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Gordy. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-top: 7em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .textleft1 {margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 5em; margin-right: 50%; + padding: 0; text-align: center; font-size:1.50em; font-weight: bold;} + + .textleft2 {margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 2em; margin-right: 50%; + padding: 0; text-align: center; font-size:1.25em;} + + .textcen1 {margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 4em; + padding: 0; text-align: center; font-size:1.50em; font-weight: bold;} + + .textcen2 {margin-bottom: 4em; margin-top: 2em; + padding: 0; text-align: center; font-size:1.25em;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's American Leaders and Heroes, by Wilbur Fisk Gordy + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: American Leaders and Heroes + A preliminary text-book in United States History + +Author: Wilbur Fisk Gordy + +Release Date: April 1, 2011 [EBook #35742] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN LEADERS AND HEROES *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/cover-front.jpg" width="600" height="739" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 534px;"> +<img src="images/illus001.jpg" width="534" height="800" alt="PAUL REVERE AROUSING THE INHABITANTS ALONG THE +ROAD TO LEXINGTON." title="" /> +<span class="caption">PAUL REVERE AROUSING THE INHABITANTS ALONG THE +ROAD TO LEXINGTON.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>AMERICAN LEADERS<br /> +AND HEROES</h1> + +<h3>A PRELIMINARY TEXT-BOOK IN<br /> +UNITED STATES HISTORY</h3> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h2>WILBUR F. GORDY</h2> + + +<h5>PRINCIPAL OF THE NORTH SCHOOL, HARTFORD, CONN.; AUTHOR OF<br /> +"A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS"; AND<br /> +CO-AUTHOR OF "A PATHFINDER IN AMERICAN HISTORY"</h5> + +<h4><i>WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS</i></h4> + +<h4>NEW YORK<br /> +CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS<br /> +1907</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY<br /> +CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg v]</span></p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>In teaching history to boys and girls from ten to +twelve years old simple material should be used. +Children of that age like action. They crave the +dramatic, the picturesque, the concrete, the personal. +When they read about Daniel Boone or Abraham +Lincoln they do far more than admire their hero. +By a mysterious, sympathetic process they so identify +themselves with him as to feel that what they see in +him is possible for them. Herein is suggested the +ethical value of history. But such ethical stimulus, +be it noted, can come only in so far as actions are +translated into the thoughts and feelings embodied in +the actions.</p> + +<p>In this process of passing from deeds to the hearts +and heads of the doers the image-forming power plays +a leading part. Therefore a special effort should be +made to train the sensuous imagination by furnishing +picturesque and dramatic incidents, and then so skilfully +presenting them that the children may get living +pictures. This I have endeavored to do in the preparation +of this historical reader, by making prominent +the personal traits of the heroes and leaders, as they +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg vi]</span> +are seen, in boyhood and manhood alike, in the environment +of their every-day home and social life.</p> + +<p>With the purpose of quickening the imagination, +questions "To the Pupil" are introduced at intervals +throughout the book, and on almost every page additional +questions of the same kind might be supplied +to advantage. "What picture do you get in that +paragraph?" may well be asked over and over again, +as children read the book. If they get clear and definite +pictures, they will be likely to see the past as +a living present, and thus will experience anew the +thoughts and feelings of those who now live only in +their words and deeds. The steps in this vital process +are imagination, sympathy, and assimilation.</p> + +<p>To the same end the excellent maps and illustrations +contribute a prominent and valuable feature of +the book. If, in the elementary stages of historical +reading, the image-forming power is developed, when +the later work in the study of organized history is +reached the imagination can hold the outward event +before the mind for the judgment to determine its +inner significance. For historical interpretation is +based upon the inner life quite as much as upon the +outward expression of that life in action.</p> + +<p>Attention is called to the fact that while the biographical +element predominates, around the heroes +and leaders are clustered typical and significant events +in such a way as to give the basal facts of American +history. It is hoped, therefore, that this little volume +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg vii]</span> +will furnish the young mind some conception of what +our history is, and at the same time stimulate an abiding +interest in historical and biographical reading.</p> + +<p>Perhaps it is needless to say that the "Review +Outline" may be used in many ways. It certainly +will furnish excellent material for language work, oral +or written. In so using it pupils may well be encouraged +to enlarge the number of topics.</p> + +<p>I wish to acknowledge my obligations to Professor +William E. Mead, of Wesleyan University, who has +read the manuscript and made invaluable suggestions; +also to my wife, whose interest and assistance have +done much to give the book whatever of merit it may +possess.</p> + +<p style='text-align:right'><span class="smcap">Wilbur F. Gordy.</span></p> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Hartford, Conn.</span>, May 1, 1901.<br /> +</p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg viii]</span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg ix]</span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Christopher Columbus and the Discovery Of America</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hernando De Soto and the Discovery of the Mississippi</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sir Walter Raleigh and the First English Attempts to Colonize America</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Bacon and the Uprising of the People in Virginia in 1676</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Miles Standish and the Pilgrims</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Roger Williams and the Puritans</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cavelier De La Salle and the French in the Mississippi Valley</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">George Washington, the Boy Surveyor and Young Soldier</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">James Wolfe, the Hero of Quebec</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Patrick Henry and the Stamp Act</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Samuel Adams and the Boston Tea Party</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Paul Revere and the Battle of Concord and Lexington</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin and Aid from France</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'>[Pg x]</span><span class="smcap">George Washington, the Virginia Planter and the Revolutionary Soldier</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Greene, the Hero of the South, and Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox</span>,"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Daniel Boone, the Kentucky Pioneer</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XX.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Robert Fulton and the Steamboat</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson, the Upholder of the Union</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Daniel Webster, the Defender and Expounder of the Constitution</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXIII.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Samuel Finley Breese Morse and the Electric Telegraph</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXIV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln, the Liberator of the Slaves</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXV.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ulysses Simpson Grant and the Civil War</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XXVI.</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Some Leaders and Heroes in the War with Spain</span>,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg xi]</span></p> +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Christopher Columbus,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Santa Maria,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Nina,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Pinta,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Triumphal Return of Columbus to Spain,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An Indian Stone Maul,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hernando De Soto,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>De Soto Discovering the Mississippi,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sir Walter Raleigh,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Queen Elizabeth,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Entrance to Raleigh's Cell in the Tower,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tower of London,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An Indian Pipe,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>John Smith,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>John Smith and the Indians,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indian Weapons,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ruins of Jamestown,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Apache's War-club,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sioux Indian Bow and Arrow with Stone Point,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Navajo Sling,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Pappoose Case,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tobacco Plant,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Loading Tobacco,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Burning of Jamestown,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Miles Standish,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Mayflower,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Matchlock Gun,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Group of Pilgrim Relics,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pilgrims Returning from Church,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brewster's and Standish's Swords,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roger Williams on his Way to Visit the Chief of the Narragansett Indians,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg xii]</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Block House,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roger Williams's Meeting-House,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Puritan Fireplace,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>William Penn,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>William Penn's Famous Treaty with the Indians,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Penn's Slate-roof House, Philadelphia,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Belt of Wampum Given to Penn by the Indians,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cavelier De La Salle,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Long House of the Iroquois,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Murder of La Salle by his Followers,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>George Washington,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington's Birthplace,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington Crossing the Alleghany River,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Death of Braddock,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>James Wolfe,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>General Montcalm,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Death of Wolfe,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Patrick Henry,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>George III.,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>St. John's Church, Richmond,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Samuel Adams,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Faneuil Hall, Boston,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Old South Church, Boston,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The "Boston Tea Party,"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Paul Revere,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Old North Church,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stone in Front of the Harrington House, Lexington, Marking the Line of the Minute-Men,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Retreat of the British from Concord,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benjamin Franklin,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Franklin in the Streets of Philadelphia,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Franklin Experimenting with Electricity,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lafayette Offering His Services to Franklin,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>George Washington,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington's Coach,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Stage Coach of the Eighteenth Century,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington's Retreat through New Jersey,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Winter at Valley Forge,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington's Home—Mount Vernon,<span class='pagenum'>[Pg xiii]</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nathaniel Greene,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lord Cornwallis,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>General Francis Marion,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marion and His Men Swooping Down on a British Camp,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Boone,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indian Costume (Female),</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indian Costume (Male),</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Boone in his Cabin,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Hand Corn Mill,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Wigwam,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indian Implements,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Jefferson,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Monticello,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Jefferson at Work upon the First Draft of the Declaration of Independence,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Robert Fulton,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Pack Horse,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Flat Boat,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Clermont,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Andrew Jackson,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Andrew Jackson's Cradle,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Spinning Wheel,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Webster,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marshfield—Home of Daniel Webster,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>S. F. B. Morse,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Telegraph and Railroad,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abraham Lincoln,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lincoln's Birthplace,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lincoln Studying,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Slaves on a Cotton Plantation,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ulysses S. Grant,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Meeting of Generals Grant and Lee at Appomattox,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The McLean House,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>General R. E. Lee,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Wreck of the Maine,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_316">316</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Admiral Dewey,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>President MCKinley,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>"Escolta," Manila's Main Street,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg xiv]</span></p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg xv]</span></p> +<h2>LIST OF MAPS</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Places of Interest in Connection with Columbus's Earlier Life,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The First Voyage of Columbus, and Places of Interest in Connection with his Later Voyages,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Routes Traversed by De Soto and De Leon,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cabot's Route. Land Discovered by him Darkened,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Section where Raleigh's various Colonies were Located,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jamestown and the Surrounding Country,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Pilgrims in England and Holland,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Pilgrim Settlement,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Rhode Island Settlement,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Pennsylvania Settlement,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Showing Routes of Cartier, Champlain, and La Salle, also French and English Possessions at the Time of the Last French War,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The English Colonies and the French Claims in 1754,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The French in the Ohio Valley,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Quebec and Surroundings,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Paul Revere's Ride,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Franklin's Journey from New York to Philadelphia,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Illustrating the Battle of Long Island,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Illustrating the Struggle for the Hudson River and the Middle States,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Showing the War in the South,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Kentucky Settlement,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map of Louisiana Purchase: also United States in 1803,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Illustrating Two of Andrew Jackson's Campaigns,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map of the United States showing the Southern Confederacy, the Slave States that did not Secede, and the Territories,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Map Illustrating Campaigns in the West in 1862-63,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The United States Coast and the West Indies,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Portion of the Coast of China and the Philippine Islands,</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus016.jpg" width="100%" alt="Christopher Columbus." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Christopher Columbus.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER I<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Christopher<br /> +Columbus and<br /> +the Discovery<br /> +of America<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1436-1506</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>From very early times there existed overland +routes of trade between Europe and Asia. During +the Middle Ages traffic over these routes greatly +increased, so that by the fifteenth century a large and +profitable trade was carried on between the West and +the East. Merchants in Western Europe grew rich +through trade in the silks, spices, and precious stones +that were brought by caravan and ship from India, +China, and Japan. But in 1453 the Turks conquered +Constantinople, and by frequent attacks upon Christian +vessels in the Mediterranean made the old routes +unsafe. A more practicable one became necessary.</p> + +<p>Already in the early part of the fifteenth century +Portuguese sea-captains had skirted the western coast of +Africa, and by the close of the century others of their +number had rounded the Cape of Good Hope, in their +search for a water route to the Indies. But Spain, at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +that time the most powerful nation of Europe, adopted +a plan quite different from that of the Portuguese. +What this plan was and how it was carried out, we can +best understand by an acquaintance with the life and +work of the great sea-captain and navigator, Christopher +Columbus.</p> + +<p>More than four hundred and fifty years ago there +lived in the city of Genoa a poor workingman, who +made his living by preparing wool for the spinners. +Of his four sons, the eldest was Christopher, born in +1436. Young Christopher was not, so far as we +know, very different from most other boys in Genoa. +He doubtless joined in their every-day sports, going +with them to see the many vessels that sailed in and +out of that famous sea-port, and listening for hours to +the stories of sailors about distant lands.</p> + +<p>But he did not spend all his time in playing and +visiting the wharves, for we know that he learned his +father's trade, and in school studied, among other +things, reading, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and +map-drawing. We can easily believe that he liked +geography best of all, since it would carry his imagination +far out over the sea and to lands beyond the +sea. In map-drawing he acquired such skill that when +he became a man he could earn his living, when occasion +demanded, by making maps and charts.</p> + +<p>Beyond these facts little is known about the boyhood +and youth of Columbus. Very likely much of +his early life was spent upon the sea, sailing on the +Mediterranean and along the west coast of Africa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +Once he went as far north as England and perhaps +even farther, but of this we are not certain.</p> + +<p>In the course of many voyages he heard much of +the work done by Portuguese sailors and discoverers, +for Portugal was at that time one of the greatest sea-powers +of the world. As Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, +was naturally a centre for sea-faring men, and as +it was also the home of his brother Bartholomew, +Columbus, at the age of about thirty-five, went there +to live.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus018.jpg" width="800" height="573" alt="Places of Interest in Connection with Columbus's Earlier Life." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Places of Interest in Connection with Columbus's Earlier Life.</span> +</div> + +<p>Columbus was a man of commanding presence. He +was large, tall, and dignified in bearing, with a ruddy +complexion and piercing blue-gray eyes. By the time +he was thirty his hair had become white, and fell in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +wavy locks about his shoulders. Although his life of +hardship and poverty compelled him to be plain and +simple in food and dress, he always had the air of a +gentleman, and his manners were pleasing and courteous. +But he had a strong will, which overcame difficulties +that would have overwhelmed most men.</p> + +<p>While at Lisbon, Columbus married a woman far +above him in social position, and went with her to live +on a little island of the Madeiras, where her family +had business interests. Meanwhile he was turning +over in his mind schemes for a future voyage to the +countries of the Far East. His native city, Genoa, had +grown rich in trading in the silks, spices, and precious +stones of the Indies, but the journey overland was +dangerous, and a water route was much desired.</p> + +<p>This need the Portuguese had felt along with the +rest of Europe, and for a long time Portuguese sea-captains +had been slowly but surely finding their way +down the west coast of Africa, in search of a passage +around the southern cape. This route would be easier +and cheaper than the old one through the Mediterranean +and across Asia. But Columbus thought out +a more daring course, by which he planned to sail +directly west from the Canary Islands, across the Atlantic +Ocean, expecting at the end of his voyage to +find the far-famed Indies.</p> + +<p>Columbus was so full of his plan that it became the +great thought of his life. A water route which would +safely bring the wealth of the East to the doors of +Europe would be the greatest discovery of the age.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +Moreover, his ambition was spurred by the thrilling +account of a noted traveller, Marco Polo, who two +centuries before had brought back from far-off China +wonderful tales of golden palaces, of marvellous rivers +crossed by marble bridges, and of countless treasures +of gold, silver, and jewels.</p> + +<p>About 1484 Columbus laid his scheme before King +John of Portugal. The king would not promise his +assistance, but he borrowed hints from the charts of +Columbus, and sent men of his own to learn whether +they could reach land by sailing west. Meeting with +stormy weather, and fearing the unknown expanse of +ocean, the sailors soon put back to port, and brought +word that there was no land to be seen.</p> + +<p>When Columbus heard what the king had done he +was very indignant, and at once quitted Portugal for +Spain. The future appeared gloomy enough to the +poor navigator without a helping friend. With bitter +memories he shook off the dust of Lisbon, and, leading +by the hand his little son Diego, four or five years +old, trudged wearily on his journey. Columbus took +Diego to the home of the boy's aunt, who lived not +far from Palos, and, leaving him in her care, went in +search of the king and queen of Spain, Ferdinand and +Isabella.</p> + +<p>The king and queen were at that time so much +occupied in driving the Moors out of Spain that Columbus +found difficulty in securing a hearing. When +at last he was permitted to unfold his plans to a council +of learned men they ridiculed him, because, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>sooth, +he said that the world was round like a globe,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +and people lived on the opposite side of the earth. +"Such a thing," they declared, "is absurd, for if people +live on the other side of the earth their heads must +be down. Then, too, if it rains there the rain falls upward; +and trees, if they grow there, must grow upside +down."</p> + +<p>Some of the learned men, however, agreed with +Columbus, and thought the carrying out of his plan +by the aid of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella +would bring honor and countless wealth to Spain. +But their authority was not sufficient to affect those +who believed Columbus to be a crazy dreamer or a +worthless adventurer.</p> + +<p>Month after month, year after year, Columbus +cherished his ambitious scheme, encouraged by the +few friends who were ready to use their influence for +him. He followed the king and queen from place to +place, as they moved their camp in the course of the +war, and he sometimes fought bravely in the Spanish +army. But in face of scorn and ridicule he never gave +up hope of success. These were days of great trial, +when even the boys in the streets tapped their foreheads +as he passed by, and pointed their fingers at him +with a peculiar smile.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 542px;"> +<img src="images/illus022.jpg" width="542" height="800" alt="THE SANTA MARIA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE SANTA MARIA.</span> +</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 371px;"> +<img src="images/illus023.jpg" width="371" height="336" alt="The Nina." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Nina.</span> +</div> + +<p>In the autumn of 1491 Columbus made up his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +mind to leave Spain and try +his fortune in France. So he +went to the home of Diego's +aunt, and once more taking +his boy with him, started on +foot out of the country which +had so little befriended him. +We can easily picture him, +pale and wayworn, his clothes +threadbare, his long white hair streaming over his +shoulders. The travellers had gone but a short distance +when they stopped at the gate of the Convent of St. +Mary, which was only a mile and a half from Palos, to +beg bread and water for the boy. At this moment the +good prior of the convent happened to pass by. He +was a man of learning and, on conversing with Columbus, +became much interested in his story, and arranged +a meeting of other learned men, among them the well-known +sea-captain, Martin Alonzo Pinzon, who lived +in Palos. The plans of Columbus appealed so strongly +to this sea-captain that he promised not only to furnish +money for an expedition, but to accompany it +himself.</p> + +<p>Moreover, the prior, who had been father-confessor +to Isabella, won her over to the sailor's cause. The +queen sent what would now be nearly $1,200<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> to Columbus, +and summoned him back to Court. Supplying +himself with a mule and suitable clothing, Columbus, +with lightened heart, sought the queen's presence. +She approved his plan, but Columbus demanded so +great a reward for his services as leader of the expedition +that the queen refused to come to any agreement +with him, and let him go.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Columbus in disgust mounted his mule, and started +once more for France. At this juncture, however, one +of the queen's advisers hurried into her presence, and +put the case so earnestly that she sent a swift courier, +who overtook Columbus in a mountain pass not far +away, and brought him back. An agreement was +soon reached, and Columbus accepted his commission +with tears of joy.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illus024.jpg" width="400" height="336" alt="The Pinta." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Pinta.</span> +</div> + +<p>He at once went to Palos to get men and vessels +for the expedition. But here he met with serious difficulties. +Sailors called the Atlantic Ocean the Sea of +Darkness, and believed that it contained frightful sea-monsters, +ready to dash in pieces all vessels that might +come within reach. Moreover, we must remember +that the vessels in those days were not safe against +storms like the great +ships of our day. To +venture out upon this +trackless sea signified +to sailors almost certain +death. Hence, +they were unwilling +to sail, and a royal +decree had to be issued +to compel them. +Even then it became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +necessary to release criminals from prisons to supply +the number required for the expedition.</p> + +<p>The three caravels that were at length got ready +for the perilous expedition westward in search of the +Indies were not larger than many of the fishing-boats +of to-day. The largest of the three—the flagship of +Columbus—was called the Santa Maria. The other +two were the Pinta and the Niña ("Baby"). The +Santa Maria alone had a deck covering the entire hold +of the vessel.</p> + +<p>At last all was ready, and a half-hour before sunrise +on Friday morning, August 3, 1492, this little fleet, +with one hundred and twenty men and provisions for +a year, sailed out of the port of Palos. It was a sorrowful +hour for the poor sailors, who felt that they had +looked upon their homes and their friends for the last +time. Columbus steered for the Canaries, where he +delayed three weeks to repair the rudder of the Pinta.</p> + +<p>On September 6th he set sail again. When once +out of sight of land the sailors, overcome with fear, +cried and sobbed like children. But new trials awaited +them. At the end of a week the compass needle no +longer pointed to the North Star, and this strange fact +filled the superstitious sailors with alarm.</p> + +<p>Great was their consternation when a few days later +the vessels entered vast stretches of sea-weed. At +first the little fleet easily ploughed its way through +this mass of floating green, but at the end of three +days, on account of a light wind, the vessels moved +more slowly. In their dismay the sailors feared that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +the vessels might never get through this immense sea +of grass, but might have to lie there and rot, or, perhaps, +escaping this danger, run upon rocks and shoals +lying just beneath the grass and be broken in pieces. +Though they were in the midst of obstacles apparently +insurmountable, they were also in the path of the +trade winds that steadily bore them onward. But in +their terror, the sailors imagined they could never return +because the wind would not allow them to sail +in the opposite direction. When the wind began to +blow from the southwest they were once more relieved +of their fears.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus026.jpg" width="1024" height="444" alt="The First Voyage of Columbus, and places of interest in connection with his Later +Voyages." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The First Voyage of Columbus, and places of interest in connection with his Later +Voyages.</span> +</div> + +<p>After many days all hearts were gladdened by the +sight of birds, which indicated that land was near. +It was an idle hope. Again and again some eager-eyed +sailor shouted "land," but found later that he +was looking at distant clouds.</p> + +<p>The crews were in despair. Now in the belt of +trade-winds that were steadily blowing them farther<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +and farther from home and friends they cried in dismay: +"We can never return to Spain. We are lost! +What shall we do?" They begged Columbus to turn +back. They became angry when he refused, and declared +he was crazy and was leading them all to destruction. +They even plotted to throw him overboard +some night and say that he fell into the sea while +looking at the stars. Columbus felt that dangers +were growing thick about him, but he never faltered +in his purpose. His strong will and his abiding faith +in success kept him stanch in face of difficulties that +would have caused an ordinary mind to give way.</p> + +<p>On October 11th unmistakable signs of land appeared. +A thorn branch with berries on it, a reed, +and a carved stick came floating by. New life stirred +in every heart, and the sailors looked eagerly in every +direction for land.</p> + +<p>The king and queen had promised a reward equal to +nearly $600 of our present money to the sailor who +should be the first to see land. Columbus had promised +in addition a velvet cloak. Accordingly, all were +on the alert to catch the first glimpse of land, and kept +on the watch during the entire night after the appearance +of the thorn-branch and carved stick.</p> + +<p>About ten o'clock Columbus himself saw in the distance +a light, which looked like a torch in the hands +of some one moving along the shore. About two +o'clock next morning, Friday, October 12th—or October +21st, according to our present method of reckoning +time—a sailor on the Pinta saw, about five miles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +off, a low strip of land. This was an island of the +Bahama Group. Just ten weeks had elapsed since +the voyage began at Palos, and with intense eagerness +Columbus and his men awaited the coming of +daylight.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 593px;"> +<img src="images/illus028.jpg" width="593" height="800" alt="The Triumphal Return of Columbus to Spain." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Triumphal Return of Columbus to Spain.</span> +</div> + +<p>At dawn the boats were lowered, and all went on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +shore. Columbus, dressed in a rich robe of scarlet, +carried the royal standard. His followers also bore +banners, on each of which was a brilliant green cross +with the letters F. and Y.—the Spanish initials for +Ferdinand and Isabella—on each side. Above the +letters were crosses. Columbus threw himself, kneeling, +upon the ground. He wept for joy, and, kissing +the earth, took possession of the land in the name of +the king and queen of Spain. The sailors now fell +upon their knees at Columbus's feet. They kissed his +hands, and begged him to forgive them for their evil +thoughts toward him.</p> + +<p>At first the natives, whom Columbus called Indians +because he thought he was in the East Indies, fled to +the woods in fear of the Spaniards; but later they returned +and worshipped the white men as beings from +the sky. They thought the vessels were great birds +and the sails wings. The Spaniards at once began to +trade with the Indians, giving them such trifles as tiny +bells, red caps, and glass beads, in exchange for tame +parrots, cotton yarn, and a few small ornaments of +gold, such as the natives wore in their noses.</p> + +<p>According to the interesting description of the natives +that Columbus wrote in his journal, they were +very poor, dark-skinned, and naked. All of them +seemed to be young and of strong build, with coarse +black hair hanging long behind, but cut short over +their foreheads. Their bodies were painted with various +colors and in all manner of ways. The men +carried sticks, pointed with fish-bones, for javelins,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +and moved their canoes with paddles that looked like +wooden shovels.</p> + +<p>The canoes, made out of single trunks of trees, +were in some cases large enough to carry forty men. +The dwellings, which were clustered together in +groups of twelve to fifteen, were shaped like tents +and had high chimneys. Inside the tents, hanging +between posts, were nets used as beds and called +"hammocks."</p> + +<p>Columbus called the island upon which he had +landed San Salvador (Holy Saviour). He wrote of +the new country: "I know not where first to go, nor +are my eyes ever weary of gazing at the beautiful verdure. +The singing of the birds is such that it seems +as if one would never desire to depart hence. There +are flocks of parrots that obscure the sun, and other +birds of many kinds, large and small, entirely different +from ours; trees, also, of a thousand species, +each having its particular fruit, and all of marvellous +flavor."</p> + +<p>Columbus sailed along the coast of Cuba and +Hayti, landing here and there, and sent parties inland +to find out what they could about the land and its +people. Everywhere he was on the lookout for the +cities of Asia—those wonderful cities of wealth and +beauty described in such glowing colors by Marco +Polo. He never doubted that he was in the land he +had sought,—the East Indies.</p> + +<p>On Christmas morning (December 25, 1492), while +it was still dark, as he was cruising along the shores of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Hayti (or Hispaniola), the Santa Maria went aground +on a sand-bar, where the waves soon knocked her to +pieces. As the Pinta had already deserted, there now +remained but one ship, the Niña. This little vessel +was too small to accommodate all the men, and +forty of the number, wishing to stay where they were, +decided to build a fort out of the timbers of the +wrecked vessel and put her guns in the fort for +their defence. These men had provisions for a year, +and constituted the first Spanish colony in the New +World.</p> + +<p>On January 4, 1493, the Niña sailed for Spain. +All went well with the sailors until February 12th, +when a great storm suddenly threatened to break the +frail vessel into pieces. Poor Columbus! His heart +grew faint within him. Had he and his men endured +such peril and hardship to perish unknown in the sea? +Would the world never know of their great achievement?</p> + +<p>In his anxiety he wrote on parchment two separate +accounts of his discovery, which he sealed and addressed +to Ferdinand and Isabella. He then wrapped each in +a cloth and, enclosing them in large cakes of wax, put +them into barrels. One of these barrels he flung into +the sea, and the other he kept on deck. The Niña +passed safely through the storm, however, and on +March 15th, after an absence of nearly seven and a +half months, cast anchor in the harbor of Palos.</p> + +<p>The successful voyager lost no time in reaching +Barcelona, where he was received by the king and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +queen with triumphal honors. Everybody was ready +to praise the man who had become so famous. There +was a great procession in his honor in the streets of +Barcelona. Leading this street parade were six Indians +whom Columbus had brought back with him. +These were smeared with paint, decked with feathers +of tropical birds, and ornamented with bits of gold. +Following them came men carrying stuffed and live +birds of brilliant plumage, and the skins of different +animals, all products of the New Land. Columbus +rode on horseback, attended by many of Spain's great +men, mounted on horses.</p> + +<p>When the procession reached the house in which +King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were, Columbus +went into the room where they sat on the throne. +They did him the honor to rise as he entered, and +when he knelt to kiss their hands, they again honored +him, by bidding him rise and sit, like an equal, in +their presence.</p> + +<p>The poor sailor, once despised as an idle dreamer, +had become a distinguished personage, honored alike +by kings and princes and people. It was no longer +necessary to force men by royal decree to sail with the +great admiral. Many were now eager to go where +they might reap wealth and honor.</p> + +<p>In September, 1493, Columbus again sailed, this +time with a fleet of seventeen vessels and fifteen hundred +men. Many of the latter were young men of +noble birth, and belonged to families of wide influence. +All supposed they were going to the East Indies, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +land of jewels and spices and precious metals. With +the purpose of founding a colony, Columbus took +with him not only horses, mules, and cattle, but vines, +vegetables, and seeds of many kinds.</p> + +<p>When the fleet reached the island of Hayti, and the +place where he had in the previous winter left the little +colony of forty men, he found that the fort and provisions +had been destroyed, and that eleven corpses +had been buried near by; but not one of the forty +men was ever again seen alive. After building a little +town, called Isabella in honor of the queen, Columbus +began exploring by land and sea. He found much that +was beautiful and interesting, but much more that was +disappointing. Moreover, the Indians were sometimes +unfriendly, and his own men were often unruly and +treacherous. At length, after four years of varying +fortune, he started home, and after a long, hard voyage, +during which provisions gave out, he and his men, +weak with hunger, finally reached Spain in June. He +was kindly received, and was promised more ships for +another voyage.</p> + +<p>In May, 1498, with six vessels and two hundred men +besides the sailors, Columbus started on a third voyage, +this time directing his course more to the south than +he had done before. He landed on an island which +he named Trinidad, and then sailed along the northern +coast of South America.</p> + +<p>He was not well, however, and in August turned +his course for Santo Domingo, where he found things +were going badly. Trouble with the Indians had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +arisen, and even more serious trouble in the colony +itself had broken out. For two years Columbus struggled +to set things right. But he was not successful as +a colonizer. Besides, many people were beginning to +lose faith in him because he did not get expected +treasures for Spain. Many others were jealous of his +fame, and plotted to ruin him. At length an official +was sent from Spain to Hayti to look into the situation. +When he reached the island he confiscated Columbus's +property, put him in chains, and sent him as +a prisoner to the country from which he had but recently +sailed with high honor.</p> + +<p>In Spain the people were in sympathy with the admiral +in his disgrace; so too was the queen, who sent +money and summoned him to court. She received +him there with tears in her eyes, and he broke down +and wept at her feet.</p> + +<p>In 1502 Columbus started on a fourth voyage, +sailing along the eastern coast of Central America. +But he was not able to accomplish much, and finally +suffered shipwreck on the island of Jamaica, where he +spent a year of misery. At last he set out for home, +arriving there only a short time before Queen Isabella, +his only protector, died.</p> + +<p>Poor, sick, and discouraged, Columbus dragged out +a weary life for eighteen months longer. He died in +Spain of a broken heart, May 20, 1506, in utter ignorance +of the greatness of his discovery. So little appreciated +was he that the city annals make no mention of +his death. It remained for succeeding generations to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +lift his name from obscurity and to give faithful acknowledgment +of his achievements in the advance of +human progress.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus035.jpg" width="448" height="171" alt="An Indian Stone Maul." title="" /> +<span class="caption">An Indian Stone Maul.</span> +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The Desire for a water route between Europe and the Indies.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Turks conquer Constantinople.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Portuguese round the Cape of Good Hope.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Early life and education of Christopher Columbus.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He goes to Lisbon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His personal appearance and character.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Trade with the Far East.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A water route to the Indies.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Marco Polo's stories of the Far East.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">King John takes advantage of Columbus.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Columbus goes To Spain.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The wise men ridicule him as a crazy dreamer.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">At the Convent of St. Mary; the prior and the sea-captain.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Queen Isabella gives Columbus a hearing.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The sailors' fears; the little fleet.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Columbus sets sail at last.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">New trials fall upon him.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The sailors in despair; Columbus in danger.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The great discovery.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Columbus lands.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span><span class="smcap">The people Columbus found.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The New Country.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Columbus explores the New Country.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The first Spanish Colony in the New World.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Back to Spain.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Honors showered upon Columbus.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He sails on his second voyage.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He finds many disappointments and hardships.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He makes other voyages and discoveries.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He dies of a broken heart.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Find on the map all the countries and places named in this chapter, +and trace the first voyage of Columbus.</p> + +<p>2. Can you picture to yourself the following: Columbus and Diego on +the road together; Columbus, mounted on a mule, on his way to +France; the landing of Columbus on reaching San Salvador; and +the street parade in Barcelona?</p> + +<p>3. Using the topics in the book, write from memory the account of the +first voyage.</p> + +<p>4. Select as many words in this chapter as you can telling what kind +of man Columbus was. What do you admire in his character?</p> + +<p>5. What was Columbus trying to do? Why? What great thing did +he do? When?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus037.jpg" width="100%" alt="Hernando De Soto." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Hernando De Soto.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER II<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hernando<br /> +De Soto and<br /> +the Discovery of<br /> +the Mississippi<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1500-1542</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>After the discovery of the New World by Columbus, +the Spaniards, who had no other thought +than that he had found a new way to India, dreamed +eagerly of its marvellous wealth, and were impatient +to be off to the land where they believed fortunes +awaited them. So zealous were they, in their mad +search for gold and adventure, that many were willing +to leave home and friends for years.</p> + +<p>The most brilliant of these explorers were Cortez, +the conqueror of Mexico, and Pizarro, the conqueror +of Peru, both of whom carried back to Spain many +million dollars' worth of gold and silver. With Pizarro +was a young man named Hernando De Soto, +whose adventurous life is full of interest, and whose +important discovery of the Mississippi River has given +him a prominent place in the history of our country.</p> + +<p>He was born about 1500, of a poor but noble fam<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>ily. +In his youth he excelled in athletic sports, and +possessed unusual skill in horsemanship and in fencing. +Taking a leading part in all the dangerous exploits +in the New World, he not only won fame, but +went back to Spain after many years' absence a rich +man.</p> + +<p>While Cortez and Pizarro had been conquering +Mexico and Peru, other Spaniards had been seeking +their fortune in Florida.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Thus far these men had +brought back no gold and silver, but their faith in the +mines of the interior was so great that De Soto wished +to conquer and explore the country. Having already +won great influence by his achievements, he secured +the favor of the king, who made him governor of the +island of Cuba, and appointed him leader of an expedition +to conquer and occupy Florida. He was to +take men enough with him to build forts and plant a +colony, so as to hold the country for Spain.</p> + +<p>De Soto had no difficulty in getting followers to join +him in this enterprise. Young men from noble families +flocked to his standard from all parts of Spain, and +as he knew that dangers and hardships awaited them +he was careful to select from the large numbers the +strongest men.</p> + +<p>De Soto's company included richly dressed nobles +and warriors in glittering armor. It was a gala day +when they sailed out of port with banners flying and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>cannon booming, and not a young man of them but +felt proud to sail on so grand an expedition. After +arriving in Cuba, De Soto spent some time there, and +then leaving his wife to govern the island, set out to +explore Florida. His expedition was an imposing one, +comprising nine vessels, six hundred men, and about +two hundred and twenty-five horses. In May, 1539, +the whole force landed at Tampa Bay, on the western +coast of Florida.</p> + +<p>They had not advanced far into the interior when +De Soto fell in with a Spaniard named Ortiz, who had +accompanied Narvaez in a previous expedition some +ten or eleven years before. According to his story, +the Indians had captured him, and only forbore to kill +him because an Indian girl had begged for his life. +Ortiz had lived with the Indians so many years that +he had become very much like one himself; but we +can imagine his joy at seeing white men once more. +The Spaniards were equally rejoiced because they +knew how serviceable their countryman would be as a +guide and interpreter.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 536px;"> +<img src="images/illus040.jpg" width="536" height="800" alt="DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI" title="" /> +<span class="caption">DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI</span> +</div> + +<p>The advantage of this good-fortune was soon counteracted, +however, by De Soto's unfriendliness to the +Indians. He was not only indifferent to their pleasure +and sufferings, but even seemed to enjoy torturing and +killing them. It was his custom upon arriving at an +Indian settlement to demand food for his men and +horses, and upon his departure to carry off with him +the head chief as guide and hostage, not releasing him +until the next tribe was reached. Indian men and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +squaws were forced into service as porters for the +Spanish baggage; and thus enslaved, often with chains +and with iron collars about their necks, they were compelled +to do all sorts of menial work. It is not strange +that after such treatment the Indians lost all confidence +in De Soto. They not only learned to hate him and +the Spaniards but longed to be revenged upon them. +In return for the cruelties inflicted they purposely led +the Spaniards astray, and left untried no treachery +which would serve to destroy the pale-faced strangers.</p> + +<p>In May, 1540, an Indian princess, rowed by her +followers in a canopied canoe, came across a stream to +meet De Soto. When she landed, her followers carried +her in a litter, from which she alighted and approached +him. She gave him presents of shawls and +skins, and a string of pearls which she took from +around her neck. In return for these acts of courtesy +De Soto made her a prisoner, and kept her going about +on foot with him until she escaped.</p> + +<p>This is but an instance of the cruelty which made +enemies of all the Indians with whom the Spaniards +came in contact. No doubt Indian runners were sent +hundreds of miles in many directions to tell the various +tribes of the inhuman deeds of the white men. +No doubt these tribes combined in a desperate effort +to destroy De Soto and all his men. How nearly they +succeeded in their plan can be told in a few lines.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1540 the Spaniards came to the +tribe of a giant chieftain whose slaves held over him, +as he sat upon cushions on a raised platform, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +buckskin umbrella stained red and white. He was +sullen in the presence of the richly dressed Spaniards +on their prancing steeds, but allowed De Soto to +carry him a prisoner to the next Indian town, as the +other head chiefs had +done.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 597px;"> +<img src="images/illus042.jpg" width="597" height="480" alt="Routes Traversed by De Soto and De Leon." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Routes Traversed by De Soto and De Leon.</span> +</div> + +<p>This town was called +Mavilla, an Indian +word from which we +get the name Mobile +for the city and river +in Alabama. As the +Spaniards approached +this town Indians came +out to meet them, their +faces showing signs of displeasure and evil intent. +Fearing nothing, however, De Soto, attended by about +a dozen of his men, rode boldly inside the town, which +was surrounded with a palisade.</p> + +<p>The giant chieftain then asked for a release that he +might return to his own people, and on being refused +went into a house in which many Indian warriors were +concealed. When De Soto ordered him to come out +he refused. In the excitement that followed, a Spaniard +cut down with his sword an Indian warrior standing +near by. Then, in wild fury, hundreds of dusky +warriors rushed like madmen out of the house to +the attack, and soon shot down five of De Soto's +body-guard. Of course he had to flee for his life. +But before he could reach the main force outside<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +the town he fell to the ground two or three times, +struck by Indian arrows.</p> + +<p>It was the beginning of a terrible battle, in which +the Spaniards, although outnumbered, had the advantage +because of their horses, swords, firearms, and superior +training. Finally, from the outside, they closed +the gates to the town, and set fire to the Indian buildings. +The Indians fought with desperation, but they +either fell, cut down by Spanish swords, or rushed in +mad fury to perish in the flames. When night came, +only three Indian warriors remained alive. Two of these +fought until they were killed, and the last unfortunate +one hanged himself on a tree with his bow-string. +The Spaniards said they killed at least 2,500 Indians, +but they lost in killed and wounded about a third of +their own number. It was a dearly bought victory.</p> + +<p>Nor was Indian craftiness the only source of +trouble for the Spaniards. De Soto's men had to +travel through thick forests with no road except the +narrow path made by wild animals or the trail made +by the Indian hunter. They spent many laborious +days in picking their way through dense underbrush +and miry swamps, stopping here and there to make +rafts to carry them across the numerous streams. +Often without food and on the point of starving, they +were obliged to feed upon native dogs, and were sometimes +reduced to berries, nuts, bear-oil, and wild honey.</p> + +<p>In spite of hunger, disease, death, and many other +misfortunes, however, De Soto in his mad search for +gold threaded his way through the tangled forests<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +until, in the spring of 1541, about two years after +landing at Tampa Bay, he reached the bank of the +Mississippi River. After spending months in making +boats, he at length crossed the mighty stream, and +then continued his march in a northerly and westerly +direction, going, it would seem, as far as the site of +what is now Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas.</p> + +<p>Marching southeast, probably to the banks of the +Washita, he spent a winter so severe that many of the +party, including Ortiz, died.</p> + +<p>About the middle of April, 1542, the Spaniards, +travel-spent and sick at heart, reached the mouth of +the Red River, where De Soto, discouraged and broken +in spirit, was taken ill with fever and soon died. +At first his followers buried his body near the town +where they were staying, but when the Indians began +with some suspicion to examine the ground under +which he lay, the Spaniards in the darkness of night +took up the body, wrapped it in blankets made +heavy with sand, and sadly lowered it into the +waters of the mighty river which it was De Soto's +chief honor to have discovered. After many more +hardships the wretched survivors of this unhappy company, +numbering not many more than half of those +who landed at Tampa Bay, found their way to a Spanish +colony in Mexico. Thus ended in disaster the +expedition which sailed with such hope of wealth and +renown.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Spanish thirst for gold and adventure.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto's early love of sports and dangerous exploits.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto plans to explore and colonize Florida.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Preparations For the expedition.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto sets out on his voyage.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He falls in with Ortiz.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto's cruel treatment of the Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Indian princess.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The plan to destroy De Soto and his men.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The giant chieftain.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto in danger.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A terrible battle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto discovers the Mississippi.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Difficulties and sufferings.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">More troubles for the Spaniards.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">De Soto's death.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Find on the map Mexico, Peru, Porto Rico, Cuba, Florida, Mobile +the Mississippi River, and the Washita River.</p> + +<p>2. Draw a map in which you will indicate De Soto's route.</p> + +<p>3. Tell in your own words the story of this wretched march through +the forests.</p> + +<p>4. Make a mental picture of De Soto's meeting with the Indian princess; +of De Soto and his body-guard in Mavilla; of the burial +of De Soto's body by night.