of Prussia, "Not
+having been able to die at the head of my troops, I can only resign my
+sword into the hands of your Majesty."
+
+When the news reached Paris on the following day, the people were
+frantic. Had the Emperor returned, a defeated man, he could never have
+reached the Tuileries alive. Crowds gathered in the streets, and forced
+their way into the hall of the Corps Legislatif. Then the eloquent
+leader of the Republican ranks, scarcely heard of two years before,
+ascended the Tribune, and declared that, "Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and
+his dynasty have forever ceased to reign over France." With Jules Favre,
+Ferry, Simon, and others, he hastened to the Hotel de Ville, writing on
+slips of paper, and throwing out to the multitude, the names of those
+who were to be the heads of the provisional government. Cool, fearless,
+heroic, Gambetta stood at the summit of power, and controlled the
+people. They believed in him because he believed in the Republic.
+
+Meantime the German armies were marching on Paris. The people fortified
+their city, and prepared to die if need be, in their homes. Before Paris
+was cut off from the outside world by the siege, part of the governing
+force retired to Tours. It became necessary for Gambetta, in October, to
+visit this city for conference, and to accomplish this he started in a
+balloon, which was just grazed by the Prussian guns as he passed over
+the lines. It was a hazardous step; but the balloon landed in a forest
+near Amiens, and he was safe. When he arrived in Tours there was not a
+soldier in the place; in a month, by superhuman energy, and the most
+consummate skill and wisdom, he had raised three armies of eight
+hundred thousand men, provided by loan for their maintenance, and
+directed their military operations. One of the prominent officers on the
+German side says, "This colossal energy is the most remarkable event of
+modern history, and will carry down Gambetta's name to remote
+posterity."
+
+He was now in reality the Dictator of France, at thirty-two years of
+age. He gave the fullest liberty to the press, had a pleasant "Bon jour,
+mon ami" for a workman, no matter how overwhelmed with cares he might
+be, and a self-possession, a quickness of decision, and an indomitable
+will that made him a master in every company and on every occasion. He
+electrified France by his speeches; he renewed her courage, and revived
+her patriotism. Even after the bloody defeat of Bazaine at Gravelotte,
+and his strange surrender of one hundred and seventy thousand men at
+Metz, Gambetta did not despair of France being able, at least, to demand
+an honorable peace.
+
+But France had grown tired of battles. Paris had endured a siege of four
+months, and the people were nearly in a starving condition. The
+Communists, too, were demanding impossible things. Therefore, after
+seven months of war, the articles of peace were agreed upon, by which
+France gave to Germany fourteen hundred million dollars, to be paid in
+three years, and ceded to her the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
+
+Gambetta could never bring himself to consent to these humiliating
+conditions, and on the day on which the terms were ratified, he and his
+colleagues from these two sections of the country, left the assembly
+together. Just as they were passing out, the venerable Jean Kuss, mayor
+of Strasburg, staggered up to Gambetta, saying, "Let me grasp your
+patriot's hand. It is the last time I shall shake it. My heart is
+broken. Promise to redeem brave Strasburg." He fell to the floor, and
+died almost immediately. Gambetta retired to Spain, till recalled by the
+elections of the following July.
+
+He now began again his heroic labors, speaking all through France,
+teaching the people the true principles of a republic; not communism,
+not lawlessness, but order, prudence, and self-government. He urged
+free, obligatory education, and the scattering of books, libraries, and
+institutes everywhere. When Thiers was made the first President,
+Gambetta was his most important and truest ally, though the former had
+called him "a furious fool"; so ready was the Great Republican to
+forgive harshness.
+
+In 1877 he again saved his beloved Republic. The Monarchists had become
+restless, and finally displaced Thiers by Marshal MacMahon, a strong
+Romanist, and a man devoted to the Empire. It seemed evident that
+another coup d'�tat was meditated. Gambetta stirred the country to
+action. He declared that the President must "submit or resign," and for
+those words he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment and a fine of
+four hundred dollars, which sentence was never executed. MacMahon seeing
+that the Republic was stronger than he had supposed, soon after resigned
+his position, and was succeeded by M. Grevy. Gambetta was made President
+of the Assembly, and doubtless, if he had lived, would have been made
+President of the Republic.
+
+There were not wanting those who claimed that he was ambitious for the
+supreme rule; but when death came from the accidental discharge of a
+pistol, producing a wound in the hand, all calumny was hushed, and
+France beheld her idol in his true light,--the incarnation of
+republicanism. Two hours before his death, at his plain home just out of
+Paris at Ville d'Avray, he said, "I am dying; there is no use in denying
+it; but I have suffered so much it will be a great deliverance." He
+longed to last till the New Year, but died five minutes before midnight,
+Dec. 31, 1882. The following day, fifteen thousand persons called to see
+the great statesman as he lay upon his single iron bedstead.
+
+Afterward the body lay in state at the Palais Bourbon, the guard
+standing nearly to their knees in flowers. Over two thousand wreaths
+were given by friends. Alsace sent a magnificent crown of roses. No
+grander nor sadder funeral was ever seen in France. Paris was urgent
+that he be buried in P�re la Chaise, but his father would not consent;
+so the body was carried to Nice to lie beside his mother, who died a
+year before him, and his devoted aunt, who died five years previously.
+Every day Joseph Gambetta lays flowers upon the graves of his dear ones.
+
+Circumstances helped to make the great orator, but he also made
+circumstances. True, his opportunity came at the trial, after the Baudin
+demonstration, but he was ready for the opportunity. He had studied the
+history of an empire under the C�sars, and he knew how republics are
+made and lost. When in the Corps Legislatif a leader was needed, he was
+ready, for he had carefully studied men. When at Tours he directed the
+military, he knew what he was doing, for he was conversant with the
+details of our civil war. When others were sauntering for pleasure along
+the Champs �lysees, he had been poring over books in an attic opposite
+the Sorbonne. He died early, but he accomplished more than most men who
+live to be twice forty-five. When, in the years to come, imperialists
+shall strive again to wrest the government from the hands of the people,
+the name of Leon Gambetta will be an inspiration, a talisman of victory
+for the Republic.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: D. G. FARRAGUT.
+
+(From his Life, published by D. APPLETON & CO.)]
+
+DAVID GLASGOW FARRAGUT.
+
+
+The possibilities of American life are strikingly illustrated by the
+fact that the two names at the head of the army and navy, Grant and
+Farragut, represent self-made men. The latter was born on a farm near
+Knoxville, Tennessee, July 5, 1801. His mother, of Scotch descent, was a
+brave and energetic woman. Once when the father was absent in the Indian
+wars, the savages came to their plain home and demanded admittance. She
+barred the door as best she could, and sending her trembling children
+into the loft, guarded the entrance with an axe. The Indians thought
+discretion the better part of valor, and stole quietly away.
+
+When David was seven years old, the family having moved to New Orleans,
+as the father had been appointed sailing master in the navy, the noble
+mother died of yellow fever, leaving five children, the youngest an
+infant. This was a most severe blow. Fortunately, soon after, an act of
+kindness brought its reward. The father of Commodore Porter having died
+at the Farragut house, the son determined to adopt one of the
+motherless children, if one was willing to leave his home. Little David
+was pleased with the uniform, and said promptly that he would go.
+
+Saying good-bye forever to his father, he was taken to Washington, and
+after a few months spent in school, at the age of nine years and a half,
+was made a midshipman. And now began a life full of hardship, of
+adventure, and of brave deeds, which have added lustre to the American
+navy, and have made the name of Farragut immortal.
+
+His first cruise was along the coast, in the _Essex_, after the war of
+1812 with Great Britain had begun. They had captured the _Alert_ and
+other prizes, and their ship was crowded with prisoners. One night when
+the boy lay apparently asleep, the coxswain of the _Alert_ came to his
+hammock, pistol in hand. David lay motionless till he passed on, and
+then crept noiselessly to the cabin, and informed Captain Porter.
+Springing from his cot, he shouted, "Fire! fire!" The seamen rushed on
+deck, and the mutineers were in irons before they had recovered from
+their amazement. Evidently the boy had inherited some of his mother's
+fearlessness.
+
+His second cruise was in the Pacific Ocean, where they encountered a
+fearful storm going round Cape Horn. An incident occurred at this time
+which showed the mettle of the lad. Though only twelve, he was ordered
+by Captain Porter to take a prize vessel to Valparaiso, the captured
+captain being required to navigate it. When David requested that the
+"maintopsail be filled away," the captain replied that he would shoot
+any man who dared to touch a rope without his orders, and then went
+below for his pistols. David called one of the crew, told him what had
+happened, and what he wanted done. "Aye, aye, sir!" responded the
+faithful sailor, as he began to execute the orders. The young midshipman
+at once sent word to the captain not to come on deck with his pistols
+unless he wished to go overboard. From that moment the boy was master of
+the vessel, and admired for his bravery.
+
+The following year,--1814,--while the _Essex_ was off the coast of
+Chili, she was attacked by the British ships _Phoebe_ and _Cherub_.
+The battle lasted for two hours and a half, the _Phoebe_ throwing
+seven hundred eighteen-pound shots at the _Essex_.
+
+"I shall never forget," Farragut said years after, "the horrid
+impression made upon me at the sight of the first man I had ever seen
+killed. It staggered and sickened me at first; but they soon began to
+fall so fast that it all appeared like a dream, and produced no effect
+upon my nerves.... Soon after this some gun-primers were wanted, and I
+was sent after them. In going below, while I was on the ward-room
+ladder, the captain of the gun directly opposite the hatchway was struck
+full in the face by an eighteen-pound shot, and fell back on me. We
+tumbled down the hatch together. I lay for some moments stunned by the
+blow, but soon recovered consciousness enough to rush up on deck. The
+captain seeing me covered with blood, asked if I was wounded; to which I
+replied, 'I believe not, sir.' 'Then,' said he, 'where are the primers?'
+This brought me completely to my senses, and I ran below again and
+carried the primers on deck."
+
+When Porter had been forced to surrender, David went below to help the
+surgeon in dressing wounds. One brave young man, Lieutenant Cowell,
+said, "O, Davy, I fear it is all up with me!" He could have been saved,
+had his leg been amputated an hour sooner; but when it was proposed to
+drop another patient and attend to him, he said, "No, Doctor, none of
+that; fair play is a jewel. One man's life is as dear as another's; I
+would not cheat any poor fellow out of his turn."
+
+Many brave men died, saying, "Don't give her up! Hurrah for liberty!"
+One young Scotchman, whose leg had been shot off, said to his comrades,
+"I left my own country and adopted the United States to fight for her. I
+hope I have this day proved myself worthy of the country of my adoption.
+I am no longer of any use to you or to her; so good-bye!" saying which
+he threw himself overboard.
+
+When David was taken a prisoner on board the _Phoebe_, he could not
+refrain from tears at his mortification.
+
+"Never mind, my little fellow," said the captain; "it will be your turn
+next, perhaps."
+
+"I hope so," was the reply.
+
+Soon David's pet pig "Murphy" was brought on board, and he immediately
+claimed it.
+
+"But," said the English sailor, "you are a prisoner and your pig also."
+
+"We always respect private property," the boy replied, seizing hold of
+"Murphy"; and after a vigorous fight, the pet was given to its owner.
+
+On returning to Captain Porter's house at Chester, Pa., David was put at
+school for the summer, under a quaint instructor, one of Napoleon's
+celebrated Guard, who used no book, but taught the boys about plants and
+minerals, and how to climb and swim. In the fall he was placed on a
+receiving-ship, but gladly left the wild set of lads for a cruise in the
+Mediterranean. Here he had the opportunity of visiting Naples, Pompeii,
+and other places of interest, but he encountered much that was harsh and
+trying. Commodore C---- sometimes knocked down his own son, and his
+son's friend as well,--not a pleasant person to be governed by.
+
+In 1817, Chaplain Folsom of their ship was appointed consul at Tunis. He
+loved David as a brother, and begged the privilege of keeping him for a
+time, "because," said he to the commodore, "he is entirely destitute of
+the aids of fortune and the influence of friends, other than those whom
+his character may attach to him." For nearly nine months he remained
+with the chaplain, studying French, Italian, English literature, and
+mathematics, and developing in manliness and refinement. The Danish
+consul showed great fondness for the frank, ardent boy, now sixteen, and
+invited him to his house at Carthage. Failing in his health, a horseback
+trip toward the interior of the country was recommended, and during the
+journey he received a sunstroke, and his eyes were permanently weakened.
+All his life, however, he had some one read to him, and thus mitigate
+his misfortune.
+
+The time came to go back to duty on the ship, and Chaplain Folsom
+clasped the big boy to his bosom, fervently kissing him on each cheek,
+and giving him his parting blessing mingled with his tears. Forty years
+after, when the young midshipman had become the famous Admiral, he sent
+a token of respect and affection to his old friend.
+
+For some years, having been appointed acting lieutenant, he cruised in
+the Gulf of Mexico, gaining knowledge which he was glad to use later,
+and in the West Indies, where for two years and a half, he says, "I
+never owned a bed, but lay down to rest wherever I found the most
+comfortable berth." Sometimes he and his seamen pursued pirates who
+infested the coast, cutting their way through thornbushes and cactus
+plants, with their cutlasses; then burning the houses of these robbers,
+and taking their plunder out of their caves. It was an exciting but
+wearing life.
+
+After a visit to his old home at New Orleans,--his father had died, and
+his sister did not recognize him,--he contracted yellow fever, and lay
+ill for some time in a Washington hospital. Perhaps the sailor was
+tired of his roving and somewhat lonely life, and now married, at
+twenty-two, Miss Susan Marchant of Norfolk, Virginia.
+
+For sixteen years she was an invalid, so that he carried her often in
+his arms like a child. Now he took her to New Haven for treatment, and
+improved what time he could spare by attending Professor Silliman's
+lectures at Yale College. Now he conducted a school on a receiving-ship,
+so as to have her with him. "She bore the sickness with unparalleled
+resignation and patience," says Farragut in his journal, "affording a
+beautiful example of calmness and fortitude." One of her friends in
+Norfolk said, "When Captain Farragut dies, he should have a monument
+reaching to the skies, made by every wife in the city contributing a
+stone to it." How the world admires a brave man with a tender heart!
+
+Farragut was now nearly forty years of age; never pushing himself
+forward, honors had come slowly. Three years later, having been made
+commandant, he married Miss Virginia Royall, also of Norfolk, Va. At the
+beginning of the Mexican War, he offered his services to the Government,
+but from indifference, or the jealousy of officials, he was not called
+upon. The next twelve years were spent, partly in the Norfolk Navy Yard,
+giving weekly lectures on gunnery, preparing a book on ordnance
+regulations, and establishing a navy yard on the Pacific Coast. Whatever
+he did was done thoroughly and faithfully. When asked by the Navy
+Department to express a preference about a position, he said, "I have no
+volition in the matter; your duty is to give me orders, mine to obey....
+I have made it the rule of my life to ask no official favors, but to
+await orders and then obey them."
+
+And now came the turning-point of his life. April 17, 1860, Virginia, by
+a vote of eighty-eight to fifty-five, seceded from the United States.
+The next morning, Farragut, then at Norfolk, expressed disapproval of
+the acts of the convention, and said President Lincoln would be
+justified in calling for troops after the Southerners had taken forts
+and arsenals. He was soon informed "that a person with those sentiments
+could not live in Norfolk."
+
+"Well then, I can live somewhere else," was the calm reply.
+
+Returning home, he announced to his wife that he had determined to
+"stick to the flag."
+
+"This act of mine may cause years of separation from your family; so you
+must decide quickly whether you will go North or remain here."
+
+She decided at once to go with him, and, hastily collecting a few
+articles, departed that evening for Baltimore. That city was in
+commotion, the Massachusetts troops having had a conflict with the mob.
+He finally secured passage for New York on a canal-boat, and with
+limited means rented a cottage at Hastings-on-the-Hudson, for one
+hundred and fifty dollars a year. He loved the South, and said, "God
+forbid that I should have to raise my hand against her"; but he was
+anxious to take part in the war for the Union, and offered his services
+to that end.
+
+The Government had an important project in hand. The Mississippi River
+was largely in the control of the Confederacy, and was the great highway
+for transporting her supplies. New Orleans was the richest city of the
+South, receiving for shipment at this time ninety-two million dollars
+worth of cotton, and more than twenty-five million dollars worth of
+sugar yearly. If this city could be captured, and the river controlled
+by the North, the South would be seriously crippled. But the lower
+Mississippi was guarded by the strongest forts, Jackson and St. Philip,
+which mounted one hundred and fifteen guns, and were garrisoned by
+fifteen hundred men. Above the forts were fifteen vessels of the
+Confederate fleet, including the ironclad ram, _Manassas_, and just
+below, a heavy iron chain across the river bound together scores of
+cypress logs thirty feet long, and four or five feet in diameter, thus
+forming an immense obstruction. Sharpshooters were stationed all along
+the banks.
+
+Who could be entrusted with such a formidable undertaking as the capture
+of this stronghold? Who sufficiently daring, skilful, and loyal? Several
+naval officers were considered, but Gideon Welles, Secretary of the
+Navy, said, "Farragut is the man." The steam sloop-of-war, _Hartford_,
+of nineteen hundred tons burden, and two hundred twenty-five feet long,
+was made ready as his flag-ship. His instructions were, "The certain
+capture of the city of New Orleans. The Department and the country
+require of you success.... If successful, you open the way to the sea
+for the Great West, never again to be closed. The rebellion will be
+riven in the centre, and the flag, to which you have been so faithful,
+will recover its supremacy in every State."
+
+With a grateful heart that he had been thought fitting for this high
+place, and believing in his ability to win success, at sixty-one years
+of age he started on his mission, saying, "If I die in the attempt, it
+will only be what every officer has to expect. He who dies in doing his
+duty to his country, and at peace with his God, has played the drama of
+life to the best advantage." He took with him six sloops-of-war, sixteen
+gunboats, twenty-one schooners, and five other vessels, forty-eight in
+all, the fleet carrying over two hundred guns.
+
+April 18, 1862, they had all reached their positions and were ready for
+the struggle. For six days and nights the mortars kept up a constant
+fire on Fort Jackson, throwing nearly six thousand shells. Many persons
+were killed, but the fort did not yield. The Confederates sent down the
+river five fire-rafts, flat-boats filled with dry wood, smeared with tar
+and turpentine, hoping that these would make havoc among Farragut's
+ships; but his crews towed them away to shore, or let them drift out to
+sea.
+
+Farragut now made up his mind to pass the forts at all hazards. It was
+a dangerous and heroic step. If he won, New Orleans must fall; if he
+failed--but he must not fail. Two gunboats were sent to cut the chain
+across the river. All night long the commander watched with intense
+anxiety the return of the boats, which under a galling fire had
+succeeded in breaking the chain, and thus making a passage for the
+fleet.
+
+At half past three o'clock on the morning of April 24, the fleet was
+ready to start. The _Cayuga_ led off the first division of eight
+vessels. Both forts opened fire. In ten minutes she had passed beyond
+St. Philip only to be surrounded by eleven Confederate gunboats. The
+_Varuna_ came to her relief, but was rammed by two Southern boats, and
+sunk in fifteen minutes. The _Mississippi_ encountered the enemy's ram,
+_Manassas_, riddled her with shot, and set her on fire, so that she
+drifted below the forts and blew up.
+
+Then the centre division, led by the _Hartford_, passed into the
+terrific fire. First she grounded in avoiding a fire-raft; then a
+Confederate ram pushed a raft against her, setting her on fire; but
+Farragut gave his orders as calmly as though not in the utmost peril.
+The flames were extinguished, and she steamed on, doing terrible
+execution with her shells. Then came the last division, led by the
+_Sciota_, and Commander Porter's gunboats. In the darkness, lighted only
+by the flashes of over two hundred guns, the fleet had cut its way to
+victory, losing one hundred and eighty-four in killed and wounded.
+
+    "In a twinkling the flames had risen
+    Half-way to maintop and mizzen,
+      Darting up the shrouds like snakes!
+      Ah, how we clanked at the brakes!
+        And the deep steam-pumps throbbed under
+        Sending a ceaseless glow.
+    Our top-men--a dauntless crowd--
+    Swarmed in rigging and shroud;
+        There ('twas a wonder!)
+    The burning ratlins and strands
+    They quenched with their bare hard hands.
+        But the great guns below
+        Never silenced their thunder.
+
+    "At last, by backing and sounding,
+    When we were clear of grounding,
+      And under headway once more,
+    The whole Rebel fleet came rounding
+      The point. If we had it hot before,
+      'Twas now, from shore to shore,
+      One long, loud thundering roar,--
+    Such crashing, splintering, and pounding
+      And smashing as you never heard before.
+
+    "But that we fought foul wrong to wreck,
+      And to save the land we loved so well,
+    You might have deemed our long gun-deck
+      Two hundred feet of hell!
+    For all above was battle,
+    Broadside, and blaze, and rattle,
+        Smoke and thunder alone;
+      But down in the sick-bay,
+      Where our wounded and dying lay,
+        There was scarce a sob or a moan.
+
+    "And at last, when the dim day broke,
+    And the sullen sun awoke,
+        Drearily blinking
+    O'er the haze and the cannon-smoke,
+    That even such morning dulls,
+    There were thirteen traitor hulls
+        On fire and sinking!"
+
+                    --_Henry Howard Brownell_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Thus," says the son of Farragut, in his admirable biography, "was
+accomplished a feat in naval warfare which had no precedent, and which
+is still without a parallel except the one furnished by Farragut
+himself, two years later, at Mobile. Starting with seventeen wooden
+vessels, he had passed with all but three of them, against the swift
+current of a river but half a mile wide, between two powerful earthworks
+which had long been prepared for him, his course impeded by blazing
+rafts, and immediately thereafter had met the enemy's fleet of fifteen
+vessels, two of them ironclads, and either captured or destroyed every
+one of them. And all this with a loss of but one ship from his
+squadron."
+
+The following day, he wrote:--
+
+"My dearest wife and boy,--I am so agitated that I can scarcely write,
+and shall only tell you that it has pleased Almighty God to preserve my
+life through a fire such as the world has scarcely known. He has
+permitted me to make a name for my dear boy's inheritance, as well as
+for my comfort and that of my family."
+
+The next day, at eleven o'clock in the morning, by order of Farragut,
+"the officers and crews of the fleet return thanks to Almighty God for
+His great goodness and mercy in permitting us to pass through the events
+of the last two days with so little loss of life and blood."
+
+April 29, a battalion of two hundred and fifty marines and two
+howitzers, manned by sailors from the _Hartford_, marched through the
+streets of New Orleans, hoisted the Union flag in place of the
+Confederate on the city hall, and held possession till General Butler
+arrived with his troops on May 1. After the fall of the city, the forts
+surrendered to Porter.
+
+From here Farragut went to Vicksburg with sixteen vessels, "the
+_Hartford_," he says "like an old hen taking care of her chickens," and
+passed the batteries with fifteen killed and thirty wounded. Three
+months later he received the thanks of Congress on parchment for the
+gallant services of himself and his men, and was made Rear-Admiral. He
+remained on the river and gulf for some months, doing effective work in
+sustaining the blockade, and destroying the salt-works along the coast.
