diff options
Diffstat (limited to '35748.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 35748.txt | 2460 |
1 files changed, 2460 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/35748.txt b/35748.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9e6ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/35748.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2460 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christian Phrenology, by Joseph Bunney + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Christian Phrenology + A Guide to Self-Knowledge + +Author: Joseph Bunney + +Release Date: April 1, 2011 [EBook #35748] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTIAN PHRENOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive.) + + + + + + + + + + SECOND EDITION + + + CHRISTIAN + PHRENOLOGY, + + A GUIDE TO + SELF-KNOWLEDGE. + + + BY + JOSEPH BUNNEY + + + [Greek: GNOTHI SEAUTON]. + + + A. DREWETT AND Co, + PUBLIC LIBRARY, 62, REGENT STREET. + MDCCCXXXIX. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PHRENOLOGY. + + +Phrenology is a system of Mental Philosophy. It enquires into the quality +and condition of the mind, estimating the faculties, sentiments, and +propensities of the individual, without being deceived by personal esteem +or the voice of partial praise; for as it too frequently occurs that minds +of the highest order are more or less under the influence of self love, or +a desire for the admiration of others, so are they blinded to their own +weaknesses and in some measure rendered incapable of acknowledging their +faults even to themselves. This defect, a defect of the race rather than +of the individual, presents an effectual barrier to all mental +improvement, for minds however highly gifted are always in some measure +led astray by self gratulation or the flattering commendations of others, +and thus they are led to overlook their own errors, or to congratulate +themselves that they are not as other men are, and the mental eye becomes +blinded to what is wrong in its own intellectual organization although +sensitively awake to the erroneous feelings and propensities of others. It +is the province of PHRENOLOGY to measure the external features of the +mind's agent, and to facilitate the study of MAN without diverging into +metaphysical error on the one hand, or materialism on the other. + +Phrenology then is one of those beautiful revelations of applicable +science which could only have been made known in an aera of intellectual +cultivation. It is in accordance with man's advancement in civilization +and refinement.--It was not needed in the days of + + "High emprise or priestly power." + +for when men were measured by their prowess, and when might was right, a +standard of intellect would have been of little value; but amidst the +discoveries of the 19th century it comes to us as a monitor and a friend; +Its developement forms a striking fact in the philosophy of history--for +as we trace the long and varied records of physical discovery from the +time of Archimedes to the coronation of Victoria,--we invariably find that +whatever science, or whatever art has been made known to us, it has always +been the forerunner of new chapters in the history of man: thus Astronomy +led the way to magnetism--Magnetism led to the scientific principles of +navigation,--and the steam engine, mighty as its power appears, is but in +accordance with the advanced wants of mankind; and so with every other +instance, in proportion to the discoveries of intellect, has man advanced +in the scale of intelligence and humanity,--with mind, so has matter +progressed, until from the unlettered savage, he has arrived at the gates +of that scientific temple whose lessons teach him, that now, having laid +out the earth for his sustenance, peopled the ocean with his race, and +proved his mastery over all things, it is time that he should arise and +conquer self,-- + + + Know then thyself, and seek not God to scan, + The proper study of mankind is man! + POPE. + +To do this, man must be studied in his moral, social, and religious +condition; thus only is he enabled to gratify that inward yearning after +what is great and good which is the basis of all improvement. It is +necessary however to learn what is imperfect before improvement can be +attempted. We must learn our own mental constitution and compare it with a +standard of excellence, and what standard can we have, but that all +surpassing goodness that created man in his own image? HE in whom even +Pilate found no fault--who said "I am the vine, and ye are the +branches,"--who went about doing good, and who said to his disciples, "Be +ye therefore perfect, even as your father which is in heaven is perfect." +This is the standard that we should look up to--to the Author of all +good;--to His life upon earth as the line of our conduct here--to his +sufferings in our day of tribulation--to His glory as the end that we +would one day share in. + +Such is the object that forces itself upon the mind, when liberated from +the baser passions of humanity, the spirit can indulge in its own lofty +aspirations--it feels a noble elevation of purpose in contemplating the +improvement of its being--and it feels capable of following out a design +so beautiful,--there is a dimly revealed pleasure in devoting every energy +to the acquisition of an end so glorious, and the pleasure is pure, +elevated, and ennobling, it is neither transient nor violent, but it seems +to be breathed into the heart, making it wiser, better, and happier--It is +not the pleasure that we have sought for in life, but the calm and quiet +enjoyment that is referred to the mind, as the seat of all pure and +rational delight: and to the brain, as a pleasure that will endure and +increase, and fade not away like the momentary intoxications of animal +delight: the pleasure of a good object is referrible to the mind, and to +the brain as the seat of that mind, and we ask, Is the mind the offspring +of that brain? or, Is the brain the organ through which the mind acts? a +moment's thought answers the question; in a few short years that brain +will be mouldering away in the silent tomb, whilst the mind that animated +it, can never die; thus then we arrive at the seat of the mind, a fact +universally allowed by all philosophers, in all places, and at all times, +and by reasoning upon this simple fact, we are led through progressive +stages of induction, until we have arrived at a knowledge of that most +valuable but most difficultly exercised faculty, Self-control. + +Now, we know well that the eye and the ear receive their faculties from +the brain, through the medium of the nerves. Thus, the eye may be +delighted by gazing on an extended view of nature; the ear by listening to +the sublime cadences of sacred music; but if we sever the delicate +filament that conveys the sense of enjoyment to the brain, as the seat of +all pleasure, resulting from the exercise of the eye or the ear, so do we +immediately sever the sentient being from the perception of beauty in form +or landscape, or of harmony in sound. So it is with a limb, if we divide +the fibre or nerve connecting the muscles of that limb with the brain, we +immediately deprive the organ of feeling and volition. Thus, then, the +feelings, the senses, and the enjoyments are referred to the brain as the +seat of the mind, and it would be as irrational to suppose that the brain +in its entirety is influenced by every sensation, perception, or impulse, +as to suppose that the whole body is required for an operation affecting +only a part: so by analogy we learn, that as the eye is given us to see +with, the ear to hear with, the tongue to speak with; when neither eye, +ear, or tongue is adapted to any other use, so, in like manner we are led +to infer, that particular parts of the brain are endowed with powers, +peculiar to themselves; for it would be equally rational to suppose that a +man could in some measure read with the ear, smell with the eye, or see +with the nose, as to assert that the same portion of brain could be +directed by the mind at will, to study poetry, or sculpture, the arts of +money getting, or direct to the enjoyments of love. Such operations of the +mind are essentially different; the poet, the sculptor, the man of this +world, and the lover of pleasure have portions of the brain, individually +adapted to the various operations of the mind, and as the mind is +developed by natural circumstances, by hereditary prejudices,--the effects +of early training,--the results of education,--the influence of good or +bad example, or the untoward events that occur in life,--so is the effect +of each and every one of these duly registered upon the mind, and upon the +brain, as the organ of that mind, so that at any and every period of +existence an external examination of the brain points out what +propensities, sentiments, and faculties are at that period in existence, +and as a due cultivation or improper neglect of the mental powers is +invariably recorded through the mind itself acting upon the brain with +more or less energy in those individual parts most generally exercised, so +does Phrenology--the science of the brain, as an unbiassed friend, point +out what errors of the imagination are to be shunned--what propensities to +be conquered, what faculties to be cultivated, what sentiments to be given +up. So does it present itself as a means whereby we may know our own +weaknesses and conquer them--our strength, and be enabled to exert it. So +does it point out whatever may be predominant in our nature for good or +for evil, teaching us by a monitor far more true than even the heart +itself, how to remedy our faults in this life, and gradually by severe and +constant practice, teaching us how to become more fitted for the life to +come. + + + + +HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF PHRENOLOGY. + + +In examining the history, or the progress of discovery in any particular +science, we are irresistibly led to enquire _why_ a series of facts like +those which constitute its basis should have remained so long hidden from +the eye of man. We know that the doctrines we are investigating are +founded upon facts, and if those facts are in operation at this moment, +they must have been equally so a thousand years ago, or our enquiries +cannot be based upon Truth, since Truth is eternal. If, then, in perusing +the records of phrenology, we are led to wonder at the long ages of human +ignorance, Are we not equally surprised that all physical science should +have existed so many ages, without the cognizance of man? Do we not wonder +that thousands of years floated down the stream of Time, before man +discovered _why_ the lightning flashed across the heavens, or _why_ the +needle pointed to the pole, and are we not even now unable to tell _why_ +the polar Aurora diffuses its ethereal light? Why then single out +Phrenology for disbelief, because it is new, is gold the less gold because +fresh from the mine? or truth less true because recently revealed? _We_ +cannot tell why phrenology has so long remained unknown, but we may refer +the reason to the wisdom of that Almighty Intelligence who placed his bow +in the heavens, and fashioned that wonderful cycle of events that in every +age has been suited to the wants and capacities of man. Phrenology could +not have existed in any age but one wherein mind had asserted its mastery +over matter, and although the understanding was in some measure prepared +for the reception of new truths by the physiognomy of Lavater, and the +facial line introduced by Camper, yet experience proved that Lavater's +theories were not generally applicable, and the means proposed by Camper +at the best times uncertain. Anatomists and physiologists toiled at +discovering the seat of the mind, they dissected and drew conclusions--but +so vague and unsatisfactory was the knowledge communicated, that the more +the anatomist dissected, the more he became entangled in a mass of +conjecture and perplexity. The metaphysician failed too; he studied the +mind chiefly through himself and by recording his own knowledge of his +faculties, was led into error: like the nautilus he retreated into his own +shell and thus sought to learn what was without, and as may be supposed +men of different minds arrived at different results:--such was the state +of mental knowledge about 1760. The method pursued by Dr. Gall, was +essentially different; at an early period he was led to notice the +difference of talents and disposition in his schoolmates and companions, +he found one with a retentive memory, another with a talent for languages, +one was remarkable for elegance of style, another for dullness, and a +third for close reasoning; he found their dispositions equally different, +and this diversity appeared to regulate their partialities and aversions; +some showed a liking for play, others for books, and a third class for +mechanical handiwork. In this manner every one presented an individual +character; some years after he found that persons with a great talent for +learning by heart were those with whom it was most difficult for him to +compete, and he noticed that all these had prominent eyes, he then +recollected that his early companions had the same feature prominent, and +when he entered the University he directed his attention to this fact, and +found that all those who had prominent eyes possessed a great facility of +learning by heart, even in cases where they possessed no particular +talent. Although this connexion between talent and external appearance was +not sufficiently established to be considered as a _certain_ circumstance, +Dr. Gall could not divest himself of a belief in the relationship of the +one fact to the other, and after much reflection he conceived that if +memory for words had an external indication, the same circumstance might +be traced to the other intellectual powers; looking therefore only at +general indications he believed he could trace the existence of talents +for painting, music and mechanics, he marked also the external features +of individuals possessing great determination of character, this suggested +to him the idea of looking to the head for all the moral sentiments, +referring the state of the skull to the influence of the Brain. + +Here then commenced the difficulties which appeared as soon as Dr. Gall +compared his own observations from nature, with the opinions of +Physiologists and Metaphysicians; he found that while some placed the +sentient soul or intellectual faculties in the brain, others placed it in +the heart, or the cerebellum, or even in the viscera, so that he hesitated +about the correctness of his conclusions, he observed also that the +principal difference of mental faculty was not owing to difference of +education or accidental