</p> + +<p>5. What did De Soto accomplish? When?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus046.jpg" width="100%" alt="Sir Walter Raleigh." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sir Walter Raleigh.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER III<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sir Walter<br /> +Raleigh and the<br /> +First English<br /> +Attempts to Colonize<br /> +America<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1552-1618</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> +</div> + + +<p>Only five years after Columbus made his discoveries +in the West India Islands, John Cabot +sailed from England in search of a short northwest +passage to Asia. Directing his course across the northern +part of the Atlantic Ocean, he landed somewhere +on the eastern coast of North America, perhaps on the +shores of Labrador. His son sailed in the following +year along the coast from Nova Scotia down as far as +North Carolina. By reason of these discoveries and +explorations, England laid claim to North America.</p> + +<p>Nearly a hundred years passed before England took +any further steps toward getting a foothold in America. +In the meantime Spain, by means of her naval power, +had conquered Mexico and Peru, and planted colonies +at various points in the New World.</p> + +<p>The precious metals collected by Spanish explorers +in Mexico and Peru had furnished the money with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +which Spain was enabled to carry on her expeditions +as well as the almost continuous wars with other +European powers. Some people think that Spain took +out of these two countries gold and silver to an +amount that would now equal five thousand million +dollars.</p> + +<p>At this time England had not so strong a navy as +she has to-day, and the Spanish King hoped because +of her weakness to conquer England and make her a +dependency of Spain. Of course this roused the English +people, and they determined to thwart the ambitious +scheming of the Spanish King.</p> + +<p>Although England had not a fighting navy, English +seamen were alert to capture Spanish vessels and +rob them of their gold and silver. To seize these +prizes, such bold sea-captains as Drake and Hawkins +roamed the sea, burning and plundering Spanish fleets +and Spanish settlements along the coast of Mexico +and South America.</p> + +<p>Conspicuous among these daring sea-rovers and +explorers was Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the most +distinguished Englishman of his time. He was born +in a town near the sea-coast in Devonshire, England, +in 1552, his father and mother both being of high +social rank.</p> + +<p>In this town lived many old sailors, who could tell +the wide-awake boy stirring tales of seafaring life and +of bloody fights with Spaniards. Walter was a patriotic +boy, and therefore soon learned to hate Spain, +because of her insolence toward the English people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +As he became older and learned more of the power of +Spain, especially that which came through possessions +in the New World, he was envious for his country's +sake and wished her to become Spain's rival in wealth.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 498px;"> +<img src="images/illus048.jpg" width="498" height="480" alt="Cabot's Route. Land discovered by him darkened." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Cabot's Route. Land discovered by him darkened.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Walter was +old enough, he was +sent to Oxford University, +where he became +an earnest student. +But at seventeen +he put aside his +studies and went to +France to join the +Huguenot army.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> After +remaining there for +about six years, he returned +to England and +served for a short time in the English army, fighting +against Spain and Austria in the Netherlands. +Later he went as captain of a hundred men to Ireland, +and there proved himself a brave soldier.</p> + +<p>Returning again to England, by a simple act of +courtesy he won the admiration of the powerful queen +Elizabeth. It happened in this way. On one occasion, +when with her attendants she was about to cross +a muddy road, Raleigh stood looking on. Noticing +that the queen hesitated for an instant, he took from +his shoulder his beautiful velvet cloak and gallantly +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>spread it in her pathway. The queen, greatly pleased +with this delicate attention, took Raleigh into her +Court and in time bestowed upon him much honor. +She not only made him a knight, but presented him +with costly gifts and estates, and showered upon him +offices of rank and dignity. The brave knight, Sir +Walter Raleigh, became a man of great wealth and +influence.</p> + +<p>As a courtier his dress was rich and dazzling. +He wore a hat with a pearl band and a black jewelled +feather. His shoes, which were tied with white ribbons, +were studded with gems worth six thousand six +hundred gold pieces. He had also a suit of silver +armor that glittered with diamonds and other precious +stones.</p> + +<p>This splendor did not seem so much out of place +in those days as it would now, for much display and +ceremony were customary in court life. Queen Elizabeth, +with her ten hundred and seventy-five dresses +and mantles, ornamented with lace, embroidery, and +jewels, and with her eighty wigs of various colors, set +a gorgeous example which her courtiers were delighted +to follow.</p> + +<p>But Raleigh was not satisfied with the glamour of +court life. He was eager to achieve glory for England +and if possible to elevate her upon the ruins of her +enemy, Spain.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 328px;"> +<img src="images/illus050.jpg" width="328" height="448" alt="Queen Elizabeth." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Queen Elizabeth.</span> +</div> + +<p>It was his desire to build up a new England for the +glory of the old, and to that end he secured from +Queen Elizabeth a charter for planting a colony in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +America. He therefore fitted out two vessels which +were to sail to the land north of Florida, then occupied +by Spain, and bring back reports of the country.</p> + +<p>The captains of these vessels arrived in Pamlico +Sound, and landed on an island +which they found rich in +grapes and woods and abounding +in deer and other game. +The explorers received kind +treatment from the Indians, +two of whom accompanied the +voyagers to England on their +return. Queen Elizabeth was +so pleased with the good reports +from the new country that she +called it Virginia in honor of +herself—the Virgin Queen.</p> + +<p>The next year, 1585, Raleigh sent out to Virginia +seven vessels and one hundred colonists, under his +cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, and Ralph Lane. They +landed on Roanoke Island, and made a settlement +there, but the colony was not prosperous. At the +outset, by unwise and cruel treatment they made +enemies of the natives. It is related that, an Indian +having stolen a silver cup from one of the colonists, +the Englishmen burned an entire village and ruined +the corn belonging to its people. Such punishment +was out of all proportion to the petty offence. It is +not surprising, therefore, that from that time the +settlers found the Indians unfriendly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<p>Very soon Grenville sailed back to England, leaving +the colony in charge of Ralph Lane. The colonists +instead of building houses and tilling the soil to supply +food, were bent upon finding gold. Hence they listened +with eager interest to a story that the Indians +told of the Roanoke River. According to this story, +the river flowed out of a fountain in a rock so near +the ocean that in time of storm the waves dashed over +into the fountain. The river, the Indians said, flowed +near rich mines of gold and silver, in a country where +there was a town with walls made of pearls. Lane +and his followers foolishly started up the river in a +vain search for this wonderful land. They encountered +many difficulties, including hostile attacks by +Indians, and suffered so much from lack of food that +they had to eat the flesh of their own dogs.</p> + +<p>But despite these hardships, they made their way +back to Roanoke Island, reaching it just in time to +save the colony from destruction by the Indians. A +little later Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet of twenty-three +vessels, appeared off the coast. He had come +on his way home from the West Indies, where he had +been plundering the Spanish settlements, and cheerfully +consented to take the destitute and homesick +colonists back to England. A few days after their +departure Grenville arrived with fresh supplies, and +found the settlement deserted. Leaving a garrison of +fifteen men, with provisions for two years, to hold +possession, he then sailed back to England.</p> + +<p>Although the settlement did not succeed, this effort<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +to plant a colony was not wholly fruitless, for the +colonists took to England on their return three products +which gave to the people a somewhat different +idea of the real wealth of the new lands. These +were not precious metals, +but products of the +soil, namely, tobacco, +the white potato, and +Indian corn.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus052.jpg" width="550" height="480" alt="Section where Raleigh's various colonies were located." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Section where Raleigh's various colonies were located.</span> +</div> + +<p>The discovery of the +tobacco plant introduced +into England the +custom of smoking, +and a curious story is +told of it in connection +with Sir Walter Raleigh, +who soon learned to smoke. One day his servant, +who knew nothing of the new custom, came into his +master's room and found him smoking from a silver +pipe. Believing Raleigh was on fire, the faithful servant +hastily dashed a mug of ale at him to quench +the flames and rescue him from death.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 283px;"> +<img src="images/illus053.jpg" width="283" height="448" alt="Entrance to Raleigh's Cell in the Tower." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Entrance to Raleigh's Cell in the Tower.</span> +</div> + +<p>The wealth that lay hidden in the soil was yet unknown, +and no one felt any enthusiasm over the new +colony of Virginia. Most men would by this time +have lost hope. But Raleigh was not daunted. Two +years later he made a second attempt to plant a colony +in the New World, this time sending over three ships, +with a hundred and fifty settlers, including seventeen +women. John White was appointed governor of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +colony. These settlers had the fore-thought +to carry with them farming +implements to use in tilling the soil. +When they landed on Roanoke Island +they found no trace of the fifteen +men left there two years before +by Sir Richard Grenville. The new +settlers had not been on the island +long before they were in need of +help from England, and begged +Governor White to return home for +provisions and more settlers. White at first refused +to leave them, but finally consented. A warm interest +in the feeble settlement and love for his little granddaughter, +born soon after the settlers arrived, persuaded +him to yield. This little girl, the first white +girl born in America, was named after the new country, +Virginia, her full name being Virginia Dare.</p> + +<p>When Governor White left the settlement he expected +to return immediately, but upon reaching England +he found his countrymen greatly excited over +the coming invasion of the much-dreaded "Spanish +Armada." Everybody was astir, and Raleigh was +aroused to his fullest energy in preparation to meet +the hated foe.</p> + +<p>But, notwithstanding this, he found time to fit out +two small vessels for Governor White. Although they +sailed, trouble with the Spaniards compelled their return +to England, and not until two years later, when +the Spanish Armada had been defeated, did Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +White sail again for Virginia, this time as a passenger +in a West Indiaman. He landed on Roanoke Island +as before, but there remained of the settlement only +some chests of books, some maps, and some firearms, +all of which had been ruined by the Indians.</p> + +<p>Upon bidding Governor White farewell, the colonists +had agreed to carve on a tree the name of the +place to which they would go if they should decide to +leave Roanoke Island. They were also to carve above +the name a cross if they were in serious trouble. Governor +White found the word CROATOAN cut in +capital letters on a large tree, but he found no cross. +Before White could sail to Croatoan, which was an +island not far away, he had to return to England +because the captain of the vessel, having encountered +stormy weather, refused to sail further. What became +of the lost colonists is still a mystery. It is possible +that the Indians either killed them or captured and +enslaved them.</p> + +<p>Raleigh sent out other expeditions in search of the +lost colony, but without success. He had already +spent a sum equal to more than a million dollars in +trying to plant this colony, +and now felt that +he must give up all +hope of accomplishing +his purpose.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus054.jpg" width="640" height="388" alt="Tower of London." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Tower of London.</span> +</div> + + + +<p>But this was only +one of his many disappointments. +Because<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +he was a favorite of the queen and had been a successful +man he had many enemies who were jealous +of his good fortune. Men of power envied him and +tried to weaken his influence and do him injury. As +his failures increased, his popularity diminished and he +at length became bitter in spirit.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus055.jpg" width="448" height="204" alt="An Indian Pipe." title="" /> +<span class="caption">An Indian Pipe.</span> +</div> + +<p>On the death of Queen Elizabeth, James I. became +king and, not favoring Raleigh, at length threw him +into prison on a charge of treason. After an imprisonment +of twelve years in the Tower of London, Sir +Walter was beheaded. Just as he was about to lay +his head upon the block, he felt the keen edge of the +axe, saying, "This is a sharp medicine, but a sound +cure for all diseases." Although he failed to carry +out the great desire of his heart, Raleigh gave the +English people some definite ideas in regard to the +value of the New World as a place for colonizing—ideas +which before many years found expression in the +settlement of Jamestown.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">John Cabot Discovers The Mainland Of North America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">England And Spain Unfriendly To Each Other.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">English Sea Captains Capture Spanish Vessels.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span><span class="smcap">Sir Walter Raleigh's Family And Education.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Raleigh the Soldier.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He wins the favor of Queen Elizabeth.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Raleigh's dress; display in court life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He sends two vessels to America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His first colony lands on Roanoke Island.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A vain search for gold.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Timely arrival of Sir Francis Drake.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Three American products taken to England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">An amusing story about Raleigh.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Raleigh's second attempt to plant a colony in the New World.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Governor White returns to England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He sails two years later for Virginia.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Croatoan.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Raleigh imprisoned and beheaded.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Tell in your own language what was done by John Cabot and his +son.</p> + +<p>2. Why did Raleigh when a boy hate Spain?</p> + +<p>3. Write an account of the failure of Raleigh's first and second +colonies, and give their dates.</p> + +<p>4. What did Raleigh try to do? What did he succeed in doing?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus057.jpg" width="100%" alt="John Smith." title="" /> +<span class="caption">John Smith.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER IV<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +John Smith<br /> +and the<br /> +Settlement of<br /> +Jamestown<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1579-1631</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + + +<p>About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's +attempt to plant a settlement in America, another +effort was made by a body of merchants and +wealthy men called the London Company. Their purpose +was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were +then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years +before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, +Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto. As a beginning +for the new colony, which was destined to be the +first permanent English settlement in America, the +London Company sent out one hundred and five +men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, +1607, in three frail vessels. They were not sturdy, +self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise. +On the contrary, about half of them were +"gentlemen," who felt themselves above working +with their hands. They were coming to America to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +pick up a fortune, and then return to England to +live at ease the rest of their lives. As we shall see, +such colonists were unfit for the rough and rugged +life which awaited them in the wild woods of a new +country.</p> + +<p>Instead of sailing straight across the Atlantic they +took a very much longer route, directing their course +down the coast of France and Spain to the Canaries +and from these islands to the West Indies. Here +they stopped a long time. The result was that they +were about four months on the tiresome voyage, and +had used up nearly all their provisions before reaching +their journey's end.</p> + +<p>This was but a beginning of their troubles. Their +purpose had been to land on the deserted site of Raleigh's +colony, Roanoke Island, but, a violent storm +having driven them out of their course, they entered +Chesapeake Bay, naming the headlands on either side +Cape Charles and Cape Henry, after the king's sons. +Pushing on, they found a quiet harbor which they fittingly +called Point Comfort. After resting here they +sailed up the river and named it the James, after +James I., King of England.</p> + +<p>They were delighted with the country, for it was +the month of May and the banks of the river were +luxuriant with beautiful trees, shrubbery, and many-colored +flowers. Fifty miles from the mouth of the +James the voyagers landed on a peninsula, which they +chose as the place of settlement because it was within +easy reach of the sea.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p>At once they set to work building dwellings, and a +fort in which to defend themselves against unfriendly +Indians. The dwellings at first consisted of rude +cabins roofed with sage or bark, tents made of old +sails, and holes dug in the ground. An old sail served +for the roof of their first church, and a plank nailed +up between two trees for a pulpit.</p> + +<p>They did well to found their Church so early, for +they soon had need of its consolations. The intense +heat of July and August and the sultry atmosphere +hanging over the swamps and marshes bred disease, +and caused many of the colonists to fall ill of fever. +Sometimes three or four died in a single night. To +make matters worse, food was so scarce that each +settler's daily portion was reduced to a half-pint of +mouldy wheat and the same quantity of barley. And, +as if these afflictions from climate, scanty food, bad +water, and loss of friends were not enough, the Indians +kept the wretched settlers in constant terror of +their lives. Each man had to take his turn "every +third night" lying on the damp, bare ground to watch +against attack, although at times there were not five +men strong enough to carry guns. Their condition +was indeed pitiable. Those in health were not sufficient +to nurse the sick, and during the summer about +half of the settlers died.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 537px;"> +<img src="images/illus060.jpg" width="537" height="800" alt="John Smith and the Indians." title="" /> +<span class="caption">John Smith and the Indians.</span> +<p>When Smith fully grasped the situation he threatened the Indians with death, and then +finding himself surrounded by hundreds of hostile warriors, he boldly seized Powhatan's +brother by the scalp-lock, put a pistol to his breast, and cried, "Corn, or your life!"</p> +</div> + + +<p>All must have perished but for the bravery and +strength of one man, John Smith, who for several +years kept the struggling colony alive by his personal +authority and wise treatment of the Indians. Born in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>England in 1579, he was at the time of the settlement +of Jamestown twenty-eight years old. While but a +boy he was left an orphan, and was early apprenticed +to a trade; but he had such a longing for adventure +that he soon ran away and went to the Continent to +seek his fortune.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus061.jpg" width="640" height="165" alt="Chipped flint arrow heads." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Chipped flint arrow heads.<br /> +Stone Axe.<br /> +Indian Weapons.</span> +</div> + +<p>From that time his life, according to his own story, +was full of stirring incidents, only a few of which we +can tell here. While travelling through France he +was robbed and left helpless in a forest on the highway, +where he would have died from exposure and +lack of food but for the kindly aid of a peasant who +chanced to find and rescue him. Going to Marseilles +he took passage on a ship with some pilgrims bound +eastward on a journey to the Holy Land. During the +voyage a severe storm arose, which greatly alarmed the +pilgrims, and, believing that in some mysterious way +their strange passenger was the cause of their misfortune, +they threw him overboard. Smith managed to +save himself from the sea, however, and a little later +fought in a war against the Turks, three of whose +mighty warriors he slew in single combat. Afterward +he was captured and enslaved by the Turks, but he +seemed to lead a charmed life, and with his usual good-fortune +again made his escape.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus062.jpg" width="336" height="436" alt="Ruins of Jamestown." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Ruins of Jamestown.</span> +</div> + +<p>In 1604 he returned to England, at the age of +twenty-five, in time to join the expedition to Virginia. +With such a training as Smith had received in his +many strange adventures, he was well equipped for the +various difficulties that had to be met in the unsettled +life of the new colony in the forests of Virginia.</p> + +<p>When the cool weather +of the autumn set in, the +general health of all improved +and food became +abundant, for the streams +were alive with swans, +geese, ducks, and various +kinds of fish, while game +and garden supplies were +plentiful.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 468px;"> +<img src="images/illus063.jpg" width="468" height="800" alt="Jamestown and the Surrounding Country." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Jamestown and the Surrounding Country.</span> +</div> + +<p>As soon as affairs were +in a promising condition, +Smith started one very cold +December day on a journey +of exploration. He sailed up the Chickahominy +River in search of the South Sea, as the Pacific Ocean +was then called. This was generally believed to be +just beyond the mountains. When the stream had +become too shallow for the barge, Smith with his four +companions, two men and two Indian guides, continued +his journey in a canoe. Landing near what is +now called White Oak Swamp, he left the white men +in charge of the canoe, and with one Indian pushed +his way into the forest. Soon they were set upon by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +a band of two hundred Indian warriors, but Smith so +bravely defended himself that he killed two of the warriors, +and held out against the entire force until he sank +in the mire and had to surrender. Having tied their +prisoner to a tree, the +Indians were about to +shoot him with an arrow +when he aroused +their curiosity by +showing them his +pocket-compass and by +asking that he might +write a letter to his +friends at Jamestown. +Granting the request, +they delivered the letter +and brought back +the articles for which +it called. They were +greatly amazed that +the white man was +able to make paper +talk, and, believing +him to be a superior being, +they spared his life.</p> + +<p>Smith became much interested in the life of the +Indians, and left an account of their customs and +habits. According to his description, some of them +lived in rude dwellings made of boughs of trees, some +in huts, and others in wigwams a hundred feet or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +so in length, which served for a number of families. +The warriors painted their bodies in many colors, and +decorated themselves with beads, feathers, shells, pieces +of copper, and rattles. What clothing they wore was +made of skins, and their weapons were bows and +arrows and clubs.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 110px;"> +<img src="images/illus065a.jpg" width="110" height="448" alt="Apache's +War-club." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Apache's +War-club.</span> +</div> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 113px;"> +<img src="images/illus065b.jpg" width="113" height="448" alt="Sioux Indian Bow +and Arrow with +Stone Point." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sioux Indian Bow +and Arrow with +Stone Point.</span> +</div> + +<p>The Indians had many kinds of horrible dances, +in the course of which they yelled and shrieked as if +suffering the most painful torture. The squaws carried +the burdens, built the wigwams, and performed +the various necessary duties; and the men did the +hunting, the fishing, the smoking, and especially the +fighting.</p> + +<p>The Indians took Smith to many of their villages, +leading him finally into the presence of Powhatan, who +lived in one of the long wigwams mentioned above, on +the north bank of the York River, about fifteen miles +from Jamestown.</p> + +<p>The old chief was tall and stalwart, with a round +fat face and thin gray hair hanging down his back. +Dressed in a robe of raccoon skins, he sat before the +fire on a sort of bench covered with mats, with a +young maiden sitting on each side; at his right and +left stood the warriors, and close to the wall on either +side a row of squaws.</p> + +<p>Presently one of the squaws brought to Smith some +water in a wooden bowl, and another a bunch of feathers +upon which to wipe his hands. Then followed a +step in the proceedings that must have caused even +a stout heart to quake. Having placed two stones<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +upon the ground, the grim warriors seized +Smith, laid his head upon the stones, and stood +ready to slay him with clubs. But just at that +moment the chief's little daughter, Pocahontas, +about ten years old, fell upon Smith's body, +threw her arms around his neck, and begged +her father to spare his life. Powhatan's heart +was so touched that he released Smith and +allowed him to return three days later to +Jamestown.</p> + +<p>In the summer of 1609 Smith started +out on another expedition in search of +the Pacific. He sailed as before by way +of Chesapeake Bay, exploring far +up the Potomac. It is needless to say +that he did not reach the Pacific, but he +covered a distance of about three thousand +miles, and made a map of his explorations, +which is considered remarkable for its accuracy.</p> + +<p>In the autumn Captain Newport came +from England with orders from the London +Company to crown Powhatan. Along +with the crown the company sent gifts, +consisting of a bed, a basin, a pitcher, +and a scarlet robe. Powhatan gave token +of his appreciation of the gifts by sending +in return to King James a pair of +his moccasins and one of his raccoon-skin +blankets, but refused to kneel in receiving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +the crown, so that Smith and Newport had to +lean on his shoulders to force him down.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 141px;"> +<img src="images/illus066a.jpg" width="141" height="448" alt="Navajo +Sling." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Navajo +Sling.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 191px;"> +<img src="images/illus066b.jpg" width="191" height="448" alt="A Pappoose Case." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Pappoose Case.</span> +</div> + +<p>The crowning of Powhatan was intended to +win his favor, but the compliment did not make +the shrewd old chief altogether friendly to the +white strangers. For he noticed that their numbers +were increasing, and he feared that their +coming might in the end bring +harm to himself and his people. +He therefore planned to get rid of +the Englishmen by refusing them corn, +and in the following winter declined to +supply them, asking in a hostile way +when they were going home.</p> + +<p>The settlers sadly missed his friendly +aid, for the rats that had come over in +the vessels had played havoc with their +provisions, and they were greatly in need +of corn, venison, and game, such as +Powhatan had furnished the previous +year.</p> + +<p>But Smith, who knew so well how to manage the +Indians, was equal to the occasion. He used smooth +words if they served his purpose; if not, he used +threats or even force. Bent upon gaining their good-will, +or at least determined to secure corn, Smith +sailed down the James, around Point Comfort, and up +the York River with about forty men to Powhatan's +home. The old chief pretended to be friendly, but +Smith learned from an Indian informer that the wily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +savage was planning to murder him and his men. +Little Pocahontas, also, came to Smith in the darkness +of night and told him of the plot, thus proving herself, +as on many other occasions, to be a true friend to the +white men. Indeed, it has been said that by her +timely aid the Jamestown settlement was saved from +ruin.</p> + +<p>When Smith fully grasped the situation he threatened +the Indians with death, and then, finding himself +surrounded by hundreds of hostile warriors, he boldly +seized Powhatan's brother by the scalp-lock, put a +pistol to his breast, and cried, "Corn or your life!" +The Indians, awed by Smith's fearlessness, no longer +held out, but brought him corn in abundance.</p> + +<p>From the first Smith had been the natural leader of +the colony, and in time was made president of the +council. He found the men of his own race almost +as difficult to manage as the Indians. They were so +lazy that Smith was obliged to make a law by which +he declared, "He that will not work shall not eat." +The law proved to be a good one, and the idlers were +soon busy making glass, felling trees, and preparing +tar, pitch, and soap-ashes. But they hated rough +labor, and were very apt to swear when it hurt their +hands. To put an end to the swearing, Smith required +each man to keep a record of his oaths, and for every +offence ordered a can of cold water poured down the +sleeve of the uplifted right arm of the culprit. By +such discipline the settlement was soon put into excellent +working order.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p>If Smith could have remained at the head of the +colony, everything might have continued to go well. +But one day, while out in a boat, he was wounded so +severely by the explosion of some gunpowder that he +was obliged to return to England for treatment. This +accident happened in October, 1609. Five years later +he returned to Virginia and explored the coast to the +north, making a map of the region, and naming it +New England. He not only wrote an account of his +own life, but also several books on America. He died +in 1632, at the age of fifty-three years. Without his +leadership, the weak and puny colony at Jamestown +must have perished before the end of its first year. +But his resolution and courage held it together until it +received from England the help needed to put it on a +firm footing.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The London Company sends to America a colony in search of gold.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The emigrants set sail.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The long, roundabout voyage.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The colonists make a settlement at Jamestown In 1607.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Their dwellings and their church.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Fever, hunger, and Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">John Smith saves the settlement from ruin.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His early adventures.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He goes up the Chickahominy River in search of the Pacific.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Indians capture Smith.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span><span class="smcap">They spare-his life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Life among the Indians of Virginia.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Smith is taken to Powhatan.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Little Pocahontas saves John Smith's life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His explorations.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The crowning of Powhatan.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He plans to get rid of the white men.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He refuses them corn.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The friendly aid of Pocahontas.</span><br /> +"<span class="smcap">Corn or your life!</span>"<br /> +<span class="smcap">Smith made president of the council.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His return to England.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. Describe the Jamestown settlers. Can you form a mental picture +of their first dwellings?</p> + +<p>2. Write an account of Smith's capture by the Indians and of his later +experiences with them.</p> + +<p>3. What do you admire in Smith? In Pocahontas? What do you +think of Powhatan?</p> +<p>4. Trace on your map Smith's voyages and explorations.</p> +<p>5. When was Jamestown settled?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="textcen1"> +CHAPTER V<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nathaniel Bacon<br /> +and the<br /> +Uprising of the People in Virginia<br /> +in 1676<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textcen2"> +[<b>1647-1676</b>] +</div> + +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>When Smith returned to England he left the +colony without a leader. At once the Indians, +who had been held in check by fear of Smith, +began to rob and plunder the settlement, and at the +same time famine and disease aided in the work of destruction. +Dogs, horses, and even rats and mice were +in demand for food, and while at its worst the famine +compelled the suffering colonists to feed upon the +bodies of their own dead.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 296px;"> +<img src="images/illus071.jpg" width="296" height="448" alt="Tobacco Plant." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Tobacco Plant.</span> +</div> + +<p>At the close of that terrible winter, known ever +since as the "Starving Time," barely sixty of the five +hundred men whom Smith had left in the colony survived. +The future promised nothing, and the wretched +remnant of sufferers were about to leave Virginia for +their fatherland when an English vessel hove in sight +on the James. Greatly to their relief and joy Lord +Delaware had arrived with a company of men and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +much-needed supplies. This was in +June, 1610.</p> + +<p>By reason of ill-health Lord Delaware +soon returned to England, +leaving Sir Thomas Dale in control +of the colony. He was even more +firm and vigorous than Smith had +been in dealing with the worthless +men who made the greater part of +the colony. Some of the most unruly +were flogged, some were branded +with hot irons, and one man was sentenced to death +by starvation.</p> + +<p>Holding down the lawless by the arm of the law, +Dale was also able to introduce reform. Before he took +charge of affairs in Virginia there was a common storehouse +from which everybody, whether idle or industrious, +could get food. When the good-for-nothing +settlers found out that they could thus live upon the +products of others' labor, they would do nothing themselves, +but held back, throwing all the work upon +thirty or forty men. Dale, appreciating the evil of +this system, gave to every man his own plot of land. +Out of what he raised each was obliged to put into +the common storehouse two and a half barrels of corn; +the rest of his crop he could call his own. By this +plan the idlers had to work or starve, and the thrifty +were encouraged to work harder, because they knew +they would receive the benefit of their labor.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<p>Soon after the new system was put in practice the +settlers discovered that great profits resulted from +raising tobacco. The soil and climate of Virginia +were especially favorable to its growth, and more +money could be made in this way than in any other. +But since tobacco quickly exhausted the soil, much +new land was needed to take the place of the old, and +large plantations were necessary. Every planter tried +to select a plantation on one of the numerous rivers +of Virginia, so that he could easily take his tobacco +down to the wharf, whence a vessel would carry it to +Europe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 667px;"> +<img src="images/illus072.jpg" width="667" height="600" alt="Loading Tobacco." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Loading Tobacco.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>For a long time the planters were very prosperous +through their tobacco culture, some even becoming +wealthy. But a turn of fortune made things bad for +them. The Navigation Laws were passed, which required +them to send all their tobacco to England in +English vessels. These laws also required that the +planters should buy from England all the European +goods that might be needed, and should bring them +over to Virginia in English vessels.</p> + +<p>The effect was to compel the colonist to sell his +tobacco at whatever price English merchants were +willing to pay, and to buy his goods at whatever price +the English merchant saw fit to charge. Moreover, +England laid heavy taxes on colonial trade, and when, +after a while, the price of tobacco fell, the planter received +small return for his labor.</p> + +<p>But these grievous trade regulations were not all +that vexed the colonist. He had troubles at home +even more irritating than the impositions of England. +In 1660 Sir William Berkeley, a narrow-minded, selfish +man, became Governor of Virginia. This polished +cavalier, fond of the pleasures of the table and of good +company, cared far more for his seventy horses than +for the plain people whose welfare was entrusted to +him. He cared so little indeed for the rights and +wishes of the people, that he refused, for sixteen years +after he became governor, to let a new assembly be +elected. Having found in 1660 a set of pliant fol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>lowers, +he kept them in office by adjourning the assembly +from year to year.</p> + +<p>Although such conduct was hard to excuse, the +people were forbearing until a great evil fell upon the +settlement. The Indians began to invade the frontier, +and used the firebrand, scalping-knife, and tomahawk +with such fearful effect that three hundred settlers +were killed and their homes burned. The people +begged Governor Berkeley to send troops to punish +the Indians; but he refused because he was carrying +on a profitable trade in furs with the offenders. At +length, five hundred men, in a frenzy of rage at their +wrongs, urged Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy, educated +planter, to lead them against their red foes.</p> + +<p>Bacon was at this time only twenty-eight years old. +Tall and graceful in person, this young man was also +brave and generous. He had sympathy with the +plain people, over whom he exerted great influence, +and when at length the Indians killed an overseer and +favorite servant on one of his large plantations, he +was willing to join with the people and be their leader +against the common foe. After trying in vain to get +a commission from Governor Berkeley, Bacon put himself +at the head of five hundred troops, and without +a commission marched boldly against the Indians. +These he defeated with very little loss.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, with a force of his own soldiers, +Berkeley followed after Bacon, whom he called a rebel +and traitor. Before he could reach the young leader, +however, Berkeley had to return to Jamestown to put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +down an uprising of the people. Nor did he succeed +in restoring quiet until he agreed to an election of a +new assembly to which Bacon himself was chosen a +delegate.</p> + +<p>On Bacon's return from his attack upon the Indians +he became the idol of the people. In their devotion +to him and fear for his safety, thirty men armed with +guns accompanied him on his sloop down the James +River as he went to meet with the assembly at Jamestown. +But this force was not large enough to prevent +Berkeley's followers from capturing Bacon and +taking him before the angry governor.</p> + +<p>On the advice of a friend, Bacon agreed to apologize +to the governor, with the understanding, as seems +probable, that the latter should grant him the desired +commission. But the trouble between the two men +was by no means settled. That very night Bacon's +friends warned him of a plot against his life. Under +cover of darkness, therefore, he took horse, and found +safe shelter among his followers. But he speedily +returned to Jamestown at the head of five hundred +troops, where he forced Berkeley to grant him a commission, +and compelled the legislature to pass laws +that were favorable to the interests of the people. +Then hearing that the Indians were again beginning +to burn and murder on the border, he marched against +them.</p> + +<p>While he was gone Berkeley called out the militia, +with the intention of overpowering Bacon upon his +return, but on learning the governor's purpose the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +troops refused to fight and went back to their homes. +Sick with the sense of failure, Governor Berkeley now +sought a place of safety across Chesapeake Bay in +Accomac County.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 649px;"> +<img src="images/illus076.jpg" width="649" height="600" alt="The Burning of Jamestown." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Burning of Jamestown.</span> +</div> + +<p>Bacon once more occupied Jamestown, but for a +third time found it necessary to march against the +Indians. While he was gone Berkeley, who had succeeded +in raising a troop of one thousand men, came +back and took possession of the capital. Although<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +Bacon's men were tired out with fighting the Indians, +they promptly gathered at his call, and attacked +Berkeley with such vigor that the poor governor was +glad to escape again to his retreat in Accomac County.</p> + +<p>When Bacon got control of Jamestown, then a mere +village of some sixteen to eighteen houses, he burned +it to prevent its falling into Berkeley's hands. The +people's leader had been successful, and had risked +his life and his fortune for the common rights. But +the strain of the past four or five months in the malarial +swamps broke down his health, and after a short +illness, he died of fever at the home of a friend, +in October, 1676. It is not known where he was +buried. His friends were obliged to hide his body, +because they feared that, according to the custom of +the times, Berkeley might seize it and have it hanged.</p> + +<p>With Bacon's death the rebellion lost its heart and +soul. Berkeley brutally punished Bacon's friends, +some twenty of whom he put to death. This displeased +the English king, who summoned the governor +to return to England, where he soon afterward +died a broken-hearted man.</p> + +<p>Bacon's Rebellion, as this uprising of Virginians +in 1676 has been rightly called, although it seemed to +fail, was not without large influence for good. For it +strengthened the liberty-loving spirit of the people, +and prepared them for that greater movement in behalf +of their rights that took place one hundred years later.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The "starving time."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lord Delaware arrives.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Dale does away with the common storehouse.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Tobacco and the plantation.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Navigation Laws injure the planters.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Berkeley acts like a tyrant.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Indians use the firebrand and the tomahawk with telling effect.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nathaniel Bacon leads a force against the Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He is elected to the assembly.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His capture and escape.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He gets his commission.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He attacks Berkeley at Jamestown.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His death.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A striking result of Bacon's Rebellion.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. What important thing was done by Sir Thomas Dale?</p> + +<p>2. What were the Navigation Laws, and how did they affect the +planters?</p> + +<p>3. Describe Berkeley. What do you admire in Bacon?</p> + +<p>4. Write a paragraph on each of the following topics: Bacon leads a +force against the Indians; Bacon elected to the assembly; his +capture and escape; he gets his commission; he attacks Berkeley +at Jamestown.</p> + +<p>5. Review the following dates: 1492, 1541, and 1607. Add to these +1676.</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus079.jpg" width="100%" alt="Miles Standish." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Miles Standish.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER VI<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Miles Standish<br /> +and<br /> +the Pilgrims<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1584-1656</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> +</div> + + +<p>Only thirteen years after Jamestown was settled, +a colony of Englishmen, very different in character +from the gold hunters of Virginia, landed on the +Massachusetts coast. These men came not to seek +fortunes but rather to establish a community with +high ideals of political and religious life. With them +they brought their wives and children, and a determination +to build for themselves permanent homes in the +new world. Before tracing their fortunes in America, +let us glance backward a few years and see them as +they were in their English homes.</p> + +<p>At the present time people can choose their own +church and worship as they please, but it was not always +so, even in England. In that country, during +the reign of Queen Elizabeth, there was much religious +disturbance, and many people were punished because +they would not worship as the law required. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +were Englishmen who, while loving the English Church, +wished to make its services more simple or, as they +said, purify its forms and ceremonies. These people +were for this reason called <i>Puritans</i>. Others disliked +the ceremonial and doctrines of the Church so much +that they wished to form a separate body and worship +after their own ideas. These were called <i>Separatists</i>, +or <i>Independents</i>.</p> + +<p>The Separatists met for service on the Lord's Day +in the home of William Brewster, one of their chief +men, in the little village of Scrooby. For a year they +tried to keep together and worship as an independent +body. But as the laws of England required that all +should worship in the Established Church, they found +they could not do this without being hunted down, +thrown into prison, and sometimes beaten and even +hanged.</p> + +<p>They endured these persecutions as long as they +could, and then some of them decided to leave their +own land and seek a home in Holland, where they +would be free to worship God as they pleased. James +I, then King of England, being unwilling that they +should go, they had much difficulty in carrying out +their plan, but in 1608 they escaped and went to +Amsterdam. From Amsterdam they went to Leyden, +and finally from Leyden to America, by way of England. +By reason of their wanderings they became +known later as Pilgrims.</p> + +<p>Since they were poor people, the Pilgrims were +obliged to accept any work that would enable them to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +make a living. In Leyden many found employment +in the manufacture of woollen goods. Here they were +prosperous enough and enjoyed freedom of worship, +but were unwilling to remain with the Dutch, fearing +that their children would forget English. For, +although England had been unkind to them, they +cherished their native language, customs, and habits +of life.</p> + +<p>They had heard much about the English colony in +Virginia, and the association of their own people in a +free land appealed strongly to their English hearts. +To Virginia therefore they decided to go, believing +that there they could worship in peace and harmony +and bring up their children in sturdy English thought +and feeling.</p> + +<p>But it is often easier to plan than to accomplish, +and so it was with these home-yearning Pilgrims. +Having decided to leave Holland, they found practical +difficulties to be overcome, the most serious of +which were King James's opposition to their going to +America and lack of funds for the long and expensive +journey. He permitted them to sail, however, +and agreed not to disturb them in America so long +as they pleased him. After getting the king's consent +and borrowing money on hard terms, these earnest +men and women made ready to sail for their new home +in the forest wilds of America.</p> + +<p>They embarked in the Speedwell, at Delft Haven, a +port twelve miles from Leyden, and sailed for Southampton, +on the south coast of England. Here they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +joined some friends who had made ready another vessel, +the now historic Mayflower. But a brief delay +was occasioned by lack of money. In order to secure +the necessary amount, about four hundred dollars, it +was necessary to sell +some of their provisions, +including much +of the butter. Funds +being secured, the two +vessels at last put to +sea, but twice returned +on account of a leak in +the Speedwell. Finally, +deeming that vessel +unseaworthy, one hundred +and two Pilgrims, including men, women, children, +and servants, took passage in the Mayflower, sailing +from Plymouth, September 16, 1620.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 580px;"> +<img src="images/illus082.jpg" width="580" height="480" alt="The Pilgrims in England and Holland." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Pilgrims in England and Holland.</span> +</div> + +<p>After a most trying and tempestuous voyage lasting +over nine weeks, land was sighted, November 19, +1620, but instead of arriving off the coast of Virginia, +as they had planned, the storm-beaten voyagers found +themselves in what is now the harbor of Provincetown. +Before landing they entered into a solemn agreement +to make and obey such laws as should be needful +for the good of the colony. John Carver was chosen +governor.</p> + +<p>Not being able on account of the shallow water to +get the Mayflower to a point where they could step +ashore, the men had to carry the women in their arms<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +and wade several rods, though the weather was so cold +that their clothing, wet from the ocean spray, froze +stiff. Once on land, they fell upon their knees and +thanked God for bringing them in safety through the +many furious storms. Then immediately the women +set to work lighting fires, boiling water, and washing +clothing, while the men stood on guard to repel the +Indians in case they might make an attack.</p> + +<p>It soon became clear that Cape Cod was an unfit +place for a settlement, and an exploring party, with +Miles Standish as military leader, was selected to look +for a more suitable one.</p> + +<p>As military leader Miles Standish at once became +conspicuous in the life of the colony. He was born +in Lancashire, England, in 1584, of a noble family, +but was in some way deprived of his estates. Going +to the Continent he became a valiant and daring soldier +in the Netherlands. Feeling a deep interest in +the cause of the Pilgrims, he joined them when they +sailed for America in the Mayflower, and made their +fortunes his own.</p> + +<p>Small of stature, quick-witted, hot-tempered, and +ready to brave any danger, this stout-hearted man was +a fitting leader for the little Pilgrim army of something +like a score of men who were obliged to defend +themselves and their families against wild beasts and +unfriendly Indians.</p> + +<p>Many of the Pilgrim soldiers wore armor to protect +themselves against Indian arrows. In some instances +this armor consisted of a steel helmet and iron<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +breastplates, and in others of quilted coats of cotton +wool. Like Miles Standish, some of the soldiers had +swords at their sides, and all carried either flintlock +or matchlock muskets so big and heavy that, before +they could fire them off, they had to rest them upon +supports stuck into the ground for the purpose.</p> + +<p>Standish's daring little band of soldiers explored +some of the coast on the day the Mayflower anchored. +The next Wednesday after landing they started out +a second time in search of a suitable place for settlement. +As they skirted the coast, landing here and +there, they saw and heard Indians, who fled at their +approach.</p> + +<p>Soon they came upon some mounds, out of which +they dug bows and arrows and other utensils. These, +however, they replaced, because they believed the +mounds to be Indian graves. In a rude and deserted +house they also found an iron kettle. Digging into +still another mound these home-hunters were delighted +to discover large baskets filled with ears of Indian +corn—red, white, and yellow. As they were sorely in +need of food after their long voyage, they took with +them some of the corn, for which they were careful to +pay the Indians later.</p> + +<p>An amusing incident occurred on this otherwise +serious journey. Before they got back to the Mayflower, +William Bradford, who afterward became the +second governor of the Plymouth Colony, met with an +accident that must have caused even the stern Pilgrim +soldiers to smile. Picking his way through the un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>derbrush +of the wood he stepped unwittingly into a +deer-trap, and was suddenly jerked up into the air, +where he dangled by one leg until his friends released +him, none the worse +for the ludicrous occurrence.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 523px;"> +<img src="images/illus085.jpg" width="523" height="480" alt="The Mayflower." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Mayflower.</span> +</div> + +<p>After spending more +than three weeks in +vain efforts to find a +place for settlement, a +party of ten picked +men, including Governor +Carver, William +Bradford, and Captain +Miles Standish, set out +on the afternoon of December 16th, in the midst of a +driving storm, for another search. It was so cold that +the spray, falling upon them, soon covered their clothing +with coats of ice, but the voyagers, though suffering +terribly, pushed courageously forward.</p> + +<p>At the close of the next day, having anchored in a +creek, they constructed a barricade, not only as a protection +from the bitter weather, but as a means of defence +against the Indians. This three-sided barricade, +made of boughs, stakes, and logs, was about as high +as a man, and was open on the leeward side. Within +this shelter they lighted a big fire, which they kept +roaring all night long. Then lying down around it, +with their feet toward the burning logs, they wrapped +their cloaks closely about them and fell asleep be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>neath +the trees and the open sky, one man always +keeping guard.</p> + +<p>Next morning they were astir early, ready for the +stubborn work of another day. Some of them had +carried their muskets down to the shore, leaving them +there to be put aboard the boat a little later, and were +returning to breakfast when the shout "Indians!" +followed by a shower of arrows, greeted them. The +woods seemed full of red warriors, whose blood-curdling +war-whoops must have struck fear to the hearts +of the small band of explorers. However, the white +men bravely stood their ground, and with cool arm +and steady hand so terrified the savages that they +soon took to their heels.</p> + +<p>Once out to sea again the Pilgrims encountered a +furious gale that threatened to swamp their frail boat. +All day long they were tossed about on the storm-swept +sea, and just before dark an immense wave +almost filled the boat and carried off the rudder. A +little later a fierce gust of wind broke the mast into +three pieces. Then without mast or rudder the dauntless +men struggled at the oars until morning when they +reached land and found themselves on an island which +they named Clarke's Island, in honor of the Mayflower's +mate.</p> + +<p>Some further explorations revealed a suitable place +for settlement. It had a good harbor, a stream of excellent +drinking water near by, and at a little distance +from the shore a stretch of high ground affording a +good location for a fort. In addition to these advan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>tages +there was a large field of cleared land on which +the Indians had raised corn. Much cheered with their +discovery the explorers returned with their report.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/illus087.jpg" width="480" height="531" alt="The Pilgrim Settlement." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Pilgrim Settlement.</span> +</div> + +<p>After as little delay as possible, the Pilgrims landed<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +on the spot chosen for +their new home,—the spot +which John Smith had +several years before named +Plymouth. At once they +set to work with heroic +energy, some felling trees, +some sawing, some splitting, +and some carrying +logs to the places of +building.</p> + + +<p>They first erected a +rude log-house, twenty feet +square, which would serve for a common storehouse, +for shelter, and for other purposes, and began the +building of five separate private dwellings. They built +also a hospital and a meeting-house.</p> + +<p>The houses were all alike in form and size. After +cutting down trees and sawing logs of suitable length, +the men dragged them by hand along the ground—for +there were no horses or other beasts of burden—and +laid them one upon another, thus forming the +walls. Probably the chimneys and fireplaces were of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>stone, the crevices being plastered with mortar made +by mixing straw and mud, and oil paper taking the +place of glass for windows. At the best, these log-houses +were poor makeshifts for dwellings in the +severe winter weather along the bleak New England +coast.</p> + +<p>For furnishing these simple homes, the Pilgrims +had brought over such articles as large arm-chairs, +wooden settles, high-posted beds, truckle-beds for +young children, and cradles for babies. Every home +had also its spinning-wheel. The cooking was done +in a big fireplace. Here the housewife baked bread +in large ovens, roasted meat by putting it on iron spits +which they had to keep turning in order to cook all +sides of the roast alike, and boiled various kinds of +food in large kettles hung over the fire.