+When the memorable passage of the batteries at Port Hudson was made,
+where one hundred and thirteen were killed or wounded, the _Hartford_
+taking the lead, his idolized boy, Loyall, stood beside him. When urged
+by the surgeon to let his son go below to help about the wounded,
+because it was safer, he replied, "No; that will not do. It is true our
+only child is on board by chance, and he is not in the service; but,
+being here, he will act as one of my aids, to assist in conveying my
+orders during the battle, and we will trust in Providence." Neither
+would the lad listen to the suggestion; for he "wanted to be stationed
+on deck and see the fight." Farragut soon sent him back to his mother;
+for he said, "I am too devoted a father to have my son with me in
+troubles of this kind. The anxieties of a father should not be added to
+those of a commander."
+
+Every day was full of exciting incident. The admiral needing some
+despatches taken down the river, his secretary, Mr. Gabaudan,
+volunteered to bear the message. A small dug-out was covered with twigs,
+so as to resemble floating trees. At night he lay down in his little
+craft, with paddle and pistol by his side, and drifted with the current.
+Once a Confederate boat pulled out into the stream to investigate the
+somewhat large tree, but returned to report that, "It was only a log."
+He succeeded in reaching General Banks, who had taken the place of
+General Butler, and when the fleet returned to New Orleans, he was
+warmly welcomed on board by his admiring companions.
+
+Farragut now returned to New York for a short time, where all were
+anxious to meet the Hero of New Orleans, and to see the historic
+_Hartford_, which had been struck two hundred and forty times by shot
+and shell in nineteen months' service. The Union League Club presented
+him a beautiful sword, the scabbard of gold and silver, and the hilt set
+in brilliants.
+
+His next point of attack was Mobile Bay. Under cover of the forts,
+Morgan, Gaines, and Powell, the blockade was constantly broken. A good
+story is told of the capture of one of these vessels, whose merchant
+captain was brought before Farragut. He proved to be an old
+acquaintance, who said he was bound for Matamoras on the Rio Grande! The
+admiral expressed amazement that he should be three hundred miles out of
+his course, and said good-naturedly, "I am sorry for you; but we shall
+have to hold you for your thundering bad navigation!"
+
+And now occurred the most brilliant battle of his career. Aug. 4, 1864,
+he wrote to his wife,--
+
+"I am going into Mobile Bay in the morning, if God is my leader, as I
+hope He is, and in Him I place my trust. God bless and preserve you, my
+darling, and my dear boy, if anything should happen to me.
+
+"Your devoted and affectionate husband, who never for one moment forgot
+his love, duty, or fidelity to you, his devoted and best of wives."
+
+At half past five on the morning of Aug. 5, fourteen ships and four
+monitors, headed by the _Brooklyn_, because she had apparatus for
+picking up torpedoes, moved into action. Very soon the _Tecumseh_, the
+monitor abreast of the _Brooklyn_, went down with nearly every soul on
+board, sunk by a torpedo. When the _Brooklyn_ saw this disaster, she
+began to back.
+
+"What's the trouble?" was shouted through the trumpet.
+
+"Torpedoes."
+
+The supreme moment had come for decision. The grand old admiral offered
+up this prayer in his heart, "O God, direct me what to do. Shall I go
+on?" And a voice seemed to answer, "Go on!"
+
+"Go ahead!" he shouted to his captain on the _Hartford_; "give her all
+the steam you've got!" And like a thing of life she swept on over the
+torpedoes to the head of the fleet, where she became the special target
+of the enemy. Her timbers crashed, and her "wounded came pouring
+down,--cries never to be forgotten." Twice the brave admiral was lashed
+to the rigging by his devoted men, lest in his exposed position he fall
+overboard if struck by a ball. The fleet lost three hundred and
+thirty-five men, but Farragut gained the day. When all was over, and he
+looked upon the dead laid out on the port side of his ship, he wept like
+a child. The prisoners captured in the defences of Mobile were one
+thousand four hundred and sixty-four, with one hundred and four guns.
+
+On his return to New York he was welcomed with the grandest
+demonstrations. Crowds gathered at the Battery, a public reception was
+given him at the Custom House, and fifty thousand dollars with which to
+buy a house in New York. Congress made him Vice-Admiral. Prominent
+politicians asked him to become a candidate for the Presidency; but he
+refused, saying, "I have no ambition for anything but what I am,--an
+admiral. I have worked hard for three years, have been in eleven fights,
+and am willing to fight eleven more if necessary, but when I go home I
+desire peace and comfort."
+
+At Hastings-on-the-Hudson, the streets were arched with the words "New
+Orleans," "Mobile," "Jackson," "St. Philip," etc. Boston gave him a
+welcome reception at Faneuil Hall, Oliver Wendell Holmes reading a poem
+on the occasion. At Cambridge, two hundred Harvard students took his
+horses from the carriage, and attaching ropes to it, drew him through
+the streets. On July 25, 1866, the rank of admiral was created by
+Congress, and Farragut was appointed to the place. Honors, and
+well-deserved ones, had come at last to the brave midshipman.
+
+The next year, in command of the European squadron, accompanied by Mrs.
+Farragut, who went by special permission of the President, he visited
+France, Russia, and other countries.
+
+Napoleon III. welcomed him to the Tuileries; the Grand Duke Constantine
+of Russia, Duke of Edinburgh, and Victor Emmanuel each made him their
+guest; he dined with the King of Denmark and the King of Greece, and
+Queen Victoria received him at the Osborne House. Two years later he
+visited the navy yard on the Pacific Coast, which he had established
+years before.
+
+He died Aug. 14, 1870, at the age of sixty-nine, universally honored and
+regretted. Congress appropriated twenty thousand dollars for his statue
+on Farragut Square, Washington, and the work has been executed by Vinnie
+Ream Hoxie.
+
+Success was not an accident with the Christian admiral. It was the
+result of devotion to duty, real bravery, and a life distinguished by
+purity of character and the highest sense of honor.
+
+
+
+
+EZRA CORNELL.
+
+
+In the winter of 1819 might have been seen travelling from New Jersey to
+De Ruyter in New York, a distance of two hundred and fifty miles, some
+covered emigrant wagons, containing a wife and six children in the
+first, and household goods and farming utensils in the others. Sometimes
+the occupants slept in a farmhouse, but usually in their vehicles by a
+camp-fire in the woods.
+
+For two weeks they journeyed, sometimes through an almost uninhabited
+wilderness and over wellnigh impassable roads. The mother, with a baby
+in her arms,--her oldest child, Ezra, a boy of twelve,--must have been
+worn with this toilsome journey; but patient and cheerful, no word of
+repining escaped her lips. Elijah Cornell, a frank, noble-hearted
+Quaker, was going West to make his living as a potter and farmer
+combined.
+
+Like other pioneers, they made ready their little home among the sterile
+hills; and there, for twenty years, they struggled to rear a family that
+grew to eleven children, instead of six. The boys of the family were
+taught the simple mysteries of pottery-making early in life, and thus
+formed habits of industry, while their limited income necessarily made
+them economical.
+
+[Illustration: EZRA CORNELL.
+
+(From his Biography, by Gov. A. B. Cornell.)]
+
+The eldest boy, Ezra,--now sixteen,--was growing anxious to be something
+more than a potter. He was nearly six feet tall, thin, muscular, and
+full of energy. He was studious, reading every book within his reach,
+and desirous of an education, which there was no money to procure.
+Determined, if possible, to go to the common school one more winter, he
+and his brother, fifteen years of age, chopped and cleared four acres of
+heavy beech and maple woodland, plowed, and planted it to corn, and thus
+made themselves able to finish their education.
+
+Soon after the father engaged a carpenter to build a large pottery. Ezra
+assisted, and began to think he should like the trade of a carpenter.
+When the structure was completed, taking his younger brother to the
+forest, they cut timber, and erected for their father's family a
+two-story dwelling, the best in the town. Without any supervision, Ezra
+had made the frame so that every part fitted in its exact place. This,
+for a boy of seventeen, became the wonder of the neighborhood.
+Master-builders prophesied a rare carpenter for posterity.
+
+It was evident that the quiet town of De Ruyter could not satisfy such a
+lad, and at eighteen he started away from his affectionate mother to try
+the world. She could trust him because he used neither liquor nor
+tobacco; was truthful, honest, and willing to work hard. If a young man
+desires to get his living easily, or is very particular as to the kind
+of work he undertakes, his future success may well be doubted. Ezra
+found no carpentering, as he had hoped; but in the vicinity of Syracuse,
+then a small village, he engaged himself for two years, to get out
+timber for shipment to New York by canal. The following year he worked
+in a shop making wool-carding machinery, and being now only twenty miles
+from De Ruyter, he walked home every Saturday evening and back Monday
+morning. Twenty miles before a day's work would have been too long for
+most boys. There was no danger that Ezra would grow tender, either of
+foot or hand, through luxury.
+
+Hearing that there was a good outlook for business at Ithaca, he walked
+forty miles thither, with a spare suit of clothes, and a few dollars in
+his pocket. Who would have said then that this unknown lad, with no
+capital save courage and ambition, would make the name of Ithaca, joined
+with that of Cornell, known round the world?
+
+He obtained work as a carpenter, and was soon offered the position of
+keeping a cotton-mill in repair. This he gladly accepted, using what
+knowledge he had gained in the machine-shop. A year later, Colonel
+Beebe, proprietor of a flouring and plaster mill, asked young Cornell to
+repair his works; and so pleased was he with the mechanic that he kept
+him for twelve years, making him his confidential agent and general
+manager. When a tunnel was needed to bring water from Fall Creek,
+Cornell was made engineer-in-chief of the enterprise; when labor-saving
+machinery was required, the head of the enterprising young man invented
+it.
+
+Meantime he had married, at the age of twenty-four, an intelligent girl,
+Mary Ann Wood, four years his junior, the second in a family of eleven
+children. As the young lady was not a Quaker, Cornell was formally
+excommunicated from his church for taking a person outside the fold. He
+was offered forgiveness and re-instatement if he would apologize and
+show proper regret, which he refused to do, feeling that the church had
+no right to decide upon the religious convictions of the person he
+loved.
+
+He soon purchased a few acres of land near the mill, and erected a
+simple home for his bride. Here they lived for twenty years, and here
+their nine children were born, four of whom died early. It was happiness
+to go daily to his work, receive his comfortable salary, and see his
+children grow up around him with their needed wants supplied. But the
+comfortable salary came to an end. Colonel Beebe withdrew from active
+business, the mill was turned into a woollen factory, and Cornell was
+thrown out of work. Business depression was great all over the country.
+In vain for months he sought for employment. The helpless family must be
+supported; at the age of thirty-six matters began to look serious.
+
+Finally, he went to Maine in the endeavor to sell the patent right of a
+new plow, recently invented. He visited the "Maine Farmer," and met the
+editor, Hon. F. O. J. Smith, a member of Congress, who became much
+interested. He tried also to sell the patent in the State of Georgia,
+walking usually forty miles a day, but with little success. Again he
+started for Maine, walking from Ithaca to Albany, one hundred and sixty
+miles in four days, then, going by rail to Boston, and once more on foot
+to Portland. He was fond of walking, and used to say, "Nature can in no
+way be so rationally enjoyed, as through the opportunities afforded the
+pedestrian."
+
+Entering the office of the "Maine Farmer" again, he found "Mr. Smith on
+his knees in the middle of his office floor, with a piece of chalk in
+his hand, the mould-board of a plow lying by his side, and with various
+chalk-marks on the floor before him."
+
+Mr. Smith arose and grasped him cordially by the hand, saying, "Cornell,
+you are the very man I want to see. I have been trying to explain to
+neighbor Robertson a machine that I want made, but I cannot make him
+understand it. I want a kind of scraper, or machine for digging a ditch
+for laying our telegraph pipe under ground. Congress has appropriated
+thirty thousand dollars to enable Professor Morse to test the
+practicability of his telegraph on a line between Washington and
+Baltimore. I have taken the contract to lay the pipe at one hundred
+dollars a mile."
+
+Mr. Cornell's ready brain soon saw what kind of a machine was needed,
+and he sketched a rough diagram of it.
+
+Without much hope of success, Smith said, "You make a machine, and I
+will pay the expense whether successful or not; if successful, I will
+pay you fifty dollars, or one hundred, or any price you may name."
+
+Mr. Cornell at once went to a machine shop, made the patterns for the
+necessary castings, and then the wood-work for the frame. The trial of
+the new machine was made at Mr. Smith's homestead, four yoke of oxen
+being attached to the strange-looking plow, which cut a furrow two and
+one-half feet deep, and one and one-fourth inches wide, and laid the
+pipe in the bottom at the same time. It worked successfully, and Mr.
+Cornell was asked to take charge of the laying of the pipe between
+Baltimore and Washington. He accepted, for he believed the telegraph
+would become a vast instrument in civilization. The loss of a position
+at the Beebe mill proved the opening to a broader world; his energy had
+found a field as wide as the universe.
+
+It was decided to put the first pipe between the double tracks of the
+Baltimore and Ohio railroad. With an eight-mule team, horses being
+afraid of the engines, nearly a mile of pipe was laid each day. Soon
+Professor Morse came hurriedly, and calling Mr. Cornell aside, said,
+"Can you not contrive to stop this work for a few days in some manner,
+so the papers will not know that it has been purposely interrupted? I
+want to make some experiments before any more pipe is laid."
+
+Cornell had been expecting this, for he knew that the pipes were
+defective, though other officials would not permit Morse to be told of
+it. Replying that he would do as requested, he stepped back to his plow,
+and said, "Hurrah, boys, whip up your mules; we must lay another length
+of pipe before we quit to-night." Then he purposely let the machine
+catch against a point of rock, making it a perfect wreck.
+
+Mr. Cornell began now, at Professor Morse's request, to experiment in
+the basement of the Patent Office at Washington, studying what books he
+could obtain on electrical science. It was soon found to be wise to put
+the wires upon poles, as Cooke and Wheatstone had done in England. The
+line between Baltimore and Washington proved successful despite its
+crudities; but what should be done with it? Government did not wish to
+buy it, and private capital was afraid to touch it.
+
+How could the world be made interested? Mr. Cornell, who had now put his
+heart into the telegraph, built a line from Milk Street, Boston, to
+School Street, that the people might see for themselves this new agent
+which was to enable nations to talk with each other; but nobody cared to
+waste a moment in looking at it. They were more interested in selling a
+piece of cloth, or discovering the merits of a dead philosopher. Not
+delighted with the indifference of Boston, he moved his apparatus to New
+York in 1844, and constructed a line from opposite Trinity Church on
+Broadway, to near the site of the present Metropolitan Hotel; but New
+York was even more indifferent than Boston.
+
+The "Tribune," "Express," and some other newspapers gave cordial notices
+of the new enterprise, but the "Herald" said plainly that it was opposed
+to the telegraph, because now it could beat its rivals by special
+couriers; but if the telegraph came into use, then all would have an
+equal opportunity to obtain news! During the whole winter Mr. Cornell
+labored seemingly to no purpose, to introduce what Morse had so grandly
+discovered. A man of less will and less self-reliance would have become
+discouraged. He met the fate of all reformers or inventors. Nobody wants
+a thing till it is a great success, and then everybody wants it at the
+same moment.
+
+Finally, by the hardest struggle, the Magnetic Telegraph Company was
+formed for erecting a line between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
+and Washington, and Mr. Cornell for superintending it was to receive one
+thousand dollars per annum. So earnest was he for the matter that he
+subscribed five hundred dollars to the stock of the company, paying for
+it out of his meagre salary! Such men,--willing to live on the merest
+pittance that a measure of great practical good may succeed,--such men
+deserve to win.
+
+The next line was between New York and Albany, and Mr. Cornell, being
+the contractor, received his first return for these years of labor six
+thousand dollars in profits. The tide had turned; and though afterward
+various obstacles had to be met and overcome, the poor mechanic had
+started on the high-road to fame and fortune. He next organized the Erie
+and Michigan Telegraph Company, supposing that the Western cities thus
+benefited would subscribe to the stock; but even in Chicago, which now
+pays three thousand dollars daily for telegraphic service, it was
+impossible to raise a dollar.
+
+A year later, the New York and Erie telegraph line was constructed
+through the southern part of New York State. Mr. Cornell, believing most
+heartily in the project, obligated himself heavily, and the result
+proved his far-sightedness. But now ruinous competition set in. Those
+who had been unwilling to help at first were anxious to share profits.
+To save all from bankruptcy in the cutting of rates, Mr. Cornell and a
+few others consolidated the various interests in the Western Union
+Telegraph Company, now grown so large that it has nearly five hundred
+thousand miles of wire, employs twenty thousand persons, sends over
+forty-one million messages yearly, and makes over seven and one-half
+million dollars profits.
+
+For more than fifteen years he was the largest stockholder in the
+company; it was not strange therefore, that middle life found Ezra
+Cornell a millionnaire. This was better than making pottery in the
+little town of De Ruyter. It had taken work, however, to make this
+fortune. While others sauntered and enjoyed life at leisure, he was
+working early and late, away from his family most of the time for twelve
+years.
+
+In 1857, when fifty years of age, he purchased three hundred acres near
+Ithaca, planted orchards, bought fine cattle and horses, and moved his
+family thither. He was made president of the County Agricultural
+Society, and in 1862 was chosen to represent the State Agricultural
+Society at the International Exposition in London. Taking his wife with
+him, they travelled in Great Britain and on the Continent, enjoying a
+few months of recreation, for the first time since, when a youth, thirty
+years before, he had walked into Ithaca.
+
+During the war he gave money and sympathy freely, being often at the
+front, in hospitals, and on battle-fields, caring for the wounded and
+their families, and aiding those whom the war had left maimed or
+impoverished. For six years he served acceptably in the State
+Legislature. Self-reliant, calm, unselfish, simple in dress and manner,
+he was, alike the companion of distinguished scholars, and the advocate
+of the people.
+
+The great question now before his mind was how to spend his fortune most
+wisely. He recalled the days when he cleared four acres of timber land,
+that he might have three months of schooling. He had regretted all his
+life his lack of a college education. He determined therefore to build
+"an institution where _any_ person can find instruction in _any_ study."
+Preparatory to this he built Cornell Library, costing sixty-one thousand
+dollars. A workman, losing one of his horses by accident in the
+construction of the edifice, was called upon by the philanthropist, who,
+after inquiring the value of the animal, drew a check and handed it to
+the man, remarking, with a kind smile, "I presume I can better than you
+afford to lose the horse." A man with money enough to build libraries
+does not always remember a laborer!
+
+Mr. Cornell's first gift toward his university was two hundred acres of
+his cherished farm, and five hundred thousand dollars in money. The
+institution was formally opened in 1868, Hon. Andrew D. White, a
+distinguished graduate of Yale and of the University of Berlin, being
+chosen president. Soon over four hundred students gathered from over
+twenty-seven States. Mr. Cornell's gifts afterward, including his saving
+the Land Grant Fund from depreciation, amounted to over three million
+dollars. A wonderful present from a self-made mechanic! Other men have
+followed his illustrious example. Henry W. Sage has given three hundred
+thousand dollars for the building of Sage College for women, and the
+extensive conservatories of the Botanical Department. Hiram Sibley, of
+Rochester, has given fifty thousand dollars for the College of Mechanic
+Arts, and John McGraw, one hundred thousand for the library and museum.
+Cornell University is now one of the most liberally endowed institutions
+in the country, and has already sent out over one thousand graduates.
+
+Mr. Cornell did everything to enrich and develop his own town. He
+brought manufactories of glass and iron into her midst, held the
+presidency of the First National Bank for a dozen years, made her as far
+as possible a railroad centre, and gave generously to her churches of
+whatever denomination. The first question asked in any project was,
+"Have you seen Ezra Cornell? He will take hold of the work; and if he is
+for you, no one will be against you, and success is assured, if success
+be possible."
+
+Dec. 9, 1874, at the age of sixty-seven, scarcely able to stand, he
+arose from his bed and was dressed that he might attend to some
+unfinished business. Shortly after noon, it was finished by an unseen
+hand. His body was carried to Library Hall, and there, the Cornell
+Cadets standing as guard of honor, thousands looked upon the renowned
+giver. The day of the funeral, public and private buildings were draped,
+shops were closed, and the streets filled by a saddened throng. The
+casket was borne into the cemetery between lines of students, who owed
+to his generosity their royal opportunities for scholarship. Various
+societies in various cities passed resolutions of respect and honor for
+the dead.
+
+Froude, the English historian, well said of him, "There is something I
+admire even more than the university, and that is the quiet,
+unpretending man by whom the university was founded. We have had such
+men in old times, and there are men in England who make great fortunes
+and who make claim to great munificence, but who manifest their
+greatness in buying great estates and building castles for the founding
+of peerages to be handed down from father to son. Mr. Cornell has sought
+for immortality, and the perpetuity of his name among the people of a
+free nation. There stands his great university, built upon a rock, built
+of stone, as solid as a rock, to endure while the American nation
+endures. When the herald's parchment shall have crumbled into dust, and
+the antiquarians are searching among the tombstones for the records of
+these departed families, Mr. Cornell's name will be still fresh and
+green through generation after generation."
+
+Overlooking Ithaca and Cayuga Lake stands his home, a beautiful Gothic
+villa in stone, finished a year after his death. His motto, the motto of
+his life, is carved over the principal entrance, "TRUE AND FIRM."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: P. H. Sheridan.
+
+(From Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia).]
+
+LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SHERIDAN.
+
+
+It is sometimes said that circumstances make the man; but there must be
+something in the man, or circumstances, however favorable, cannot
+develop it. A poor lad, born of Irish parents in the little western town
+of Somerset, Ohio, working at twenty-four dollars a year, would never
+have come to the lieutenant-generalship of the United States, unless
+there was something noteworthy in the lad himself.
+
+Philip Henry Sheridan, a generous, active boy, after having studied
+arithmetic, geography, and spelling at the village school, began to work
+in a country store in 1843, at the early age of twelve, earning fifty
+cents a week, fortunately, still keeping his home with his mother. He
+was fond of books, especially of military history and biography; and
+when he read of battles, he had dreams of one day being a great soldier.
+Probably the keeper of the store where Philip worked, and his boyish
+companions, thought these dreams useless air-castles.
+
+After some months, quickness and attention to business won a better
+position for him, where he obtained one dollar and a half a week. So
+useful had he become, that at seventeen he acted as bookkeeper and
+manager of quite a business for the munificent wages of three dollars a
+week.
+
+He had not forgotten his soldier ambition, and applied to the member of
+Congress from his county, Perry, for appointment to West Point. Hon.
+Thomas Ritchey was pleased with the boy's determination and energy, and
+though most of these places were given to those whose fathers had served
+in the Mexican War, Philip was not forgotten. He took a preliminary
+examination in the common branches, and much to his surprise, received
+the appointment. Feeling greatly his need of more knowledge, his
+room-mate, Henry W. Slocum, afterward a major-general, assisted him in
+algebra and geometry. The two boys would hang blankets at the windows of
+their room, and study after the usual limit for the putting out of
+lights and retiring.