circumstances,--if the difference were accidental, +the project he now contemplated would be hopeless, but he recollected that +his brothers, and sisters, and schoolfellows had all received a similar +education and equal care, yet many upon whom the teachers had bestowed +great attention were still far behind their companions. + + "Often," says Dr. GALL, "we were accused of want of will, or + deficiency in zeal; but many of us could not, even with the most + ardent desire, followed out by the most obstinate efforts, attain, in + some pursuits, even to mediocrity; while in some other points, some + of us surpassed our schoolfellows without an effort, and almost, it + might be said, without perceiving it ourselves. But, in point of + fact, our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the system + which taught equality of mental faculties: for they thought + themselves entitled to exact more from one scholar, and less from + another. They spoke frequently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of + God, and consoled their pupils in the words of the Gospel, by + assuring them that each would be required to render an account, only + in proportion to the gifts he had received." + +Convinced by this, that there is a diversity of talent and of disposition, +he encountered another obstacle in the conventional terms used to express +the actions of the mind. Metaphysicians spoke of judgment, perception, +thought, memory and imagination, but Gall wished to express a faculty for +music, for painting and for mechanics, he therefore abandoned the theories +and opinions of others resolving to learn by direct observation from +nature; he visited prisons, schools and lunatic asylums, was introduced to +courts, to colleges and the seats of justice; and wherever he heard of +persons distinguished for any particular endowment or deficiency, he +observed and studied the external features of those particular heads. In +this manner by degrees of induction he felt himself warranted in his +belief that the configurations of the head indicate the mental powers; in +addition to this examination during life, whenever any of the persons died +with whose peculiarities he had become acquainted during life, he used +every means to be allowed to examine their brain after death, and thus he +succeeded in arriving at the first outlines of those facts which time +afterwards developed. In these researches he found that the brain covered +by the _dura mater_ presented a form exactly corresponding to that which +the skull had exhibited during life: and being confident in the +correctness of his system he announced it to the world at Vienna, in +1796. The successive steps that he passed over, were, 1. He observed the +relationship between particular talents and particular forms of the head. +2. He ascertained that the figure and size of the brain corresponded in +every point with the skull. 3. He dissected the brain minutely so as to +investigate its structure. + +Dr. Spurzheim studied under Gall, in 1800, and in 1804 became associated +with him in his labours; since that period many new and valuable +discoveries were made by them in the anatomy and physiology of the brain; +the truths thus elucidated mere formed into a system of mental philosophy. + +It was impossible to foresee what results would follow the exposition of +this doctrine. Dr. Gall's mode of enquiry was plain and simple; thus he +found that a desire for gain bore relation to the size of one part of the +brain--he called it the organ of _theft_, because he found it largest in +thieves; the propensity to destroy, he called _murder_, because he found +it largest in individuals condemned for that crime--in like manner +benevolence and other organs, for as Dr. Gall had not laid out any +arrangement, a series of disjointed facts was all that could be arrived +at, leaving their value to be determined at a future period, when the +multitude of facts should require some arrangement. As soon, therefore, as +the value of the materials had been ascertained by time and further +investigation, the eye of philosophy at once detected the materials for a +system of mental elucidation, and phrenological facts were arranged into a +scientific system, whose importance has been universally recognized: +facts that had hitherto appeared isolated were soon connected with others +and the obloquy that had been thrown upon it by public ridicule, was +overpowered by the presence of truth. The doctrines which at first were a +rude and undigested mass of unconnected facts, whose apparent results were +neither promising nor inviting, now became changed in character,--it was +recognized to be the science of mind and its value was apparent, the new +opinions had been doubted, simply because they were new, but they bore +upon them the impress of truth: those who were adverse to its doctrines, +were those who had not studied its principles; and those who doubt it now +are those who have never examined the volume of nature, from which the +page of science has been torn. Those who consider its relative bearing, +both upon individuals and the human race, will be convinced that +Phrenology carries in its train the most valuable assistance in furthering +the cause of education, morality, and religion. We cannot conclude this +chapter better than by quoting the annexed extract by a popular writer +from the Foreign Quarterly Review;-- + + "Nothing that ever was devised by man has put in his hands so + powerful an instrument to know himself, as that which we + (phrenologists) have given him; for, if he believes in us, he cannot + deny the evidence of his own organization. The first key to unlock + the hearts of others is that which opens our own; and to know whether + we judge our neighbour fairly or not, we should measure the quantity + of our own feelings which we mix up in the judgment. But from this + acquaintance with ourselves and others may result the greatest + benefit that could accrue to social intercourse, mutual indulgence. + When we recollect that each has his own particular organization, as + we have ours; that it is not easy to controul the dispositions which + nature has thus implanted in our minds; that we have defects as + insupportable, perhaps, as any that we encounter, we shall be more + disposed to bear with others' foibles, that they may pardon ours; and + mutual necessity will make us tolerant. + + "A still higher function of phrenology, as it relates to mankind at + large, not merely to the few unfortunates who labour under malady, is + its empire over education. The vast error, that men are alike fitted + for all professions, that all can turn their mental powers to the + same account and profit, has done much injury to the education of + individuals, and consequently to the general progress of the world. + But our science (continue Drs. Gall and Spurzheim) shows that all men + are not alike fitted for all purposes; that, in one, a receptiveness + for musical, in another for mathematical instruction predominates; + that some are endowed with the power of prompt perception, and others + with that of abstruse induction; in short, that every walk of social + life has its destined votaries. Now, it is to be hoped, that when + parents have the authority of phrenology for the talents and + disposition of their children, they will cultivate those which nature + has made the most salient in their cranium, and not torment them with + studies for which they have no sufficient organ. Should one of their + boys, in defiance of birch-rods and ferulas, neglect his vocabulary + to carve his taw, or cut out waggon-wheels with his penknife, let + them consult one of us, and we will tell them that all the betula of + Windsor forest will not make a scholar of him; we will show that, not + being one of the ox-eyed, he can but ill remember words, but that + having a fulness in the frontal bone just above the spheno-temporal + suture, he may become an expert mechanic, an engineer, a mill-wright, + or a Watt; that it is in vain to thrust in through the gluteus + maximus what cannot penetrate the head; and that flog him as they + may, his _propria quae maribus_ will always be covered with chips and + chisels. In the same manner we will teach them to oppose the bad + propensities of youth, by withholding aliment from self-love, from + obstinacy, from cruelty, and by cherishing benevolence, justice, + piety; and correcting levity by gently stimulating the reflecting + faculties. We can tell, too, why many a school-boy, who has carried + away prizes and rewards, sinks into an ordinary adult; and why more + than one dunce has burst out like a luminary in later years; for we + can show the organs which make a brilliant infant and a dull man, and + those which are of little use at Eton, but most essential to a + statesman or a philosopher. Neither shall we allow ourselves to be + imposed upon by any urchin's cunning, or mistake ill will and + idleness for inability. The marks by which we judge are registered by + nature, indelible, immutable, and clear to every eye. + + "But individual education is a very small portion of the good which + we aspire to teach--(these people really are mad; their ambition is + unbounded!). We will educate nations; and nothing can prevent us from + fulfilling this mission, but the destruction of the human race. We + will tell the men of every country their faults and their vices, + their virtues and their talents, and hold them up as clearly as size + and form can be held up, to the notice of mankind. None shall escape + us. Already, not only Europeans,--English, French, Germans, + Italians,--the most enlightened, the most refined of men, have we + scrutinized, but Asiatics under every latitude, Africans thirsting on + both sides of the Equator, Americans as wild as Africans, as + civilized as Europeans. We have told truths to all, and pointed out + the means of improvement. At this moment, indeed, they may not listen + to us, but the day will come when they will advance but by us. To us + is given to decide the great question of original national + propensities, as of individual propensities, and to show how they may + be expanded or repressed. We shall instruct rulers how to govern, and + subjects how to submit, and strike the just balance--as various as + the races and the regions of the earth--between the sovereign and the + people; and the first time that we inspire oppressed reason to demand + her rights, and to demand no more--that we teach men how much liberty + they can bear, how much privation they must yet endure, we shall have + our full reward. + + "So much for the practical pretensions of our science. The reader + must now hear our claims to speculative superiority. Dr. Spurzheim + has said, and been most heartily abused for saying--and, if the + science be false, most heartily deserves to be abused for + saying,--that the whole philosophy of the mind must be entirely + changed; that the study of man in this respect will become a new + study, &c. In this dictum--most noble or most arrogant, according to + events--we (phrenologists) concur, with the loudest cheers; and in + this, do we say, lies the stupendous monument of our science. Since + the earliest records of philosophy, sages have speculated on the + heart, the mind, the passions, and the understanding. For more than + three thousand years systems have flashed, and disappeared without + leaving a trace. Some of these, indeed, were abundantly ingenious; + but were defective in that which alone can make them lasting, truth. + It would be curious to examine the hypotheses which have grown up, + one after the other, in the fertile soil of fancy, Arabian, Chinese, + Persian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and modern European, and to see how + specious and how futile all have been. Not one of them was founded on + any thing but conjecture; and, until Gall appeared, it was not + supposed that mental philosophy, that psychology, ever could have any + other basis. But Gall proceeded entirely upon fact; and those who + accuse his system as imaginative, will probably call the 'Faerie + Queene' an historical poem, and 'Lear' an algebraical tragedy. He + stalked from brain to brain, from organ to organ, and trampled + conjecture under foot. 'The man of skulls'--aye, Mr. Edinburgh + Reviewer, the _boy_ of skulls--endowed in truth, with not less + imagination than his predecessors, had yet more love of fact than + they had; and this single faculty has placed him above them all. It + is, indeed, most wonderous, that the catalogue of the innate + faculties of man should have escaped the grey-haired philosophers of + every age and climate, and that its first-fold should have been + opened to a child of nine years old, who in maturity unrolled it all, + except a leaf or two, which he left to his followers. Such a + discovery, had it been made by a man after so long concealment, and + so many attempts to accomplish it, would have been wonderful; but let + it never be forgotten that it was the work, and not the accidental + work, of an infant." + + + + +ADVANTAGES AND OBJECTS OF PHRENOLOGY. + + "In proportion as any branch of study leads to important and useful + results--in proportion as it tends to overthrow prevailing errors--in + the same degree it may be expected to call forth angry declamation + from those who are trying to despise what they will not _learn_, and + wedded to _prejudices_ which they _cannot defend_."