</p> + +<p>As there were no friction matches in those days, it +was the custom to kindle a fire by striking sparks with +a flint and steel into dry tinder-stuff. Having once +started a fire,—which was no easy matter,—they had to +be very careful not to let it go out, and for that reason +covered the coals at bedtime with ashes.</p> + +<p>In the place of candles or lamps, pitch-pine knots +furnished light at night. We can well imagine the +Pilgrim boys and girls resting on the settles in the +evening, and reading by the blaze from the huge fireplace.</p> + +<p>In this first winter lack of good food and warm +clothing, exposure to the cold, and various kinds of +hardship bred disease in the little colony. At one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +time only seven men were well enough to take care of +the sick and suffering. One of these seven was the +fearless soldier, Miles Standish. He now became a +tender nurse, and joined with William Bradford and +Elder Brewster in making fires, washing clothes, cooking +food, and in other plain household duties.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus089.jpg" width="640" height="117" alt="A Matchlock Gun." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Matchlock Gun.</span> +</div> + +<p>By spring about half of the colonists, including +Governor Carver and Rose Standish, wife of Captain +Miles Standish, had died. Notwithstanding all the +sufferings, however, not one of the Pilgrims went back +on the Mayflower when she sailed for England. But +so weak had the colony become through loss of able-bodied +men, that corn was planted on the graves to +keep the Indians from learning how many had died.</p> + +<p>One day in early spring, the Pilgrims were startled +by the sudden appearance of an Indian, Samoset by +name, who cried in English, "Welcome, Englishmen." +A week later he returned with a friend, named +Squanto,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> who had formerly lived at Plymouth with +other Indians, all of whom had been swept away by a +plague.</p> + +<p>Squanto was glad to get back to his old home once +more. He afterward came to live with the Pilgrims, +acting as their messenger and interpreter and showing +them how to hunt and how to catch fish. From him +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>they learned how to plant corn. Putting one or two +herring as a fertilizer in every hill, they would watch +for a while to prevent the wolves from digging up and +eating the fish, and in due time would have an abundant +return.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 634px;"> +<img src="images/illus090.jpg" width="634" height="480" alt="A Group of Pilgrim Relics." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Group of Pilgrim Relics.</span> +</div> + +<p>About a week after Samoset's first appearance, he +returned and announced the approach of Massasoit, +an Indian chief living at Mount Hope, some forty +miles southwest of Plymouth. Captain Miles Standish +marched out with his men to escort the Indian chief +to meet Governor Carver in an unfinished house. +The Pilgrims had spread upon the floor a green mat, +which they covered with cushions for the chief and the +governor. When the chief, who was a man of fine +presence and dignified bearing, was seated upon the +cushions, Governor Carver was escorted to the place +of meeting by the Pilgrim soldiers, amid the beating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +of drums and the blowing of trumpets. After the +governor had kissed the chief's hand, the two men +agreed to be friends and keep peace between the white +men and the red. The friendship thus romantically +begun lasted for more than fifty years. Before Massasoit's +departure the Pilgrims gave him two skins +and a copper necklace.</p> + +<p>As summer came on the condition of the Pilgrims +improved. There was much less sickness, and food +was more easily obtained. On the arrival of autumn +the corn and barley planted by the Pilgrims yielded a +good return, and ducks, geese, wild turkeys, and deer +could be secured by hunting. When Massasoit with +ninety men came to see the Pilgrims in the autumn, +the Indians brought some deer and the Pilgrims furnished +food from their supplies, so that a three days' +feast was held. This was the first celebration of the +New England Thanksgiving.</p> + +<p>But not all of the Indian neighbors were so friendly +as Massasoit and his tribe. Canonicus, chief of the +Narragansetts, sent to Plymouth an insolent greeting +in the form of a number of arrows tied with a snake's +skin. The Pilgrims on their part stuffed the snake's +skin full of powder and bullets, and in defiance sent +it back to Canonicus. So deeply impressed were the +Indians by this fearless act that they let the whites +alone.</p> + +<p>Believing it wise to be prepared against Indian +attacks, however, the Pilgrims surrounded the settlement +with palisades, and erected on "Burial Hill" a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +building, on the flat roof of which cannon were placed, +the room downstairs serving as a meeting-house.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 616px;"> +<img src="images/illus092.jpg" width="616" height="600" alt="Pilgrims Returning from Church." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Pilgrims Returning from Church.</span> +</div> + +<p>Energetic in practical affairs, they were equally zealous +in religious observance; for they were very regular +in their church attendance. Their Sabbaths began +with sundown on Saturday and lasted until sundown +on Sunday. The beating of a drum on Sunday morning +was the signal for the men to meet at the door of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +Captain Miles Standish's house, from which they +marched three abreast, followed by their governor in +a long robe, with the minister on his right and Miles +Standish on his left.</p> + +<p>After the men came the women, then the children, +and last of all the servants. On entering the church +they sat in order of rank, the old men in one part of +the church, the young men in another, mothers with +their little children in a third, young women in a +fourth, and the boys in a fifth.</p> + +<p>The services lasted all the morning; then, after an +intermission for lunch at noon, they began again and +continuing all the afternoon. But on the coldest days +of winter only foot-stoves were used to heat the meeting-house. +Nor was this the only discomfort the Pilgrims +had in their church worship. For even these +good people found it sometimes hard to remain awake +during the long services. And it was the duty of +the constable to see that all kept their eyes open. If +this official saw a boy asleep he rapped him with the +end of a wand; if he saw a woman nodding he brushed +her gently with a hare's foot, which was on the other +end of the wand.</p> + +<p>The Pilgrims held their town meetings in the meeting-house, +where they held their religious services. +At town meetings all the men wore their hats. In +voting they used corn and beans, a grain of corn +meaning yes and a bean meaning no.</p> + +<p>Such was the life of the little company of true-hearted +men and women at Plymouth. Small in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +number as they were, they remained brave in spirit, +amid surroundings which tested all their powers of +endurance. For several years Miles Standish did +valiant service there, and then went to live at Duxbury, +where he was soon joined by some of his Pilgrim +friends, among whom was John Alden. Here the good +captain remained the rest of his life, except when he +was needed as military leader by the colony. He died +many years later,—in 1656,—leaving behind him a +good name with the Pilgrims and the rest of the world.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus094.jpg" width="640" height="325" alt="Brewster's and Standish's Swords." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Brewster's and Standish's Swords.</span> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The Englishmen who settled in New England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Puritans and Separatists.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Separatists escape to Holland.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Pilgrims leave Holland for America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Difficulties in their way.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The voyage of the Mayflower.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Miles Standish made military leader.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The stout-hearted Captain Miles Standish.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The grim Pilgrim soldiers.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Captain Miles Standish heads a second exploring party.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Indian mounds; Bradford in the deer-trap.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span><span class="smcap">A dangerous expedition.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A night in the woods; Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A struggle for life on the storm-swept sea.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A suitable place for settlement.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The busy builders of log-houses.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">In the homes of the Pilgrims.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The suffering Pilgrims.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Samoset; Squanto; Massasoit visits the Pilgrims.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A Thanksgiving feast.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Indian enemies.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Pilgrims at church services.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The meeting-house.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Death of Captain Miles Standish.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. What do you admire in the character of Miles Standish, and what +did he do for the Pilgrims at Plymouth?</p> + +<p>2. Trace on the map the wanderings of the Pilgrims.</p> + +<p>3. Write an account of the "Dangerous Expedition" of the ten picked +men who set out on December 16th, in search of a place for settlement. +Picture to yourself the following: the party lying by +the big fire under the trees with the barricade about them; +the Pilgrims on their way to church; and Massasoit entertained +by Governor Carver.</p> + +<p>4. Describe a Pilgrim dwelling and its furniture.</p> + +<p>5. Compare the Pilgrims with the Jamestown settlers.</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="textcen1"> +CHAPTER VII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Roger Williams<br /> +and the Puritans<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textcen2"> +[<b>1599-1683</b>] +</div> + +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>For years after the landing of the Pilgrims at +Plymouth (1620) their number grew so slowly +that by 1630 the population was only three hundred. +After that year they began to increase more +rapidly, by reason of neighboring settlements made by +the Puritans at various places on the Massachusetts +coast.</p> + +<p>We have already seen that the Puritans in England +were dissatisfied with the English Church, and that +they wished to purify some of its forms and beliefs. +But they did not succeed in their purpose because the +Stuart Kings of England, James I. and Charles I., bitterly +opposed the Puritan movement. For a long time +the Puritans held their meetings secretly in such out-of-the-way +places as private houses and barns. At +length, encouraged by the success of the Pilgrims at +Plymouth, they decided to leave their homes in old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +England and try to form a new England across the +Atlantic.</p> + +<p>These Puritans were not, like the Pilgrims, poor +men of little influence, for some of them had been +educated at Oxford or Cambridge, some were wealthy, +and some were connected with distinguished families. +All were of sterling character, ready to undergo hardship +for the sake of their religion.</p> + +<p>In 1628, therefore, some of the leading Puritans +formed a trading company and, having bought a tract +of land in America from the Plymouth Company, sent +out settlers to occupy it. The first settlement was at +Salem with Endicott as leader. Two years later eleven +vessels sailed with nearly 1,000 Puritans, bringing with +them horses, cattle, and stores of various kinds. They +located at Boston, Dorchester, Charlestown, and other +towns near Boston. John Winthrop, their leader, was +the first governor.</p> + +<p>Each of these settlements constituted a township, +which usually included an area of from forty to sixty +square miles. Within this tract settlers lived in villages, +in the centre of which stood their meeting-house, +used not only for a place of worship but for all kinds +of public meetings. Near the meeting-house stood the +block-house. This was a rude, strongly built structure, +where the people of the village could take refuge in +case of attack from Indians.</p> + +<p>Extending through each village was a long street, and +on either side of it stood the settlers' dwellings with +their small farms stretching back in the rear. These<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +dwellings, which in early years were only log huts, +afterward gave place to high-roofed frame houses. +All were simple, solid, and neat.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus098.jpg" width="800" height="493" alt="Roger Williams on his Way to Visit the Chief of the Narragansett Indians." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Roger Williams on his Way to Visit the Chief of the Narragansett Indians.</span> +</div> + +<p>Upon entering one of these early Puritan homes we +should find two principal rooms, the "best room" +and the kitchen. In the kitchen the thing of special +interest to us would be the fireplace, large enough for +a back-log five or six feet long and two or three feet +thick. In this great fireplace a Puritan housewife +could roast an entire sheep. As stoves were unknown +in these olden days, all cooking was done +at this open fire, and it was by such firesides that +the Puritan boys and girls used to spend the long +winter evenings. While the logs blazed the mother +and daughters would knit, or spin, or quilt, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +father would read his Bible or smoke his pipe. At +this family hearth there was also much good cheer +in cider-drinking, nut-cracking, and story-telling, especially +when the family was fortunate enough to have +a stranger present as a +guest. At such times +the children were always +good listeners.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 608px;"> +<img src="images/illus099.jpg" width="608" height="480" alt="Block House" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Block House</span> +</div> + +<p>But much as it was +prized, a visit from a +stranger was a rare occurrence, +for as there +were no carriages or public +conveyances of any +kind, long journeys were seldom made. When travelling +by land the settlers sometimes went on foot and +sometimes on horseback. In the latter case the men +sat in front and the women on a pillion behind. For +carrying supplies, sleds were used in winter and ox-carts +in summer.</p> + +<p>Since travel was so difficult, there was very little +communication between distant villages unless they +happened to touch upon the sea. But frequently this +was not the case, for many of the settlements, following +the courses of rivers, extended inland rather than +along the coast.</p> + +<p>When a stranger did appear, however, he was always +welcome, for he was sure to bring some bit of news +from the world outside. Perhaps, if he had travelled +through the woods, he might tell of some dangerous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +adventure with wild beasts or Indians. If in midwinter +he dared to make the journey, he might tell how he +spent a cold night in some deserted wigwam, into which +he had been driven by howling wolves. Such thrilling +chapters from the book of every-day life were of special +interest to people whose experience was very narrow +and monotonous. For in those days there were no +newspapers and few books.</p> + +<p>We should make a great mistake, however, were we +to imagine that the Puritans did not value books and +reading. They appreciated reading and education so +much that every town was required to have a school. +As a consequence of this excellent system, there were +very few people who could not read and write.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 491px;"> +<img src="images/illus100.jpg" width="491" height="480" alt="Roger Williams's Meeting-House." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Roger Williams's Meeting-House.</span> +</div> + +<p>The study of the Bible was an important feature +in all this school training, and absorbed much of the +thought of the Puritan mind, +especially on the Sabbath. +The Puritan Sabbath, which +began at sunset on Saturday +and ended at sunset on +Sunday, was largely given +up to church worship. All +work and travel, not absolutely +necessary, were suspended, +and no playing on +a musical instrument was allowed. +Two instances will illustrate the severity of +the Puritan ideas of Sabbath observation. The first is +that of two lovers, who were brought to trial because<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +they were seen sitting together on the Lord's Day +under an apple-tree. The second tells us of a Boston +sea-captain who was put into the public stocks for two +hours because he kissed his wife on the Sabbath Day +upon the doorsteps of his house. He had just returned +after a two years' absence on a sea-voyage.</p> + +<p>In all this strictness about Sabbath observance, the +Puritans were wholly sincere. To them purity of religion +was the supreme interest of life. They had left +their old homes in England that they might worship +according to their own belief in a community under +the control of Puritan ideas.</p> + +<p>But it was no easy matter for them to arrange the +affairs of Church and State just as they wished, even +in this new Puritan commonwealth. For they found +some of the settlers unwilling to believe and act in accordance +with Puritan ideas of right and wrong.</p> + +<p>One of these troublesome persons was a young man +who came with his bride to Salem in 1631. This +young man was Roger Williams. He was born in +England in 1599. An Englishman of influence secured +for the clever lad a scholarship in the Charter-House +school, from which young Roger later went to +Cambridge University. Having become a Puritan, +Roger Williams, like so many others of his faith, found +it wise to leave England. He came to America in order +that he might escape religious persecution and enjoy +religious freedom.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 404px;"> +<img src="images/illus102.jpg" width="404" height="336" alt="A Puritan Fireplace." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Puritan Fireplace.</span> +</div> + +<p>On reaching New England he went to Salem, and +was there appointed a minister of the church. After<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +a very short time he left Salem, and went with his +family to Plymouth. Remaining there for two years, +he became deeply interested in the Indians, and began +the difficult task of learning their language. He wrote +afterward, "God was pleased to give me a painful, +patient spirit to lodge with them in their filthy, smoky +holes to gain their tongue."</p> + +<p>In this way he acquired a good knowledge of the +Indians, whom he learned to love and who learned +to love him. Little +did he realize that +this warm friendship +would in after years +save not only his own +life but also the lives +of many other Puritans.</p> + +<p>While winning the +friendship of the Indians, +Roger Williams +incensed the Puritans +by saying in strong language that they had no just +claim to the lands they were living on. He said that +the King had no right to grant to any company these +lands, because they had never belonged to him. The +Indians, and only the Indians, owned them. It is +needless to say that such arguments made many bitter +enemies for the youthful preacher.</p> + +<p>Of course he could not continue in this severe criticism +of matters so important to the Puritan heart with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>out +losing many of his friends. The wrath of the +Puritans at length became so great that they tried him +in court and banished him from Massachusetts. As +he became ill about this time, however, he was told +that he might remain in the +colony through the winter if +he would not preach. But +as soon as he grew better his +friends, who were very fond +of him, began to spend much +time in talking with him at +his home in Salem, where he +now lived. The Puritans, +fearing his influence, determined +to send him at once +to England.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 470px;"> +<img src="images/illus103.jpg" width="470" height="640" alt="The Rhode Island Settlement." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Rhode Island Settlement.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the heroic young +minister heard of this, he +hastily said good-by to his wife and two children—one +of whom was a little girl two years old and the other +a baby—and looked for safety in the home of his old +friend Massasoit, living near Mount Hope, seventy or +eighty miles away.</p> + +<p>The outlook was dreary enough. It was midwinter +(January, 1636), and the snow was lying deep upon +the ground. As there was no road cut through the +forest, Roger Williams had to depend upon his compass +for a guide. To keep himself from freezing, he +carried with him a hatchet to chop kindling wood, and +a flint and steel to kindle it into flame. Thus fitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +out, he started, though still weak from his recent illness, +with a staff in his hand and a pack on his back, +to look for his dusky friend, Massasoit. This long +journey in the bitter weather of a New England winter +was indeed a trying experience to the lonely traveller. +He wrote long afterward, "Steering my course, in winter +snow, I was sorely tossed for one fourteen weeks +in a bitter winter season, not knowing what bed or +bread did mean." Having found Massasoit, he spent +much of the winter in the wigwam kindly furnished +him by the Indian chief.</p> + +<p>In the spring he began to erect buildings at Seekonk +on land given him by the Indians. But his friend, +Governor Winthrop, having secretly sent him word +that Seekonk was in the territory belonging to the +Massachusetts colony, he decided to go elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, he and five of his friends rowed down +the river and, landing at a place pointed out by the +Indians as having a spring of good water, made a +settlement, which they called Providence, in token of +God's watchful care over them. This was the beginning +of Rhode Island, a colony where all men, whatever +their religious belief might be, were welcome. +Men who had been persecuted elsewhere on account of +their religion were glad to go to Rhode Island, where +they were allowed to worship as they pleased. And +thus it soon grew to be a prosperous settlement.</p> + +<p>Roger Williams was a man of pure and noble soul. +He did not seem to bear any grudge against the people +of Massachusetts. For when, in 1637, the Pequots<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +tried to get the Narragansett Indians to join them in +a general uprising against the whites, and especially +against those living in Massachusetts, he did all he +could to frustrate their plans. At this time he set out +one stormy day in his canoe to visit Canonicus, chief +of the Narragansetts, and succeeded, at the risk of his +life, in preventing the union of the two tribes against +the whites.</p> + +<p>He died in 1683 at the age of eighty-four years. +Although his judgment was not always wise, his motives +were upright. In his struggle with the Puritans +he was ahead of his age, which was not yet ready for +such advanced ideas of religious toleration.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Small number of Pilgrims at Plymouth.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Puritans decide to go to America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">They are people of influence in England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Puritan settlers in Massachusetts.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The New England village.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The meeting-house; the block-house; the great fireplace.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Modes of travel.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The stranger welcomed.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Education.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Puritan ideas of Sabbath observance and religious worship.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Roger Williams comes to New England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He wins the friendship of the Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He makes Puritan enemies.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Puritans banish Roger Williams.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span><span class="smcap">He escapes in midwinter.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A lonely journey through the forest.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Roger Williams makes a settlement at Providence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He prevents the Narragansetts from joining the Pequots in their war.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Death of Roger Williams.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Picture to yourself the New England village; also the big fire-place +with the Puritan family gathered about the blazing fire at night.</p> + +<p>2. What do you admire in Roger Williams? How did he make many +Puritan enemies?</p> + +<p>3. Write an account of his midwinter journey through the woods.</p> + +<p>4. Tell how he befriended the people of Massachusetts at the outbreak +of the Pequot War.</p> + +<p>5. How did the people of Providence feel about religious freedom?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus107.jpg" width="100%" alt="William Penn." title="" /> +<span class="caption">William Penn.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +William Penn<br /> +and the<br /> +Settlement of<br /> +Pennsylvania<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1644-1718</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> +</div> + + + +<p>The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only +people who had to suffer persecution in England +because they did not believe in the doctrines and +forms of worship of the Established Church. Under +the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about +1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves +Friends and by others Quakers. These people were +severely punished on account of their religious ideas.</p> + +<p>The central doctrine of their creed was that they +were in all things led by the "inner light," as they +called conscience, which revealed to them the will of +God. Believing that all men were equal before the +law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public +places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even +in the presence of royalty. Other peculiar tenets of +the Quakers were their unwillingness to take an oath +in court; to go to war; to pay taxes in support of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +war; the use of "thee" and "thou" in addressing +one another; and, as a protest against the rich and +elegant dress of their time, the wearing of plain clothes +of sober colors.</p> + +<p>Their disdain of familiar customs made them appear +very eccentric, and their boldness of speech and action +frequently brought upon them the punishment of the +law. But they were fearless in their defiance, and even +eager to suffer for the sake of their religious belief, +some being fined, some cast into prison, some whipped, +and some put to death. Not only in England, but in +Massachusetts also, they were treated like criminals. +The Puritan fathers hated and feared them so much +that they banished Quakers from their colony, and even +put some of them to death on account of their views on +religion and government. But, as always, persecution +only seemed to spread the faith, and soon this derided +and abused sect included eminent converts.</p> + +<p>Among the most prominent was William Penn, who +was born in London in 1644, the son of Sir William +Penn, a wealthy admiral in the British Navy. Conspicuous +service to his country had won him great +esteem at Court, and he naturally desired to give his +son the best possible advantages.</p> + +<p>At the early age of sixteen, young William was sent +to Oxford, where his studious habits and fine scholarship +soon distinguished him. He became proficient in +Greek and Latin, and learned to speak with ease the +modern languages, French, German, Italian, and Dutch. +Devoting a part of his time to athletics, he became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +a skilful oarsman and a leader in various out-door +sports.</p> + +<p>While he was at Oxford, Penn heard Thomas Loe, +a travelling Quaker, preach. The new doctrines, as +expounded by Loe, took so deep a hold upon him, +that he refused to attend the religious services of his +college.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> For this irregularity he was fined, together +with some of his companions who were of the same +mind. Disregarding the reproof, these conscientious +young men even refused to wear the required college +gown, and committed a yet graver offence against their +college by tearing off the gowns from some of their +fellow-students.</p> + +<p>By reason of these bold and unruly proceedings the +college authorities expelled Penn in disgrace. His +father was very angry at what he deemed his son's +folly, and knowing that neither rebuke nor persuasion +was likely to swerve the young man from his purpose, +Admiral Penn decided to send William to Paris, with +the hope that in the gay life of the French capital he +might forget his Quaker ideas.</p> + +<p>Penn was now a strongly built young man of eighteen, +with large eyes and long dark hair falling in curls +about his shoulders. For a brief time he gave himself +up to the fashionable social life of Paris. Later he +engaged in study at school for something like a year, +and then spent another year in travelling through +France and Italy. When he returned to England after +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>two years' absence, he was a cultivated young gentleman, +very different from the sober youth who on leaving +Oxford had been called by his companions "a +Quaker or some other melancholy thing."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 531px;"> +<img src="images/illus110.jpg" width="531" height="800" alt="WILLIAM PENN'S FAMOUS TREATY WITH THE INDIANS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WILLIAM PENN'S FAMOUS TREATY WITH THE INDIANS.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>The +following year, however, Penn's gay spirits +were disturbed by the awful plague that fell upon +London. The Admiral, noting the serious look and +manner of his son, again sent him from home—this +time to Ireland—for diversion. While Penn was in +Ireland an insurrection broke out, and he volunteered +as a soldier. Military life evidently appealed to him, +for he caused a portrait of himself to be painted, in +full armor.</p> + +<p>While still serving as a soldier, Penn learned that +the Quaker, Thomas Loe, was preaching near by, and +went to hear him once more. The Quaker ideas now +took complete possession of him, and he embraced the +new religion with his whole heart. A little later, when +he was arrested in a Quaker meeting-house and thrown +into prison, his father was indignant because William +had brought upon his family such humiliating disgrace.</p> + +<p>After William's release from prison, however, the +stern old Admiral in his great love for his son said he +would forgive his peculiar customs if only he would +remove his hat to his father, to the King, or to the +Duke of York. But on praying over the matter, Penn +said he could not do it. One day, on meeting the +King, he had the boldness to stand with his hat on in +the royal presence. Instead of getting angry, the fun-loving +King Charles laughed and took off his own hat.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +"Why dost thou remove thy hat, friend Charles?" said +William Penn. "Because," answered the King, "wherever +I am it is customary for one to remain uncovered."</p> + +<p>But the Admiral's patience was by this time exhausted. +He drove +his wilful son from +his presence, and +told him to begone +for all time. Fortunately +for William, +his mother +begged for him, +and so did others +who recognized the +earnest and sincere +purpose of the +young Quaker. His father therefore forgave him +once more, and allowed him to return home.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 696px;"> +<img src="images/illus112.jpg" width="696" height="600" alt="The Pennsylvania Settlement." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Pennsylvania Settlement.</span> +</div> + +<p>From this time on William Penn used his influence—which +was by no means small—in behalf of the persecuted +Quakers; but he had to suffer the consequences +of his own fearlessness. Many times was he thrown +into prison, there to remain, it might be, for months. +Yet even in prison he spent his time in writing books +and pamphlets, explaining and defending the Quaker +religion. Indeed, his labors were unceasing, so firm +was his faith in Quaker ideas.</p> + +<p>Soon his power for doing good was immensely increased. +In 1670 his father died and left him a +princely fortune which, true to his generous nature, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +determined to use for the good of others, and especially +for the good of the despised and persecuted Quakers.</p> + +<p>The Crown owed Penn's father about £16,000, +which the King, with his extravagant habits, was not +likely to pay for many a +day. William Penn, therefore, +decided to ask the +King to pay the debt not +in money but in land. +The good-natured Charles, +thinking this was an easy +way to cancel the obligation, +readily granted to +William Penn an extensive tract of land lying on the +west side of the Delaware River.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 615px;"> +<img src="images/illus113.jpg" width="615" height="480" alt="Penn's Slate-roof House, Philadelphia." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Penn's Slate-roof House, Philadelphia.</span> +</div> + +<p>Penn wished his new possession to be called Sylvania, +or Woodland, but the King insisted upon calling +it Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn's father. Upon +receiving his grant, Penn at once sent word to the +Quakers that in Pennsylvania they could find a home +and a resting-place from their troubles.</p> + +<p>Penn's leading aim was to plant a self-governing +colony, whose people should have justice and religious +freedom. Hundreds of Quakers eagerly took advantage +of the favorable opportunity which Penn thus +offered to them. During the year 1681, when the +first settlement was planted in Pennsylvania, something +like 3,000 of them sailed for the Delaware River. The +next year Penn himself sailed for America, although +he left his wife and children behind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<p>He selected the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill +rivers as the site for his city, and called it Philadelphia, +or the City of Brotherly Love, in token of the +spirit which he hoped might prevail throughout his +colony. He laid out the city most carefully, giving +the streets such names as Pine, Cedar, Mulberry, Walnut, +and Chestnut, after the trees he found growing +there.</p> + +<p>When the first settlers came to Philadelphia, some +of them lived in caves which they dug in the high +river-banks. The first houses, built of logs, were +very simple, containing only two rooms and having +no floor except the earth. Philadelphia grew so +fast, however, that by 1684 it had 357 houses, many +of which were three stories high, with cellars and +balconies.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus114.jpg" width="448" height="167" alt="A Belt of Wampum Given to Penn by the Indians." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Belt of Wampum Given to Penn by the Indians.</span> +</div> + +<p>As we might expect from a man of his even temper +and unselfish spirit, Penn treated the Indians with +kindness and justice, and won their friendship from the +first. Although he held the land by a grant from the +King of England, still he wished to satisfy the natives +by paying them for +their claims to the +land. Accordingly, he +called a council under +the spreading branches +of a now famous elm-tree, +where he met the red men as friends, giving +them knives, kettles, axes, beads, and various other +things in exchange for the land. He declared that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +he was of the same flesh and blood as they; and +highly pleased, the Indians in return declared that +they would live in love with William Penn as long as +the sun and moon should shine.</p> + +<p>Penn paid the Indians friendly visits, ate their +roasted acorns and hominy, and joined them in their +sports. One day while they were leaping and jumping +in his presence, he suddenly "sprang up and beat +them all."</p> + +<p>Penn soon returned to England, but many years +later (1699) he came back to Pennsylvania with his +wife and one daughter. As he was very wealthy, he +had two homes, one in the city and another in the +country. His country home, which was northeast of +the city on the Delaware River, cost him $35,000. In +this house were elegant furnishings, and here, in his +large dining-hall, Penn lavishly entertained Englishmen, +Swedes, Indians, negroes, and passing strangers +who called at his door. We are told that his table +was so bountiful that at one of his feasts the guests +ate a hundred roast turkeys. The grounds about his +country home were magnificent, containing various +kinds of fruits and flowers, and in his stables were +many horses.</p> + +<p>But notwithstanding these material blessings, Penn's +life was not without trials and disappointments, which +it is needless to dwell upon. Owing to his warm +friendship for King James, he was suspected of plotting +in his favor after the King was forced to leave +England in 1688. He was therefore more than once<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +arrested, but in every case he was set free for lack of +evidence against him. Many years later, on his refusal +to pay a false claim made by his steward, he was thrown +into prison, where his health was broken by confinement. +He died in 1718. His life had been a hard +struggle, but it had been successful, and had come to +an honorable close.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The Quakers and their peculiar ideas.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Punishment of the Quakers in England and in Massachusetts.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">William Penn's father, Admiral Penn.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">William Penn at Oxford University.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He turns Quaker.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Admiral Penn sends his son To Paris.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">William Penn returns to England.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He becomes a soldier in Ireland.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He is thrown into prison.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The stubborn young Quaker.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Penn's mother begs for him.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The King's grant to William Penn.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Quakers settle in Pennsylvania.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The City of Brotherly Love.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Penn's kind and just treatment of the Indians.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His home life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His last days.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> +<p>1. Give some of the peculiar ideas of the Quakers.</p> + +<p>2. Why was Penn thrown into prison? In what ways did he give +evidence of his stubbornness?</p> + +<p>3. Why did he wish to settle Pennsylvania? Imagine the scene when +under the elm-tree Penn met the Indians and made a treaty with +them.</p> + +<p>4. Tell something about his home life.</p> + +<p>5. What do you admire in Penn's character?</p> + +<p>6. When did the Quakers settle Pennsylvania?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus118.jpg" width="100%" alt="Cavelier De La Salle." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Cavelier De La Salle.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER IX<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cavelier De La<br /> +Salle and the<br /> +French in<br /> +the Mississippi<br /> +Valley<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1643-1687</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> +</div> + + + +<p>The same year in which William Penn laid out +Philadelphia and there made a treaty with the +Indians, a noted Frenchman sailed down the Mississippi +River, exploring it in the interests of France. +This man was Robert Cavelier, Better known as La +Salle, who, like many of his countrymen, was trying, +just as the Spaniards and Englishmen had tried, to find +or do something in America that would not only +bring glory to his own name, but also wealth and +honor to his fatherland. We have now to consider the +work of the French in America.</p> + +<p>In 1534 Cartier, a French explorer, discovered the +St. Lawrence, and sailed up the river as far as an +Indian village on the present site of Montreal. He +took possession of Canada in the name of the French +King, and his favorable reports led to several unsuccessful +attempts to plant settlements there.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<p>More than seventy years after the discovery of the +St. Lawrence, another French explorer, Samuel de +Champlain, sailed up the noble river. Much impressed +with the great beauty of the St. Lawrence Valley +and its wealth of forests and furs, he longed to +bring all this vast new country under the control of +France. In 1608 he planted the first permanent +French settlement in Canada, at Quebec, and the +following year discovered the lake which bears his +name.</p> + +<p>Although Champlain loved his country and desired +to increase its glory and power, he made an unfortunate +blunder, which +proved fatal to the best +interests of France in the +New World. In planting +the settlement at Quebec, +in 1608, he found +that the neighboring tribes of Algonquin Indians were +bitter enemies of the Mohawks, one of the Five Nations, +or Iroquois, who lived in New York.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus119.jpg" width="640" height="284" alt="Long House of the Iroquois." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Long House of the Iroquois.</span> +</div> + +<p>The Algonquins begged him to join them in an +attack upon the Mohawks, and he unwisely consented. +Having gone up Lake Champlain with a canoe-party +of sixty Indians, he landed near the site of Ticonderoga +to fight a battle with two hundred hardy +Mohawk warriors. Champlain, clad in light armor +and gun in hand, advanced at the head of his war-party +and, shooting into the ranks of the astonished +Mohawks, who stood in battle array, brought to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +earth two of their chiefs. The others fled in terror +and confusion, while their enemies, Champlain's dusky +allies, yelled with joy, and filled the woods with their +terrible warwhoops.</p> + +<p>From that day, however, the Iroquois were the +bitter enemies of the French, and this enmity seriously +interfered with the successful carrying out of French +plans. Having control of the St. Lawrence River, +France greatly desired to get control of the Mississippi +River as well. Once securing possession of these two +great streams, she would come into possession of the +wealth of the North American Continent.</p> + +<p>But the Iroquois Indians were strongly posted in +the Mohawk River Valley, and thus held the key to +the situation. In this way they blocked the path of +the French, who wished to reach the Ohio and the +Mississippi through Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. +So the French were driven to seek a route farther +north, a route which was much longer and more difficult. +It would be well for you to trace on your map +this roundabout way, which extended up the Ottawa +River into Georgian Bay, through Lake Huron and +Lake Michigan, across into the Illinois River, and +through that into the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>In the same year that Champlain made the Iroquois +bitter enemies of the French, Henry Hudson won +their lasting friendship for the Dutch. About the +time the Frenchman was fighting in the battle against +the Mohawks at Ticonderoga, Hudson, with a crew of +twenty men in the Half Moon, was sailing up the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +river that now bears his name. Instead of finding the +short passage to the Pacific, for which he was searching +in the interests of the Dutch, he discovered the +great water-way to the interior. Having received just +treatment from him, the Iroquois Indians became his +friends and the friends of the Dutch settlers and +traders that came later.</p> + +<p>From that time, in fact, these Iroquois Indians were +as ready to sell their furs to the Dutch and to the +English, who in 1664 took New York away from the +Dutch, as they were to oppose the French and compel +them to go many hundred miles out of their way +in the tedious explorations in search of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>This toilsome work of exploration was largely +accomplished by the Jesuit missionaries. Fearless in +their heroic efforts to advance their faith, they suffered +all sorts of hardships, many being put to death, in +their earnest struggle to bring religious truth to the +ignorant red men of the woods. In their journeys +through the forests and over the lakes, these Jesuit +Fathers made many valuable discoveries and explorations +which they carefully recorded in their journals.</p> + +<p>It was one of these missionaries, Father Marquette, +who succeeded in reaching the waters of the Mississippi. +Attended by Joliet and five other Frenchmen, +he went, in 1673, as far down the mighty river as the +mouth of the Arkansas. This was sixty-five years after +Champlain made his settlement at Quebec.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus122.jpg" width="1024" height="640" alt="Map Showing Routes of Cartier, Champlain, and La Salle, also French and English Possessions at the Time of the Last French War." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Showing Routes of Cartier, Champlain, and La Salle, also French and English Possessions at the Time of the Last French War.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + +<p>But the most important of all the French explorations +were made by the daring and tireless La Salle. +He was born in France in 1643, and belonged to an +old and rich family. Strong in mind and character, +he received a good education, and became an earnest +Catholic. With a heart ready to brave any danger in +the achievement of glory for himself and for France, +this young man at the age of twenty-three sailed for +Canada.</p> + +<p>His plans, as finally worked out, were twofold: +(1) To build forts and trading centres at various points +along the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the +Mississippi; and (2) to plant a colony at the mouth +of the Mississippi. Wishing to get control of the rich +fur trade for France, his forts and his colony would +help to protect and further this trade, which could be +carried on more easily by way of the Mississippi, than +by way of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence. For +along the latter route lay the hostile Iroquois, who +were friendly to the Dutch and the English; and, +moreover, the St. Lawrence was ice-bound nearly one-half +of the year.</p> + +<p>Early in August, 1679, after long and weary efforts +spent in preparation, La Salle launched on the Niagara +River above the Falls, his little vessel, the Griffin, of +forty tons burden, which was to bear him through the +lakes on his way to the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Nearly a year before starting, La Salle had sent up +the lakes fifteen men to trade for furs. He expected +them to have ready, against the time of his arrival, a +cargo of furs to be sent back to Canada. For La Salle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +needed a great deal of money with which to buy provisions, +ammunition, and tools, and to pay his men +for their services. Besides, he wished to get cables, +anchors, and rigging for a new vessel to be built on +the Illinois River, for the purpose of making his expedition +to the mouth of the Mississippi. The expected +cargo of furs, taken back and sold in Canada, +would give him the money he needed to carry out his +plans.</p> + +<p>Having arrived at the head of Lake Huron, therefore, +he collected the cargo awaiting him, loaded the +Griffin with furs, and on September 18, 1679, despatched +it in charge of six men to Niagara. La Salle +himself pushed on to the mouth of the St. Joseph +River, where he built a fort, and waited long and anxiously +for the Griffin's return. But he waited in vain, +for he never heard from his vessel again. It was a +great loss and a keen disappointment. After waiting +long he continued his way, careworn and weary, with +eight canoes and a party of thirty-three men.</p> + +<p>They rowed up the St. Joseph in search of the carrying-place +leading to the head-waters of the Illinois +River. On landing, La Salle started off alone to look +for the pathway. In the midst of a blinding snow-storm +he lost his bearings in the dense forest, and +wandered until about two o'clock in the morning, when +he found himself once more at the river, and fired his +gun as a signal to the party.</p> + +<p>Then his eyes caught the welcome sight of a fire +burning in the woods. Believing he was near his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +friends, he quickened his steps, only to find himself +mistaken. Near the fire, under a tree, was a bed of +dried grass which was still warm, and showed plainly +that a man had but a few minutes before been lying +there. Very likely the man was an Indian, who had +been frightened off by the sound of the gun. La Salle +carefully placed brush for a sort of barricade on each +side of the newly found bed, and then lay down by the +blazing fire and slept till daybreak. He did not find +his friends until four o'clock next afternoon.</p> + +<p>On rejoining his party they made their way down +the Illinois River, until their eyes fell upon some Indian +wigwams on the forest-covered bank. The Indians, +being friendly, received the Frenchmen with generous +hospitality. They urged La Salle not to go down the +Mississippi. They indeed said so much of the danger +of the journey that six of La Salle's followers deserted, +and another tried to poison him. These were +sad days for La Salle and, like all his days, were beset +with troubles and dangers. To protect himself from +attack during the winter, he now planned the building +of a fort which he called Crèvecœur, the French word +for heartbreak, surely a fitting name.</p> + +<p>Up to this time the iron-willed La Salle had not +given up hope of hearing from the Griffin, but now he +decided that his vessel was lost. There was but one +thing to do. He must make an overland journey to +Canada, 1,500 miles away, to get supplies for his expedition +down the Mississippi. It was a dangerous +undertaking. But on March 1, 1680, with an Indian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +hunter and four Frenchmen, the dauntless explorer +started in two canoes.</p> + +<p>The season was the worst in the year for such a +journey. The ground was covered with melting snow, +and the rivers in many places were frozen with ice, too +thick to be broken by the boats. Much of the time +the party had to pull the canoes on rough sleds overland +or carry them on their shoulders until, a few days +after starting, they hid them in the woods and pushed +forward on foot to the head of Lake Michigan.</p> + +<p>Reaching that point, it was now necessary for them +to thread their toilsome way through the deep forests +of Southern Michigan to the head of Lake Erie. For +three days the undergrowth was so thick with thorns +that it tore their clothing into shreds, and scratched +their faces until they were covered with blood. Another +three days were spent in wading, sometimes up to +their waists, in the mud and water of the flood-covered +marshes. At night they would take off their clothing +and, covering their bodies with blankets, lie down to +sleep on some dry hillock. One frosty night their +clothes froze so stiff that in the morning they had to +be thawed by the fireside before they could be put on. +Amid such exposure some of the men fell sick, and +thus delayed the party. But early in May, at the end +of sixty-five days, they reached Canada.</p> + +<p>As soon as he could arrange his affairs in Canada, +La Salle again returned to the Illinois River and +reached its mouth. But owing to fresh disappointments, +he had to make still another journey through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +the wilderness to the base of his supplies on the St. +Lawrence.</p> + +<p>Not until February 6, 1682, two years and a half +after he first started out in the Griffin, and after three +attempts to build a suitable vessel for the journey, did +he float out upon the waters of the Mississippi to explore +it; and at last he was obliged to make the journey +in canoes. This time his party included fifty-four +people—eighteen Indian warriors, ten squaws, three +Indian children, and twenty-three Frenchmen. On +reaching the mouth of the river he planted a column +bearing the arms of France, and then, with imposing +ceremonies, took possession of the great Mississippi +Valley in the name of the French King, Louis XIV., +after whom he named the country Louisiana.</p> + +<p>By building forts and trading centres along his route, +La Salle had carried out the first part of his plan. He +now resolved to go to France and get men for a colony +which he wished to plant at the mouth of the +Mississippi, and thus carry out the second part.</p> + +<p>Having succeeded in France in fitting out this colony, +he sailed with four vessels early in July, 1684, in +search of the Mississippi River by way of the Gulf of +Mexico. With his usual bad fortune, however, he +missed its mouth and landed at Matagorda Bay, 400 +miles to the west. Then followed many disasters, +among which were loss of vessels and supplies, lack of +food, sickness and death, and attacks by unfriendly +Indians. For two years the wretched little colony +struggled for life. La Salle was in sore distress. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +knew he had many enemies among his men who would +gladly take his life, but he hoped for help from France. +No help came. It was plain to La Salle that he could +save the suffering colony only by making his way to +Canada. He therefore started out on January 12, +1687, with a party of seventeen men and five horses, +on another long and dangerous journey through the +dense forests—this time from the Gulf of Mexico to +Canada.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus128.jpg" width="600" height="630" alt="The Murder of La Salle by his Followers." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Murder of La Salle by his Followers.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>Travelling +north, the party crossed the Brazos +River and toiled onward to the Trinity River. But +La Salle's men were tired of travelling through the forests, +and some of them were thirsting for his blood. +They were waiting only for a suitable opportunity to +carry out their murderous purpose. On the morning +of March 19th they lay in ambush, and shot him dead as +he approached, probably not far from the Trinity River.</p> + +<p>La Salle's life was one of storm and peril; but he +was as fearless as a lion. Ambitious for himself and +for his country, he had room for little else in his life, +His repeated failures brought criticism and lack of confidence +from men who had loaned him large sums of +money, and these criticisms hardened his spirit. Many +enemies making him suspicious, he seemed to lose +sympathy with his men, and became harsh in his treatment +of them. But he did a great work for France, +a work which entitles him to be regarded as one of the +most remarkable of all the explorers of America.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The coming of the French to America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Cartier discovers the St. Lawrence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Champlain explores for France.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Champlain's fatal gunshot.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Iroquois become bitter enemies of the French.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span><span class="smcap">The Iroquois force the French to seek a roundabout route to the Mississippi River.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Henry Hudson wins for the Dutch the friendship of the Iroquois.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Valuable work of the Jesuit missionaries.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Father Marquette goes down the Mississippi.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The daring and tireless La Salle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His twofold plans.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His voyage to Lake Michigan in the Griffin.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Griffin sails back to Canada with a cargo of furs.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">La Salle lost in the forest.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">With friendly indians on the banks of the Illinois River.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Sad days for La Salle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He decides to make an overland journey to Canada.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Travel in the deep forests.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">La Salle at last reaches the mouth of the Mississippi.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He goes to France.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His colony fails.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A long journey begun.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">La Salle murdered by his men.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His character and his work.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. What did Champlain accomplish? When? Why did the Iroquois +become bitter enemies of the French and warm friends of the +Dutch?</p> + +<p>2. What were La Salle's twofold plans? Trace his route through the +lakes to the mouth of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>3. Picture him lost in the forest, and spending the night alone.</p> + +<p>4. Describe his overland journey to Canada.</p> + +<p>5. How did his colony suffer? What do you admire in La Salle's +character?</p> + +<p>6. What do the following dates mean: 1492, 1541, 1607, 1629, 1676, +1682?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus131.jpg" width="100%" alt="George Washington." title="" /> +<span class="caption">George Washington.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER X<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +George<br /> +Washington,<br /> +the<br /> +Boy Surveyor<br /> +and<br /> +Young Soldier<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1732-1799</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>As a pioneer in leading the way along the Ohio +and the Mississippi, La Salle did much for +France. He hoped to do far more. His cherished +dream was to build up in this vast and fertile territory +an empire for France. But the French King foolishly +feared that planting colonies in America would take +too many of his subjects out of France, and refused to +do that which might have made his new possessions +secure. The opportunity thus neglected was seized +fifty years later by the hardy English settlers who +pushed westward across the Alleghany Mountains. +This movement brought on a struggle between the +two nations, a few events of which are important to +mention.