+
+Graduating in 1853, he was made second lieutenant in the United States
+Infantry, and assigned to Fort Duncan on the western boundary of Texas,
+which at that time seemed wellnigh out of the world. Here he came much
+in contact with the Apache and Comanche Indians, warlike and independent
+tribes.
+
+One day, as Sheridan was outside the fort with two other men, a band of
+Indians swooped down upon them. The chief jumped from his horse to seize
+his prisoners, when Sheridan instantly sprang upon the animal's back,
+and galloped to Fort Duncan. Hastily summoning his troops, he rushed
+back to save his two friends. The enraged chief sprang toward him, when
+a ball from Sheridan's rifle laid him dead upon the ground. His ready
+thought had saved his own life and that of his friends.
+
+Two years later he was made first lieutenant, and sent to Oregon as
+escort to an expedition surveying for a branch of the Pacific Railway.
+The region was wild and almost unknown, yet beautiful and full of
+interest. This life must have seemed inspiring compared with the quiet
+of the Somerset store.
+
+Chosen very soon to take charge of an Indian campaign, his fearlessness,
+his quick decision and cautiousness as well, made him a valuable leader.
+The Indians could endure hardships; so could Sheridan. Sometimes he
+carried his food for two weeks in his blanket, slung over his shoulder,
+and made the ground his bed at night. The Indians could scale rocks and
+mountains; so could the young officer.
+
+A severe encounter took place at the Cascades, on the Columbia River,
+April 28, 1856, where, by getting in the rear of the Indians, he
+completely vanquished them. For this strategy, he was especially
+commended by Lieutenant-General Scott. However, he won the confidence of
+the Indian tribes for probity and honesty in his dealings with them.
+
+When the Civil War began, he was eager to help the cause of the Union,
+and in 1861 was made captain and chief quartermaster in south-western
+Missouri, on the staff of Major-General Curtis. He was quiet and
+unassuming, accurate in business matters, and thoroughly courteous.
+Perhaps now that he had learned more of army life by nine and a half
+years of service, he was less sanguine of high renown than in his boyish
+days; for he told a friend that "he was the sixty-fourth captain on the
+list, and with the chances of war, thought he might soon be major."
+
+It required executive ability to provide for the subsistence of a great
+army, but Sheridan organized his depots of supplies and transportation
+trains with economy and wisdom, for the brave men who fought under
+Sigel. With a high sense of honor, Sheridan objected to the taking of
+any private property from the enemy, for self-aggrandizement, as was the
+case with some officers, and asked to be relieved from his present
+position.
+
+Fortunately he was appointed on the staff of General Halleck in
+Tennessee, a man who soon learned the faithfulness and ability of his
+captain; and when the Governor of Michigan asked for a good colonel for
+the Second Michigan Cavalry, Sheridan was chosen. After sharing in
+several engagements around Corinth, he was attacked July 1, 1862, at
+Booneville, by a force of nine regiments, numbering nearly five thousand
+men. He had but two regiments! What could he do? Selecting ninety of his
+best men, armed with guns and sabres, he sent them four miles around a
+curve to attack the enemy's rear, and promised to attack at the same
+time in front. When the moment came, he rushed upon the foe as though he
+had an immense army at his back, while the handful of men in the rear
+charged with drawn sabres. The Confederates were thrown into confusion,
+and, panic-stricken, rushed from the field, leaving guns, knapsacks, and
+coats behind them. Sheridan chased them for twenty miles.
+
+This deed of valor won the admiration of General Grant, who commended
+him to the War Department for promotion. He was at once made
+brigadier-general. Perhaps the boyish dreams of being a great soldier
+would not turn out to be air-castles after all. Men love to fight under
+a man who knows what to do in an emergency, and Sheridan's men, who
+called him "Little Phil," had the greatest faith in him.
+
+In the fall, he was needed to defend Louisville against General Bragg.
+This Confederate officer had been told that he would find recruits and
+supplies in abundance if he would come to Kentucky. He came therefore,
+bringing arms for twenty thousand men, but was greatly disappointed to
+find that not half that number were willing to cast in their lot with
+the Secessionists. General Buell, of the Union army, received, on the
+contrary, over twenty thousand new soldiers here. Bragg prepared to
+leave the State, sending his provision train ahead, and made a stand at
+Perryville, Kentucky. Here Sheridan played "a distinguished part,
+holding the key of the Union position, and resisting the onsets of the
+enemy again and again, with great bravery and skill, driving them at
+last from the open ground in front by a bayonet charge. The loss in
+Sheridan's division in killed and wounded was over four hundred, but his
+generalship had saved the army from defeat."
+
+Bragg determined now to make one great effort to hold Tennessee, and
+Dec. 31, 1862, gave battle at Stone River, near Murfreesboro'. General
+Rosecrans had succeeded Buell as commander of the Army of the
+Cumberland. Being a Romanist, high mass was celebrated in his tent just
+before the battle, the officers, booted and spurred, standing outside
+with heads uncovered. The conflict began on the right wing, the enemy
+advancing six lines deep. Our troops were mowed down as by a scythe.
+Sheridan sustained four attacks of the enemy, and four times repulsed
+them, swinging his hat or his sword, as he rode among his men, and
+changing his front under fire, till, his ammunition exhausted, he
+brought out his shattered forces in close column, with colors flying.
+Pointing sadly to them, he said to Rosecrans, "Here is all that are
+left, General. My loss is seventeen hundred and ninety-six,--my three
+brigade commanders killed, and sixty-nine other officers; in all
+seventy-two officers killed and wounded." The men said proudly, "We came
+out of the battle with compact ranks and empty cartridge-boxes!"
+
+Even after this Sheridan recaptured two pieces of artillery, and routed
+the same men who had driven him. For noble conduct on the field he was
+made major-general of volunteers.
+
+General Rosecrans says of him in his official report, "At Stone River he
+won universal admiration. Upon being flanked and compelled to retire, he
+withdrew his command more than a mile, under a terrible fire, in
+remarkable order, at the same time inflicting the severest punishment
+upon the foe. The constancy and steadfastness of his troops on the 31st
+of December enabled the reserve to reach the right of our army in time
+to turn the tide of battle, and changed a threatened rout into a
+victory."
+
+General Rosecrans showed himself dauntless in courage. When a shell took
+off the head of his faithful staff-officer, Garesch�, riding by his
+side, to whom he was most tenderly attached, he only said, "I am _very_
+sorry; we cannot help it. This battle must be won." Dashing up to a
+regiment lying on the ground waiting to be called into action, he said,
+while shot and shell were whizzing furiously around him, "Men, do you
+wish to know how to be safe? Shoot low. But do you wish to know how to
+be safest of all? Give them a blizzard and then charge with cold steel!
+Forward, men, and show what you are made of!"
+
+After the day's bloody battle, the troops lay all night on the cold
+ground where they had fought. "When," says the heroic General Rousseau,
+"I saw them parch corn over a few little coals into which they were
+permitted to blow a spark of life; when they carved steak from the loins
+of a horse which had been killed in battle, and ate, not simply without
+murmuring, but made merry over their distress, tears involuntarily
+rolled from my eyes."
+
+At midnight it rained upon the soldiers, and the fields became masses of
+mud; yet before daylight they stood at their guns. "On the third day,"
+says Rosecrans, "the firing was terrific and the havoc terrible. The
+enemy retreated more rapidly than they had advanced. In forty minutes
+they lost two thousand men." All that night the Federals worked to
+entrench the front of the army. Saturday hundreds of wounded lay in the
+mud and rain, as the enemy had destroyed so many of our hospital tents.
+On Sunday morning it was found that the Confederates had departed,
+leaving twenty-five hundred of their wounded in Murfreesboro' for us to
+take care of. Burial parties were now sent out to inter the dead. The
+Union loss in killed and wounded was eight thousand seven hundred and
+seventy-eight; the enemy's loss ten thousand one hundred and
+twenty-five.
+
+Sheridan's next heavy fighting was at Chickamauga. The battle was begun
+by Bragg on Sept. 19, 1863. The right of our army had been broken to
+pieces, but General Thomas, the idol of his men, stood on the left like
+a rock, Sheridan assisting, and refused to be driven from the field.
+General Henry M. Cist, in his "Army of the Cumberland" says, "There is
+nothing finer in history than Thomas at Chickamauga." Sheridan lost over
+one-third of his four thousand men and ninety-six officers. The Federal
+loss was over sixteen thousand; the Confederate, over twenty thousand.
+
+There were heroic deeds on this as on every battle-field. When a
+division of the Reserve Corps--brave men they were, too--wavered under
+the storm of lead, General James B. Steedman rode up, and taking the
+flag from the color-bearer, cried out, "Go back, boys, go back, but the
+Flag can't go with you!" and dashed into the fight. The men rallied,
+closed their column, and fought bravely to the death. Even the
+drummer-boy, Johnny Clem, from Newark, Ohio, ten years old, near the
+close of the battle, when one of Longstreet's colonels rode up, and with
+an oath commanded him to surrender, sent a bullet through the officer's
+heart. Rosecrans, made him a sergeant, and the daughter of Secretary
+Chase gave him a silver medal.
+
+Two months later, the battle of Chattanooga redeemed the defeat of
+Chickamauga. Near the town rises Lookout Mountain, abrupt, rocky cliffs
+twenty-four hundred feet above the level of the sea, and Missionary
+Ridge, both of which were held by the enemy. On Nov. 24, Lookout was
+stormed and carried by General Hooker in the "Battle above the Clouds."
+On the following day Missionary Ridge was to be assaulted. Sheridan held
+the extreme left for General Thomas. Before him was a wood, then an open
+plain, several hundred yards to the enemy's rifle-pits; and then beyond,
+five hundred yards covered with rocks and fallen timber to the crest,
+where were Bragg's heaviest breastworks. At three o'clock in the
+afternoon the signal to advance--six guns fired at intervals of two
+seconds--was given. As Sheridan shouted, "Remember Chickamauga!" the men
+dashed over the plain at double-quick, their glittering bayonets ready
+for deadly work. Says Benjamin F. Taylor, who was an eye-witness, "Never
+halting, never faltering, they charged up to the first rifle-pits with a
+cheer, forked out the rebels with their bayonets, and lay there panting
+for breath. If the thunder of guns had been terrible, it was now growing
+sublime. It was rifles and musketry; it was grape and canister; it was
+shell and shrapnel. Mission Ridge was volcanic; a thousand torrents of
+red poured over its brink and rushed together to its base.
+
+"They dash out a little way, and then slacken; they creep up, hand over
+hand, loading and firing, and wavering and halting, from the first line
+of works to the second; they burst into a charge with a cheer, and go
+over it. Sheets of flame baptize them; plunging shot tear away comrades
+on left and right; it is no longer shoulder to shoulder; it is God for
+us all! Under tree-trunks, among rocks, stumbling over the dead,
+struggling with the living, facing the steady fire of eight thousand
+infantry, they wrestle with the Ridge.... Things are growing desperate
+up aloft; the rebels tumble rocks upon the rising line; they light the
+fusees and roll shells down the steep; they load the guns with handfuls
+of cartridges in their haste; and as if there were powder in the word,
+they shout 'Chickamauga' down upon the mounters. But it would not all
+do, and just as the sun, weary of the scene, was sinking out of sight,
+with magnificent bursts all along the line, the advance surged over the
+crest, and in a minute those flags fluttered along the fringe where
+fifty rebel guns were, kennelled.... Men flung themselves exhausted upon
+the ground. They laughed and wept, shook hands, embraced; turned round,
+and did all four over again. It was as wild as a carnival."
+
+Grant had given the order for taking the first line of rifle-pits only,
+but the men, first one regiment and then another, swept up the hill,
+determined to be the first to plant the colors there. "When I saw those
+flags go up," said Sheridan afterward, "I knew we should carry the
+ridge, and I took the responsibility." Sheridan's horse was shot under
+him, after which he led the assault on foot. Over twelve hundred men
+made Missionary Ridge sacred to liberty by their blood.
+
+All seemed heroes on that day. One poor fellow, with his shoulder
+shattered, lay beside a rock. Two comrades halted to bear him to the
+rear, when he said, "Don't stop for me; I'm of no account; for GOD'S
+sake, push right up with the boys!" and on they went, to help scale the
+mountain.
+
+When the men were seen going up the hill, Grant asked by whose orders
+that was done? "It is all right if it turns out all right," he said;
+"but if not, some one will suffer." But it turned out all right, and
+Grant knew thereafter how fully he could trust Sheridan.
+
+The following spring Sheridan was placed by Grant in command of the
+cavalry of the Army of the Potomac, numbering nearly twelve thousand
+men. Here he was to add to his fame in the great battles of the
+Shenandoah Valley. From May to August Sheridan lost over five thousand
+men in killed and wounded, in smaller battles as he protected Grant's
+flank while he moved his forces to the James River, or in cutting off
+Lee's supplies. Meantime General Early had been spreading terror by his
+attempt to take Washington, thus hoping also to withdraw Grant's
+attention from Lee at Richmond.
+
+The time had come for decisive action. Grant's orders were, "Put
+yourself south of the enemy and follow him to the death. I feel every
+confidence that you will do the best, and will leave you as far as
+possible to act on your own judgment, and not embarrass you with orders
+and instructions." About the middle of September Grant visited Sheridan
+with a plan of battle for him in his pocket, but he said afterward, "I
+saw that there were but two words of instruction necessary, 'Go in.' The
+result was such that I have never since deemed it necessary to visit
+General Sheridan before giving him orders."
+
+The battle of Opequan was fought Sept. 19, 1864, Early being completely
+routed and losing about four thousand men, five pieces of artillery, and
+nine army flags, with an equal loss of men by the Federals. The fight
+was a bitter one from morning till evening, a regiment like the One
+Hundred and Fourteenth New York going into the battle with one hundred
+and eighty men, and coming out with forty, their dead piled one above
+another! Sheridan at first stood a little to the rear, so that he might
+calmly direct the battle; but at last, swinging his sword, and
+exclaiming, "I can't stand this!" he rode into the conflict. The next
+day he telegraphed to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, "We have just
+sent them whirling through Winchester, and we are after them to-morrow.
+This army behaved splendidly."
+
+This battle quickened the hope and courage of the North, who begun to
+see the end of the devastating war. "Whirling through Winchester" was
+reported all over the land. Abraham Lincoln telegraphed, "Have just
+heard of your great victory. God bless you all, officers and men!
+Strongly inclined to come up and see you." Grant ordered each of his
+two Richmond armies to fire a salute of one hundred guns.
+
+The next day Sheridan passed on after Early, and gave battle at Fisher's
+Hill, the Confederates losing sixteen guns and eleven hundred prisoners,
+besides killed and wounded. Many of these belonged to Stonewall
+Jackson's corps, and were the flower of the Southern army. "Keep on,"
+said Grant, "and your good work will cause the fall of Richmond."
+Secretary Stanton ordered one hundred guns to be fired by various
+generals, fifteen hundred guns in all, for Fisher's Hill. Early was now
+so thoroughly beaten, that the Richmond mob wrote on the guns forwarded
+to him by the South the satirical sentence, "General Sheridan, care of
+General Early!" Grant's orders were now to lay waste the valley, so that
+Lee might have no base of supplies. Over two thousand barns filled with
+grain, over seventy mills, besides bridges and railroads were burned,
+and seven thousand cattle and sheep appropriated by the Union army. Such
+destruction seemed pitiful, but if the war was thereby shortened, as it
+doubtless was, then the saving of bloodshed was a blessing.
+
+Oct. 15 Sheridan was summoned to Washington for consultation. Early,
+learning his absence, and having been reinforced by twelve thousand
+troops, decided at once to give battle at Cedar Creek. His army marched
+at midnight, canteens being left in camp, lest they make a noise. At
+daybreak, Oct. 19, with the well-known "rebel yell" the enemy rushed
+upon the sleeping camps of the Union army. Nearly a thousand of our men
+were taken prisoners, and eighteen guns. A panic ensued, and in utter
+confusion, though there was some brave fighting, our troops fell back to
+the rear. Sheridan, on his way from Washington, had slept at Winchester
+that night, twenty miles away. At nine o'clock he rode out of the town
+on his splendid black horse, unconscious of danger to his army. Soon the
+sound of battle was heard, and not a mile away he met the fugitives. He
+at once ordered some troops to stop the stragglers, and rushed on to the
+front as swiftly as his foaming steed could carry him, swinging his hat,
+and shouting, "Face the other way, boys! face the other way! If I had
+been here, boys, this never should have happened." Meeting a colonel who
+said, "The army is whipped," he replied, "You are, but the army isn't!"
+
+Rude breastworks of stones, rocks, and trees were thrown up. Then came
+desperate fighting, and then the triumphant charge. The first line was
+carried, and then the second, Sheridan leading a brigade in person.
+Early's army was thoroughly routed. The captured guns were all retaken,
+besides twenty-four pieces of artillery and sixteen hundred prisoners.
+Early reported eighteen hundred killed and wounded.
+
+Again the whole North rejoiced over this victory. Sheridan was made a
+major-general in the regular army "for the personal gallantry, military
+skill and just confidence in the courage and gallantry of your troops
+displayed by you on the 19th day of October at Cedar Run," said Lincoln,
+"whereby, under the blessing of Providence, your routed army was
+reorganized, a great national disaster averted, and a brilliant victory
+achieved over the rebels for the third time in pitched battle within
+thirty days." General Grant wrote from City Point, "Turning what bid
+fair to be a disaster into a glorious victory stamps Sheridan what I
+always thought him, one of the ablest of generals."
+
+Well wrote Thomas Buchanan Read in that immortal poem, "Sheridan's
+Ride":--
+
+    "Hurrah! hurrah for Sheridan!
+    Hurrah! hurrah for horse and man!
+    And when their statues are placed on high,
+    Under the dome of the Union sky,
+    The American soldier's Temple of Fame,
+    There with the glorious General's name,
+    Be it said in letters both bold and bright,
+    'Here is the steed that saved the day,
+    By carrying Sheridan into the fight
+    From Winchester, twenty miles away!'"
+
+The noble animal died in Chicago, October, 1878.
+
+"In eleven weeks," says General Adam Badeau, "Sheridan had taken
+thirteen thousand prisoners, forty-nine battle flags, and sixty guns,
+besides recapturing eighteen cannon at Cedar Creek. He must besides have
+killed and wounded at least nine thousand men, so that he destroyed for
+the enemy twenty-two thousand soldiers."
+
+And now the only work remaining was to join Grant at Richmond in his
+capture of Lee. He had passed the winter near Winchester, and now having
+crossed the James River, April 1, 1865, was attacked by General Pickett
+at Five Forks. After a severe engagement about five thousand prisoners
+were taken by Sheridan, with thirteen colors and six guns. His magnetic
+influence over his men is shown by an incident narrated by General
+Badeau. "At the battle of Five Forks, a soldier, wounded under his eyes,
+stumbled and was falling to the rear, but Sheridan cried, 'Never mind,
+my man; there's no harm done!' and the soldier went on with a bullet in
+his brain, till he dropped dead on the field."
+
+From here he pushed on to Appomattox Court House, where he headed Lee's
+army, and waited for Grant to come up. Richmond had surrendered to Grant
+on the morning of April 3. On the 7th of April Grant wrote to Lee, "The
+result of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further
+resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this
+struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from
+myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, by asking
+you to surrender that portion of the Confederate States Army known as
+the Army of Northern Virginia." Lee replied, "Though not entertaining
+the opinion you express on the hopelessness of further resistance on the
+part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to
+avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your
+proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its
+surrender." The reply was the only one that could be given. "The terms
+upon which peace can be had are well understood. By the South laying
+down their arms they will hasten that most desirable event, save
+thousands of human lives, and hundreds of millions of property not yet
+destroyed."
+
+At one o'clock, April 9, 1865, the two able generals met, and at four it
+was announced that the Army of Northern Virginia, with over twenty-eight
+thousand men, had surrendered to the Army of the Potomac. Memorable day!
+that brought peace to a nation tired of the horrors of war. In July,
+Sheridan assumed command of the Military Division of the Gulf. Ten years
+later, June 3, 1875, when he was forty-four years old, he married Miss
+Irene Rucker, the daughter of General D. H. Rucker, for years his
+friend. She is a fine linguist, and a charming woman. Their home in
+Chicago has many souvenirs of war times, and tokens of appreciation from
+those who realize General Sheridan's great services to his country.
+
+He was made Lieutenant-General, March 4, 1869, and when General Sherman
+retired from the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Nov. 1,
+1883, Sheridan moved to Washington, to take his place. The office of
+"Lieutenant-General" expires with General Sheridan, he being the last of
+our three great and famous generals,--Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan. In
+this latter city he has a home purchased by thirty-one of his leading
+friends from Chicago. He is devoted to his wife and children, honest,
+upright, and manly, and deserves the honors he has won.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Sheridan was taken ill of heart disease about the middle of May,
+1888. After three months, he died at Nonquitt, Mass., near the ocean, at
+twenty minutes past ten on the evening of August 5, 1888. He left a wife
+and four children, a girl of eight, a boy of six, and twin daughters of
+four. After lying in state at Washington, he was buried with military
+honors at Arlington Heights, on Saturday, August 11, in the midst of
+universal sorrow.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS COLE.
+
+
+Four of my favorite pictures from childhood have been Cole's "Voyage of
+Life." I have studied the tiny infant in the boat surrounded by roses,
+life's stream full of luxuriant vegetation; the happy, ambitious youth,
+looking eagerly forward to the Temple of Fame, steering the boat
+himself, with no need of aid from his guardian angel; then the worried
+and troubled man, his boat tossing and whirling among the broken trees
+and frightful storms that come to all; and lastly, perhaps most
+beautiful, the old man sailing peacefully into the ocean of eternity,
+the angel having returned to guide him, and the way to heaven being
+filled with celestial spirits. I have always hung these pictures near my
+writing-table, and their lesson has been a helpful and inspiring one.
+
+No wonder that Thorwaldsen, the great sculptor, said when he looked upon
+them in Rome, "O great artist! what beauty of conception! what an
+admirable arrangement of parts! what an accurate study of nature! what
+truth of detail!" He told Cole that his work was entirely new and
+original, executed in a masterly manner, and he commended the harmony
+of color.
+
+These pictures are hung in thousands of homes; but how few persons know
+the history of the artist! Born in England, Feb. 1, 1801, the only son
+in a family of eight children, and the youngest but one, we find him
+when a mere child, in some print-works, learning to engrave simple
+designs for calico. His father, a woolen manufacturer, had failed in
+business, and the family were thrown upon themselves for support. He was
+a kind and honest man, always hoping to succeed, but never succeeding;
+always trying new scenes to build up his fortune and never building it.
+Like other fathers, especially those who have been disappointed in life,
+he had hopes that his boy would accomplish more than himself.
+
+He wished to apprentice him to an attorney or to an iron manufacturer,
+but Thomas saw no pleasure in Blackstone, or in handling ponderous iron.