--ARCHBISHOP + WHATELY. + + +Having pointed out in the introductory chapter the great end and aim of +all learning--THE ADVANCEMENT OF MANKIND IN RELIGION, MORALITY, AND +VIRTUE, we shall proceed to point out the advantages of Phrenology, in +enabling man to become wiser, better, and happier. It will be universally +conceded, that this life is a state of probation, that if we do well--that +is, if we become God's people, we shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; +but if we do evil, we shall have our portion in the lake which burneth +with everlasting fire; for this reason St. Paul exhorts us to press +forward to the prize of our high calling. "Let us go on unto perfection," +says he, and again, "let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth +so easily beset us"--and in another place he tells us, that "it is +appointed unto men once to die, and after that the judgment." + +Such then, being our situation, how imperative is the command to, "cease +to do evil, and learn to do well." We must first learn what is imperfect +and then strive to improve,--we must look upon SELF IMPROVEMENT, as +something possible, something allied to the better portion of human +nature, something worthy of the noblest care and the mightiest efforts +that human beings, aiming at perfection, can even hope to aspire to. We +must recall the past, watch over the present, and strengthen ourselves +against the future,--we must learn what we _are_ and what we _may be_, for +we have in ourselves the power of controlling as well as of watching our +passions and our energies, and it is this prerogative that causes human +responsibility. Phrenology teaches us that mental energy is invariably +accompanied by an increase of the brain, in the portion which is acted on +by that energy; if the intellect be expanded, the perceptive faculties in +active operation, the nobler energies of charity and veneration employed +for good, it is at once apparent; so too with the baser passions, the +sensualist, the ignorant, and the depraved alike reveal by their +organization the spirit that moves within them, and as we know by endless +facts that the brain alters in proportion to the use or disuse of +faculties, sentiments, or passions; so if we are right-minded we must +infer that God created no such master-piece of unerring workmanship +without designing it for our good; and if so, how culpable, how criminal +must they be, who dare to doubt the hand of a nobler being in a design so +beautiful,--how culpable must they be who neglect to use the means laid +down for their advancement,--how criminal, when they know, yet slight or +scorn to employ it? But it may be asked, how can the brain enlarge or +decrease by the action of the mind? Can an invisible, immaterial principle +enlarge or lessen the organ through which it operates? most certainly it +can,--what but _use_ developes the muscular system--what but the amount of +exertion makes the right arm of the gold beater nearly twice the size of +his left? or why does active exertion give strength and tone to the limbs, +whilst indolence renders them effeminate and small,--and if any one doubt +the parallel, they cannot have examined and enquired for truth, on which +alone enquiry can be based. Muscular power, considered abstractedly, is to +the full as invisible and deep seated as the powers of the mind,--the mind +must first direct the motions of animal power through the medium of the +nerves, and the exertion of their power forms the muscles, or if the power +be not exerted, the muscles, however fully developed previously, must +quickly decrease; so it is with the brain, the index of the mind: and as +no one can behold the brawny frame of the laborious artisan without being +led to consider the exertion of muscular force as the cause of that +powerful form, so no one ought to dispute the identical operation in +another part of the human system, simply because they _are_ familiar with +one and _will not_ be familiar with the other. + +Taking it for granted then, (and surely no one will deny rashly what +countless facts have proved, and what is only proved the more as the +number of facts increase) that the brain is the organ of the mind, we are +led to the following principles. + +1. The brain is the organ through which the mind operates. + +2. In proportion to the developement of any part of the brain will be the +power of that corresponding faculty, sentiment, or passion, because that +faculty, sentiment, or passion, by its _anterior action_, has developed +the brain. + +3. The increase or decrease of mental passions, affections, or sentiments, +is accompanied by a corresponding increase or decrease of the brain. + +4. The brain like the muscle, is only the agent through which the +immaterial spirit acts, for as muscular power resides not in a muscle, so +neither does the mind dwell in the brain;--and as all connection between +the muscle and life, or vital energy is destroyed by severing the +connection of the nerve communicating power to that muscle, so might the +mind and brain be severed, but for the beautiful design of Providence, in +so carefully protecting the brain lest any mental organ be impaired, as +well as by the formation of duplicates to those organs most exposed to +injury; for as in common life, the accident that deprives man of a limb, +does not render him incapable of his higher and loftier duties, so is it +proportionably necessary that the organ through which those higher and +nobler functions are performed should have been rendered most secure from +harm. + +5. That the different parts of the brain having been found by long +experience to be appropriated to different functions, those parts are and +have the same design, and are produced by the same faculties in all human +beings. + +Under one of these heads all phrenological facts must fall. + +From these principles also, it must be evident that the brain is dependant +for its form and character on the developement of the mind in any +individual, and in this manner phrenology ascertains the natural bias of +the mind, so as to direct education;--it ascertains similarity of pursuits +and dispositions so as to improve social intercourse;--it ascertains at +any time of life what faculties require to be cultivated or to be checked, +what sentiments or passions preponderate in the individual, for good or +for evil, what should be repressed, as well as those parts wherein +increase should be aimed at, it points out the persons with whom we +sympathize, or towards whom we may have an antipathy,--in the treatment of +mental disease, its use is obvious. "No more satisfactory proof of this +can be referred to, than the extraordinary success of the experiments at +the Hanwell Lunatic Asylum under the direction of Dr. and Mrs. Ellis. +Regarding the brain not as an entire organized mass, but as an assemblage +of organs, some of which may come into a morbid condition while the rest +remain comparatively healthy, the course pursued at that excellent +institution has been, by kindness and by engaging the attention of the +patient, to exercise those organs which are sound, and, by diminishing the +action of those which are in a diseased state, to restore them to the +healthy performance of their functions. The success which has attended the +experiment stands without precedent in the annals of insanity." From this +treatment we learn that cures have averaged ninety in a hundred. + +Phrenology teaches us how to aim at self-improvement, that is, the duty +which every man owes to himself, so as to improve and render more perfect +whatsoever is wrong in his nature.--Improvement is the end and object;--it +demands a vigorous well regulated exertion of all the energies of thought +and feeling.--Phrenology teaches where it is most required--whether it be +moral, intellectual or religious, and whichever it may be, we must make it +the great end of our endeavours, and use solemnly and deliberately the +great powers that GOD has given to us,--without this resolution of purpose +the best means are worthless: but with it the poorest may become mighty in +moral and intellectual powers, the progression of our nature to the +perfection pointed at by St. Paul, must not be regarded as a fiction, but +a reality,--we must look coolly and rationally upon the vast amount of +ignorance--intemperance, sensuality and selfishness that dwell with and +around us,--we must think what an immense field of mind is lost--how many +_might be_ cheered with intelligence, disinterestedness and refinement, +that now _are_ lost in voluptuous extravagance or the exercise of +worthless and depraved passions;--we must learn the dignity of our station +as men--that we shall be made partakers of CHRIST, if we be stedfast unto +the end,--and that if we keep this object in view stedfastly and +zealously, we shall inherit a crown of righteousness that fadeth not +away--and that too in a kingdom of everlasting happiness where the wicked +shall cease from troubling and the weary be at rest. + + + + +ON THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. + + +The BRAIN is admitted by physiologists, to be the organ of the mind, +although dissection furnishes no clue to its functions, but the same may +be said of the eye, the tongue or the ear. The phrenologist compares +developement of brain with manifestation of mental power, and by its +classification of organs arranges those instruments through which the mind +manifests its power during life. A brief description of the brain +therefore will be advantageous. It is a mass of soft matter not +homogeneous, but presenting different appearances; part of it white in +colour, and fibrous in texture is named the _medullary substance_ and +abounds in the interior; the other matter is of a grey colour and not +fibrous in appearance, this forms the outer-portion of brain, they do not +blend together, but have a perfect line of distinction. There is no +adipose or fatty matter in the skull. The brain is divided into two +hemispheres, separated by a strong membrane termed the _Falciform process +of the Dura Mater_, and each hemisphere is divided into three lobes, +anterior, middle and posterior: the two hemispheres and the organs of each +side are brought into communication by fibres running transversely. The +_cerebellum and brain_ are only slightly and indirectly connected. + +The greater portion of the brain is destitute of sensibility, Sir C. Bell +imagines from this that it possesses a higher office than that of sensual +perception. The external substance of the brain is arranged in +convolutions or folds; these appear to be intended for the purpose of +increasing its superficial extent with the least enlargement of size,--in +the inferior classes of animals there are no convolutions, but they +increase in number and extent as we ascend in the scale of being. Each +side of the _brain_ and also of the _cerebellum_, is supplied with +separate arteries conveying blood to it, while the _sinuses_ or canals +which return the blood to the heart are common to all. + +The CEREBELLUM is composed of matter similar to that of the brain in +appearance, but different in arrangement,--it is separated from the brain +by a strong membrane called the _tentorium_: its fibres originate in the +_medulla oblongata_ where the organs of the propensities take their rise, +so that the _brain and cerebellum_ although separated by the _tentorium_ +are both connected together. The brain and Cerebellum are protected by the +skull, and the brain is formed before the bones which invest it. The +process of ossification is gradual, the principal portion at birth being +strong membranes in which the points of ossification begin and continue +increasing in extent and strength till about the age of nine years: +between the substance of the brain and the skull are the _pia mater_ and +the _dura mater_, two integuments which enclose the peripheral extent of +the brain and convey blood-vessels to its several parts, the brain with +these membranes exactly fills the interior of the skull. The skull fully +formed is composed of eight bones which are connected by indented edges: +the internal and external surfaces are, from their smooth surface called +the _plates_ and the intermediate part, _diploe_, which is of a loose +cellular texture; as this _diploe_ is nearly equally thick in every part, +the two tables are nearly parallel to each other, and the variations where +they occur do not exceed the eighth or tenth part of an inch; the +integuments being an exact form of the brain, and the bony matter fitting +them exactly, it follows that there is no obstacle of importance to +prevent our observing the form of the brain by the form of the skull. + +Disease and old age alone oppose obstacles to this proceeding; for by +these causes the skull may be increased or diminished in volume, and it is +generally irregular in thickness in old age: the _sutures_ also interrupt +absolute parallelism, but their situation is known and allowed for, and +the _frontal sinus_, or cavity at the top of the nose, in the frontal +bone, (which is often enlarged and covered by the _schneiderian membrane_ +giving great power to the nerves of smell) is so remotely connected that +it can only affect a few organs,--five at the most. These few objections +are so fully overruled by practice and observation, that they can never +lead to error if the student exercise a proper degree of caution.--We may +conclude then, that if men manifest their _true nature_ in their actions, +(and men cannot always be dissemblers,) the mind influencing the brain, +and thereby the skull, must present a developement corresponding to their +real character--and that PHRENOLOGY or external examination leads to the +results sought for when we examine human nature for the purpose of self +improvement, or for moral and religious elevation of character. + + + + +ON TEMPERAMENT. + + +The Temperaments are commonly stated to be four only, and their +sub-divisions; as these are united in the same individual. These are, the +_Nervous, Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Lymphatic_; they are +however rarely met with in a separate state, the greater number of persons +presenting a mixed temperament, the most predominant of which are the +_Sanguine-Bilious_ and the _Sanguine-Nervous_, a milder form of _Lymphatic +and the Lymphatic_ with the _Sanguine, Bilious and Nervous_, may be stated +as producing twelve varieties. Temperament may be defined as the natural +constitutional tendency of the individual, producing a disposition to +exert certain faculties more than others: for this reason they must be +carefully studied, that their _active_ and _passive_ influence upon the +mind may be ascertained. Their action is chiefly manifested in the +_energy_ or _apathy_, of the individual's character; for when properly +balanced, by their equal influence on a well cultivated mind, they produce +the beautiful harmony of feeling, that leads to a right estimation of +things whether moral, intellectual, or physical; by their combined +influence in the physical man, that is on the passions and affections, or, +on the intellectual being, that is, the perceptives actives, and the +reflectives passive,--or upon the higher sentiments, when the moral +energy is active, and the spiritual zeal passive,--they produce the +noblest developement of character that can actuate human nature--the +disunity of these produces but a heathen morality on the one hand, or +religious fanaticism on the other: in the mind too, while there is an +active _perception_ of facts, without due _reflection_ on causes, or the +reverse of these, the mind may be led into an excess of its favourite +pursuit, to the ultimate loss of much mental power. When rightly exercised +however, the spiritual unity of body, mind and soul, produces a vigorous +pursuit of whatever is great and good in human nature. + +The Temperaments may be generally referred to some particular constitution +of the organic system--whole families are sometimes of a similar +temperament, and at others no two members are alike: a great portion +probably depends upon parental causes, in the same way that family +likenesses are often observed, probably