</p> + +<p>You will remember that two years after the coming +of John Smith to Jamestown, Champlain sailed up the +St. Lawrence and settled Quebec for the French.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +You will also recall that the French explorers, priests, +and traders had been gradually making their way into +the heart of the continent, by way of the Great Lakes, +until at last La Salle glided down to the mouth of the +Mississippi, and took possession of the land in the +name of the French King. This was in 1681, the +year the Quakers were settling Pennsylvania and fifty-two +years before the settlement of Georgia, the youngest +of the thirteen original colonies.</p> + +<p>Just one year before this last settlement there was +born in Westmoreland County, Va., a boy who was +to play a large part in the history not only of the +Ohio and Mississippi valleys, but of the whole country. +This boy was George Washington. He was +born on February 22, 1732, in an old-fashioned Virginia +farm-house, near the Potomac River, on what was +known as Bridge's Creek Plantation. The house had +four rooms on the ground +floor, with an attic of long +sloping roofs and an enormous +brick chimney at +each end.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 624px;"> +<img src="images/illus132.jpg" width="624" height="480" alt="Washington's Birthplace." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Washington's Birthplace.</span> +</div> + +<p>George's father was a +wealthy planter, owning +land in four counties, +more than 5,000 acres in +all. Some of his lands were on the banks of the +Rappahannock River, near which he had money invested +in iron-mines. To this plantation the family +removed when George was seven years old, the new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +home being nearly opposite Fredericksburg, then a +small village.</p> + +<p>Here he was sent to a small school and taught by a +man named Hobby, a sexton of the church and tenant +of George's father. It was a simple sort of training +the boy received from such a school-master. He +learned a little reading, a little writing, and a little +ciphering, but that was about all. Later in life he +became a fairly good penman, writing a neat round +hand; but he never became a good speller.</p> + +<p>When George was eleven years old his father died, +leaving to him the home where they lived on the +Rappahannock, and to his brother Lawrence the great +plantation on the Potomac afterward called Mount +Vernon. Lawrence went to live at Mount Vernon, +while George remained with his mother at the house +opposite Fredericksburg.</p> + +<p>Now left without a father, George received his +home training from his mother. Fortunate, indeed, +was he to have such a mother to teach him; for she +was kind, firm, and had a strong practical sense. She +loved her son, and he deeply appreciated her fond care +of him. Some of George's youthful letters to his +mother are full of interest. After the manner of the +time he addressed her formally as "Honored Madam," +and signed himself "Your dutiful son."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 533px;"> +<img src="images/illus134.jpg" width="533" height="800" alt="WASHINGTON CROSSING THE ALLEGHANY RIVER" title="" /> +<span class="caption">WASHINGTON CROSSING THE ALLEGHANY RIVER</span> +</div> + +<p>Nor was his mother the only strong and wholesome +influence over his home life. His eldest brother, +Lawrence, played an important part in shaping his +character. According to the custom of those days, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>Lawrence, as the eldest son of a Virginia planter, would +inherit the bulk of his father's estate. He was therefore +sent to an excellent school in England, to receive +the training which would fit him to be a gentleman and +a leader in social life. For learning was not held in +such high esteem as ability to look after the business +of a large plantation and take a leading part in the +public life of the county and the colony.</p> + +<p>With such a training Lawrence returned from England, +a young man of culture and fine manners and +well fitted to be a man of affairs. From this time on +George, now only seven or eight years old, looked up +to his brother, fourteen years his senior, with cordial +admiration. Lawrence became George's model of manhood, +and returned his younger brother's devotion with +a tender love.</p> + +<p>Soon after the death of his father, the boy went to +live with his brother Augustine on the Bridge's Creek +Plantation, in order to have the advantages of a good +school there. Many of his copy-books and books of +exercises, containing such legal forms as receipts, bills +and deeds, as well as pictures of birds and faces, have +been preserved. In these books there are, also, his +rules of conduct, maxims which he kept before him +as aids to good behavior. The following are a few of +them:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 598px;"> +<img src="images/illus136.jpg" width="598" height="800" alt="The English Colonies and the French Claims in 1754." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The English Colonies and the French Claims in 1754.</span> +</div> + +<p>"Every action in company ought to be with some +sign of respect to those present.</p> + +<p>"When a man does all he can, though it succeeds +not well, blame not him that did it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be +careful to keep your promise.</p> + +<p>"Speak not evil of the absent: for it is unjust.</p> + +<p>"Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark +of celestial fire +called conscience."</p> + +<p>In George's +school-days he +heard many +stories about +wars with the +Indians and +about troubles +between the +English and the +French colonies. +Moreover, +his brother +Lawrence +had been a soldier +in the West +Indies in a war +between England +and Spain, +from which he had returned full of enthusiasm about +what he had felt and seen. It was at this time that +Lawrence changed the name of his plantation on the +Potomac to Mount Vernon, in honor of Admiral Vernon, +under whose command he had fought.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + +<p>Catching his brother's military spirit, George organized +his boy friends into little military companies, +and, as their commander, drilled them, paraded them, +and led them in their sham battles in the school-yard.</p> + +<p>Naturally the boys looked to him as leader, for he +was strong in mind and body, and fond of athletic +sports. It is said that no boy of his age was his match +in running, leaping, wrestling, and pitching quoits. +His athletic skill expressed itself also in his fearless +horsemanship. The story is told that he once +mounted a colt that had successfully resisted all attempts +to remain on his back. But George held on +until the spirited animal, in a frenzy of effort to throw +off the persistent young rider, reared, broke a blood-vessel, +and fell dead. His keen enjoyment of a +spirited horse, and of hunting in the freedom of woods +and fields for such game as foxes, deer, and wild-cats, +lasted to a late period of his life.</p> + +<p>George's good qualities were not confined to out-door +sports requiring skill and physical strength alone. +He was a manly boy, stout-hearted and truthful. All +the boys trusted him because they knew he was fair-minded, +and often called upon him to settle their disputes.</p> + +<p>But we must not think of him as a perfect boy, finding +it easy always to do the right thing. George +Washington had his faults, as some of the rest of us +have. For instance, he had a quick temper which he +found it hard to control. In fact, he found this a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +harder thing to do than many brave deeds for which +he became famous in his manhood.</p> + +<p>The humdrum quiet of a Virginia plantation did not +satisfy this alert boy longing for a life of action. +He had heard from +Lawrence about life on +a war-vessel, and had +also seen, year after +year, the annual return +to the plantation wharf +of the vessel that carried +a cargo of tobacco +to England and brought +back in exchange such +goods as the planter +needed.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus138.jpg" width="600" height="632" alt="The French in the Ohio Valley." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The French in the Ohio Valley.</span> +</div> + +<p>Eager for a change +of surroundings, he made all his plans to go to sea. +The chest containing his clothing had been packed +and sent down to the wharf, but at the last moment +he yielded to his mother's persuasion, and gave up his +cherished plan of becoming a sailor-boy. He was then +fourteen years old.</p> + +<p>Returning to school, George continued to be careful +and exact in all his work, his motto being "Whatever +is worth doing at all is worth doing well." He was +also methodical, and herein lay one of the secrets of +his ability to accomplish so much when he came to +manhood.</p> + +<p>His love of out-door sport gave him a natural bent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +for surveying, to the study of which he applied himself +diligently. He soon became proficient enough to +command confidence in his ability as a trustworthy +surveyor.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of his sixteenth year he went to +live with his brother Lawrence on the Mount Vernon +plantation, where he spent much of his time in surveying. +Here he met a man who exerted a large +influence on his later life. This man was Lord Fairfax, +a tall, courtly, white-haired English gentleman of +about sixty years of age, who was living at Belvoir, a +large plantation a few miles from Mount Vernon.</p> + +<p>At this time George was a shy, awkward youth, +somewhat overgrown for his age, with long arms, and +a tall, large frame. But in his serious face there was a +sign of quiet self-control and firm purpose.</p> + +<p>The provincial youth of fifteen and the cultured +English lord of sixty, though so far apart in age and +experience, soon became close friends. They were +much together. Sometimes they would spend the +morning in surveying, and start out in the afternoon +on their horses for a gay time in fox-hunting. They +doubtless talked freely to each other, and as Lord +Fairfax had seen much of the best English life and +had read some of the best English books, he was an +interesting companion to his earnest and thoughtful +young friend.</p> + +<p>This warm friendship soon had a practical turn. +Lord Fairfax owned an immense tract of country in +the Shenandoah Valley—by some said to be as much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +as one-fifth of the present State of Virginia. Wishing +to learn more about it and observing George to be +exceedingly careful and accurate in his surveying, he +decided to send him over the Blue Ridge into the wild +region to find out and report to him something about +the lands there.</p> + +<p>He was to have only one companion, George William +Fairfax, who was the eldest son of Lord Fairfax's +cousin, and was then about twenty-two years old. +About the middle of March, 1748, when George +Washington was barely sixteen years old, these two +young fellows started out together on horseback, to +travel through the forest a distance of 100 miles +before they reached the Shenandoah Valley. They +carried guns in their hands, for until their return +about a month later they would have to depend +mainly upon hunting for their supply of food. The +account which George himself has left enables us +to picture them riding alone through the forest with +no road except perhaps, at times, a path made by +Indians or wild animals.</p> + +<p>After reaching the wild country they had to live in +the most primitive fashion. For instance, Washington +tells of a night in a woodman's cabin when he had +nothing but a mat of straw for his bed, with but a +single blanket for cover, and that alive with vermin. +He wrote in his diary: "I made a promise to sleep so +no more, choosing rather to sleep in the open air before +the fire."</p> + +<p>Again, in a letter to a friend, he says: "I have not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +slept above three or four nights in a bed, but, after +walking a good deal all day, I have lain down before +the fire upon a little hay, straw, fodder, or a bear-skin, +with man, wife and children, like dogs and cats; and +happy is he who gets the berth nearest the fire."</p> + +<p>Sometimes they tried life in a tent. Once in a +storm the tent was blown over, and at another time +the smoke from the fire drove the occupants out of +doors. One night, according to the same diary, "we +camped in the woods, and after we had pitched our +tent, and made a large fire, we pulled out our knapsacks +to recruit ourselves. Every one was his own +cook. Our spits were forked sticks; our plates were +large chips." As for bread, most of the time, if not +all, they had none, and they drank only pure water +from running streams.</p> + +<p>On another occasion they fell in with a war-party +of painted warriors whom Washington and his friend +Fairfax fearlessly joined, all gathering about a huge +fire built under the trees. As the great logs blazed +in the midst of the dark forest, the Indians joined in +one of their wild, weird dances. They leaped to and +fro, whooped and shrieked like mad beings, while +one of their companions thumped upon a drum made +by drawing a deer-skin across a pot filled with water, +and another rattled a gourd containing shot and decorated +with a horse's tail, "to make it look fine."</p> + +<p>It was a strange experience which these two youths +had that month. But Washington was well paid, earning +from $7 to $21 a day. On the return of the young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +surveyor to Mount Vernon his employer, Lord Fairfax, +was so much pleased with the report that he +secured his appointment as public surveyor. For the +next three years George lived the life of a surveyor, +spending much of his time with Lord Fairfax at his +wilderness home, Greenway Court, not far from Winchester.</p> + +<p>During this time George was gaining valuable knowledge +of the forest, and becoming so intimate with Indian +life that, as people said, he came to walk like an +Indian. His life in the woods developed fearlessness, +patience, and self-reliance, qualities which, joined to +his ability and character, inspired men's confidence and +established his leadership. Governor Dinwiddie, of +Virginia, appointed him an officer in the State militia, +with the rank of major. And as an officer, his influence +continued to increase.</p> + +<p>Some two years afterward his brother Lawrence died +and left the Mount Vernon estate to his daughter, with +George Washington as guardian. On her death, a little +later, Washington became owner of the immense plantation +at Mount Vernon, and hence a wealthy man.</p> + +<p>Fortune had favored him, and he might have chosen +to enter upon a life of ease, but events soon occurred +which called into action all his heroic qualities. The +strife between the English and the French for control +in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys was advancing +rapidly toward war.</p> + +<p>The French had long considered this territory their +own. We recall that La Salle had explored it, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +attempted to plant colonies here. For many years, +French explorers, priests, and traders had toiled on, +patiently pushing their way through the forests, and +planting stronghold after stronghold. At length, pressing +closer on the English border, they began to build +forts between Lake Erie and the head of the Ohio. +For the English also had their eyes on the fertile +valley of the Ohio, and were beginning to occupy it.</p> + +<p>At once a company composed largely of Virginia +planters was organized for the purpose of making settlements +in the Ohio Valley. Before they could do +much, however, the French had boldly advanced far +into territory claimed by England.</p> + +<p>The people of Virginia in alarm, said, "This advance +must stop. What can be the plans of the +French? How many are already in the forts lying +between Lake Erie and the Ohio River?" Governor +Dinwiddie and other Virginia gentlemen grew excited +as they asked such questions. They decided, therefore, +to send out to the French commander in the fort +near Lake Erie, a trusty messenger who should ask by +what right the French were invading a country belonging +to England. This messenger was also to find out +what he could about the forces of the French in that +vicinity, and about their plans. Moreover, he was to +make a strong effort to win over to the English the +Indians, whose friendship the French were trying to +gain. As a suitable man for this dangerous enterprise, +all eyes turned to George Washington, still only +twenty-one years of age.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 531px;"> +<img src="images/illus144.jpg" width="531" height="800" alt="THE DEATH OF BRADDOCK." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE DEATH OF BRADDOCK.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<p>The journey of 1,000 miles through trackless forests, +in the bitter cold of Winter, did not offer a cheerful +outlook. But on October 30, 1753, with seven +companions, including an Indian and a French interpreter, +George Washington started from Williamsburg. +Stopping at Fredericksburg to bid good-by to his +mother, he went on by way of Alexandria to Winchester, +the familiar spot where he had spent many happy +days with Lord Fairfax. Here he got horses and various +supplies needed for his journey.</p> + +<p>From Winchester the little band of men moved forward +to Will's Creek (now Cumberland, Md.), and +then plunged boldly into the forest. From that time +on, the difficulties of the journey were wellnigh overwhelming; +but by perseverance in climbing lofty mountains +and in swimming rivers swollen by heavy rains, +the end of their journey was at last reached.</p> + +<p>On receiving an answer from the French commander, +who promised nothing, Washington started +back home. The horses soon proved too weak to +make much headway through the dense forests and +deep snow, and it seemed best to push on without +them. He also left behind him all of his party except +a trusty woodsman. Then putting on an Indian costume +with a heavy cloak drawn over it, he strapped +upon his back the pack containing his papers and, gun +in hand, started off. A little later they were joined +by an Indian guide, who soon gave evidence of his +treachery by suddenly turning and discharging his gun +at Washington.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> + +<p>Washington had another narrow escape from death. +He had expected on reaching the Alleghany River to +cross on the ice, but to his dismay he found the ice +broken up and the stream filled with whirling blocks. +There was no way of getting over except on a raft +which he and his companion had to make with a single +hatchet. Having at last finished it, they pushed off, +and then began a desperate struggle with the current +and, great blocks of floating ice. Washington, in trying +to guide the raft with a pole, was thrown violently +into the water. By catching hold of one of the raft +logs he recovered himself, and by heroic effort succeeded +in reaching an island nearby. Here the travellers +suffered through a night of intense cold, not daring +to kindle a fire for fear of the Indians.</p> + +<p>On January 16th they reached Williamsburg, where +Washington delivered to Governor Dinwiddie the unsatisfactory +letter he had brought from the French +commander. Although the result of the expedition was +not what the Virginians had hoped for, Washington +had so well succeeded in carrying out his perilous mission +that he was highly praised for his effort.</p> + +<p>The defiant answer of the French commander made +it seem probable to the people of Virginia that war +would follow. Therefore a company of men was +sent out to build a fort at the place where the Alleghany +and Monongahela rivers unite to form the +Ohio. Washington's quick eye had noted the importance +of this site, afterward known as the "Gateway +of the West."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the meantime Washington was drilling men for +service, and in April he set out with the rank of lieutenant-colonel +with two companies for the frontier. +He had not gone very far when he learned that the +French had driven off with a large force the men who +had been sent to the head of the Ohio to build a fort; +but he continued his march. When a little later the +approach of a small body of French was reported, the +Virginians surprised them, killing, wounding, or capturing +all but one. Colonel Washington was in the +thickest of the fight, and wrote in a letter, "I heard +the bullets whistle and, believe me, there is something +charming in the sound."</p> + +<p>After this fight, which began the war, Washington +returned to Great Meadows, and, learning that a large +body of French were marching against him, hastily +threw up rough earthworks, which he called Fort +Necessity. When attacked soon after by two or three +times his own number, the brave young colonel did +not shrink. For nine hours, in a heavy downpour of +rain, he and his sturdy followers stood up to their +knees in mud and water in the trenches. Being so +greatly outnumbered, his troops were of course defeated, +but the House of Burgesses gave their commander +a vote of thanks in recognition of his bravery.</p> + +<p>The war now began in bitter earnest, and England +promptly sent over troops, with General Braddock in +command. When on reaching Virginia he heard of +Colonel Washington, Braddock appointed him a member +of his staff. Colonel Washington soon discovered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +that General Braddock was not the man to handle an +army in woodland warfare. He would gladly have advised +him, but the haughty British general would hear +no suggestions from a colonial officer.</p> + +<p>With 2,000 soldiers, General Braddock marched +against the French, stationed at Fort Duquesne at the +head of the Ohio. On the morning of July 9th, when +the army was only eight miles from the fort, it was +suddenly attacked by the French and Indians, who +lay in ambush in the thick forest. The English soldiers, +standing in solid masses, were shot down by +squads, but the Virginians fought from behind trees in +true Indian fashion.</p> + +<p>Braddock, who has been rightly called a gallant +bull-dog, rode madly to and fro, giving orders to his +men, but in vain. He shortly fell from his horse, with +a mortal wound. The manly figure of Colonel Washington +was a conspicuous mark for the enemy's guns. +Two horses fell under him; four bullets tore through +his clothing; but he escaped injury.</p> + +<p>The result was a sore defeat for the English army. +It lost 700 men out of 2,000, and three-fourths of its +officers. Nothing but retreat could be thought of. +The brave but narrow-minded Braddock had made an +enormous and expensive blunder.</p> + +<p>After Braddock's defeat Washington was given command +of the Virginia troops. Later in the war he led +an expedition against Fort Duquesne, as Braddock had +done. But on hearing of his approach the French +fled. The war having subsided in the Ohio Valley,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +Washington resigned his commission, returned to Mount +Vernon, and soon afterward married Mrs. Martha +Custis, a rich young widow.</p> + +<p>We have seen him first as a robust lad, then as a +fearless woodsman, and later as a brave soldier. We +will leave him for a while at Mount Vernon, where in +the refined society of old Virginia he came to be +equally well known as a high-bred gentleman.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">La Salle's dream.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The French and the English colonies.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George Washington's early home.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His school-training.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George and his mother.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Influence upon George of his brother Lawrence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George's rules of conduct.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The boy soldier.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The young athlete.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The fair-minded, truthful boy.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George's self-control.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His longing to become a sailor boy.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Exactness and method in work.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The young surveyor.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The shy, awkward youth and Lord Fairfax.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Surveying in the forests of the Shenandoah Valley.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Life in the woods; an Indian dance.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">With Lord Fairfax at Greenway Court.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington, the young soldier.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington becomes a wealthy planter.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The French advance into the Ohio Valley.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington's perilous journey.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span><span class="smcap">The return on foot; two narrow escapes.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington in the fight that begins the war.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His defeat at Great Meadows.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A member of Braddock's staff.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Braddock's crushing defeat.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington retires to Mount Vernon.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Write on the following topics, using a paragraph for each: George +Washington's early home; his school-training; George and his +mother; the boy soldier; the young athlete; the truthful boy.</p> + +<p>2. It would be well for you to commit to memory George's rules of +conduct.</p> + +<p>3. Give an account of the young surveyor's life in the woods out in the +Shenandoah Valley. Imagine the two young fellows riding +alone through the forest, and the scene in the woods when the +Indians danced by the huge fire.</p> + +<p>4. Trace on your map Washington's perilous journey to the French +forts. What was the purpose of this journey? Travel in imagination +with Washington on his return to Williamsburg, and tell, +in the first person, some of your experiences.</p> + +<p>5. What do you think of General Braddock? In what way was he +defeated? This was one of the battles of the Last French War. +What caused this war?</p> + +<p>6. Find as many words as you can that describe George Washington.</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus151.jpg" width="100%" alt="James Wolfe." title="" /> +<span class="caption">James Wolfe.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XI<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +James Wolfe,<br /> +the<br /> +Hero of<br /> +Quebec<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1727-1759</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>We have just seen how the English and the +French struggled to get control of the Ohio +Valley. But the fighting in the Last French War was +not confined to this region. Many of the battles +were fought to secure control of two waterways. One +of these was the route to Canada, including Lakes +George and Champlain, and the other was the St. Lawrence +River. Indeed, the crowning feature of the Last +French War was the heroic effort made by a young +English general to capture Quebec.</p> + +<p>This young general was James Wolfe. He was +born in the southeastern part of England in 1727. +From his father, who was an officer in the English +army, he inherited a love for the soldier's life. But in +all the trials and dangers to which he was exposed in +his short and stormy career, he continued to be a devoted +son, his love for his mother being especially ten<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>der +and sincere. With her he kept up a regular correspondence, +in which he freely expressed his inmost +thoughts and feelings.</p> + +<p>When only sixteen years of age he was sent to +Flanders as an adjutant in a regiment of the English +army. Here, by faithful and thorough work, he won +promotion and soon, through bravery and skill, received +an appointment as brigadier-general. At the +age of thirty-two he was sent to America to assist in +an expedition to Louisburg, and played a large part in +the capture of that stronghold.</p> + +<p>He presented an awkward figure. At that time he +was tall and slender, with long limbs, narrow shoulders, +and red hair tied in a queue behind. His face +was plain, with receding chin and forehead, and up-turned +nose. But his keen, bright eyes, full of energy +and fearlessness, gave him an attractive countenance +and revealed a heroic nature.</p> + +<p>His health was never robust. As a child he was +delicate, and as a youth he had frequent attacks of +illness. But his resolute will and his high ideals enabled +him to do what others of a different mould would +never have attempted. He was governed, too, by an +overmastering sense of duty, which was his most striking +trait.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 549px;"> +<img src="images/illus153.jpg" width="549" height="480" alt="Quebec and Surroundings." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Quebec and Surroundings.</span> +</div> + +<p>Although at times extremely impatient, his tenderness +and frankness of nature easily won enduring friendships. +His soldiers loved him so dearly that they +were willing to follow him through any dangers to victory +or death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<p>After the capture of Louisburg, Wolfe was so worn +by the demands upon his strength that he returned to +England and went to Bath for treatment. At this time +he met Miss Katherine Lowther, +to whom he soon became +engaged.</p> + +<p>But he was not long to remain +inactive, for his country +needed him. The great William +Pitt, who had now become +the head of affairs in +England, saw in this fearless +young general a fitting leader for a dangerous and difficult +enterprise. This was an expedition against Quebec, +the strongest and most important position held +by the French in America.</p> + +<p>The French army at Quebec, commanded by General +Montcalm, numbered more than 16,000 men, consisting +of Frenchmen, Canadians, and Indians. But some +were boys of fifteen, and others old men of eighty. +Here they awaited Wolfe, whose army numbered 9,000.</p> + +<p>By June 21, 1759, Wolfe's fleet lay at anchor in the +north channel of the island of Orleans, not far below +Quebec. Then began a time of trial and discouragement +to the young commander, who vainly looked for +a point from which he might hope to make a successful +attack.</p> + +<p>In the meantime his soldiers were suffering from +intense heat and drenching rains. Much sickness was +the natural result. Wolfe, anxious with doubt, him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>self +fell a victim to a burning fever. But he would +not give up. He said to his physician, "I know perfectly +well you cannot cure me. But pray make me +up so that I can be without pain for a few days, and +able to do my duty. That is all I want." Although +racked with pain, he went from tent to tent among his +men, trying to encourage them.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus154.jpg" width="336" height="361" alt="General Montcalm." title="" /> +<span class="caption">General Montcalm.</span> +</div> + +<p>During several weeks there was fighting now and +then in the neighborhood of Quebec. On July 31st +Wolfe's troops made a determined +attack upon the French on the +heights just north of the Montmorency +River. The English advanced, +in the face of a heavy, +blinding rain, with great heroism, +but were forced to retire without +having gained a foothold.</p> + +<p>Thus the summer wore on near +to its close. In desperation, Wolfe decided upon a +bold move. He determined to sail up the river, +land above Quebec, scale the steep and rugged cliffs +there, and compel the French to fight a battle or surrender +the city.</p> + +<p>The most serious difficulty was to find a way to +scale the cliffs. At last one day came a glimmer of +hope. For looking through a telescope from the +south side of the river, the resolute young commander +discovered a narrow path leading up the frowning +heights not far from the town. "Here," he quickly +decided, "I will land my men."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + +<p>Promptly, eagerly, he began to lay his plans. On +the morning of September 7th, in order to conceal from +Montcalm their real purpose, the British, in gay red +uniforms, embarked and sailed up and down the St. +Lawrence, as if looking for a landing-place. On September +12th, the fatal time set for decisive action, +some of the English vessels, with a large body of troops +on board, hovered about the shore below Quebec, as +if to force a landing there. Montcalm was completely +deceived. The ruse had succeeded.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the main body of English troops, which +was to make ready a landing, was quietly anchored in +the river above Quebec. Twenty-four brave men volunteered +as leaders to scale the cliffs. These men took +their places in the foremost boat.</p> + +<p>At two o'clock in the morning Wolfe gave the order +to advance. It was a starlit night, but as there was no +moon, it was dark enough to conceal the movements of +the English. For two hours the long procession of +boats filled with soldiers floated silently down the river. +The brave young Wolfe, calm and masterful, was in +one of the foremost boats. Fully expecting to be killed +in the coming battle, he had, earlier in the evening, +given to an old school-friend the portrait of his betrothed, +Miss Lowther, which he had long worn about +his neck. He said to his friend, "Give this to Miss +Lowther, if I am killed."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;"> +<img src="images/illus156.jpg" width="528" height="800" alt="THE DEATH OF WOLFE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE DEATH OF WOLFE.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + +<p>We can imagine the strain upon Wolfe's feelings +during the two hours in which the boats floated downstream. +Perhaps it was to relieve this strain that he +repeated in a quiet voice Gray's "Elegy in a Country +Churchyard." He seemed to dwell with peculiar feeling +upon the last line in the following stanza:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,</span><br /> +Await alike the inevitable hour,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The paths of glory lead but to the grave.</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>On coming to the end of the poem, he said, "Gentlemen, +I would rather have written those lines than take +Quebec."</p> + +<p>When they had almost reached their landing-place +they heard a sudden call from a French sentry, "<i>Qui +vive!</i>" "<i>France</i>," replied one of Wolfe's officers, +who spoke French. "<i>A quel régiment?</i>" "<i>De la +Reine</i>," was the reply, and thinking the boats were +under the control of Frenchmen carrying provisions to +Montcalm, the sentry let them pass. Later when challenged +by another sentry, the same English officer said +in French: "Provision-boats. Don't make a noise—the +English will hear us."</p> + +<p>At length they came to the spot since called Wolfe's +Cove, and there landed. The twenty-four volunteers +clambered up the path in the darkness and, reaching +the top, surprised the small number of Frenchmen +stationed there, and quickly overpowered them. It was +with much difficulty that Wolfe's army succeeded, by +seizing hold of trees and bushes, in getting to the top +with muskets, cannons, and supplies.</p> + +<p>At daybreak, Wolfe chose as the field of battle the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +Plains of Abraham, a high stretch of land extending +along the river just above the town.</p> + +<p>The brave Montcalm, in doubt and perplexity, had +spent a sleepless night pacing to and fro. When told +of the landing of the English troops he rode up from +his camp to see what was going on. Amazed at the +"silent wall of red" presented by the English army +drawn up in battle array, he said, "This is a serious +business."</p> + +<p>Wolfe, anxious but calm, rode to and fro, inspiring +his soldiers with confidence. "Victory or death" was +their watchword, for in case of failure retreat was +impossible.</p> + +<p>By ten o'clock the French were in line of battle, +ready for the onset. With loud shouts, they rushed +upon the English. But the latter, waiting quietly until +the enemy was only forty paces away, met them with +a withering fire that strewed the ground with dead and +dying men. While the French were wavering, the +English fired another deadly volley, and then with +victorious shouts rushed headlong upon the confused +ranks.</p> + +<p>The fighting was stubborn and furious, and Wolfe +was in the thickest of the fray. While he was leading a +charge, a bullet tore through his wrist. Quickly wrapping +his handkerchief about the wound, he dashed forward +until he was for the third time struck by a bullet, +this time receiving a mortal wound. Four of his men +bore him in their arms to the rear, and wished to send +for a surgeon; but Wolfe said, "There's no need; it's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +all over with me." A little later, hearing someone cry +"They run; see how they run!" he asked, "Who +runs?" "The enemy, sir. Egad, they give way +everywhere!" Then said Wolfe in his last moments, +"Now, God be praised. I will die in peace."</p> + +<p>Montcalm, too, died like a hero. Shot through the +body, he was supported on either side as he passed +through the town; but when he heard cries of distress +and pity from his friends and followers, he said, "It's +nothing, it's nothing; don't be troubled for me, good +friends." Being told that he could not live many +hours, he exclaimed, "Thank God, I shall not live to +see Quebec surrendered." A few days later Quebec +came into the hands of the English. Its fall meant the +loss to France of all her possessions in North America +except two small islands for fishing-stations in the Gulf +of St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p>The treaty of peace at the end of the war, called the +Last French War,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> was signed at Paris in 1763. By this +treaty France ceded to Spain all the territory between +the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains; also +the town of New Orleans, controlling the navigation +of the Mississippi. To England she gave Canada and +all the territory east of the Mississippi. Thus by a +single final blow did Wolfe so weaken the hold of the +French upon North America, as to compel them to +give up practically all they had there.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The crowning feature of the Last French War.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wolfe's love for his mother.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The young soldier.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wolfe's personal appearance.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His character.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wolfe sent on an expedition against Quebec.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His trials and difficulties.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He discovers a steep pathway.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He deceives Montcalm.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His army floats down the river.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The English reach the rocky heights.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">"Victory or death!"</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The clash of battle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Wolfe and Montcalm receive mortal wounds.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The French surrender Quebec.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">End of the last French War.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. How did Wolfe look, and what were his most striking personal +traits?</p> + +<p>2. What were his trials and difficulties at Quebec?</p> + +<p>3. Picture his army floating down the river on the way to the battle-field; +also the soldiers climbing the steep heights.</p> + +<p>4. Describe the battle, going in imagination with Wolfe at the head +of his men.</p> + +<p>5. Why was the capture of Quebec by the English so important?</p> + +<p>6. Are you forming the habit of looking up on your map all the places +mentioned in the text? If you wish to become strong in history, +such a habit will be invaluable.</p> + +<p>7. Remember that the Last French War began in 1756 and ended in +1763.</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus161.jpg" width="100%" alt="Patrick Henry." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Patrick Henry.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Patrick Henry<br /> +and the<br /> +Stamp Act<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1736-1799</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>With the fall of Quebec, France lost her hold +of nearly all the territory in North America +that she had acquired through the energy and heroism +of her explorers. England profited by this loss, but +England herself had soon to meet with a misfortune +far heavier—the loss of all her colonies east of the +Alleghanies and along the Atlantic coast. Very soon +after the close of the Last French War, she began, under +the lead of the dull-witted King George, to treat them +with so much injustice and oppression that in self-defence +they were driven to take up arms for the security +of their rights as a free-born people. The result +was the American Revolution, which began in 1775 +and ended in 1783. How this Revolution came to +be, is one of the most interesting chapters in our history. +Let us now trace the course of events leading +to its outbreak.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + +<p>After the close of the Last French War, England +was heavily in debt. As this debt had been incurred +largely in defence of the English colonies in America, +George III., King of England, believed that the colonies +should help to carry the burden. Moreover, as +he intended to send them a standing army for their +protection, he deemed it wise to levy upon them a tax +for its support.</p> + +<p>Parliament, therefore, which was composed largely +of the King's friends, ready to do his bidding, passed +a law called the Stamp Act. This required the colonists +to use stamps upon their newspapers and upon +legal documents, the price of stamps ranging from a +half-penny to twelve pounds. The King thought this +tax would be just because it would fall upon all the +colonists alike.</p> + +<p>But the colonists were of a different mind; for England +had not fought the Last French War so much +to defend them as to protect her own trade. Besides, +they had already paid a reasonable share of the war +expenses, and had furnished a fair proportion of +soldiers for battle. They had always given their share +toward the expenses of their defence, and were still +willing to do so. If the King would ask them for a +definite sum, they would raise it through their Colonial +Assemblies. But they strongly objected to any +English tax.</p> + +<p>These Colonial Assemblies were composed of men +who represented the colonists and made laws for the +colonists. Therefore the colonists were willing to pay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +any taxes levied by the Assemblies. As free-born +Englishmen they objected to paying taxes levied by +Parliament, which did not represent them. Parliament +might levy taxes upon the people of England, whom +it did represent. But only the Colonial Assemblies +could tax the colonists, because they alone represented +the colonists. In other words, as James Otis in a stirring +speech had declared, there must be "No taxation +without representation."</p> + +<p>George III. could not understand the feelings of the +colonists, and he had no sympathy with their views. +His mother had said to him when he was crowned, +"George, be King," and this advice had pleased him. +For he was wilful, and desired to have his own way as +a ruler. Thus far he had shown little respect for the +British Parliament, and he felt even less for Colonial +Assemblies. Certainly if he was to rule in his own +way in England, he must compel the obedience of the +stubborn colonists in America. The standing army +which the King wished to send to America was +designed not so much to protect the colonies as to +enforce the will of the King, and this the colonists +knew. They therefore opposed with bitter indignation +the payment of taxes levied for the army's support.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus164.jpg" width="336" height="401" alt="George III." title="" /> +<span class="caption">George III.</span> +</div> + +<p>Patrick Henry was one of many who were willing +to risk everything in their earnest struggle against the +tyrannical schemes of King George. Patrick Henry +was born in 1736 in Hanover County, Va. His +father was a lawyer of much intelligence, and his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +mother belonged to a fine old Welsh family. As a +boy, Patrick's advantages at school were meagre, and +even these he did not appreciate. Books were far +less attractive to him than his gun and fishing-rod. +With these he delighted to wander +through the woods searching for +game, or to sit on the bank of some +stream fishing by the hour. When +out-door sports failed, he found delight +at home in his violin.</p> + +<p>When he was fifteen years old, his +father put him into a country store, +where he remained a year. He then +began business for himself, but he +gave so little attention to it that he soon failed. He +next tried farming, and afterward storekeeping again, +but without success.</p> + +<p>At length he decided to practise law, and after six +months' study applied for admission to the bar. +Although he had much difficulty in passing the examination, +he had at last found a vocation which suited +him. He did well in his law practice; but we must +pass over this part of his life in order that we may +go with him to Williamsburg. He went there in 1765, +soon after the passage of the Stamp Act by the English +Parliament, to attend the session of the Virginia House +of Burgesses, of which he had been elected a member.</p> + +<p>We get a vivid picture of our hero at this period of +his career as he rides on horseback toward Williamsburg, +carrying his papers in his saddle-bags. John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +Esten Cooke says of him: "He was at this time just +twenty-nine, tall in figure, but stooping, with a grim +expression, small blue eyes which had a peculiar twinkle, +and wore a brown wig without powder, a 'peach-blossom +coat,' leather knee-breeches, and yarn stockings."</p> + +<p>There was great excitement in Williamsburg, and it +was a time of grave doubt. What should be done +about the Stamp Act? Should the people of Virginia +tamely submit to it and say nothing? Should they urge +Parliament to repeal it? or should they cry out against +it in open defiance?</p> + +<p>Most of the members were wealthy planters, men of +dignity and influence. These men spoke of England +as the "Mother" of the colonies, and were so loyal in +their attachment that the idea of war was hateful to +them. Certainly, the thought of separation from England +they could not entertain for a moment.</p> + +<p>But Patrick Henry was eager for prompt and decisive +action. Having hastily written, on a blank leaf +taken from a law-book, a series of resolutions, he rose +and offered them to the assembly. One of these resolutions +declared that the General Assembly of the +colony had the sole right and power of laying taxes in +the colony.</p> + +<p>A hot debate followed, in the course of which +Patrick Henry, ablaze with indignation, arose and addressed +the body. His speech closed with these +thrilling words: "Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the +First his Cromwell, and George the Third—" "Treason! +Treason!" shouted voices from the stormy as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>sembly. +Pausing a moment in a fearless attitude, the +young orator calmly added, "may profit from their example. +If this be treason make the most of it." The +resolutions were passed.</p> + +<p>It was a great triumph for the young orator, who +now became the "idol of the people." As he was +going out of the door at the close of the session, one +of the plain people gave him a slap on the shoulder, +saying, "Stick to us, old fellow, or we are gone!"</p> + +<p>The note of defiance sounded by Patrick Henry at +this time vibrated throughout America, and encouraged +the colonists to unite against the oppressive taxation +imposed upon them through the influence of the +stubborn and misguided King George.</p> + +<p>But the English people as a whole did not support +the King. Many of them, among whom were some +of England's wisest statesmen, believed he was making +a great mistake in trying to tax the Americans without +their consent. Said William Pitt, in a stirring speech +in the House of Commons: "Sir, I rejoice that America +has resisted. Three millions<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> of people so dead to +all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be +slaves, would have been fit instruments to make slaves +of all the rest."</p> + +<p>In the ten years following the passage of the Stamp +Act, events in America moved rapidly. Some of these +we shall learn more about a little later. It is sufficient +here to say that the colonial merchants refused to import +goods so long as the Stamp Act was in effect; +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>that their action caused the merchants, manufacturers, +and ship-owners in England to lose money heavily; +that these merchants and ship-owners at once begged +Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act; and that Parliament +did repeal it +one year after its +passage.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus167.jpg" width="640" height="412" alt="St. John's Church, Richmond." title="" /> +<span class="caption">St. John's Church, Richmond.</span> +</div> + +<p>Ten years after +Patrick Henry's +eloquent speech +at Williamsburg +against the Stamp +Act, the people +of Virginia were +again deeply aroused; for King George, acting through +Parliament, had sent 3,000 soldiers to Boston to force +her unruly people and those of Massachusetts to obey +certain of his commands. Virginia having given her +hearty support to the people of Massachusetts, the +royal Governor of Virginia drove the Colonial Assembly +away from Williamsburg. But the people of Virginia, +resolute in defence of their rights, elected a convention +of their leading men, who met at old St. John's Church +in Richmond, a church which is yet standing. Excitement +was widespread, and thoughtful men grew serious +at the war-cloud growing blacker every hour.</p> + +<p>Virginians had already begun to make preparations +to fight if they must. But many still hoped that the +disagreements between the Americans and King George +might be settled, and therefore believed that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +should act with great caution. Patrick Henry thought +differently. He was persuaded that the time had come +when talk should give place to prompt, energetic, decisive +action. The war was at hand. It could not +be avoided. The Americans must fight, or tamely +submit to be slaves.</p> + +<p>Believing these things with all the intensity of his +nature, he offered a resolution that Virginia should at +once prepare to defend herself. Many of the leading +men stoutly opposed this resolution as rash and unwise.</p> + +<p>At length Patrick Henry arose, his face pale and +his voice trembling with deep emotion. Soon his +stooping figure became erect. His eyes flashed fire. +His voice rang out like a trumpet. As he continued, +men leaned forward in breathless interest, thrilled by +his magical words:</p> + +<p>"We must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! +An appeal to arms and to the God of Hosts is all that +is left us! They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable +to cope with so formidable an adversary. But +when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, +or the next year? Will it be when we are totally +disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed +in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution +and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of +effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and +hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies +shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are +not weak, if we make a proper use of the means which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +the God of nature hath placed in our power.... There +is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! +Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard +on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and +let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!</p> + +<p>"It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen +may cry peace, peace—but there is no peace. +The war is actually begun! The next gale that +sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the clash +of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the +field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that +gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so +dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the +price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty +God! I know not what course others may take; but +as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!"</p> + +<p>This wonderful speech made a deep impression not +only in Virginia but throughout the colonies. The +next month the war began at Lexington and Concord. +A little later Patrick Henry was made commander-in-chief +of the Virginia forces, and later still was elected +Governor of Virginia.</p> + +<p>At the age of fifty-eight he retired to an estate in +Charlotte County, called "Red Hill," where he lived a +simple and beautiful life. He died in 1799. His influence +in arousing the people of Virginia and of the other +colonies to a sense of their rights as freemen cannot easily +be measured. Without doubt his impassioned oratory +played a most important part in shaping the course +of events which resulted in the Revolutionary War.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The American Revolution.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George the Third's plan to tax the colonies in support of a standing army.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Stamp Act.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The colonists object to the Stamp Act; "No taxation without representation."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George the Third's desire for personal power.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Fondness of Patrick Henry for out-door sports.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He fails as a storekeeper.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Patrick Henry as a lawyer.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His personal appearance.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His great speech opposing the Stamp Act.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">English opposition to taxing the Americans without their consent.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Repeal of the Stamp Act.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Patrick Henry's defiant speech in St. John's Church.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His influence and later life.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. What was the Stamp Act and what was its purpose? Why did the +colonists object to it?</p> + +<p>2. Describe George the Third. What did his mother mean when she +said to him, "George, be King"?</p> + +<p>3. What was his personal appearance when he went to Williamsburg +to attend the session of the House of Burgesses?</p> + +<p>4. How did William Pitt feel about American taxation?</p> + +<p>5. Can you form a mental picture of Patrick Henry as he made his +great speech in St. John's Church? Do you not think it would +be profitable for you to memorize this speech? At any rate, +you might well learn to read it so as to bring out its meaning.</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus171.jpg" width="100%" alt="Samuel Adams." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Samuel Adams.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XIII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Samuel Adams<br /> +and the<br /> +Boston Tea<br /> +Party<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1722-1803</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>We have just seen how the people of Virginia, +under the leadership of Patrick Henry, arose +against King George's pet measure, the Stamp Act. +But the Virginians were not alone in the feeling of +opposition to the English King. Just as brave and +liberty-loving were the Massachusetts people, with +Samuel Adams as their leader.</p> + +<p>He was born in Boston in 1722. His father was a +well-to-do man, who filled a large place in the community. +Of Samuel Adams's boyhood we know little, +but as far as we can learn he was a studious, in-door +sort of lad, with little fondness for sport of any kind. +His father wished him to be a clergyman, but he preferred +to study law. Since, however, his mother did +not approve, he gave that up for a business life, +eventually joining his father in the malt business.</p> + +<p>When the excitement over the Stamp Act began,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +Samuel Adams was forty-two years old. He was of +medium size, with gray hair and keen gray eyes. +Although his hands were tremulous, as if with age, his +health was vigorous. Like Patrick Henry, he had +but little aptitude for business. So we need not be +surprised to learn that in time he lost about all the +property his father had left him.</p> + +<p>In fact, Samuel Adams soon gave up all kinds of +private business, devoting his time and strength to +public life. As a result he and his family had to live +on the very small salary which he received as clerk of +the Assembly of Massachusetts. Poor as he was, however, +no man could be more upright. The British tried +to buy him, but found him the very soul of honor. +In what way he gave expression to his interest in the +public welfare can be briefly told.</p> + +<p>As we have already seen, King George, much +against his will, had to submit to the repeal of the +Stamp Act by Parliament. But he was not satisfied. +He could never carry out his selfish scheme of personal +government in England and in America if he +allowed the stubborn colonists to have their way in +this matter.</p> + +<p>In 1767, therefore, through his tool, Townshend, +Parliament levied new port duties on a few articles, +including glass, lead, paper, and tea. These new taxes +were hateful to the colonists because they were levied +by Parliament, and because the money thus raised was +to be used to their disadvantage in various ways: For +example, some of it was to pay for maintaining in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +America a small English army. This army, the colonists +believed, the King would use to compel them to +do as he willed.</p> + +<p>The opposition to the new taxes was just as bitter +as it had been against the Stamp Act. Samuel Adams +felt that only slaves would submit to such high-handed +oppression. He urged the people of Boston and +Massachusetts to join in refusing to import any goods +from England as long as the new taxes were imposed +by Parliament. They did so agree, and thus inflicted +great injury upon English merchants, as they had +done two or three years before.</p> + +<p>Of course these merchants suffered heavy losses, +and again begged for a repeal. But the dull-witted +King could not understand the Americans. Thus far +he had not been able to coerce them; he now made a +shrewd attempt to outwit them.</p> + +<p>Influenced by him, Parliament took off all the new +taxes except the one on tea. "There must be one +tax to keep the right to tax," he said. If he could +only succeed in getting the Americans to submit to +paying any tax—no matter how small—that Parliament +might levy, he would carry his point. He +therefore urged not only the removal of all taxes +except the one on tea, but also made arrangements +whereby Americans could buy their taxed tea cheaper +than it could be bought in England and cheaper even +than they could smuggle it from Holland, as they had +been doing. No doubt the King had great faith in +this foolish scheme. "Of course," he argued, "the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +Americans will buy their tea where they can buy it +cheapest, and then we will have them in a trap." +But this was a huge blunder, as we shall now see.