+A boy of tender feelings, he found little companionship with his
+fellow-operatives, most of whom were rough; and he enjoyed most an old
+Scotchman who could repeat ballads, and tell of the beautiful hills and
+lakes of his native land. When he had leisure, he wandered with his
+sister Sarah into the surrounding country; and while she sang, he
+accompanied her with his flute.
+
+With little opportunity for school, he was a great reader; and when
+through with designs for calico for the day, he buried himself in
+books, especially about foreign countries, and in imagination clambered
+over high mountains, and sailed upon broad rivers. He talked much to the
+family of the wonders of the New World; and when he was eighteen, they
+all sailed for America. The father rented a little house and shop in
+Philadelphia, and began to sell the small stock of dry-goods which he
+had brought with him, while Thomas found work with a person who supplied
+woodcuts for printers.
+
+The father soon became dissatisfied with his prospects, and moved his
+family to Steubenville, Ohio, where he hoped to find a land flowing with
+milk and honey. Thomas remained behind, working on some illustrations
+for Bunyan's "Holy War," keeping up his spirits with his beloved flute;
+going to Steubenville the next year, walking almost the entire way from
+Philadelphia.
+
+Here he worked in his father's small manufactory of paper-hangings; yet
+he had longings to do some great work in the world, as he wandered alone
+in the wild and charming scenery. He loved music, architecture, and
+pictures, but he hardly dared breathe his aspirations save in a few
+verses of poetry. How in that quiet home a boy should be born who had
+desires to win renown was a mystery. Nobody knows whence the perilous
+but blessed gift of ambition comes.
+
+About this time a portrait-painter by the name of Stein came to the
+village. He took an interest in the poetic boy, and loaned him an
+English illustrated work on painting. Thomas had already acquired some
+skill in drawing. Now his heart was on fire as he read about Raphael,
+Claude Lorraine, and Titian, and he resolved to make painting his
+life-work. How little he knew of the obstacles before a poor artist!
+
+He set to work to make his own brushes, obtaining his colors from a
+chair-maker. His easel and palette were of his own crude manufacture.
+The father had serious misgivings for his son; but his mother encouraged
+him to persevere in whatever his genius seemed to lie. As a rule, women
+discover genius sooner than men, and good Mary Cole had seen that there
+was something uncommon in her boy. His brushes ready, putting his scanty
+wearing apparel and his flute in a green baize bag, hung over his
+shoulder, the youth of twenty-one started for St. Clairsville, thirty
+miles distant, to begin life as a painter. He broke through the ice in
+crossing a stream, and, wet to his breast, arrived at the town, only to
+find that a German had just been there, and had painted all the
+portraits which were desired.
+
+However, a saddler was found who was willing to be painted, and after
+five days of work from morning till night, the young artist received a
+new saddle as pay. A military officer gave him an old silver watch for a
+portrait, and a dapper tradesman a chain and key, which proved to be
+copper instead of gold. For some other work he received a pair of shoes
+and a dollar. All these, except the dollar, he was obliged to give to
+his landlord for board, the man being dissatisfied even with this
+bargain.
+
+From here Thomas walked one hundred miles to Zanesville, and to his
+great sorrow, found that the German had preceded him here also, and
+painted the tavern-keeper and his family. The landlord intimated that a
+historical picture would be taken in payment for the young stranger's
+board. Accordingly an impromptu studio was arranged. A few patrons came
+at long intervals; but it was soon evident that another field must be
+chosen. What, however, was young Cole's astonishment to find that the
+historical painting would not be received for board, and that if
+thirty-five dollars were not at once paid, he would be thrust into jail!
+Two or three acquaintances became surety for the debt to the
+unprincipled landlord, and the pale, slender artist hastened toward
+Chillicothe with but a sixpence in his pocket.
+
+After walking for three days, seventy-five miles, he sat down under a
+tree by the roadside, wellnigh discouraged, in the hot August day; but
+when the tears gathered in his eyes, he took out his flute, and playing
+a lively air, his courage returned. He had two letters of introduction
+in his pocket, given him at Zanesville, and these he would present,
+whispering to himself that he must "hold up his head like Michael
+Angelo" as he offered them. The men who received them had little time
+or wish to aid the young man. A few persons sat for their portraits, and
+a few took lessons in drawing; but after a time he had no money to pay
+for washing his linen, and at last no linen even to be washed. Still
+enthusiastic over art, and with visions of Italy floating in his mind,
+yet penniless and footsore, he returned to Steubenville to tell his
+sorrows to his sympathetic mother. How her heart must have been moved as
+she looked upon her boy's pale face, and great blue eyes, and felt his
+eager desire for a place of honor in the world, but knew, alas! that she
+was powerless to aid him.
+
+He took a plain room for a studio, painted some scenes for a society of
+amateur actors, and commenced two pictures,--Ruth gleaning in the field
+of Boaz, and the feast of Belshazzar. One Sunday, some vicious boys
+broke into the studio, mixed the paints, broke the brushes, and cut the
+paintings in pieces. Learning that the boys were poor, Cole could not
+bear to prosecute them; and the matter was dropped. He soon departed to
+Pittsburgh, whither his parents had moved, and began to assist his
+father in making floor-cloths. Every moment of leisure he was down by
+the banks of the Monongahela, carefully drawing tree, or cloud, or
+hill-top.
+
+Finally the old longing became irresistible. He packed his little trunk,
+his mother threw over his shoulders the table cover, with her blessing
+and her tears; and with six dollars in his purse, he said good-bye to
+the family and started for Philadelphia. Then followed, as he used to
+say in after years, the "winter of his discontent." In a poor quarter of
+the city, in an upper room, without a bed or fire or furniture,
+struggled poor Thomas Cole. Timid, friendless, his only food a baker's
+roll and a pitcher of water, his only bedding at night the table cover,
+he worked day by day, now copying in the Academy, and now ornamenting
+bellows, brushes, or Japan ware, with figures of birds or with flowers.
+Sometimes he ran down a neighboring alley, whipping his hands about him
+to keep his blood in circulation, lest he be benumbed. He soon became
+the victim of inflammatory rheumatism, and was a great sufferer. He
+still saw before him, someway, somehow, renown. Meantime his pure, noble
+soul found solace in writing poetry and an occasional story for the
+"Saturday Evening Post." After a year and a half he put his goods on a
+wheelbarrow, had them carried to the station, and started for New York,
+whither his family had moved.
+
+He was now twenty-four. Life had been one continuous struggle. Still he
+loved each beauty in nature, and hoped for the good time to come. In his
+father's garret in Greenwich Street, in a room so narrow that he could
+scarcely work, and so poorly lighted that he was "perpetually fighting a
+kind of twilight," he labored for two years. Obstacles seemed but to
+increase his determination to persevere. Of such grand material are
+heroes made!
+
+His first five pictures were placed for exhibition in the shop of an
+acquaintance, and were sold at eight dollars apiece. Through the
+courtesy of a gentleman who purchased three of these, he was enabled to
+go up the Hudson and sketch from nature among the Catskills. This was
+indeed a great blessing. On his return, he painted "A View of Fort
+Putnam," "Lake with dead trees," and "The Falls of the Caterskills."
+These were purchased at twenty-five dollars apiece by three
+artists,--Trumbull, Dunlap, and Durand.
+
+Trumbull first discovered the merits of the pictures, buying the "Falls"
+for his studio, and invited Cole to meet Durand at his rooms. At the
+hour appointed the sensitive artist made his appearance, so timid that
+at first he could only reply to their cordial questioning by
+monosyllables. Colonel Trumbull said, "You surprise me, at your age, to
+paint like this. You have already done what I, with all my years and
+experience, am yet unable to do." Through the new friends, attention was
+called to his work, and he soon had abundant commissions. How his hungry
+heart must have fed on this appreciation! "From that time," said his
+friend, William Cullen Bryant, "he had a fixed reputation, and was
+numbered among the men of whom our country had reason to be proud. I
+well remember what an enthusiasm was awakened by these early works of
+his,--the delight which was expressed at the opportunity of
+contemplating pictures which carried the eye over scenes of wild
+grandeur peculiar to our country, over our arid mountain-tops with their
+mighty growth of forest never touched by the axe, along the banks of
+streams never deformed by culture, and into the depth of skies bright
+with the hues of our own climate; such skies as few but Cole could ever
+paint, and through the transparent abysses of which it seemed that you
+might send an arrow out of sight."
+
+The struggles were not all over, but the "renown" of which the
+calico-designer had dreamed had actually come. Down in the heart of Mary
+Cole there must have been deep thanksgiving that she had urged him on.
+
+He with a few others now founded the National Academy of Design. He took
+lodgings in the Catskills in the summer of 1826, and worked diligently.
+He studied nature like a lover; now he sketched a peculiar sunset, now a
+wild storm, now an exquisite waterfall. "Why do not the younger
+landscape painters walk--walk alone, and endlessly?" he used to say.
+"How I have walked, day after day, and all alone, to see if there was
+not something among the old things which was new!" He knew every chasm,
+every velvety bank, every dainty flower growing in some tanglewood for
+miles around. American scenery, with its untamed wilderness, lake, and
+mountain, was his chief passion. He found no pleasure, however, in
+hunting or fishing; for his kind heart could not bear to inflict the
+slightest injury.
+
+The following spring he exhibited at the National Academy the "Garden of
+Eden and the Expulsion," rich in poetic conception; and in the fall
+sketched in the White Mountains, especially near North Conway, which the
+lamented Starr King loved so well. In the winter he was very happy,
+finishing his "Chocorua Peak." A visitor said, "Your clouds, sir, appear
+to move."
+
+"That," replied the artist, "is precisely the effect I desire."
+
+He was now eager to visit Europe to study art; but first he must see
+Niagara, of which he made several sketches. He had learned the secret,
+that all poets and artists finally learn,--that they must identify
+themselves with some great event in history, something grand in nature,
+or some immortal name. Milton chose a sublime subject, Homer a great
+war, just as some one will make our civil war a famous epic two
+centuries hence.
+
+In June, 1829, he sailed for Europe, and there, for two years, studied
+faithfully. In London, he saw much of Turner, of whom he said, "I
+consider him as one of the greatest landscape painters that ever lived,
+and his 'Temple of Jupiter' as fine as anything the world has produced.
+In landscapes, my favorites are Claude Lorraine, and Gaspar Poussin."
+
+Some of Cole's work was exhibited at the British Gallery, but the autumn
+coloring was generally condemned as false to nature! How little we know
+about that which we have not seen!
+
+Paris he enjoyed greatly for its clear skies and sunny
+weather,--essentials usually to those of poetic temperament, though he
+was not over pleased with the Venuses and Psyches of modern French art.
+For nine months he found the "galleries of Florence a paradise to a
+painter." He thought our skies more gorgeous than the Italian, though
+theirs have "a peculiar softness and beauty." At Rome, some of his
+friends said, "Cole works like a crazy man." He usually rose at five
+o'clock, worked till noon, taking an hour for eating and rest, and then
+sketched again till night.
+
+There was a reason for this. The support of the family came upon him,
+besides the payment of debts incurred by his father.
+
+He felt that every hour was precious. In Rome, he found the Pantheon
+"simple and grand"; the Apollo Belvidere "the most perfect of human
+productions," while the Venus de Medici has "the excellence of feminine
+form, destitute in a great measure of intellectual expression"; the
+"Transfiguration," "beautiful in color and chiaroscuro," and Michael
+Angelo's "Moses," "one of the things never to be forgotten."
+
+On his return to New York he took rooms at the corner of Wall Street and
+Broadway. Here he won the friendship of Luman Reed, for whom he promised
+to paint pictures for one room, to cost five thousand dollars. The chief
+pictures for Mr. Reed, who died before their completion, were five,
+called "The Course of Empire," representing man in the different phases
+of savage life, high civilization, and ruin through sin, the idea coming
+to him while in Rome. Of this group, Cooper, the novelist, said, "I
+consider the 'Course of Empire' the work of the highest genius this
+country has ever produced, and one of the noblest works of art that has
+ever been wrought."
+
+In November, 1836, Mr. Cole was married to Maria Bartow, a young lady of
+refinement and loveliness of character. Soon after, both of his parents
+died. The "Departure and Return" were now painted, "among his noblest
+works," says Bryant, followed by the "Voyage of Life," for Mr. Samuel
+Ward, who, like Mr. Reed, died before the set was finished. This series
+was sold in 1876 for three thousand one hundred dollars. These pictures
+he had worked upon with great care and intensity. He used to say,
+"Genius has but one wing, and, unless sustained on the other side by the
+well-regulated wing of assiduity, will quickly fall to the ground. The
+artist must work always; his eye and mind can work even when his pen is
+idle. He must, like a magician, draw a circle round him, and exclude all
+intrusive spirits. And above all, if he would attain that serene
+atmosphere of mind in which float the highest conceptions of the soul in
+which the sublimest works have been produced, he must be possessed of a
+holy and reasonable faith."
+
+The "Voyage of Life" was well received. The engraver, Mr. Smilie, found
+one morning before the second of the series, "Youth," a person in middle
+life looking as though in deep thought. "Sir," he said at length, "I am
+a stranger in the city, and in great trouble of mind. But the sight of
+these pictures has done me great good. I go away from this place
+quieted, and much strengthened to do my duty."
+
+In 1841, worn in health, Cole determined to visit Europe again. He wrote
+from Kenilworth Castle to his wife, "Every flower and mass of ivy, every
+picturesque effect, waked my regret that you were not by my side.... How
+can I paint without you to praise, or to criticize, and little Theddy to
+come for papa to go to dinner, and little Mary with her black eyes to
+come and kiss the figures in the pictures?... My life will be burdened
+with sadness until I return to my wife and family." In Rome he received
+much attention, as befitted one in his position.
+
+On his return, he painted several European scenes, the "Roman Campagna,"
+"Angels Ministering to Christ in the Wilderness," "Mountain Ford" (sold
+in 1876 for nine hundred dollars), "The Good Shepherd," "Hunter's
+Return," "Mill at Sunset," and many others. For his "Mount Etna,"
+painted in five days, he received five hundred dollars. How different
+these days from that pitiful winter in Philadelphia!
+
+He dreaded interruptions in his work. His "St. John the Baptist in the
+Wilderness" was destroyed by an unexpected visit from some ladies and
+gentlemen, who quenched the fire of heart in which he was working. He
+sorrowfully turned the canvas to the wall, and never finished it. He had
+now come to the zenith of his power, yet he modestly said, "I have only
+learned how to paint." He built a new studio in the Catskills, in the
+Italian villa style, and hoped to erect a gallery for several paintings
+he had in contemplation, illustrating the cross and the world, and the
+immortality of the soul.
+
+But the overworked body at forty-seven years of age could no longer bear
+the strain. On Saturday, Feb. 5, 1848, he laid his colors under water,
+and cleansed his palette as he left his studio. The next day he was
+seized with inflammation of the lungs. The following Friday, after the
+communion service at his bedside, he said, "I want to be quiet." These
+were his last words. The tired artist had finished his work. The voyage
+of life was over. He had won enduring fame.
+
+
+
+
+OLE BULL.
+
+
+In the quaint old town of Bergen, Norway, so strange with its narrow
+streets, peculiar costumes, and open-hearted people, that no traveller
+can ever forget it, was born, Feb. 5, 1810, Ole Bull, the oldest in a
+family of ten children. His father was an able chemist, and his mother a
+woman of fine manners and much intelligence. All the relatives were
+musical, and at the little gatherings for the purpose of cultivating
+this talent, the child Ole would creep under table or sofa, and listen
+enraptured for hours, often receiving a whipping when discovered.
+
+He loved music intensely, fancying when he played alone in the meadows,
+that he heard nature sing, as the bluebells were moved among the grasses
+by the wind. When he was four years old, his uncle gave him a yellow
+violin, which he kissed with great delight, learning the notes at the
+same time as his primer. Although forbidden to play till study-hours
+were over, he sometimes disobeyed, and was punished both at home and at
+school.
+
+[Illustration: Ole Bull.
+
+(From his Memoirs, by SARA C. BULL.)]
+
+Finally, at eight, through the good sense of his mother, a
+music-teacher was provided, and his father bought him a new red violin.
+The child could not sleep for thinking of it; so the first night after
+its purchase he stole into the room where it lay, in his night-clothes,
+to take one peep at the precious thing. He said years after, with tears
+in his eyes at the painful remembrance, "The violin was so red, and the
+pretty pearl screws did smile at me so! I pinched the strings just a
+little with my fingers. It smiled at me ever more and more. I took up
+the bow and looked at it. It said to me it would be pleasant to try it
+across the strings. So I did try it, just a very, very little, and it
+did sing to me so sweetly. At first, I did play very soft. But presently
+I did begin a capriccio, which I like very much, and it do go ever
+louder and louder; and I forgot that it was midnight and that everybody
+was asleep. Presently I hear something crack! and the next minute I feel
+my father's whip across my shoulders. My little red violin dropped on
+the floor, and was broken. I weep much for it, but it did no good. They
+did have a doctor to it next day, but it never recovered its health."
+
+Pitiful it is that sometimes parents are so lacking in judgment as to
+stifle the best things in a child's nature! Guiding is wise; forcing
+usually ends in disaster. In two years, Ole could play pieces which his
+teacher found it impossible to perform. He began to compose melodies,
+imitating nature in the song of birds, brooks, and the roar of
+waterfalls; and would hide in caves or in clumps of bushes, where he
+could play his own weird improvisations. When he could not make his
+violin do as he wished, he would fling it away impetuously, and not
+touch it again for a long time. Then he would perhaps get up in the
+middle of the night, and play at his open window, forgetting that
+anybody might be awakened by it. Sometimes he played incessantly for
+days, scarcely eating or sleeping. He had no pleasure in fishing or
+shooting, on account of the pain inflicted,--a feeling seemingly common
+to noble and refined natures,--though he greatly enjoyed anything
+athletic.
+
+At fourteen, having heard of Paganini, he went to his grandparent, of
+whom he was very fond, and said, "Dear grandmother, can't I have some of
+Paganini's music?"
+
+"Don't tell any one," was the reply; "but I will try to buy a piece of
+his for you if you are a good child."
+
+Shortly after this an old miser, of whom the Bergen boys were afraid,
+called Ole into his house one day as he was passing, and said, "Are you
+the boy that plays the fiddle?"
+
+"Yes, sir."
+
+"Then come with me. I have a fiddle I bought in England, that I want to
+show you."
+
+The fiddle needed a bridge and sounding-post, and these the boy gladly
+whittled out, and then played for the old man his favorite air, "God
+save the King." He was treated to cakes and milk, and promised to come
+again. The next afternoon, what was his surprise to receive four pairs
+of doves, with a blue ribbon around the neck of one, and a card attached
+bearing the name of "Ole Bull." This present was more precious than the
+diamonds he received in later years from the hands of royalty.
+
+Ole's father, with a practical turn of mind, urged his being a
+clergyman, as he honored that profession, and well knew that music and
+art usually furnish a small bank account. A private tutor, Mus�us by
+name, was therefore engaged. This man had the unique habit of kneeling
+down to pray before he whipped a boy, and asking that the punishment
+might redound to the good of the lad. He soon made up his mind that
+Ole's violin and theology were incompatible, and forbade his playing it.
+Ole and his brothers bore his harsh methods as long as possible, when
+one morning at half past four, as the teacher was dragging the youngest
+boy out of bed, Ole sprang upon him and gave him a vigorous beating. The
+smaller boys put their heads out from under the bed-clothes and cried
+out, "Don't give up, Ole! Don't give up! Give it to him with all your
+might!" The whole household soon appeared upon the scene, and though
+little was said, the private feeling seemed to be that a salutary lesson
+had been imparted.
+
+At eighteen, Ole was sent to the University of Christiana, his father
+beseeching him that he would not yield to his passion for music. On his
+arrival, some Bergen students asked him to play for a charitable
+association.
+
+"But," said Ole, "my father has forbidden me to play."
+
+"Would your father prevent your doing an act of charity?"
+
+"Well, this alters the case a little, and I can write to him, and claim
+his pardon."
+
+After this he played nearly all night at the home of one of the
+professors, saying to himself that his father would be pleased if the
+Faculty liked him, and the next morning failed in his Latin
+examinations! In despair, he stated the case to the professor, who
+replied, "My good fellow, this is the very best thing that could have
+happened to you! Do you believe yourself fitted for a curacy in Finmark
+or a mission among the Laps? Certainly not! It is the opinion of your
+friends that you should travel abroad. Meanwhile, old Thrane having been
+taken ill, you are appointed _ad interim_ Musical Director of the
+Philharmonic and Dramatic Societies." A month later, by the death of
+Thrane, he came into this position, having gained the pardon of his
+disappointed father.
+
+But he was restless at Christiana. He desired to know whether he really
+had genius or not, and determined to go to Cassell, to see Louis Spohr,
+who was considered a master. The great man was not sufficiently great to
+be interested in an unknown lad, and coolly said, when Ole remarked
+politely, "I have come more than five hundred miles to hear you," "Very
+well, you can now go to Nordhausen; I am to attend a musical festival
+there."
+
+Ole went to the festival, and was so disappointed because the methods
+and interpretation were different from his own, that he resolved to go
+back to classic studies, feeling that he had no genius for music. Still
+he was not satisfied. He would go to Paris, and hear Berlioz and other
+great men. Giving three concerts at Trondhjeim and Bergen, by which he
+made five hundred dollars, he found himself in possession of the needed
+funds. When he arrived in this great city, everybody was eagerly looking
+out for himself. Some were in pursuit of pleasure; but most, as is the
+case everywhere, were in pursuit of bread and shelter. Nobody cared to
+hear his violin. Nobody cared about his recommendations from far-off
+Norway. In vain he tried to make engagements. He had no one to speak for
+him, and the applicants were numberless.
+
+Madam Malibran was singing nightly to crowded houses, and the poor
+violinist would now and then purchase one of the topmost seats, and
+listen to that marvellous voice. His money was gradually melting away.
+Finally, an elderly gentleman who boarded at the same house, having
+begged him to take what little money he possessed out of the bank, as it
+was not a safe place, stole every cent, together with Ole's clothes, and
+left him entirely destitute.
+
+An acquaintance now told him of a boarding-place where there were
+several music-teachers, and gave security for his board for one
+month,--twelve dollars. Soon the friend and the boarding-mistress grew
+cold and suspicious. Nothing tries friendship like asking the loan of
+money. At last his condition becoming known to a person, whom he
+afterward learned was Vidocq, the noted Chief of Police, he was shown by
+him to a gaming-table, where he made one hundred and sixty dollars.
+"What a hideous joy I felt," he said afterward; "what a horrid pleasure
+to hold in the hand one's own soul saved by the spoil of others!" He
+could not gamble again, though starvation actually stared him in the
+face.
+
+Cholera was sweeping through the city, and had taken two persons from
+the house where he lodged. He was again penniless and wellnigh
+despairing. But he would not go back to Christiana. The river Seine
+looked inviting, and he thought death would be a relief. He was nervous
+and his brain throbbed. Finally he saw a placard in a window, "Furnished
+rooms to let." He was exhausted, but would make one more effort.