they may be referred to the blood +as a chief cause, the active circulation producing great action on the +brain and nerves originating the _nervous_: a fulness of the circulating +medium may produce the _sanguine_; a muscular developement the _bilious_; +a sluggish system the _lymphatic_. The classification of the temperaments, +and their combined influence upon the three-fold nature of man may be best +understood from careful observation: when pure they present the following +appearances;-- + +1. A NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT is indicated by a pale complexion, features sharp +and angular, delicate texture of the muscular system, fine silky hair, +delicate health, quickness of perception and great susceptibility; persons +under the influence of this temperament are very sensitive,--act more from +impulse and feeling than from principle, and feel great languor when +exhausted. + +2. The LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT, is marked by a full fleshy outline,--round +features,--pale complexion, light straightish hair,--pulse slow, muscles +soft and the disposition lukewarm and indolent: the circulation being +feeble, the mental manifestations are proportionately sluggish and weak. + +3. The BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT is distinguished by dark hair, skin of a yellow +hue and coarse angular features, eyes active, and often with a severe +expression, the muscles firm and well developed;--the pulsations partake +of great energy which extends also to the brain. + +4. The SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT is evident from a clear florid +complexion,--features well formed and fleshy,--the muscles full and +tolerably firm, mild expression in the eye,--auburn or brown hair, eyes +blue or sometimes hazel,--disposition lively and cheerful. + +These, with their combinations will produce all the common varieties, and +where they are well united in a single individual the union generally +improves the character. + + + + +ON THE VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN RACE. + + +When we regard the different quarters of the globe,--the distinct and +permanent features of national character that stamp races of men as races, +we are immediately struck with the great mental and natural dissimilarity +of these varieties of the human race.--The Briton bowing in worship to the +one true and ever living God,--the wild Indian revelling in the +uncontrolled sublimities of a wild and unconquered waste,--the Brahmin, +prostrate at the blood stained relics of human sacrifice, or the ignorant +African, worshipping the carved effigy of some mis-shapen and hideous +monster;--each present characters which indicate some strongly marked +feature of individual and national constitution. The millions that dwell +around the Ganges have a national and characteristic feature in their +mental constitution, and this distinguishing mark is as decidedly evident +in the form of the brain as it is in the customs of the people,--the same +remark applies to all other races;--the European who has long dwelt in a +high state of civilization, and mental culture,--The Asiatic, whose +ancient customs, moderns vainly seek to improve,--The American, in his +native forest, surrounded by civilization, remains even yet in the state +of rude and ancient barbarism.--These differences of _national_ +character, must have a great influence upon the _individual_: the +unvarying customs produce a sameness in the organization--the people as a +_whole_ are intellectual, ignorant, or barbarian. + +These national differences have been attributed to the influence of soil +and climate:--but although these exercise some influence, they are +inadequate to explain the whole--climate would materially affect the +customs of the people, and these customs would influence the organization +of those parts of the brain influenced by the operations of the mind in +procuring animal comforts,--the developement of constructiveness is +greatly affected by the cause. But when we remember how certainly the same +causes produce the same results throughout the works of nature, we are +often unable to explain much of this influence, the Europeans and native +Indians have lived for centuries under the influence of the same physical +causes--the one has progressed like their brethren of the old +continent,--the other remains stationary in savage and uncivilized +wildness. + +Religious and political institutions again, have been brought forward as +the causes of these differences; but this is a superficial view of the +matter, because it will be granted that all our institutions have been +framed as the minds of man require them, not anteriorly: and when we +except institutions like that of christianity, the direct gift of God +himself, from what cause do we consider human institutions to emanate +except from the minds of those who legislate for the wants of a people, +or who impose institutions upon them by right of arbitrary power. + +That national character accords with Phrenological rules, is true as far +as we have opportunities of judging; but at present our collections of +national skulls are not sufficiently extensive to draw any very remarkable +conclusions; the most prejudiced observer cannot fail to remark the great +difference among the skulls of different people--thus, the ancient Greek +with _Ideality and Constructiveness_ large, when opposed to the deficient +skull of the New Hollander, shews as striking a contrast, as the hovels of +the one, do to the architectural remains of the other.[1] + +To estimate national peculiarities properly, travellers competent to +examine heads, and classify temperaments are much wanted: the size of +individual organs and their combinations are also required: the skulls +that we possess shew that the brain is in exact agreement with the +characters given to their various people by travellers of observation and +experience.--The subjugation of a free people to a foreign yoke,--the +introduction of new customs by conquerors,--the revolutions of states and +empires, and the intercourse of nations, with many other matters to be +gathered from the history of the world, all aid in assisting us to +determine national character and from this to deduce the natural +tendencies of individuals. + + + + +MENTAL FACULTIES. + + +DIVISION I. FEELINGS AND PROPENSITIES. + +_Common to man and the inferior animals._ + + +1. AMATIVENESS. LOVE. + +This organ is situated in the cerebellum, about half way between the +centre of the occipital bone and the large long process behind the ear. It +manifests itself by the thickness or width of the back part of the head; +it is produced as the human frame approaches full developement, being +small in children, and generally on the increase between the ages of +sixteen and twenty four,--it frequently diminishes in old age. USE,--This +organ is properly exercised in virtuous affection:--the endearments of a +domestic circle, and the society of those we love;--it softens the proud, +irascible, anti-social principles of human nature, and aids the benevolent +affections,--it causes a respectful, and honourable deference to the +softer sex;--inspires the poet in his best conceptions of the purity, and +self devotedness of Love, and produces that quiet but effectual influence +in society, which is shown in the kind interest taken by either sex in the +proceedings of the other. When abused, or allowed only to act as an animal +propensity, the absence of the higher feature is a very unamiable trait in +the human character,--no deference is paid to age or sex and woman +regarded only as the minister to illicit lust. Love to God is shown by +overcoming these baser feelings, "they who love me, are such as follow my +commands" were the words of the Christian's pattern, and the exercise of +this mental faculty is best shown by those who practise charity or +universal love without which we are but as "a sounding brass or tinkling +cymbal." ABUSE.--An encouragement of animal and debasing sensuality which +soon leads to a loss of modesty, and personal respect, and virtue: the +worship due to the Creator is lavished on the creature; Jealousy and its +myriad evil attendants originate chiefly in the abuse of this faculty. + + +2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS, LOVE OF OFFSPRING. + +In animals this organ is termed _instinct_, and instinct means an original +propensity impelling an animal to a particular action without intention or +purpose. This organ is situated over the cerebellum, and corresponds to +the protuberance of the occiput, rather above and between the duplex organ +of amativeness. As a faculty inherent in the human race it is beautifully +shown in parental affection; women have it larger than men, and it is +found to be larger in the female, than in the male skulls of animals. The +interest of this feeling is often proportionate to the helplessness of +infancy;--a mother doats on her infant in the earliest months of existence +when few beside herself can see any attractions in it: it is generally +manifested in large families where the youngest is invariably the +favourite, unless when sickness causes another to share in maternal +tenderness. It seems probable that the fondness lavished by maiden ladies +on animals, originates in this faculty: for they often nurse and pamper +their pets quite as excessively as parents do children. The mutual love or +affection for the same offspring is the bond of union in marriage--a +step-parent seldom exhibits any thing more than regard towards the child +of another: it has been observed by Spurzheim that he found it small in 29 +infanticides whom he had been able to examine: but as the faculty in its +proper use produces feelings of the most delightful and exquisite +character so is it the more liable to ABUSE. Children are thus spoiled by +indulgence, their prospects are raised by a parent's mistaken affection; +and instead of protection and happiness to children and attention and +deference from them, it too often terminates in a spoiled child on the one +side, and disrespect towards the other. Through mistaken opinions parents +often prefer to make their children _rich_ rather than _good_ thus +sacrificing their temporal and eternal welfare, leading them to put their +trust in things "which the moth and rust doth corrupt and where thieves do +break in and steal," rather than in that Rock of ages without whose +knowledge not one sparrow dies. + + +3. ADHESIVENESS, ATTACHMENT. + +This organ is located at the middle of the posterior edge of the parietal +lobe, or each side of Concentrativeness, higher than Philoprogenitiveness, +and just above the lambdoidal suture. USE--This faculty is marked in those +individuals who exhibit permanent attachment to beings and objects around +them--it gives a permanence to friendship, a steady adherence to opinions, +and a dislike to change whether of objects or persons: a person with this +faculty well developed will manifest friendship to another even in the +greatest depression of fortune when friendship is most severely tried: it +is on the average larger in females than in men, and this is shewn in the +permanence of their attachments, "Man," it is said "may love, but it is +too often with a view to his own gratification, but when a woman loves, +she does so with all her soul."--The absence of this organ shews an +individual to be of a cold, indifferent character in his friendship, and +one not to be depended upon in the hour of misfortune, it is only where +the organ is well developed that an attachment is sustained through evil +report and good report: when regulated by judgment rather than passion, it +produces the noblest examples of disinterestedness and devotion.--The +ABUSE of this organ is shown in the unworthy attachment of man to the +fleeting things of this life--he places not his affections upon high, but +on the conections of party, the interests, the advantages of this life--he +loves life to an erroneous extent, perhaps degenerates into a recluse, +shews a devoted attachment to the good things of this life and but little +for him who was the true friend as "the way, the truth, and the life." + + +4. INHABITIVENESS.--LOVE OF HOME. + +Inhabitiveness is by many persons considered as a modification of the +preceding organ or of _Concentrativeness_: it can hardly be considered a +definite organ, or a distinct mental faculty: it is observed particularly +in the attachment of individuals to some particular spot,--their home, +country, or abode of those whom they love;--as the Swiss have been known +to pine for the mountain heights of their father land, or, as all men +desire their ashes to repose at the side of their dearest kin. Dr. +Spurzheim in his late work published in America is inclined to attribute a +more extensive sphere of action to this organ than can be yet decided; and +in fact, it is a decided manifestation of mental energy in many persons--a +dislike of change, especially of abode; a disinclination to travel, an +attachment to the place of birth, of long residence, or the spot where +life has been spent, leads many persons to live and die in the same spot +where their fathers lived and died before them;--it is this organ that +gives a _Home_ to Englishmen, _Home_, for which some languages have not +even an expression, _Home_, in defence of which, Englishmen have so +bravely fought, so nobly died. Many animals are attached to peculiar +situations, the chamois, on the Alpine cliff,--the eagle, soaring to his +eyrie,--and the beaver located by some unfrequented stream, give evidence +of a similar tendency. + +The faculty when ABUSED, or allowed to be excessive leads to peculiarity +of disposition, an avoidance of strangers, a dislike to necessary duties +that interfere with domestic arrangements, nervous ideas, susceptibility +of insult, and in some cases, by the neglect of external objects, the mind +dwelling upon its own internal emotions only, has declined to monomania +or even temporary alienation. + + +5. COMBATIVENESS. + +Combativeness is situated on each side of Philoprogenitiveness, a little +behind, and up from the ear; being the result of great mental energy, it +is indicative of physical courage; it enables an individual to contend +with difficulty and danger, prompts to repel whatever is inimical, and +opposed to his exertions. The instinctive tendency is doubtless to oppose, +and thus produce courage; in its lowest activity it leads simply to +resistance; in a higher degree to attack the measures, sentiments, or +opinions of others; it is generally more developed in men than in women, +although individual instances occur among women with this organ largely +developed: the name given to this faculty originally by Dr. Gall was, +"_the instinct of self defence, and defence of property_," but the +definition was regarded by Spurzheim as too limited; and its operation in +connection with other faculties is very extensive indeed--because +_courage_ when properly directed is useful to preserve the right, and Dr. +Johnson speaking of courage, says, "it is a quality so necessary for +maintaining virtue that it is respected even when associated with +vice."