</p> + +<p>The East India Company arranged to ship cargoes +of tea to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston. +When the tea arrived, the people in New York +and Philadelphia refused to let it land, and in Charleston +they stored it in damp cellars, where it spoiled. +But in Boston, where the Tory Governor, Hutchinson, +was determined to fight a hard battle for the King, +there was a most exciting time. The result was the +famous "Boston Tea Party."</p> + +<p>It was a quiet Sunday morning, on the 28th of +November, 1773, when the Darmouth, one of the +three tea-ships on the way to Boston, sailed into the +harbor.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The people were attending service in the +various churches. "The Darmouth is in!" spread +like wildfire, and soon the streets were astir with people, +Sunday though it was, in old Puritan Boston.</p> + +<p>Fearing that the tea might be landed, the committee +of correspondence quickly got together and secured a +promise from Benjamin Rotch, the owner of the Darmouth, +that the tea should not be landed before Tuesday. +On Monday morning an immense town meeting +was held in Faneuil Hall, the "Cradle of Liberty." +Five thousand men were present. But Faneuil Hall +proving too small, the crowd had to make its way to +the Old South Church. In addressing the meeting +Samuel Adams asked, "Is it the firm resolution of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>this body that the tea shall not only he sent back, +but that no duty shall be paid thereon?" With a +great shout the men answered "Yes."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/illus175.jpg" width="480" height="590" alt="Faneuil Hall, Boston." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Faneuil Hall, Boston.</span> +</div> + +<p>Samuel Adams and the people of Boston and the +surrounding towns were +determined that the tea +should not be landed. +Governor Hutchinson +was equally determined +that it should be. The +advantage was with the +Governor, for according +to law the vessels could +not return to England +with the tea unless they +got a clearance from the +collector of customs or +a pass from himself.</p> + + +<p>But neither the collector +of customs nor Governor Hutchinson would +yield an inch. For nineteen days the struggle continued, +growing daily more bitter. With a stubborn +purpose to prevent the landing of the tea even if they +had to fight, the Boston people appointed men, armed +with muskets and bayonets, some to watch the tea-ships +by day and some by night. Six couriers were +to be ready to mount their horses, which they kept +saddled and bridled, and speed into the country to +give the alarm to the people. Sentinels were stationed +in the church-belfries to ring the bells, and beacon-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>fires +were ready to be lighted on the surrounding +hilltops.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 421px;"> +<img src="images/illus176.jpg" width="421" height="640" alt="The Old South Church, Boston." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Old South Church, Boston.</span> +</div> + +<p>The morning of December 16th had come. If the +tea should remain in the harbor until the morrow—the +twentieth day—the revenue officer would be empowered +by law to land it by force. Men, talking +angrily and shaking their fists with excitement, were +thronging into the streets of Boston from surrounding +towns. By ten o'clock over 7,000 had assembled +in the Old South Church and in the streets outside.</p> + +<p>They were waiting for the coming of Benjamin +Rotch, who had gone to see if the collector would +give him a clearance. Rotch +came in and told the angry +crowd that the collector refused +to give the clearance. +The people told him that he +must get a pass from the Governor. +Fearing for his personal +safety, the poor man +started out to find Governor +Hutchinson who had purposely +retired to his country home +at Milton. Then the meeting +adjourned for the morning.</p> + +<p>At three o'clock a great +throng of eager men again crowded into the Old +South Church and the streets outside to wait for the +return of Rotch. It was a critical moment. "If the +Governor refuses to give the pass, shall the revenue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +officer be allowed to seize the tea and land it to-morrow +morning?" Many anxious faces showed that +men were asking themselves this momentous question.</p> + +<p>But while, in deep suspense, the meeting waited +and deliberated, John Rowe said, "Who knows how +tea will mingle with salt water?" A whirlwind of +applause swept through the assembly and the masses +outside the church. As daylight deepened into darkness, +candles were lighted. Shortly after six Benjamin +Rotch entered the church and, with pale face, said, +"The Governor refuses to give a pass." An angry +murmur arose, but the crowd soon became silent, +when Samuel Adams arose and said, "This meeting +can do nothing more to save the country."</p> + +<p>This was plainly a concerted signal. In an instant +a war-whoop sounded, and forty or fifty "Mohawks," +or men dressed as Indians, who were waiting outside, +dashed past the door and down Milk Street toward +Griffin's Wharf, where the tea-ships were lying at +anchor. It was bright moonlight, and everything +could be plainly seen. Many men stood on shore +and watched the "Mohawks" as they broke open 342 +chests, and poured the tea into the harbor. There was +no confusion. All was done in perfect order.</p> + +<p>The "Boston Tea Party," of which Samuel Adams +was the prime mover, was a long step toward the Revolution. +Samuel Adams was at this time almost or quite +alone in his desire for Independence, and he has well +been called the "Father of the Revolution." But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +his influence for the good of America continued far +beyond the time of the "Boston Tea Party." Up to +the last his patriotism was earnest and sincere. He +died in 1803, at the age of eighty-one years. Not as +an orator, like Patrick Henry, but as a man of action, +like Lincoln and Washington, had he a powerful influence +over men. His was truly a life of distinguished +service to his country.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 617px;"> +<img src="images/illus178.jpg" width="617" height="600" alt="The "Boston Tea Party."" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The "Boston Tea Party."</span> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The feeling of Massachusetts people.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel Adams in business and in public life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A man to be trusted.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">King George's new scheme of taxation.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Bitter opposition to the new taxes.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The King's shrewd attempt to outwit the Americans.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Taxed tea arrives in America.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A huge town meeting.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A Bitter Struggle with Governor Hutchinson over the Tea.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Over 7,000 excited men in the Old South Church.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Governor refuses to give Rotch a pass.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The "Mohawks" and the "Tea Party"; Admiral Montague.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel Adams the "Father of the Revolution."</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> +<p>1. What were King George's new taxes? What was their three-fold purpose?</p> + +<p>2. Why were all the taxes repealed except the one on tea? In what way +did the King try to entrap the Americans?</p> + +<p>3. Tell about the bitter struggle over landing the tea.</p> + +<p>4. Can you form mental pictures of the following: The throng of excited +men in and about the Old South Church, awaiting the return of Benjamin +Rotch; and the party of "Mohawks" on their way down Milk Street to the +harbor?</p> + +<p>5. What was the great work of Samuel Adams? What do you admire in his +character? Compare him with Patrick Henry. Have you definite pictures of +the personal appearance of these men?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus180.jpg" width="100%" alt="Paul Revere." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Paul Revere.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XIV<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paul Revere<br /> +and the<br /> +Battle of<br /> +Concord and<br /> +Lexington<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1735-1818</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>After the "Boston Tea Party," affairs became +more serious than ever in Massachusetts. As +a punishment to the rebellious colonists for daring to +oppose their royal master, the English authorities closed +the port of Boston to all trade, and made General Gage +military governor of Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>One of the first acts of the new Governor was to dismiss +the Colonial Assembly, thus depriving the people +of their right to make laws, and subjecting them wholly +to the will of the King. The colonists felt this to +be an outrage upon free government, and immediately +organized a new governing body which they called a +Provincial Congress. With John Hancock as its president +and Samuel Adams as its leading spirit, this congress +began at once to make rapid preparations for +war. It called for an army of 20,000 men who were +to be ready, at a minute's notice, to march to any point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +of danger. These first soldiers of the Revolution, thus +hastily mustered, were called "minute-men."</p> + +<p>Meanwhile General Gage, who was in command of +3,000 British troops in Boston, had received orders +from England to seize John Hancock and Samuel +Adams as traitors. General Gage knew that Hancock +and Adams were staying for a while with a friend in +Lexington. He had learned also through his spies +that the minute-men had collected some cannon and +military stores in Concord, eighteen miles from Boston. +The British General planned, therefore, to send +a body of troops to arrest the two leaders at Lexington, +and then to push on and destroy the stores at +Concord.</p> + +<p>Although he acted with the greatest secrecy, he was +not alert enough to keep his plans from the watchful +minute-men. Gage's failure was brought about by one +of these minute-men, Paul Revere, whose famous +"midnight ride" was one of the exciting episodes of +the Revolution.</p> + +<p>Paul Revere was born in Boston, in 1735, in what is +now called the north end of the town. He followed +his father's trade, and became a goldsmith. To this +occupation he added copper-plate engraving, and not +only produced prints of many current events, but engraved +plates for money issued by the Provincial Congress +of Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>He had taken an active part in the "Boston Tea +Party," and in 1774, with about thirty other young patriots, +formed a society to spy out the British plans.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +Always on the watch, these young men at once made +known any suspicious movement to such leaders as Samuel +Adams, John Hancock, and Dr. Joseph Warren.</p> + +<p>On the evening of April 18, 1775, Revere and +his friends reported +to Dr. Warren certain +unusual movements +of troops and +boats, and their belief +that General +Gage was about to +carry out his plan +of capturing +Adams and Hancock +and of destroying the military stores at Concord.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus182.jpg" width="800" height="557" alt="Paul Revere's Ride." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Paul Revere's Ride.</span> +</div> + +<p>Dr. Warren quickly summoned William Dawes and +Paul Revere, and despatched them on horseback to +Lexington and Concord, to give the alarm. He sent +them by different routes, hoping that one at least might +escape capture by British patrols, with whom Gage had +carefully guarded all the roads leading from Boston.</p> + +<p>Dawes was soon making his way across Boston Neck, +while Paul Revere went home and put on his riding +suit for his long night-ride. Then, leaving orders for +a lantern-signal to be hung in the belfry of the Old +North Church, to indicate by which route the British +forces were advancing, "one if by land and two if +by sea," he rowed across the Charles River, passing +near the British war-vessels lying at anchor.</p> + +<p>On the opposite bank he soon got ready a fleet horse.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +There he stood, bridle in hand, watching to catch sight +of the signal lights. At eleven o'clock two lights +gleamed out from the belfry, and told him that the +British troops were crossing the Charles River on their +march through Cambridge.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 351px;"> +<img src="images/illus183.jpg" width="351" height="640" alt="The Old North Church." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Old North Church.</span> +</div> + +<p>Leaping into his saddle he sped like the wind +toward Lexington. Suddenly two British officers +sprang out to capture him; but quickly turning his +horse, he dashed into a side path, and soon outdistanced +his pursuers. Ten minutes later he arrived at +Medford.</p> + +<p>Then at every house along the road, he stopped +and shouted, "Up and arm! Up and arm! The +regulars are out! The regulars are +out!"</p> + +<p>When he reached Lexington it +was just midnight. Eight minute-men, +guarding the house where +Adams and Hancock were sleeping, +warned him not to disturb the +household by making so much +noise. "Noise!" cried Paul Revere. +"You'll have noise enough before +long. The regulars are out!"</p> + +<p>William Dawes soon joined Paul +Revere, and after a few minutes +spent in taking refreshments they +rode off together toward Concord accompanied by +Dr. Prescott. About half way there they met some +mounted British officers, who called to them to halt.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +Prescott managed to escape by making his horse leap +a stone wall, and rode in hot haste toward Concord, +which he reached in safety; but Paul Revere and +William Dawes both fell into the hands of the +British.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, the British troops, numbering 800 +men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, were on their +way to Lexington. But they had not gone far before +they were made aware, by the ringing of church-bells, +the firing of signal guns, the beating of drums, and +the gleaming of beacon-fires from the surrounding hilltops, +that the minute-men knew of their movements. +Colonel Smith, disturbed by these signs of threatening +storm, sent Major Pitcairn ahead with a picked body +of light infantry, in the hope that they might reach +Lexington before the town could be aroused. He then +sent back to Boston for reinforcements.</p> + +<p>The British commander had reason to be disturbed, +for the alarm-signals were calling to arms thousands of +patriots ready to die for their rights. Hastily wakened +from sleep, men snatched their old muskets from over +the door and, bidding a hurried good-by to wife and +children, started for the meeting-places long since agreed +upon.</p> + +<p>Just as the sun was rising, Major Pitcairn marched +into Lexington, where he found forty or fifty minute-men +ready to dispute his advance. "Disperse, ye +rebels: disperse!" he cried. But they would not disperse. +Pitcairn ordered his men to fire, and eighteen +of the minute-men fell dead or wounded, before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +remainder sullenly retired to wait for a hand in the +struggle later in the day.</p> + +<p>Before the arrival of Pitcairn the British officers +who had captured Revere and Dawes returned with +them to Lexington, +where, commanding +Revere to dismount, +they let him go. Running +off at full speed +to the house where +Samuel Adams and +John Hancock were +staying, he recounted +what had happened, +and then guided them +across the fields to a +place of safety at Woburn. On their way they heard +the guns firing on Lexington Common, and the sound +stirred the soul of Adams, who exclaimed with enthusiasm, +"Oh, what a glorious morning is this!"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 704px;"> +<img src="images/illus185.jpg" width="704" height="600" alt="Stone in Front of the Harrington House, Lexington, +Marking the Line of the Minute-Men." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Stone in Front of the Harrington House, Lexington, +Marking the Line of the Minute-Men.</span> +</div> + +<p>From Lexington, Colonel Smith hastened to Concord, +arriving there at seven o'clock in the morning, +about six hours after Dr. Prescott had given the alarm. +The British could not find the military stores, most +of which the people of Concord had hidden, but they +cut down the liberty pole, set fire to the court-house, +spiked a few cannon, and emptied some barrels of +flour.</p> + +<p>About 200 of them stood guard at the North +Bridge, while a body of minute-men gathered on a hill<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +beyond. When the minute-men had increased to 400 +they advanced upon the British, and brought on a fight +which resulted in loss of life on each side. Then continuing +their advance they crossed the bridge, and +forced the British to withdraw into the town.</p> + +<p>By noon Colonel Smith could see that by reason of +the ever-increasing body of minute-men, swarming into +Concord from every direction, it would be unwise to +delay his return to Boston. His men had marched +eighteen miles with little or no food for fourteen hours, +and were tired and hungry.</p> + +<p>But when the British started back on their return +march, the minute-men followed and began a deadly +attack. It was an irregular fight. The minute-men, +trained to woodland warfare, slipped from tree to tree, +shot down the tired British soldiers, and then retreated +only to return and repeat the annoying attack. The +wooded country through which they marched favored +this kind of fighting.</p> + +<p>But even in the open country every stone wall and +hill, every house and barn, seemed to the exhausted +British troops to bristle with the guns of minute-men. +The retreating army pushed wearily forward, fighting +as bravely as possible, but on the verge of confusion +and panic.</p> + +<p>When they reached Lexington Common, at two +o'clock, they met 1,200 fresh troops under Lord Percy, +whose timely arrival saved the entire force from capture. +The dismayed British troops, half-dead with exhaustion, +entered the square Lord Percy had formed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +for their protection, and fell upon the ground, "with +their tongues hanging out of their mouths like those of +dogs after a chase."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus187.jpg" width="800" height="489" alt="THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FROM THE CONCORD." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FROM THE CONCORD.</span> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> +<p>After resting for an hour, the British again took up +their march to Boston. The minute-men, increasing +in numbers every moment, kept up the same kind of +running attack that they had made upon the British +between Concord and Lexington. A British officer, in +speaking of the minute-men, said, "they seemed to +have dropped from the clouds." The condition of the +British soldiers was pitiable until, late in the day, they +got under the protection of the guns of the war-vessels +in Boston Harbor.</p> + +<p>The British had failed. They had been driven back, +almost in a panic, to Boston, with a loss of nearly 300 +men. The Americans had not lost 100. It was a +great day for the patriots, for they had not only defeated +the regular troops, but they had tested their own +strength and given fresh inspiration to their cause. +Farmers, mechanics, men in all walks of life, now flocked +to the army. Within a few days the Americans, +16,000 strong, were surrounding the British in Boston.</p> + +<p>The Americans, eager to drive them out of Boston, +threw up breastworks on Bunker Hill, which overlooked +the town. But the next day—June 17th—after +they had twice driven the redcoats down the +hill—they had to retreat because their powder had +given out. This was the battle of Bunker Hill, in +which the British lost in killed and wounded 1,000 +men; the Americans, 450.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + +<p>Although Paul Revere took part in no important +battle, he was active in the patriot cause, and became +lieutenant-colonel of a Boston regiment of artillery. +After the war he returned to his old business, and established +a foundry in which church-bells and bronze cannon +were cast. He died in Boston in 1818, eighty-three +years of age, held in high esteem by his countrymen.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Punishment for the "Boston Tea Party."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Provincial Congress and the "minute-men."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Paul Revere and other patriotic young men spy out the British plans.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Paul Revere starts on his "midnight ride."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He spreads the alarm.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Signs of the threatening storm.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The fight at Lexington.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Paul Revere acts as guide to Adams and Hancock.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The British at Concord; the fight at the North Bridge.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The British retreat from Concord to Lexington.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lord Percy's timely arrival.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The British driven back to Boston.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Paul Revere after the Revolution.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. What were Gage's secret plans, and how did Paul Revere and his +band of patriots try to thwart them?</p> + +<p>2. Draw a map, locating Boston, Medford, Lexington, and Concord.</p> + +<p>3. Impersonating Paul Revere, write an account of the famous "midnight +ride."</p> + +<p>4. Imagine yourself as a boy living in Concord at the time of the +battle, and tell your experiences.</p> + +<p>5. Describe the retreat of the British.</p> + +<p>6. When did this battle take place?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus190.jpg" width="100%" alt="Benjamin Franklin." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Benjamin Franklin.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XV<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Benjamin<br /> +Franklin and<br /> +Aid<br /> +from France<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1706-1790</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>American independence, the beginnings of +which we have just been considering, was accomplished +after a long struggle. Many brave men fought +on the battle-field, and many who never shouldered a +musket or drew a sword exerted a powerful influence +for the good of the patriot cause. One of these men +was Benjamin Franklin.</p> + +<p>He was born in Boston in 1706, the fifteenth child in +a family of seventeen children. His father was a candle-maker +and soap-boiler. Intending to make a clergyman +of Benjamin, he sent him, at eight years of age, to a +grammar-school, with the purpose of fitting him for college. +The boy made rapid progress, but before the end +of his first school-year his father took him out on account +of the expense, and put him into a school where he would +learn more practical subjects, such as writing and arithmetic. +The last study proved very difficult for him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + +<p>Two years later, at the age of ten, he had to go +into his father's shop. Here he spent his time in cutting +wicks for the candles, filling the moulds with +tallow, selling soap in the shop, and acting the part of +errand-boy.</p> + +<p>Many times he had watched the vessels sailing in +and out of Boston Harbor, and often in imagination +had gone with them on their journeys. Now he longed +to become a sailor, and, quitting the drudgery of the +candle-shop, to roam out over the sea in search of more +interesting life. But his father wisely refused to let +him go. His fondness for the sea, however, took him +frequently to the water, and he learned to swim like a +fish and to row and sail boats with great skill. In +these sports, as in others, he became a leader among his +playmates.</p> + +<p>With all his dislike for the business of candle-making +and soap-boiling, and with all his fondness for +play, he was faithful in doing everything that his father's +business required. His industry, together with +his liking for good books and his keen desire for +knowledge, went far toward supplying the lack of +school-training. He spent most of his leisure in +reading, and devoted his savings to collecting a small +library.</p> + +<p>His father, noting his bookish habits, decided to +apprentice Benjamin to his older brother, James, a +printer in Boston. Benjamin was to serve until he +was twenty-one and to receive no wages until the last +year. In this position he was able to see more of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +books, and made good use of his opportunities. +Often he would read, far into the night, a borrowed +book that had to be returned in the morning. He +also wrote some verses and peddled them about the +streets, until his father discouraged him by ridiculing +his efforts.</p> + +<p>About this time, in order to get money for books, he +told his brother that he would be willing to board +himself on half the money the board had been costing. +To this his brother agreed, and Benjamin lived on a +very meagre diet. Remaining in the printing-office at +noon, he ate such a simple lunch as a biscuit or slice +of bread and a bunch or two of raisins. As a meal +like this required but little time, young Franklin could +spend most of the noon hour in reading. By living +thus he easily saved half of what his brother allowed +him, and at once spent his savings in books.</p> + +<p>This youth was never idle, because he put a high +value upon time; he was never wasteful of money, +because he knew the easiest way to make money was +to save what he had. These were qualities which +helped Benjamin Franklin to get on in the world.</p> + +<p>But during this period of his life he had great hardships +to bear, for his brother was a stern taskmaster, and +was so hot-tempered that he would sometimes beat +Benjamin cruelly. No doubt the young apprentice +was sometimes at fault. Be that as it may, the two +brothers had so many disagreements that Benjamin determined +to run away and seek his fortune elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Having sold some of his books to get a little money,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +at the age of seventeen, he secured a passage on board +a sloop for New York. Upon his arrival, friendless and +almost penniless, he began to visit the printing-offices +in search of work. But failing to find any, and being +told that he would be +more likely to succeed +in Philadelphia, +he decided to go to +that city.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus193.jpg" width="600" height="601" alt="Franklin's Journey from New York to Philadelphia." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Franklin's Journey from New York to Philadelphia.</span> +</div> + +<p>To-day, the journey +from New York +to Philadelphia, a +distance of ninety +miles, can be made in +two hours. But, of +course, in Franklin's +time there were no +railroads, and it was a more difficult undertaking.</p> + +<p>He first had to go by a sail-boat from New York to +Amboy, on the New Jersey coast. On the way a storm +came up, which tore the sails and drove the boat to +the Long Island shore. All night Franklin lay in the +hold, while the waves dashed angrily over the boat. +At length, after thirty hours, during which he was +without food or water, he was landed at Amboy.</p> + +<p>As he had no money to spare for coach hire, he +started to walk, along rough country roads, the fifty +miles across New Jersey to Burlington. For over +two days he trudged along in a downpour of rain. +At the end of his first day's journey he was so wet and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +mud-spattered, and had such an appearance of neglect, +that on reaching an inn, there was talk of arresting +him for a runaway servant.</p> + +<p>Having arrived at Burlington, he was still twenty +miles from Philadelphia, and boarded a boat for the +remainder of his journey. As there was no wind, the +passengers had to take turns at the oars, and in this +way they continued down the Delaware until midnight. +Then fearing they might pass the town in the darkness—streets +not being lighted in those days—they +landed, made a fire out of some fence-rails, and waited +for morning.</p> + +<p>The next day, which was Sunday, they reached Philadelphia, +and young Franklin, poorly clad and travel-soiled, +with only a little money in his pocket, was making +his way alone through the streets of Philadelphia. +But he was cheerful and full of hope. His health was +strong, and he was hungry for his breakfast. Going to +a baker's shop he bought three large rolls, and, his +pockets being already stuffed with shirts and stockings, +he tucked one roll under each arm, and walked up +Market Street eating the third. His ludicrous appearance +afforded much amusement to a certain Deborah +Read, who stood at the door of her father's house +as he passed by. Little did she think that this strange-looking +fellow would one day become the greatest man +in Philadelphia and even in Pennsylvania. Little did +she think that one day, not many years after that morning +she would become his wife. Both these things +came to pass.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + +<p>Having eaten as much as he wished, he continued +up the street, giving the two other rolls to a woman +and a child who had come on the boat with him.</p> + +<p>In a short time he found work with one of the two +master-printers in Philadelphia. One day, while at +work in the printing-office, he received a call from Sir +William Keith, Governor of Pennsylvania. Governor +Keith's attention had been directed to this seventeen-year-old +youth by Franklin's brother-in-law, and he +called on this occasion to urge him to start a printing-press +of his own.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 594px;"> +<img src="images/illus195.jpg" width="594" height="480" alt="Franklin in the Streets of Philadelphia." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Franklin in the Streets of Philadelphia.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Franklin said he had not the money to buy a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +printing-press and type, the Governor offered to write +a letter for Franklin to take to his father in Boston, +asking him to furnish the loan. The following spring +Franklin took the letter to his father, but the father +refused to lend him the money.</p> + +<p>Upon Franklin's return to Philadelphia Governor +Keith advised him to go to England to select the +printing-press and other things necessary for the business +outfit, promising to provide funds. Franklin took +him at his word, and sailed for London, expecting to +secure the money upon his arrival there. But the +faithless Governor failed to keep his word, and Franklin +was again stranded in a strange city.</p> + +<p>Without friends and without money he once more +found work in a printing-office, where he remained +during the two years of his stay in London. Here, +in his manliness and strength, he was very different +from the printers with whom he worked. They +spent much of their money in beer-drinking, and +when Franklin refused to drink with them, they +made fun of him, by calling him a water-American. +But the young man who had lived upon a simple +diet in order to buy books was not disturbed by such +taunts.</p> + +<p>After two years he returned to Philadelphia, where, +four years later, he married Miss Read. In the meantime +he had set up in the printing business for himself, +but in so doing had to carry a heavy debt. He +worked early and late to pay it off, sometimes making +his own ink and casting his own type. He would also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +at times go with a wheel-barrow to bring to the printing-office +the paper he needed.</p> + +<p>His wife assisted him by selling stationery in his +shop as well as by saving in the household, where the +furnishings and food were very simple. Franklin's +usual breakfast was milk and bread, which he ate out +of a wooden porringer with a pewter spoon. In time, +when their money was more plentiful, his wife gave him +a China bowl and a silver spoon. On observing how +hard Franklin worked, people said, "There is a man +who will surely succeed. Let us help him."</p> + +<p>In all these years of struggle Franklin was cheerful +and light-hearted. This was no doubt largely owing +to his natural disposition, but in part also to his healthful +reading habits, which took him into a world outside +of himself. No matter where he was or what +the stress of his business, he found time to read and +improve himself. He also adopted rules of conduct, +some of which, in substance, are: Be temperate; speak +honestly; be orderly about your work; do not waste +anything; never be idle; when you decide to do anything, +do it with a brave heart.</p> + +<p>Some of the wisest things Franklin ever said appeared +in his Almanac, which he called "Poor Richard's +Almanac." Beginning when he was twenty-six +years of age, he published it yearly for twenty-five +years, building up a very large circulation. It contained +many homely maxims, which are as good to-day +as they were in Franklin's time. Here are a few of +them:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"God helps them that help themselves."<br /> +<br /> +"Early to bed and early to rise,<br /> +Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."<br /> +<br /> +"There are no gains without pains."<br /> +<br /> +"One to-day is worth two to-morrows."<br /> +<br /> +"Little strokes fell great oaks."<br /> +<br /> +"Keep thy shop, and thy shop will keep thee."<br /> +</p></div> + +<p>Franklin always had a deep interest in the public +welfare. He started a subscription library in Philadelphia +and established an academy, which finally grew into +the University of Pennsylvania. Having a decidedly +practical turn of mind, he had great influence in organizing +a better police force and a better fire department. +He invented the Franklin stove, which soon became +popular because it was so much better than the open fireplace. +But the most wonderful thing he ever did was +proving that lightning was the same thing as electricity.</p> + +<p>Before he made this discovery, men of science had +learned how to store up electricity in what is called a +Leyden jar. But Franklin wished to find out something +about the lightning which flashed across the +clouds during a thunder-storm. Therefore, making a +kite out of silk and fastening to it a small iron rod, +he attached to the kite and to the iron rod a string +made of hemp.</p> + +<p>One day when a thunder-cloud was coming up he +went out with his little son and took his stand under +a shelter in the open field. At one end of the hempen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +string was fastened an iron key, and to this was tied a +silken string, which Franklin held in his hand. As +electricity will not run through silk, by using this silken +string he protected himself against the electric current.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus199.jpg" width="600" height="660" alt="Franklin Experimenting with Electricity." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Franklin Experimenting with Electricity.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the kite rose high into the air, Franklin +watched intently to see what might follow. After a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> +while the fibres of the hempen string began to move, +and then, putting his knuckles near the key, Franklin +drew forth sparks of electricity. He was delighted, +for he had proved that the lightning in the clouds was +the same thing as the electricity that men of science +could make with machines.</p> + +<p>It was a great discovery and made Benjamin Franklin +famous. From some of the leading universities of +Europe he received the title of <i>Doctor</i>, and he was now +recognized as one of the great men of the world.</p> + +<p>Franklin rendered his country distinguished public +services, only a few of which we can here mention. +More than twenty years before the outbreak of the +Revolution, he perceived that the principal source of +weakness among the colonies was their lack of union. +With this great weakness in mind, Franklin proposed, +in 1754, at a time when the French were threatening +to cut off the English from the Ohio Valley, his +famous "Plan of Union." Although it failed, it +prepared the colonies for union in the struggle against +King George and the English Parliament.</p> + +<p>Ten years after proposing the "Plan of Union" +Franklin was sent to England, at the time of the agitation +over the Stamp Act, to make a strenuous effort to +prevent its passage. He was unsuccessful in accomplishing +his mission, but later did much toward securing +the repeal of the Stamp Act.</p> + +<p>Returning from England two weeks after the battle +of Lexington and Concord, he immediately took a +prominent part in the Revolution. He was one of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +the five appointed as a committee to write the Declaration +of Independence, and during the discussion over +that remarkable State paper, it was he that said, "Yes, +we must indeed all hang together, or assuredly we +shall all hang separately."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;"> +<img src="images/illus201.jpg" width="589" height="480" alt="Lafayette Offering His Services to Franklin" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lafayette Offering His Services to Franklin</span> +</div> + +<p>After the signing of the Declaration of Independence +on July 4, 1776, he was sent to France to secure aid +for the American cause. The French people gave him +a cordial reception. There were feasts and parades in +his honor, crowds followed him on the streets, and his +pictures were everywhere displayed. The simplicity +and directness of this white-haired man of seventy years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +charmed the French people, and won for him a warm +place in their hearts. On one of the great occasions a +very beautiful woman was appointed to place a crown +of laurel upon his white locks, "and to give the old +man two kisses on his cheeks." All this was a sincere +expression of admiration and esteem. He did very +much to secure from France the aid which that country +gave to us. He indeed rendered to his country +services<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> whose value may well be compared with those +of Washington.</p> + +<p>Franklin left France in 1785, after having ably represented +his country for ten years. All France was +sorry to have him leave. Since it was hard for him to +endure the motion of a carriage, the King sent one of +the Queen's litters in which he was carried to the coast. +He also bore with him a portrait of the King of France +"framed in a double circle of four hundred and eight +diamonds."</p> + +<p>Although in his last years he had to endure much +idleness and pain, yet he was uniformly patient and +cheerful, loving life to the end. He died in 1790, at +the age of eighty-four, one of the greatest of American +statesmen and heroes.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Franklin's school-life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Benjamin in his father's shop.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His fondness for the sea.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Bookish habits.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Franklin boards himself.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He runs away from home.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His journey from New York to Philadelphia.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">In a printing-office again.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His manliness.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">In business for himself.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Economy and simplicity in living.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">"Poor Richard's Almanac."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Franklin's public spirit.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His great discovery.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Franklin the statesman.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His "plan of Union."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Franklin in France.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His last years.</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Give an account of Franklin's bookish habits, and of his experiences +on the journey from Boston to Philadelphia, when he ran +away from home.</p> + +<p>2. How do you explain the success in life of this poor boy? In making +your explanation think of all his strong traits of character and +of all his good habits.</p> + +<p>3. What simple ways of living did Franklin adopt when he was trying +hard to pay his debts?</p> + +<p>4. Memorize the "Rules of Conduct" and the six homely maxims.</p> + +<p>5. Tell about Franklin's experiment with the kite. What great discovery +did he make at this time?</p> + +<p>6. What did Franklin have to do with the following: the Stamp Act; +the Declaration of Independence; securing aid from France?</p> + +<p>7. How was he treated by the French people and their King?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus204.jpg" width="100%" alt="George Washington." title="" /> +<span class="caption">George Washington.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XVI<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +George Washington<br /> +the<br /> +Virginia Planter<br /> +and the<br /> +Revolutionary<br /> +Soldier<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1732-1799</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>We left George Washington at Mount Vernon, +his extensive plantation on the Virginia bank +of the Potomac River. After his marriage with Mrs. +Custis, who had large property of her own, Washington +became a man of much wealth. He was at one +time one of the largest landholders in America. As a +manager of all this property, he had much to do. Let +us delay our story a little to get a glimpse of the life +led by him and other Virginia planters of his time.</p> + +<p>The plantations were scattered along the rivers, +sometimes many miles apart, with densely wooded +stretches of land lying between. Each planter had his +own wharf whence vessels, once a year, carried away his +tobacco to England, and brought back in exchange +whatever manufactured goods he required.</p> + +<p>Nearly all his needs could be supplied at his wharf +or on his plantation. His slaves included not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +workers in large tobacco-fields, but such skilled workmen +as millers, weavers, tailors, wheelwrights, coopers, +shoemakers, and carpenters. Washington said to his +overseers, "Buy nothing that you can make within +yourselves." Indeed, each plantation was a little world +in itself. Hence towns containing shops with goods +and supplies of various kinds did not spring up much +in Virginia.</p> + +<p>The mansion of the planter, built of brick or wood +and having at either end a huge chimney, was two +stories high, with a large veranda outside and a wide +hall-way inside. Near by were the storehouses, barns, +workshops, and slave quarters. These last consisted of +simple wooden cabins surrounded by gardens, where +the negroes raised such things as vegetables and water-melons +for their own use. In fact, the mansion and +all the buildings clustered about it looked like a village. +Here we could have seen, at all hours of the day, +swarms of negro children playing happily together.</p> + +<p>The planter spent most of his time in the open air, +with his dogs and his horses. Washington gave to his +horses rather fanciful +names, such as Ajax, +Blueskin, Valiant, and +Magnolia, and to his +dogs, Vulcan, Sweetlips, +Ringwood, Forrester, and Rockwood. Out-door +recreations included fishing, shooting, and horse-racing.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus205.jpg" width="640" height="217" alt="Washington's Coach." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Washington's Coach.</span> +</div> + +<p>Although life on the plantation was without luxury, +there was everywhere a plain and homely abundance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +Visitors were sure to meet a cordial welcome. It was +no uncommon thing for a planter to entertain an entire +family for weeks, and then to pay a similar visit in return +with his own family. Social life absorbed much +of Washington's time at +Mount Vernon, where +visitors were nearly always +present. The planter, +often living many miles +away from any other human +habitation, was only +too glad to have a traveller +spend the night with +him and give news of the outside world. Such a visit +was somewhat like the coming of the newspaper into +our homes to-day.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus206.jpg" width="640" height="450" alt="A Stage Coach of the Eighteenth Century." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Stage Coach of the Eighteenth Century.</span> +</div> + +<p>We must remember that travelling was no such simple +and easy matter then as it is now. As the planters +in Virginia usually lived on the banks of one of the +many rivers, the simplest method of travel was by boat, +up or down stream. There were cross-country roads, +but these at best were rough, and sometimes full of +roots and stumps. Often they were nothing more than +forest paths. In trying to follow such roads the traveller +at times lost his way and occasionally had to spend +a night in the woods. But with even such makeshifts +for roads, the planter had his lumbering old coach to +which, on state occasions, he harnessed six horses and +drove in great style.</p> + +<p>Washington was in full sympathy with this life, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +threw himself heartily into the work of managing his +immense property. He lived up to his favorite motto, +"If you want a thing done, do it yourself." He kept +his own books, and looked with exactness after the +smallest details.</p> + +<p>He was indeed one of the most methodical of men, +and thus accomplished a marvellous amount of work. +By habit an early riser, he was often up before daylight +in winter. On such occasions he kindled his +own fire and read or worked by the light of a candle. +At seven in summer and at eight in winter he sat +down to a simple breakfast, consisting of two cups of +tea, and hoe-cakes made of Indian meal. After breakfast +he rode on horseback over his plantation to look +after his slaves, often spending much of the day in the +saddle superintending the work. At two he ate dinner, +early in the evening he took tea, and at nine o'clock +went to bed.</p> + +<p>As he did not spare himself, he expected faithful +service from everyone. But to his many slaves he +was a kind master, and he took good care of the sick +or feeble. It may be a comfort to some of us to learn +that Washington was fonder of active life than of reading +books, for which he never seemed to get much +time. But he was even less fond of public speaking. +Like some other great men, he found it difficult to +stand up before a body of people and make a speech. +After his term of service in the French and Indian +War he was elected to the House of Burgesses, where +he received a vote of thanks for his brave military ser<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>vices. +Rising to reply, Washington stood blushing and +stammering, without being able to say a word. The +Speaker, equal to the occasion, said with much grace, +"Sit down, Mr. Washington, your modesty equals your +valor, and that surpasses the power of any language to +express."</p> + +<p>While for many years after the close of the Last +French War this modest, home-loving man was living +the life of a high-bred Virginia gentleman, the exciting +events which finally brought on the Revolution were +stirring men's souls to heroic action. It was natural, +in these trying days, that his countrymen should look +for guidance and inspiration to George Washington, +who had been so conspicuous a leader in the Last +French War.</p> + +<p>He represented Virginia at the first meeting of the +Continental Congress in 1774, going to Philadelphia in +company with Patrick Henry and others. He was also +a delegate from his colony at the second meeting +of the Continental Congress in May, 1775. On being +elected by this body Commander-in-Chief of the American +army, he at once thanked the members for the +election, and added, "I do not think myself equal to +the command I am honored with." He also refused +to receive any salary for his services, but said he would +keep an account of the expenses he might incur, in +order that these might be paid back to him.</p> + +<p>On the 21st of June Washington set out on horseback +from Philadelphia, in company with a small body +of horsemen, to take command of the American army<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +around Boston. Not long after starting they met a +messenger bringing in haste the news of the Battle of +Bunker Hill. Washington eagerly asked, "Did the +Americans stand the fire of the regular troops?" +"Yes," was the proud answer. "Then," cried Washington, +gladly, "the liberties of the country are +safe!"</p> + +<p>Three days later, about four o'clock on Sunday +afternoon, he reached New York, where he met with a +royal welcome. Riding in an open carriage drawn by +two white horses, he passed through the streets, escorted +by nine companies of soldiers on foot. Along +the route the people, old and young, received him +with enthusiasm. At New Haven the Yale College +students came out in a body, keeping step to the music +of a band of which Noah Webster, the future lexicographer, +then a freshman, was the leader. On July 2d, +after arriving at the camp in Cambridge, Washington +received an equally enthusiastic welcome from the +soldiers.</p> + +<p>Next day General Washington rode out on horseback +and, under the famous elm still standing near +Harvard University, drew his sword and took command +of the American army. He was then forty-three +years old, with a tall, manly form and a noble +face. He was good to look at as he sat there, a perfect +picture of manly strength and dignity, wearing an +epaulet on each shoulder, a broad band of blue silk +across his breast, and a three-cornered hat with the +cockade of liberty in it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now came the labor of getting his troops into good +condition for fighting battles, for his army was one +only in name. These untrained men were brave and +willing, but without muskets and without powder, they +were in no condition for making war on a well-equipped +enemy.</p> + +<p>Moreover, the army had no cannon, without which +it could not hope to succeed in an attack upon the +British troops in Boston. By using severe measures, +however, Washington soon brought about much better +discipline. But with no powder and no cannon, he +had to let the autumn and the winter slip by before +making any effort to drive the British army out of +Boston. When cannon and other supplies were at last +brought down from Ticonderoga on sledges drawn by +oxen, the alert American General fortified Dorchester +Heights, which overlooked the city, and forced the +English commander to sail away with all his army.</p> + +<p>Washington believed that the next movement of the +British would be to get control of the Hudson River +and the Middle States. So he went promptly to New +York in order to defend it against attack. But still +his army was weak in numbers as well as in provisions, +equipment, and training.</p> + +<p>Washington had only about 18,000 men to meet +General Howe, who soon arrived off Staten Island +with a large fleet and 30,000 men. Not knowing +where the British General would strike first, Washington +had to be on his guard at many points. He had +to prepare a defence of a line of twenty miles. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +also built, on opposite sides of the Hudson River just +above New York, Forts Lee and Washington.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 484px;"> +<img src="images/illus211.jpg" width="484" height="800" alt="Map Illustrating the Battle of Long +Island." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Illustrating the Battle of Long +Island.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Brooklyn Heights, on Long Island, had been +fortified, General Putnam went with half the army +to occupy them. On August +27th General Howe, with +something like 20,000 men, +attacked a part of these forces +and defeated them. If he had +continued the battle by marching +at once against the remainder, +he might have captured +all that part of Washington's +army under Putnam's command. +He might, also, have +captured Washington himself, +who, during the heat of the +battle, had crossed over to +Long Island.</p> + +<p>If Howe had done this, he +might have ended the war at one stroke. But his men +had fought hard at the end of a long night-march and +needed rest. Besides, he thought it would be easy +enough to capture the Americans without undue haste. +For how could they escape? Soon the British vessels +would sail up and get between them and New +York, when, of course, escape for Washington and +his men would be impossible. This all seemed so +clear to the easy-going General Howe that he gave +his tired men a rest after the battle on the 27th. On<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +the 28th a heavy rain fell, and on the 29th a dense +fog covered the island.</p> + +<p>But before midday of the 29th some American +officers riding down toward the shore, noticed an +unusual stir in the British fleet. Boats were going to +and fro, as if carrying orders. "Very likely," said +these officers to Washington, "the English vessels are +to sail up between New York and Long Island, to cut +off our retreat." As that was also Washington's opinion, +he secured all the boats he could find for the purpose +of trying to make an escape during the night.</p> + +<p>It was a desperate undertaking. There were 10,000 +men, and the width of the river at the point of crossing +was nearly a mile. It would seem hardly possible +that such a movement could, in a single night, be +made without discovery by the British troops, who +were lying in camp but a short distance away. The +night must have been a long and anxious one for +Washington, who stayed at his post of duty on the +Long Island shore until the last boat of the retreating +army had pushed off. The escape was a brilliant +achievement and saved the American cause.</p> + +<p>But this was only the beginning of Washington's +troubles in this memorable year, 1776. As the British +now occupied Brooklyn Heights, which overlooked +New York, the Americans could not hold that place, +and in a short time they had to withdraw, fighting +stubbornly as they slowly retreated. Washington +crossed over to the Jersey side of the Hudson, and +left General Charles Lee with half the army at North<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +Castle. The British captured Forts Lee and Washington, +with 3,000 men, inflicting a severe loss upon +the American cause. The outlook was gloomy, but +more trying events were to follow.</p> + +<p>In order to prevent the British from capturing Philadelphia, +Washington put his army between them and +that city. The British began to move upon him. +Needing every soldier that he could get, he sent orders +to General Lee to join him. Lee refused to move. +Again and again Washington urged Lee to come to his +aid. Each time Lee disobeyed. We now know that +he was a traitor, secretly hoping that Washington +might fail in order that he himself, who was second +in command, might become Commander-in-Chief of +the American army.</p> + +<p>Lee's disobedience placed Washington in a critical +position. In order to save his army from capture, +Washington had to retreat once more, this time across +New Jersey toward Philadelphia. As the British army, +in every way superior to Washington's, was close upon +the Americans, it was a race for life. Sometimes the +rear-guard of the Americans was just leaving a burning +bridge when the van of the British army could be seen +approaching. But by burning bridges and destroying +food supplies intended for the British, Washington so +delayed them that they were nineteen days in marching +about sixty miles.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless the situation for the Americans was +still desperate. To make matters worse, Washington +saw his army gradually melting away by desertion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +When he reached the Delaware River it numbered +barely 3,000 men.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus214.jpg" width="800" height="527" alt="WASHINGTON'S RETREAT THROUGH NEW JERSEY." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WASHINGTON'S RETREAT THROUGH NEW JERSEY.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> + +<p>Having collected boats for seventy miles along the +Delaware, Washington succeeded in safely crossing it +a little above Trenton, on December 8th. As the +British had no boats, they were obliged to wait until +the river should freeze, when they intended to cross in +triumph and make an easy capture of Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>To most people, in England and in America alike, +the early downfall of the American cause seemed certain. +General Cornwallis—who in May of this year +had joined the British army in America—was so sure +that the war would soon come to an end, that he had +already packed some of his luggage and sent it aboard +ship, with the intention of returning to England at an +early day.</p> + +<p>But Washington had no thought of giving up the +struggle. Far from being disheartened, he confronted +the gloomy outlook with all his energy and courage. +Fearless and full of faith in the patriot cause, he +watched with vigilance for an opportunity to turn suddenly +upon his over-confident enemy and strike a heavy +blow.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 664px;"> +<img src="images/illus216.jpg" width="664" height="1024" alt="Map Illustrating the Struggle for the Hudson River and the Middle States." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Illustrating the Struggle for the Hudson River and the Middle States.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> + +<p>Such an opportunity shortly came to him. The +British General had carelessly separated his army into +several divisions and scattered them at various points +in New Jersey. One of these divisions, consisting of +Hessians, was stationed at Trenton. Washington's +quick eye noted this blunder of the British General, +and he resolved to take advantage of it by attacking +the Hessians at Trenton on Christmas night. Having +been re-enforced, he now had an army of 6,000 +and was therefore in a better condition to risk a battle. +With 2,400 picked men he got ready to cross the +Delaware River at a point nine miles above Trenton. +There was snow on the ground, and the weather was +bitterly cold. As the soldiers marched to the place +of crossing, some of them with feet almost bare left +bloody footprints along the route.</p> + +<p>At sunset the troops began to cross. It was a terrible +night for such an undertaking. Angry gusts of +wind, and great blocks of ice swept along by the swift +current, threatened every moment to dash in pieces the +frail boats. From the Trenton side of the river, General +Knox, who had been sent ahead by Washington, +loudly shouted to let the struggling boatmen know +where to land. Ten hours were consumed in the +crossing. Much longer must the time have seemed to +Washington, as he stood in the midst of the wild +storm, his heart full of mingled anxiety and hope.</p> + +<p>It was not until four o'clock in the morning that +the troops were ready to march upon Trenton, nine +miles away. As they advanced, a fearful storm of +snow and sleet beat upon the already weary men. But +they pushed forward, and surprised the Hessians at +Trenton soon after sunrise, easily capturing them after +a short struggle.</p> + +<p>Washington had brought hope to every patriot +heart. The British were amazed at the daring feat, +and Cornwallis decided to make a longer stay in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +America. He soon advanced with a superior force +against Washington, and at nightfall, January 2, 1777, +took his stand on the farther side of a small creek. +"At last," said Cornwallis, "we have run down the old +fox, and we will bag him in the morning."