+
+An elderly lady answered his query by saying that they had no vacant
+rooms, when her pretty granddaughter, Alexandrine F�licie, called out,
+"Look at him, grandmamma!" Putting on her glasses, the tears filled her
+eyes, as she saw a striking resemblance to her son who had died. The
+next day found him at Madam Villeminot's house, very ill of brain fever.
+When he regained consciousness, she assured him that he need not worry
+about the means for payment. When, however, the Musical Lyceum of
+Christiana learned of his struggles, they sent him eight hundred
+dollars.
+
+Becoming acquainted about this time with Monsieur Lacour, a dealer in
+violins, who thought he had discovered that a certain kind of varnish
+would increase sweetness of tone, Ole Bull was requested to play on one
+of his instruments at a soir�e, given by a Duke of the Italian Legation.
+An elegant company were present. The intense heat soon brought out the
+odor of assafoetida in the varnish. The young man became embarrassed
+and then excited, and played as though beside himself. The player was
+advertised, whether Monsieur Lacour's instruments were or not; for
+Marshal Ney's son, the Duke of Montebello, at once invited him to
+breakfast, and presided over a concert for him, whereby the violinist
+made three hundred dollars. The tide had turned at last, and little
+F�licie Villeminot had done it with her "Look at him, grandmamma!"
+
+As the Grand Opera was still closed to him, he made a concert tour
+through Switzerland and Italy. In Milan, one of the musical journals
+said, "He is not master of himself; he has no style; he is an untrained
+musician. If he be a diamond, he is certainly in the rough and
+unpolished."
+
+Ole Bull went at once to the publisher and asked who had written the
+article. "If you want the responsible person," said the editor, "I am
+he."
+
+"No," said the artist, "I have not come to call the writer to account,
+but to thank him. The man who wrote that article understands music; but
+it is not enough to tell me my faults; he must tell me how to rid myself
+of them."
+
+"You have the spirit of the true artist," replied the journalist.
+
+The same evening he took Ole Bull to the critic, a man over seventy,
+from whom he learned much that was valuable. He at once gave six months
+to study under able masters, before again appearing in public. He was,
+however, an earnest student all through life, never being satisfied with
+his attainments.
+
+At Venice he was highly praised, but at Bologna he won the celebrity
+which continued through life. Malibran was to sing in two concerts, but
+feigned illness when she learned that the man she loved, De Beriot, was
+to receive a smaller sum than herself, and would not appear. The manager
+of the theatre was in despair. Meantime, in a poor hotel, in an upper
+room, Ole Bull was composing his concerto in the daytime, and playing on
+his violin at night by his open window. Rossini's first wife heard the
+music, and said, "It must be a violin, but a divine one. That will be a
+substitute for De Beriot and Malibran. I must go and tell Zampieri" (the
+manager).
+
+On the night of the concert, after Ole Bull had been two hours in bed
+from weariness, Zampieri appeared, and asked him to improvise. He was
+delighted, and exclaiming, "Malibran may now have her headaches,"
+hurried the young artist off to the theatre. The audience was of course
+cold and disappointed till Ole Bull began to play. Then the people
+seemed to hold their breath. When the curtain fell, he almost swooned
+with exhaustion, but the house shook with applause. Flowers were
+showered upon him. He was immediately engaged for the next concert; a
+large theatre was offered him free of expense, one man buying one
+hundred tickets, and the admiring throng drew his carriage to the hotel,
+while a procession with torchlights acted as guard of honor.
+
+Ole Bull had stepped into the glory of fame in a single night.
+Henceforth, while there was to be much of trial and disappointment, as
+come to all, he was to be forever the idol of two continents, drawing
+crowded houses, honored by the great, and universally mourned at his
+death. He had come to fame as by accident, but he had made himself
+worthy of fame.
+
+Malibran at first seemed hurt at his wonderful success in her stead, but
+she soon became one of his warmest friends, saying, "It is your own
+fault that I did not treat you as you deserved. A man like you should
+step forth with head erect in the full light of day, that we may
+recognize his noble blood."
+
+From here he played with great success at Florence and Rome, at the
+latter city composing his celebrated "Polacca Guerriera" in a single
+night, writing till four o'clock in the morning. It was first conceived
+while he stood alone at Naples, at midnight, watching Mount Vesuvius
+aflame.
+
+Returning to Paris, he found the Grand Opera open to him. Here, at his
+first performance, his a-string snapped; he turned deathly pale, but he
+transposed the remainder of the piece, and finished it on three strings.
+Meyerbeer, who was present, could not believe it possible that the
+string had really broken.
+
+He was now twenty-six, famous and above want. What more fitting than
+that he should marry pretty F�licie Villeminot, and share with her the
+precious life she had saved? They were married in the summer of 1836,
+and their love was a beautiful and enduring one until her death
+twenty-six years afterward. Though absent from her much of the time
+necessarily, his letters breathe a pure and ardent affection. Going to
+England soon after, and being at the house of the Duke of Devonshire at
+Chatsworth, he writes, "How long does the time seem that deprives me of
+seeing you! I embrace you very tenderly. The word _home_ has above all
+others the greatest charm for me."
+
+In London, from three to seven thousand persons crowded to hear him. The
+"Times" said, "His command of the instrument, from the top to the
+bottom of the scale--and he has a scale of his own of three complete
+octaves on each string--is absolutely perfect." At Liverpool he received
+four thousand dollars for a single night, taking the place of Malibran,
+who had brought on a hemorrhage resulting in death, by forcing a tone,
+and holding it so long that the audience were astonished. Ole Bull came
+near sharing her fate. In playing "Polacca," the hall being large and
+the orchestra too strong, he ruptured a blood vessel, and his coat had
+to be cut from him.
+
+In sixteen months he gave two hundred and seventy-four concerts in the
+United Kingdom. Afterwards, at St. Petersburg, he played to five
+thousand persons, the Emperor sending him an autograph letter of
+affection, and the Empress an emerald ring set with one hundred and
+forty diamonds. Shortly after this his father died, speaking with pride
+of Ole, and thinking he heard divine music.
+
+On his return to Norway, at the request of the King, he gave five
+concerts at Stockholm, the last netting him five thousand dollars. So
+moved was the King when Ole Bull played before him at the palace, that
+he rose and stood till the "Polacca" was finished. He presented the
+artist with the Order of Vasa, set in brilliants.
+
+In Christiana, the students gave him a public dinner, and crowned him
+with laurel. He often played for the peasants here and in Bergen, and
+was beloved by the poor as by the rich. At Copenhagen he was presented
+at Court, the King giving him a snuff-box set in diamonds. Hans Andersen
+became his devoted friend, as did Thorwaldsen while he was in Rome. He
+now went to Cassell, and Spohr hastened to show him every attention, as
+though to make amends for the coldness when Ole Bull was poor and
+unknown. At Salzburg he invited the wife of Mozart to his concerts. For
+her husband he had surpassing admiration. He used to say that no mortal
+could write Mozart's "Requiem" and live.
+
+While in Hungary, his first child, Ole, died. He wrote his wife, "God
+knows how much I have suffered! I still hope and work, not for
+myself,--for you, my family, my country, my Norway, of which I am
+proud."
+
+All this time he was working very hard. He said, "I must correspond with
+the directors of the theatres; must obtain information regarding the
+people with whom I am to deal; I must make my appointments for concerts
+and rehearsals; have my music copied, correct the scores, compose, play,
+travel nights. I am always cheated, and in everlasting trouble. I
+reproach myself when everything does not turn out for the best, and am
+consumed with grief. I really believe I should succumb to all these
+demands and fatigues if it were not for my drinking cold water, and
+bathing in it every morning and evening."
+
+In November, 1843, urged by Fanny Elssler, he visited America. At
+first, in New York, some of the prominent violinists opposed him; but he
+steadily made his way. When Mr. James Gordon Bennett offered him the
+columns of the "Herald," that he might reply to those who were assailing
+him, he said in his broken English, "I tink, Mr. Bennett, it is best tey
+writes against me, and I plays against tem." Of his playing in New York,
+Mrs. Lydia Maria Child wrote, "His bow touched the strings as if in
+sport, and brought forth light leaps of sound, with electric rapidity,
+yet clear in their distinctness. He played on four strings at once, and
+produced the rich harmony of four instruments. While he was playing, the
+rustling of a leaf might have been heard; and when he closed, the
+tremendous bursts of applause told how the hearts of thousands leaped
+like one. His first audience were beside themselves with delight, and
+the orchestra threw down their instruments in ecstatic wonder."
+
+From New York he took a successful trip South. That he was not
+effeminate while deeply poetic, a single incident will show. After a
+concert, a man came to him and said he wished the diamond in his violin
+bow, given him by the Duke of Devonshire. Ole Bull replied that as it
+was a gift, he could neither sell it nor give it away.
+
+"But I am going to have that stone!" said the man as he drew a bowie
+knife from his coat. In an instant Ole Bull had felled the man to the
+floor with the edge of his hand across his throat. "The next time I
+would kill you," said the musician, with his foot on the man's chest;
+"but you may go now." So much did the ruffian admire the muscle and
+skill of the artist, that he begged him to accept the knife which he had
+intended to use upon him.
+
+During this visit to America he gave two hundred concerts, netting him,
+said the "New York Herald," fully eighty thousand dollars, besides
+twenty thousand given to charitable associations, and fifteen thousand
+paid to assistant artists. "No artist has ever visited our country and
+received so many honors. Poems by the hundreds have been written to him;
+gold vases, pencils, medals, have been presented to him by various
+corporations. His whole remarkable appearance in this country is really
+unexampled in glory and fame," said the same newspaper. Ole Bull was
+kindness itself to the sick or afflicted. Now he played for Alice and
+Phoebe Carey, when unable to leave their home, and now for insane and
+blind asylums and at hospitals. He loved America, and called himself
+"her adopted son."
+
+On his return to Norway, after great success in Spain, the Queen
+bestowing upon him the order of Charles III. and the Portuguese order of
+Christus, he determined to build a National Theatre in Bergen, his
+birthplace, for the advancement of his nation in the drama and in music.
+By great energy, and the bestowal of a large sum of money, the place was
+opened in 1850, Ole Bull leading the orchestra. But the Storthing, or
+Parliament, declined to give it a yearly appropriation,--perhaps the
+development of home talent tended too strongly toward republicanism. The
+burden was too great for one man to carry, and the project did not prove
+a success.
+
+The next plan of the philanthropist-musician was to buy one hundred and
+twenty-five thousand acres of land on the Susquehanna River, in
+Pennsylvania, and "found a New Norway, consecrated to liberty, baptized
+with independence, and protected by the Union's mighty flag." Soon three
+hundred houses were built, a country inn, store, and church, erected by
+the founder. To pay the thousands needed for this enterprise he worked
+constantly at concert-giving, taking scarcely time to eat his meals. He
+laid out five new villages, made arrangements with the government to
+cast cannon for her fortresses, and took out patents for a new
+smelting-furnace.
+
+While in California, where he was ill with yellow fever, a crushing blow
+fell upon him. He learned that he had purchased the land through a
+swindling company, his title was invalid, and his fortune was lost. He
+could only buy enough land to protect those who had already come from
+Norway, and had settled there, and soon became deeply involved in
+lawsuits. Hon. E. W. Stoughton of New York, who had never met Ole Bull
+personally, volunteered to assist him, and a few thousands were wrested
+from the defrauding agent.
+
+On his return to Norway he was accused of speculating with the funds of
+his countrymen, which cut him to the heart. A little later, in 1862, his
+wife died, worn with ill health, and with her husband's misfortunes, and
+his son Thorvald fell from the mast of a sailing-vessel in the
+Mediterranean, and was killed.
+
+In the autumn of 1868 he returned to America, and nearly lost his life
+in a steamboat collision on the Ohio. He swam to land, saving also his
+precious violin. Two years afterward he was married to Miss Thorp of
+Madison, Wis., an accomplished lady much his junior in years, who has
+lived to write an admirable life of her illustrious husband. A daughter,
+Olea, came to gladden his home two years later. When he was sixty-six
+years old, he celebrated his birthday by playing his violin on the top
+of the great pyramid, Cheops, at the suggestion of King Oscar of Norway
+and Sweden.
+
+In the Centennial year he returned to America, and made his home at
+Cambridge, in the house of James Russell Lowell, while he was Minister
+to England. Here he enjoyed the friendship of such as Longfellow, who
+says of him in his "Tales of a Wayside Inn":--
+
+    "The angel with the violin,
+    Painted by Raphael, he seemed,
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    And when he played, the atmosphere
+    Was filled with magic, and the ear
+    Caught echoes of that Harp of Gold,
+    Whose music had so weird a sound,
+    The hunted stag forgot to bound,
+    The leaping rivulet backward rolled,
+    The birds came down from bush and tree,
+    The dead came from beneath the sea,
+    The maiden to the harper's knee!"
+
+The friend of the highest, he never forgot the lowest. When a colored
+barber in Hartford, a lad who was himself a good fiddler, heard Ole Bull
+play, the latter having sent him a ticket to his concert, he said,
+"Mister, can't you come down to the shop to-morrow to get shaved, and
+show me those tricks? I feel powerful bad."
+
+And Ole Bull went to the shop, and showed him how the wonderful playing
+was accomplished.
+
+In 1880 Ole Bull sailed, for the last time, to Europe, to his lovely
+home at Lys�, an island in the sea, eighteen miles from Bergen. Ill on
+the voyage, he was thankful to reach the cherished place. Here, planned
+by his own hand, was his elegant home overlooking the ocean; here his
+choice music-room upheld by delicate columns and curiously wrought
+arches; here the shell-roads he had built; and here the flower-beds he
+had planted. The end came soon, on a beautiful day full of sunshine.
+
+The body lay in state in the great music-room till a larger steamer came
+to bear it to Bergen. This was met by a convoy of sixteen steamers
+ranged on either side; and as the fleet approached the city, all flags
+were at half-mast, and guns were fired, which re-echoed through the
+mountains. The quay was covered with juniper, and the whole front
+festooned with green. As the boat touched the shore, one of Ole Bull's
+inimitable melodies was played. Young girls dressed in black bore the
+trophies of his success, and distinguished men carried his gold crown
+and order, in the procession. The streets were strewn with flowers, and
+showered upon the coffin. When the service had been read at the grave by
+the pastor, Bj�rnson, the famous author, gave an address. After the
+coffin had been lowered and the mourners had departed, hundreds of
+peasants came, bringing a green bough, a sprig of fern, or a flower, and
+quite filled the grave. Beautiful tribute to a beautiful life!
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MEISSONIER.]
+
+MEISSONIER.
+
+
+The old maxim, that "the gods reward all things to labor," has had fit
+illustration in Meissonier. His has been a life of constant, unvaried
+toil. He came to Paris a poor, unknown boy, and has worked over fifty
+years, till he stands a master in French art.
+
+Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier was born at Lyons, in 1811. His early life
+was passed in poverty so grinding that the great artist never speaks of
+it, and in such obscurity that scarcely anything is known of his
+boyhood. At nineteen he came to Paris to try his fate in one of the
+great centres of the world. He, of course, found no open doors, nobody
+standing ready to assist genius. Genius must ever open doors for itself.
+
+The lad was a close observer, and had learned to draw accurately. He
+could give every variety of costume, and express almost any emotion in
+the face of his subject. But he was unknown. He might do good work, but
+nobody wanted it. He used to paint by the side of Daubigny in the
+Louvre, it is said, for one dollar a yard. Now his "Amateurs in
+Painting," a chef-d'oeuvre of six inches in size, is bought by Leon
+Say for six thousand dollars. Such is fame.
+
+Time was so necessary in this struggle for bread, that he could sleep
+only every other night; and for six months his finances were so low, it
+is stated, that he existed on ten cents a week! No wonder that the
+sorrows of those days are never mentioned.
+
+His earliest work was painting the tops of bon-bon boxes, and fans. Once
+he grew brave enough to take four little sepia drawings to an editor to
+illustrate a fairy tale in a magazine for children. The editor said the
+drawings were charming, but he could not afford to have them engraved,
+and so "returned them with thanks."
+
+His first illustrations in some unknown journal were scenes from the
+life of "The Old Bachelor." In the first picture he is represented
+making his toilet before the mirror, his wig spread out on the table; in
+the second, dining with two friends; in the third, being abused by his
+housekeeper; in the fourth, on his death-bed, surrounded by greedy
+relations; and in the fifth, the servants ransacking the death-chamber
+for the property.
+
+For a universal history he drew figures of Isaiah, St. Paul, and
+Charlemagne, besides almost numberless ornamental letters and headings
+of chapters. Of course he longed for more remunerative work, for fame;
+but he must plod on for months yet. He worked conscientiously, taking
+the greatest pains with every detail.
+
+His first picture, exhibited in 1833, when he was twenty-two, called
+"The Visitors," an interior view of a house, with an old gentleman
+receiving two visitors, all dressed in the costume of James I.,
+admirable for its light and shade, was bought by the Society of the
+Friends of Art, for twenty dollars. Two years later he made
+illustrations for the Bible of the Sieur Raymond, of Holofernes invading
+Judea, and Judith appearing before Holofernes. For "Paul and Virginia"
+he made forty-three beautiful landscapes. "They contain evidence of long
+and careful work in the hot-houses of the 'Jardin des Plantes,' and in
+front of the old bric-a-brac dealer's stalls, which used to stand about
+the entrance to the Louvre. And how admirably, with the help of these
+slowly and scrupulously finished studies, he could reproduce, in an
+ornamental letter or floral ornament, a lily broken by the storm, or a
+sheaf of Indian arms and musical instruments."
+
+In 1836, his "Chess Players," two men watching intently the moves of
+chess, and "The Little Messenger," attracted a crowd of admirers. Each
+sold for twenty dollars. He had now struggled for six years in Paris. It
+was high time that his unremitting and patient work should find
+approval. The people were amazed at so vast an amount of labor in so
+small a space. They looked with their magnifying glasses, and found the
+work exquisite in detail. They had been accustomed to great canvases,
+glowing colors, and heroic or romantic sentiments; but here there was
+wonderful workmanship.
+
+When the people began to admire, critics began to criticize. They said
+"Meissonier can depict homelike or ordinary scenes, but not historic."
+He said nothing, but soon brought out "Diderot" among the philosophers,
+Grimm, D'Alembert, Baron Holbach, and others in the seventeenth century.
+Then they said he can draw interiors only, and "on a canvas not much
+larger than his thumb-nail." He soon produced the "Portrait of the
+Sergeant," "one of the most daring experiments in the painting of light,
+in modern art. The man stands out there in the open by himself,
+literally bathed in light, and he makes a perfect picture." Then they
+were sure that he could not paint movement. He replied by painting
+"Rixe," two ruffians who are striving to fight, but are withheld by
+friends. This was given by Louis Napoleon to the Prince Consort.
+
+Meissonier also showed that he could depict grand scenes, by "Moreau and
+Dessoles on the eve of the battle of Hohenlinden," the "Retreat from
+Russia," and the "Emperor at Solferino." Into these he put his
+admiration for Napoleon the Great, and his adoration for his defeated
+country. In the former picture, the two generals are standing on a
+precipice, surveying the snow-covered battle-field with a glass; the
+trees are bending under a strong wind, and the cloaks of the generals
+are fluttering behind them. One feels the power of this picture.
+
+In painting the "Retreat from Russia," the artist borrowed the identical
+coat worn by Napoleon, and had it copied, crease for crease, and button
+for button. "When I painted that picture," he said, "I executed a great
+portion of it out of doors. It was midwinter, and the ground was covered
+with snow. Sometimes I sat at my easel for five or six hours together,
+endeavoring to seize the exact aspect of the winter atmosphere. My
+servant placed a hot foot-stove under my feet, which he renewed from
+time to time, but I used to get half-frozen and terribly tired."
+
+He had a wooden horse made in imitation of the white charger of the
+Emperor; and seating himself on this, he studied his own figure in a
+mirror. His studies for this picture were almost numberless,--a horse's
+head, an uplifted leg, cuirasses, helmets, models of horses in red wax,
+etc. He also prepared a miniature landscape, strewn with white powder
+resembling snow, with models of heavy wheels running through it, that he
+might study the furrow made in that terrible march home from burning
+Moscow. All this was work,--hard, patient, exacting work.
+
+It had now become evident to the world, and to the critics as well, that
+Meissonier was a master; that he was not confined to small canvases nor
+home scenes.
+
+In 1855 he received the grand medal; in 1856 he was made an officer of
+the Legion of Honor; in 1861, a member of the Institute; and in 1867,
+at the International Exhibition, he received the grand medal again. When
+the prizes were given by the Emperor, the "Battle of Solferino" was
+placed in the centre of the space cleared for the ceremony, with the
+works of Reimers, the Russian painter, Knaus of Prussia, Rousseau, the
+French landscape-painter, and others. This painting represents Napoleon
+III. in front of his staff, looking upon the battle "as a cool player
+studies a chess-board. On the right, in the foreground, some
+artillery-men are manoeuvring their guns. The corpses of a French
+soldier and two white Austrians, torn to rags by some explosion, show
+where the battle had passed by."
+
+Meissonier's paintings now brought enormous prices. His "Marshal Saxe
+and his Staff" brought eight thousand six hundred dollars in New York;
+the "Soldiers at Cards," in 1876, in the same city, eleven thousand five
+hundred dollars; in 1867, his "Cavalry Charge" was sold to Mr. Probasco
+of Cincinnati, for thirty thousand dollars; and the "Battle of
+Friedland," upon which he is said to have worked fifteen years, to A. T.
+Stewart, of New York, for sixty thousand dollars. Every figure in this
+was drawn from life, and the horses moulded in wax. It represents
+Napoleon on horseback, on a slight elevation, his marshals grouped
+around him, holding aloft his cocked hat in salutation, as the soldiers
+pass hurriedly before him.
+
+Edmund About once wrote, "To cover M. Meissonier's pictures with gold
+pieces simply would be to buy them for nothing; and the practice has now
+been established of covering them with bank notes."
+
+"The Blacksmith," shoeing a patient old cart-horse, perfect in anatomy;
+"La Halte," some soldiers at an inn, now in Hertford House gallery; and
+"La Barricade," a souvenir of the civil war, are among the favorite
+pictures of this famous man. And yet as one looks at some of the
+exquisite work about a convivial scene, the words of the great Boston
+painter, William Hunt, come to mind. Being shown a picture, very fine in
+technique, by a Munich artist, of a drunken man, holding a half-filled
+glass of wine, he said, "It's skilfully done, but _what is_ the _use_ of
+_doing_ it! The subject isn't worthy of the painter."
+
+Rarely does a woman appear in Meissonier's pictures. He has done nothing
+to deprave morals, which is more than can be said of some French art.
+His portrait of Madame Henri Th�nard was greatly admired, while that of
+Mrs. Mackay was not satisfactory, and was said to have been destroyed by
+her. Few persons, however, can afford to destroy a Meissonier. When told
+once that "he was a fortunate man, as he could possess as many
+Meissoniers as he pleased," he replied, "No, no, I cannot; that would
+ruin me. They are a great deal too dear."