--On this account it lends _energy of character_, and is necessary +to all great actions; for even in the most virtuous designs, how +frequently is opposition manifested, which it requires every energy to +subdue; those who fight for virtue, require courage as much, or more than +those who fight for vice;--when this organ is deficient, the individual is +unfitted for the bustles and fatigues of active life, he shrinks from +hostility and from any course that opposes the feelings, the prejudices or +even the vices of human society. It is very powerful in combination, +lending its aid to the designs of a Howard, lending _energy_ to the +application of talent, or _courage_ to the opponent of sin;--the most +perfect and useful member of society, is formed by the full developement +of moral sentiments, due allowance of reflective power, and a stimulative +degree of this organ. Useful, however as it is, when well used, so is its +action dangerous when unchecked, and in abuse. It inspires a love of +contention, and controversy, so that the social hours become embittered by +strife; a tendency to anger and provocation by irritating conduct; to +rashness in designs from miscalculation of their effects. An individual +knowing this organ to be large, should always _think_ before he _acts_, +and always keep before him the illustrious example of _Him_, who "being +reviled, reviled not again."--The energy given him, should be employed +well, he should never "be weary of well doing," but remember that "the +fruit of the spirit, is love, joy, and peace." + + +6. DESTRUCTIVENESS. + +The organ of destructiveness is immediately over the external opening of +the ear, being more or less forward as the developement is more or less +intellectual. The faculty is indispensable to all animals who live on +flesh, and it differs from the preceding organ in being more permanent. +Combativeness gives courage to meet danger, or oppose it without terror. +Destructiveness lends a _constant power_ of overcoming and destroying as +long as the object of opposition remains; its energy is thus a permanent +stimulus to exertion, so as to overcome whatever object is in view--if +learning, indefatigable perseverance; if riches, a constant plodding in +the pursuit; if virtue, a firm and unvarying opposition to the myriad +phases of sin. Combativeness is the _active_ momentary stimulus that +requires excitement. Destructiveness, the _passive_ energy that supports +continued exertion. The organ is thus valuable when rightly used, but +unfortunately it lends its energy to evil pursuits as well as good +ones--it is found in the hardened and unrepentant sinner, as well as in +the noble and energetic patriot; it is thus highly dangerous in persons +whose organization is not under the government of moral principle; a good +endowment is indispensable for a proper discharge of duty, as the sword, +the emblem of destructiveness is often combined with the scales of +justice, the one to measure the offence, the other to punish the +contemners of the law; those who have the organ small, are deficient of +energy, incapable of fighting with the turmoils of the world.--on the +other hand the abuse of it is recognised in petty tyranny, a desire to +trample on those beneath us; a carelessness to the happiness of others, +and a severity of punishment for the minutest fault; In common life we may +trace the operation of this faculty; a preacher, with the organ large and +benevolence small, would hold out the _threatenings_ of the Gospel, a +preacher of the opposite organization would dwell upon its _promise of +pardon_; the ill-treatment of animals and children, results from this +faculty, uncontrolled by moral sentiments; the crowds of ignorant persons +who assemble at bull-baits, cock fights, and other species of cruelty are +led to gratify the organ from a want of moral principle: the dreadful +practice of swearing, uttering threats of vengeance far beyond human +power, and calling down imprecations on the heads of others, arises from +the same cause, and how rarely are these seen (to any extent) in educated +society--where the energy of character has been directed by moral training +into useful channels;--The abuse of this organ is therefore to be +earnestly cautioned against, because, lending its energy to evil, it is +productive of the worst results. Destructiveness itself is rarely found as +a principle of destruction, but the various degrees of vice and crime are +often persevered in till they become more evil than this organ. A person +therefore should endeavour to break off rooted habits (if bad ones) by +directing the energy of the mind into other channels, they must walk in +the Spirit, and not fulfil the lusts of the flesh, knowing that, "they +that are Christ's crucify the flesh and the affections, and lusts that +belong to it." Let them put on the whole armour of God, so that they may +stand against the wiles of the devil, let them take the helmet of +salvation and the sword of the spirit, which is the WORD OF GOD. + + +7. SECRETIVENESS. + +This organ is situated immediately above Destructiveness, in the lateral +portion of the brain; when both organs are fully developed, it becomes +difficult without practice to distinguish them, it may therefore be +mentioned that Secretiveness is higher and more forward than the other. It +seems to result from some instinctive tendency existing in the mind, to +conceal from the public eye, its own emotions and ideas. It is essential +to a prudent character, for as Solomon says, "A fool uttereth all his +mind; but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards."--In the lower order +of animals the same faculty is termed _cunning_, and it not only aids them +in their pursuit of food, but also enables them to combat force by +prudence. It enforces a salutary restraint against undue manifestation of +other propensities which are best maintained within an individual's own +bosom, and it serves likewise to guard against the prying curiosity of +others; those persons in whom it is deficient are blunt and unrestrained +in their opinions, exhibit great want of tact in society, expressing their +sentiments without regard to propriety of time, or place, or person. When +properly employed, this organ tends to shew a reserved disposition, it +suspects the secret design of others, and exhibits the secrecy which is +indispensable to prudent conduct and success: a deficiency of this organ +is shown among tale bearers, gossips, and newsmongers, and to the want of +it some portion of scandal may be attributed. Secretiveness is necessary +for the confidence of friendship, it is an essential element of +politeness, much of which consists in avoiding the expression of what is +disagreeable. It is however liable to ABUSE, and then it leads to much +evil: a love for concealment, intrigue, cunning, and mystery in the +details of every day life; hypocrisy and dissimulation to hide what has +been done on the sly; persons with overweening _Self Esteem_ always +conceal their affairs from the eye of the world, are anxious to support +appearances, and maintain a fair character outwardly even if their private +acts are of the grossest kind; if associated with want of moral sentiment +it leads to lying and theft: it is often manifest to a surprising extent +among the insane. Persons having the organ large will do well to keep a +check upon any unnatural reserve: and they should always see that they do +nothing that requires concealment: if the organ _must be_ exercised, let +them lay up the word of God in their hearts which is the seed, that sown +in an honest and good heart, brings forth fruit to perfection. + + +8. ALIMENTIVENESS. + +This organ is only a probable one: a love for food hardly appears to be a +natural function of the mind, and most of the known instances of enormous +appetite appear to have resulted from organic disease (in nearly every +instance that is quoted by Phrenologists.) There appears to be some +grounds for supposing that this part of the brain is connected with the +sensations of hunger and thirst, and perhaps also with the sense of +taste. Spurzheim says of it, "This organ though indicated by reason and +comparative anatomy, is merely probable and can be confirmed or rejected +like every other, according to direct observations alone, in comparing +cerebral developement to the special propensity. I possess many facts in +confirmation." + + +9. CONSTRUCTIVENESS, MECHANICAL SKILL. + +It requires some little experience to tell the precise spot of this organ, +it is situated in the frontal bone above the spheno-temporal suture, but +its position varies with the developement; and it is somewhat covered by +the temporal muscle, so that it is difficult to judge except from +experience. Constructiveness is the application of the inventive faculty, +and since necessity is the mother of invention, Constructiveness is that +talent possessed by man for constructing and fabricating whatever his +wants or his desires may originate. It is this organ that is exercised by +the architect, the painter and the poet in refined life, by the artisan of +humble life, by the beaver in their huts, birds in their nests and even +spiders in their webs: it is a most valuable faculty: and to it we are +indebted for the ability to carry out what the mere intellectual faculties +have conceived: it depends for its value upon the organs wherewith it is +associated, with language and Ideality, it gives poetical ability; with +form, the art of sculpture; or with colour, painting--where the organ is +in excess it determines to ABUSE; such as, the attempting to do what an +acquaintance with philosophy would prove impossible; the construction of +ingenious, but useless or even mischievous articles; the application of +constructive ability in imitating valuables for base purposes; throwing +away great labour on articles of curiosity, and innumerable other ways in +which mis-application of ability is productive of injury: it should be +remembered that ability in any way is a talent, for us to improve against +the time when our Lord comes to require it of us, and we should remember +that misapplication will be a more serious fault, than that of the servant +who hid his lord's talent in a napkin, or of him who buried it in the +ground. + + +10. ACQUISITIVENESS. + +This organ is situated at the inferior range of the parietal bone. The +faculty of the mind is a tendency to _acquire_ whatever is regarded +valuable and whether riches or learning or articles of vertu be the object +of acquisition, there appears to be little doubt, that such a faculty is +natural to the nature of man. Although such an instinctive desire presents +the aspect of meanness we must in some measure look at its effects; what +would England or any civilized country be, if there had never been a +desire for storing up the products of intellect and philosophy,--and the +wealth that enables England to send out millions in spreading the word of +God over a benighted and barbarous world?--If industry were to be limited +by present wants, man would always continue the creature of mere impulse; +it is the faculty of acquisitiveness that directs a systematic aim at +supplying the comforts and elegancies of life, and to this, accumulation +is necessary: when however the pursuit of wealth becomes the chief +business of life the moral sentiments are deadened, the intellect and the +nobler faculties of the mind become engrossed in a debasing pursuit, the +sympathy that characterizes a true christian is lost sight of. To provide +for immediate wants of ourselves and those dependant upon us, to furnish +the means of some repose for the body so as to enable the mind to enjoy +cultivation, and to provide for the education of offspring:--to give a +natural tendency for learning, for religious instruction, or the +acquisition of that knowledge which is power, may be set down as the +proper objects of this faculty: where the faculty of acquisitiveness is +unduly exercised, and the propensity to acquire is not balanced by +veneration and conscientiousness, the character is often influenced to +dishonesty. In ABUSE; a miserly hoarding and total neglect of charity is +evident, covetousness which St Paul condemns as idolatry, avarice and +selfishness, a total disregard of distress, of conscientious principle, +and of honour and duty are first and foremost;--from this organ, the weak +fall a prey to the strong, the poor to the avarice of the lovers of mammon +as they are called, that riches are valued more than public virtue or +private integrity--that riches are pursued to the total ruin of the +loftier principles of human nature, and to this prostitution of spirit and +of soul is owing the difficulty of a rich man's entering the kingdom of +heaven. If there be such an instinctive tendency of the human mind, no +better advice can ever be offered than that of the christian's pattern +"seek ye first the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all other +things shall be added unto you." "For what shall it profit a man, if he +gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?"