</p> + +<p>But Washington was too sly a fox for Cornwallis to +bag. During the night he led his army around Cornwallis's +camp, and pushing on to Princeton defeated +the rear-guard, which had not yet joined the main body. +He then retired in safety to his winter quarters among +the hills about Morristown. During this fateful campaign +Washington had handled his army in a masterly +way. He had begun with defeat and had ended with +victory.</p> + +<p>In 1777 the British planned to get control of the +Hudson River, and thus cut off New England from the +other States. In this way they hoped so to weaken +the Americans as to make their defeat easy. Burgoyne +was to march from Canada, by way of Lake Champlain +and Fort Edward, to Albany, where he was to +meet not only a small force of British under St. Leger +from the Mohawk Valley, but also the main army of +18,000 men, under General Howe, which was expected +to sail up the Hudson from New York. The British +believed that this plan would be easily carried out and +would soon bring the war to a close.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 534px;"> +<img src="images/illus219.jpg" width="534" height="800" alt="WINTER AT VALLEY FORGE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">WINTER AT VALLEY FORGE.<br /> +<br /> +The Relief.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> +<p>And this might have happened if General Howe +had not failed to do his part. Instead of going up to +meet and help Burgoyne, however, he tried first to +march across New Jersey and capture Philadelphia. +But when he reached Morristown, he found Washington +in a stronghold where he dared not attack him. As +Washington would not come out and risk an encounter +in the open field, and as Howe was unwilling to continue +his advance with the American army threatening +his rear, he returned to New York. Still desirous of +reaching Philadelphia, however, he sailed a little later, +with his army, to Chesapeake Bay. The voyage took +him two months.</p> + +<p>When at length he advanced toward Philadelphia, +he found Washington ready to dispute his progress at +Brandywine Creek. There a battle was fought, resulting +in the defeat of the Americans. But Washington +handled his army with such skill that Howe spent two +weeks in reaching Philadelphia, only twenty-six miles +away.</p> + +<p>When Howe arrived at the city he found out that it +was too late to send aid to Burgoyne, who was now in +desperate straits. Washington had spoiled the English +plan, and Burgoyne, failing to get the much-needed +help from Howe, had to surrender at Saratoga (October +17, 1777) his entire army of 6,000 regular troops. +This was a great blow to England, and resulted in a +treaty between France and America. After this treaty, +France sent over both land and naval forces, which +were of much service to the American cause.</p> + +<p>At the close of 1777 Washington retired to a strong +position among the hills at Valley Forge, on the +Schuylkill River, about twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia. +Here his army spent a winter of terrible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +suffering. Most of the soldiers were in rags, only a +few had bed-clothing, and many had not even straw to +lie upon at night. Nearly 3,000 were barefoot. More +than this, they were often for days at a time without +bread. It makes one heartsick to read about the sufferings +of these patriotic men during this miserable +winter. But despite all the bitter trials of these distressing +times, Washington never lost faith in the final +success of the American cause.</p> + +<p>A beautiful story is told of this masterful man at +Valley Forge. When "Friend Potts" was near the +camp one day, he heard an earnest voice. On approaching +he saw Washington on his knees, his cheeks +wet with tears, praying to God for help and guidance. +When the farmer returned to his home he said to his +wife: "George Washington will succeed! George +Washington will succeed! The Americans will secure +their independence!" "What makes thee think so, +Isaac?" inquired his wife. "I have heard him pray, +Hannah, out in the woods to-day, and the Lord will +surely hear his prayer. He will, Hannah; thee may +rest assured He will."</p> + +<p>We may pass over without comment here the events +between the winter at Valley Forge and the Yorktown +campaign, which resulted in the surrender of Cornwallis +with all his army. Even when not engaged in fighting +battles, Washington was the soul of the American +cause, which could scarcely have succeeded without his +inspiring leadership. But there is yet one more military +event—the hemming in of Cornwallis at York<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>town,—for +us to notice briefly before we take leave of +Washington.</p> + +<p>When at the close of his fighting with General +Greene in the South, Cornwallis marched northward to +Yorktown, Washington, with an army of French and +American troops, was encamped on the Hudson River. +He was waiting for the coming of a French fleet to +New York. On its arrival he expected to attack the +British army there by land, while the fleet attacked it +by sea.</p> + +<p>Upon hearing that the French fleet was on its way +to the Chesapeake, Washington thought out a brilliant +scheme. This was to march his army as quickly and +as secretly as possible to Yorktown, a distance of 400 +miles, there to join Lafayette and to co-operate with +the French fleet in the capture of Cornwallis. The +scheme succeeded so well that Cornwallis surrendered +his entire army of 8,000 men on October 19, 1781.</p> + +<p>This was the last battle of the war, although the +treaty of peace was not signed until 1783. By that +treaty the Americans won their independence from +England. The country which they could now call +their own extended from Canada to Florida, and from +the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.</p> + +<p>Washington, tired of war, was glad to become a Virginia +planter once more. But he was not permitted to +live in quiet. After his retirement from the army his +home became, as he himself said, a well-resorted tavern. +Two years after the close of the Revolution he +wrote in his diary: "Dined with only Mrs. Washing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>ton, +which I believe is the first instance of it since my +retirement from public life."</p> + +<p>When, on the formation of the Constitution of the +United States, the American people looked about for +a President, all eyes naturally turned to George Washington. +He was elected without opposition and was +inaugurated at New York, then the capital of the +United States, on April 30, 1789.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus223.jpg" width="640" height="447" alt="Washington's Home—Mount Vernon." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Washington's Home—Mount Vernon.</span> +</div> + +<p>His life as President was one of dignity and elegance. +It was his custom to pay no calls and accept no invitations, +but between three and four o'clock on every +Tuesday afternoon he held a public reception. On +such occasions he appeared in court-dress, with powdered +hair, yellow gloves in his hand, a long sword in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +a scabbard of white polished leather at his side, and a +cocked hat under his arm. Standing with his right +hand behind him, he bowed formally as each guest +was presented to him.</p> + +<p>After serving two terms as President with great success +he again retired in 1797 to private life at Mount +Vernon. Here he died on December 14, 1799, at +the age of sixty-seven, loved and honored by the +American people.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Washington at Mount Vernon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The plantation in Virginia.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The planter's mansion and its surroundings.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Virginia hospitality.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Modes of travel.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington's working habits.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Appointed commander-in-chief of the American troops.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">General Washington and his army.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The British driven from Boston.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington goes to New York.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Battle of Long Island.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington's escape from Long Island.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The traitor Lee disobeys Washington.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington retreats across New Jersey.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A gloomy outlook.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A terrible night followed by a glorious victory.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The British plans in 1777.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">General Howe fails to do his part.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Burgoyne's surrender; aid from France.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington at Valley Forge.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The surrender of Cornwallis; treaty of peace.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington as president.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. By all means make constant use of your map.</p> + +<p>2. Write on the following topics: the plantation, the planter's mansion, +Virginia hospitality, modes of travel.</p> + +<p>3. What was Washington's favorite motto? What were his working +habits?</p> + +<p>4. Describe Washington at the time when he took command of the +army. What was the condition of this army?</p> + +<p>5. Tell about Washington's troubles and his retreat across New +Jersey?</p> + +<p>6. Imagine yourself one of Washington's soldiers on the night of the +march against the Hessians at Trenton, and relate your experiences. +Try to form vivid pictures before you tell the story.</p> + +<p>7. What were the British plans for 1777, and in what way did +General Howe blunder in carrying out his part?</p> + +<p>8. Describe the sufferings of the soldiers at Valley Forge.</p> + +<p>9. Give a short account of Washington.</p> + +<p>10. What were the leading causes of the Revolution? Its most striking +result?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus226.jpg" width="100%" alt="Nathaniel Greene." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Nathaniel Greene.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XVII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nathaniel<br /> +Greene, the Hero<br /> +of the South,<br /> +and Francis<br /> +Marion, the<br /> +"Swamp Fox"<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1742-1786</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>We have rapidly glanced at the course of the +Revolution so far as Washington was concerned +in it. But we should fail to understand the +connection of events were we to pass over without +mention the work of the brilliant general, Nathaniel +Greene, who by common consent is regarded as a military +leader second to Washington alone.</p> + +<p>As already noted, the first fighting in the Revolution +was in New England. Failing there, the British +generals vainly tried to get control of the Hudson +River and the Middle States.</p> + +<p>Their attention was now turned to the South, where +there were many Tories who would give material support +to the King's forces. George the Third had +great hopes of conquering all the Southern States, and +holding them at the end of the struggle as English +territory, even though the Americans should succeed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +in keeping possession of New England and the Middle +States.</p> + +<p>Beginning in Georgia in 1778, the British captured +Savannah, but not until 1780 did they undertake the +serious business of conquering the South. In May of +that year General Lincoln, the American commander +of the Southern army, surrendered his entire force at +Charleston, and in the following August, General +Gates, at the head of a second American army, suffered +a crushing defeat in the battle of Camden. The +outlook for the patriot cause appeared dark. One +thing was certain. An able military leader must take +charge of the Americans, or the British would soon +overcome all opposition. Washington had great faith +in General Greene's ability, and without hesitation +selected him for this important task.</p> + +<p>Nathaniel Greene was born in Warwick, R. I., in +1742. His father, a Quaker preacher on Sundays +and a blacksmith and miller on week days, brought up +his son in the strictest Quaker principles, and trained +him to work in the field, in the mill, and at the forge. +Nathaniel was robust and athletic, a leader in outdoor +sports. From an early age he was studious in his +habits, and in his manhood, when the troubles with +England seemed to threaten war, he eagerly turned his +attention to the study of military tactics.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus228.jpg" width="600" height="751" alt="Map Showing the War in the South." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Showing the War in the South.</span> +</div> + +<p>In 1774 Greene took an active part in organizing, +in Rhode Island, a military company called the Kentish +Guards, in which he at once enrolled himself as a +private. In order to procure a musket it was neces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>sary +for him to make a trip to Boston where, in his +Quaker costume of drab-colored clothes and broad +brimmed hat, he was a picturesque and interested +observer of the British regulars taking their customary +drill. On his return +he brought +with him not only +a musket, which he +concealed under +some straw in his +wagon, but also a +British deserter to +drill his company.</p> + +<p>On the news of +the battle of Bunker +Hill a brigade of +three regiments was +raised in Rhode +Island, and Greene +was placed at its +head with the rank +of brigadier-general. With this brigade he at once +marched to Boston, and when Washington arrived to +take command of the American troops, General Greene +had the honor of welcoming him in behalf of the army.</p> + +<p>At this time Greene was thirty-three years old, six +feet tall, with a strong, vigorous body and a frank, +intelligent face. He speedily won the friendship and +confidence of Washington, who afterward placed him +in positions of great responsibility. Throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +entire war General Greene was actively engaged, and in +all his campaigns he showed remarkable energy and +promptness. It was natural that a general so able +should be sought in 1780 as commander of the American +army in the South.</p> + +<p>When General Greene reached the Carolinas (December +2, 1780), he found the army in a forlorn condition. +There was but one blanket for every three soldiers, +and there were not enough provisions in camp to last +three days. The men were disheartened because +they had suffered defeat, rebellious because they were +unpaid, and sick because they were unfed. They +camped in rude huts made of fence rails, corn-stalks, +and brushwood.</p> + +<p>But by his masterly way of doing things Greene +soon inspired the confidence of officers and soldiers +alike. A story is told that well illustrates the faith +his men had in their general. Once he saw a bare-footed +sentry and said to him, "How you must suffer +from cold!" "I do not complain," the sentry answered, +not aware that he was addressing his commander. +"I know I should fare well if our general +could procure supplies."</p> + +<p>Not long after taking command of the army he sent +General Morgan with 900 picked men toward the +mountains in the Carolinas to threaten the British posts +there, while he himself, with the remainder of the army, +took a position nearer the coast on the Pedee River. +General Cornwallis, in command of the British army in +the South, detached Tarleton to march against Morgan.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +Early on the morning of January 17, 1781, after a +hard night march, Tarleton, over-confident of success, +attacked Morgan at Cowpens. But the Americans +repelled the attack with vigor and won a brilliant victory. +The British lost 230 killed +and wounded and 600 prisoners, +almost their entire force.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus230.jpg" width="336" height="448" alt="Lord Cornwallis." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lord Cornwallis.</span> +</div> + +<p>Cornwallis was deeply chagrined, +for he had expected that +Tarleton would crush the American +force. He now planned to +march rapidly across the country +and defeat Morgan before +Greene's army could unite with +him. But Morgan, feeling certain +that Cornwallis would make +a strenuous effort to overwhelm him and rescue the +600 prisoners, marched with all possible speed in a +northeasterly direction, with the purpose of crossing +the Catawba River before Cornwallis could overtake +him.</p> + +<p>Moreover, when Greene heard the glorious news of +the American victory, he knew that there was great +danger that Morgan's force would fall into the hands +of Cornwallis. He therefore planned not only to prevent +such a catastrophe, but also to lead Cornwallis far +away from his base of supplies at Wilmington on the +coast, to a place where his own force united with +Morgan's might fight a winning battle.</p> + +<p>With these plans in mind, having ordered General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +Huger to march rapidly with the army in a northerly +direction, Greene himself, with a small guard, swiftly +rode a distance of 150 miles across the rough country +to Morgan's army. On the last day of January he +reached it in the Catawba Valley, and began to direct +its movements.</p> + +<p>In the meantime Cornwallis, with desperate energy, +was pressing in pursuit. For the next ten days it was +a race for life, with the odds in favor of Cornwallis. +But Greene was exceedingly alert and masterful. The +Catawba had been safely crossed, but Cornwallis +might overtake the Americans before they could cross +the Yadkin. To make all possible provision for a +speedy crossing, Greene sent men ahead to see that +boats should be collected on this river, ready for use +when he should need them. He also had the fore-thought +to carry with his army boats mounted on +wheels. When crossing a river these boats would +carry the wheels, and in advancing across the country +the wheels would carry the boats.</p> + +<p>Having taken these precautions, Greene sent Morgan +forward toward Salisbury, while he himself waited +for a force of militia that was to guard fords on the +Catawba in order to delay Cornwallis. But while waiting +he heard that the militia had been scattered. When +this unfortunate news reached him, he started upon a +solitary ride through the heavy mud and drenching rain +in search of Morgan's force. When Greene alighted +at the Salisbury Inn, which had been turned into a +hospital for the soldiers, the army physician greeted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> +him, asking how he was. "Fatigued, hungry, alone, +and penniless," he answered. The landlady, Mrs. +Elizabeth Steele, on hearing the reply, brought out +two bags of money, the savings of many a hard day's +labor. She said, "Take these, you will need them, +and I can do without them."</p> + +<p>In this famous retreat of 200 miles through the +Carolinas the Americans forded three rivers, whose +waters, swollen by recent rains soon after the Americans +had crossed, checked the British in their pursuit. +Greene crossed the last of these rivers, the Dan, with +the two parts of his army now united, just in time to +escape Cornwallis.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus233.jpg" width="336" height="372" alt="General Francis Marion." title="" /> +<span class="caption">General Francis Marion.</span> +</div> + +<p>In all this time of trial and uncertainty General +Greene received valuable aid from partisan leaders in +the South. One of the most noted of these was Francis +Marion, who was born near Georgetown, S.C., in +1732. Although as a child, he was extremely delicate, +he grew strong after his twelfth year. In his mature +years he was short and slight in frame, but strong and +hardy in constitution.</p> + +<p>When the British began to swarm into South Carolina +he raised and drilled a company of his neighbors +and friends known as "Marion's Brigade." These +men, without uniforms, without tents, and without +pay, were among the bravest and best of the Revolutionary +soldiers. Old saws beaten at the country +forge furnished them with sabres, and pewter mugs +and dishes supplied material for bullets. The diet of +these men was simple. Marion, their leader, usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> +ate hominy and potatoes, and drank water flavored +with a little vinegar.</p> + +<p>The story is told that one day a British officer +entered the camp with a flag of truce. After the conference, +Marion, with his usual delicate +courtesy, invited him to dinner. +We may imagine the officer's surprise +when, seated at a log used for +a table, they were served to a dinner +consisting of roasted sweet potatoes +handed to them on pieces of bark. +The British officer was still more +surprised to learn that at times Marion's men were not +fortunate enough to have even potatoes.</p> + +<p>"Marion's Brigade" of farmers and hunters seldom +numbered more than seventy, and often less than +twenty. With this very small force he annoyed the +British beyond measure by rescuing prisoners and by +capturing supply-trains, foraging parties, and outposts. +One day a scout brought in the report that a party of +ninety British with 200 prisoners were on the march +for Charleston. Waiting for the darkness to conceal +his movements, Marion with thirty men sallied out, +swooped down upon the British camp, captured, the +entire force, and rescued all the American prisoners.</p> + +<p>It was the custom of Marion's men when hard +pressed by a superior force to scatter, each one for +himself, and, dashing headlong into the dense, dark +swamps, to meet again at the well-known hiding-place. +Even while the British were in search of them they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +sometimes darted out just as suddenly as they had +disappeared, and surprised another British party near +at hand. Well did Marion deserve the name of +"Swamp Fox," given him by the British.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 634px;"> +<img src="images/illus234.jpg" width="634" height="600" alt="Marion and His Men Swooping Down on a British Camp." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Marion and His Men Swooping Down on a British Camp.</span> +</div> + +<p>With the aid of such partisan leaders, and by the +skilful handling of his army, Greene was more than a +match for Cornwallis. On receiving reinforcements +from Virginia Greene turned upon his enemy at Guilford +Court House, N. C., where he fought a losing +battle. But although defeated, he so crippled the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +British army that Cornwallis was obliged to retreat to +the coast to get supplies for his half-famished men +before marching northward into Virginia. In this long +and trying campaign Greene had completely outwitted +Cornwallis.</p> + +<p>At the close of the war, as he passed through Philadelphia +on his way home, the people received him +with great enthusiasm. In 1785 he moved with his +family to a plantation which the State of Georgia had +given him. Here he lived in quiet and happiness less +than a year, when he died of sunstroke at the age of +forty-four. His comrade, Wayne, who was with him +at the time of his death, said of him: "He was great +as a soldier, great as a citizen, immaculate as a friend.... I +have seen a great and good man die."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The British attempt to get control in the south.<br /> +Dark outlook for the Americans.<br /> +Young Greene a leader in out-door sports.<br /> +Greene made brigadier-general.<br /> +He takes command in the South.<br /> +General Greene and his army.<br /> +The battle of Cowpens.<br /> +Greene's plans.<br /> +His alertness and foresight.<br /> +A famous retreat.<br /> +Partisan leaders.<br /> +Francis Marion and his men.<br /> +Marion's methods: the "Swamp Fox."<br /> +Greene outwits Cornwallis.<br /> +General Greene after the war.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> +<p>1. Why did the British wish to get control of the South?</p> + +<p>2. How did Greene look? What do you admire in his character?</p> + +<p>3. What was the condition of his army when he took command of it in the South?</p> + +<p>4. What was the "race for life"? How did it result?</p> + +<p>5. Describe Francis Marion and tell all you can about his habits.</p> + +<p>6. Tell the story of Marion and the British officer.</p> + +<p>7. What were Marion's methods of annoying the British?</p> + +<p>8. Are you constantly trying to form mental pictures as you read?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus237.jpg" width="100%" alt="Daniel Boone." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Daniel Boone.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XVIII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Daniel Boone,<br /> +the<br /> +Kentucky<br /> +Pioneer<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1735-1820</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>You will recall that at the beginning of the Last +French War in 1756 the English colonies lived +almost entirely between the Alleghany Mountains and +the Atlantic Ocean. Such continued to be their narrow +boundaries up to the beginning of the Revolutionary +War. To understand how, at the end of this +war, the western boundary had been extended to the +Mississippi, we must turn our attention to those early +western pioneers, the backwoodsmen, who rendered +very important services to their country.</p> + +<p>One of the most noted of these pioneers was Daniel +Boone. He was born in Bucks County, Pa., in 1735. +Caring little for books, he spent most of his time in +hunting and fishing. The woods were his special delight, +and naturally he became an expert rifleman.</p> + +<p>The story is told that when a small boy he wandered +one day into the forest some distance from home,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +and built himself a rough shelter of logs. There he +would spend days at a time with only his rifle and +game for company. The rifle served to bring down +the game, and this he cooked over a fire of logs. A +prince might have envied his dreamless slumber as he +lay on a bed of leaves with the skin of a wild animal +for covering. This free, wild life trained him for his +future career as a fearless hunter and woodsman.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus238.jpg" width="1024" height="576" alt="The Kentucky Settlement." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Kentucky Settlement.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Daniel was about thirteen years old his +father moved to North Carolina and settled on the +Yadkin River, where Daniel grew to manhood. After +his marriage at the age of twenty, he built him a hut +in the solitude of the wilderness, far removed from +other settlers' homes.</p> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 317px;"> +<img src="images/illus239.jpg" width="317" height="640" alt="Indian Costume (Female)." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Indian Costume (Female).</span> +</div> + +<p>But Boone was restless. For years he looked with +eager eyes toward the rugged mountains on the west +and to the country beyond. Day by day, his desire to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> +visit this wild unknown region increased, until he could +no longer restrain it. By the time he was twenty-five +he had begun his explorations and had pushed his way +as far as Boone's Creek, which is a branch of the Watauga +River in Eastern Tennessee. +Near this creek there yet stands a +beech-tree with the inscription: "D. +Boon cilled a bar on (this) tree in +the year 1760."</p> + +<p>Nine years after this date Daniel +Boone, in company with five other +men, started out on May 1st to +cross the Alleghany Mountains. +For five weeks the bold travellers +picked their way through the pathless +woods. But when in June they +reached Kentucky, they were rewarded +for all the hardships they +had endured. For here was a beautiful +country with an abundance of +game, including deer, bears, and great herds of bison.</p> + +<p>They promptly put up a shelter made of logs and +open on one side. The floor of this camp, as it was +called, was the earth, covered with leaves and hemlock +twigs.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 275px;"> +<img src="images/illus240.jpg" width="275" height="640" alt="Indian Costume (Male)." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Indian Costume (Male).</span> +</div> + +<p>Six months after their arrival Boone and a man +named Stewart had an unpleasant experience. While +off on a hunting expedition, they were captured by an +Indian party. For seven days the dusky warriors carefully +guarded their prisoners. But on the seventh night,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> +having gorged themselves with the game killed during +the day, the Indians fell into a sound sleep. Boone, +while pretending to be asleep, had been watching his +opportunity. So when the right moment came he quietly +arose, awoke Stewart, and the two +crept stealthily away until out of hearing +of the Indians. Then, leaping to +their feet, they bounded away like +deer, through the dark woods toward +their camp. This they found deserted, +and what had become of their +friends they never learned.</p> + +<p>Some weeks later Boone was pleasantly +surprised by the appearance at +the camp of his brother, Squire Boone, +and a companion. The four men +lived together without special incident, +until one day Stewart was surprised +and shot by some Indians. Stewart's +death so terrified the man who had +accompanied Squire Boone, that he gave up the wilderness +life and returned to his home.</p> + +<p>Boone and his brother remained together in the +forest for three months longer, but their ammunition +getting low, on May 1st Squire Boone returned to +North Carolina for a fresh supply and for horses. +Daniel was thus left alone, 500 miles from home. +His life was in constant peril from wild beasts and +Indians. He dared not sleep in his camp, but resorted +at night to a canebrake or some other hiding-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>place, +where he lay concealed, not even kindling a +fire lest its light might betray him. During these +months of solitary waiting for his brother, Boone +endured many privations. He had neither salt, sugar, +nor flour, his sole food being game brought down by +his rifle. But the return of his brother, in July, with +the expected provisions, brought him much good cheer.</p> + +<p>After two years of this experience in the wilderness, +Daniel Boone returned to his home on the Yadkin +to make preparations for removal. By September, +1773, he had sold his farm and was ready to go with +his family to settle in Kentucky. His enthusiastic +reports of the fertile country he had been exploring +found eager listeners, and when his party was ready +to start it included, besides his wife and children, five +families and forty men, with a sufficient number of +horses and cattle. Unhappily they were attacked on +their way by Indians, and six men, one of them Boone's +eldest son, were killed. Discouraged by this setback +the party returned to the nearest settlement, and for +a while longer the migration westward was postponed.</p> + +<p>But it was Boone's unflinching purpose to settle in +the beautiful Kentucky region. It had already become +historic, for the Indians called it a "dark +ground," a "bloody ground," and an old Indian Chief +had related to Boone how many tribes had hunted and +fought on its disputed territory.</p> + +<p>None of the Indians held an undisputed claim to +the land. Nevertheless a friend of Boone, Richard +Henderson, and other white men made treaties with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +the powerful Cherokees, who allowed them to settle +here. As soon as it became certain that the Cherokees +would not interfere, Henderson sent Boone in charge +of thirty men to open a pathway from the Holston +River, over Cumberland Gap to the Kentucky River. +This is still known as the Wilderness Road, along +which so many thousand settlers afterward made their +way.</p> + +<p>On reaching the Kentucky River, Boone and his +men set to work to build a fort on the left bank of +the stream. This fort they called Boonesborough. Its +four stout walls consisted in part of the outer sides of +log cabins and in part of a stockade, some twelve feet +high, made by thrusting into the ground stout pieces +of timber pointed at the top. There were loop-holes +in all the cabins, and a loop-holed block-house at each +corner of the fort.</p> + +<p>Daniel Boone, the leader of this settlement, was a +man of interesting personality. He was a tall, slender +backwoodsman, with muscles of iron and a rugged +nature that enabled him to endure great hardship. +Quiet and serious, he possessed courage that never +shrank in the face of danger. Men had confidence in +him because he had confidence in himself. Moreover, +his kind heart and tender sympathies won lasting friendships. +He usually though not always dressed like an +Indian. A fur cap, a fringed hunting shirt, and leggings +and moccasins, all made of skins of wild animals, +made up his ordinary costume.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus243.jpg" width="600" height="631" alt="Daniel Boone in his Cabin." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Daniel Boone in his Cabin.</span> +</div> + +<p>If we should go in imagination into Daniel Boone's +log cabin out in the clearing not far from the fort, we +should find it a simple home with rude furnishings. +A ladder against the wall was the stairway by which +the children reached the loft. Pegs driven into the +wall held the scanty family wardrobe, and upon a +rough board, supported by four wooden legs, was +spread the family meal.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 325px;"> +<img src="images/illus244.jpg" width="325" height="448" alt="A Hand Corn Mill." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Hand Corn Mill.</span> +</div> + +<p>There was an abundance of plain and simple food. +Bear's meat was a substitute for pork, and venison for +beef. As salt was scarce, the beef was not salted down +or pickled, but was jerked by drying in the sun or +smoking over the fire. Corn was also an important +article of diet. When away +from home to hunt game or to +follow the war trail, sometimes +the only food which the settler +had was the parched corn he +carried in his pocket or wallet. +Every cabin had its hand-mill +for grinding the corn into meal +and a mortar for beating it +into hominy. The mortar was +made by burning a hole into +the top of a block of wood.</p> + +<p>A pioneer boy found his life +a busy and interesting one. While still young he +received careful training in imitating the notes and +calls of birds and wild animals. He learned how +to set traps, and how to shoot a rifle with unerring +aim. At twelve years of age he became a +fort-soldier, with port-hole assigned to him for use +in case of an Indian attack. He received careful +training, also, in following an Indian trail and in +concealing his own when on the warpath. For expert +knowledge of this kind was necessary in the +midst of dangers from unseen foes that were likely +to creep stealthily upon the settlers at all times<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> +whether they were working in the clearings or hunting +in the forest.</p> + +<p>After building the fort, Boone returned to his home +in North Carolina for his family. Some months after +the family reached Boonesborough, Boone's daughter +with two girl friends was one day floating in a boat +near the river-bank. Suddenly five Indians darted out +of the woods and, seizing the three girls, hurried away +with them. When in their flight the Indians observed +the eldest of the girls breaking twigs and dropping +them in their trail, they threatened to tomahawk her +unless she stopped it. But watching her chance, she +from time to time tore off strips of her dress, and +dropped them as guides to the pursuing whites.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus246.jpg" width="336" height="441" alt="A Wigwam." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Wigwam.</span> +</div> + +<p>As soon as possible after hearing of the capture +Boone, with seven other men from the fort, started +upon the trail of the Indians and kept up the pursuit +until, early on the second morning, they discovered +the Indians sitting around a fire cooking breakfast. +Suddenly the whites, firing a volley, killed two of the +Indians and frightened the others so badly that they +beat a hasty retreat, leaving the girls uninjured.</p> + +<p>Early in 1778, Boone and twenty nine other men +were captured and carried off by a party of Indian +warriors. At that time the Indians in that part of the +country were fighting on the English side in the +Revolution, and as they received a ransom for any +Americans they might hand over to the English, they +took Boone and the other men of his party to Detroit.</p> + +<p>Although the English offered $500 for Boone's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +ransom the Indians refused to let him go. They +admired him so much that they took him to their +home, and with due ceremony adopted him into their +tribe. Having plucked out all his hair except a tuft +on the top of his head, they +dressed this with feathers and +ribbons as a scalp-lock. Next +they threw him into the river +and gave his body a thorough +scrubbing in order to wash out +all the white blood. Then, daubing +his face with paint in true +Indian fashion, they looked upon +him with huge satisfaction as one +of themselves.</p> + +<p>Boone remained with them +several months, during which he made the best of the +life he had to lead. But when he heard that the +Indians were planning an attack upon Boonesborough, +he determined to escape if possible and give his friends +warning. His own words tell the story in a simple +way: "On the 16th of June, before sunrise, I departed +in the most secret manner, and arrived at +Boonesborough on the 20th after a journey of 160 +miles, during which I had but one meal." He could +not get any food because he dared not use his gun, +nor would he build a fire for fear of discovery by his +foes. He reached the fort in safety, where he was of +great service in beating off the attacking party.</p> + +<p>But this is only one of the many hairbreadth escapes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +of the fearless backwoodsman. Once while in a shed +looking after some tobacco, four Indians with loaded +guns appeared at the door. They said: "Now, Boone, +we got you. You no get away any more. You no +cheat us any more." In the meantime, Boone had +gathered up in his arms a number of dry tobacco +leaves, and with the dust of these suddenly filled the +Indians' eyes and nostrils. Then while they were +coughing, sneezing, and rubbing their eyes, he made +good his escape.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 608px;"> +<img src="images/illus247.jpg" width="608" height="600" alt="Indian Implements" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Indian Implements</span> +</div> + +<p>But from all his dangerous adventures Boone came +out safely, and for years remained the leader of the +settlement at Boonesborough. He was certainly a +masterful leader in that early pioneer life in Kentucky. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> +The solitude of the wilderness never lost its charm for +him even to the last of his long life. He died in +1820, eighty-five years old. It has been said that but +for him the settlement in Kentucky could not have +been made for many years.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Western pioneers and patriots.<br /> +Boone's fondness for life in the woods.<br /> +He goes to Kentucky.<br /> +His solitary life in the forest.<br /> +He plants a settlement in Kentucky.<br /> +Boonesborough.<br /> +Personal appearance and character of Daniel Boone.<br /> +His log cabin.<br /> +Food of the backwoodsmen.<br /> +Life of the pioneer boy.<br /> +Boone's daughter captured by the Indians.<br /> +His adoption by an Indian Tribe.<br /> +Boone's important work.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Try to form a picture of Boone alone in the woods in his boyhood, +and then tell the story of what he did.</p> + +<p>2. Do the same with Boone alone in the Kentucky forest after his +brother had left him.</p> + +<p>3. What do you admire in Boone's character? How did he dress? +Describe his log cabin. Give some facts about the Kentucky +settlers' diet.</p> + +<p>4. Tell something about the life of the pioneer boy.</p> + +<p>5. Give an account of Boone's adoption into an Indian tribe.</p> + +<p>6. What was Boone's great work?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus249.jpg" width="100%" alt="Thomas Jefferson." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Thomas Jefferson.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XIX<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Thomas<br /> +Jefferson and<br /> +the<br /> +Louisiana<br /> +Purchase<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1743-1826</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + +<p>Through the achievements of early pioneers +and settlers, of whom Daniel Boone is the type, +the region lying between the Alleghany Mountains and +the Mississippi River came into the possession of the +United States. In a very different way did the territory +lying between the Mississippi River and the +Rocky Mountains become a part of the national domain. +It was acquired not by exploration or settlement, +but by purchase, and the man most intimately +associated with this purchase was Thomas Jefferson.</p> + +<p>He was born in 1743 near Charlottesville, Va., +on a plantation of nearly 2,000 acres. From his father, +a man of great physical strength and energy, Thomas +inherited a hardy constitution. As a boy he lived +an out-of-door life, sometimes hunting for deer, wild +turkeys, and other game, sometimes swimming or +paddling his boat in the river near his home, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> +sometimes riding one of his father's horses. A skilful +and a daring rider, he remained to the end of his long +life fond of a fine horse.</p> + +<p>When he was five years of age he entered school, +and thus early began his life-long habit of reading and +study. Even in his younger boyhood days he was +known among his playmates for industry and thoroughness.</p> + +<p>At seventeen he entered William and Mary College, +at Williamsburg, Va. Although Williamsburg +was a village of only 1,000 people, it was the State +capital, and represented the most aristocratic and refined +social life of the colony. As a young college +student Jefferson received the full advantage of this +good society, and at the same time studied very hard, +sometimes as much as fifteen hours a day. But for his +strong body and sound health he must have broken +down under such a severe strain.</p> + +<p>Being simple, refined, and gentle in manner, with a +cheerful disposition and rare intelligence, he easily +won and kept warm friends. One of these was the +rollicking, fun-loving Patrick Henry, who with his +jokes and stories kept everyone about him in good +humor. He and Jefferson were, in their youth, the +best of friends, and spent many an hour in playing +their violins together.</p> + +<p>While in college at Williamsburg Jefferson, according +to a description left of him as he appeared at that +time, was six feet two and one-half inches tall, with a +slender frame, a freckled face, sandy hair, hazel-gray<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +eyes, and large feet and hands. He stood erect, +straight as an arrow, a perfect picture of health and +vigorous young manhood.</p> + +<p>It was during the last of his five-year stay at Williamsburg +that Jefferson, then twenty-two-years old, +stood one day at the door of the court-house earnestly +listening to his friend Patrick Henry as he delivered +his famous speech. The impassioned words of the +great orator, bitterly denouncing the Stamp Act, made +a deep impression upon young Jefferson's fervid nature. +They fell as seed in good soil, and a few years +later yielded harvest in the cause of liberty.</p> + +<p>These two men, devoted friends as they were, had +many traits in common. Both were earnest patriots and +fought in the same cause. But unlike Patrick Henry +Thomas Jefferson was a poor speaker. His power +expressed itself rather through his writing, and with +such grace and strength that he has rightly been called +"The Pen of the Revolution."</p> + +<p>At twenty-nine years of age he married a beautiful +young widow of twenty-three. After the wedding +festivities, he and his bride started out in a four-horse +carriage to drive to his home, Monticello, more than +100 miles away. It was in the month of January, +and a heavy snow-storm overtook them, compelling +them to abandon the carriage and continue the journey +over the rough mountain roads on horseback.</p> + +<p>When at last they reached Monticello, tired and +hungry, it was so late that the slaves had gone to +their quarters for the night. The house was dark<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> +and the fires all out, but the bride and groom quickly +kindled a fire, hunted up refreshments, and made the +empty rooms ring with their songs and merriment. +Thus with joyous hearts did they begin a long-continued +and happy +married life in their +beautiful home, Monticello.</p> + +<p>Both Jefferson and +his wife inherited +wealth. When he was +married, he owned +5,000 acres of land +and fifty-two slaves, +and a year later his wife's father died and left her +40,000 acres of land and 135 slaves.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 626px;"> +<img src="images/illus252.jpg" width="626" height="480" alt="Monticello." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Monticello.</span> +</div> + +<p>He became strongly attached to his mountain home +and his life there as a planter, taking great interest in +laying out and cultivating the grounds, and in introducing +many new varieties of plants and trees.</p> + +<p>But he was too public-spirited to be lost in his private +interest. In the year following his marriage, the +famous "Boston Tea Party" emptied the chests of +taxed tea into Boston Harbor. Then followed such +stirring events as the Boston Port Bill, the first meeting +of the Continental Congress, and the battles of +Lexington and Concord; and finally the crisis, when +the brave men of the Continental Congress, having decided +that the time had come for the American people +to declare themselves free and independent of Eng<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>land, +appointed a committee of five to draw up the +Declaration of Independence.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 535px;"> +<img src="images/illus253.jpg" width="535" height="800" alt="THOMAS JEFFERSON AT WORK UPON THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE +DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THOMAS JEFFERSON AT WORK UPON THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE +DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> + +<p>Jefferson was one of this committee and, as he had +distinguished himself for literary ability, it fell to him +to write the first draft of this great state paper. Congress +spent a few days in making some unimportant +changes in Jefferson's draft, but left it practically as he +had written it. On July 4, 1776, all the members of +the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence +in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, a hall +which is yet standing.</p> + +<p>One of the striking things that Jefferson wrote in +the Declaration of Independence was that "all men are +created equal." He was always democratic in feeling, +trying to do what he could for the interest of rich and +poor alike. There was a law in Virginia requiring that +the owner of land should hand it down to his eldest +son. In its place he got a law passed which would +permit all the children of a family to share in the land +owned by their father. Another law in Virginia required +that people should pay taxes for the support of +the religious denomination, or church, known as the +Established Church. As Jefferson believed this law +unfair, he secured the passage of one which provided +that nobody should be compelled to pay taxes for the +support of any church.</p> + +<p>But Jefferson showed his sympathy for the rights of +others quite as much in his private as in his public life, +and won the personal attachment of his numerous +household. His letters to his little daughters were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> +full of loving advice, and their letters to him breathed +the spirit of genuine affection. When, after the close +of the Revolution, Franklin returned from his mission +as minister to France, Jefferson was sent to take his +place. On his return to Monticello at the end of five +years, his slaves went miles to meet him and give him +a hearty welcome home. They wished to take the +horses from the carriage, that they might draw it themselves; +and when, arriving at the house, Jefferson +alighted, they bore him proudly upon their shoulders, +while they laughed and cried for joy because "Massa" +had come home again.</p> + +<p>Jefferson was truly polite, because he had warm +sympathy for others, especially for the poor and +the needy. Once when he and his grandson were +out riding together they met a negro who bowed +to them. The young man paid no attention to the +negro, but Jefferson politely returned the bow, saying, +"Do you permit a negro to be more of a gentleman +than yourself?" thus teaching the young man a useful +lesson.</p> + +<p>After filling many of the highest offices in the country, +Thomas Jefferson became the third President of +the United States in 1801. He had looked on with +serious misgivings at some of the ceremonies and formalities +in the executive mansion while Washington +was President. He loved Washington, but he did not +think that the President of the United States should +be coldly formal and hold himself aloof from the people +quite as much as Washington did. He believed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> +"republican simplicity," which he began to practise on +the very day he was inaugurated.</p> + +<p>On that occasion he went on foot to the capitol, +clothed in his every-day dress, and attended by some +of his political friends. It became his custom later +when going up to the capitol on official business to +ride on a horse, which he tied with his own hands to +a fence near by, before entering. He declined to hold +weekly levees, as had been the custom, but instead +opened his house to all on the fourth of July and +the first of January. In these ways he was carrying +out his convictions that the President should be simple +in dress and manner, or, in other words, should +live in "republican simplicity."</p> + +<p>Many acts of Jefferson prove that he was an able +statesman; but one of the greatest things he did, while +President in the years 1801-1809, was the purchase of +Louisiana. Do not think of this territory as the State +of Louisiana. It was far more than this, for it included +all the country lying between the Mississippi +River on the east and the Rocky Mountains on the west, +and extending from Canada on the north to Texas on +the south.</p> + +<p>In 1763, at the close of the Last French War, +France gave up all this vast region to Spain. But in +1800, Napoleon forced Spain to give it up to France. +When the Americans learned that Louisiana had again +become French territory they were alarmed, as the +country that held Louisiana could control the mouth +of the Mississippi, and stop all American goods pass<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>ing +down through the river. As a consequence, +American settlers living west of the Alleghanies would +not be able to find a ready outlet to the world for their +products. Then, too, France might plant a strong +colony in Louisiana and thus give the American people +untold trouble.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus257.jpg" width="1024" height="667" alt="Map of Louisiana Purchase; also United States in 1803." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map of Louisiana Purchase; also United States in 1803.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> + +<p>Accordingly, President Jefferson sent Monroe to +France to aid in securing New Orleans and a stretch +of territory in Louisiana lying on the east bank of the +Mississippi. By getting that territory, the Americans +would own the entire east bank of the river, and could +therefore control their own trade.</p> + +<p>The Americans approached Napoleon at a fortunate +time; for he was greatly in need of money to aid him +in his war with England. Besides, he feared that +England might seize Louisiana with her fleet. He +therefore gladly sold us for $15,000,000 all the immense +territory of Louisiana.</p> + +<p>By carefully looking at your map you will get some +idea of its vast extent. It was much larger than all the +rest of the territory which we held before this purchase +was made. Jefferson himself, perhaps, hardly realized +how great a thing he was doing for his country when +he made the purchase.</p> + +<p>At the end of his term of office as President, Jefferson +retired to private life in his much-loved home of +Monticello. Famous not only for his statesmanship, +but for his learning, he was called the "Sage of Monticello," +and was visited by people from far and near. +The number of his guests was enormous, his house<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>keepers +sometimes finding it necessary to provide fifty +beds for them.</p> + +<p>Of course all this entertaining was a great burden, +and the expense of it almost ruined him financially. +But his life moved happily on. Always busy with +some useful work, he took a deep interest in education, +and was the founder of the University of Virginia, +in which he felt a just pride.</p> + +<p>On July 4, 1826, just fifty years after the signing +of the Declaration of Independence, this great man +breathed his last, at the ripe age of eighty-three. +On the tombstone which marks his grave at Monticello +is this inscription, written by his own hand: +"Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the +Declaration of Independence, of the Statutes of Virginia +for Religious Freedom, and Father of the +University of Virginia." It was such things as these—things +that touched the freedom of all men—that +he sought to further, and in so doing found his +greatest satisfaction.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The Louisiana territory.<br /> +The out-door life of young Thomas Jefferson.<br /> +School and college life.<br /> +Jefferson's personal appearance.<br /> +"The pen of the Revolution."<br /> +Jefferson's happy home life.<br /> +A wealthy planter at Monticello.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence.<br /> +His "republican simplicity."<br /> +Napoleon sells us Louisiana; its vast extent.<br /> +The "Sage of Monticello."</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Tell about Jefferson's youthful friendship for Patrick Henry.</p> + +<p>2. How did Jefferson look when he was in college?</p> + +<p>3. Describe Jefferson's happy home life. How did he show his +interest in the people? How did his slaves regard him?</p> + +<p>4. What is meant by his "republican simplicity"?</p> + +<p>5. When and why did Jefferson purchase Louisiana?</p> + +<p>6. Draw a map of Louisiana.</p> + +<p>7. What do you admire in Jefferson's character?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus261.jpg" width="100%" alt="Robert Fulton." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Robert Fulton.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XX<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Robert Fulton<br /> +and the<br /> +Steamboat<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1765-1815</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>After the purchase of Louisiana thousands of +settlers joined the ever-swelling tide of westward +migration which had been set in motion by the +early pioneers. These frontiersmen had made their +way across the mountains either by the forest trail, +leading with them their pack-horses or, a little later, +by the rough road cut through the forest, their household +goods packed in a strong wagon drawn by oxen +or horses.</p> + +<p>Already this difficult method had given place to the +flat boat, which, though safer and more convenient, +was still unsatisfactory except when it floated down +stream. In the early years of this century, therefore, +the increasing demands of migration and traffic turned +many inventive minds to the problem of applying +steam-power to river navigation, in the hope of accomplishing +a speedier means of travel and transpor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>tation. +The first to achieve success in inventing and +bringing into practical use a steam-driven boat was +Robert Fulton.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 420px;"> +<img src="images/illus262.jpg" width="420" height="336" alt="A Pack Horse." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Pack Horse.</span> +</div> + +<p>Robert Fulton was born of poor parents in 1765, +in Little Britain, Pa. His father having died when +the boy was only three years old, his mother took +charge of his education. She taught him herself until +he was eight and then sent him to school. But he +had no liking for books, and made slow progress. +Drawing and mechanical devices absorbed his interest, +and nothing gave him greater delight than to visit the +shops of mechanics and there with his own hands to +work out his new ideas.</p> + +<p>It is said that Robert came into school late one +morning, and upon being reproved by his teacher +explained that he had been +at a shop beating a piece +of lead into a pencil. At +the same time he exhibited +the pencil and remarked: +"It is the best +that I have ever used." +Upon examining it the +school-master was so well +pleased that he praised +Robert's effort, and in a short time nearly all the +pupils were using the same sort of pencil.</p> + +<p>His ingenious ideas found expression in other ways. +For example, it was the custom of his town to celebrate +the Fourth of July by an illumination with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> +candles; but one year candles being scarce, the citizens +were requested to omit the usual display. Robert +was at this time only thirteen years old, and like other +boys of his age, full of Fourth of July patriotism +which had to be expressed +in some extraordinary +way. So +he set his busy brain +to work, and having +bought gunpowder +and pasteboard, produced +some home-made sky-rockets which greatly +astonished the community by their mid-air explosions. +Such fireworks were at that time entirely new to the +people of the town.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus263.jpg" width="640" height="303" alt="A Flat Boat." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Flat Boat.</span> +</div> + +<p>Another illustration of his inventive gift belongs to +his boyhood days. He and one of his playmates used +to go out fishing in a flat boat which they propelled +by the use of long poles. Getting tired of this method +of navigation, Robert made two crude paddle-wheels, +one for each side of the boat, connecting them +by a sort of double crank, which the boys united +in turning. They could then easily propel the boat +in their fishing trips to various parts of the lake, +and keenly enjoyed this novel and easy way of going +a-fishing.</p> + +<p>While still young Robert won the warm regard of +a great painter, Benjamin West, whose father was an +intimate friend of Robert's father. Very likely this +friendship turned Robert's mind strongly toward paint<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>ing. +At all events, the desire to become an artist +took so strong a hold upon him that at the age of +seventeen he went to Philadelphia and devoted his +time to drawing and painting. Here he remained +three years and painted with such skill that he not +only supported himself, but sent money to his old +home, and saved $400, with which he bought a little +home for his mother.</p> + +<p>In time his interest in art led him to go to London, +where he studied under Benjamin West. But very +soon he became interested in trying to improve canal +navigation and in working out various mechanical appliances.</p> + +<p>This love for invention finally diverted his attention +very largely from painting, and led him to +the work which made him famous. When about +thirty years old he went to Paris to experiment with +a diving-boat, an invention of his own, intended to +carry cases of gunpowder under water. This machine +was not successful, but by the spring of 1801, a little +more than three years after his first effort, he had constructed +another diving-boat, and went with it to Brest +where he gave it a successful trial. With three companions +he descended twenty-five feet below the surface +of the water and remained for one hour. In 1805 +he tested it again in England where, with a torpedo +of 170 pounds, he blew up a vessel of 200 tons.