+
+He lives in the Boulevard Malesherbes, near the lovely Parc Monceau, in
+the heart of the artists' quarter in Paris. His handsome home, designed
+by himself in every detail, is in the Italian Renaissance style. He has
+two studies,--one a quiet nook, where he can escape interruptions; and
+one very large, where are gathered masterpieces from every part of the
+world. Here is "a courtyard of the time of Louis XIII., brilliantly
+crowded with figures in gala dress; a bride of the same period, stepping
+into an elegant carriage of a crimson color, for which Meissonier had a
+miniature model built by a coach-maker, to study from; a superb work of
+Titian,--a figure of an Italian woman in a robe of green velvet, the
+classic outline of her head shown against a crimson velvet curtain in
+the background; a sketch of Bonaparte on horseback, at the head of his
+picturesquely dressed staff, reviewing the young conscripts of the army
+of Italy, who are cheering as he passes;" and many more valuable
+pictures. Here, too, are bridles of black leather, with silver
+ornaments, once the property of Murat.
+
+One picture here, of especial interest, was painted at his summer home
+at Poissy, when his house was crowded with German soldiers in the war of
+1871. "To escape their company," says M. Claretie, "in the rage that he
+experienced at the national defeat, he shut himself up in his studio,
+and threw upon the canvas the most striking, the most vivid, the most
+avenging of allegories: he painted Paris, enveloped in a veil of
+mourning, defending herself against the enemy, with her soldiers and
+her dying grouped round a tattered flag; sailors, officers, and
+fusiliers, soldiers, national guards, suffering women, and dying
+children; and, hovering in the air above them, with the Prussian eagle
+by her side, was Famine, wan and haggard Famine, accomplishing the work
+that the bombardment had failed to achieve."
+
+His summer home, like the one in Paris, is fitted up luxuriously. He
+designed most of the furniture and the silver service for his table.
+Flowers, especially geraniums and tea roses, blossom in profusion about
+the grounds, while great trees and fountains make it a restful and
+inviting place. The walls of the dining-room are hung with crimson and
+gold satin damask, against which are several of his own pictures. An
+engraver at work, clad in a red dressing-gown, and seated in a room hung
+with ancient tapestry, has the face of his son Charles, also an artist,
+looking out from the frame. One of Madame Meissonier also adorns this
+room.
+
+Near by are his well-filled stables, his favorite horse, Rivoli, being
+often used for his model. He is equally fond of dogs, and has several
+expensive hounds. How strange all this, compared with those early days
+of pinching poverty! He is rarely seen in public, because he has
+learned--what, alas! some people learn too late in life--that there is
+no success without one commands his or her time. It must be frittered
+away neither by calls nor parties; neither by idle talk nor useless
+visits. Painting or writing for an hour a day never made greatness. Art
+and literature will give no masterships except to devotees. The young
+lady, sauntering down town to look at ribbons, never makes a George
+Eliot. The young man, sauntering down town to look at the buyers of
+ribbons, never makes a Meissonier. Nature is rigid in her laws. Her
+gifts only grow to fruitage in the hands of workers.
+
+Meissonier is now seventy-four, with long gray beard and hair, round,
+full face, and bright hazel eyes. His friend, Claretie, says of him,
+"This man, who lives in a palace, is as moderate as a soldier on the
+march. This artist, whose canvases are valued by the half-million, is as
+generous as a nabob. He will give to a charity sale a picture worth the
+price of a house. Praised as he is by all, he has less conceit in his
+nature than a wholesale painter."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 31, 1891, at his home in Paris, the great artist passed away.
+His illness was very brief. The funeral services took place at the
+Church of the Madeleine, which was thronged with the leaders of art and
+letters. An imposing military cortege accompanied the body to its last
+resting-place at Poissy, the summer home of the artist, on the Seine,
+ten miles from Versailles.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WILLIAM CHILDS.]
+
+GEORGE W. CHILDS.
+
+
+The "Public Ledger" of Philadelphia, and its owner, are known the world
+over. Would we see the large-hearted, hospitable millionaire, who has
+come to honor through his own industry, let us enter the elegant
+building occupied by his newspaper.
+
+Every portion is interesting. The rooms where editors and assistants
+work are large, light, and airy, and as tasteful as parlors. Alas! how
+unhomelike and barren are some of the newspaper offices, where gifted
+men toil from morning till night, with little time for sleep, and still
+less for recreation. Mr. Childs has thought of the comfort and health of
+his workmen, for he, too, was a poor boy, and knows what it is to labor.
+
+He has also been generous with his men in the matter of wages. "He
+refused to reduce the rate of payment of his compositors,
+notwithstanding that the Typographical Union had formerly sanctioned a
+reduction, and notwithstanding that the reduced scale was operative in
+every printing-office in Philadelphia except his own. He said, 'My
+business is prosperous; why should not my men share in my prosperity?'
+This act of graciousness, while it endeared him to the hearts of his
+beneficiaries, was commented on most favorably at home and abroad. That
+his employ�s, in a formal interview with him, expressed their
+willingness to accept the reduced rates, simply augments the generosity
+of his act." Strikes among laborers would be few and far between if
+employers were like George W. Childs.
+
+Each person in his employ has a summer vacation of two or more weeks,
+his wages being continued meantime, and paid in advance, with a liberal
+sum besides. On Christmas every man, woman, and boy receives a present,
+amounting, of course, to many thousands of dollars annually. Mr. Childs
+has taken care of many who have become old or disabled in his service.
+The foreman of his composing-room had worked for him less than twelve
+months before he failed in health. For years this man has drawn his
+weekly pay, though never going to the establishment. This is indeed
+practical Christianity.
+
+Besides caring for the living, in 1868 this wise employer of labor
+purchased two thousand feet in Woodlands for a printers' cemetery, and
+gave it to the Philadelphia Typographical Society, with a sum of money
+to keep the grounds in good order yearly. The first person buried beyond
+the handsome marble gothic gateway was a destitute and aged printer who
+had died at the almshouse and whose dying message to Mr. Childs was that
+he could not bear to fill a pauper's grave. His wish was cordially
+granted.
+
+But after seeing the admirable provision made for his workmen, we must
+enter the private office of Mr. Childs. He is most accessible to all,
+with no airs of superior position, welcoming persons from every clime
+daily, between the hours of eleven and one. He listens courteously to
+any requests, and then bids you make yourself at home in this elegant
+office, that certainly has no superior in the world, perhaps no rival.
+
+The room itself in the Queen Anne style, with exquisite wood-carving,
+marble tiles, brass ornaments, and painted glass, is a gem. Here is his
+motto, a noble one, and thoroughly American, "Nihil sine labore," and
+well his life has illustrated it. All honor to every man or woman who
+helps to make labor honored in this country. The design of the ceiling
+was suggested by a room in Coombe Abbey, Warwickshire, the seat of the
+Earls Craven, fitted up by one of its lords for the reception of Queen
+Elizabeth. Over a dozen valuable clocks are seen, one made in Amsterdam
+over two hundred years ago, which, besides the time of day, gives the
+phases of the moon, the days of the week, and the month; another, a
+clock constructed by David Rittenhouse, the astronomer of the
+Revolution, in the old colonial days, which plays a great variety of
+music, has a little planetarium attached, and nearly six thousand teeth
+in wheels. It was made for Joseph Potts, who paid six hundred and forty
+dollars for it. The Spanish Minister in 1778 offered eight hundred for
+it, that he might present it to his sovereign. Mr. Childs has about
+fifty rare clocks in his various homes, one of these costing six
+thousand dollars.
+
+Here is a marble statuette of Savonarola, the Florentine preacher of the
+fifteenth century; the little green harp which belonged to Tom Moore,
+and on which he used to play in the homes of the great; a colossal suit
+of antique French armor, one hundred and fifty years old; a miniature
+likeness of George Washington, handsomely encased in gold, bequeathed by
+him to a relative, a lock of his hair in the back of the picture; a
+miniature ship, made from the wood of the _Alliance Frigate_, the only
+one of our first navy, of the class of frigates, which escaped capture
+or destruction during the Revolutionary war. This boat, and a silver
+waiter, presented after the famous battle of New Orleans, were both the
+property of President Jackson, and were taken by him to the Hermitage.
+Here, also, is a photograph of "Old Ironsides" Stewart, in a frame made
+from the frigate _Constitution_, in which great victories were achieved,
+besides many portraits given by famous people, with their autographs.
+
+After a delightful hour spent in looking at these choice things, Mr.
+Childs bids us take our choice of some rare china cups and saucers. We
+choose one dainty with red birds, and carry it away as a pleasant
+remembrance of a princely giver, in a princely apartment.
+
+Mr. Childs has had a most interesting history. Born in Baltimore, he
+entered the United States navy at thirteen, where he remained for
+fifteen months. At fourteen he came to Philadelphia, poor, but with
+courage and a quick mind, and found a place to work in a bookstore. Here
+he remained for four years, doing his work faithfully, and to the best
+of his ability. At the end of these years he had saved a few hundred
+dollars, and opened a little store for himself in the Ledger Building,
+where the well-known newspaper, the "Public Ledger," was published.
+
+He was ambitious, as who is not, that comes to prominence; and one day
+he made the resolution that he would sometime be the owner of this great
+paper and its building! Probably had this resolution been known, his
+acquaintances would have regarded the youth as little less than crazy.
+But the boy who willed this had a definite aim. Besides, he was never
+idle, he was economical, his habits were the best, and why should not
+such a boy succeed?
+
+In three years, when he was twenty-one, he had become the head of a
+publishing house,--Childs & Peterson. He had a keen sense of what the
+public needed. He brought out Kane's "Arctic Expedition," from which the
+author, Dr. Kane, realized seventy thousand dollars. Two hundred
+thousand copies of Peterson's "Familiar Science" were sold. Allibone
+dedicated his great work, "Dictionary of English and American Authors,"
+to the energetic and appreciative young publisher.
+
+He had now acquired wealth, sooner almost than he could have hoped.
+Before him were bright prospects as a publisher; but the prize that he
+had set out to win was to own the "Public Ledger."
+
+The opportunity came in December, 1864. But his paper was losing money.
+His friends advised against taking such a burden; he would surely fail.
+But Mr. Childs had faith in himself. He expected to win where others
+lost. He bought the property, doubled the subscription rates, lowered
+the advertising, excluded everything questionable from the columns of
+his paper, made his editorials brief, yet comprehensive, until under his
+judicious management the journal reached the large circulation of ninety
+thousand daily. For ten years he has given the "Ledger Almanac" to every
+subscriber, costing five thousand dollars annually. The yearly profits,
+it is stated, have been four hundred thousand dollars. All this has not
+been accomplished without thought and labor.
+
+Fortune, of course, had come, and fame. He built homes, elegant ones, in
+Philadelphia and at Newport, but these are not simply places in which to
+spend money, but centres of hospitality and culture.
+
+His library is one of the most charming places in this country. The
+wood-work is carved ebony with gold, the bookshelves six feet high on
+every side, and the ceiling built in sunken panels, blue and gold. In
+the centre is a table made from ebony, brought from Africa by Paul du
+Chaillu. One looks with interest upon the handsome volumes of the
+standard authors, but other things are of deeper interest.
+
+Here is an original sermon of Rev. Cotton Mather; the poems of Leigh
+Hunt, which he presented to Charles Dickens; the original manuscript of
+Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Consular Experiences"; the first edition of the
+"Scarlet Letter," with a note to Mr. Childs from the great novelist;
+Bryant's manuscript of the "First Book of the Iliad"; James Russell
+Lowell's "June Idyl," begun in 1850 and finished eighteen years
+afterward; the manuscript of James Fenimore Cooper's "Life of Captain
+Richard Somers"; and Edgar Allan Poe's "Murders in the Rue Morgue,"
+seventeen pages of large paper written small and close.
+
+Here is an autograph letter from Poe, in which he offers to his
+publishers thirty-three short stories, enough to fill two large volumes,
+"On the terms which you allowed me before; that is, you receive all
+profits and allow me twenty copies for distribution to friends." From
+this it seems that Poe had the _usual_ struggles of literary people.
+
+One of the most unique things of the library is the manuscript of "Our
+Mutual Friend," bound in fine brown morocco. The skeleton of the novel
+is written through several pages, showing how carefully Dickens thought
+out his plan and his characters; the paper is light blue, written over
+with dark blue ink, with many erasures and changes. Here are also
+fifty-six volumes of Dickens' works, with an autograph letter in each,
+from the author to Mr. Childs. Here is Lord Byron's desk on which he
+wrote "Don Juan." Now we look upon the smallest book ever printed,
+Dante's "Divina Commedia," bound in Turkey gilt, less than two and
+one-fourth inches long by one and one-half inches wide.
+
+The collection of Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall, now the property of Mr.
+Childs, letters and manuscripts from Lamb, Hawthorne, Mary Somerville,
+Harriet Martineau, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Browning, and hundreds of
+others, is of almost priceless value. In 1879 Mrs. Hall gave the Bible
+of Tom Moore to Mr. Childs, "an honored and much loved citizen of the
+United States, as the best and most valuable offering she could make to
+him, as a grateful tribute of respect, regard, and esteem."
+
+Another valuable book is made up of the portraits of the presidents,
+with an autograph letter from each. Dom Pedro of Brazil sent, in 1876, a
+work on his empire, with his picture and his autograph. George Peabody
+sat for a full-length portrait for Mr. Childs. The album of Mrs. Childs
+contains the autographs of a great number of the leading men and women
+of the world.
+
+One could linger here for days, but we must see the lovely country-seat
+called "Wootton," some distance out from the city. The house is in Queen
+Anne style, surrounded by velvety lawns, a wealth of evergreen and
+exquisite plants, brought over from South America and Africa. The farm
+adjoining is a delight to see. Here is the dairy built of white
+flintstone, while the milkroom has stained glass windows, as though it
+were a chapel. The beautiful grounds are open every Thursday to
+visitors.
+
+Here have been entertained the Duke and Duchess of Buckingham, the Duke
+of Sutherland, Lord Rosse, Lord Dufferin, Sir Stafford Northcote,
+Herbert Spencer, John Waller, M.P., of the "London Times," Dean Stanley,
+Thomas Hughes, Dickens, Grant, Evarts; indeed, the famous of two
+hemispheres.
+
+With all this elegance, befitting royalty, Mr. Childs has been a
+constant and generous giver. For his own city he was one of the foremost
+to secure Fairmount Park, and helped originate the Zo�logical Gardens,
+the Pennsylvania Museum, and the School of Industrial Arts. He gave ten
+thousand dollars for a Centennial Exposition. He has been one of General
+Grant's most generous helpers; yet while doing for the great, he does
+not forget the unknown. He gives free excursions to poor children, a
+dinner annually to the newsboys, and aids hundreds who are in need of an
+education.
+
+He has placed a stained glass window in Westminster Abbey, in
+commemoration of George Herbert and William Cowper; given largely to a
+memorial window for Thomas Moore at Bronham, England; for a stone to
+mark Leigh Hunt's resting-place in Kensal Green; and toward a monument
+for Poe.
+
+Mr. Childs has come to eminence by energy, integrity, and true faith in
+himself. He has had a noble ambition, and has worked towards it. He has
+proved to all other American boys that worth and honest dealing will win
+success, in a greater or less degree. That well-known scientist, Prof.
+Joseph Henry, of the Smithsonian Institute, said, "Mr. Childs is a
+wonderful man. His ability to apply the power of money in advancing the
+well-being of his fellow-men is unrivalled. He is naturally kind and
+sympathetic, and these generous feelings are exalted, not depressed, by
+his success in accumulating a fortune.... Like man in the classification
+of animals, he forms a genus in himself. He stands alone; there is not
+another in the wide world like him."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Childs died at 3.01 A.M. February 3, 1894 from the effects of a
+stroke of paralysis sustained at the Ledger office on January 18. He was
+nearly sixty-five years of age. He was buried on February 6, in the
+Drexel Mausoleum in Woodland Cemetery beside his life long friend.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: DWIGHT L. MOODY]
+
+DWIGHT L. MOODY.
+
+
+"There's no chance to get in there. There's six thousand persons inside,
+and two thousand outside."
+
+This was said to Dr. Magoun, President of Iowa College, and myself,
+after we had waited for nearly an hour, outside of Spurgeon's
+Tabernacle, in London, in the hope of hearing Mr. Moody preach. Finally,
+probably through courtesy to Americans, we obtained seats. The six
+thousand in this great church were sitting as though spellbound. The
+speaker was a man in middle life, rugged, strong, and plain in dress and
+manner. His words were so simple that a child could understand them. Now
+tears came into the eyes of most of the audience, as he told some
+touching incident, and now faces grew sober as the people examined their
+own hearts under the searching words. There was no consciousness about
+the preacher; no wild gesture nor loud tone. Only one expression seemed
+applicable, "a man dead in earnest."
+
+And who was this man whom thousands came to hear? Not a learned man,
+not a rich man, but one of the greatest evangelists the world has ever
+seen. Circumstances were all against him, but he conquered
+circumstances.
+
+Dwight Lyman Moody was born at Northfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 1837. His
+father, a stone-mason and farmer, died when the boy was four years old,
+broken down with reverses in business. His mother was left with seven
+sons and two daughters, the eldest a boy only fifteen. What happened to
+this lad was well told by Mr. Moody, a few years since. "Soon after my
+father's death the creditors came in and took everything. One calamity
+after another swept over the entire household. Twins were added to the
+family, and my mother was taken sick. To the eldest boy my mother looked
+as a stay in her calamity; but all at once that boy became a wanderer.
+He had been reading some of the trashy novels, and the belief had seized
+him that he had only to go away, to make a fortune. Away he went. I can
+remember how eagerly she used to look for tidings of that boy; how she
+used to send us to the post-office to see if there was a letter from
+him, and recollect how we used to come back with the sad news, 'No
+letter!' I remember how in the evenings we used to sit beside her in
+that New England home, and we would talk about our father; but the
+moment the name of that boy was mentioned she would hush us into
+silence. Some nights, when the wind was very high, and the house, which
+was upon a hill, would tremble at every gust, the voice of my mother was
+raised in prayer for that wanderer, who had treated her so unkindly. I
+used to think she loved him better than all of us put together, and I
+believe she did.
+
+"On a Thanksgiving day she used to set a chair for him, thinking he
+would return home. Her family grew up, and her boys left home. When I
+got so that I could write, I sent letters all over the country, but
+could find no trace of him. One day, while in Boston, the news reached
+me that he had returned. While in that city, I remember how I used to
+look for him in every store--he had a mark on his face--but I never got
+any trace. One day, while my mother was sitting at the door, a stranger
+was seen coming toward the house, and when he came to the door he
+stopped. My mother didn't know her boy. He stood there with folded arms
+and great beard flowing down his breast, his tears trickling down his
+face. When my mother saw those tears, she cried, 'Oh, it's my lost son!'
+and entreated him to come in. But he stood still, 'No, mother,' he said,
+'I will not come in until I hear that you have forgiven me.' She rushed
+to the threshold, threw her arms around him, and breathed forgiveness."
+
+Dwight grew to be a strong, self-willed lad, working on the farm, fond
+of fun rather than of study, held in check only by his devotion to his
+mother. She was urged to put the children into different homes, on
+account of their extreme poverty, but by tilling their garden, and doing
+some work for their neighbors, she managed to keep her little flock
+together. A woman who could do this had remarkable energy and courage.
+
+What little schooling Dwight received was not greatly enjoyed, because
+the teacher was a quick-tempered man, who used a rattan on the boys'
+backs. Years after, he told how a happy change was effected in that
+school. "After a while there was somebody who began to get up a movement
+in favor of controlling the school by love. I remember how we thought of
+the good time we should have that winter, when the rattan would be out
+of school. We thought we would then have all the fun we wanted. I
+remember who the teacher was--a lady--and she opened the school with
+prayer. We hadn't seen it done before, and we were impressed, especially
+when she prayed that she might have grace and strength to rule the
+school with love. The school went on several weeks, and we saw no
+rattan; but at last the rules were broken, and I think I was the first
+boy to break them. She told me to wait till after school, and then she
+would see me. I thought the rattan was coming out sure, and stretched
+myself up in warlike attitude. After school, however, she sat down by me
+and told me how she loved me, and how she had prayed to be able to rule
+that school by love, and concluded by saying, 'I want to ask you one
+favor, that is, if you love me, try and be a good boy;' and I never
+gave her trouble again."
+
+He was very susceptible to kindness. When an old man, who had the habit
+of giving every new boy who came into the town a cent, put his hand on
+Dwight's head, and told him he had a Father in heaven, he never forgot
+the pressure of that old man's hand.
+
+Farming among Northfield rocks was not exciting work enough for the
+energetic boy; so with his mother's consent, he started for Boston, when
+he was seventeen, to look for work. He had the same bitter experience
+that other homeless boys have. He says, "I went to the post-office two
+or three times a day to see if there was a letter for me. I knew there
+was not, as there was but one mail a day. I had not any employment and
+was very homesick, and so went constantly to the post-office, thinking
+perhaps when the mail did come in, my letter had been mislaid. At last,
+however, I got a letter. It was from my youngest sister,--the first
+letter she ever wrote me. I opened it with a light heart thinking there
+was some good news from home, but the burden of the whole letter was
+that she had heard there were pickpockets in Boston, and warned me to
+take care of them. I thought I had better get some money in hand first,
+and then I might take care of pickpockets."
+
+The homesick boy finally applied to an uncle, a shoe-dealer, who
+hesitated much about taking the country lad into his employ. He agreed
+to do so on the conditions that the boy would heed his advice, and
+attend regularly the Mount Vernon Church and Sunday-school. The
+preaching of Dr. Kirk, the pastor, was scholarly and eloquent, but quite
+above the lad's comprehension. His Sunday-school teacher, Mr. Edward
+Kimball, was a devoted man, and withal had the tact to win a boy's
+confidence. One day he came into the store where young Moody worked, and
+going behind the counter, placed his hand on the boy's shoulder and
+talked about his becoming a Christian. Such interest touched Dwight's
+heart, and he soon took a stand on the right side. Years afterward,
+Moody was the means of the conversion of the son of Mr. Kimball, at
+seventeen, just his own age at this time.
+
+His earnest nature made him eager to do Christian work; but so poor was
+his command of language, and his sentences were so awkward, that he was
+not accepted to the membership of the church for a year after he had
+made his application. They thought him very "unlikely ever to become a
+Christian of clear and decided views of gospel truth; still less to fill
+any extended sphere of public usefulness." Alas! how the best of us
+sometimes have our eyes shut to the treasures lying at our feet.
+
+He longed for a wider field of usefulness, and in the fall of 1856, when
+he was nineteen, started for Chicago, taking with him testimonials which
+secured him a place as salesman in a shoe store. He joined Plymouth
+Church, and at once rented four pews for the young men whom he intended
+to bring in. Here, it is said, some of the more cultured assured him
+that his silence would be more effective for good than his speech!
+Certainly not encouraging to a young convert.
+
+He offered his services to a mission school as a teacher. "He was
+welcome, if he would bring his own scholars," they said. The next
+Sunday, to their astonishment, young Moody walked in at the head of
+eighteen ragged urchins whom he had gathered from the streets. He
+distributed tracts among the seamen at the wharfs, and did not fear to
+go into saloons and talk with the inmates.