-- + +Besides these organs of the propensities, phrenologists have imagined the +existence of a peculiar instinct termed _Vitativeness_, or love of life: +the fact is probable but requires much caution and much experience before +it can be definitely decided: the existence of a few isolated facts does +not necessarily include the whole human race as being like a few +individuals, and there is great necessity for not increasing the number of +organs without due confirmation, because the simplicity of arrangement and +the plainness of the science is thereby disturbed. Of this organ Spurzheim +says "I look for this organ at the basis, where the middle and posterior +lobes of the brain meet each other, at the internal border of +Combativeness." + + +DIVISION II. INTELLECTUAL AND PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES OF THE MIND. + + +11. LANGUAGE. + +It was owing to this organ, a full prominent eye, that Dr Gall first +directed his attention to a scientific investigation of the faculties of +the mind. vide Page. 13 + +A large developement is indicated by the prominence and depression of the +eye, this appearance being produced by convolutions of the brain situated +in the posterior and transverse part of the orbitary plate, pressing +downward and outward in proportion to its convolutions. A full +developement of this organ indicates a faculty for the acquisition and +employment of words, or artificial signs, expressing our ideas; the +meaning of the signs must be determined by other faculties, exactly as +force or power of any kind requires to be guided and directed: from this +reason may originate the very different significations given to the same +abstract word, a different organization producing a difference in the +meaning attached to it in spite of every effort to give an accurate +definition; this will be self evident, if we merely quote the three +leading features of Christianity, Faith, Hope, and Charity, and refer to +different degrees of moral and intellectual elevation or turpitude, for +the vague, unsatisfactory, and degraded meaning that we find frequently +attached to them. Persons with a large endowment of this faculty, abound +in words; in conversation they pour forth with volubility, but when +excited they pour forth a torrent; this should be moderated by good sense, +and appropriate language rather than verbosity will be employed in their +speaking efforts as well as in their writings: when the organ is +deficient, the individual wants a command of expression, he writes and +speaks with great poverty of style, and when possessed of ideas is unable +to clothe them in elegant or even appropriate language. The talent for, or +facility of learning foreign languages originates in the same faculty, +taken connectedly with the mental capacity for entering into the style and +combinations of other countries. Some individuals in whom the organ is +large do not necessarily possess a ready memory, which usually occurs when +the faculty that apprehends the primitive idea (of which words only +pronounce the name) is more than ordinarily small. The organ abused +generally makes a speechifier of small worth, a talker for the mere sake +of talking, who frequently loses sight of reason and subject as well as +his own good sense.--Its best use is a felicity of diction in describing +the sentiments and opinions of the individual so that they may be exactly +comprehended by others. + + +12. FORM. + +This organ is situated in the corner of the eye next the nose, and when +large there is a considerable breadth across the nose at that place: its +chief use is in the accurate knowledge of form, whether of persons or +objects, and disposes the mind to give a definite form to objects even +when unseen: it is to this the acute observation of objects, by which +means we compare them one with another, or personal identity after absence +and probable change in the form of features: to this organ many +distinguished sculptors and architects owe much of their excellence, as +its necessary action in connection with other organs would be to express +an accuracy of outline: it is to an excessive use of this organ that +painters study correctness of form in drawing, and neglect colouring; +useful to architects for this reason. + + +13. SIZE. + +The organ of size is situated at the corner of the eyebrow, next to +individuality, and appears to influence the capability of the eye and mind +in its motions of dimension: instances are known where persons deficient +in this faculty have been unable to manage perspective in drawings, or +even to copy the plainest figure without error in the size: others on the +contrary measure size by the eye almost as accurately as by a rule, and +are especially accurate in judging about dimensions--the organ is +necessary for some professions, but not of great general importance. + + +14. WEIGHT. + +This faculty like the preceding, is shewn only in particular persons: the +absence of it is rarely noticed, and the presence of it quite unseen +except in some particular walks of life. It gives a power of measuring, +and comprehending the resistance of bodies to forces applied to them, is +useful in philosophic enquiry, engineering, architecture &c. + + +15. COLOURING. + +The sensation of colour on the eye is very different in different +persons; many persons having an acute sense of vision readily perceive the +qualities of objects but are incapable of judging about the agreement or +disagreement of particular colours, and when the faculty is small they +confound them and are incapable of perceiving their effect. When prominent +the individual possesses a taste for gaudy colours, careless about their +arrangement or harmony with others. It is situated in the centre of the +eyebrow giving it a prominent aspect such as may be witnessed in the +portraits of Titian, Rubens, and many celebrated artists: The organ of +colour well developed gives harmony and excellence in colouring and is +useful to botanists, dyers, mercers, and all artists: That the faculty is +abused, or rather wanting may be witnessed by the numberless facts that we +meet with constantly, where people dress in gaudy colours and appear quite +regardless of their being suitable or otherwise. + + +16. SPACE. + +This hardly appears a positive faculty, we have noticed it from its being +mentioned by phrenologists; it appears to be of a similar kind to form, +size, and weight, all of which organs are connected with the organ of +vision; the persons who have the organ well developed are persons of wide +views in every thing, they are enraptured with extensive prospects, +mountains, and every thing of a large size--if proved to exist, such a +faculty would be valuable to painters. + + +17. ORDER. + +The tendency of this faculty is to produce a love of order and arrangement +in every thing; they are distressed by confusion, and are highly pleased +with a regular arrangement of their furniture, books and other property. +The organ is located in the superciliary ridge, and from its general small +developement, much fact is still necessary before the organ and its value +can be definitely determined: there is certainly well marked in some +persons, a love of order, and in others a carelessness to disorder, the +one often degenerating into precision in trifles that produces great +discomfort to other persons, the latter often inducing a disregard of +necessary care and attention: the medium is to be sought for by all who +detect either in their own character. + + +18. NUMBER. + +The organ of the faculty of NUMBER is situated above and outside the +external angle of the eye, a little below the external angle of the +frontal bone. The special function seems to be calculation in general: it +does not seem to extend to any faculty of computation beyond that of +numbers, although from the tact that it associates with it, it facilitates +the study of mathematics. Many instances are adduced of its large size in +good calculators, particularly in George Bidder, the calculating boy. This +organ, like the other perceptives requires cultivation. + + +19. TUNE. + +The organ of TUNE bears the same relation to the ears that the organ of +_Colouring_ does to the eyes. A large developement of the organ enlarges +the lateral parts of the forehead, and great practice is always necessary +before the organ can be successfully observed: but if two persons are +placed together, the one having it largely, the other smally developed, +the superior one will be perceptible at a glance. The faculty gives the +perception of melody, which is only _one_ of the ingredients of musical +talent; the organs of the mind must be well developed in accordance with +this, so that the soul and expression of music may be felt and +appreciated, before the organs are perfectly developed; the fingers indeed +may be trained to great expertness, but it is only the real lover of +harmonious sounds who devotes _all_ his powers to its cultivation that can +arrive at any thing like perfect skill. As a natural faculty of nature, +this organ is particularly pleasing in calming the passions, and producing +pleasure by means perfectly innocent. Persons cannot obtain a scientific +knowledge of music in whom the organ is deficient, and when _abused_ as +this faculty often is, it should be remembered that the line between +pleasure and pain is so indefinite, that where one terminates the other +begins;--music carried beyond an agreeable pitch, leads the possessor into +society, and too frequently into pleasures more enervating and +sensual--these are to be dreaded, and the musician should remember that as +the noblest employment of his faculty is to "Praise God in the +highest,"--so, nothing can be more debasing than the prostitution of it to +unworthy purposes. + + +20. TIME. + +The organ of TIME seems to be related to that of order in its effects, it +is essential to music and versification, form some source of pleasure in +dancing, and seems to give a power of judging time and intervals of +duration in general. The value of time renders this faculty more than +usually necessary; it leads to a right estimation of punctuality as well +as punctuality in engagements: persons with the organ large are fevered by +delay, they become irritated about trifles of time that they may be kept +waiting by others and thus incur a charge of bad temper. The organ is +especially useful in persons studying history as it tends to give a +faculty of remembering dates and other periods of time, the succession of +events, &c. + + +21. LOCALITY. + +Dr. Gall was led to infer the position of this organ from witnessing the +memory of particular persons in their relation of places they had visited, +and the strong impression made upon them by surrounding objects, so that +he regarded this to be a primitive faculty. Spurzheim says, "the special +faculty of this organ and the sphere of its activity, remains to be +determined. It makes the traveller, geographer and landscape painter, +recollects localities and gives notions of perspective." Persons in whom +the organ is large, form vivid and distinct conceptions of situations and +scenery which they have seen or heard described, and have great power in +recalling such conceptions.--The organ is large in all eminent navigators +and travellers, also in great astronomers and geographers. Persons who +have this organ large, are passionately fond of travelling: and where +firmness is small, it influences to restlessness, and love of change; to +physical pleasure as a gratification of this organ, in the neglect of +other duties, and thus often exerts a baneful influence on the mind when +allowed to operate without control. + + +22. INDIVIDUALITY. + +The tendency of this organ is, the examination of fact as the only +foundation of truth; it is situated in the middle of the lower part of the +forehead, immediately above the top of the nose, it produces breadth and +projection between the eyebrows. This faculty renders us observant of +outward objects, and gives a desire to know, and to examine; it prompts to +observation and general information, and is necessary for the acquisition +of facts as a basis of science. Spurzheim says, "Persons endowed with this +faculty in a high degree are attentive to all that happens around them, to +every object, to every phenomenon, to every fact: it desires to know all +by experience, and consequently puts every other organ into action: is +fond of instruction, collects facts, and leads to practical +knowledge."--To the influence of this organ we may trace the knowledge of +individuals by animals, and even wild beasts in which this organ is large +may be tamed to the will of a keeper. It puts into active exertion the +perceptive faculties round the eyebrow, and thus influences the quality of +the faculty (language) which lies in that portion of brain; so that a +person with this organ large, and language small, will say but a few words +and those to the purpose, or with individuality small and language large, +he will utter ten thousand neatly turned sentences of the meanest +commonplace, alike destitute of information or science. Persons in whom +the organ is large, are alive to every thing that passes around them, they +look at facts and events, leaving it to others to reason upon them, and +many great discoveries have been made by persons with this organ large who +have not been celebrated for their powers of reasoning. When the organ is +small, the individual fails to observe things that are going on around +him, he will walk in the streets, or the country and see or rather observe +literally nothing; he may visit a house without observing any one object +beyond the immediate purpose of his visit. + +ABUSES. This organ is often employed in the affairs of other people, in +petty knowledge that tends to no real purpose; a superficiality of +observation that leads to erroneous inferences, and when largely developed +with the reflective and philosophic faculties, it leads to peculiarity of +studies and pursuits to the exclusion of all others, and by breaking the +unity of learning which points all things to Him who gave, it is too +often the cause, of mistaken opinion or downright error. + + +23. EVENTUALITY. + +Enquires into events and takes notice of occurrences; it gives prominence, +or a rounded fulness to the middle of the forehead. Dr. Gall comprised +this organ and the preceding one in one faculty, but it is now known that +the one takes cognizance of objects, the other the relationship and +actions of those objects. It seems to unite the reflectives with the +perceptives, so that it recognizes the activity of other faculties and +directs them to strict action; it desires to know by experience, and thus +produces what is termed the _good sense_ of a matter, and by recognizing +the functions of the other powers of the brain and the operations of the +external senses, it reduces those impressions into conceptions, ideas and +opinions.