</p> + +<p>For the invention of the torpedo-boat, the world +is indebted to Fulton, but for the first successful +steamboat it owes him a debt of deeper gratitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +Before leaving Paris, Fulton became acquainted with +Robert R. Livingston, who was at that time the American +minister to France. Mr. Livingston had long felt +an interest in steamboat navigation, and was willing to +supply Fulton the necessary money. A steamboat, +constructed at Paris, was finished by the spring of +1803, and the day for its trial trip was at hand, when, +early one morning the boat broke in two parts and +sunk to the bottom of the river. The frame had been +too weak to support the weight of the heavy machinery. +On receiving the news, Fulton hastened to +the scene of his misfortune and began at once the work +of raising the boat. For twenty-four hours, without +food or rest, and standing up to his waist in the cold +water, he labored with his men until he succeeded in +raising the machinery and in placing it in another boat. +But the exposure to which he submitted himself +brought on a lung trouble from which he never fully +recovered.</p> + +<p>Having discovered the defects of the machinery +Fulton returned in 1806 to America, where, with +money furnished by his friend Livingston, he began to +construct another steamboat which he called the Clermont, +after the name of Livingston's home on the +Hudson. This boat was 130 feet long and 18 feet +wide, with a mast and a sail, and on each side a wheel +15 feet in diameter, fully exposed to view.</p> + +<p>One morning in August, 1807, a throng of expectant +people gathered on the banks of the North River +at New York, to see the trial of the Clermont. Every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>body +was looking for failure. People had all along +spoken of Fulton as a crack-brained dreamer, and had +called the Clermont "Fulton's Folly." "Of course +the thing would not move." "That any man with +common-sense might know," +they said. So while Fulton +was waiting to give the signal +to start, these wiseacres were +getting ready to jest at his +failure.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus266.jpg" width="448" height="314" alt="The Clermont." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Clermont.</span> +</div> + +<p>Finally, at the signal, the +Clermont moved slowly, and then stood perfectly still. +"Just what I have been saying," said one onlooker +with emphasis. "I knew the boat would not go," +said another. "Such a thing is impossible," said a +third. But they spoke too soon, for after a little adjustment +of the machinery, the Clermont steamed +proudly up the Hudson.</p> + +<p>As she continued her journey, all along the river, +people who had come from far and near stood watching +the strange sight. When the boatmen and sailors +on the Hudson, heard the clanking machinery and saw +the great sparks of fire and the volumes of dense, +black smoke rising out of the funnel, they thought the +Clermont was a sea-monster. In their superstitious +dread, some of them went ashore, some jumped into +the river, and some fell on their knees in fear, believing +the day of judgment to be at hand. One old +Dutchman told his wife that he had seen the devil coming +up the river on a raft.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p> + +<p>The trip of 150 miles from New York to Albany +was made in thirty-two hours. Success had at last rewarded +this man of strong common-sense, quiet modesty, +and iron will. The Clermont was the first steamboat +of practical use ever invented. From that time +men saw the immeasurable advantage to trade of steam +navigation on lakes and rivers.</p> + +<p>This was Fulton's last work of great public interest. +He died in 1815, having rendered an untold service to +the industrial welfare of his country and the world.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The pack-horse, the flat boat, and the new problem.<br /> +Robert Fulton at home and at school.<br /> +His Fourth of July sky rockets.<br /> +A new method of navigation.<br /> +Fulton's fondness for drawing and painting.<br /> +He invents the diving-boat.<br /> +Fulton and Livingston.<br /> +A serious accident.<br /> +"Fulton's Folly" and her trip up the Hudson.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + +<p>1. Give an account of Fulton's life at school, and his youthful inventions.</p> + +<p>2. Tell about his experience with the diving-boat.</p> + +<p>3. What serious accident happened to his boat?</p> + +<p>4. Imagine yourself on the Clermont at the time of its trial trip, and +give an account of the journey from New York to Albany.</p> + +<p>5. What do you admire in the character of Robert Fulton?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus268.jpg" width="100%" alt="Andrew Jackson." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Andrew Jackson.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XXI<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Andrew<br /> +Jackson, the<br /> +Upholder<br /> +of the Union<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1767-1845</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>Only four years after the Clermont made its successful +trip up the Hudson, the first steamboat +on the Ohio was launched at Pittsburg. This boat +was the forerunner of numerous steam-driven craft +which swarmed the extensive network of rivers west +of the Alleghany Mountains. A fresh impulse was +given to westward migration, for settlers could now +easily and cheaply reach the fertile lands of the +Mississippi Valley, and, having raised an abundant +crop, could successfully send the surplus to +the Eastern markets. Under conditions so favorable +the West grew in population with marvellous +rapidity.</p> + +<p>Wealth went hand in hand with the increase of +population, and greatly strengthened the influence of +the people of the West in the affairs of the country. +By 1829, one of their number became the sixth Presi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>dent +of the United States. This was Andrew Jackson, +of Tennessee.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus269.jpg" width="448" height="239" alt="Andrew Jackson's Cradle." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Andrew Jackson's Cradle.</span> +</div> + +<p>Andrew Jackson was born in Union County, N. C., +in 1767, of poor parents, who about two years before +had come from Ireland. In a little clearing in the +woods, they had built a rude log hut and settled down +to hard work.</p> + +<p>But Andrew's father soon died, and his mother +went with her children to live in her brother's home, +where she spun flax to earn money. She was very +fond of little Andrew and hoped some day to make a +minister of him. With this in view she sent him to +school where he learned reading, writing, and a little +ciphering. But he cared so little for study that he +made small advancement, and in fact never learned to +spell well nor to write the English language with ease +or even correctness.</p> + +<p>He found great pleasure in hunting and in rough-and-tumble +sports, excelling in running, jumping, and +wrestling. Although not robust, he was wiry and +energetic, and when a +stronger boy threw him to +the ground, he was so +agile that he always managed +to regain his feet.</p> + +<p>As a school-boy Andrew +was a bare-footed, freckle-faced lad, with slender frame, +bright blue eyes, and reddish colored hair. Full of +life and fun, he became known as "Mischievous +Andy." Andy was brave and ready to champion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> +the weaker and smaller boys, but sometimes he became +overbearing and at other times his quick temper +got him into trouble. One day his companions, +wishing to play a practical joke upon him, secretly +overloaded a gun, and +dared Andy to shoot it. +The fearless little fellow, +seizing the gun, shot it +off, and was kicked violently +upon his back. But +quickly jumping up, his +eyes blazing with anger, +he shouted, "If any of +you boys laugh, I'll kill +him." The boys did not +laugh.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 482px;"> +<img src="images/illus270.jpg" width="482" height="480" alt="A Spinning Wheel." title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Spinning Wheel.</span> +</div> + +<p>While he was yet a lad the Revolution broke out, +and there was severe fighting between the Americans +and the British near his home. His love of action, +which up to that time had expressed itself in out-of-door +sports, now took a more serious turn. War +became a passion with him, and from this time he could +not visit the local blacksmith's shop without hammering +into shape some form of weapon. Once while +fiercely cutting weeds with a scythe he was heard repeating +these words: "Oh, if I were a man, how I +would sweep down the British with my grass blade!"</p> + +<p>In the course of a few years young "Andy" had +real British soldiers to fight; for he was only thirteen +when he was made a prisoner of war. One day soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> +after his capture, a British officer ordered him to clean +his muddy boots. The fiery youth flashed back: "Sir, +I am not your slave. I am your prisoner, and as +such I refuse to do the work of a slave." Incensed +at this reply, the brutal officer struck the boy a cruel +blow with his sword. Andrew saved himself from the +brunt of the blow, but received two severe wounds, +the scars and the bitter memory of which he carried +through life.</p> + +<p>These indignities were but a beginning. He was +transferred to the prison pen about Camden jail, some +forty miles away, where without shelter and almost +without food, he suffered from heartless exposure. In +a weak and half-starved condition, his wounds yet unhealed, +he fell a victim to small-pox. Hearing of his +wretched plight, Andrew's mother secured his release +and took him home with her. Andrew struggled for +months with a severe illness. Before he had entirely +recovered, his mother died leaving him quite alone in +the world.</p> + +<p>But these hardships passed, and some years later +Andrew decided to become a lawyer. After studying +law for a while, at twenty-one he crossed the mountains +with an emigrant party into the backwoods region +of Tennessee. Now grown to manhood, he was six +feet and one inch tall, slender, straight, and graceful, +with a long slim face and thick hair falling over a forehead +beneath which looked out piercing blue eyes.</p> + +<p>When he reached Nashville, the destination of his +party, his experience was, in a large measure, the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> +as that of Daniel Boone in the wilds of Kentucky. +When the women of the settlement went out to pick +berries, and when the men hoed corn in the clearings, +some of the settlers, gun in hand, with watchful eyes +stood guard against attack from stealthy Indians.</p> + +<p>To the dangers belonging to backwoods life, Jackson +was greatly exposed. The court-houses in which, +as public prosecutor, he had to try cases, were in some +instances hundreds of miles apart. In going from +one to another he journeyed alone, and sometimes had +to remain alone in the woods for twenty nights in succession. +In periods of unusual danger, he dared not +light a fire or even shoot a deer for fear of Indians.</p> + +<p>But in the midst of all these dangers he escaped +harm, and by his energy and business ability achieved +success as a lawyer. In time he acquired the means to +become a large land-owner. After his marriage he +built a house which he called The Hermitage, on a +plantation of 1,100 acres, about eleven miles from +Nashville.</p> + +<p>Here Jackson lived with his wife, whom he loved +with a deep and abiding affection. They kept open +house for visitors, and entertained large numbers of +guests at a time, treating rich and poor with like hospitality. +His warm heart and generous nature were especially +shown in his own household, where he was +kind to all, including his slaves. Having no children +he adopted two, one of whom was an Indian baby-boy +who had lost his mother. Of these children, Jackson +was very fond.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus273.jpg" width="600" height="643" alt="Map Illustrating Two of Andrew Jackson's +Campaigns." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Illustrating Two of Andrew Jackson's +Campaigns.</span> +</div> + +<p>Indeed, childlike simplicity was always one of his +striking traits. Not even when he became a noted +man did he give up smoking his corn-cob pipe. But +we must not think of him as a faultless man, for besides +being often rough in manner +and speech he had a +violent temper which got +him into many serious +troubles; among them were +some foolish duels.</p> + +<p>After one of his duels, +with a ball in his shoulder +and his left arm in a sling, +he went to lead an army of +2,500 men in an attack +upon the Creek Indians, +who had risen against the +whites in Alabama. These Indians had captured +Fort Mimms, which was in Southern Alabama, about +forty miles north of Mobile, and had massacred 500 +men, women, and children seeking shelter there. Although +Jackson was weak from a long illness, he +marched with vigor against the Creeks. In the campaign +he endured much hardship, increased by the +difficulty of feeding his 2,500 men in a wild country, +where they almost starved for lack of food.</p> + +<p>Under such conditions Jackson had to exercise much +firmness and tact to keep his army from deserting and +returning home. The following incident is told to show +in what way he won the confidence and love of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> +men: "A soldier, gaunt and woe-begone, approached +the general one morning, while he was sitting under a +tree eating, and begged for some food, as he was nearly +starving. 'It has always been a rule with me,' replied +Jackson, 'never to turn away a hungry man when it +was in my power to relieve him, and I will most cheerfully +divide with you what I have.' Putting his hand +into his pocket, he drew forth a few acorns, saying: +'This is the best and only fare that I have.'" But in +spite of all his drawbacks, Jackson conquered the +Creeks, and thus broke for all time the power of the +Indians south of the Ohio River.</p> + +<p>Not long afterward he was sent at the head of an +army, with the rank of major-general, to defend New +Orleans against an attack of the British who hoped to +get control of the lower Mississippi and all the southern +part of what was then known as the Louisiana Territory. +When Jackson went down to New Orleans he +was in such extremely poor health that he was hardly +able to sit on his horse. Nevertheless he worked night +and day with unflagging energy, arming his men and encouraging +them to meet the over-confident British foe.</p> + +<p>The British army consisted of 12,000 veterans fresh +from victories over the great Napoleon. Naturally +enough they despised the American backwoodsmen. +Their confidence seemed reasonable, for they numbered +twice as many as the Americans.</p> + +<p>On January 8, 1815, the British made a vigorous +assault on the American lines. But they were mowed +down with such terrible slaughter that at the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> +twenty-five minutes, they were forced to retreat with a +loss of 2,600 men in killed and wounded. The Americans +lost only twenty-one. The resolute courage and +unwearied action of "Old Hickory," as Jackson was +fondly called by his men, had won a signal victory. +Through his military reputation Jackson soon became +very popular. His honesty and patriotism took a +strong hold on the people, and in due time he was +elected President of the United States.</p> + +<p>A man of passionate feeling, he loved his friends +and hated his enemies with equal intensity. Moreover, +he did not seem to think that a man could disagree +with him, especially in political matters, and still be +his friend. So when he became President he at once +began to turn out of office those who held government +positions, and put into their places men of his own +political party who had helped to bring about his election. +Thus was introduced into our national civil service +the "spoils system."</p> + +<p>We can readily imagine that such a man, so warm-hearted, +and yet so intolerant, would make many +friends and many enemies. But no one doubted his +sincerity, especially in matters pertaining to the welfare +of his country. His absolute fairness and his high +sense of duty are well illustrated by his dealings with +the Nullification Act. By reason of a high tariff, +passed for the protection of manufacturers in the +North, South Carolina declared that she would not +allow any such law to be enforced in that State. This +declaration was called the Nullification Act.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus276.jpg" width="800" height="530" alt="JACKSON AT THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS." title="" /> +<span class="caption">JACKSON AT THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p> + +<p>Jackson himself did not favor a high tariff, but he +was firm in his purpose that whatever law Congress +passed should be enforced in every State in the Union. +When, therefore, he heard of the action of South Carolina, +he rose to the full height of his executive authority. +The news came to him as he was quietly smoking his +corn-cob pipe. In a flash of anger he cried aloud, +"The Union! It must and shall be preserved! Send +for General Scott!" Troops were speedily sent to +compel obedience, and South Carolina withdrew her +opposition.</p> + +<p>In 1837, at the end of his term of office as President +of the United States, he went to his old home, The +Hermitage, where he once more took up the life of a +hospitable planter. He was now nearly seventy years +old, and a constant sufferer from disease. With his +usual stubborn will, however, he battled for several +years longer. He died in 1845, at the age of seventy-eight, +one of the most striking figures in American history. +His prompt and decisive action in compelling +South Carolina to obey the tariff laws did much to +strengthen the Union, for it prepared the nation to +ward off the greater danger of secession, in which South +Carolina took the lead, twenty-eight years later.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Rapid growth and influence of the west.<br /> +Andrew Jackson's early home a rude log hut.<br /> +"Mischievous Andy" at school.<br /> +"Andy" and the British officer.<br /> +Jackson's personal appearance.<br /> +Life at Nashville; backwoods dangers.<br /> +Home life at the Hermitage.<br /> +Jackson conquers the Creek Indians.<br /> +He wins the confidence of his men.<br /> +He defeats the British at New Orleans.<br /> +Jackson and the union.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. Explain the rapid growth of the West.</p> + +<p>2. Give an account of Jackson's experience in the Revolution.</p> + +<p>3. What sort of a man was he in his home life?</p> + +<p>4. What and where was The Hermitage?</p> + +<p>5. What were his most prominent traits of character?</p> + +<p>6. Tell about the Battle of New Orleans.</p> + +<p>7. What did Jackson do for the Union?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus279.jpg" width="100%" alt="Daniel Webster." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Daniel Webster.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XXII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Daniel Webster,<br /> +the Defender<br /> +and Expounder<br /> +of the<br /> +Constitution<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1782-1852</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + + +<p>Andrew Jackson's stern rebuke of the +nullification movement was a timely one, for +there existed in the South a widespread feeling that +the Union was not supreme over the States. In the +North, on the contrary, the Union was regarded as +superior to the States and qualified to enforce any law +passed by Congress unless the Supreme Court should +declare such law unconstitutional. Which point of +view was correct? The answer to that momentous +question involved a long and bitter struggle between +the two parts of the Union. The great statesman +who set forth the northern view was Daniel Webster.</p> + +<p>He was born among the hills of New Hampshire, +in Salisbury (now Franklin), in 1782, the son of a +poor farmer and the ninth of ten children.</p> + +<p>As Daniel was a frail child, not able to work much +on the farm, his parents permitted him to spend much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> +time in fishing, hunting, and roaming at will over the +hills. Thus he came into close touch with nature, and +gained much knowledge which was useful to him in +later years. It was his good fortune to have as a companion +on these out-door excursions an old English +soldier and sailor then living in a small house on the +Webster farm. The two friends, so far apart in age, +were good comrades, and were often seen walking together +along the streams. The old soldier entertained +his young listener with many thrilling tales of adventure +on land and sea, and the boy read to his friend +from books which the old man liked well.</p> + +<p>Daniel's father had also been a soldier, having +served in Indian wars and in the Revolution, and related +many interesting experiences to his son. One +which always appealed to young Daniel was the account +of a meeting, years before, with General Washington +at the time when Arnold was found to be +a traitor. In this interview Washington had taken +Webster's hand and, looking seriously into his face, +had said, "Captain Webster, I believe I can trust +you." This expression of confidence by the general to +his subordinate stirred the boy's imagination.</p> + +<p>In these ways did his patriotism receive a great +stimulus. An incident which occurred when he was +only eight years old illustrates the seriousness of his +mind. Having seen at a store near his home a small +cotton handkerchief with the Constitution of the +United States printed on it, he gathered up his small +earnings to the amount of twenty-five cents and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +eagerly secured the treasure. From this remarkable +copy he learned the Constitution word for word, so +that he could repeat it from beginning to end.</p> + +<p>Of course this was an unusual thing for an eight-year-old +boy to do, but the boy himself was unusual. +He spent much of his time poring over books. They +were few in number, but of good quality, and he read +them over and over again until he made them a part +of himself. It was a pleasure to him to memorize +fine poems also, and noble selections from the Bible, +for he learned easily and remembered well what he +learned. In this way he stored his mind with the +highest kind of truth.</p> + +<p>Naturally his father was proud of his boy and +longed to give him a good education. One day, +when Daniel was only thirteen years old, they were at +work together in the hay-field, when a college-bred +man, also a member of Congress, stopped to speak +with Mr. Webster. When the stranger had gone his +way Mr. Webster expressed to his son deep regret +that he himself was not an educated man, adding +that because of his lack of education he had to work +hard for a very small return.</p> + +<p>"My dear father," said Daniel, "you shall not +work. Brother and I will work for you, and will wear +our hands out, and you shall rest." Then Daniel, +whose heart was tender and full of deep affection, cried +bitterly.</p> + +<p>"My child," said Mr. Webster, "it is of no importance +to me. I now live but for my children. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> +could not give your elder brothers the advantage of +knowledge, but I can do something for you. Exert +yourself, improve your opportunities, learn, learn, and +when I am gone you will not need to go through the +hardships which I have undergone, and which have +made me an old man before my time."</p> + +<p>These words show the earnest purpose of the father. +The next year the boy, now fourteen, was sent to +Phillips Exeter Academy. The principal began Daniel's +examination by directing him to read a passage +in the Bible. The boy's voice was so rich and musical +and his reading so intelligent that he was allowed to +read the entire chapter and then admitted without +further questioning. This was only one illustration of +his marvellous power as a reader. Teamsters used to +stop at the home farm in order to hear that "Webster +boy," as they called Daniel, read or recite poetry or +verses of Scripture.</p> + +<p>The boys he met at the academy were mostly from +homes of wealth and culture. Some of them were rude +and laughed at Daniel's plain dress and country manners. +Of course the poor boy, whose health was still +weak and who was by nature shy and independent, +found such treatment hard to bear.</p> + +<p>But he studied well, and soon commanded respect +because of his high rank. One of his school duties, +however, he found impossible to perform, and that +was to stand before the school and declaim. He +would carefully memorize and practise his declamation, +but, when called on to speak, he could not rise from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> +his seat and go upon the platform. During the nine +months of his stay in the academy, he failed to overcome +his deficiency in declaiming.</p> + +<p>After leaving this school he studied for six months +under Dr. Woods, a private tutor, who prepared him +to enter Dartmouth, at the age of fifteen.</p> + +<p>Although he proved himself to be a youth of great +mental power, he did not take high rank in scholarship. +But he continued to read widely and thoughtfully, +and acquired much valuable knowledge which he +used with great clearness and force in conversation or +debate. While in Dartmouth, he overcame his inability +as a declaimer, and gave striking evidence of the +oratorical power for which he afterward became so +famous.</p> + +<p>After spending two years in Dartmouth, Daniel +begged his elder brother Ezekiel to join him there. +But Ezekiel was needed at home, for their father, who +was now sixty years old, was in poor health and had +even at that age to work hard to feed and clothe his +family. He had found it necessary to mortgage the +farm to send Daniel to college. How could he send +Ezekiel, too? It seemed foolish to think of doing so. +But when Daniel urged such a course and agreed to +help by teaching, the matter was arranged.</p> + +<p>After graduation Daniel taught for a year and +earned the money he had promised Ezekiel. The +following year he studied law and in due time was +admitted to the bar. As a lawyer he was very successful, +his income sometimes amounting to $20,000<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> +in a single year. But he could not manage his money +affairs well, and no matter how large his income he was +always in debt. This unfortunate state of affairs was +owing to a reckless extravagance, which he displayed +in many ways.</p> + +<p>Indeed, Webster was a man of such large ideas that +of necessity he did all things on a large scale. It was +vastness that appealed to him. And this dominating +force in his nature explains his idea of nationality and +his opposition to State Rights. He was too large in +his views of life to limit himself to his State at the expense +of his country. To him the Union stood first +and the State second, and to make the Union great and +strong became a ruling passion in his life.</p> + +<p>Webster's magnificent reach of thought and profound +reverence for the Union is best expressed in +his speeches. The most famous one is his brilliant +"Reply to Hayne."</p> + +<p>Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, had delivered an +able speech, in which he put the authority of the State +before that of the Union, and said that the Constitution +supported that doctrine. Webster, then a senator +from Massachusetts, had but one night to prepare an +answer. But he knew the Constitution by heart, for +he had been a close student of it since the days of +childhood, when he had learned it from the cotton +handkerchief.</p> + +<p>Senator Hayne's masterly speech caused many +people to question whether even Daniel Webster could +answer his arguments, and New England men espe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>cially, +fearing the dangerous doctrine of State Rights, +awaited anxiously the outcome. When, therefore, on +the morning of January 26, 1830, Mr. Webster entered +the Senate Chamber to utter that memorable +reply, he found a crowd of eager men and women +waiting to hear him.</p> + +<p>"It is a critical moment," said a friend to Mr. Webster, +"and it is time, it is high time, that the people of +this country should know what this Constitution <i>is</i>."</p> + +<p>"Then," said Webster, "by the blessing of Heaven +they shall learn, this day, before the sun goes down +what I understand it to be."</p> + +<p>Nationality was Webster's theme, his sole purpose +being to strengthen the claims of the Union. For +four hours he held his audience spellbound while he +set forth with convincing logic the meaning of the Constitution. +The great orator won an overwhelming +victory. Not only were many of his hearers in the +Senate chamber that day convinced, but loyal Americans +all over the country were inspired with more +earnest devotion to the Union. His last words "Liberty +and Union! one and inseparable, now and forever" +electrified his countrymen and became a watchword +of national progress.</p> + +<p>Webster's power as an orator was enhanced by his +remarkable physique. His striking personal appearance +made a deep impression upon everyone that saw +or heard him. One day when he was walking through +one of the streets of Liverpool a navvy said of him, +"There goes a king!" On another occasion Sydney<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> +Smith exclaimed, "Good heavens! he is a small cathedral +by himself." He was nearly six feet tall. He had +a massive head, a broad, deep brow, and great coal-black +eyes, which once seen could never be forgotten.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img src="images/illus286.jpg" width="640" height="357" alt="Marshfield—Home of Daniel Webster." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Marshfield—Home of Daniel Webster.</span> +</div> + +<p>To the day of his death he showed his deep affection +for the flag, the emblem of that Union which had inspired +his noblest efforts. During the last few weeks +of his life, troubled much with sleeplessness, he used +to watch the stars, and while thus occupied his eyes +would often fall upon a small boat of his which +floated in plain view of his window. On this boat he +had a ship lantern so placed that in the darkness he +could see the Stars and Stripes flying there. The flag +was raised at six in the evening and kept flying until +six in the morning to the day of Daniel Webster's +death, which took place in September, 1852. On +looking at the dead face a stranger said: "Daniel +Webster, the world without you will be lonesome."</p> + +<p>Although we need not be blind to his faults, we may +indeed count him among the greatest of Americans. +For he did much to make the Union strong. He filled +many high positions and had a wonderful influence in +all the affairs of the nation.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Young Webster's fondness for hunting and fishing.<br /> +Thrilling tales of adventures.<br /> +Daniel's reading habits; his rich, musical voice.<br /> +Webster in college.<br /> +Daniel Webster as a lawyer.<br /> +His noble ideas of the union.<br /> +Senator Hayne's masterly speech.<br /> +Daniel Webster's overwhelming victory for the union.<br /> +His striking personal appearance.<br /> +His devotion to the flag of his country.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. What do the following topics suggest to you concerning the boyhood +experiences of Daniel Webster; Daniel and the old English +soldier and sailor; Daniel's reading habits; his power as a +reader; his deficiency in declamation?</p> + +<p>2. What was Daniel Webster's idea of the Union? Tell what you +can about "Webster's Reply to Hayne."</p> + +<p>3. What picture have you of Webster's personal appearance? What +is there in Webster's character that you admire?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus288.jpg" width="100%" alt="S. F. B. Morse." title="" /> +<span class="caption">S. F. B. Morse.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XXIII<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Samuel Finley<br /> +Breese Morse<br /> +and the Electric<br /> +Telegraph<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1791-1872</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + + +<p>Great as was the power of the steamboat and +the railroad in quickening the social life of mankind, +of still greater influence in binding together remote +communities was the invention of the electric telegraph. +The steamboat and the railroad made travel +and transportation easier, and frequent intercourse by +letters and newspapers possible; but the electric telegraph +enabled men to flash their thoughts thousands +of miles in a few seconds. The inventor of this wonderful +mechanism was Samuel Finley Breese Morse.</p> + +<p>He was born, in 1791, in a house standing at the +foot of Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass. His father +was a learned minister who, as Daniel Webster said, +"was always thinking, always writing, always talking, +always acting"; and his mother a woman of noble +character, who inspired her son with manly purpose.</p> + +<p>When Finley was only four years of age he was sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +to a school kept by an elderly woman known as "Old +Ma'am Rand." She was lame, but nowise halting in +discipline, for she kept near at hand a long rattan stick +by means of which, when necessary, she could quickly +reach her pupils in any part of the room.</p> + +<p>He did not remain long under "Old Ma'am +Rand's" tuition, for when he was seven he went to +school at Andover, and still later entered Phillips +Academy in the same town. At fourteen he entered +Yale College, where from the first he was a thoughtful +and diligent student.</p> + +<p>Very soon Finley's two brothers joined him at college. +As their father was poor, the boys had to help +themselves along. Finley turned to account his talent +for drawing. He made considerable money by +painting on ivory likenesses of his classmates and professors, +receiving for a miniature $5, and for a profile +$1.</p> + +<p>At the end of his college course he made painting +his chosen profession, and planned to get the best +instruction for his life work.</p> + +<p>Having made a friend of the great artist, Washington +Allston, Morse went with him to London, and +there studied under Benjamin West who, as you remember, +was Robert Fulton's teacher. Morse was at +this time a young man of modest, gentle, and sunny +manner, and easily won the affection of his new +teacher.</p> + +<p>West held his pupils to high standards, as the following +instance shows. Upon one occasion, after spend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>ing +much time in making what he considered to be a +finished drawing, Morse laid it before West for criticism. +Upon careful examination the master praised it +highly, and then added:</p> + +<p>"Very well, sir, very well; go on and finish it."</p> + +<p>"It is finished," was Morse's reply.</p> + +<p>"Oh, no," said Mr. West, "look here, and here, +and here," pointing to defects in the drawing.</p> + +<p>After spending another week upon it, Morse took +it to his teacher. Again Mr. West praised it and +added:</p> + +<p>"Very well, indeed, sir; go on and finish it."</p> + +<p>"Is it not finished?" Morse asked with surprise +and disappointment in his voice.</p> + +<p>"Not yet," said his critic.</p> + +<p>Morse spent three or four days more in trying to +perfect the work, and again handed it to his teacher, +who, after again praising it, said:</p> + +<p>"Well, sir, go and finish it."</p> + +<p>"I cannot finish it," said Morse, by this time thoroughly +disheartened.</p> + +<p>"Well," replied Mr. West, "I have tried you long +enough. Now, sir, you have learned more by this +drawing than you would have accomplished in double +the time by a dozen half-finished beginnings. It is +not numerous drawings, but the <i>character of one</i>, which +makes a thorough draughtsman. <i>Finish</i> one picture, +sir, and you are a painter."</p> + +<p>After four years of study, Morse returned to Boston. +But in the meantime, like Fulton, he had grad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>ually +turned his thought from painting to invention. +His energies were now, for many years, divided between +the two.</p> + +<p>During these years Morse had to depend for a +livelihood mainly upon drawing and painting. He +travelled through New Hampshire and Vermont, and +even as far as South Carolina, everywhere painting +miniatures on ivory, and establishing his reputation +as an artist.</p> + +<p>In 1829 he went once more to Europe for study +and remained three years; but upon his return, although +painting occupied much of his time, his career +as an artist ended. His change of vocation turned +upon an incident of his voyage home.</p> + +<p>On the ocean steamer the conversation at dinner one +day was about recent experiments with electricity. The +special question of inquiry was this: "Does the length +of wire make any difference in the velocity of the +electric current passing through it?" One of the +men present, Dr. Jackson, said that so far as experiments +yet indicated, electricity passed through any +length of wire in an instant.</p> + +<p>"Then," said Morse, "thought can be transmitted +hundreds of miles instantaneously by means of electricity. +For if electricity will go ten miles without +stopping, I can make it go around the globe." What +a wonderful idea, in an instant to send thought thousands +of miles and make a record of it there! That +is what the telegraph was to do!</p> + +<p>When once the possibility of this great achievement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> +entered Morse's mind it took complete possession of +him, and he could think of nothing else through the +busy days and sleepless nights that followed. His +note-book was ever at hand to outline the new instrument +and to jot down the signs in sending messages.</p> + +<p>In a short time he had worked out on paper the +whole scheme of transmitting thought over long distances +by means of electricity. And now began twelve +toilsome years of struggle to devise machinery for his +invention. To provide for his three motherless children, +Morse had to devote to painting much time +that he otherwise would have spent in perfecting the +mechanical appliances for his telegraph. His progress +therefore was slow and painful, but he persistently +continued in the midst of discouraging conditions.</p> + +<p>His brothers, who owned a building in New York +on the corner of Nassau and Beekman Streets, allowed +Morse to have a room on the fifth floor. Here he +toiled day and night, sleeping little and eating the +simplest and scantiest food. Indeed, so meagre was +his fare, consisting mainly of crackers and tea, that +he bought his provisions at night lest his friends +might discover his need.</p> + +<p>During this time of hardship he kept starvation +from his door by giving lessons in painting to a few +pupils. On a certain occasion, Morse said to one of +them, who owed him a quarter's tuition: "Well, +Strothers, my boy, how are we off for money?"</p> + +<p>"Professor," said the young fellow, "I'm sorry to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +say I have been disappointed, but I expect the money +next week."</p> + +<p>"Next week!" cried his needy teacher, "I shall +be dead by next week."</p> + +<p>"Dead, sir?" rejoined Strothers.</p> + +<p>"Yes, dead by starvation," was the emphatic answer.</p> + +<p>"Would $10 be of any service?" asked the pupil, +now impressed with the seriousness of the situation.</p> + +<p>"Ten dollars would save my life," was the answer +of the poor man, who had been without food for +twenty-four hours. You may be sure that Strothers +promptly handed him the money.</p> + +<p>But in spite of heavy trials and many discouragements +he had by 1837 finished a machine which he +exhibited in New York. Among those present was a +gifted and inventive young man by the name of Alfred +Vail. Greatly impressed, he told Morse that he +believed the telegraph would be successful, and later +he joined Morse in a business compact.</p> + +<p>Alfred Vail's father and brother were wealthy men, +the owners of large iron and brass mills, and he himself +was skilful in working brass. Morse was therefore +glad to accept him as a partner, especially on account +of his good financial backing. Young Vail was +full of hope and enthusiasm, and was of great assistance +in devising suitable apparatus for the telegraph.</p> + +<p>But in spite of this substantial and timely aid, a +patent was not secured until 1840. Then followed a +tedious effort to induce the government at Washing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>ton +to adopt and apply the invention. Finally, after +much delay, the House of Representatives passed a +bill "appropriating $30,000 for a trial of the telegraph." +As you may know, a bill cannot become a +law unless the Senate also passes it, but the Senate +did not seem inclined to favor this one. Many people +believed that the whole idea of the telegraph +was rank folly. They regarded Morse and the telegraph +very much as people had regarded Fulton and +the steamboat, and ridiculed him as a crazy-brained +fellow.</p> + +<p>Up to the evening of the last day of the session +the bill had not been considered by the Senate. +Morse sat anxiously waiting in the Senate chamber +until nearly midnight, when, believing there was no +longer any hope, he withdrew and went home with a +heavy heart.</p> + +<p>Imagine his surprise, therefore, next morning, when +a young woman, Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, congratulated +him at breakfast on the passage of his bill. At +first he could scarcely believe the good news, but when +he found that Miss Ellsworth was telling him the +truth his joy was unbounded, and he promised her +that she should choose the first message.</p> + +<p>By the next year (1844) a telegraph line, extending +from Baltimore to Washington, was ready for use. +On the day appointed for trial Morse met a party of +friends in the chamber of the Supreme Court, at the +Washington end of the line, and sitting at the instrument +which he had himself placed for trial, the happy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> +inventor sent the message, as dictated by Miss Ellsworth, +"What hath God wrought!"</p> + +<p>The telegraph was a great and brilliant achievement, +and brought to its inventor well-earned fame. Morse +married a second time and lived in a beautiful home +on the Hudson, where, with instruments on his table, +he could easily communicate with distant friends. +Simple and modest in his manner of life, he was a +true-hearted, kindly Christian man. He was fond of +flowers and of animals. The most remarkable of his +pets was a tame flying-squirrel that would sit on his +master's shoulders, eat out of his hand, and go to sleep +in his pocket.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 613px;"> +<img src="images/illus295.jpg" width="613" height="480" alt="Telegraph and Railroad." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Telegraph and Railroad.</span> +</div> + +<p>In his prosperity, honors were showered upon him +by many countries. At the suggestion of the French +Emperor, representatives from many countries of Europe +met at Paris to determine upon some suitable +testimonial to Morse as a world benefactor. These +delegates voted him $80,000 as an expression of appreciation +for his great invention. Before his death,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> +also, a statue to his memory was erected in Central +Park, New York.</p> + +<p>In 1872 this noble inventor, at the ripe age of eighty-one, +breathed his last. The sincere expression of grief +from all over the country gave evidence of the place he +held in the hearts of the people.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The electric telegraph.<br /> +The young artist and his teacher.<br /> +Morse goes to Yale College.<br /> +His success in drawing.<br /> +With the painter West in London.<br /> +Morse's interest in invention.<br /> +Twelve years of bitter struggle.<br /> +The story of Morse and young Strothers.<br /> +Morse's scheme debated in congress.<br /> +Success at last.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. What was the new problem?</p> + +<p>2. Tell the story of Morse and the painter, Mr. West.</p> + +<p>3. How was the idea of the telegraph suggested to Morse?</p> + +<p>4. Give an account of Morse's trials and sufferings.</p> + +<p>5. What honors were showered upon him?</p> + +<p>6. Describe Morse. What do you admire in his character?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus297.jpg" width="100%" alt="Abraham Lincoln." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Abraham Lincoln.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XXIV<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Abraham Lincoln<br /> +the<br /> +Liberator of the<br /> +Slaves<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1809-1865</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>While Morse had been patiently struggling +toward the completion of his invention, the +nation had been growing more and more tense in its +contest over slavery and State rights. As an outcome +of the bitter feeling in 1846, two years after the fulfilment +of Morse's scheme, Congress declared war against +Mexico.</p> + +<p>The Southern slaveholders hoped by this war to +gain from their weak neighbor territory favorable for +the extension of slavery. For slavery had long since +been dying out in the States east of the Mississippi and +north of the Mason and Dixon Line and the Ohio. +On the south of this natural boundary line the soil +and climate were adapted to the cultivation of rice, +cotton, sugar, and tobacco. These four staples of the +South called for large plantations and an abundance +of cheap labor always subject to the bidding of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +planter. Slavery satisfied these conditions, and therefore +slavery seemed necessary to the prosperity of the +South.</p> + +<p>It was because the soil and climate north of this +natural boundary line did not favor the use of slaves +that slavery gradually died out in the North. The +result was that in one section of the Union, the South, +there was a pressing demand for slavery; and in the +other, the North, there was none. As time wore on, +it became evident that the North was growing in +population, wealth, and political influence much faster +than the South. Observing this momentous fact, the +slaveholders feared that in the course of years Congress +might pass laws unfriendly to slavery. Hence, +their stubborn purpose to struggle for the extension +of slavery as far as possible into the territory west of +the Mississippi.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 448px;"> +<img src="images/illus298.jpg" width="448" height="288" alt="Lincoln's Birthplace." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lincoln's Birthplace.</span> +</div> + +<p>But in the North so powerful did the opposition to +the spread of slavery to +new States become, that +by 1855 there was a great +political party that had +such opposition as its +leading principle. One of +its ablest and most inspiring +leaders was Abraham +Lincoln. He was born in Kentucky, February 12, +1809. The rough log cabin in which he first saw the +light was the wretched home of a father too lazy and +shiftless to work, and so ignorant that he is said not to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> +have learned his letters until taught by his wife. Little +Abe's only playmates were his sister Sarah, two years +older than himself, and his cousin, Dennis Hanks, who +lived in the Lincoln home.</p> + +<p>When Abe was seven years old the family moved to +Indiana, and settled about fifteen miles north of the +Ohio River. The journey to their new home was very +tedious and lonely, for they had in some places to cut +a roadway through the forest.</p> + +<p>Having arrived safely in November, all set vigorously +to work to provide a shelter against the winter. +Young Abe was healthy, rugged, and active, and from +early morning till late evening he worked with his +father, chopping trees and cutting poles and boughs for +their "camp." This "camp" was a mere shed, only +fourteen feet square, and open on one side. It was +built of poles lying upon one another, and had a +thatched roof of boughs and leaves. As there was no +chimney, there could be no fire within the enclosure, +and it was necessary to keep one burning all the time +just in front of the open side.</p> + +<p>In this rough abode the furniture was of the scantiest +and rudest sort, very much like what we have already +observed in Boone's cabin. For chairs there were the +same kind of three-legged stools, made by smoothing +the flat side of a split log, and putting sticks into auger-holes +underneath. The tables were of the same simple +fashion, except that they stood on four legs instead of +three.</p> + +<p>The crude bedsteads in the corners of the cabin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> +were made by sticking poles in between the logs at right +angles to the wall, the outside corner where the logs +met being supported by a crotched stick driven into +the ground. Upon this framework, shucks and leaves +were heaped for bedding, and over all were thrown the +skins of wild animals for a covering. Pegs driven into +the wall served as a stairway to the loft, where there +was another bed of leaves. Here little Abe slept.</p> + +<p>In the space in front of the open side of the cabin, +hanging over the fire, was a large iron pot, in which +the rude cooking was done. These backwoods people +knew nothing of dainty cookery, but they brought +keen appetites to their coarse fare. The principal +vegetable was the ordinary white potato, and the usual +form of bread was "corn-dodgers," made of meal and +roasted in the ashes. Wheat was so scarce that flour +bread was reserved for Sunday mornings. But generally +there was an abundance of game, such as deer, +bears, and wild turkeys, many kinds of fish from the +streams close by, and in summer wild fruits from the +woods.</p> + +<p>During this first winter in the wild woods of Indiana +little Abe must have lived a lonely life. But it was a +very busy one. There was much to do in building the +cabin which was to take the place of the "camp," and +in cutting down trees and making a clearing for the +corn-planting of the coming spring. Besides, Abe +helped to supply the table with food, for he had already +learned to use the rifle, and to hunt and trap animals. +These occupations took him into the woods, and we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> +must believe, therefore, in spite of all the hardships +of his wilderness life, that he spent many happy hours.</p> + +<p>If we could see him as he started off with his gun, or +as he chopped wood for the fires, we should doubtless +find his dress somewhat peculiar. He was a tall, slim, +awkward boy, with very long legs and arms. In winter +he wore moccasins, trousers, and shirt of deerskin, +and a cap of coonskin with the tail of the animal +hanging down behind so as to serve both as ornament +and convenience in handling the cap. On a cold winter +day, such a furry costume might look very comfortable +if close-fitting, but we are told that Abe's deerskin +trousers, after getting wet, shrunk so much that they +became several inches too short for his long, lean legs. +As for stockings, he tells us he never wore them until +he was "a young man grown."</p> + +<p>But although this costume seems to us singular, it +did not appear so to his neighbors and friends, for they +were used to seeing boys dressed in that manner. The +frontiersmen were obliged to devise many contrivances +to supply their lack of manufactured things. For instance, +they all used thorns for pins, bits of stone for +buttons, and home-made soap and tallow-dipped candles. +Candles, indeed, were a luxury much of the time, +and in Abe's boyhood, he was obliged in the long winter +evenings to read by the light of the wood fire +blazing in the rude fireplace of the log cabin.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/illus302.jpg" width="480" height="593" alt="Lincoln Studying." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lincoln Studying.</span> +</div> + +<p>Great as had been his privations in this Indiana +home, Abe had now to suffer a more grievous loss in +the death of his mother. The rough life of the forest +and the exposure of the open cabin had been too much +for her delicate constitution. Before she died she said +to her boy: "Abraham, I am going away from you, +and you will never see me again. I know that you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> +will always be good and kind to your sister and father. +Try to live as I have taught you, and to love your +Heavenly Father." Many years later Lincoln said, +"All that I am, or I hope to be, I owe to my angel +mother."</p> + +<p>A year after this sad event, his father brought home +a second wife, who became a devoted friend to the +motherless boy. Energetic, thrifty, and intelligent, +this woman, who had been accustomed to better things +than she found in her new home, insisted that the log +cabin should be supplied with a door, a floor, and windows, +and she at once began to make the children +"look a little more human."</p> + +<p>Abraham Lincoln's schooling was brief—not more +than a year in all. Such schools as he attended were +nothing like the graded schools of to-day. The buildings +were rough log cabins with the earth for floor and +oiled paper for windows. Desks were unknown, the +little school-house being furnished with rude benches +made of split logs, after the manner of the stools and +tables in the Lincoln home. The teachers were ignorant +men, who taught the children a little spelling, reading, +writing, and ciphering. While attending the last +school, Abe had to go daily a distance of four and a +half miles from his home.</p> + +<p>In spite of this meagre schooling, however, the boy, +by his self-reliance, resolute purpose, and good reading +habits, acquired the very best sort of training for his +future life. He had but few books at his home, and +found it impossible in that wild country to find many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> +in any other homes. Among those which he read over +and over again, while a boy, were the Bible, "Æsop's +Fables," "Robinson Crusoe," "Pilgrim's Progress," +a History of the United States, and "Weems's Life of +Washington."</p> + +<p>His step-mother said of him: "He read everything +he could lay his hands on, and when he came across a +passage that struck him, he would write it down on +boards, if he had no paper, and keep it before him until +he could get paper. Then he would copy it, look at +it, commit it to memory and repeat it."</p> + +<p>His step-brother said: "When Abe and I returned +to the house from work, he would go to the cupboard, +snatch a piece of corn-bread, take down a book, sit +down, cock his legs up as high as his head, and read." +When night came he would find a seat in the corner +by the fireside, or stretch out at length on the floor, +and write or work sums in arithmetic on a wooden +shovel, using a charred stick for a pencil or pen. When +he had covered the shovel, he would shave off the surface +and begin over again.</p> + +<p>Having borrowed a copy of the "Life of Washington" +on one occasion, he took it to bed with him in the +loft and read until his candle gave out. Then before +going to sleep, he tucked the book into a crevice of the +logs in order that he might have it at hand as soon as +daylight would permit him to read the next morning. +But during the night a storm came up, and the rain +beat in upon the book, wetting it through and through. +With heavy heart Lincoln took it back to its owner,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> +who told him that it should be his if he would work +three days to pay for it. Eagerly agreeing to do this, +the boy carried his new possession home in triumph. +This book had a marked influence over his future.</p> + +<p>Until he was twenty his father hired him out to all +sorts of work, at which he sometimes earned $6 a +month and sometimes thirty-one cents a day. Just +before he came of age his family, with all their possessions +packed in a cart drawn by four oxen, moved +again toward the West. For two weeks they travelled +across the country into Illinois, and finally made a new +home on the banks of the Sangamon River, a stream +flowing into the Ohio. The tiresome journey was made +in the month of March along muddy roads and over +swollen streams, young Lincoln driving the oxen.</p> + +<p>On reaching the end of the journey, Abraham helped +his father to build a hut and to clear and fence ten acres +of land for planting. Shortly after this work was done +he bargained with a neighbor, Mrs. Nancy Miller, to +split 400 rails for every yard of brown jeans needed to +make him a pair of trousers. As Lincoln was tall, three +and one-half yards were needed, and he had to split +1,400 fence rails—a large amount of work for a pair +of trousers.</p> + +<p>From time to time he had watched the boats carrying +freight up and down the river, and had wondered +where the vessels were going. Eager to know +by experience the life of which he had dreamed, he determined +to become a boatman. He was hungry for +knowledge, and with the same earnestness and energy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> +with which he had absorbed the great thoughts of his +books, he now applied himself to learn the commerce of +the river and the life along its banks. When an opportunity +presented, he found employment on a flat boat +that carried corn, hogs, hay, and other farm produce +down to New Orleans. On one of his trips he chanced +to attend a slave auction. Looking on while one slave +after another was knocked down to the highest bidder, +his indignation grew until at length he cried out, "Boys, +let's get away from this; if I ever get a chance to hit +that thing" (meaning slavery), "I'll hit it hard." +Little did he think then what a blow he would strike +some thirty years later.</p> + +<p>Tiring at length of his long journeys to New Orleans, +he became clerk in a village store at New Salem. +Many stories are told of Lincoln's honesty as displayed +in his dealings with the people in this village +store. It is said that on one occasion a woman in +making change overpaid him the trifling sum of six +cents. When Lincoln found out the mistake he walked +three miles and back that night to give the woman her +money.</p> + +<p>He was now six feet four inches tall, a giant in +strength, and a skilful wrestler. Much against his +will—for he had no love of fighting—he became the +hero of a wrestling match with a youth named Armstrong, +who was the leader of the rough young fellows +of the place. Lincoln defeated Armstrong, and by his +manliness won the life-long friendship of his opponent.</p> + +<p>At times throughout his life he was subject to deep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> +depression, which made his face unspeakably sad. But +as a rule he was cheerful and merry, and on account of +his good stories was in great demand in social gatherings +and at the cross-roads grocery stores. At such +times, when the social glass passed around, he always +declined it, never indulging in strong liquor of any +kind, nor in tobacco.</p> + +<p>Lincoln was as kind as he was good-natured. His +step-mother said of him: "I can say, what scarcely +one mother in a thousand can say, he never gave me +a cross word or look, and never refused in fact or +appearance to do anything I asked him." He was +tender-hearted too, as the following incident shows:</p> + +<p>Riding along the road one day with a company of +men, Lincoln was missed by his companions. One of +them, going to look for him, found that Lincoln had +stopped to replace two young birds that had been +blown out of their nest. He could not ride on in any +peace of mind until he had restored these little ones to +their home in the tree-branches.</p> + +<p>In less than a year the closing of the village store in +which Lincoln was clerk left him without employment. +He therefore enlisted as a volunteer for the Black +Hawk War, which had broken out about this time, and +went as captain of his company. On returning from +this expedition, he opened a grocery store as part +owner, but in this undertaking he soon failed. Perhaps +the reason for his failure was that his interest was +centred in other things, for about this time he began to +study law.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p> + +<p>For a while after closing his store he served the +Government as postmaster in New Salem, where the +mail was so scanty that he could carry it in his hat +and distribute it to the owners as he happened to meet +them.