+
+Finally he wanted a larger field still, and opened an old saloon, which
+had been vacated, as a Sunday-school room. It was in the neighborhood of
+two hundred saloons and gambling-dens! His heart was full of love for
+the poor and the outcasts, and they did not mind about his grammar. A
+friend came to see him in these dingy quarters, and found him holding a
+colored child, while he read, by the dim light of some tallow candles,
+the story of the Prodigal Son to his little congregation. "I have got
+only one talent," said the unassuming Moody. "I have no education, but I
+love the Lord Jesus Christ, and I want to do something for him. I want
+you to pray for me."
+
+Thirteen years later, when all Great Britain was aflame with the sermons
+of this same man, he wrote his friend, "Pray for me every day; pray now
+that the Lord will keep me humble."
+
+Soon the Sunday-school outgrew the shabby saloon, and was moved to a
+hall, where a thousand scholars gathered. Still attending to business as
+a travelling salesman, for six years he swept and made ready his
+Sunday-school room. He had great tact with his pupils, and won them by
+kindness. One day a boy came, who was very unruly, sticking pins into
+the backs of the other boys. Mr. Moody patted him kindly on the head,
+and asked him to come again. After a short time he became a Christian,
+and then was anxious about his mother, whom Mr. Moody had been unable to
+influence. One night the lad threw his arms about her neck, and weeping
+told her how he had stopped swearing, and how he wanted her to love the
+Saviour. When she passed his room, she heard him praying, "Oh, God,
+convert my dear mother." The next Sunday he led her into the
+Sabbath-school, and she became an earnest worker.
+
+He also has great tact with his young converts. "Every man can do
+something," he says. "I had a Swede converted in Chicago. I don't know
+how. I don't suppose he was converted by my sermons, because he couldn't
+understand much. The Lord converted him into one of the happiest men you
+ever saw. His face shone all over. He came to me, and he had to speak
+through an interpreter. This interpreter said this Swede wanted to have
+me give him something to do. I said to myself, 'What in the world will
+I set this man to doing? He can't talk English!' So I gave him a bundle
+of little handbills, and put him out on the corner of the greatest
+thoroughfare of Chicago, and let him give them out, inviting people to
+come up and hear me preach. A man would come along and take it, and see
+'Gospel meeting,' and would turn around and curse the fellow; but the
+Swede would laugh, because he didn't know but he was blessing him. He
+couldn't tell the difference. A great many men were impressed by that
+man's being so polite and kind. There he stood, and when winter came and
+the nights got so dark they could not read those little handbills, he
+went and got a little transparency and put it up on the corner, and
+there he took his stand, hot or cold, rain or shine. Many a man was won
+to Christ by his efforts."
+
+In 1860, when Moody was twenty-three, he made up his mind to give all
+his time to Christian work. He was led to this by the following
+incident. He says, "In the Sunday-school I had a pale, delicate young
+man as one of the teachers. I knew his burning piety, and assigned him
+to the worst class in the school. They were all girls, and it was an
+awful class. They kept gadding around in the schoolroom, and were
+laughing and carrying on all the while. One Sunday he was absent, and I
+tried myself to teach the class, but couldn't do anything with them;
+they seemed farther off than ever from any concern about their souls.
+Well, the day after his absence, early Monday morning, the young man
+came into the store where I worked, and, tottering and bloodless, threw
+himself down on some boxes.
+
+"'What's the matter?' I asked.
+
+"'I have been bleeding at the lungs, and they have given me up to die,'
+he said.
+
+"'But you are not afraid to die?' I questioned.
+
+"'No,' said he, 'I am not afraid to die; but I have got to stand before
+God and give an account of my stewardship, and not one of my
+Sabbath-school scholars has been brought to Jesus. I have failed to
+bring one, and haven't any strength to do it now.'
+
+"He was so weighed down that I got a carriage and took that dying man in
+it, and we called at the homes of every one of his scholars, and to each
+one he said, as best his faint voice would let him, 'I have come to just
+ask you to come to the Saviour,' and then he prayed as I never heard
+before. And for ten days he labored in that way, sometimes walking to
+the nearest houses. And at the end of that ten days, every one of that
+large class had yielded to the Saviour.
+
+"Full well I remember the night before he went away (for the doctors
+said he must hurry to the South); how we held a true love-feast. It was
+the very gate of heaven, that meeting. He prayed, and they prayed; he
+didn't ask them, he didn't think they could pray; and then we sung,
+'Blest be the tie that binds.' It was a beautiful night in June that he
+left on the Michigan Southern, and I was down to the train to help him
+off. And those girls every one gathered there again, all unknown to each
+other; and the depot seemed a second gate to heaven, in the joyful, yet
+tearful, communion and farewells between these newly-redeemed souls and
+him whose crown of rejoicing it will be that he led them to Jesus. At
+last the gong sounded, and, supported on the platform, the dying man
+shook hands with each one, and whispered, 'I will meet you yonder.'
+
+"From this," says Mr. Moody, "I got the first impulse to work solely for
+the conversion of men."
+
+When he told his employer that he was going to give up business, he was
+asked, "Where will you get your support?"
+
+"God will provide for me if he wishes me to keep on, and I shall keep on
+till I am obliged to stop," was the reply.
+
+To keep his expenses as low as possible, he slept at night on a hard
+bench in the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, and ate the
+plainest food. Thus was the devoted work of this Christian hero begun.
+He was soon made city missionary for a time. Then the civil war began,
+and a camp was established near Chicago. He saw his wonderful
+opportunity now to reach men who were soon to be face to face with
+death. The first tent erected was used as a place of prayer. Ministers
+and friends came to his aid. He labored day and night, sometimes eight
+or ten prayer-meetings being held at the same time in the various tents.
+
+He did not desert these men on the field of battle. He was with the army
+at Pittsburgh Landing, Shiloh, Murfreesboro', and Chattanooga. Nine
+times, in the interests of the Christian Commission, he visited our men
+at the front, on his errands of mercy. He tells this incident in a
+hospital at Murfreesboro'.
+
+"One night after midnight, I was woke up and told that there was a man
+in one of the wards who wanted to see me. I went to him, and he called
+me 'chaplain,'--I wasn't a chaplain,--and he said he wanted me to help
+him die. And I said, 'I'd take you right up in my arms and carry you
+into the kingdom of God, if I could; but I can't do it; I can't help you
+to die.'
+
+"And he said, 'Who can?'
+
+"I said, 'The Lord Jesus Christ can. He came for that purpose.' He shook
+his head and said, 'He can't save me; I have sinned all my life.'
+
+"And I said, 'But he came to save sinners.' I thought of his mother in
+the north, and I knew that she was anxious that he should die right, and
+I thought I'd stay with him. I prayed two or three times, and repeated
+all the promises I could, and I knew that in a few hours he would be
+gone. I said I wanted to read him a conversation that Christ had with a
+man who was anxious about his soul. I turned to the third chapter of
+John. His eyes were riveted on me, and when I came to the fourteenth
+and fifteenth verses, he caught up the words, 'As Moses lifted up the
+serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up:
+that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal
+life.'
+
+"He stopped me, and said, 'Is that there?' I said, 'Yes;' and he asked
+me to read it again, and I did so. He leaned his elbows on the cot and
+clasped his hands together, and said, 'That's good; won't you read it
+again?' I read it the third time, and then went on with the rest of the
+chapter. When I finished his eyes were closed, his hands were folded,
+and there was a smile on his face. Oh, how it was lit up! What a change
+had come over it. I saw his lips quiver, and I leaned over him, and
+heard in a faint whisper, 'As Moses lifted up the serpent in the
+wilderness, so must the Son of man be lifted up: that whosoever
+believeth on him should not perish, but have eternal life.'
+
+"He opened his eyes and said, 'That's enough; don't read any more.' He
+lingered a few hours, and then pillowed his head on those two verses,
+and went up in one of Christ's chariots and took his seat in the kingdom
+of God."
+
+On the 28th of August, 1862, Mr. Moody married Miss Emma C. Revell, a
+most helpful assistant in his meetings, and a young lady of noble
+character. A daughter and a son came to gladden their simple cottage,
+and there was no happier home in all Chicago. One morning he said to his
+wife, "I have no money, and the house is without supplies. It looks as
+if the Lord had had enough of me in this mission work, and is going to
+send me back again to sell boots and shoes." But very soon two checks
+came, one of fifty dollars for himself, and another for his school. Six
+years after his marriage, his friends gave him the lease of a pleasant
+furnished house.
+
+This home had a welcome for all who sought the true way to live. One day
+a gentleman called at the office, bringing a young man who had recently
+come out of the penitentiary. The latter shrunk from going into the
+office, but Mr. Moody said, "Bring him in." Mr. Moody took him by the
+hand, told him he was glad to see him, and invited him to his house.
+When the young man called, Mr. Moody introduced him as his friend. When
+his little daughter came into the room, he said, "Emma, this is papa's
+friend." She went up and kissed him, and the man sobbed aloud.
+
+When she left the room, Mr. Moody said, "What is the matter?"
+
+"Oh sir," was the reply, "I have not had a kiss for years. The last kiss
+I had was from my mother, and she was dying. I thought I would never
+have another kiss again."
+
+No wonder people are saved from sin by visiting a home like this!
+
+In 1863, those who had been converted under this beloved leader wanted a
+church of their own where they could worship together. A building was
+erected, costing twenty thousand dollars. Four years later, Mr. Moody
+was made President of the Young Men's Christian Association, and Farwell
+Hall was speedily built.
+
+He was loved and honored everywhere. Once he was invited to the opening
+of a great billiard hall. He saw the owners, and asked if he might bring
+a friend. They said yes, but asked who he was. Mr. Moody said it wasn't
+necessary to tell, but he never went without him. They understood his
+meaning, and said, "Come, we don't want any praying."
+
+"You've given me an invitation, and I am going to come," he replied.
+
+"But if you come, you needn't pray."
+
+"Well, I'll tell you what we'll do," was the answer; "we'll compromise
+the matter, and if you don't want me to come and pray for you when you
+open, let me pray for you both now," to which they agreed.
+
+Mr. Moody prayed that their business might go to pieces, which it did in
+a very few months. After the failure, one of the partners determined to
+kill himself; but when he was about to plunge the knife into his breast,
+he seemed to hear again the words of his dying mother, "Johnny, if you
+get into trouble, pray." That voice changed his purpose and his life. He
+prayed for forgiveness and obtained it.
+
+In 1871, the terrible fire in Chicago swept away Moody's home and
+church. Two years later, having been invited to Great Britain by two
+prominent Christian men, he decided to take his friend, Mr. Ira D.
+Sankey, who had already won a place in the hearts of the people by his
+singing, and together they would attempt some work for their Lord. They
+landed in Liverpool, June 17. The two friends who had invited them were
+dead. The clergy did not know them, and the world was wholly
+indifferent. At their first meeting in York, England, only four persons
+were present, but Mr. Moody said it was one of the best meetings they
+ever held. They labored here for some weeks, and about two hundred were
+converted.
+
+From here they went to Sunderland and Newcastle, the numbers and
+interest constantly increasing. Union prayer meetings had been held in
+Edinburgh for two months in anticipation of their coming. When they
+arrived, two thousand persons crowded Music Hall, and hundreds were
+necessarily turned away. As a result of these efforts, over three
+thousand persons united with the various churches. In Dundee over ten
+thousand persons gathered in the open air, and at Glasgow nearly thirty
+thousand, Mr. Moody preaching from his carriage. The press reported all
+these sermons, and his congregations were thus increased a hundred-fold
+all over the country. The farmer boy of Northfield, the awkward young
+convert of Mount Vernon Church, Boston, had become famous. Scholarly
+ministers came to him to learn how to influence men toward religion.
+Infidels were reclaimed, and rich and poor alike found the Bible
+precious, from his simple and beautiful teaching.
+
+In Ireland the crowds sometimes covered six acres, and inquiry meetings
+lasted for eight hours. Four months were spent in London, where it is
+believed over two and a half million persons attended the meetings.
+
+Mr. Moody had been fearless in his work. When a church member who was a
+distiller became troubled in conscience over his business, he came and
+asked if the evangelist thought a man could not be an honest distiller.
+
+Mr. Moody replied, "You should do whatever you do for the glory of God.
+If you can get down and pray about a barrel of whiskey, and say when you
+sell it, 'O Lord God, let this whiskey be blessed to the world,' it is
+probably honest!"
+
+On his return to America, Mr. Moody was eagerly welcomed. Philadelphia
+utilized an immense freight depot for the meetings, putting in it ten
+thousand chairs, and providing a choir of six hundred singers. Over four
+thousand conversions resulted. In New York the Hippodrome was prepared
+by an expenditure of ten thousand dollars, and as many conversions were
+reported here. Boston received him with open arms. Ninety churches
+co-operated in the house-to-house visitation in connection with the
+meetings, and a choir of two thousand singers was provided. Mr. Moody,
+with his wonderful executive ability and genius in organizing, was like
+a general at the head of his army.
+
+Chicago received him home thankfully and proudly, as was her right. A
+church had been built for him during his absence, costing one hundred
+thousand dollars.
+
+For the past ten years his work has been a marvel to the world and,
+doubtless, to himself. Great Britain has been a second time stirred to
+its centre by his presence. His sermons have been scattered broadcast by
+the hundreds of thousands. He receives no salary, never allowing a
+contribution to be taken for himself, but his wants have been supplied.
+A pleasant home at his birthplace, Northfield, has been given him by his
+friends, made doubly dear by the presence of his mother, now over eighty
+years old. He has established two schools here, one for boys and another
+for girls, with three hundred pupils, trained in all that ennobles life.
+
+The results from Mr. Moody's work are beyond computing. In his first
+visit to London a noted man of wealth was converted. He at once sold his
+hunting dogs and made his country house a centre of missionary effort.
+During Mr. Moody's second visit the two sons at Cambridge University
+professed Christianity. One goes to China, having induced some other
+students to accompany him as missionaries; the other, just married to a
+lord's daughter, has begun mission work among the slums in the East End
+of London.
+
+The work of such a life as Mr. Moody's goes on forever. His influence
+will be felt in almost countless homes after he has passed away from
+earth. He has wrought without means, and with no fortuitous
+circumstances. He is a devoted student of the Bible, rising at five
+o'clock for study in some of his most laborious seasons. He is a man
+consecrated to a single purpose,--that of winning souls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Moody died at his home at East Northfield, Mass., at noon, Friday,
+December 22, 1899. He was taken ill during a series of meetings at
+Kansas City, a few weeks previously, and heart disease resulted from
+overwork. He was conscious to the last. He said to his two sons who were
+standing by his bedside: "I have always been an ambitious man, not
+ambitious to lay up wealth, but to leave you work to do, and you're
+going to continue the work of the schools in East Northfield and Mount
+Hermon and of the Chicago Bible Institute." Just as death came he awoke
+as if from sleep and said joyfully, "I have been within the gate; earth
+is receding; heaven is opening; God is calling me; do not call me back,"
+and a moment later expired. He was buried Tuesday, December 26, at Round
+Top, on the seminary grounds, where thousands have gathered yearly at
+the summer meetings conducted by the great evangelist.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+
+In Gentryville, Indiana, in the year 1816, might have been seen a log
+cabin without doors or window-glass, a dirt floor, a bed made of dried
+leaves, and a stool or two and table formed of logs. The inmates were
+Thomas Lincoln, a good-hearted man who could neither read nor write;
+Nancy Hanks, his wife, a pale-faced, sensitive, gentle woman, strangely
+out of place in her miserable surroundings; a girl of ten, Sarah; and a
+tall, awkward boy of eight, Abraham.
+
+The family had but recently moved from a similar cabin in Hardin County,
+Kentucky, cutting their way through the wilderness with an ax, and
+living off the game they could obtain with a gun.
+
+Mrs. Lincoln possessed but one book in the world, the Bible; and from
+this she taught her children daily. Abraham had been to school for two
+or three months, at such a school as the rude country afforded, and had
+learned to read. Of quick mind and retentive memory, he soon came to
+know the Bible wellnigh by heart, and to look upon his gentle teacher as
+the embodiment of all the good precepts in the book. Afterward, when
+he governed thirty million people, he said, "All that I am or hope to
+be, I owe to my angel mother. Blessings on her memory!"
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]
+
+When he was ten years old, the saintly mother faded like a flower amid
+these hardships of pioneer life, died of consumption, and was buried in
+a plain box under the trees near the cabin. The blow for the girl, who
+also died at fifteen, was hard; but for the boy the loss was
+irreparable. Day after day he sat on the grave and wept. A sad, far-away
+look crept into his eyes, which those who saw him in the perils of his
+later life well remember.
+
+Nine months after this, Abraham wrote a letter to Parson Elkins, a good
+minister whom they used to know in Kentucky, asking him to come and
+preach a funeral sermon on his mother. He came, riding on horseback over
+one hundred miles; and one bright Sabbath morning, when the neighbors
+from the whole country around had gathered, some in carts and some on
+horseback, he spoke, over the open grave, of the precious, Christian
+life of her who slept beneath. She died early, but not till she had laid
+well the foundation-stones in one of the grandest characters in history.
+
+The boy, communing with himself, longed to read and know something
+beyond the stumps between which he planted his corn. He borrowed a copy
+of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," and read and re-read it till he could
+repeat much of it. Then some one loaned him "�sop's Fables" and
+"Robinson Crusoe," and these he pored over with eager delight. There
+surely was a great world beyond Kentucky and Indiana, and perhaps he
+would some day see it.
+
+After a time Thomas Lincoln married a widow, an old friend of Nancy
+Hanks, and she came to the cabin, bringing her three children; besides,
+she brought what to Abraham and Sarah seemed unheard-of elegance,--a
+bureau, some chairs, a table, and bedding. Abraham had heretofore
+climbed to the loft of the cabin on pegs, and had slept on a sack filled
+with corn-husks: now a real bed would seem indeed luxurious.
+
+The children were glad to welcome the new mother to the desolate home;
+and a good, true mother she became to the orphans. She put new energy
+into her somewhat easy-going husband, and made the cabin comfortable,
+even attractive. What was better still, she encouraged Abraham to read
+more and more, to be thorough, and to be somebody. Besides, she gave his
+great heart something to love, and well she repaid the affection.
+
+He now obtained a much-worn copy of Weem's "Life of Washington," and the
+little cabin grew to be a paradise, as he read how one great man had
+accomplished so much. The barefoot boy, in buckskin breeches so shrunken
+that they reached only half way between the knee and ankle, actually
+asked himself whether there were not some great place in the world for
+him to fill. No wonder, when, a few days after, making a noise with some
+of his fun-loving companions, a good woman said to him, "Now, Abe, what
+on earth do you s'pose'll ever become of ye? What'll ye be good for if
+ye keep a-goin' on in this way?" He replied slowly, "Well, I reckon I'm
+goin' to be President of the United States one of these days."
+
+The treasured "Life of Washington" came to grief. One stormy night the
+rain beat between the logs of the cabin, and flooded the volume as it
+lay on a board upheld by two pegs. Abraham sadly carried it back to its
+owner, and worked three days, at twenty-five cents a day, to pay
+damages, and thus made the book his own.
+
+The few months of schooling had already come to an end, and he was
+"living out," hoeing, planting, and chopping wood for the farmers, and
+giving the wages to his parents. In this way, in the daytime he studied
+human nature, and in the evenings he read "Plutarch's Lives" and the
+"Life of Benjamin Franklin." He was liked in these humble homes, for he
+could tend baby, tell stories, make a good impromptu speech, recite
+poetry, even making rhymes himself, and could wrestle and jump as well
+as the best.
+
+While drinking intoxicants was the fashion all about him, taught by his
+first mother not to touch them, he had solemnly carried out her wishes.
+But his tender heart made him kind to the many who, in this pioneer
+life, had been ruined through drink. One night, as he was returning from
+a house-raising, he and two or three friends found a man in the ditch
+benumbed with the cold, and his patient horse waiting beside him. They
+lifted the man upon the animal, and held him on till they reached the
+nearest house, where Abraham cared for him through the night, and thus
+saved his life.
+
+At eighteen he had found a situation in a small store, but he was not
+satisfied to stand behind a counter; he had read too much about
+Washington and Franklin. Fifteen miles from Gentryville, courts were
+held at certain seasons of the year; and when Abraham could find a spare
+day he walked over in the morning and back at night, listening to the
+cases. Meantime he had borrowed a strange book for a poor
+country-lad,--"The Revised Statutes of Indiana."
+
+One day a man on trial for murder had secured the able lawyer, John A.
+Breckenridge, to defend him. Abraham listened as he made his appeal to
+the jury. He had never heard anything so eloquent. When the court
+adjourned the tall, homely boy, his face beaming with admiration for the
+great man, pressed forward to grasp his hand; but, with a contemptuous
+air, the lawyer passed on without speaking. Thirty years later the two
+met in Washington, when Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United
+States; and then he thanked Mr. Breckenridge for his great speech in
+Indiana.
+
+In March, 1828, the long-hoped-for opportunity to see the world outside
+of Gentryville had come. Abraham was asked by a man who knew his honesty
+and willingness to work, to take a flat-boat down the Mississippi River
+to New Orleans. He was paid only two dollars a week and his rations; and
+as a flat-boat could not come up the river, but must be sold for lumber
+at the journey's end, he was obliged to walk the whole distance back.
+The big-hearted, broad-shouldered youth, six feet and four inches tall,
+had seen in this trip what he would never forget; had seen black men in
+chains, and men and women sold like sheep in the slave-marts of New
+Orleans. Here began his horror of human slavery, which years after
+culminated in the Emancipation Proclamation.
+
+Two years later, when he had become of age, Abraham helped move his
+father's family to Illinois, driving the four yoke of oxen which drew
+the household goods over the muddy roads and through the creeks. Then he
+joined his adopted brothers in building a log house, plowed fifteen
+acres of prairie land for corn, split rails to fence it in, and then
+went out into the world to earn for himself, his scanty wages heretofore
+belonging legally to his father. He did not always receive money for his
+work, for once, for a Mrs. Miller, he split four hundred rails for every
+yard of brown jeans, dyed with white walnut bark, necessary to make a
+pair of trowsers.
+
+He had no trade, and no money, and must do whatever came to hand. For a
+year he worked for one farmer and another, and then he and his
+half-brother were hired by a Mr. Offutt to build and take a flat-boat to
+New Orleans. So pleased was the owner, that on Abraham's return, he was
+at once engaged to manage a mill and store at New Salem. Here he went by
+the name of "Honest Abe," because he was so fair in his dealings. On one
+occasion, having sold a woman a bill of goods amounting to two dollars
+and six and a quarter cents, he found that in adding the items, he had
+taken six and a quarter cents too much. It was night, and locking the
+store, he walked two or three miles to return the money to his
+astonished customer. Another time a woman bought a half pound of tea. He
+discovered afterward that he had used a four-ounce weight on the scales,
+and at once walked a long way to deliver the four ounces which were her
+due. No wonder the world, like Diogenes, is always looking for an honest
+man.
+
+He insisted on politeness before women. One day as he was showing goods,
+a boorish man came in and began to use profanity. Young Lincoln leaned
+over the desk, and begged him to desist before ladies. When they had
+gone, the man became furious. Finding that he really desired to fight,
+Lincoln said, "Well, if you must be whipped, I suppose I may as well
+whip you as any other man," and suiting the action to the word, gave
+him a severe punishing. The man became a better citizen from that day,
+and Lincoln's life-long friend.
+
+Years afterward, when in the Presidential chair, a man used profanity in
+his presence, he said, "I thought Senator C. had sent me a gentleman. I
+was mistaken. There is the door, and I wish you good-night."
+
+Hearing that a grammar could be purchased six miles away, the young
+store-keeper walked thither and obtained it. When evening came, as
+candles were too expensive for his limited wages, he burnt one shaving
+after another to give light, and thus studied the book which was to be
+so valuable in after years, when he should stand before the great and
+cultured of the land. He took the "Louisville Journal," because he must
+be abreast of the politics of the day, and made careful notes from every
+book he read.
+
+Mr. Offutt soon failed, and Abraham Lincoln was again adrift. War had
+begun with Blackhawk, the chief of the Sacs, and the Governor of
+Illinois was calling for volunteers. A company was formed in New Salem,
+and "Honest Abe" was chosen captain. He won the love of his men for his
+thoughtfulness of them rather than himself, and learned valuable lessons
+in military matters for the future. A strange thing now happened,--he
+was asked to be a candidate for the State Legislature! At first he
+thought his friends were ridiculing him, and said he should be defeated
+as he was not widely known.
+
+"Never mind!" said James Rutledge, the president of their little
+debating club. "They'll know you better after you've stumped the county.
+Any how, it'll do you good to try."
+
+Lincoln made some bright, earnest stump speeches, and though he was
+defeated, the young man of twenty-three received two hundred and
+seventy-seven votes out of the two hundred and eighty cast in New Salem.
+This surely was a pleasant indication of his popularity. It was a common
+saying, that "Lincoln had nothing, only plenty of friends."
+
+The County-surveyor needed an assistant. He called upon Lincoln,
+bringing a book for him to study, if he would fit himself to take hold
+of the matter. This he did gladly, and for six weeks studied and recited
+to a teacher, thus making himself skilled and accurate for a new
+country. Whenever he had an hour's leisure from his work, however, he
+was poring over his law-books, for he had fully made up his mind to be a
+lawyer.
+
+He was modest, but ambitious, and was learning the power within him. But
+as though the developing brain and warm heart needed an extra stimulus,
+there came into his life, at this time, a beautiful affection, that left
+a deeper look in the far-away eyes, when it was over. Ann Rutledge, the
+daughter of his friend, was one of the most intelligent and lovely girls
+in New Salem. When Lincoln came to her father's house to board, she was
+already engaged to a bright young man in the neighborhood, who, shortly
+before their intended marriage, was obliged to visit New York on
+business. He wrote back of his father's illness and death, and then his
+letters ceased.
+
+Mouths passed away. Meantime the young lawyer had given her the homage
+of his strong nature. At first she could not bring herself to forget her
+recreant lover, but the following year, won by Lincoln's devotion, she
+accepted him. He seemed now supremely happy. He studied day and night,
+eager to fill such a place that Ann Rutledge would be proud of him. He
+had been elected to the Legislature, and, borrowing some money to
+purchase a suit of clothes, he walked one hundred miles to the State
+capitol. He did not talk much in the Assembly, but he worked faithfully
+upon committees, and studied the needs of his State.
+
+The following summer days seemed to pass all too swiftly in his
+happiness. Then the shadows gathered. The girl he idolized was sinking
+under the dreadful strain upon her young heart. The latter part of
+August she sent for Lincoln to come to her bedside. What was said in
+that last farewell has never been known. It is stated by some that her
+former lover had returned, as fond of her as ever, his silence having
+been caused by a long illness. But on the twenty-fifth of August, death
+took her from them both.
+
+Lincoln was overwhelmed with anguish; insane, feared and believed his
+friends. He said, "I can never be reconciled to have the snow, rains,
+and storms beat upon her grave." Years after he was heard to say, "My
+heart lies buried in the grave of that girl." A poem by William Knox,
+found and read at this time, became a favorite and a comfort through
+life,--
+
+    "Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?"
+
+Mr. Herndon, his law partner, said, "The love and death of that girl
+shattered Lincoln's purposes and tendencies. He threw off his infinite
+sorrow only by leaping wildly into the political arena." The memory of
+that love never faded from his heart, nor the sadness from his face.
+
+The following year, 1837, when he was twenty-eight, he was admitted to
+the bar, and moved from New Salem to the larger town of Springfield,
+forming a partnership with Mr. J. P. Stuart of whom he had borrowed his
+law-books. Too poor even yet to pay much for board, he slept on a narrow
+lounge in the law-office. He was again elected to the legislature, and
+in the Harrison Presidential campaign, was chosen one of the electors,
+speaking through the State for the Whig party. To so prominent a
+position, already, had come the backwoods boy.
+
+Four years after Ann Rutledge's death, he married, Nov. 4, 1839, Mary
+Todd, a bright, witty, somewhat handsome girl, of good family, from
+Kentucky. She admired his ability, and believed in his success; he
+needed comfort in his utter loneliness. Till his death he was a true
+husband, and an idolizing father to his children,--Robert, Willie, and
+Tad (Thomas).
+
+In 1846, seven years after his marriage, having steadily gained in the
+reputation of an honest, able lawyer, who would never take a case unless
+sure he was on the right side, Mr. Lincoln was elected to Congress by an
+uncommonly large majority. Opposed to the war with Mexico, and to the
+extension of slavery, he spoke his mind fearlessly. The "Compromise
+measures of 1850," by which, while California was admitted as a free
+State, and the slave-trade was abolished in the District of Columbia,
+the Fugitive Slave Law was passed, giving the owners of slaves the right
+to recapture them in any free State, had disheartened all lovers of
+freedom. Lincoln said gloomily to his law partner, Mr. Herndon, "How
+hard, oh, how hard it is to die and leave one's country no better than
+if one had never lived for it!"
+
+His father died about this time, his noble son sending him this message,
+"to remember to call upon and confide in our great and good and merciful
+Maker, who will not turn away from him in any extremity. He notes the
+fall of the sparrow, and numbers the hairs of our heads; and He will not
+forget the dying man who puts his trust in Him."
+
+In 1854, through the influence of Stephen A. Douglas, a brilliant
+senator from Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, whereby
+those States were left to judge for themselves whether they would have
+slaves or not. But by the Missouri Compromise of 1820, it was expressly
+stated that slavery should be forever prohibited in this locality. The
+whole North grew to white heat. When Douglas returned to his Chicago
+home the people refused to hear him speak. Illinois said, "His arguments
+must be answered, and Abraham Lincoln is the man to answer them!"
+
+At the State Fair at Springfield, in October, a great company were
+gathered. Douglas spoke with marked ability and eloquence, and then on
+the following day, Abraham Lincoln spoke for three hours. His heart was
+in his words. He quivered with emotion. The audience were still as
+death, but when the address was finished, men shouted and women waved
+their handkerchiefs. Lincoln and the right had triumphed. After this,
+the two men spoke in all the large towns of the State, to immense
+crowds. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill worked out its expected results. Blood
+flowed in the streets, as pro-slavery and anti-slavery men contested the
+ground, newspaper offices were torn down by mobs, and Douglas lost the
+great prize he had in view,--the Presidency of the United States.
+
+When the new party, the Republican, held its second convention in
+Philadelphia, June 17, 1856, Abraham Lincoln received one hundred and
+ten votes for Vice President. What would Nancy Hanks Lincoln have said
+if she could have looked now upon the boy to whom she taught the Bible
+in the log cabin!
+
+An incident occurred about this time which increased his fame. A man was
+murdered at a camp-meeting, and two young men were arrested. One was a
+very poor youth, whose mother, Hannah Armstrong, had been kind to
+Lincoln in the early years. She wrote to the prominent lawyer about her
+troubles, because she believed her son to be innocent. The trial came
+on. The people were clamorous for Armstrong to be hanged. The principal
+witness testified that "by the aid of the brightly shining moon, he saw
+the prisoner inflict the death-blow with a slung shot."
+
+After careful questioning, Mr. Lincoln showed the perjury of the
+witness, by the almanac, no moon being visible on the night in question.
+The jury were melted to tears by the touching address, and their
+sympathy went out to the wronged youth and his poor old mother, who
+fainted in his arms. Tears, too, poured down the face of Mr. Lincoln, as
+the young man was acquitted. "Why, Hannah," he said, when the grateful
+woman asked what she should try to pay him, "I shan't charge you a cent;
+never." She had been well repaid for her friendliness to a penniless
+boy.
+
+The next year he was invited to deliver a lecture at Cooper Institute,
+New York. He was not very well known at the East. He had lived
+unostentatiously in the two-story frame-house in Springfield, and when
+seen at all by the people, except in his addresses, was usually drawing
+one of his babies in a wagon before his door, with hat and coat off,
+deeply buried in thought. When the crowd gathered at Cooper Institute,
+they expected to hear a fund of stories and a "Western stump speech."
+But they did not hear what they expected. They heard a masterly review
+of the history of slavery in this country, and a prophecy concerning the
+future of the slavery question. They were amazed at its breadth and its
+eloquence. The "New York Tribune" said, "No man ever before made such an
+impression on his first appeal to a New York audience."
+
+After this Mr. Lincoln spoke in various cities to crowded houses. A Yale
+professor took notes and gave a lecture to his students on the address.
+Surprised at his success among learned men, Mr. Lincoln once asked a
+prominent professor "what made the speeches interest?"
+
+The reply was, "The clearness of your statements, the unanswerable style
+of your reasoning and your illustrations, which were romance, and
+pathos, and fun, and logic, all welded together."
+
+Mr. Lincoln said, "I am very much obliged to you for this. It throws
+light on a subject which has been dark to me. Certainly I have had a
+wonderful success for a man of my limited education."
+
+The sabbath he spent in New York, he found his way to the Sunday-school
+at Five Points. He was alone. The superintendent noticing his interest,
+asked him to say a few words. The children were so pleased that when he
+attempted to stop, they cried, "Go on, oh! do go on!" No one knew his
+name, and on being asked who he was, he replied, "Abraham Lincoln of
+Illinois." After visiting his son Robert at Harvard College, he returned
+home.
+
+When the Republican State Convention met, May 9, 1860, at Springfield,
+Ill., Mr. Lincoln was invited to a seat on the platform, and as no way
+could be made through the dense throng, he was carried over the people's
+heads. Ten days later, at the National Convention at Chicago, though
+William H. Seward of New York was a leading candidate, the West gained
+the nomination, with their idolized Lincoln. Springfield was wild with
+joy. When the news of his success was carried to him, he said quietly,
+"Well, gentlemen, there's a little woman at our house who is probably
+more interested in this dispatch than I am; and if you will excuse me, I
+will take it up and let her see it."
+
+The resulting canvass was one of the most remarkable in our history. The
+South said, "War will result if he is elected." The North said, "The
+time has come for decisive action." The popular vote for Abraham Lincoln
+was nearly two millions (1,857,610), while Stephen A. Douglas received
+something over a million (1,291,574). The country was in a fever of
+excitement. The South made itself ready for war by seizing the forts.
+Before the inauguration most of the Southern States had seceded.
+
+Sad farewells were uttered as Mr. Lincoln left Springfield for
+Washington. To his law partner he said, "You and I have been together
+more than twenty years, and have never passed a word. Will you let my
+name stay on the old sign till I come back from Washington?"
+
+The tears came into Mr. Herndon's eyes, as he said, "I will never have
+any other partner while you live," and he kept his word. Old Hannah
+Armstrong told him that she should never see him again; that something
+told her so; his enemies would assassinate him. He smiled and said,
+"Hannah, if they do kill me, I shall never die another death."
+
+He went away without fear, but feeling the awful responsibility of his
+position. He found an empty treasury and the country drifting into the
+blackness of war. He spoke few words, but the lines grew deeper on his
+face, and his eyes grew sadder.
+
+In his inaugural address he said, "In your hands, my dissatisfied
+fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.
+The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without
+being yourselves the aggressors.... Physically speaking we cannot
+separate."
+
+The conflict began April 12, 1861, by the enemy firing on Fort Sumter.
+That sound reverberated throughout the North. The President called for
+seventy-five thousand men. The choicest from thousands of homes quickly
+responded. Young men left their college-halls and men their places of
+business. "The Union must and shall be preserved," was the eager cry.
+Then came the call for forty-two thousand men for three years.
+
+The President began to study war in earnest. He gathered military books,
+sought out on maps every creek and hill and valley in the enemy's
+country, and took scarcely time to eat or sleep. May 24, the brilliant
+young Colonel Ellsworth had been shot at Alexandria by a hotel-keeper,
+because he pulled down the secession flag. He was buried from the east
+room in the White House, and the North was more aroused than ever. The
+press and people were eager for battle, and July 21, 1861, the Union
+army, under General McDowell, attacked the Confederates at Bull Run and
+were defeated. The South was jubilant, and the North learned, once for
+all, that the war was to be long and bloody. Congress, at the request of
+the President, at once voted five hundred thousand men, and five hundred
+million dollars to carry on the war.
+
+Vast work was to be done. The Southern ports must be blockaded, and the
+traffic on the Mississippi River discontinued. A great and brave army of
+Southerners, fighting on their own soil, every foot of which they knew
+so well, must be conquered if the nation remained intact. The burdens of
+the President grew more and more heavy. Men at the North, who
+sympathized with the South,--for we were bound together as one family
+in a thousand ways,--said the President was going too far in his
+authority; others said he moved too slowly, and was too lenient to the
+slave power. The South gained strength from the sympathy of England, and
+only by careful leadership was war avoided with that country.
+
+General McClellan had fought some hard battles in Virginia--Fair Oaks,
+Mechanicsville, Malvern Hill, and others--with varying success, losing
+thousands of men in the Chickahominy swamps, and after the battle of
+Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, one of the severest of the war, when each side
+lost over ten thousand men, he was relieved of his command, and
+succeeded by General Burnside. There had been some successes at the West
+under Grant, at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and at the South under
+Farragut, but the outlook for the country was not hopeful. Mr. Lincoln
+had met with a severe affliction in his own household. His beautiful son
+Willie had died in February. He used to walk the room in those dying
+hours, saying sadly, "This is the hardest trial of my life; why is it?
+why is it?"
+
+This made him, perhaps, even more tender of the lives of others' sons. A
+young sentinel had been sentenced to be shot for sleeping at his post;
+but the President pardoned him, saying, "I could not think of going into
+eternity with the blood of the poor young man on my skirts. It is not to
+be wondered at that a boy raised on a farm, probably in the habit of
+going to bed at dark, should, when required to watch, fall asleep, and I
+cannot consent to shoot him for such an act." This youth was found among
+the slain on the field of Fredericksburg, wearing next his heart a
+photograph of his preserver, with the words, "God bless President
+Lincoln."
+
+An army officer once went to Washington to see about the execution of
+twenty-four deserters, who had been sentenced by court-martial to be
+shot. "Mr. President," said he, "unless these men are made an example
+of, the army itself is in danger. Mercy to the few is cruelty to the
+many."
+
+"Mr. General," was the reply, "there are already too many weeping widows
+in the United States. For God's sake, don't ask me to add to the number,
+for I won't do it." At another time he said, "Well, I think the boy can
+do us more good above ground than under ground."
+
+A woman in a faded shawl and hood came to see the President, begging
+that, as her husband and all her sons--three--had enlisted, and her
+husband had been killed, he would release the oldest, that he might care
+for his mother. Mr. Lincoln quickly consented. When the poor woman
+reached the hospital where her boy was to be found, he was dead.
+Returning sadly to Mr. Lincoln, he said, "I know what you wish me to do
+now, and I shall do it without your asking; I shall release your second
+son.... Now _you_ have one, and _I_ one of the other two left: that is
+no more than right." Tears filled the eyes of both as she reverently
+laid her hand on his head, saying, "The Lord bless you, Mr. President.
+May you live a thousand years, and always be at the head of this great
+nation!"
+
+Through all these months it had become evident that slavery must be
+destroyed, or we should live over again these dreadful war-scenes in
+years to come. Mr. Lincoln had been waiting for the right time to free
+the slaves. General McClellan had said, "A declaration of radical views,
+especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our present armies";
+but Sept. 22, 1862, Mr. Lincoln told his Cabinet, "I have promised my
+God that I will do it"; and he issued the immortal Emancipation
+Proclamation, by which four million human beings stepped out from
+bondage into freedom. He knew what he was doing. Two years afterward he
+said, "It is the central act of my administration, and the great event
+of the nineteenth century."
+
+The following year, 1863, brought even deeper sorrows. The "Draft Act,"
+by which men were obliged to enter the army when their names were drawn,
+occasioned in July a riot in New York city, with the loss of many lives.
+Grant had taken Vicksburg on July 4, and General Meade had won at the
+dreadful three days' fight at Gettysburg, July 1-4, with a loss of more
+than twenty thousand on either side; but the nation was being held
+together at a fearful cost. When Mr. Lincoln announced to the people
+the victory at Gettysburg, he expressed the desire that, in the
+customary observance of the Fourth of July, "He whose will, not ours,
+should everywhere be done, be everywhere reverenced with profoundest
+gratitude." He reverenced God, himself, most devoutly. "I have been
+driven many times upon my knees," he said, "by the overwhelming
+conviction that I had nowhere else to go. My own wisdom and that of all
+about me seemed insufficient for that day."
+
+On Nov. 19, of this year, this battle-field was dedicated, with solemn
+ceremonies, as one of the national cemeteries. Mr. Lincoln made a very
+brief address, in words that will last while America lasts, "The world
+will little note, nor long remember, what we say here; but it can never
+forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be
+dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have
+thus far so nobly advanced. It is, rather, for us to be here dedicated
+to the great task remaining for us, that from these honored dead we take
+increased devotion to the cause for which they gave the last full
+measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
+not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new
+birth of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people,
+and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
+
+Emerson says of these words, "This, and one other American speech, that
+of John Brown to the court that tried him, and a part of Kossuth's
+speech at Birmingham, can only be compared with each other, and no
+fourth."
+
+The next year, Feb. 29, 1864, the Hero of Vicksburg was called to the
+Lieutenant-Generalship of the army, and for the first time Mr. Lincoln
+felt somewhat a sense of relief from burdens. He said, "Wherever Grant
+is, things move." He now called for five hundred thousand more men, and
+the beginning of the end was seen. Sherman swept through to the sea.
+Grant went below Richmond, where he said, "I propose to fight it out on
+this line if it takes all summer."
+
+Mr. Lincoln had been re-elected to the Presidency for a second term,
+giving that beautiful inaugural address to the people, "With malice
+toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God
+gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are
+in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne
+the battle, and for his widows and orphans; to do all which may achieve
+and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all
+nations." On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, and
+the long war was ended. The people gathered in their churches to praise
+God amid their tears. Abraham Lincoln's name was on every lip. The
+colored people said of their deliverer, "He is eberywhere. He is like de
+bressed Lord; he walks de waters and de land."
+
+An old colored woman came to the door of the White House and met the
+President as he was coming out, and said she wanted to see "Abraham the
+Second."
+
+"And who was Abraham the First?" asked the good man.
+
+"Why, Lor' bless you, we read about Abraham de First in de Bible, and
+Abraham de Second is de President."
+
+"Here he is!" said the President, turning away to hide his tears.
+
+Well did the noble-hearted man say, "I have never willingly planted a
+thorn in any man's bosom."
+
+Five days after the surrender of General Lee, Mr. Lincoln went to Ford's
+Theatre, because it would rest him and please the people to see him. He
+used to say, "The tired part of me is inside and out of reach.... I feel
+a presentiment that I shall not outlast the rebellion. When it is over,
+my work will be done."
+
+While Mr. Lincoln was enjoying the play, John Wilkes Booth, an actor,
+came into the box behind him and fired a bullet into his brain; then
+sprang upon the stage, shouting, "Sic semper tyrannis! The South is
+avenged!" The President scarcely moved in his chair, and, unconscious,
+was taken to a house near by, where he died at twenty-two minutes past
+seven, April 15, 1865. Booth was caught twelve days later, and shot in a
+burning barn.
+
+The nation seemed as though struck dumb; and then, from the Old World
+as well as the New, came an agonizing wail of sorrow. Death only showed
+to their view how sublime was the character of him who had carried them
+through the war. While the body, embalmed, lay in state in the east room
+of the White House tens of thousands crowded about it. And then,
+accompanied by the casket of little Willie, the body of Abraham Lincoln
+took its long journey of fifteen hundred miles, to the home of his early
+life, for burial. Nothing in this country like that funeral pageant has
+ever been witnessed. In New York, in Philadelphia, and in every other
+city along the way, houses were trimmed with mourning, bells tolled,
+funeral marches were played, and the rooms where the body rested were
+filled with flowers. Hundreds of thousands looked upon the tired, noble
+face of the martyred President.
+
+In Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, Illinois, in the midst of a dense
+multitude, a choir of two hundred and fifty singing by the open grave of
+him who dearly loved music,
+
+    "Children of the Heavenly King,"
+
+Abraham Lincoln was buried, Bishop Simpson, now dead, spoke eloquently,
+quoting Mr. Lincoln's words, "Before high Heaven and in the face of the
+world I swear eternal fidelity to the just cause, as I deem it, of the
+land of my life, my liberty, and my love."
+
+Charles Sumner said, "There are no accidents in the Providence of God."
+Such lives as that of Abraham Lincoln are not accidents in American
+history. They are rather the great books from whose pages we catch
+inspiration, and in which we read God's purposes for the progress of the
+human race.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BOOKS BY SARAH K. BOLTON.
+
+  "_Mrs. Bolton never fails to interest and instruct her
+  readers._"--CHICAGO INTER-OCEAN.
+
+
+  POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS
+  GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS
+  FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE
+  FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN
+  FAMOUS ENGLISH STATESMEN
+  FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS
+  FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS
+  FAMOUS EUROPEAN ARTISTS
+  FAMOUS TYPES OF WOMANHOOD
+  FAMOUS VOYAGERS AND EXPLORERS
+  FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG MEN
+  FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG WOMEN
+  FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS
+  EMERSON
+  RAPHAEL
+  FROM HEART AND NATURE (Poems)
+  THE INEVITABLE (Poems)
+
+
+  _For Sale by all Booksellers. Send for Catalogue._
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.
+  PUBLISHERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+
+Punctuation has been standardised.
+
+Minor printer errors (e.g. omitted, superfluous & transposed characters)
+have been fixed.
+
+ Page 72, "Amodeus" changed to "Amadeus" (Amadeus Mozart was)
+
+ Page 134, "tamborine" changed to "tambourine" (beating the tambourine)
+
+ Page 186, "capitol" changed to "capital" (capital of united Italy)
+
+ Page 241, "enterprizing" changed to "enterprising" (enterprising young)
+
+ Page 273, "sadler" changed to "saddler" (a saddler was found)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous, by 
+Sarah K. Bolton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVE OF POOR BOYS ***
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