--Eventuality is shewn when we review the past for comparison +with the future, it examines the effects of God's government in the +universe and brings home the truths of the gospel to the heart of every +one. Eventuality is the intellectual door to the threefold nature of man +directing facts to his perceptive, reflective and moral being, thus +pointing out the truth of Christianity in the fulfilment of prophecy, the +mercy of the Creator and the punishment entailed upon sin; without this +faculty the mind acquires a false conception of things, unsound opinions, +and a tendency to the doctrines of materialism and infidelity from the +animal rather than the intellectual nature being appealed to. Persons +distinguished in professional pursuits have this organ large, since they +possess readiness of observation as well as talent in the detail, whereby +previously acquired knowledge is brought to bear upon present emergencies; +where the organ is only partially and imperfectly developed, he will feel +great difficulty in commanding his knowledge or appealing to it with any +certainty, the organ should therefore be assiduously cultivated. In ABUSE +it tends to promote a love of trifles, detailed events, scandal and abuse, +the minutest particulars in preference to general information and +individual aggrandizement rather than general good. + + +24. COMPARISON. + +The organ of comparison lies upon the upper and middle portion of the +frontal bone. The aim of the faculty seems to be to form abstract ideas, +generalizations and establish harmony among the operations of the other +faculties; thus comparing and establishing analogies among the objects of +which a knowledge has been obtained by the perceptives: and it not only +traces real resemblances, but the relations which things have to one +another; persons with this organ large illustrate their ideas by similies +drawn from other objects and thus render them plainer to the understanding +of another person, and the comparisons thus drawn will be derived from +those objects which most commonly engage the attention of the person +making them: it is generally large in poets, even when they write prose; +2,500 similies are found in _Moore's Life of Sheridan_; these comparisons +please, because they address themselves to the multitude and produce +clearness and force of illustration. Spurzheim says of this organ, "In +order to persuade and to affect, the speaker or orator must speak by +analogy, he must bring spiritual things close to terrestrial objects and +compare them with each other; the activity of this faculty is very +important, it compares the sensations and ideas of all the other faculties +and points out their difference, analogy, similitude, or identity." By +comparison, man is enabled to judge whether his own life is _what it ought +to be_, whether he has lived for _time_ or for _eternity_: by comparison +he is enabled to determine how far his life agrees with the Christian's +pattern, knowing that "as he sows, so will he reap;" the propensities +incline to evil, as a necessary sequence to the fall, the moral sentiments +urge on to good, a foreshadowing of immortality, the reflectives teach him +_how_ to be good, how to compare the truth as it is in Christ Jesus, with +his own sinful heart, and learn wherein he errs. This is the proper and +should be the only true aim of the Christian. In ABUSE this faculty +frequently leads to false reasoning on account of the inactivity of the +perceptives, in examining the subjects compared, it gives a love for +similies and analogies, not always caring for their applicability, and +unless duly regulated by the nobler instincts of fallen humanity, it +degenerates to sophistry and a blindness to error. + + +25. CAUSALITY. + +This organ lies immediately at the sides of _Comparison_ and is found +large in men distinguished for profound metaphysical talent. We have shown +how _Individuality_ and _Eventuality_ take cognizance of things evident to +the senses; Causality looks to the _cause_ of the phenomena observed by +other faculties: it expresses the irresistible conviction that every +phenomenon and change around us emanates from a mighty, an unseen, an +ETERNAL GOD; it looks to HIM as the cause of our joys, and our possessions +here, as the omniscient and ever merciful Father who gave his Son to die +for our transgressions, it seeks Him as the cause of our hopes of +everlasting bliss, and it bids us to acknowledge and adore. It is the +faculty that considers the relation of cause and effect and prompts the +question, _Why?_ to whatever is unknown, or imperfectly understood; and +for this reason requires to be watched lest the matter of enquiry be +placed beyond the limited faculties of man, and infinite subjects be thus +reasoned upon by finite capacity. If this organ be in unity with +_Veneration_, _Conscientiousness_, and _Comparison_, the individual will +be of steady, and rational Christian principles, but if without them, +impious doubts and atheistical surmises will tend to require a _visible_ +cause for what must be _invisible_ and the germ of error being planted, it +may take root and abound to the ruin of nobler and more elevating +opinions. In ABUSE, this organ produces a mania for possibilities, denying +the existence of causes not evident to the senses, a disbelief in +whatever is spiritual, and a direct influence to intellectual pride, +sophistry, and error. + + +26. GAIETY. + +The organ of Gaiety is sometimes called WIT; and has been defined by +Spurzheim as "a sentiment which disposes men to view every thing in a gay, +joyful, and mirthful manner;"--"given to man to render him merry and +gay,--feelings not to be confounded with satisfaction and contentment." +The faculty appears to give a characteristic tendency to view every thing +that occurs in a light manner, simply as far as it gratifies, and pleases, +not in proportion to its intrinsic value, combined with the higher +faculties, it produces wit, in common events humour; with the animal +propensities, sarcasm and satire, or caricature and excess; with language, +punning and double meanings, and in all cases it tends to a levity that is +often misplaced. It is situated between Ideality and Causality at the +upper part of the side of the forehead. In ABUSE, or when not counteracted +by reason and reflection, it tends to severity and satirical remarks on +the failings and weaknesses of others: a too easy regard for sin when not +positively offensive, a love of pleasure, often leading to vicious excess; +and frequently the faculty to gratify itself, offends friends by ill timed +remarks and a system of practical jokes. + +This organ acting upon the intellect leads to unsound and hasty judgments, +because the mind being influenced more by _Ideality_ than _Causality_, +(between which two organs _Gaiety_ is situated) it becomes an enemy to +self discipline, and study, and leads the possesser into a physical love +of pleasure, &c.--it opposes also the operation of the higher intellectual +faculties from its close approximation to the true organ of analogy which +is situated between the duplex organ of _Causality_ in the centre of the +forehead, and by a vain influence on the imagination it leads to delusive +analogies as regards truth, overcoming the careful study of fact by the +perceptive faculties and diverting the current of conscious inquiry by a +regard for self and its pleasures rather than the true and correct +analogies of truth. + + +27. IMITATION. + +Imitation leads us to imitate what we see deserving to be copied in +others, and thus lies at the foundation of all art, because it is +necessary to copy before any skill can be arrived at. It is a necessary +ingredient in the character of actors, sculptors, architects, painters and +engravers: it influences the style of the author, the manner of the poet, +the correctness of the dramatist. It is always active in children and thus +forms a natural education in them, taken from the persons around them: it +is for this reason essentially and imperatively necessary that good models +are presented to children in their youth; it gives a talent of acquiring +the peculiarity of foreign languages; and when deficient, it produces a +stiffness and uncomfortable mannerism that causes a person to appear like +a fish out of water. It may be misused by being employed for mimicry and +buffoonery especially for defects--in vice this is the real "facilis +descensus averni,"--The situation of the faculty on either side of +Benevolence, and above the reflective faculties teaches the proper use of +Imitation; to copy what is good and above all the prominent features of +our Lord's character, charity and universal love. + + +28. CAUTION. + +Caution tends naturally to circumspection, and it produces a cautious and +considerate disposition of mind; persons so organized are continually on +their guard, they look forward from fear of what may happen and are +anxious to anticipate every occurence, they ask advice, take opinions and +are still undecided; thus it produces doubt, irresolution, and wavering, +which prevents vigorous and decisive conduct: when the organ is deficient +in mature age, the individual is rash and precipitate, never apprehensive +of the results of his conduct and thus he adopts rash resolutions and +enters on hazardous enterprizes without foreseeing what must necessarily +follow: to a due influence of this faculty we may trace the moral virtue +that regulates the impulses of passion--looks to the future, and keeps the +end of all things steadily in view. In ABUSE the faculty occasions fear +and anxiety of the future, timid and desponding sentiments; no reliance +upon Providence, too much thought about the morrow, forgetting that +"sufficient for the day is the evil thereof"--Let a wise man, "Fear God +and have no other fear," for this will lead him to be cautious against +offences against Him, and if a man keeps this steadily in view, he will +never violate the laws of man. + + +29. TEMPERANCE. + +Temperance is allied to caution, it is to the animal portion of man what +_caution_ is to the intellectual: its existence is identified with the +preceding organ by many phrenologists, and probably the developement of +that organ, as it is closer too, and more active upon the animal passions +may be coincident with this. In this way Temperance tends to _present_ as +cautiousness to _future_ prudence, it gives mind the mastery over matter, +overcomes Combativeness and the lower feelings, and teaches temperance in +all things: carried into an erroneous action it produces meanness and +almost avariciousness; the wise man whose animal nature predominates will +learn the difference between _use_, and _abuse_, by exercising Temperance +not by the abuse of the goodness and gifts of his Creator. + + +30. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. + +Located between Cautiousness and Firmness. This faculty produces a feeling +of _duty_, a desire of _justice_, and a love of _truth_; it is the organ +that leads men to do as they would be done unto, and is the most elevated +principle of human action: the faculty does not determine what is just or +unjust, but causes a desire to do whatever the reflective faculties +determine to be right and becoming. It is a portion of the organization +that cannot be too much cultivated, as it is of the highest importance in +guiding and directing, regulating and controlling the actions of the other +faculties: it leads to a conviction of individual error, and the truth +when asserted by others: it influences the whole being to exercise +prudence, temperance and fortitude, in opposition to the baser desires of +the propensities; it tends to overcome the energy of passion, to regulate +and direct the affections, to root out prejudice, and give the sense of +moral rectitude, that supports an honest man under distress and +affliction: when the sentiment is not well developed, the ideas of right +and wrong are weak, and injustice if in accordance with interest or +inclination easily committed; and when the lower propensities are active, +an individual with this organ small, will call that _justice_, which a +person differently organized would at once condemn; these are they of whom +the apostles spoke, "Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that +are defiled and unbelieving, there is nothing pure:" but even their mind +and _conscience_ is defiled: remorse and repentance spring from this +faculty: it should however be exerted _before_, not _after_ an +action--neither should it descend into immoderate personal chastisement; +for no punishment of the body can wash out sin from the soul; the +sentiment will never be abused if it be directed to preserve the +"conscience, void of offence." + + +31. FIRMNESS. + +Firmness, is a tendency to _persist_ in conduct, opinion, and purpose: +the immediate emotion is termed Resolution. The organ is situated at the +posterior part of the coronal region, close upon the middle line. This +faculty seems to bear no relation to external objects, its influence adds +a particular quality to other manifestations: whatever may be the +predominant pursuit it seems to give _perseverance_ in that pursuit; it +contributes greatly to the success of an individual in a particular +object, as he keeps steadily in one course. A person without the faculty +may manifest equal desire, but will, perhaps, try a dozen methods of +success without following out any one, thus fortitude and patience are the +results of this organization: when duly exercised, it gives stability of +character; a person who is not led by the accident of the moment, but one +who aims at perfection, and duly keeps to the high road to arrive there: +when combined with conscientiousness it gives moral courage, supports the +martyr at the stake, and enables a man to go on through evil report and +good report without turning to the right hand or the left: without this +endowment, the most splendid talents are thrown away, as they never reach +the summit of what is good, because like Reuben, "unstable as water they +cannot excel."