</p> + +<p>He next tried surveying, his surveyor's chain, according +to report, being a trailing grapevine. Throughout +all these years Lincoln was apparently drifting +almost aimlessly from one occupation to another. But +whatever he was doing his interest in public affairs and +his popularity were steadily increasing. In 1834 he +sought and secured an election to the State Legislature. +It is said that he tramped a distance of a hundred miles +with a pack on his back when he went to the State +Capitol to enter upon his duties as law-maker.</p> + +<p>About four years after beginning to study law, he +was admitted to the bar and established himself at +Springfield, Ill. From an early age he had been fond +of making stump speeches, and now he turned what +had been a pleasant diversion to practical advantage in +the progress of his political life. In due time he was +elected to Congress, where his interest in various public +questions, especially that of slavery, became much +quickened.</p> + +<p>On this question his clear head and warm heart +united in forming strong convictions that had great +weight with the people. He continued to grow in +political favor, and in 1858 received the nomination of +the Republican party for the United States Senate. +Stephen A. Douglas was the Democratic nominee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> +Douglas was known as the "Little Giant," on account +of his short stature and great power as an orator.</p> + +<p>The debates between the political rivals challenged +the admiration of the whole country. Lincoln argued +with great power against the spread of slavery into the +new States. Although unsuccessful in securing a seat +in the Senate, he won a recognition from his countrymen +that led to his election as President two years +later. In 1860 the Republican National Convention, +which met at Chicago, nominated "Honest Old Abe, +the Railsplitter," as its candidate for President, and +elected him in the same autumn.</p> + +<p>The burning political question before the people at +this time, as for many years before, related to the extension +of slavery into the Territories. The South was +eager to have more States come into the Union as +slave States, while the North wished that slavery should +be confined to the States where it already existed.</p> + +<p>Before the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in +1803, Mason and Dixon Line and the Ohio River +formed the dividing line between the free States on the +north and the slave States on the south. But after +that purchase there was a prolonged struggle to determine +whether the new territory should be slave or +free.</p> + +<p>It was thought that the Missouri Compromise of +1820 would forever settle the trouble, but such was +not the case. It broke out again, as bitter as ever, +about the Mexican Cession, which became ours as a +result of the Mexican War. Again it was hoped that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> +the Compromise of 1850 would bring an end to the +struggle. But even after this second compromise, the +agitation over slavery continued to become more and +more bitter until Mr. Lincoln's election, when some of +the Southern States threatened to secede, that is, withdraw +from the Union. These States claimed the right +to decide for themselves whether or not they should +remain in the Union. On the other hand, the North +declared that no State could secede from the Union +without the consent of the other States.</p> + +<p>Before Lincoln was inaugurated, seven of the Southern +States had seceded. The excitement was everywhere +intense. Many people felt that a man of larger +experience than Lincoln should now be at the head of +the Government. They doubted the ability of this +plain man of the people, this awkward backwoodsman, +to lead the destinies of the nation in these hours when +delicate and intricate diplomacy was needed. But, little +as they knew it, he was well fitted for the work that +lay before him.</p> + +<p>While on his way to Washington for inauguration, +his friends learned of a plot to assassinate him when +he should pass through Baltimore. To save him from +violence, therefore, they prevailed upon him to change +his route and make the last part of his journey in +secret.</p> + +<p>In a few weeks the Civil War had begun. We cannot +here pause for full accounts of all Lincoln's trials +and difficulties during this fearful struggle that began +in 1861 and ended in 1865. His burdens were almost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> +overwhelming, but, like Washington, he believed that +"right makes might" and must prevail.</p> + +<p>When he became President he declared that the +Constitution gave him no power to interfere with slavery +in the States where it existed. But as the war continued, +he became certain that the slaves, by remaining +on the plantations and producing food for the Southern +soldiers, were a great aid to the Southern cause, +and thus threatened the Union. He therefore determined, +as commander-in-chief of the Union armies, +to set the slaves free in all territory whose people were +fighting against the Union. He took this step as a +military necessity.</p> + +<p>The famous state paper, in which Lincoln declared +that the slaves were free in all the territory of the +seceded States whose people were waging war against +the Union, was called the Emancipation Proclamation. +This he issued on January 1, 1863, and thus made +good his word, "If ever I get a chance to strike that +thing" (meaning slavery), "I'll strike it hard."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus314.jpg" width="1024" height="649" alt="Map of the United States showing the Southern Confederacy, the Slave States that did not Secede, and the Territories." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map of the United States showing the Southern Confederacy, the Slave States that did not Secede, and the Territories.</span> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p> + +<p>On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered his +army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House. +By this act the war came to a close. Great was the +rejoicing everywhere. But suddenly the universal +joy was changed into universal sorrow. Five days +after Lee's surrender Lincoln went with his wife and +some friends to see a play at Ford's Theatre in +Washington. In the midst of the play, a half-crazed +actor, who was familiar with the theatre, entered the +President's box, shot him in the back of the head, +jumped to the stage, and, shouting "Sic semper tyrannis!" +(So be it always to tyrants), rushed through the +wing to the street. There he mounted a horse in +waiting for him, and escaped, but was promptly hunted +down and killed in a barn where he lay in hiding. The +martyr-President lingered some hours, tenderly watched +by his family and a few friends. When on the following +morning he breathed his last, Secretary Stanton +said with truth, "Now he belongs to the ages." A +noble life had passed from the field of action; and the +people deeply mourned the loss of him who had wisely +and bravely led them through four years of heavy +trial and anxiety.</p> + +<p>Wise and brave as the leadership of Abraham Lincoln +was, however, the drain of the Civil War upon +the nation's strength was well-nigh overwhelming. +Nearly 600,000 men lost their lives in this murderous +struggle, and the loss in wealth was not far short +of $8,000,000,000.</p> + +<p>But the war was not without its good results also. +One of these, embodied later in the Thirteenth Amendment +to the Constitution, set free forever all the slaves +in the Union; and another swept away for all time +the evils of State rights, nullification, and secession. +Webster's idea that the Union was supreme over the +States had now become a fact which could never again +be a subject of dispute. The Union was "one and +<i>inseparable</i>."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus312.jpg" width="800" height="531" alt="SLAVES ON A COTTON PLANTATION." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SLAVES ON A COTTON PLANTATION.</span> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p> + +<p>The immortal words that Lincoln uttered as part of +his Second Inaugural are worthy of notice, for in their +sympathy, tenderness, and beautiful simplicity they +reveal the heart of him who spoke them. This inaugural +address was delivered in Washington on March +4, 1865, only about six weeks before Lincoln's assassination. +It closed with these words:</p> + +<p>"With malice toward none, with charity for all, +with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the +right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to +bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall +have borne the battle, and for his widow and his +orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a +just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all +nations."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">The Mexican war.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Conflict over the extension of slavery.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln in his Kentucky home.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Lincoln family moves to Indiana.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The furniture and the food of the backwoods people.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Little Abe's busy life.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His personal appearance.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Backwoods makeshifts.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His school life; his reading habits.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln as a boatman.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">"Honest Abe."</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His physical strength.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His kindness and sympathy.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He is elected to the state legislature.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The great debate with Stephen A. Douglas.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln as president.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">He issues the emancipation proclamation.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">His assassination.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. Explain the conflict between the North and the South over the +extension of slavery.</p> + +<p>2. Form mental pictures of the following: the "camp"; the furniture +and the food of the backwoods people; and Abraham Lincoln's +personal appearance.</p> + +<p>3. What were his reading habits?</p> + +<p>4. Imagine yourself with Lincoln when he saw the slave auction in +New Orleans, and tell what you see.</p> + +<p>5. Tell, in your own words, what you have learned of his honesty, +sympathy, and kindness.</p> + +<p>6. The greatest act of Abraham Lincoln's life was the issuing of the +Emancipation Proclamation. What was this?</p> + +<p>7. What do you admire in the character of Abraham Lincoln?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p> + +<div class="bbox"> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 50%;"> +<img src="images/illus317.jpg" width="100%" alt="Ulysses S. Grant." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Ulysses S. Grant.</span> +</div> + +<div class="textleft1"> +CHAPTER XXV<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ulysses<br /> +Simpson Grant<br /> +and the<br /> +Civil War<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textleft2"> +[<b>1822-1885</b>] +</div> +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>In tracing the leading events in the remarkable +career of the martyr-President, we have had occasion +to refer briefly to the causes and results of the +Civil War. It was a struggle that tested the manhood +quite as much as the resources of the warring +sections, and each side might well be proud of the +bravery and military skill displayed by its officers and +soldiers. Certainly each side had among its generals +some of the greatest military leaders of all time. One +of these, who is by common consent regarded as the +ablest general that led Northern troops in battle, was +Ulysses Simpson Grant.</p> + +<p>He was born in a humble dwelling at Point Pleasant, +O., in April, 1822. The year following his birth +the family removed to Georgetown, O., where they +lived many years.</p> + +<p>The father of Ulysses was a farmer and manu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>facturer +of leather. The boy did not like the leather +business, but was fond of the various kinds of farm +work. When only seven years old he hauled all the +wood which was needed in the home and at the leather +factory, from a forest, a mile from the village. As he +was too small to load and unload the wood, the men +did that for him.</p> + +<p>From the age of eleven to seventeen, according to +his own story as told in his "Personal Memoirs," he +ploughed the soil, cultivated the growing corn and +potatoes, sawed fire-wood for his father's store, and +did any other work that would naturally fall to the +lot of a farmer's boy. He had his recreations, also, +including fishing, swimming in the creek not far from +his home, skating in winter, and driving about the +country winter and summer.</p> + +<p>Young Grant liked horses, and early became a skilful +rider. Lincoln told a story of him which indicates +not only his expert horsemanship, but his "bull-dog +grit" as well. One day when he was at a circus the +manager offered a silver dollar to anybody who could +ride a certain mule around the ring. Several persons, +one after another, mounted the animal only to be +thrown over its head. Young Ulysses was among +those who offered to ride, but like the others he was +unsuccessful. Then pulling off his coat, he got on +the animal again. Putting his legs firmly around the +mule's body, and seizing him by the tail, Ulysses rode +triumphantly around the ring, amid the cheers of the +expectant crowd.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p> + +<p>Although he cared little for study, his father wished +to give him all the advantages of a good education, and +secured for him an appointment at West Point. This +was indeed a rare opportunity for thorough training in +scholarship, but Ulysses was rather indifferent to it. +He had a special aptitude for mathematics, and became +an expert horseman, but with these exceptions, he took +little interest in the training received at this famous +military school, his rank being only twenty-first in a +class of thirty-nine.</p> + +<p>After graduation he wished to leave the army and +become an instructor in mathematics at West Point. +But as the Mexican War broke out about that time he +entered active service. Soon he gave striking evidence +of that fearless bravery for which he was to become so +noted on the battle-fields of the Civil War.</p> + +<p>It fell to his lot to deliver a message which necessitated +a dangerous ride. He says of it: "Before starting +I adjusted myself on the side of my horse farthest +from the enemy, and with only one foot holding to the +cantle of the saddle and an arm over the neck of the +horse exposed, I started at full run. It was only at +the street crossings that my horse was under fire, but +there I crossed at such a flying rate that generally I +was past and under cover of the next block of houses +before the enemy fired. I got out safely without a +scratch."</p> + +<p>Shortly after the close of the war Grant was married. +Six years later he resigned from the army and +went with his family to live on a farm near St. Louis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> +Although he worked hard, he found it up-hill work to +support his family, and was eventually compelled by +bad health to give up farming. He next tried the real +estate business, but without success. At last, his father +offered him a place in his leather and hardware store, +where Grant worked as clerk until the outbreak of the +Civil War.</p> + +<p>With the news that the Southern troops had fired +upon the flag at Fort Sumter, Grant's patriotism was +aroused. Without delay he rejoined the army and at +once took an active part in the preparations for war. +First as colonel and then as brigadier-general, he led +his troops. At last he had found a field of action in +which he quickly developed his powers as a leader.</p> + +<p>The first of his achievements was the capture of +Forts Henry and Donelson, the centre of a strong Confederate +line of defence, extending from Columbus to +Cumberland Gap. At Fort Donelson he received the +surrender of nearly 15,000 prisoners, and by his great +victory compelled the Confederates to abandon two +of their most important strongholds, Columbus and +Nashville.</p> + +<p>After the loss of Fort Donelson the Confederates +fell back to a second line of defence, extending from +Memphis through Corinth to Chattanooga. The Confederate +army took position at Corinth; General +Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing, eighteen miles +away. Here, early on Sunday morning, April 6, 1862, +Grant was attacked by Johnston, and his men were +driven back a mile and a half toward the river. It was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> +a fearful battle, lasting until nearly dark. Not until +after midnight was Grant able to rest, and then as he +sat in the rain leaning against the foot of a tree, he +slept a few hours before the renewal of battle on Monday +morning. With reinforcements he was able on the +second day to drive the enemy off the field and win a +signal victory.</p> + +<p>By this battle Grant broke the second Confederate +line of defence. Although the Confederates fought +bravely and well to prevent the Northern troops from +getting control of the Mississippi River, by the close +of 1862 they had lost every stronghold except Port +Hudson and Vicksburg. In 1863, General Grant put +forth a resolute effort to capture Vicksburg, and after +a brilliant campaign laid siege to the city. For seven +weeks the Confederate army held out. Meanwhile the +people of Vicksburg found shelter in caves and cellars, +their food at times consisting of rats and mule flesh. +But on July 4, 1863, the day following General Lee's +defeat at Gettysburg, General Pemberton, with an army +numbering about 32,000 men, surrendered Vicksburg +to General Grant. Four days later Port Hudson was +captured, and thus the last stronghold of the Mississippi +came under control of the North.</p> + +<p>General Grant's success was in no small measure due +to his dogged perseverance. While his army was laying +siege to Vicksburg a Confederate woman, at whose +door he stopped to ask a drink of water, inquired +whether he expected ever to capture Vicksburg. "Certainly," +he replied. "But when?" was her next ques<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>tion. +Quickly came the answer: "I cannot tell exactly +when I shall take the town, but <i>I mean to stay +here till I do, if it takes me thirty years</i>."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/illus322.jpg" width="1024" height="679" alt="Map Illustrating Campaigns in the West in 1862-63." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Map Illustrating Campaigns in the West in 1862-63.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p> + +<p>General Grant having by his effective campaign won +the confidence of the people, President Lincoln in 1864 +made him lieutenant-general, thus placing him in command +of all the Northern forces. In presenting the +new commission, Lincoln addressed General Grant in +these words: "As the country herein trusts you, so, +under God, it will sustain you." General Grant made +answer: "I feel the full weight of the responsibilities +now devolving upon me; and I know that if they are +met, it will be due to those armies, and above all, to +the favor of that Providence which leads both nations +and men."</p> + +<p>Early in May, 1864, Grant entered upon his final +campaign in Virginia, and while he marched with his +army "On to Richmond," General Sherman, in +Georgia, pushed with his army "On to Atlanta" and +"On to the sea." Both generals were able, and both +had able opponents. Grant crossed the Rapidan and +entered the Wilderness, where Lee's army contested +every foot of his advance. In the terrible fighting that +followed Grant's losses were severe, but, with "bull-dog +grit," to use Lincoln's phrase, he pressed on, writing +to the President his stubborn resolve, "I propose to +fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."</p> + +<p>It did take all summer and more, for Grant found it +impossible to capture Richmond by attacking it from +the northern side. He therefore transferred his army<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> +across the James River, and attacked the city from the +south; but at the end of the summer Lee still held out.</p> + +<p>Nor did Lee relinquish his position until April 2, +1865, when he was compelled to retreat toward the +west. Grant pursued him closely for a week, during +which Lee's troops suffered great privation, living +mainly on parched corn and the young shoots of trees. +Aware that the Southern cause was hopeless, the distinguished +leader of the Confederate armies, after a +most brilliant retreat, decided that the time had come +to give up the struggle.</p> + +<p>While suffering from a severe sick headache, General +Grant received a note from Lee saying that the +latter was now willing to consider terms of surrender. +It was a remarkable occasion when the two eminent +generals met on that Sunday morning, in what is +known as the McLean house, standing in the little village +of Appomattox Court House. Grant writes in +his "Personal Memoirs": "I was without a sword, as +I usually was when on horseback on the field, and +wore a soldier's blouse for a coat, with the shoulder-straps +of my rank to indicate to the army who I was.... General +Lee was dressed in a full uniform +which was entirely new, and was wearing a sword of +considerable value—very likely the sword which had +been presented by the State of Virginia.... In +my rough travelling suit, the uniform of a private with +the straps of a lieutenant-general, I must have contrasted +very strangely with a man so handsomely +dressed, six feet high and of faultless form.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 533px;"> +<img src="images/illus325.jpg" width="533" height="800" alt="THE MEETING OF GENERALS GRANT AND LEE AT APPOMATTOX." title="" /> +<span class="caption">THE MEETING OF GENERALS GRANT AND LEE AT APPOMATTOX.</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 480px;"> +<img src="images/illus326.jpg" width="480" height="480" alt="The McLean House" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The McLean House</span> +</div> + +<p>The result of the interview was the surrender of +General Lee with his entire army of 26,000 men. General +Grant at this time gave striking evidence of his +great kindness of heart and fine delicacy of feeling. He +issued orders that all the Confederates who owned +horses and mules should be allowed to take them +home. "They will need them for the spring ploughing," +he said. He spared the vanquished troops the +humiliation of marching out and stacking their arms in +token of surrender, and even stopped the firing of salutes +by his men. Never, indeed, did General Grant +appear more truly great than on the occasion of Lee's +surrender. Thus ended the military career of the +greatest general that the +North produced during +the Civil War.</p> + +<p>While in the army he +seemed to have marvellous +powers of endurance. +He said of himself: +"Whether I slept +on the ground or in a +tent, whether I slept one +hour or ten in the twenty-four, +whether I had +one meal, or three or +none, made no difference. I could lie down and sleep +in the rain without caring."</p> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus327.jpg" width="336" height="392" alt="General R. E. Lee." title="" /> +<span class="caption">General R. E. Lee.</span> +</div> + +<p>His appearance did not indicate his robust health. +He was only five feet eight inches tall, round-shoul<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>dered, +and not military in bearing or walk. He had +brown hair, blue eyes, and a musical voice. He was +of a sunny disposition and singularly pure soul, never +having been known in all his life to speak an unclean +word or tell an objectionable story. +Quiet and simple in manner, he +never became excited even in the +heat of battle, but always kept himself +cool and collected, ready for +the severest ordeal that he might +have to face.</p> + +<p>It need hardly be said that at +the close of the war he had a warm +place in the hearts of his countrymen. +Wherever he went people flocked to see him. +But like Washington and Jefferson, he found speech-making +most difficult. At one time, in the presence of +friends, General Grant's young son Jesse, mounted a +haystack and said, "I'll show you how papa makes a +speech. 'Ladies and Gentlemen, I am very glad to +see you: I thank you very much. Good-night.'" All +present were greatly amused except Grant, who was +much embarrassed, feeling that his little son's effort +verged too closely upon the truth.</p> + +<p>Grant was elected President of the United States in +1868, and served two terms. Upon retiring from the +Presidency he made a tour around the world, and was +everywhere received by rulers and people alike with +great honor and distinction.</p> + +<p>During his last days he suffered much from an in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>curable +disease, which became a worse enemy than he +had ever found on the field of battle. After nine +months' of struggle he died at Mount McGregor, near +Saratoga, on July 23, 1885. His body was laid to +rest in Riverside Park, on the Hudson, where in 1897 +a magnificent monument was erected to his memory. +Like Lincoln and Washington, he will ever live in the +hearts of his countrymen.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Young Ulysses S. Grant fond of farm work.<br /> +An instance of his "bull-dog grit."<br /> +Grant goes to West Point.<br /> +His bravery in the Mexican War.<br /> +He tries farming and business.<br /> +The beginning of the Civil War.<br /> +The battle of Pittsburg Landing.<br /> +General Grant captures Vicksburg.<br /> +General Lee's surrender.<br /> +General Grant's kindness and delicacy of feeling.<br /> +His personality.<br /> +His tour around the world; his last days.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. Tell as much as you can about the boyhood of Grant.</p> + +<p>2. What can you say of his record in the Mexican War?</p> + +<p>3. Give an account of his capture of Vicksburg.</p> + +<p>4. Picture the scene of the interview which took place when Lee +surrendered.</p> + +<p>5. What can you tell about Grant's personality? About his ability +as a speech-maker?</p> + +<p>6. What traits in Grant's character do you admire?</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p> +<div class="bbox"> +<div class="textcen1"> +CHAPTER XXVI<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Some Leaders and Heroes<br /> +in the<br /> +War with Spain<br /> +in 1676<br /> +</div> + +<div class="textcen2"> +[<b>1898-1899</b>] +</div> + +<div style="clear: both;"></div> + +</div> + + +<p>Thus far we have directed our attention to the +prominent events in American history centring +about certain leaders and heroes. In so doing we have +in every chapter given emphasis to the achievements +of some one man. But in all these cases there were +many other men that received no mention by name, +and yet their co-operation was necessary to the success +of the leader in working out his plans.</p> + +<p>This is no doubt true of all times and countries, but +it is eminently true of our own country, whose history +is full of striking instances of individual heroism and +devotion to the flag. We shall find no better example +of patriotic daring than in the late war with Spain—a +war which exhibited to us and to the world the strong +and manly qualities of American life and character. It +seems fitting, therefore, that we should in this closing +chapter briefly consider a few of the recent events that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> +help us to understand what manner of people we have +come to be, and what we are able to accomplish in time +of earnest endeavor.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 689px;"> +<img src="images/illus330.jpg" width="689" height="1024" alt="The United States Coast and the West Indies." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The United States Coast and the West Indies.</span> + +<p>Distances are given in geographical or sea miles, sixty miles +in a degree of latitude.</p> +</div> + +<p>From the very beginning of her dominion in Cuba, +Spain ruled the people +there with extreme +cruelty and +oppression. Again +and again did the +Cubans, driven to +desperation by unjust +treatment, rise +in rebellion, without +success. But in +1895 they organized +an uprising +that Spain strove in +vain to put down. +In the last extremity +of her power, +she sent over as +governor-general a +man who tried to +starve the Cubans +into submission. A +large part of the population lived in the country, and +furnished the Cuban troops with food and recruits. +The Spanish commander's brutal method was to drive +these country people into the towns and cities, burning +their homes, and destroying everything that might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> +be of use to feed and support the fighting Cubans. +But the Cubans were determined to win their independence +or die in the attempt.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 576px;"> +<img src="images/illus331.jpg" width="576" height="480" alt="The Wreck of the Maine." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Wreck of the Maine.</span> +</div> + +<p>As the war continued, and this inhuman policy of +starvation grew more brutal, the horror and indignation +of the United States were aroused. Our Government +tried to induce Spain to stop her barbarous +methods, but while the attempt was still in progress an +event took place which greatly embittered the feeling +of Americans against Spain. On the night of February +15, 1898, one of our battle-ships, the Maine, was +blown up in the harbor of Havana, and 266 of our +sailors were killed. Many believed that this awful deed +was the work of Spanish officials; and this conviction<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> +deepened when a careful investigation was made by a +court of naval inquiry. In all parts of this country the +excitement of the people increased until they were ready +to go to war with Spain if she would not change her +policy toward Cuba.</p> + +<p>But Spain was so stubborn that President McKinley, +after trying in every possible way to prevent hostilities, +was obliged to say in a message that "the war in Cuba +must stop"; and on April 25, 1898, Congress took the +momentous step of declaring war.</p> + +<p>Our Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Long, lost no time +in sending a despatch to Commodore Dewey,—who +was in command of an American fleet of six war-vessels +at Hong-Kong,—directing him to proceed at once to +the Philippine Islands and capture or destroy the Spanish +fleet stationed there.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 359px;"> +<img src="images/illus333.jpg" width="359" height="336" alt="Admiral Dewey." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Admiral Dewey.</span> +</div> + +<p>Two days later Commodore Dewey's fleet was +steaming southward toward Manila Bay, in search of +the Spanish squadron of ten war-vessels and two torpedo-boats. +It was extremely important that these +ships of war should be captured or destroyed before +they could make their way to our Pacific coast and +attack American cities.</p> + +<p>On the night preceding May 1st our fleet entered +Manila Bay. The supreme moment in the life of Commodore +Dewey, now in his sixty-second year, had come. +He was 7,000 miles from home and in hostile waters. +Without even a pilot to guide his fleet as it moved +slowly but boldly into the bay, he knew well that he +might be going into a death-trap. Two torpedoes ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>ploded +just in front of the flag-ship Olympia, which +was in the lead, but the fearless commander did not +swerve from his course.</p> + +<p>Drawn up at the entrance of Bakor Bay, not far +from Manila, was the Spanish fleet, +protected on either side by strong +shore batteries. When about three +miles distant Commodore Dewey +quietly said to the captain of the +Olympia, "If you are ready, Gridley, +you may fire." Spanish shells +had already filled the air all about +the American fleet, but as the Spanish gunnery was exceedingly +poor it did little serious damage. During the +battle the American fleet steamed forward in single +file, the Olympia in the lead. After going for some +distance toward Manila the ships swung round and returned, +firing terrible broadsides into the Spanish fleet as +they passed. Five times they followed the course in this +way, each time drawing nearer to the enemy's position, +and each time pouring in a more furious and deadly fire.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;"> +<img src="images/illus334.jpg" width="336" height="374" alt="President McKinley" title="" /> +<span class="caption">President McKinley</span> +</div> + +<p>At seven o'clock the Spanish flagship dashed boldly +out, as if with the purpose of running down the +Olympia. But the American war-vessels concentrated +their fire upon her so that she had to turn back. As +she was swinging around, the Olympia hurled a shell +which raked her deck, killing or wounding her captain +and sixty of her sailors. About this time two Spanish +torpedo-boats darted out toward the American fleet, +and one of them, with the evident purpose of blowing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> +her up, headed for the Olympia. But a well-aimed +shell exploded upon the deck of the torpedo-boat, and +sank it to the bottom of the sea.</p> + +<p>At the end of two hours, it being plain that the Spanish +fleet was nearly done for, Commodore +Dewey decided to give his +tired men a rest. He therefore withdrew +his fleet from the scene of battle, +and gave his brave sailors some +breakfast. Three hours later he renewed +the fight, which ended with the +destruction of the entire Spanish fleet. +Although 1,200 Spaniards were killed or wounded, not +one American was killed and only eight were wounded. +None of Dewey's war-vessels received serious injury. +The battle was a brilliant exhibition of superb training +and seamanship on the part of the American sailors, +whose rapid and accurate handling of the guns was +marvellous.</p> + +<p>The people were electrified with joy when the news +of the glorious achievement in Manila Bay was cabled +to America. On May 9th, Congress voted that ten +thousand dollars ($10,000) should be spent in securing +a sword for Commodore Dewey and medals for all +his men, and President McKinley promptly appointed +him a rear-admiral. Before the middle of August an +army of 15,000 troops, under General Merritt, was +sent to Manila to unite with the fleet under Admiral +Dewey in capturing the city. Manila surrendered on +August 13th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p> + +<p>With the destruction of the Spanish fleet at Manila, +within a week after Congress declared war, all danger +of attack from Spanish war-vessels upon our Pacific +coast was at an end. But there was grave fear that +the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera might attack +the large and wealthy cities upon our Atlantic coast. +Shortly after the war began, this fleet was reported to +have left the Cape Verde Islands and to have directed +its course toward Cuban waters.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> +<img src="images/illus335.jpg" width="800" height="579" alt="Escolta, Manila's Main Street." title="" /> +<span class="caption">"Escolta," Manila's Main Street.</span> +</div> + +<p>At once Americans began to put serious questions +which nobody could answer. "Where is Cervera +going?" they asked. "Will he try to break the blockade +which an American fleet under Admiral Sampson +is keeping up on the northern coast of Cuba? Will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> +he try to intercept and destroy the battle-ship Oregon?<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +Or, will he bring havoc and destruction upon us by +sailing straight for some great Atlantic seaport?" +Americans looked anxious and worried as they considered +these questions.</p> + +<p>But the uncertainty did not long continue, for soon +it was learned by cable that Cervera had stopped at +Martinique, and later at a small island off the coast of +Venezuela, whence he had speedily steamed northward +toward Cuba. We now know that he went to Santiago +harbor, which he thought would prove a good hiding-place +while his fleet took on board coal and other supplies. +Shortly after Cervera's arrival at Santiago an +American fleet under Commodore Schley discovered +him, and blockaded the harbor in order to prevent his +escape. It was extremely important to keep him "bottled +up" there until an American army might come +down and capture Santiago and the Spanish army which +held the place. This capture accomplished, Cervera +would have to fight either in the harbor or out on the +open sea. But there was still some anxiety lest he +might on some dark, stormy night manage to steal out +and make his escape.</p> + +<p>One reason why Cervera went into the Santiago harbor +was that the entrance was very narrow and well +protected by headlands surmounted by batteries. At +its narrowest place, the channel was not much more +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>than a hundred yards wide. If, therefore, the American +war-vessels should attempt to enter the harbor they +would have to enter in single file, and the foremost one +would possibly be blown up by the Spanish torpedoes, +many of which were planted in the channel. The sinking +of a single vessel in the channel would block the +way for all the rest.</p> + +<p>With these facts in mind Admiral Sampson planned +to obstruct the entrance to Santiago harbor to prevent +the Spanish fleet from getting out. Lieutenant Hobson, +a young man of twenty-eight, worked out the plan +of sinking the collier Merrimac across the channel; +and to him the important task of carrying it out was +assigned. Torpedoes were so arranged on the sides of +the Merrimac that their explosion would shatter her +bottom and sink her in the channel.</p> + +<p>There was serious difficulty in selecting the small +number of brave, cool-headed men who were to accompany +Lieutenant Hobson in this perilous enterprise, +for several hundred American sailors were eager to go, +even though they knew that in so doing they were +running serious risk of capture or death. But such was +the heroic temper of the American sailors that many +of them begged for an opportunity of rendering this +loyal service.</p> + +<p>On the night appointed for the daring feat, the Merrimac +did not get well started before the morning light +began to appear in the eastern sky, so that Admiral +Sampson recalled the expedition.</p> + +<p>After a long, nervous day of waiting, the next morn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>ing, +June 3d, the Merrimac started off a second time. +The vessel moved stealthily forward with its eager, +silent crew, but before the place of sinking could be +reached the Spaniards discovered her. Suddenly from +the forts and the war-vessels in the harbor a storm of +shot and shell beat in pitiless fury about the Merrimac. +But she pressed forward. When the moment came +for her to be swung across the channel Hobson found +that the rudder of the ship had been shot away, so +that she could not be swung about according to the +plan. He therefore had to be content with sinking her +<i>along</i> instead of <i>across</i> the channel.</p> + +<p>When the torpedoes exploded and she went down, +her crew of eight men, struggling for life in the seething +waters, managed to reach a float which they had +brought with them on the deck of the collier. To this +float they clung, hanging on with their hands, for they +dared not expose their bodies as targets to Spanish +soldiers on land or to Spanish sailors in the launches +that were trying to find out what had happened. For +some hours Hobson and his men remained in this uncomfortable +position, shivering with the cold. At +length Hobson hailed an approaching launch to which +he swam. He was pulled in by an elderly man, with +the exclamation, "You are brave fellows." This was +Admiral Cervera, who treated the prisoners, Lieutenant +Hobson and his crew, with great kindness. With +the rest of the world he admired the courageous spirit +of the "brave fellows" who had given so much in the +service of their country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p> + +<p>During the remainder of June, the American fleet +kept watch at the harbor entrance. Before the end of +the month an American army of 15,000 men was ready +to advance through a tropical forest upon the Spanish +defences outside of Santiago. On July 1st the Americans +made a vigorous attack upon these outworks, +and won a glorious victory.</p> + +<p>It looked to Cervera as if he might be compelled to +surrender his fleet without striking a blow. Although +he was likely to suffer defeat in a battle, there was nothing +to gain by remaining in the harbor. So he decided +to dash boldly out, in a desperate effort to escape. +When at about half-past nine of that quiet Sunday +morning (July 3d) the foremost Spanish war-vessel was +seen heading at full speed out of the harbor, the American +sailors sent up a shout, "The Spanish fleet is coming +out!" and leaped forward to their places at the guns. +As at Manila, the battle was one-sided. The superior +seamanship and gunnery of the Americans enabled +them quickly to win a victory as brilliant as that won +by Dewey and his men. Every Spanish vessel was destroyed, +600 Spaniards were killed, and 1,300 captured. +Not one American ship was seriously injured, while but +one American was killed and one badly wounded. +About the middle of July Santiago and a Spanish army +of 22,000 men surrendered to the Americans.</p> + +<p>Although this ended the serious fighting of the war, +the treaty of peace was not ratified by the United States +Senate until February 6, 1899. In accordance with +this treaty Spain gave up Cuba and ceded Porto Rico<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> +to the United States; and she also ceded to us the Philippine +Islands, in return for which we agreed to pay +her $20,000,000.</p> + +<p>But some of the most striking results of the war with +Spain received no +mention in the +terms of the treaty. +From the beginning +of the struggle, +Spain doubtless +hoped that one +or more of the +Great Powers of +Europe might intervene +in her behalf. +Some of +them, with ill-concealed +dislike for +the United States, +were quite ready +to interfere in +Spain's interests. +But England refused +to take any part in the movement. Her friendly +attitude toward us in this struggle has done much to +bring the two countries into closer sympathy with each +other. A reflection of this good-will toward England +was especially evident at the time of Queen Victoria's +death in January, 1901.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 768px;"> +<img src="images/illus340.jpg" width="768" height="1014" alt="Portion of the Coast of China and the Philippine +Islands." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Portion of the Coast of China and the Philippine +Islands.</span> +</div> + +<p>But, after all, one of the most striking results of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> +war with Spain has been the bringing of the various +sections of our own country into closer sympathy and +union. It is safe to say that never before have the +North, the South, the East, and the West felt so closely +bound together in thought and feeling. Let us hope +that with noble ideals of the high destiny that awaits +us, we shall go forward to greater achievements than +we have yet known in our history.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>REVIEW OUTLINE</h4> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Spain's cruel rule in Cuba.<br /> +The blowing up of the battle-ship Maine.<br /> +Commodore Dewey heads his fleet for the Philippines.<br /> +The dangerous enterprise.<br /> +The glorious victory.<br /> +Serious Questions About Admiral Cervera's Plans.<br /> +His fleet "bottled Up."<br /> +The daring feat of Lieutenant Hobson and his men.<br /> +The destruction of Cervera's fleet.<br /> +The treaty of peace.<br /> +Friendly relations between our country and England.<br /> +Closer sympathy and union of the North, the South, The East, and the West.</span><br /> +</p> + +<h4>TO THE PUPIL</h4> + + +<p>1. What is a hero? Whom do you most admire of all the heroes +you have read about in this book?</p> + +<p>2. Why did Commodore Dewey go with his fleet to the Philippines?</p> + +<p>3. Imagine yourself with him, and give an account of the battle.</p> + +<p>4. What did Lieutenant Hobson and his men do? Impersonating +Hobson, give an account of the daring feat.</p> + +<p>5. What caused the war with Spain? What were its most striking +results?</p> + +<p>6. What do you admire in the character of Admiral Dewey? What, +in the American sailors in the war with Spain?</p> + +<p>7. What do the following dates signify: 1492, 1607, 1620, 1775-1783, +1861-1865, 1898?</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in public life, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes tax on tea, <a href="#Page_158">158-162</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bacon, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marches against the Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his struggle with Berkeley, <a href="#Page_60">60-62</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Kentucky, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Boonesborough, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Boston Tea Party," <a href="#Page_158">158-163</a><br /> +<br /> +Braddock, General, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Bradford, Governor, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Bunker Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Burgoyne, General, <a href="#Page_203">203-205</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cabot, John, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Cartier, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Carver, Governor, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74-76</a><br /> +<br /> +Cervera, Admiral, <a href="#Page_320">320-324</a><br /> +<br /> +Champlain, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Civil War, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +Clermont, the, <a href="#Page_250">250-252</a><br /> +<br /> +Columbus, Christopher, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lisbon, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Spain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first voyage, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the New World, <a href="#Page_12">12-15</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">other voyages, <a href="#Page_17">17-20</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Concord, battle of, <a href="#Page_170">170-173</a><br /> +<br /> +Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Cornwallis, General, <a href="#Page_200">200-203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214-220</a><br /> +<br /> +Cortez, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Cowpens, battle of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dale, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Dawes, William, <a href="#Page_167">167-170</a><br /> +<br /> +Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /> +<br /> +De Leon, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +De Soto, Hernando, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lands in Florida, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his trials and difficulties, <a href="#Page_26">26-28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dewey, Admiral, <a href="#Page_317">317-319</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinwiddie, Governor, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Lord, <a href="#Page_124">124-127</a><br /> +<br /> +Faneuil Hall, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferdinand, King, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in his brother's printing-office, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in London, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Poor Richard's Almanac," <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his great discovery, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Plan of Union," <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in France, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> +<br /> +French War, Last, <a href="#Page_128">128-133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136-144</a><br /> +<br /> +Fulton, Robert, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his boyhood, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invents a torpedo boat, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Clermont, <a href="#Page_250">250-252</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, General, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Gates, General, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +George III., <a href="#Page_146">146-152</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his boyhood and youth, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Civil War, <a href="#Page_305">305-309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captures Lee's army, <a href="#Page_309">309-311</a></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span><br /> +Greene, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a Quaker boy, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins the army, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the South, <a href="#Page_214">214-220</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Griffin, the, <a href="#Page_108">108-110</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_165">165-168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early life, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his great speech, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hobson, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Howe, General, <a href="#Page_195">195-197</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203-205</a><br /> +<br /> +Hudson, Henry, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Hutchinson, Governor, <a href="#Page_159">159-162</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Indians, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Iroquois, <a href="#Page_104">104-106</a><br /> +<br /> +Isabella, Queen, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his boyhood, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Nashville, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conquers the Creeks, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at battle of New Orleans, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as President, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> +<br /> +James I., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at college, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as President, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Louisiana Purchase, <a href="#Page_241">241-243</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jesuit Missionaries, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +La Salle, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his plans, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his explorations, <a href="#Page_109">109-112</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his colony, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his assassination, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lee, General, his surrender, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309-311</a><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Kentucky and Indiana, <a href="#Page_283">283-289</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Illinois, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">debates with Douglas, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emancipation Proclamation, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his assassination, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Long Island, battle of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Mckinley, President, <a href="#Page_317">317-319</a><br /> +<br /> +Maine, the, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> +<br /> +Manila, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Marion, Francis, <a href="#Page_217">217-219</a><br /> +<br /> +Marquette, Father, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Massasoit, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Merrimac, the, <a href="#Page_319">319-322</a><br /> +<br /> +Mimms, Fort, massacre at, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Montcalm, General, <a href="#Page_138">138-140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Morgan, General, <a href="#Page_214">214-216</a><br /> +<br /> +Morse, Samuel F. B., <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">studies painting, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invents the telegraph, <a href="#Page_276">276-280</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Narvaez, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Navigation Laws, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +New Orleans, battle of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +Nullification, <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Old North Church, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Old South Church, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Olympia, the, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> +<br /> +Ortiz, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Penn, William, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turns Quaker, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his settlement in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Indian treaty, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his country home, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_65">65-79</a><br /> +<br /> +Pittsburg Landing, battle of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br /> +<br /> +Pizarro, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Plymouth, landing at, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Powhatan, <a href="#Page_49">49-52</a><br /> +<br /> +Puritans, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81-88</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quakers, <a href="#Page_92">92-101</a><br /> +<br /> +Quebec, capture of, <a href="#Page_142">142-144</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in France, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his first colony, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second colony, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Tower of London, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span><br /> +Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on his "midnight ride," <a href="#Page_167">167-170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sampson, Admiral, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Santiago, fighting near, <a href="#Page_322">322-324</a><br /> +<br /> +Schley, Commodore, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Secession, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Slavery, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early life, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_47">47-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with the Indians, <a href="#Page_47">47-52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores New England coast, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></span><br /> +<br /> +South Carolina, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_147">147-151</a><br /> +<br /> +Standish, Miles, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military leader of the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores coast, <a href="#Page_69">69-71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_72">72-79</a></span><br /> +<br /> +State Rights, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tariff, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +Telegraph, the electric, <a href="#Page_276">276-280</a><br /> +<br /> +Tobacco, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Trenton, battle of, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Valley Forge, suffering at, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Vicksburg, capture of, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Warren, Dr. Joseph, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at home and school, <a href="#Page_117">117-124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the young surveyor, <a href="#Page_124">124-127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his journey to the French forts, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Great Meadows, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Braddock, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_189">189-193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as General, <a href="#Page_193">193-207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as President, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Washington, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_118">118-121</a><br /> +<br /> +Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his boyhood and youth, <a href="#Page_265">265-268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his "Reply to Hayne," <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his last days, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span><br /> +<br /> +West, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Roger, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Salem, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">driven into exile, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his settlement at Providence, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wolfe, James, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his youth, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Quebec, <a href="#Page_138">138-144</a></span><br /> +</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="footnotes"> +<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The belief that the world was round was by no means new, as learned +men before Columbus's day had reached the same conclusion. But +only a comparatively small number of people held such a view of the +shape of the earth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The sum sent was 20,000 maravedis of Spanish money.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> De Leon discovered this land in the full bloom of an Easter Sunday +(1513). In token of the day and the flowers he named it Pascua +Florida.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The Huguenots were French Protestants, who were then at war +with the Catholics in France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> According to tradition, the Pilgrims, in landing, stepped on a small +granite bowlder, since known as Plymouth Rock. The date of landing, +December 21, is called Forefathers' Day.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Squanto had been taken to England by some white men in 1614.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Oxford University is composed of a number of colleges. The one +Penn attended was Christ Church College.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This war has sometimes been called the Old French War, and +sometimes the French and Indian War.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> This number is too large. Two millions is nearer the truth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The other two ships arrived a few days later.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Franklin was one of the three commissioners to make a treaty with +England at the close of the Revolution. The two other commissioners +were John Adams and John Jay. They were all men of remarkable +ability, and their united effort secured a treaty of peace highly +favorable to their country. But, as in many other brilliant political +achievements in which Franklin took part, his delicate tact was a +strong force.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The American battle-ship Oregon was then on her famous trip +from San Francisco, by way of Cape Horn, to join Admiral Sampson's +fleet.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 514px;"> +<img src="images/cover-back.jpg" width="514" height="800" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h3>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h3> + + +<p>1. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest +paragraph break.</p> + +<p>2. Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of the text.</p> + +<p>3. Obvious punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> + +<p>4. The following misprints have been corrected:<br /> + "Wahington" corrected to "Washington" (page 190)<br /> + "Breeze" corrected to "Breese" (page 273)<br /> + "1809-1861" corrected to "1809-1865" (page 282)</p> + +<p>5. 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