--In ABUSE this faculty leads to obstinacy, stubbornness, +infatuation in evil courses, or a constant aim at what is good, without +perseverance to arrive at it. + + +32. IDEALITY. + +The operation of this faculty is beautifully described by Shakspeare;-- + + "The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling, + Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, + And as imagination bodies forth + The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen + Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing + A local habitation and a name." + +The organ is situated nearly on the temporal ridge of the frontal bone. +Gall called it, _the organ of poetry_, because "in every kind of poetry +the sentiments are exalted, the expressions warm; and there must be +rapture, inspiration, what is commonly called imagination or fancy." It is +this faculty that produces the aspiration after _perfection_, it aims at +endowing every object with the highest degree of perfection which it is +capable of assuming, and is thus very valuable to man in his progressive +changes towards a more virtuous and perfect existence. It gives a peculiar +tinge to other faculties, making them aspire to exquisiteness, thus giving +an expansion to the mental powers, which carries onwards, forwards, and +upwards, makes them aim to be happy and form schemes for its attainment: +it gives a keener relish to other faculties, in short, its operation is +intellectually ennobling. In ABUSE it produces a finical and sickly +refinement, fanciful opinions, love of show more than utility; it leads to +novel reading, extravagant notions, and this gives a fictitious and +unsteady character, unfitted for the severer walks of life. + + +33. WONDER. + +This organ is situated immediately above _Ideality_; and the faculty +gives faith in spiritual agency, in what is beyond the sphere of human +vision, and which nevertheless requires to be believed; it inspires a love +of the marvellous, the wonderful, the grand; a seeking for extraordinary +events even in the most unlikely concerns, and a tinging of common-place +with the emotions of superstition and romance. In the end of man's +tyranny, God prophesies through the mouth of Isaiah that "he will make all +men drunk with the wine of astonishment." In ABUSE, this faculty leads +into much error, it inspires a love of what is novel and marvellous, a +tendency to believe in magic, witchcraft, and other unlawful and +unchristian arts, and when uncontrolled by the higher sentiments, to the +pursuit of occult subjects; when united with the moral sentiments and due +perception and reflection, it searches deep into the truth, tests +spiritual causes and prophecies by research and belief, considering that +nothing is impossible to God and that His goodness is sufficient for all. + + +34. FAITH OR VENERATION. + +Situated in the middle of the coronal region of the brain; gives an innate +disposition to religious truth; a veneration for things sacred; belief in +the word of God, and hope in Christ Jesus; it is this innate principle +that bids the savage bow down to stocks and stones, to graven idols, and +the works of his own hands; it is this that inspires the missionaries of +God's word, and leads others to bestow their wealth in furthering the +good cause; and to pray for the time when the "knowledge of the Lord shall +cover the earth, as the waters cover the sea;" when abused, this organ +leads to superstition, an undue reverence for the _material_ portion of +Christianity, to the depreciation of the _spiritual_, thus producing +fanaticism, fear, and mystery; this organ requires to be guided by +conscientiousness, and the light of God's word, as the only true guide to +religion, as composed of its elements, Faith, Hope and Charity. + + +35. HOPE. + +The organ of Hope lies on each side of Veneration; the mental faculty +being altogether different from desire, led phrenologists to seek for a +primitive organ, and thus the faculty has been identified with this +portion of the brain. In well formed characters, this faculty leads to +sanguine expectation in the goodness of God, it produces the blessed hope +of everlasting life, the perfect love that casteth out fear, through hope +and belief in Christ; it gives confidence in all undertakings commenced +and carried on in a Christian spirit; it is the true staff of moral and +religous courage, buoying up the soul amid the darkest terrors of distress +or desolation. Hope supports Faith, and perfects Charity, since without +it, the religion of man would be dark, gloomy, and desponding; in abuse, +the faculty is directed to hopes of this world only; it creates too +sanguine expectations, leading to disappointment that is often the bitter +but wholesome fruit of experience; it often leads to vain and foolish +speculations, and sometimes to want of exertion from a hope of good +happening; "hope deferred maketh the heart sick." When in unity with +faith, benevolence, and the higher sentiments, it is productive of +_Theosophy_, the knowledge of God from his works of love, and by a warm +hope of everlasting life, leads men to subdue the lusts of the flesh, to +be humble in their own wisdom, and to hope for the accomplishment of the +great promise, "to be heirs of glory, and joint heirs with Jesus Christ." + + +36. BENEVOLENCE. + +Benevolence is the noblest sentiment that man is enabled fully to +exercise: it is in the coronal bone, central and immediately before the +fontanel, it produces the generous and forgiving Christian, and the +faculty is always delighted in doing good, and in ministering to the +happiness of others; it compassionates distress, communicating a warmth of +generous feeling that overcomes acquisitiveness and selfishness: it +disposes to mildness of disposition, general kindness, charity, sympathy +and love; it is the foundation of Christian charity and tends to relieve +the wants and necessities of others. The higher sentiment is that of +charity to the weaknesses of others, and a due regard to their opinions +and errors; if too freely exercised it becomes abused that is, it inclines +to generous extravagance, and alms-giving without regard to necessity in +the object; it may thus be used to effect injustice to others, and +although one of the noblest virtues of the human character it is useless +unless exercised in a right way: for as St. Paul says--"though I give all +my goods to feed the poor, and my body to be burned, and have not +_Charity_, it profiteth me nothing." + + +37. SELF ESTEEM. + +Self Esteem rightly exercised confers self respect, a due regard to rank +or station, and induces confidence in one's own abilities; the organ is +placed just at the top or crown of the head. When exercised in a right +way, it imparts a degree of self-satisfaction, and enables us to apply our +powers to the best advantage in whatever station we are placed; it leads +to self esteem, so that the individual contemns every action that is base +and unworthy of an exalted mind; it restrains from forming improper +connections, and this too when the moral qualities are not sufficient. +When the organ is too small, the individual is bashful, has no reliance on +himself, and from rating his abilities too low, gets them rated less. When +large, it produces egotism, pride, hauteur, and self conceit. Combined +with good moral sentiments, it is a valuable organ. In ABUSE it tends to +self-love, self-will, and uncharitableness; and towards others contempt, +disdain, and tyranny; it is a mortal enemy to Christian love and peace. + + +38. LOVE OF APPROBATION. + +This faculty regards the opinion that other persons form of us: the organ +is situated on each side of _Self esteem_ about half an inch from the +lambdoidal suture: it produces the desire of approbation, admiration, +praise and fame: it renders us anxious to please those whose approval we +esteem, and to excel in whatever pursuit our associates admire. If well +balanced by conscientiousness and veneration, it seeks the approval of the +Great Judge of all things, by becoming worthy of eternal life: a due +endowment is indispensable to an amiable character. In ABUSE it tends to +vanity, a thirst for praise and flattery, a dread of the world's opinion, +and a too easy giving way to the ways of the world to obtain the applause +of the worthless;--the faculty is cultivated by the system of rewards for +merit offered in youth,--it is not often the abstract value of the object +so much as the approbation of those who know us. This organ causes +bashfulness or _Mauvaise Honte_, and produces the fear of doing wrong, +which it often originates by over anxiety to do well; it requires to be +closely watched, as it leads to _envy_, one of the most subtle and +dangerous passions, that afflict man in his fallen state; it stirs up the +animal propensities and the earthly affections, overcoming the superior +sentiments; the man who endeavours to seek the applause of others should +remember that his Redeemer said, "And whosoever of you be the chief, let +him be the servant of all." The faculty requires to be cultivated and +regulated by conscientiousness, guided by the understanding to seek the +applause of the good, and influenced by the spirit to seek the applause +that is all in all to the christian, "Well done thou good and faithful +servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." + + +39. SOPHISTRY. + +This organ, called by the French authors, "_Ottin_, Tete Philosophie,"--is +situated on the top of the forehead above Comparison and causality, and +gives an intense love of philosophy and metaphysical research: when well +supported by the moral sentiments and perceptive faculties, it gives a +great power of reasoning well, but if the perceptives are deficient, it +gives a love of theory without sufficient regard to facts, so that the +process of induction is lost sight of: its greatest abuse causes the light +of wisdom, which is Truth, to be darkened by spiritual delusion or wilful +perversion of revelation: or it produces intellectual sophistry, which +tends to support party prejudices, and clothe error in the vestments of +truth--actuated by the moral sentiments, this faculty produces the power +of detecting sophistry in the arguments of another and teaches the +christian to be as "subtle as the serpent, and as harmless as the dove." + + +40. PROPHECY. + +This organ lies between Conscientiousness, Hope, Caution and Wonder; it +produces a desire to compare the past with the future and judge of what +will be; it influences to a study of prophetic writings and as the organ +is actuated by wonder, or a desire of truth, so is the prophet true or +false; and as the animal or moral and spiritual creature prevails, so will +the person be dangerous or useful. St. Paul tells us, "despise not +prophesying."--and he calls it a gift and adds prophecy shall cease, but +Charity and Love never faileth;--and again he exhorts us above all things +to seek to prophecy, which in the greek text signifies "_to teach the +truth_," and thus it tends to perfect Christian peace and establishes for +ever the eternal power of love; this faculty teaches us to perfect the +faculties by pointing their evil tendency and looking forward to the +teaching of the Divine spirit, to perfect what is out of unity in the +threefold nature of man, as a physical, intellectual, and spiritual being: +it teaches us to wait for the time when the Great Teacher Christ shall +come as the Spirit of Truth and teach us all things. The abuse of this +faculty makes men become false prophets and teachers; history affords +abundant instances of men acting under diseased organs who have thus +become deluding fanatics. The humble Christian who follows his anointed +master will strive to overcome all that is vicious, so that he may be able +to inherit all things, and understand the great truth that "the testimony +of Christ Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." + + +CONCLUSION. + +This little work having extended to a greater length than was originally +intended, it is purposed to continue the subject in another volume of +similar size, to which this is the text book.--In that work we design to +point out the influence of the organs in combination,--the harmony of +Scripture with Phrenology--and a text book for perfecting the organization +by means of Holy writ--our object in so doing, is to make Christians the +_true_ Phrenologists, and to make this science one of the great army of +TRUTHS, now advancing to the battle of Armageddon. Our aim in this volume +has been simply to point out the uses of Phrenology, and the truths +whereon it is founded; in the next we purpose to consider the means, +whereby the pious and humble reader of Scripture may be enabled to perfect +his organization, so as to overcome the world,--to fight the good +fight,--and indeed to be born again. + + +THE END. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Introduction to the Study of Phrenology 5 + + Historical Account of Phrenology 11 + + Advantages and Objects of Phrenology 21 + + On the Structure and Anatomy of the Brain 28 + + On Temperament 32 + + On the Varieties of the Human Race 35 + + Amativeness. Love 38 + + Philoprogenitiveness, Love of Offspring 39 + + Adhesiveness. Attachment 40 + + Inhabitiveness, Love of Home 41 + + Combativeness 43 + + Destructiveness 44 + + Secretiveness 47 + + Alimentiveness 48 + + Constructiveness, Mechanical Skill 49 + + Acquisitiveness 50 + + Language 52 + + Form 54 + + Size 55 + + Weight 55 + + Colouring 55 + + Shape 56 + + Order 57 + + Number 57 + + Tune 58 + + Time 59 + + Locality 59 + + Individuality 60 + + Eventuality 62 + + Comparison 63 + + Causality 65 + + Gaiety 66 + + Imitation 67 + + Caution 68 + + Temperance 69 + + Conscientiousness 69 + + Firmness 70 + + Ideality 71 + + Wonder 72 + + Faith or Veneration 73 + + Hope 74 + + Benevolence 75 + + Self Esteem 76 + + Love of Approbation 77 + + Sophistry 78 + + Prophecy 78 + + Conclusion 79 + + + + +PHRENOLOGY. + + +Public attention is solicited to this Science as practised on Christian +principles, by + +MR. BUNNEY, 62, REGENT'S QUADRANT. + +Phrenology is emphatically the Science of Mind; and it enables persons to +ascertain what points of their character are defective without being +deceived by self-love or flattery, because, the Brain being the agent +through which the mind operates, acts as an index to the general state of +the mind at any particular period: and since _Unhappiness--Ill success +in life--Monomania--Nervousness--Erroneous or Evil Actions--_are all +the results of mis-directed mental energy--so Phrenology is, under Divine +Providence, the means of detecting those slight wanderings of the +intellectual faculties into particular channels, which frequently +terminate in permanent estrangement, or lasting mental misery and +discontent. _Phrenological Advice_, as practised by Mr. Bunney, is an +examination of the state of the mind, through its agent the brain, and a +recommendation of those pursuits which are calculated to restore a +disarranged unity or an unequal balance among the organs or dispositions +of the mind. + +Mr. Bunney having examined many thousand heads during the last ten years, +and witnessed the very great success attending Phrenological advice when +rightly administered and properly followed, desires to announce that he is +at home from Ten till Five daily, at his Lecture Room, 62, Regent's +Quadrant, where he will be happy to examine and advise persons as his long +experience in accordance with the Holy Scriptures may render necessary. +Mr. B. is well aware that many persons are deterred from visiting him by +pecuniary reasons, but he begs to add that his invitation is for public +good only, and that he expects no remuneration unless it is perfectly +agreeable to the wishes and circumstances of the inquirer. Having examined +one-half the members of our leading Universities, Oxford and Cambridge +with valuable results to the parties themselves, Mr. B. must consider any +further comment unnecessary. + + +DREWETT & CO., PRINTERS, 62, REGENT'S QUADRANT. + + + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[1] No one will doubt how much influence Christianity has had in producing +the high moral and intellectual developement of Europeans, to this also we +may trace their great intellectual superiority as nations. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_. + +The original text includes Greek characters on the first page. For this +text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Christian Phrenology, by Joseph Bunney + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTIAN PHRENOLOGY *** + +***** This file should be named 35748.txt or 35748.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/7/4/35748/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |