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P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + .indent5 { margin-left: 5%;} + .indent10 { margin-left: 10%;} + .indent15 { margin-left: 15%;} + .indent20 { margin-left: 20%;} + .indent30 { margin-left: 30%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 100%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + .side { float: left; font-size: 75%; width: 25%; padding-left: 0.8em; + border-left: dashed thin; text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; + font-weight: bold; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: solid 1px;} + p.pfirst, p.noindent {text-indent: 0} + span.dropcap { float: left; margin: 0 0.1em 0 0; line-height: 1 } + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + --> +</style> + </head> + <body> + <h1> + Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, by Bourrienne + </h1> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, Complete +by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net + + +Title: Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, Complete + +Author: Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne + +Release Date: September 3, 2006 [EBook #3567] +Last updated: July 19, 2014 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON *** + + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="spines (208K)" src="images/spines.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="inside (68K)" src="images/inside.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE,<br /><br /> Complete + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + <h3> + His Private Secretary + </h3> + <br /><br /><br /> + </p> + <h4> + Edited by R. W. Phipps Colonel, Late Royal Artillery + </h4> + <h2> + 1891 + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="titlepage (76K)" src="images/titlepage.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2H_PREF"> PREFACE 1836 EDITION. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2H_PREF2"> PREFACE 1885 EDITION. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0005"> AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0006"> NOTE. </a> + </p> + <p> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0008"> <b>VOLUME I. — 1769-1800 </b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0001"> CHAPTER 1 </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0009"> CHAPTER IX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0010"> CHAPTER X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0011"> CHAPTER XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0012"> CHAPTER XII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0013"> CHAPTER XIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0014"> CHAPTER XIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0015"> CHAPTER XV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0016"> CHAPTER XVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0017"> CHAPTER XVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0018"> CHAPTER XVIII </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0019"> CHAPTER XIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0020"> CHAPTER XX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0021"> CHAPTER XXI </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0022"> CHAPTER XXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0023"> CHAPTER XXIII </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0024"> CHAPTER XXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0025"> CHAPTER XXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0026"> CHAPTER XXVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0027"> CHAPTER XXVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0028"> CHAPTER XXVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0029"> CHAPTER XXIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0030"> CHAPTER XXX </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0031"> CHAPTER XXXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0032"> CHAPTER XXXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0033"> CHAPTER XXXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0034"> CHAPTER XXXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0035"> CHAPTER XXXV </a> + </p> + <p> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0044"> <b>VOLUME II. — 1800-1805</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0036"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0037"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0038"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0039"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0040"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0041"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0042"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0043"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0044"> CHAPTER IX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0045"> CHAPTER X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0046"> CHAPTER XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0047"> CHAPTER XII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0048"> CHAPTER XIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0049"> CHAPTER XIV </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0050"> CHAPTER XV </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0051"> CHAPTER XVI </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0052"> CHAPTER XVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0053"> CHAPTER XVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0054"> CHAPTER XIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0055"> CHAPTER XX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0056"> CHAPTER XXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0057"> CHAPTER XXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0058"> CHAPTER XXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0059"> CHAPTER XXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0060"> CHAPTER XXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0061"> CHAPTER XXYI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0062"> CHAPTER XXVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0063"> CHAPTER XXVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0064"> CHAPTER XXIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0065"> CHAPTER XXX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0066"> CHAPTER XXXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0067"> CHAPTER XXXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0068"> CHAPTER XXXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0069"> CHAPTER XXXIV. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <p> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0079"> <b>VOLUME III. — 1805-1814</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0070"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0071"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0072"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0073"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0074"> CHAPTER V </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0075"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0076"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0077"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0078"> CHAPTER IX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0079"> CHAPTER X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0080"> CHAPTER XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0081"> CHAPTER XII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0082"> CHAPTER XIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0083"> CHAPTER—XIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0084"> CHAPTER XV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0085"> CHAPTER XVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0086"> CHAPTER XVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0087"> CHAPTER XVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0088"> CHAPTER XIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0089"> CHAPTER XX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0090"> CHAPTER XXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0101"> CHAP XXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0091"> CHAPTER XXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0092"> CHAPTER XXIV </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0093"> CHAPTER XXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0094"> CHAPTER XXVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0095"> CHAPTER XXVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0096"> CHAPTER XXVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0097"> CHAPTER XXIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0098"> CHAPTER XXX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0099"> CHAPTER XXXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0100"> CHAPTER XXXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0101"> CHAPTER XXXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0102"> CHAPTER XXXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0103"> CHAPTER, XXXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0104"> CHAPTER XXXVI. </a> + </p> + <p> + <a href="#linklink2H_4_0116"> <b>VOLUME IV. — 1814-1821 </b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0105"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0106"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0107"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0108"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0109"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0110"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0111"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0112"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0113"> CHAPTER IX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0114"> CHAPTER X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0115"> CHAPTER XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0116"> CHAPTER XII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#linklink2HCH0117"> CHAPTER XIII </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ILLUSTRATIONS + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +VOLUME I. + +I. <a href="images/front1.jpg">NAPOLEON I.</a> (First Portrait) +II. <a href="images/p002.jpg">LETITIA RAMOLINO</a> +III. <a href="images/p046.jpg">THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE</a> (First Portrait) +IV. <a href="images/p076.jpg">EUGENE BEAUHARNAIS</a> +V. <a href="images/p150.jpg">GENERAL KLEBER</a> +VI. <a href="images/p200.jpg">MARSHAL LANNES </a> +VII. <a href="images/p300.jpg">TALLEYRAND</a> +VIII. <a href="images/p334.jpg">GENERAL DUROC</a> +IX. <a href="images/p358.jpg">MURAT, KING OF NAPLES</a> + + +VOLUME II. + +I. <a href="images/front2.jpg">THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE</a>(Second Portrait +II. <a href="images/pb010.jpg">GENERAL DESAIX</a> +III. <a href="images/pb060.jpg">GENERAL MOREAU</a> +IV. <a href="images/pb094.jpg">HORTENSE BEAUHARNAIS</a> +V. <a href="images/pb268.jpg">THE DUC D'ENGHEIN</a> +VI. <a href="images/pb290.jpg">GENERAL PICHEGRU</a> + + +VOLUME III. + +I. <a href="images/front3.jpg">NAPOLEON</a> (Second Portrait) +II. <a href="images/pc010.jpg">MARSHAL NEY</a> (First Portrait) +III. <a href="images/pc070.jpg">CAULAINCOURT, DUKE OF VICENZA</a> +IV. <a href="images/pc086.jpg">MARSHAL DAVOUST</a> +V. <a href="images/pc104.jpg">THE CHARGE OF THE CUIRASSIERS AT EYLAU</a> +VI. <a href="images/pc122.jpg">GENERAL JUNOT</a> +VII. <a href="images/pc194.jpg">MARSHAL SOULT</a> +VIII. <a href="images/pc228.jpg">THE EMPRESS MARIA LOUISA</a> (First Portrait) +IX. <a href="images/pc242.jpg">GENERAL LASALLE</a> +X. <a href="images/pc274.jpg">MARSHAL MASSENA</a> +XI. <a href="images/pc452.jpg">COLOURED MAP OF EUROPE TO ILLUSTRATE THE DOMINION OF NAPOLEON</a> + + +VOLUME IV. + +I. <a href="images/front4.jpg">THE EMPRESS MARIA LOUISA</a> (Second Portrait) +II. <a href="images/pd004.jpg">MARSHAL MACDONALD</a> +III. <a href="images/pd006.jpg">FACSIMILE OF THE EMPEROR'S ABDICATION IN 1814</a> +IV. <a href="images/pd070.jpg">NAPOLEON I.</a> (Third Portrait) +V. <a href="images/pd138.jpg">MARSHAL SUCHET</a> +VI. <a href="images/pd176.jpg">THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON</a> +VIII. <a href="images/pd204.jpg">MARSHAL BLUCHER</a> +IX. <a href="images/pd296.jpg">MARSHAL GOUVON ST. CYR</a> +X. <a href="images/pd316.jpg">MARSHAL NEY</a> (Second Portrait) +XI. <a href="images/pd358.jpg">THE KING OF ROME</a> +XII. <a href="images/pd432.jpg">GENERAL BESSIERES</a> + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <a name="linklink2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="front1 (96K)" src="images/front1.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + PREFACE 1836 EDITION. + </h2> + <p> + In introducing the present edition of M. de Bourrienne's Memoirs to the + public we are bound, as Editors, to say a few Words on the subject. + Agreeing, however, with Horace Walpole that an editor should not dwell for + any length of time on the merits of his author, we shall touch but lightly + on this part of the matter. We are the more ready to abstain since the + great success in England of the former editions of these Memoirs, and the + high reputation they have acquired on the European Continent, and in every + part of the civilised world where the fame of Bonaparte has ever reached, + sufficiently establish the merits of M. de Bourrienne as a biographer. + These merits seem to us to consist chiefly in an anxious desire to be + impartial, to point out the defects as well as the merits of a most + wonderful man; and in a peculiarly graphic power of relating facts and + anecdotes. With this happy faculty Bourrienne would have made the life of + almost any active individual interesting; but the subject of which the + most favourable circumstances permitted him to treat was full of events + and of the most extraordinary facts. The hero of his story was such a + being as the world has produced only on the rarest occasions, and the + complete counterpart to whom has, probably, never existed; for there are + broad shades of difference between Napoleon and Alexander, Caesar, and + Charlemagne; neither will modern history furnish more exact parallels, + since Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick the Great, Cromwell, Washington, or + Bolivar bear but a small resemblance to Bonaparte either in character, + fortune, or extent of enterprise. For fourteen years, to say nothing of + his projects in the East, the history of Bonaparte was the history of all + Europe! + </p> + <p> + With the copious materials he possessed, M. de Bourrienne has produced a + work which, for deep interest, excitement, and amusement, can scarcely be + paralleled by any of the numerous and excellent memoirs for which the + literature of France is so justly celebrated. + </p> + <p> + M. de Bourrienne shows us the hero of Marengo and Austerlitz in his + night-gown and slippers—with a 'trait de plume' he, in a hundred + instances, places the real man before us, with all his personal habits and + peculiarities of manner, temper, and conversation. + </p> + <p> + The friendship between Bonaparte and Bourrienne began in boyhood, at the + school of Brienne, and their unreserved intimacy continued during the most + brilliant part of Napoleon's career. We have said enough, the motives for + his writing this work and his competency for the task will be best + explained in M. de Bourrienne's own words, which the reader will find in + the Introductory Chapter. + </p> + <p> + M. de Bourrienne says little of Napoleon after his first abdication and + retirement to Elba in 1814: we have endeavoured to fill up the chasm thus + left by following his hero through the remaining seven years of his life, + to the "last scenes of all" that ended his "strange, eventful history,"—to + his deathbed and alien grave at St. Helena. A completeness will thus be + given to the work which it did not before possess, and which we hope will, + with the other additions and improvements already alluded to, tend to give + it a place in every well-selected library, as one of the most satisfactory + of all the lives of Napoleon. + </p> + + LONDON, 1836. + + <p> + <br /><br /> <a name="linklink2H_PREF2" id="link2H_PREF2"></a> <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + PREFACE 1885 EDITION. + </h2> + <p> + The Memoirs of the time of Napoleon may be divided into two classes—those + by marshals and officers, of which Suchet's is a good example, chiefly + devoted to military movements, and those by persons employed in the + administration and in the Court, giving us not only materials for history, + but also valuable details of the personal and inner life of the great + Emperor and of his immediate surroundings. Of this latter class the + Memoirs of Bourrienne are among the most important. + </p> + <p> + Long the intimate and personal friend of Napoleon both at school and from + the end of the Italian campaigns in 1797 till 1802—working in the + same room with him, using the same purse, the confidant of most of his + schemes, and, as his secretary, having the largest part of all the + official and private correspondence of the time passed through his hands, + Bourrienne occupied an invaluable position for storing and recording + materials for history. The Memoirs of his successor, Meneval, are more + those of an esteemed private secretary; yet, valuable and interesting as + they are, they want the peculiarity of position which marks those of + Bourrienne, who was a compound of secretary, minister, and friend. The + accounts of such men as Miot de Melito, Raederer, etc., are most valuable, + but these writers were not in that close contact with Napoleon enjoyed by + Bourrienne. Bourrienne's position was simply unique, and we can only + regret that he did not occupy it till the end of the Empire. Thus it is + natural that his Memoirs should have been largely used by historians, and + to properly understand the history of the time, they must be read by all + students. They are indeed full of interest for every one. But they also + require to be read with great caution. When we meet with praise of + Napoleon, we may generally believe it, for, as Thiers (Consulat., ii. 279) + says, Bourrienne need be little suspected on this side, for although he + owed everything to Napoleon, he has not seemed to remember it. But very + often in passages in which blame is thrown on Napoleon, Bourrienne speaks, + partly with much of the natural bitterness of a former and discarded + friend, and partly with the curious mixed feeling which even the brothers + of Napoleon display in their Memoirs, pride in the wonderful abilities + evinced by the man with whom he was allied, and jealousy at the way in + which he was outshone by the man he had in youth regarded as inferior to + himself. Sometimes also we may even suspect the praise. Thus when + Bourrienne defends Napoleon for giving, as he alleges, poison to the sick + at Jaffa, a doubt arises whether his object was to really defend what to + most Englishmen of this day, with remembrances of the deeds and + resolutions of the Indian Mutiny, will seem an act to be pardoned, if not + approved; or whether he was more anxious to fix the committal of the act + on Napoleon at a time when public opinion loudly blamed it. The same may + be said of his defence of the massacre of the prisoners of Jaffa. + </p> + <p> + Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne was born in 1769, that is, in the + same year as Napoleon Bonaparte, and he was the friend and companion of + the future Emperor at the military school of Brienne-le-Chateau till 1784, + when Napoleon, one of the sixty pupils maintained at the expense of the + State, was passed on to the Military School of Paris. The friends again + met in 1792 and in 1795, when Napoleon was hanging about Paris, and when + Bourrienne looked on the vague dreams of his old schoolmate as only so + much folly. In 1796, as soon as Napoleon had assured his position at the + head of the army of Italy, anxious as ever to surround himself with known + faces, he sent for Bourrienne to be his secretary. Bourrienne had been + appointed in 1792 as secretary of the Legation at Stuttgart, and had, + probably wisely, disobeyed the orders given him to return, thus escaping + the dangers of the Revolution. He only came back to Paris in 1795, having + thus become an emigre. He joined Napoleon in 1797, after the Austrians had + been beaten out of Italy, and at once assumed the office of secretary + which he held for so long. He had sufficient tact to forbear treating the + haughty young General with any assumption of familiarity in public, and he + was indefatigable enough to please even the never-resting Napoleon. Talent + Bourrienne had in abundance; indeed he is careful to hint that at school + if any one had been asked to predict greatness for any pupil, it was + Bourrienne, not Napoleon, who would have been fixed on as the future star. + He went with his General to Egypt, and returned with him to France. While + Napoleon was making his formal entry into the Tuileries, Bourrienne was + preparing the cabinet he was still to share with the Consul. In this + cabinet—our cabinet, as he is careful to call it—he worked + with the First Consul till 1802. + </p> + <p> + During all this time the pair lead lived on terms of equality and + friendship creditable to both. The secretary neither asked for nor + received any salary: when he required money, he simply dipped into the + cash-box of the First Consul. As the whole power of the State gradually + passed into the hands of the Consul, the labours of the secretary became + heavier. His successor broke down under a lighter load, and had to receive + assistance; but, perhaps borne up by the absorbing interest of the work + and the great influence given by his post, Bourrienne stuck to his place, + and to all appearance might, except for himself, have come down to us as + the companion of Napoleon during his whole life. He had enemies, and one + of them—[Boulay de la Meurthe.]—has not shrunk from describing + their gratification at the disgrace of the trusted secretary. Any one in + favour, or indeed in office, under Napoleon was the sure mark of calumny + for all aspirants to place; yet Bourrienne might have weathered any + temporary storm raised by unfounded reports as successfully as Meneval, + who followed him. But Bourrienne's hands were not clean in money matters, + and that was an unpardonable sin in any one who desired to be in real + intimacy with Napoleon. He became involved in the affairs of the House of + Coulon, which failed, as will be seen in the notes, at the time of his + disgrace; and in October 1802 he was called on to hand over his office to + Meneval, who retained it till invalided after the Russian campaign. + </p> + <p> + As has been said, Bourrienne would naturally be the mark for many + accusations, but the conclusive proof of his misconduct—at least for + any one acquainted with Napoleon's objection and dislike to changes in + office, whether from his strong belief in the effects of training, or his + equally strong dislike of new faces round him—is that he was never + again employed near his old comrade; indeed he really never saw the + Emperor again at any private interview, except when granted the naval + official reception in 1805, before leaving to take up his post at Hamburg, + which he held till 1810. We know that his re-employment was urged by + Josephine and several of his former companions. Savary himself says he + tried his advocacy; but Napoleon was inexorable to those who, in his own + phrase, had sacrificed to the golden calf. + </p> + <p> + Sent, as we have said, to Hamburg in 1805, as Minister Plenipotentiary to + the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and to the Hanse + towns, Bourrienne knew how to make his post an important one. He was at + one of the great seats of the commerce which suffered so fearfully from + the Continental system of the Emperor, and he was charged to watch over + the German press. How well he fulfilled this duty we learn from + Metternich, who writes in 1805: "I have sent an article to the newspaper + editors in Berlin and to M. de Hofer at Hamburg. I do not know whether it + has been accepted, for M. Bourrienne still exercises an authority so + severe over these journals that they are always submitted to him before + they appear, that he may erase or alter the articles which do not please + him." + </p> + <p> + His position at Hamburg gave him great opportunities for both financial + and political intrigues. In his Memoirs, as Meneval remarks, he or his + editor is not ashamed to boast of being thanked by Louis XVIII. at St. + Ouen for services rendered while he was the minister of Napoleon at + Hamburg. He was recalled in 1810, when the Hanse towns were united, or, to + use the phrase of the day, re-united to the Empire. He then hung about + Paris, keeping on good terms with some of the ministers—Savary, not + the most reputable of them, for example. In 1814 he was to be found at the + office of Lavallette, the head of the posts, disguising, his enemies said, + his delight at the bad news which was pouring in, by exaggerated + expressions of devotion. He is accused of a close and suspicious + connection with Talleyrand, and it is odd that when Talleyrand became head + of the Provisional Government in 1814, Bourrienne of all persons should + have been put at the head of the posts. Received in the most flattering + manner by Louis XVIII, he was as astonished as poor Beugnot was in 1815, + to find himself on 13th May suddenly ejected from office, having, however, + had time to furnish post-horses to Manbreuil for the mysterious + expedition, said to have been at least known to Talleyrand, and intended + certainly for the robbery of the Queen of Westphalia, and probably for the + murder of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + In the extraordinary scurry before the Bourbons scuttled out of Paris in + 1814, Bourrienne was made Prefet of the Police for a few days, his tenure + of that post being signalised by the abortive attempt to arrest Fouché, + the only effect of which was to drive that wily minister into the arms of + the Bonapartists. + </p> + <p> + He fled with the King, and was exempted from the amnesty proclaimed by + Napoleon. On the return from Ghent he was made a Minister of State without + portfolio, and also became one of the Council. The ruin of his finances + drove him out of France, but he eventually died in a madhouse at Caen. + </p> + <p> + When the Memoirs first appeared in 1829 they made a great sensation. Till + then in most writings Napoleon had been treated as either a demon or as a + demi-god. The real facts of the case were not suited to the tastes of + either his enemies or his admirers. While the monarchs of Europe had been + disputing among themselves about the division of the spoils to be obtained + from France and from the unsettlement of the Continent, there had arisen + an extraordinarily clever and unscrupulous man who, by alternately bribing + and overthrowing the great monarchies, had soon made himself master of the + mainland. His admirers were unwilling to admit the part played in his + success by the jealousy of his foes of each other's share in the booty, + and they delighted to invest him with every great quality which man could + possess. His enemies were ready enough to allow his military talents, but + they wished to attribute the first success of his not very deep policy to + a marvellous duplicity, apparently considered by them the more wicked as + possessed by a parvenu emperor, and far removed, in a moral point of view, + from the statecraft so allowable in an ancient monarchy. But for Napoleon + himself and his family and Court there was literally no limit to the + really marvellous inventions of his enemies. He might enter every capital + on the Continent, but there was some consolation in believing that he + himself was a monster of wickedness, and his Court but the scene of one + long protracted orgie. + </p> + <p> + There was enough against the Emperor in the Memoirs to make them + comfortable reading for his opponents, though very many of the old + calumnies were disposed of in them. They contained indeed the nearest + approximation to the truth which had yet appeared. Metternich, who must + have been a good judge, as no man was better acquainted with what he + himself calls the "age of Napoleon," says of the Memoirs: "If you want + something to read, both interesting and amusing, get the Memoires de + Bourrienne. These are the only authentic Memoirs of Napoleon which have + yet appeared. The style is not brilliant, but that only makes them the + mere trustworthy." Indeed, Metternich himself in his own Memoirs often + follows a good deal in the line of Bourrienne: among many formal attacks, + every now and then he lapses into half involuntary and indirect praise of + his great antagonist, especially where he compares the men he had to deal + with in aftertimes with his former rapid and talented interlocutor. To + some even among the Bonapartists, Bourrienne was not altogether + distasteful. Lucien Bonaparte, remarking that the time in which Bourrienne + treated with Napoleon as equal with equal did not last long enough for the + secretary, says he has taken a little revenge in his Memoirs, just as a + lover, after a break with his mistress, reveals all her defects. But + Lucien considers that Bourrienne gives us a good enough idea of the young + officer of the artillery, of the great General, and of the First Consul. + Of the Emperor, says Lucien, he was too much in retirement to be able to + judge equally well. But Lucien was not a fair representative of the + Bonapartists; indeed he had never really thought well of his brother or of + his actions since Lucien, the former "Brutus" Bonaparte, had ceased to be + the adviser of the Consul. It was well for Lucien himself to amass a + fortune from the presents of a corrupt court, and to be made a Prince and + Duke by the Pope, but he was too sincere a republican not to disapprove of + the imperial system. The real Bonapartists were naturally and inevitably + furious with the Memoirs. They were not true, they were not the work of + Bourrienne, Bourrienne himself was a traitor, a purloiner of manuscripts, + his memory was as bad as his principles, he was not even entitled to the + de before his name. If the Memoirs were at all to be pardoned, it was + because his share was only really a few notes wrung from him by large + pecuniary offers at a time when he was pursued by his creditors, and when + his brain was already affected. + </p> + <p> + The Bonapartist attack on the Memoirs was delivered in full form, in two + volumes, 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs, Volontaires et Involontaires' (Paris, + Heideloff, 1830), edited by the Comte d'Aure, the Ordonnateur en Chef of + the Egyptian expedition, and containing communications from Joseph + Bonaparte, Gourgaud, Stein, etc.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In the notes in this present edition these volumes are referred + to in brief 'Erreurs'.]— +</pre> + <p> + Part of the system of attack was to call in question the authenticity of + the Memoirs, and this was the more easy as Bourrienne, losing his fortune, + died in 1834 in a state of imbecility. But this plan is not systematically + followed, and the very reproaches addressed to the writer of the Memoirs + often show that it was believed they were really written by Bourrienne. + They undoubtedly contain plenty of faults. The editor (Villemarest, it is + said) probably had a large share in the work, and Bourrienne must have + forgotten or misplaced many dates and occurrences. In such a work, + undertaken so many years after the events, it was inevitable that many + errors should be made, and that many statements should be at least + debatable. But on close investigation the work stands the attack in a way + that would be impossible unless it had really been written by a person in + the peculiar position occupied by Bourrienne. He has assuredly not + exaggerated that position: he really, says Lucien Bonaparte, treated as + equal with equal with Napoleon during a part of his career, and he + certainly was the nearest friend and confidant that Napoleon ever had in + his life. + </p> + <p> + Where he fails, or where the Bonapartist fire is most telling, is in the + account of the Egyptian expedition. It may seem odd that he should have + forgotten, even in some thirty years, details such as the way in which the + sick were removed; but such matters were not in his province; and it would + be easy to match similar omissions in other works, such as the accounts of + the Crimea, and still more of the Peninsula. It is with his personal + relations with Napoleon that we are most concerned, and it is in them that + his account receives most corroboration. + </p> + <p> + It may be interesting to see what has been said of the Memoirs by other + writers. We have quoted Metternich, and Lucien Bonaparte; let us hear + Meneval, his successor, who remained faithful to his master to the end: + "Absolute confidence cannot be given to statements contained in Memoirs + published under the name of a man who has not composed them. It is known + that the editor of these Memoirs offered to M. de Bourrienne, who had then + taken refuge in Holstein from his creditors, a sum said to be thirty + thousand francs to obtain his signature to them, with some notes and + addenda. M. de Bourrienne was already attacked by the disease from which + he died a few years latter in a maison de sante at Caen. Many literary men + co-operated in the preparation of his Memoirs. In 1825 I met M. de + Bourrienne in Paris. He told me it had been suggested to him to write + against the Emperor. 'Notwithstanding the harm he has done me,' said he, + 'I would never do so. Sooner may my hand be withered.' If M. de Bourrienne + had prepared his Memoirs himself, he would not have stated that while he + was the Emperor's minister at Hamburg he worked with the agents of the + Comte de Lille (Louis XVIII.) at the preparation of proclamations in + favour of that Prince, and that in 1814 he accepted the thanks of the + King, Louis XVIII., for doing so; he would not have said that Napoleon had + confided to him in 1805 that he had never conceived the idea of an + expedition into England, and that the plan of a landing, the preparations + for which he gave such publicity to, was only a snare to amuse fools. The + Emperor well knew that never was there a plan more seriously conceived or + more positively settled. M. de Bourrienne would not have spoken of his + private interviews with Napoleon, nor of the alleged confidences entrusted + to him, while really Napoleon had no longer received him after the 20th + October 1802. When the Emperor, in 1805, forgetting his faults, named him + Minister Plenipotentiary at Hamburg, he granted him the customary + audience, but to this favour he did not add the return of his former + friendship. Both before and afterwards he constantly refused to receive + him, and he did not correspond with him." (Meneval, ii. 378-79). And in + another passage Meneval says: "Besides, it would be wrong to regard these + Memoirs as the work of the man whose name they bear. The bitter resentment + M. de Bourrienne had nourished for his disgrace, the enfeeblement of his + faculties, and the poverty he was reduced to, rendered him accessible to + the pecuniary offers made to him. He consented to give the authority of + his name to Memoirs in whose composition he had only co-operated by + incomplete, confused, and often inexact notes, materials which an editor + was employed to put in order." And Meneval (iii. 29-30) goes on to quote + what he himself had written in the Spectateur Militaire, in which he makes + much the same assertions, and especially objects to the account of + conversations with the Emperor after 1802, except always the one audience + on taking leave for Hamburg. Meneval also says that Napoleon, when he + wished to obtain intelligence from Hamburg, did not correspond with + Bourrienne, but deputed him, Meneval, to ask Bourrienne for what was + wanted. But he corroborates Bourrienne on the subject of the efforts made, + among others by Josephine, for his reappointment. + </p> + <p> + Such are the statements of the Bonapartists pure; and the reader, as has + been said, can judge for himself how far the attack is good. Bourrienne, + or his editor, may well have confused the date of his interviews, but he + will not be found much astray on many points. His account of the + conversation of Josephine after the death of the Duc d'Enghien may be + compared with what we know from Madame de Rémusat, who, by the way, would + have been horrified if she had known that he considered her to resemble + the Empress Josephine in character. + </p> + <p> + We now come to the views of Savary, the Duc de Rovigo, who avowedly + remained on good terms with Bourrienne after his disgrace, though the + friendship of Savary was not exactly a thing that most men would have much + prided themselves on. "Bourrienne had a prodigious memory; he spoke and + wrote in several languages, and his pen ran as quickly as one could speak. + Nor were these the only advantages he possessed. He knew the routine of + public business and public law. His activity and devotion made him + indispensable to the First Consul. I knew the qualities which won for him + the unlimited confidence of his chief, but I cannot speak with the same + assurance of the faults which made him lose it. Bourrienne had many + enemies, both on account of his character and of his place" (Savary, i. + 418-19). + </p> + <p> + Marmont ought to be an impartial critic of the Memoirs. He says, + "Bourrienne . . . had a very great capacity, but he is a striking example + of the great truth that our passions are always bad counsellors. By + inspiring us with an immoderate ardour to reach a fixed end, they often + make us miss it. Bourrienne had an immoderate love of money. With his + talents and his position near Bonaparte at the first dawn of greatness, + with the confidence and real good-will which Bonaparte felt for him, in a + few years he would have gained everything in fortune and in social + position. But his eager impatience mined his career at the moment when it + might have developed and increased" (Marmont, i. 64). The criticism + appears just. As to the Memoirs, Marmont says (ii. 224), "In general, + these Memoirs are of great veracity and powerful interest so long as they + treat of what the author has seen and heard; but when he speaks of others, + his work is only an assemblage of gratuitous suppositions and of false + facts put forward for special purposes." + </p> + <p> + The Comte Alexandre de Puymaigre, who arrived at Hamburgh soon after + Bourrienne had left it in 1810, says (page 135) of the part of the Memoirs + which relates to Hamburg, "I must acknowledge that generally his + assertions are well founded. This former companion of Napoleon has only + forgotten to speak of the opinion that they had of him in this town. + </p> + <p> + "The truth is, that he was believed to have made much money there." + </p> + <p> + Thus we may take Bourrienne as a clever, able man, who would have risen to + the highest honours under the Empire had not his short-sighted grasping + after lucre driven him from office, and prevented him from ever regaining + it under Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + In the present edition the translation has been carefully compared with + the original French text. Where in the original text information is given + which has now become mere matter of history, and where Bourrienne merely + quotes the documents well enough known at this day, his possession of + which forms part of the charges of his opponents, advantage has been taken + to lighten the mass of the Memoirs. This has been done especially where + they deal with what the writer did not himself see or hear, the part of + the Memoirs which are of least valve and of which Marmont's opinion has + just been quoted. But in the personal and more valuable part of the + Memoirs, where we have the actual knowledge of the secretary himself, the + original text has been either fully retained, or some few passages + previously omitted restored. Illustrative notes have been added from the + Memoirs of the successor of Bourrienne, Meneval, Madame de Rémusat, the + works of Colonel Iung on 'Bonaparte et Son Temps', and on 'Lucien + Bonaparte', etc., and other books. Attention has also been paid to the + attacks of the 'Erreurs', and wherever these criticisms are more than a + mere expression of disagreement, their purport has been recorded with, + where possible, some judgment of the evidence. Thus the reader will have + before him the materials for deciding himself how far, Bourrienne's + statements are in agreement with the facts and with the accounts of other + writers. + </p> + <p> + At the present time too much attention has been paid to the Memoirs of + Madame de Rémusat. She, as also Madame Junot, was the wife of a man on + whom the full shower of imperial favours did not descend, and, womanlike, + she saw and thought only of the Court life of the great man who was never + less great than in his Court. She is equally astonished and indignant that + the Emperor, coming straight from long hours of work with his ministers + and with his secretary, could not find soft words for the ladies of the + Court, and that, a horrible thing in the eyes of a Frenchwoman, when a + mistress threw herself into his arms, he first thought of what political + knowledge he could obtain from her. Bourrienne, on the other hand, shows + us the other and the really important side of Napoleon's character. He + tells us of the long hours in the Cabinet, of the never-resting activity + of the Consul, of Napoleon's dreams, no ignoble dreams and often realised, + of great labours of peace as well as of war. He is a witness, and the more + valuable as a reluctant one, to the marvellous powers of the man who, if + not the greatest, was at least the one most fully endowed with every great + quality of mind and body the world has ever seen. + </p> + + R. W. P. + + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. + </h2> + <p> + The trading upon an illustrious name can alone have given birth to the + multitude of publications under the titles of historical memoirs, secret + memoirs, and other rhapsodies which have appeared respecting Napoleon. On + looking into them it is difficult to determine whether the impudence of + the writers or the simplicity of certain readers is most astonishing. Yet + these rude and ill digested compilations, filled with absurd anecdotes, + fabricated speeches, fictitious crimes or virtues, and disfigured by + numerous anachronisms, instead of being consigned to just contempt and + speedy oblivion, have been pushed into notice by speculators, and have + found zealous partisans and enthusiastic apologists. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This Introduction has been reprinted as bearing upon the + character of the work, but refers very often to events of the + day at the time of its first appearance.]— +</pre> + <p> + For a time I entertained the idea of noticing, one by one, the numerous + errors which have been written respecting Napoleon; but I have renounced a + task which would have been too laborious to myself, and very tedious to + the reader. I shall therefore only correct those which come within the + plan of my work, and which are connected with those facts, to a more + accurate knowledge of which than any other person can possess I may lay + claim. There are men who imagine that nothing done by Napoleon will ever + be forgotten; but must not the slow but inevitable influence of time be + expected to operate with respect to him? The effect of that influence is, + that the most important event of an epoch soon sinks, almost imperceptibly + and almost disregarded, into the immense mass of historical facts. Time, + in its progress, diminishes the probability as well as the interest of + such an event, as it gradually wears away the most durable monuments. + </p> + <p> + I attach only a relative importance to what I am about to lay before the + public. I shall give authentic documents. If all persons who have + approached Napoleon, at any time and in any place, would candidly record + what they saw and heard, without passion, the future historian would be + rich in materials. It is my wish that he who may undertake the difficult + task of writing the history of Napoleon shall find in my notes information + useful to the perfection of his work. There he will at least find truth. I + have not the ambition to wish that what I state should be taken as + absolute authority; but I hope that it will always be consulted. + </p> + <p> + I have never before published anything respecting Napoleon. That + malevolence which fastens itself upon men who have the misfortune to be + somewhat separated from the crowd has, because there is always more profit + in saying ill than good, attributed to me several works on Bonaparte; + among others, 'Les Memoires secrets d'un Homme qui ne l'a pas quitte', par + M. B———-, and 'Memoires secrets sur Napoleon Bonaparte, + par M. de B———, and 'Le Precis Historique sur Napoleon'. + The initial of my name has served to propagate this error. The incredible + ignorance which runs through those memoirs, the absurdities and + inconceivable silliness with which they abound, do not permit a man of + honour and common sense to allow such wretched rhapsodies to be imputed to + him. I declared in 1816, and at later periods in the French and foreign + journals, that I had no hand in those publications, and I here formally + repeat this declaration. + </p> + <p> + But it may be said to me, Why should we place more confidence in you than + in those who have written before you? + </p> + <p> + My reply shall be plain. I enter the lists one of the last I have read all + that my predecessors have published confident that all I state is true. I + have no interest in deceiving, no disgrace to fear, no reward to expect. I + neither wish to obscure nor embellish his glory. However great Napoleon + may have been, was he not also liable to pay his tribute to the weakness + of human nature? I speak of Napoleon such as I have seen him, known him, + frequently admired and sometimes blamed him. I state what I saw, heard, + wrote, and thought at the time, under each circumstance that occurred. I + have not allowed myself to be carried away by the illusions of the + imagination, nor to be influenced by friendship or hatred. I shall not + insert a single reflection which did not occur to me at the very moment of + the event which gave it birth. How many transactions and documents were + there over which I could but lament!—how many measures, contrary to + my views, to my principles, and to my character!—while the best + intentions were incapable of overcoming difficulties which a most powerful + and decided will rendered almost insurmountable. + </p> + <p> + I also wish the future historian to compare what I say with what others + have related or may relate. But it will be necessary for him to attend to + dates, circumstances, difference of situation, change of temperament, and + age,—for age has much influence over men. We do not think and act at + fifty as at twenty-five. By exercising this caution he will be able to + discover the truth, and to establish an opinion for posterity. + </p> + <p> + The reader must not expect to find in these Memoirs an uninterrupted + series of all the events which marked the great career of Napoleon; nor + details of all those battles, with the recital of which so many eminent + men have usefully and ably occupied themselves. I shall say little about + whatever I did not see or hear, and which is not supported by official + documents. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps I shall succeed in confirming truths which have been doubted, and + in correcting errors which have been adopted. If I sometimes differ from + the observations and statements of Napoleon at St. Helena, I am far from + supposing that those who undertook to be the medium of communication + between him and the public have misrepresented what he said. I am well + convinced that none of the writers of St. Helena can be taxed with the + slightest deception; disinterested zeal and nobleness of character are + undoubted pledges of their veracity. It appears to me perfectly certain + that Napoleon stated, dictated, or corrected all they have published. + Their honour is unquestionable; no one can doubt it. That they wrote what + he communicated must therefore be believed; but it cannot with equal + confidence be credited that what he communicated was nothing but the + truth. He seems often to have related as a fact what was really only an + idea,—an idea, too, brought forth at St. Helena, the child of + misfortune, and transported by his imagination to Europe in the time of + his prosperity. His favourite phrase, which was every moment on his lips, + must not be forgotten—"What will history say—what will + posterity think?" This passion for leaving behind him a celebrated name is + one which belongs to the constitution of the human mind; and with Napoleon + its influence was excessive. In his first Italian campaign he wrote thus + to General Clarke: "That ambition and the occupation of high offices were + not sufficient for his satisfaction and happiness, which he had early + placed in the opinion of Europe and the esteem of posterity." He often + observed to me that with him the opinion of posterity was the real + immortality of the soul. + </p> + <p> + It may easily be conceived that Napoleon wished to give to the documents + which he knew historians would consult a favourable colour, and to direct, + according to his own views, the judgment of posterity on his actions: But + it is only by the impartial comparison of periods, positions, and age that + a well founded decision will be given. About his fortieth year the + physical constitution of Napoleon sustained considerable change; and it + may be presumed that his moral qualities were affected by that change. It + is particularly important not to lose sight of the premature decay of his + health, which, perhaps, did not permit him always to, possess the vigour + of memory otherwise consistent enough with his age. The state of our + organisation often modifies our recollections, our feelings, our manner of + viewing objects, and the impressions we receive. This will be taken into + consideration by judicious and thinking men; and for them I write. + </p> + <p> + What M. de Las Casas states Napoleon to have said in May 1816 on the + manner of writing his history corroborates the opinion I have expressed. + It proves that all the facts and observations he communicated or dictated + were meant to serve as materials. We learn from the Memorial that M. de + Las Casas wrote daily, and that the manuscript was read over by Napoleon, + who often made corrections with his own hand. The idea of a journal + pleased him greatly. He fancied it would be a work of which the world + could afford no other example. But there are passages in which the order + of events is deranged; in others facts are misrepresented and erroneous + assertions are made, I apprehend, not altogether involuntarily. + </p> + <p> + I have paid particular attention to all that has been published by the + noble participators of the imperial captivity. Nothing, however, could + induce me to change a word in these Memoirs, because nothing could take + from me my conviction of the truth of what I personally heard and saw. It + will be found that Napoleon in his private conversations often confirms + what I state; but we sometimes differ, and the public must judge between + us. However, I must here make one observation. + </p> + <p> + When Napoleon dictated or related to his friends in St. Helena the facts + which they have reported he was out of the world,—he had played his + part. Fortune, which, according to his notions, had conferred on him all + his power and greatness, had recalled all her gifts before he sank into + the tomb. His ruling passion would induce him to think that it was due to + his glory to clear up certain facts which might prove an unfavourable + escort if they accompanied him to posterity. This was his fixed idea. But + is there not some ground for suspecting the fidelity of him who writes or + dictates his own history? Why might he not impose on a few persons in St. + Helena, when he was able to impose on France and Europe, respecting many + acts which emanated from him during the long duration of his power? The + life of Napoleon would be very unfaithfully written were the author to + adopt as true all his bulletins and proclamations, and all the + declarations he made at St. Helena. Such a history would frequently be in + contradiction to facts; and such only is that which might be entitled, + 'The History of Napoleon, written by Himself'. + </p> + <p> + I have said thus much because it is my wish that the principles which have + guided me in the composition of these Memoirs may be understood. I am + aware that they will not please every reader; that is a success to which I + cannot pretend. Some merit, however, may be allowed me on account of the + labour I have undergone. It has neither been of a slight nor an agreeable + kind. I made it a rule to read everything that has been written respecting + Napoleon, and I have had to decipher many of his autograph documents, + though no longer so familiar with his scrawl as formerly. I say decipher, + because a real cipher might often be much more readily understood than the + handwriting of Napoleon. My own notes, too, which were often very hastily + made, in the hand I wrote in my youth, have sometimes also much + embarrassed me. + </p> + <p> + My long and intimate connection with Bonaparte from boyhood, my close + relations with him when General, Consul, and Emperor, enabled me to see + and appreciate all that was projected and all that was done during that + considerable and momentous period of time. I not only had the opportunity + of being present at the conception and the execution of the extraordinary + deeds of one of the ablest men nature ever formed, but, notwithstanding an + almost unceasing application to business, I found means to employ the few + moments of leisure which Bonaparte left at my disposal in making notes, + collecting documents, and in recording for history facts respecting which + the truth could otherwise with difficulty be ascertained; and more + particularly in collecting those ideas, often profound, brilliant, and + striking, but always remarkable, to which Bonaparte gave expression in the + overflowing frankness of confidential intimacy. + </p> + <p> + The knowledge that I possessed much important information has exposed me + to many inquiries, and wherever I have resided since my retirement from + public affairs much of my time has been spent in replying to questions. + The wish to be acquainted with the most minute details of the life of a + man formed on an unexampled model is very natural; and the observation on + my replies by those who heard them always was, "You should publish your + Memoirs!" + </p> + <p> + I had certainly always in view the publication of my Memoirs; but, at the + same time, I was firmly resolved not to publish them until a period should + arrive in which I might tell the truth, and the whole truth. While + Napoleon was in the possession of power I felt it right to resist the + urgent applications made to me on this subject by some persons of the + highest distinction. Truth would then have sometimes appeared flattery, + and sometimes, also, it might not have been without danger. Afterwards, + when the progress of events removed Bonaparte to a far distant island in + the midst of the ocean, silence was imposed on me by other + considerations,-by considerations of propriety and feeling. + </p> + <p> + After the death of Bonaparte, at St. Helena, reasons of a different nature + retarded the execution of my plan. The tranquillity of a secluded retreat + was indispensable for preparing and putting in order the abundant + materials in my possession. I found it also necessary to read a great + number of works, in order to rectify important errors to which the want of + authentic documents had induced the authors to give credit. This + much-desired retreat was found. I had the good fortune to be introduced, + through a friend, to the Duchesse de Brancas, and that lady invited me to + pass some time on one of her estates in Hainault. Received with the most + agreeable hospitality, I have there enjoyed that tranquillity which could + alone have rendered the publication of these volumes practicable. + </p> + + FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE + + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + NOTE. + </h2> + <p> + The Editor of the 1836 edition had added to the Memoirs several chapters + taken from or founded on other works of the time, so as to make a more + complete history of the period. These materials have been mostly retained, + but with the corrections which later publications have made necessary. A + chapter has now been added to give, a brief account of the part played by + the chief historical personages during the Cent Jours, and another at the + end to include the removal of the body of Napoleon from St. Helena to + France. + </p> + <p> + Two special improvements have, it is hoped, been made in this edition. + Great care has been taken to get names, dates, and figures rightly given,—points + much neglected in most translations, though in some few cases, such as + Davoust, the ordinary but not strictly correct spelling has been followed + to suit the general reader. The number of references to other works which + are given in the notes will, it is believed, be of use to any one wishing + to continue the study of the history of Napoleon, and may preserve them + from many of the errors too often committed. The present Editor has had + the great advantage of having his work shared by Mr. Richard Bentley, who + has brought his knowledge of the period to bear, and who has found, as + only a busy man could do, the time to minutely enter into every fresh + detail, with the ardour which soon seizes any one who long follows that + enticing pursuit, the special study of an historical period. + </p> + <p> + January 1885 R. W. P. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + MEMOIRS of NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VOLUME I. — 1769-1800 + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p002 (77K)" src="images/p002.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p046 (86K)" src="images/p046.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p076 (83K)" src="images/p076.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p150 (100K)" src="images/p150.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p200 (86K)" src="images/p200.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p300 (89K)" src="images/p300.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p334 (85K)" src="images/p334.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="p358 (85K)" src="images/p358.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <a name="linklink2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER 1 + </h2> + + 1769-1783. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Authentic date of Bonaparte's birth—His family ruined by the + Jesuits—His taste for military amusements—Sham siege at the + College of Brienne—The porter's wife and Napoleon—My intimacy with + Bonaparte at college—His love for the mathematics, and his dislike + of Latin—He defends Paoli and blames his father—He is ridiculed by + his comrades—Ignorance of the monks—Distribution of prizes at + Brienne—Madame de Montesson and the Duke of Orleans—Report of M. + Keralio on Bonaparte—He leaves Brienne. +</pre> + <p> + NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 15th of August + 1769; the original orthography of his name was Buonaparte, but he + suppressed the "u" during his first campaign in Italy. His motives for so + doing were merely to render the spelling conformable with the + pronunciation, and to abridge his signature. He signed Buonaparte even + after the famous 13th Vendemiaire. + </p> + <p> + It has been affirmed that he was born in 1768, and that he represented + himself to be a year younger than he really was. This is untrue. He always + told me the 9th of August was his birthday, and, as I was born on the 9th + of July 1769, our proximity of age served to strengthen our union and + friendship when we were both at the Military College of Brienne. + </p> + <p> + The false and absurd charge of Bonaparte having misrepresented his age, is + decidedly refuted by a note in the register of M. Berton, sub-principal of + the College of Brienne, in which it is stated that M. Napoleon de + Buonaparte, ecuyer, born in the city of Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 15th + of August 1769, left the Royal Military College of Brienne on the 17th + October 1784. + </p> + <p> + The stories about his low extraction are alike devoid of foundation. His + family was poor, and he was educated at the public expense, an advantage + of which many honourable families availed themselves. A memorial addressed + by his father, Charles Buonaparte, to the Minister of War states that his + fortune had been reduced by the failure of some enterprise in which he had + engaged, and by the injustice of the Jesuits, by whom he had been deprived + of an inheritance. The object of this memorial was to solicit a + sub-lieutenant's commission for Napoleon, who was then fourteen years of + age, and to get Lucien entered a pupil of the Military College. The + Minister wrote on the back of the memorial, "Give the usual answer, if + there be a vacancy;" and on the margin are these words—"This + gentleman has been informed that his request is inadmissible as long as + his second son remains at the school of Brienne. Two brothers cannot be + placed at the same time in the military schools." When Napoleon was + fifteen he was sent to Paris until he should attain the requisite age for + entering the army. Lucien was not received into the College of Brienne, at + least not until his brother had quitted the Military School of Paris. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was undoubtedly a man of good family. I have seen an authentic + account of his genealogy, which he obtained from Tuscany. A great deal has + been said about the civil dissensions which forced his family to quit + Italy and take refuge in Corsica. On this subject I shall say nothing. + </p> + <p> + Many and various accounts have been given of Bonaparte's youth. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The following interesting trait of Napoleon's childhood is + derived from the 'Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Arbranes':—"He was one + day accused by one of his sisters of having eaten a basketful of + grapes, figs, and citrons, which had come from the garden of his + uncle the Canon. None but those who were acquainted with the + Bonaparte family can form any idea of the enormity of this offence. + To eat fruit belonging to the uncle the Canon was infinitely more + criminal than to eat grapes and figs which might be claimed by + anybody else. An inquiry took place. Napoleon denied the fact, + and was whipped. He was told that if he would beg pardon he should + be forgiven. He protested that he was innocent, but he was not + believed. If I recollect rightly, his mother was at the time on a + visit to M. de Marbeuf, or some other friend. The result of + Napoleon's obstinacy was, that he was kept three whole days on bread + and cheese, and that cheese was not 'broccio'. However, he would + not cry: he was dull, but not sulky. At length, on the fourth day + of his punishment a little friend of Marianne Bonaparte returned + from the country, and on hearing of Napoleon's disgrace she + confessed that she and Marianne had eaten the fruit. It was now + Marianne's turn to be punished. When Napoleon was asked why he had + not accused his sister, he replied that though he suspected that she + was guilty, yet out of consideration to her little friend, who had + no share in the falsehood, he had said nothing. He was then only + seven years of age" (vol. i. p. 9, edit. 1883).]— +</pre> + <p> + He has been described in terms of enthusiastic praise and exaggerated + condemnation. It is ever thus with individuals who by talent or favourable + circumstances are raised above their fellow-creatures. Bonaparte himself + laughed at all the stories which were got up for the purpose of + embellishing or blackening his character in early life. An anonymous + publication, entitled the 'History of Napoleon Bonaparte', from his Birth + to his last abdication, contains perhaps the greatest collection of false + and ridiculous details about his boyhood. Among other things, it is stated + that he fortified a garden to protect himself from the attacks of his + comrades, who, a few lines lower down, are described as treating him with + esteem and respect. I remember the circumstances which, probably, gave + rise to the fabrication inserted in the work just mentioned; they were as + follows. + </p> + <p> + During the winter of 1783-84, so memorable for heavy falls of snow, + Napoleon was greatly at a loss for those retired walks and outdoor + recreations in which he used to take much delight. He had no alternative + but to mingle with his comrades, and, for exercise, to walk with them up + and down a spacious hall. Napoleon, weary of this monotonous promenade, + told his comrades that he thought they might amuse themselves much better + with the snow, in the great courtyard, if they would get shovels and make + hornworks, dig trenches, raise parapets, cavaliers, etc. "This being + done," said he, "we may divide ourselves into sections, form a siege, and + I will undertake to direct the attacks." The proposal, which was received + with enthusiasm, was immediately put into execution. This little sham war + was carried on for the space of a fortnight, and did not cease until a + quantity of gravel and small stones having got mixed with the snow of + which we made our bullets, many of the combatants, besiegers as well as + besieged, were seriously wounded. I well remember that I was one of the + worst sufferers from this sort of grapeshot fire. + </p> + <p> + It is almost unnecessary to contradict the story about the ascent in the + balloon. It is now very well known that the hero of that headlong + adventure was not young Bonaparte, as has been alleged, but one of his + comrades, Dudont de Chambon, who was somewhat eccentric. Of this his + subsequent conduct afforded sufficient proofs. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's mind was directed to objects of a totally different kind. He + turned his attention to political science. During some of his vacations he + enjoyed the society of the Abby Raynal, who used to converse with him on + government, legislation, commercial relations, etc. + </p> + <p> + On festival days, when the inhabitants of Brienne were admitted to our + amusements, posts were established for the maintenance of order. Nobody + was permitted to enter the interior of the building without a card signed + by the principal, or vice-principal. The rank of officers or sub-officers + was conferred according to merit; and Bonaparte one day had the command of + a post, when the following little adventure occurred, which affords an + instance of his decision of character. + </p> + <p> + The wife of the porter of the school, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This woman, named Haute, was afterwards placed at Malmaison, with + her husband. They both died as concierges of Malmaison. This shows + that Napoleon had a memory.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + who was very well known, because she used to sell milk, fruit, etc., to + the pupils, presented herself one Saint Louis day for admittance to the + representation of the 'Death of Caesar, corrected', in which I was to + perform the part of Brutus. As the woman had no ticket, and insisted on + being admitted without one, some disturbance arose. The serjeant of the + post reported the matter to the officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who in an + imperious tone of voice exclaimed: "Send away that woman, who comes here + with her camp impudence." This was in 1782. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte and I were eight years of, age when our friendship commenced. It + speedily became very intimate, for there was a certain sympathy of heart + between us. I enjoyed this friendship and intimacy until 1784, when he was + transferred from the Military College of Brienne to that of Paris. I was + one among those of his youthful comrades who could best accommodate + themselves to his stern character. His natural reserve, his disposition to + meditate on the conquest of Corsica, and the impressions he had received + in childhood respecting the misfortunes of his country and his family, led + him to seek retirement, and rendered his general demeanour, though in + appearance only, somewhat unpleasing. Our equality of age brought us + together in the classes of the mathematics and 'belles lettres'. His + ardent wish to acquire knowledge was remarkable from the very commencement + of his studies. When he first came to the college he spoke only the + Corsican dialect, and the Sieur Dupuis, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[He afterwards filled the post of librarian to Napoleon at + Malmaison.]— +</pre> + <p> + who was vice-principal before Father Berton, gave him instructions in the + French language. In this he made such rapid progress that in a short time + he commenced the first rudiments of Latin. But to this study he evinced + such a repugnance that at the age of fifteen he was not out of the fourth + class. There I left him very speedily; but I could never get before him in + the mathematical class, in which he was undoubtedly the cleverest lad at + the college. I used sometimes to help him with his Latin themes and + versions in return for the aid he afforded me in the solution of problems, + at which he evinced a degree of readiness and facility which perfectly + astonished me. + </p> + <p> + When at Brienne, Bonaparte was remarkable for the dark color of his + complexion (which, subsequently, the climate of France somewhat changed), + for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his + conversation both with his masters and comrades. His conversation almost + always bore the appearance of ill-humour, and he was certainly not very + amiable. This I attribute to the misfortunes his family had sustained and + the impressions made on his mind by the conquest of his country. + </p> + <p> + The pupils were invited by turns to dine with Father Berton, the head of + the school. One day, it being Bonaparte's turn to enjoy this indulgence, + some of the professors who were at table designedly made some + disrespectful remarks on Paoli, of whom they knew the young Corsican was + an enthusiastic admirer. "Paoli," observed Bonaparte, "was a great man; he + loved his country; and I will never forgive my father, who was his + adjutant, for having concurred in the union of Corsica with France. He + ought to have followed Paoli's fortune, and have fallen with him." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Duchesse d'Abrantes, speaking of the personal characteristics + of Bonaparte in youth and manhood, says, "Saveria told me that + Napoleon was never a pretty boy, as Joseph was, for example: his + head always appeared too large for his body, a defect common to the + Bonaparte family. When Napoleon grew up, the peculiar charm of his + countenance lay in his eye, especially in the mild expression it + assumed in his moments of kindness. His anger, to be sure, was + frightful, and though I am no coward, I never could look at him in + his fits of rage without shuddering. Though his smile was + captivating, yet the expression of his mouth when disdainful or + angry could scarcely be seen without terror. But that forehead + which seemed formed to bear the crowns of a whole world; those + hands, of which the most coquettish women might have been vain, and + whose white skin covered muscles of iron; in short, of all that + personal beauty which distinguished Napoleon as a young man, no + traces were discernible in the boy. Saveria spoke truly when she + said, that of all the children of Signora Laetitia, the Emperor was + the one from whom future greatness was least to be prognosticated" + (vol. i. p. 10, edit. 1883)]— +</pre> + <p> + Generally speaking, Bonaparte was not much liked by his comrades at + Brienne. He was not social with them, and rarely took part in their + amusements. His country's recent submission to France always caused in his + mind a painful feeling, which estranged him from his schoolfellows. I, + however, was almost his constant companion. During play-hours he used to + withdraw to the library, where he-read with deep interest works of + history, particularly Polybius and Plutarch. He was also fond of Arrianus, + but did not care much for Quintus Gurtius. I often went off to play with + my comrades, and left him by himself in the library. + </p> + <p> + The temper of the young Corsican was not improved by the teasing he + frequently experienced from his comrades, who were fond of ridiculing him + about his Christian name Napoleon and his country. He often said to me, "I + will do these French all the mischief I can;" and when I tried to pacify + him he would say, "But you do not ridicule me; you like me." + </p> + <p> + Father Patrauld, our mathematical professor, was much attached to + Bonaparte. He was justly proud of him as a pupil. The other professors, in + whose classes he was not distinguished, took little notice of him. He had + no taste for the study of languages, polite literature, or the arts. As + there were no indications of his ever becoming a scholar, the pedants of + the establishment were inclined to think him stupid. His superior + intelligence was, however, sufficiently perceptible, even through the + reserve under which it was veiled. If the monks to whom the + superintendence of the establishment was confided had understood the + organisation of his mind, if they had engaged more able mathematical + professors, or if we had had any incitement to the study of chemistry, + natural philosophy, astronomy, etc., I am convinced that Bonaparte would + have pursued these sciences with all the genius and spirit of + investigation which he displayed in a career, more brilliant it is true, + but less useful to mankind. Unfortunately, the monks did not perceive + this, and were too poor to pay for good masters. However, after Bonaparte + left the college they found it necessary to engage two professors from + Paris, otherwise the college would have fallen to nothing. These two new + professors, MM. Durfort and Desponts, finished my education; and I + regretted that they did not come sooner. The often-repeated assertion of + Bonaparte having received a careful education at Brienne is therefore + untrue. The monks were incapable of giving it him; and, for my own part, I + must confess that the extended information of the present day is to me a + painful contrast with the limited course of education I received at the + Military College. It is only surprising that the establishment should have + produced a single able man. + </p> + <p> + Though Bonaparte had no reason to be satisfied with the treatment he + received from his comrades, yet he was above complaining of it; and when + he had the supervision of any duty which they infringed, he would rather + go to prison than denounce the criminals. + </p> + <p> + I was one day his accomplice in omitting to enforce a duty which we were + appointed to supervise. He prevailed on me to accompany him to prison, + where we remained three days. We suffered this sort of punishment several + times, but with less severity. + </p> + <p> + In 1783 the Duke of Orleans and Madame de Montesson visited Brienne; and, + for upwards of a month, the magnificent chateau of the Comte de Brienne + was a Versailles in miniature. The series of brilliant entertainments + which were given to the august travellers made them almost forget the + royal magnificence they had left behind them. + </p> + <p> + The Prince and Madame de Montesson expressed a wish to preside at the + distribution of the prizes of our college. Bonaparte and I won the prizes + in the class of mathematics, which, as I have already observed, was the + branch of study to which he confined his attention, and in which he + excelled. When I was called up for the seventh time Madame de Montesson + said to my mother, who had come from Sens to be present at the + distribution, "Pray, madame, crown your son this time; my hands are + a-weary." + </p> + <p> + There was an inspector of the military schools, whose business it was to + make an annual report on each pupil, whether educated at the public + expense or paid for by his family. I copied from the report of 1784 a note + which was probably obtained surreptitiously from the War Office. I wanted + to purchase the manuscript, but Louis Bonaparte bought it. I did not make + a copy of the note which related to myself, because I should naturally + have felt diffident in making any use of it. It would, however, have + served to show how time and circumstances frequently reversed the + distinctions which arise at school or college. Judging from the reports of + the inspector of military schools, young Bonaparte was not, of all the + pupils at Brienne in 1784, the one most calculated to excite prognostics + of future greatness and glory. + </p> + <p> + The note to which I have just alluded, and which was written by M. de + Kerralio, then inspector of the military schools, describes Bonaparte in + the following terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + INSPECTION OF MILITARY SCHOOLS + 1784. + REPORT MADE FOR HIS MAJESTY BY M. DE KERALIO. + + M. de Buonaparte (Napoleon), born 15th August 1769, height 4 feet 10 + inches 10 lines, is in the fourth class, has a good constitution, + excellent health, character obedient, upright, grateful, conduct + very regular; has been always distinguished by his application to + mathematics. He knows history and geography very passably. He is + not well up in ornamental studies or in Latin in which he is only in + the fourth class. He will be an excellent sailor. He deserves to + be passed on to the Military School of Paris. +</pre> + <p> + Father Berton, however, opposed Bonaparte's removal to Paris, because he + had not passed through the fourth Latin class, and the regulations + required that he should be in the third. I was informed by the + vice-principal that a report relative to Napoleon was sent from the + College of Brienne to that of Paris, in which he was described as being + domineering, imperious, and obstinate. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon remained upwards of five years at Brienne, from April + 1779 till the latter end of 1784. In 1783 the Chevalier Keralio, + sub-inspector of the military schools, selected him to pass the year + following to the military school at Paris, to which three of the + best scholars were annually sent from each of the twelve provincial + military schools of France. It is curious as well as satisfactory + to know the opinion at this time entertained of him by those who + were the best qualified to judge. His old master, Le Guille, + professor of history at Paris, boasted that, in a list of the + different scholars, he had predicted his pupil's subsequent career. + In fact, to the name of Bonaparte the following note is added: "a + Corsican by birth and character—he will do something great, if + circumstances favour him." Menge was his instructor in geometry, + who also entertained a high opinion of him. M. Bauer, his German + master, was the only one who saw nothing in him, and was surprised + at being told he was undergoing his examination for the artillery. + —Hazlitt.]— +</pre> + <p> + I knew Bonaparte well; and I think M. de Keralio's report of him was + exceedingly just, except, perhaps, that he might have said he was very + well as to his progress in history and geography, and very backward in + Latin; but certainly nothing indicated the probability of his being an + excellent seaman. He himself had no thought of the navy. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bourrienne is certainly wrong as to Bonaparte having no thought + of the navy. In a letter of 1784 to the Minister of War his father + says of Napoleon that, "following the advice of the Comte de + Marbeuf, he has turned his studies towards the navy; and so well has + he succeeded that he was intended by M. de Keralio for the school of + Paris, and afterwards for the department of Toulon. The retirement + of the former professor (Keralio) has changed the fate of my son." + It was only on the failure of his intention to get into the navy + that his father, on 15th July 1784 applied for permission for him to + enter the artillery; Napoleon having a horror of the infantry, where + he said they did nothing. It was on the success of this application + that he was allowed to enter the school of Parts (Iung, tome i. pp. + 91-103). Oddly enough, in later years, on 30th August 1792, having + just succeeded in getting himself reinstated as captain after his + absence, overstaying leave, he applied to pass into the Artillerie + de la Marine. "The application was judged to be simply absurd, and + was filed with this note, 'S. R.' ('sans reponse')" (Iung, tome ii. + p. 201)]— +</pre> + <p> + In consequence of M. de Keralio's report, Bonaparte was transferred to the + Military College of Paris, along with MM. Montarby de Dampierre, de + Castres, de Comminges, and de Laugier de Bellecourt, who were all, like + him, educated at the public expense, and all, at least, as favorably + reported. + </p> + <p> + What could have induced Sir Walter Scott to say that Bonaparte was the + pride of the college, that our mathematical master was exceedingly fond of + him, and that the other professors in the different sciences had equal + reason to be satisfied with him? What I have above stated, together with + the report of M. de Keralio, bear evidence of his backwardness in almost + every branch of education except mathematics. Neither was it, as Sir + Walter affirms, his precocious progress in mathematics that occasioned him + to be removed to Paris. He had attained the proper age, and the report of + him was favourable, therefore he was very naturally included among the + number of the five who were chosen in 1784. + </p> + <p> + In a biographical account of Bonaparte I have read the following anecdote:—When + he was fourteen years of age he happened to be at a party where some one + pronounced a high eulogium on Turenne; and a lady in the company observed + that he certainly was a great man, but that she should like him better if + he had not burned the Palatinate. "What signifies that," replied + Bonaparte, "if it was necessary to the object he had in view?" + </p> + <p> + This is either an anachronism or a mere fabrication. Bonaparte was + fourteen in the year 1783. He was then at Brienne, where certainly he did + not go into company, and least of all the company of ladies. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> + + 1784-1794. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte enters the Military College of Paris—He urges me to + embrace the military profession—His report on the state of the + Military School of Paris—He obtains a commission—I set off for + Vienna—Return to Paris, where I again meet Bonaparte—His singular + plans for raising money—Louis XVI, with the red cap on his head— + The 10th of August—My departure for Stuttgart—Bonaparte goes to + Corsica—My name inscribed on the list of emigrants—Bonaparte at + the siege of Toulon—Le Souper de Beaucaire—Napoleon's mission to + Genoa—His arrest—His autographical justification + —Duroc's first connection with Bonaparte. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte was fifteen years and two months old when he went to the + Military College of Paris. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Madame Junot relates some interesting particulars connected with + Napoleon's first residence in Paris: + "My mother's first care," says she, "on arriving in Paris was to + inquire after Napoleon Bonaparte. He was at that time in the + military school at Paris, having quitted Brienne in the September of + the preceding year. + + "My uncle Demetrius had met him just after he alighted from the coach + which brought him to town; 'And truly.' said my uncle, 'he had the + appearance of a fresh importation. I met him in the Palms Royal, + where he was gaping and staring with wonder at everything he saw. + He would have been an excellent subject for sharpers, if, indeed, he + had had anything worth taking!' My uncle invited him to dine at his + house; for though my uncle was a bachelor, he did not choose to dine + at a 'traiteur' (the name 'restaurateur' was not then introduced). + He told my mother that Napoleon was very morose. 'I fear,' added + he, 'that that young man has more self-conceit than is suitable to + his condition. When he dined with me he began to declaim violently + against the luxury of the young men of the military school. After a + little he turned the conversation on Mania, and the present + education of the young Maniotes, drawing a comparison between it and + the ancient Spartan system of education. His observations on this + head he told me he intended to embody in a memorial to be presented + to the Minister of War. All this, depend upon it, will bring him + under the displeasure of his comrades; and it will be lucky if he + escape being run through.' A few days afterwards my mother saw + Napoleon, and then his irritability was at its height. He would + scarcely bear any observations, even if made in his favour, and I am + convinced that it is to this uncontrollable irritability that he + owed the reputation of having been ill-tempered in his boyhood, and + splenetic in his youth. My father, who was acquainted with almost + all the heads of the military school, obtained leave for him + sometimes to come out for recreation. On account of an accident (a + sprain, if I recollect rightly) Napoleon once spent a whole week at + our house. To this day, whenever I pass the Quai Conti, I cannot + help looking up at a 'mansarde' at the left angle of the house on + the third floor. That was Napoleon's chamber when he paid us a + visit, and a neat little room it was. My brother used to occupy the + one next to it. The two young men were nearly of the same age: my + brother perhaps had the advantage of a year or fifteen months. My + mother had recommended him to cultivate the friendship of young + Bonaparte; but my brother complained how unpleasant it was to find + only cold politeness where he expected affection. This + repulsiveness on the part of Napoleon was almost offensive, and must + have been sensibly felt by my brother, who was not only remarkable + for the mildness of his temper and the amenity and grace of his + manner, but whose society was courted in the most distinguished + circles of Paris on account of his accomplishments. He perceived in + Bonaparte a kind of acerbity and bitter irony, of which he long + endeavoured to discover the cause. 'I believe,' said Albert one day + to my mother, 'that the poor young man feels keenly his dependent + situation.'" ('Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Abrantes, vol. i. p. 18, + edit. 1883).]— +</pre> + <p> + I accompanied him in a carriole as far as Nogent Sur Seine, whence the + coach was to start. We parted with regret, and we did not meet again till + the year 1792. During these eight years we maintained an active + correspondence; but so little did I anticipate the high destiny which, + after his elevation, it was affirmed the wonderful qualities of his + boyhood plainly denoted, that I did not preserve one of the letters he + wrote to me at that period, but tore them up as soon as they were + answered. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I remember, however, that in a letter which I received from him + about a year after his arrival in Paris he urged me to keep my + promise of entering the army with him. Like him, I had passed + through the studies necessary for the artillery service; and in 1787 + I went for three months to Metz, in order to unite practice with + theory. A strange Ordinance, which I believe was issued in 1778 by + M. de Segur, required that a man should possess four quarterings of + nobility before he could be qualified to serve his king and country + as a military officer. My mother went to Paris, taking with her the + letters patent of her husband, who died six weeks after my birth. + She proved that in the year 1640 Louis XIII. had, by letters + patent, restored the titles of one Fauvelet de Villemont, who in + 1586 had kept several provinces of Burgundy subject to the king's + authority at the peril of his life and the loss of his property; and + that his family had occupied the first places in the magistracy + since the fourteenth century. All was correct, but it was observed + that the letters of nobility had not been registered by the + Parliament, and to repair this little omission, the sum of twelve + thousand francs was demanded. This my mother refused to pay, and + there the matter rested.]— +</pre> + <p> + On his arrival at the Military School of Paris, Bonaparte found the + establishment on so brilliant and expensive a footing that he immediately + addressed a memorial on the subject to the Vice-Principal Berton of + Brienne. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A second memoir prepared by him to the same effect was intended + for the Minister of War, but Father Berton wisely advised silence to + the young cadet (Iung, tome i. p. 122). Although believing in the + necessity of show and of magnificence in public life, Napoleon + remained true to these principles. While lavishing wealth on his + ministers and marshals, "In your private life," said be, "be + economical and even parsimonious; in public be magnificent" + (Meneval, tome i. p. 146).]— +</pre> + <p> + He showed that the plan of education was really pernicious, and far from + being calculated to fulfil the object which every wise government must + have in view. The result of the system, he said, was to inspire the + pupils, who were all the sons of poor gentlemen, with a love of + ostentation, or rather, with sentiments of vanity and self-sufficiency; so + that, instead of returning happy to the bosom of their families, they were + likely to be ashamed of their parents, and to despise their humble homes. + Instead of the numerous attendants by whom they were surrounded, their + dinners of two courses, and their horses and grooms, he suggested that + they should perform little necessary services for themselves, such as + brushing their clothes, and cleaning their boots and shoes; that they + should eat the coarse bread made for soldiers, etc. Temperance and + activity, he added, would render them robust, enable them to bear the + severity of different seasons and climates, to brave the fatigues of war, + and to inspire the respect and obedience of the soldiers under their + command. Thus reasoned Napoleon at the age of sixteen, and time showed + that he never deviated from these principles. The establishment of the + military school at Fontainebleau is a decided proof of this. + </p> + <p> + As Napoleon was an active observer of everything passing around him, and + pronounced his opinion openly and decidedly, he did not remain long at the + Military School of Paris. His superiors, who were anxious to get rid of + him, accelerated the period of his examination, and he obtained the first + vacant sub-lieutenancy in a regiment of artillery. + </p> + <p> + I left Brienne in 1787; and as I could not enter the artillery, I + proceeded in the following year to Vienna, with a letter of recommendation + to M. de Montmorin, soliciting employment in the French Embassy at the + Court of Austria. + </p> + <p> + I remained two months at Vienna, where I had the honour of twice seeing + the Emperor Joseph. The impression made upon me by his kind reception, his + dignified and elegant manners, and graceful conversation, will never be + obliterated from my recollection. After M. de Noailles had initiated me in + the first steps of diplomacy, he advised me to go to one of the German + universities to study the law of nations and foreign languages. I + accordingly repaired to Leipsic, about the time when the French Revolution + broke out. + </p> + <p> + I spent some time at Leipsic, where I applied myself to the study of the + law of nations, and the German and English languages. I afterwards + travelled through Prussia and Poland, and passed a part of the winter of + 1791 and 1792 at Warsaw, where I was most graciously received by Princess + Tyszicwiez, niece of Stanislaus Augustus, the last King of Poland, and the + sister of Prince Poniatowski. The Princess was very well informed, and was + a great admirer of French literature: At her invitation I passed several + evenings in company with the King in a circle small enough to approach to + something like intimacy. I remember that his Majesty frequently asked me + to read the Moniteur; the speeches to which he listened with the greatest + pleasure were those of the Girondists. The Princess Tyszicwiez wished to + print at Warsaw, at her own expense, a translation I had executed of + Kotzebue's 'Menschenhass and Reue, to which I gave the title of + 'L'Inconnu'. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A play known on the English stage as The Stranger.]— +</pre> + <p> + I arrived at Vienna on the 26th of March 1792, when I was informed of the + serious illness of the Emperor, Leopold II, who died on the following day. + In private companies, and at public places, I heard vague suspicions + expressed of his having been poisoned; but the public, who were admitted + to the palace to see the body lie in state, were soon convinced of the + falsehood of these reports. I went twice to see the mournful spectacle, + and I never heard a word which was calculated to confirm the odious + suspicion, though the spacious hall in which the remains of the Emperor + were exposed was constantly thronged with people. + </p> + <p> + In the month of April 1792 I returned to Paris, where I again met + Bonaparte, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bonaparte is said, on very doubtful authority, to have spent five + or six weeks in London in 1791 or 1792, and to have "lodged in a + house in George Street, Strand. His chief occupation appeared to be + taking pedestrian exercise in the streets of London—hence his + marvellous knowledge of the great metropolis which used to astonish + any Englishmen of distinction who were not aware of this visit. He + occasionally took his cup of chocolate at the 'Northumberland,' + occupying himself in reading, and preserving a provoking taciturnity + to the gentlemen in the room; though his manner was stern, his + deportment was that of a gentleman." The story of his visit is + probably as apocryphal as that of his offering his services to the + English Government when the English forces wore blockading the coast + of Corsica,]— +</pre> + <p> + and our college intimacy was fully renewed. I was not very well off, and + adversity was hanging heavily on him; his resources frequently failed him. + We passed our time like two young fellows of twenty-three who have little + money and less occupation. Bonaparte was always poorer than I. Every day + we conceived some new project or other. We were on the look-out for some + profitable speculation. At one time he wanted me to join him in renting + several houses, then building in the Rue Montholon, to underlet them + afterwards. We found the demands of the landlords extravagant—everything + failed. + </p> + <p> + At the same time he was soliciting employment at the War Office, and I at + the office of Foreign Affairs. I was for the moment the luckier of the + two. + </p> + <p> + While we were spending our time in a somewhat vagabond way, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It was before the 20th of June that in our frequent excursions + around Paris we went to St. Cyr to see his sister Marianne (Elisa). + We returned to dine alone at Trianon.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + the 20th of June arrived. We met by appointment at a restaurateur's in the + Rue St. Honore, near the Palais Royal, to take one of our daily rambles. + On going out we saw approaching, in the direction of the market, a mob, + which Bonaparte calculated at five or six thousand men. They were all in + rags, ludicrously armed with weapons of every description, and were + proceeding hastily towards the Tuilleries, vociferating all kinds of gross + abuse. It was a collection of all that was most vile and abject in the + purlieus of Paris. "Let us follow the mob," said Bonaparte. We got the + start of them, and took up our station on the terrace of the banks of the + river. It was there that he witnessed the scandalous scenes which took + place; and it would be difficult to describe the surprise and indignation + which they excited in him. When the King showed himself at the windows + overlooking the garden, with the red cap, which one of the mob had put on + his head, he could no longer repress his indignation. "Che coglione!" he + loudly exclaimed. "Why have they let in all that rabble! They should sweep + off four or five hundred of them with the cannon; the rest would then set + off fast enough." + </p> + <p> + When we sat down to dinner, which I paid for, as I generally did, for I + was the richer of the two, he spoke of nothing but the scene we had + witnessed. He discussed with great good sense the causes and consequences + of this unrepressed insurrection. He foresaw and developed with sagacity + all that would ensue. He was not mistaken. The 10th of August soon + arrived. I was then at Stuttgart, where I was appointed Secretary of + Legation. + </p> + <p> + At St. Helena Bonaparte said, "On the news of the attack of the + Tuilleries, on the 10th of August, I hurried to Fauvelet, Bourrienne's + brother, who then kept a furniture warehouse at the Carrousel." This is + partly correct. My brother was connected with what was termed an + 'enterprise d'encan national', where persons intending to quit France + received an advance of money, on depositing any effects which they wished + to dispose of, and which were sold for them immediately. Bonaparte had + some time previously pledged his watch in this way. + </p> + <p> + After the fatal 10th of August Bonaparte went to Corsica, and did not + return till 1793. Sir Walter Scott says that after that time he never saw + Corsica again. This is a mistake, as will be shown when I speak of his + return from Egypt. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter appears to have collected his information for the Life + of Napoleon only from those libels and vulgar stories which + gratified the calumnious spirit and national hatred. His work is + written with excessive negligence, which, added to its numerous + errors, shows how much respect he must have entertained for his + readers. It would appear that his object was to make it the inverse + of his novels, where everything is borrowed from history. I have + been assured that Marshal Macdonald having offered to introduce + Scott to some generals who could have furnished him with the most + accurate, information respecting military events, the glory of which + they had shared, Sir Walter replied, "I thank you, but I shall + collect my information from unprofessional reports."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Having been appointed Secretary of Legation to Stuttgart, I set off for + that place on the 2d of August, and I did not again see my ardent young + friend until 1795. He told me that my departure accelerated his for + Corsica. We separated, as may be supposed, with but faint hopes of ever + meeting again. + </p> + <p> + By a decree of the 28th of March of 1793, all French agents abroad were + ordered to return to France, within three months, under pain of being + regarded as emigrants. What I had witnessed before my departure for + Stuttgart, the excitement in which I had left the public mind, and the + well-known consequences of events of this kind, made me fear that I should + be compelled to be either an accomplice or a victim in the disastrous + scenes which were passing at home. My disobedience of the law placed my + name on the list of emigrants. + </p> + <p> + It has been said of me, in a biographical publication, that "it was as + remarkable as it was fortunate for Bourrienne that, on his return, he got + his name erased from the list of emigrants of the department of the Yonne, + on which it had been inscribed during his first journey to Germany. This + circumstance has been interpreted in several different ways, which are not + all equally favourable to M. de Bourrienne." + </p> + <p> + I do not understand what favourable interpretations can be put upon a + statement entirely false. General Bonaparte repeatedly applied for the + erasure of my name, from the month of April 1797, when I rejoined him at + Leoben, to the period of the signature of the treaty of Campo-Formio; but + without success. He desired his brother Louis, Berthier, Bernadotte, and + others, when he sent them to the Directory, to urge my erasure; but in + vain. He complained of this inattention to his wishes to Bottot, when he + came to Passeriano, after the 18th Fructidor. Bottot, who was secretary to + Barras, was astonished that I was not erased, and he made fine promises of + what he would do. On his return to France he wrote to Bonaparte: + "Bourrienne is erased." But this was untrue. I was not erased until + November 1797, upon the reiterated solicitations of General Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + It was during my absence from France that Bonaparte, in the rank of 'chef + de bataillon', performed his first campaign, and contributed so materially + to the recapture of Toulon. Of this period of his life I have no personal + knowledge, and therefore I shall not speak of it as an eye-witness. I + shall merely relate some facts which fill up the interval between 1793 and + 1795, and which I have collected from papers which he himself delivered to + me. Among these papers is a little production, entitled 'Le Souper de + Beaucaire', the copies of which he bought up at considerable expense, and + destroyed upon his attaining the Consulate. This little pamphlet contains + principles very opposite to those he wished to see established in 1800, a + period when extravagant ideas of liberty were no longer the fashion, and + when Bonaparte entered upon a system totally the reverse of those + republican principles professed in 'Le Souper de Beaucaire. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This is not, as Sir Walter says, a dialogue between Marat and a + Federalist, but a conversation between a military officer, a native + of Nismes, a native of Marseilles, and a manufacturer from + Montpellier. The latter, though he takes a share in the + conversation, does not say much. 'Le Souper de Beaucaire' is given + at full length in the French edition of these Memoirs, tome i. pp. + 319-347; and by Iung, tome ii. p. 354, with the following remarks: + "The first edition of 'Le Souper de Beaucaire' was issued at the + cost of the Public Treasury, in August 1798. Sabin Tournal, its + editor, also then edited the 'Courrier d'Avignon'. The second + edition only appeared twenty-eight years afterwards, in 1821, + preceded by an introduction by Frederick Royou (Paris: Brasseur + Aine, printer, Terrey, publisher, in octavo). This pamphlet did not + make any sensation at the time it appeared. It was only when + Napoleon became Commandant of the Army of Italy that M. Loubet, + secretary and corrector of the press for M. Tournal, attached some + value to the manuscript, and showed it to several persona. Louis + Bonaparte, later, ordered several copies from M. Aurel. The + pamphlet, dated 29th duly 1793, is in the form of a dialogue between + an officer of the army, a citizen of Nismes, a manufacturer of + Montpellier, and a citizen of Marseilles. Marseilles was then in a + state of insurrection against the Convention. Its forces had seized + Avignon, but had been driven out by the army of Cartesna, which was + about to attack Marseilles itself." In the dialogue the officer + gives most excellent military advice to the representative of + Marseilles on the impossibility of their resisting the old soldiers + of Carteaux. The Marseilles citizen argues but feebly, and is + alarmed at the officer's representations; while his threat to call + in the Spaniards turns the other speakers against him. Even Colonel + Iung says, tome ii. p. 372, "In these concise judgments is felt the + decision of the master and of the man of war..... These marvellous + qualities consequently struck the members of the Convention, who + made much of Bonaparte, authorised him to have it published at the + public expense, and made him many promises." Lanfrey, vol. i. pp. + 201, says of this pamphlets "Common enough ideas, expressed in a + style only remarkable for its 'Italianisms,' but becoming singularly + firm and precise every time the author expresses his military views. + Under an apparent roughness, we find in it a rare circumspection, + leaving no hold on the writer, even if events change."]— +</pre> + <p> + It may be remarked, that in all that has come to us from St. Helena, not a + word is said of this youthful production. Its character sufficiently + explains this silence. In all Bonaparte's writings posterity will probably + trace the profound politician rather than the enthusiastic revolutionist. + </p> + <p> + Some documents relative to Bonaparte's suspension and arrest, by order of + the representatives Albitte and Salicetti, serve to place in their true + light circumstances which have hitherto been misrepresented. I shall enter + into some details of this event, because I have seen it stated that this + circumstance of Bonaparte's life has been perverted and misrepresented by + every person who has hitherto written about him; and the writer who makes + this remark, himself describes the affair incorrectly and vaguely. Others + have attributed Bonaparte's misfortune to a military discussion on war, + and his connection with Robespierre the younger. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It will presently be seen that all this is erroneous, and that + Sir Walter commits another mistake when he says that Bonaparte's + connection with Robespierre was attended with fatal consequences to + him, and that his justification consisted in acknowledging that his + friends were very different from what he had supposed them to be. + —Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + It has, moreover, been said that Albitte and Salicetti explained to the + Committee of Public Safety the impossibility of their resuming the + military operations unaided by the talents of General Bonaparte. This is + mere flattery. The facts are these: + </p> + <p> + On the 13th of July 1794 (25th Messidor, year II), the representatives of + the people with the army of Italy ordered that General Bonaparte should + proceed to Genoa, there, conjointly with the French 'charge d'affaires', + to confer on certain subjects with the Genoese Government. This mission, + together with a list of secret instructions, directing him to examine the + fortresses of Genoa and the neighbouring country, show the confidence + which Bonaparte, who was then only twenty-five, inspired in men who were + deeply interested in making a prudent choice of their agents. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte set off for Genoa, and fulfilled his mission. The 9th Thermidor + arrived, and the deputies, called Terrorists, were superseded by Albitte + and Salicetti. In the disorder which then prevailed they were either + ignorant of the orders given to General Bonaparte, or persons envious of + the rising glory of the young general of artillery inspired Albitte and + Salicetti with suspicions prejudicial to him. Be this as it may, the two + representatives drew up a resolution, ordering that General Bonaparte + should be arrested, suspended from his rank, and arraigned before the + Committee of Public Safety; and, extraordinary as it may appear, this + resolution was founded in that very journey to Genoa which Bonaparte + executed by the direction of the representatives of the people. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Madame Junot throws some light on this Persecution of Bonaparte + by Salicetti. "One motive (I do not mean to say the only one)," + remarks this lady, "of the animosity shown by Salicetti to + Bonaparte, in the affair of Loano, was that they were at one time + suitors to the same lady. I am not sure whether it was in Corsica + or in Paris, but I know for a fact that Bonaparte, in spite of his + youth, or perhaps I should rather say on account of his youth, was + the favoured lover. It was the opinion of my brother, who was + secretary to Salicetti, that Bonaparte owed his life to a + circumstance which is not very well known. The fact is, that + Salicetti received a letter from Bonaparte, the contents of which + appeared to make a deep impression on him. Bonaparte's papers had + been delivered into Salicetti's hands, who, after an attentive + perusal of them, laid them aside with evident dissatisfaction. He + then took them up again, and read them a second time. Salicetti + declined my brother's assistance is the examination of the papers, + and after a second examination, which was probably as unsatisfactory + as the first, he seated himself with a very abstracted air. It + would appear that he had seen among the papers some document which + concerned himself. Another curious fact is, that the man who had + the care of the papers after they were sealed up was an inferior + clerk entirely under the control of Salicetti; and my brother, whose + business it was to have charge of the papers, was directed not to + touch them. He has often spoken to me of this circumstance, and I + mention it here as one of importance to the history of the time. + Nothing that relates to a man like Napoleon can be considered + useless or trivial. + + "What, after all, was the result of this strange business which + might have cost Bonaparte his head?—for, had he been taken to Paris + and tried by the Committee of Public Safety, there is little doubt + that the friend of Robespierre the younger would have been condemned + by Billaud-Varennes and Collot d'Herbois. The result was the + acquittal of the accused. This result is the more extraordinary, + since it would appear that at that time Salicetti stood in fear of + the young general. A compliment is even paid to Bonaparte in the + decree, by which he was provisionally restored to liberty. That + liberation was said to be granted on the consideration that General + Bonaparte might be useful to the Republic. This was foresight; but + subsequently when measures were taken which rendered Bonaparte no + longer an object of fear, his name was erased from the list of + general officers, and it is a curious fact that Cambacérès, who was + destined to be his colleague in the Consulate, was one of the + persons who signed the act of erasure" (Memoirs of the Duchesse + d'Abrantes, vol. i, p. 69, edit. 1843).]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte said at St. Helena that he was a short time imprisoned by order + of the representative Laporte; but the order for his arrest was signed by + Albitte, Salicetti, and Laporte. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Albitte and Laporte were the representatives sent from the + Convention to the army of the Alps, and Salicetti to the army of + Italy.]— +</pre> + <p> + Laporte was not probably the most influential of the three, for Bonaparte + did not address his remonstrance to him. He was a fortnight under arrest. + </p> + <p> + Had the circumstance occurred three weeks earlier, and had Bonaparte been + arraigned before the Committee of Public Safety previous to the 9th + Thermidor, there is every probability that his career would have been at + an end; and we should have seen perish on the scaffold, at the age of + twenty-five, the man who, during the twenty-five succeeding years, was + destined to astonish the world by his vast conceptions, his gigantic + projects, his great military genius, his extraordinary good fortune, his + faults, reverses, and final misfortunes. + </p> + <p> + It is worth while to remark that in the post-Thermidorian resolution just + alluded to no mention is made of Bonaparte's association with Robespierre + the younger. The severity with which he was treated is the more + astonishing, since his mission to Genoa was the alleged cause of it. Was + there any other charge against him, or had calumny triumphed over the + services he had rendered to his country? I have frequently conversed with + him on the subject of this adventure, and he invariably assured me that he + had nothing to reproach himself with, and that his defence, which I shall + subjoin, contained the pure expression of his sentiments, and the exact + truth. + </p> + <p> + In the following note, which he addressed to Albitte and Salicetti, he + makes no mention of Laporte. The copy which I possess is in the + handwriting of, Junot, with corrections in the General's hand. It exhibits + all the characteristics of Napoleon's writing: his short sentences, his + abrupt rather than concise style, sometimes his elevated ideas, and always + his plain good sense. + </p> + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <p> + <b> TO THE REPRESENTATIVES ALBITTE AND SALICETTI: </b> + </p> + <p> + You have suspended me from my duties, put me under arrest, and + declared me to be suspected. + </p> + <p> + Thus I am disgraced before being judged, or indeed judged before being + heard. + </p> + <p> + In a revolutionary state there are two classes, the suspected and the + patriots. + </p> + <p> + When the first are aroused, general measures are adopted towards them + for the sake of security. + </p> + <p> + The oppression of the second class is a blow to public liberty. The + magistrate cannot condemn until after the fullest evidence and a + succession of facts. This leaves nothing to arbitrary decision. + </p> + <p> + To declare a patriot suspected is to deprive him of all that he most + highly values—confidence and esteem. + </p> + <p> + In what class am I placed? + </p> + <p> + Since the commencement of the Revolution, have I not always been + attached to its principles? + </p> + <p> + Have I not always been contending either with domestic enemies or + foreign foes? + </p> + <p> + I sacrificed my home, abandoned my property, and lost everything for + the Republic? + </p> + <p> + I have since served with some distinction at Toulon, and earned a part + of the laurels of the army of Italy at the taking of Saorgio, Oneille, + and Tanaro. + </p> + <p> + On the discovery of Robespierre's conspiracy, my conduct was that of a + man accustomed to look only to principles. + </p> + <p> + My claim to the title of patriot, therefore cannot be disputed. + </p> + <p> + Why, then, am I declared suspected without being heard, and arrested + eight days after I heard the news of the tyrant's death. + </p> + <p> + I am declared suspected, and my papers are placed under seal. + </p> + <p> + The reverse of this course ought to have been adopted. My papers + should first have been sealed; then I should have been called on for + my explanation; and, lastly, declared suspected, if there was reason + for coming to, such a decision. + </p> + <p> + It is wished that I should go to Paris with an order which declares me + suspected. It will naturally be presumed that the representatives did + not draw up this decree without accurate information, and I shall be + judged with the bias which a man of that class merits. + </p> + <p> + Though a patriot and an innocent and calumniated man, yet whatever + measures may be adopted by the Committee I cannot complain. + </p> + <p> + If three men declare that I have committed a crime, I cannot complain + of the jury who condemns me. + </p> + <p> + Salicetti, you know me; and I ask whether you have observed anything + in my conduct for the last five years which can afford ground of + suspicion? + </p> + <p> + Albitte, you do not know me; but you have received proof of no fact + against me; you have not heard me, and you know how artfully the + tongue of calumny sometimes works. + </p> + <p> + Must I then be confounded with the enemies of my country and ought the + patriots inconsiderately to sacrifice a general who has not been + useless to the Republic? Ought the representatives to reduce the + Government to the necessity of being unjust and impolitic? + </p> + <p> + Hear me; destroy the oppression that overwhelms me, and restore me to + the esteem of the patriots. + </p> + <p> + An hour after, if my enemies wish for my life, let them take it. I + have often given proofs how little I value it. Nothing but the thought + that I may yet be useful to my country makes me bear the burden of + existence with courage. + </p> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + It appears that this defence, which is remarkable for its energetic + simplicity, produced an effect on Albitte and Salicetti. Inquiries more + accurate, and probably more favourable to the General, were instituted; + and on the 3d Fructidor (20th August 1794) the representatives of the + people drew up a decree stating that, after a careful examination of + General Bonaparte's papers, and of the orders he had received relative to + his mission to Genoa, they saw nothing to justify any suspicion of his + conduct; and that, moreover, taking into consideration the advantage that + might accrue to the Republic from the military talents of the said General + Bonaparte, it was resolved that he should be provisionally set at liberty. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[With reference to the arrest of Bonaparte (which lasted thirteen + days) see 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs', tome i. pp. 16-28, and Iung, + tome ii. pp. 443-457. Both, in opposition to Bourrienne, attribute + the arrest to his connection with the younger Robespierre. + Apparently Albitte and Salicetti wets not acquainted with the secret + plan of campaign prepared by the younger Robespierre and by + Bonaparte, or with the real instructions given for the mission to + Genoa. Jealousy between the representatives in the staff of the + army of the Alps and those with the army of Italy, with which + Napoleon was, also played a part in the affair. Iung looks on + Salicetti as acting as the protector of the Bonapartes; but Napoleon + does not seem to have regarded him in that light; see the letter + given in Tunot, vol. i. p. 106, where in 1795 he takes credit for + not returning the ill done to him; see also the same volume, p. 89. + Salicetti eventually became Minister of Police to Joseph, when King + of Naples, in 1806; but when he applied to return to France, + Napoleon said to Mathieu Dumas, "Let him know that I am not powerful + enough to protect the wretches who voted for the death of Louis XVI. + from the contempt and indignation of the public" (Dumas, tome iii. + p. 318). At the same time Napoleon described Salicetti as worse + than the lazzaroni.]— +</pre> + <p> + Salicetti afterwards became the friend and confidant of young Bonaparte; + but their intimacy did not continue after his elevation. + </p> + <p> + What is to be thought of the motives for Bonaparte's arrest and + provisional liberation, when his innocence and the error that had been + committed were acknowledged? The importance of the General's military + talents, though no mention is made about the impossibility of dispensing + with them, is a pretence for restoring him to that liberty of which he had + been unjustly deprived. + </p> + <p> + It was not at Toulon, as has been stated, that Bonaparte took Duroc into + the artillery, and made him his 'aide de camp'. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Michel Duroc (1773-1813) at first only aide de camp to Napoleon, + was several times entrusted with special diplomatic missions (for + example, to Berlin, etc.) On the formation of the Empire he became + Grand Marechal du Palais, and Duc de Frioul. He always remained in + close connection with Napoleon until he was killed in 1813. As he + is often mentioned in contemporary memoirs under his abbreviated + title of 'Marshal', he has sometimes been erroneously included in + the number of the Marshals of the Empire—a military rank he never + attained to.]— +</pre> + <p> + The acquaintance was formed at a subsequent period, in Italy. Duroc's cold + character and unexcursive mind suited Napoleon, whose confidence he + enjoyed until his death, and who entrusted him with missions perhaps above + his abilities. At St. Helena Bonaparte often declared that he was much + attached to Duroc. I believe this to be true; but I know that the + attachment was not returned. The ingratitude of princes is proverbial. May + it not happen that courtiers are also sometimes ungrateful?—[It is + only just to Duroc to add that this charge does not seem borne out by the + impressions of those more capable than Bourrienne of judging in the + matter.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> + + 1794-1795. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Proposal to send Bonaparte to La Vendée—He is struck off the list + of general officers—Salicetti—Joseph's marriage with Mademoiselle + Clary—Bonaparte's wish to go to Turkey—Note explaining the plan of + his proposed expedition—Madame Bourrienne's character of Bonaparte, + and account of her husband's arrest—Constitution of the year III— + The 13th Vendemiaire—Bonaparte appointed second in command of the + army of the interior—Eulogium of Bonaparte by Barras, and its + consequences—St. Helena manuscript. +</pre> + <p> + General Bonaparte returned to Paris, where I also arrived from Germany + shortly after him. Our intimacy was resumed, and he gave me an account of, + all that had passed in the campaign of the south. He frequently alluded to + the persecutions he had suffered, and he delivered to me the packet of + papers noticed in the last chapter, desiring me to communicate their + contents to my friends. He was very anxious, he said, to do away with the + supposition that he was capable of betraying his country, and, under the + pretence of a mission to Genoa, becoming a SPY on the interests of France. + He loved to talk over his military achievements at Toulon and in Italy. He + spoke of his first successes with that feeling of pleasure and + gratification which they were naturally calculated to excite in him. + </p> + <p> + The Government wished to send him to La Vendée, with the rank of + brigadier-general of infantry. Bonaparte rejected this proposition on two + grounds. He thought the scene of action unworthy of his talents, and he + regarded his projected removal from the artillery to the infantry as a + sort of insult. This last was his most powerful objection, and was the + only one he urged officially. In consequence of his refusal to accept the + appointment offered him, the Committee of Public Safety decreed that he + should be struck off the list of general officers. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This statement as to the proposed transfer of Bonaparte to the + infantry, his disobedience to the order, and his consequent + dismissal, is fiercely attacked in the 'Erreurs', tome i. chap. iv. + It is, however, correct in some points; but the real truths about + Bonaparte's life at this time seem so little known that it may be + well to explain the whole matter. On the 27th of March 1795 + Bonaparte, already removed from his employment in the south, was + ordered to proceed to the army of the west to command its artillery + as brigadier-general. He went as far as Paris, and then lingered + there, partly on medical certificate. While in Paris he applied, as + Bourrienne says, to go to Turkey to organise its artillery. His + application, instead of being neglected, as Bourrienne says, was + favourably received, two members of the 'Comite de Saint Public' + putting on its margin most favorable reports of him; one, Jean + Debry, even saying that he was too distinguished an officer to be + sent to a distance at such a time. Far from being looked on as the + half-crazy fellow Bourrienne considered him at that time, Bonaparte + was appointed, on the 21st of August 1795, one of four generals + attached as military advisers to the Committee for the preparation + of warlike operations, his own department being a most important + one. He himself at the time tells Joseph that he is attached to the + topographical bureau of the Comite de Saint Public, for the + direction of the armies in the place of Carnot. It is apparently + this significant appointment to which Madame Junot, wrongly dating + it, alludes as "no great thing" (Junot, vol. i, p. 143). Another + officer was therefore substituted for him as commander of Roches + artillery, a fact made use of in the Erreurs (p. 31) to deny his + having been dismissed—But a general re-classification of the + generals was being made. The artillery generals were in excess of + their establishment, and Bonaparte, as junior in age, was ordered on + 13th June to join Hoche's army at Brest to command a brigade of + infantry. All his efforts to get the order cancelled failed, and as + he did not obey it he was struck off the list of employed general + officers on the 15th of September 1795, the order of the 'Comite de + Salut Public' being signed by Cambacérès, Berber, Merlin, and + Boissy. His application to go to Turkey still, however, remained; + and it is a curious thing that, on the very day he was struck off + the list, the commission which had replaced the Minister of War + recommended to the 'Comite de Saint Public' that he and his two + aides de camp, Junot and Livrat, with other officers, under him, + should be sent to Constantinople. So late as the 29th of September, + twelve days later, this matter was being considered, the only + question being as to any departmental objections to the other + officers selected by him, a point which was just being settled. But + on the 13th Vendemiaire (5th October 1795), or rather on the night + before, only nineteen days after his removal, he was appointed + second in command to Barras, a career in France was opened to him, + and Turkey was no longer thought of. + + Thiers (vol. iv, p. 326) and most writers, contemporary and + otherwise, say that Aubry gave the order for his removal from the + list. Aubry, himself a brigadier-general of artillery, did not + belong to the 'Comite de Salut Public' at the time Bonaparte was + removed from the south; and he had left the Comite early is August, + that is, before the order striking Bonaparte off was given. Aubry + was, however, on the Comite in June 1795, and signed the order, + which probably may have originated from him, for the transfer of + Bonaparte to the infantry. It will be seen that, in the ordinary + military sense of the term, Napoleon was only in Paris without + employment from the 15th of September to the 4th or 6th of October + 1796; all the rest of the time in Paris he had a command which he + did not choose to take up. The distress under which Napoleon is + said to have laboured in pecuniary matters was probably shared by + most officers at that time; see 'Erreurs', tome i. p. 32. This + period is fully described in Iung, tome ii. p. 476, and tome iii. + pp. 1-93.]— +</pre> + <p> + Deeply mortified at this unexpected stroke, Bonaparte retired into private + life, and found himself doomed to an inactivity very uncongenial with his + ardent character. He lodged in the Rue du Mail, in an hotel near the Place + des Victoires, and we recommenced the sort of life we had led in 1792, + before his departure for Corsica. It was not without a struggle that he + determined to await patiently the removal of the prejudices which were + cherished against him by men in power; and he hoped that, in the perpetual + changes which were taking place, those men might be superseded by others + more favourable to him. He frequently dined and spent the evening with me + and my elder brother; and his pleasant conversation and manners made the + hours pass away very agreeably. I called on him almost every morning, and + I met at his lodgings several persons who were distinguished at the time; + among others Salicetti, with whom he used to maintain very animated + conversations, and who would often solicit a private interview with him. + On one occasion Salicetti paid him three thousand francs, in assignats, as + the price of his carriage, which his straitened circumstances obliged him + to dispose of. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Of Napoleon's poverty at this time Madame Junot says, "On + Bonaparte's return to Paris, after the misfortunes of which he + accused Salicetti of being the cause, he was in very destitute + circumstances. His family, who were banished from Corsica, found an + asylum at Marseilles; and they could not now do for him what they + would have done had they been in the country whence they derived + their pecuniary resources. From time to time he received + remittances of money, and I suspect they came from his excellent + brother Joseph, who had then recently married 'Mademoiselle Clary; + but with all his economy these supplies were insufficient. + Bonaparte was therefore in absolute distress. Junot often used to + speak of the six months they passed together in Paris at this time. + When they took an evening stroll on the Boulevard, which used to be + the resort of young men, mounted on fine horses, and displaying all + the luxury which they were permitted to show at that time, Bonaparte + would declaim against fate, and express his contempt for the dandies + with their whiskers and their 'orielles de chiene', who, as they + rode Past, were eulogising in ecstasy the manner in which Madame + Scio sang. And it is on such beings as these,' he would say, 'that + Fortune confers her favours. Grand Dieu! how contemptible is human + nature!'" (Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Abrantes, vol. i. p. 80, + edit. 1883.)]— +</pre> + <p> + I could, easily perceive that our young friend either was or wished to be + initiated in some political intrigue; and I moreover suspected that + Salicetti had bound him by an oath not to disclose the plans that were + hatching. + </p> + <p> + He became pensive, melancholy, and anxious; and he always looked with + impatience for Salicetti's daily visit. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Salicetti was implicated in the insurrection of the 20th May + 1795, 1st Prairial, Year III., and was obliged to fly to Venice.]— +</pre> + <p> + Sometimes, withdrawing his mind from political affairs, he would envy the + happiness of his brother Joseph, who had just then married Mademoiselle + Clary, the daughter of a rich and respectable merchant of Marseilles. He + would often say, "That Joseph is a lucky rogue." + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile time passed away, and none of his projects succeeded—none + of his applications were listened to. He was vexed by the injustice with + which he was treated, and tormented by the desire of entering upon some + active pursuit. He could not endure the thought of remaining buried in the + crowd. He determined to quit France; and the favourite idea, which he + never afterwards relinquished, that the East is a fine field for glory, + inspired him with the wish to proceed to Constantinople, and to enter the + service of the Grand Seignior. What romantic plans, what stupendous + projects he conceived! He asked me whether I would go with him? I replied + in the negative. I looked upon him as a half-crazy young fellow, who was + driven to extravagant enterprises and desperate resolutions by his + restless activity of mind, joined to the irritating treatment he had + experienced, and, perhaps, it may be added, his want of money. He did not + blame me for my refusal to accompany him; and he told me that Junot, + Marmont, and some other young officers whom he had known at Toulon, would + be willing to follow his fortunes. + </p> + <p> + He drew up a note which commenced with the words 'Note for . . .' It was + addressed to no one, and was merely a plan. Some days after he wrote out + another, which, however, did not differ very materially from the first, + and which he addressed to Aubert and Coni. I made him a fair copy of it, + and it was regularly for forwarded. It was as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + NOTE. +</pre> + <p> + At a moment when the Empress of Russia has strengthened her union with the + Emperor of Germany (Austria), it is the interest of France to do + everything in her power to increase the military power of Turkey. + </p> + <p> + That power possesses a numerous and brave militia but is very backward in + the scientific part of the art of war. + </p> + <p> + The organization and the service of the artillery, which, in our modern + tactics, so powerfully facilitate the gaining of battles, and on which, + almost exclusively, depend the attack and defence of fortresses, are + especially the points in which France excels, and in which the Turks are + most deficient. + </p> + <p> + They have several times applied to us for artillery officers, and we have + sent them some; but the officers thus sent have not been sufficiently + powerful, either in numbers or talent, to produce any important result. + </p> + <p> + General Bonaparte, who, from his youth, has served in the artillery, of + which he was entrusted with the command at the siege of Toulon, and in the + two campaigns of Italy, offers his services to proceed to Turkey, with a + mission from the (French) Government. + </p> + <p> + He proposes to take along with him six or seven officers, of different + kinds, and who may be, altogether, perfect masters of the military art. + </p> + <p> + He will have the satisfaction of being useful to his country in this new + career, if he succeed in rendering the Turkish power more formidable, by + completing the defence of their principal fortresses, and constructing new + ones. + </p> + <p> + This note shows the error of the often-repeated assertion, that he + proposed entering the service of the Turks against Austria. He makes no + mention of such a thing; and the two countries were not at war. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Scottish biographer makes Bonaparte say that it would be + strange if a little Corsican should become King of Jerusalem. I + never heard anything drop from him which supports the probability of + such a remark, and certainly there is nothing in his note to warrant + the inference of his having made it.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + No answer was returned to this note. Turkey remained unaided, and + Bonaparte unoccupied. I must confess that for the failure of this project, + at least I was not sorry. I should have regretted to see a young man of + great promise, and one for whom I cherished a sincere friendship, devote + himself to so uncertain a fate. Napoleon has less than any man provoked + the events which have favoured him; no one has more yielded to + circumstances from which he was so skilful to derive advantages. If, + however, a clerk of the War Office had but written on the note, "Granted," + that little word would probably have changed the fate of Europe. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte remained in Paris, forming schemes for the gratification of his + ambition, and his desire of making a figure in the world; but obstacles + opposed all he attempted. + </p> + <p> + Women are better judges of character than men. Madame de Bourrienne, + knowing the intimacy which subsisted between us, preserved some notes + which she made upon Bonaparte, and the circumstances which struck her as + most remarkable, during her early connection with him. My wife did not + entertain so favourable an opinion of him as I did; the warm friendship I + cherished for him probably blinded me to his faults. I subjoin Madame de + Bourrienne's notes, word for word: + </p> + <p> + On the day after our second return from Germany, which was in May 1795, we + met Bonaparte in the Palais Royal, near a shop kept by a man named + Girardin. Bonaparte embraced Bourrienne as a friend whom he loved and was + glad to see. We went that evening to the Theatre Francais. The performance + consisted of a tragedy; and 'Le Sourd, ou l'Auberge pleine'. During the + latter piece the audience was convulsed with laughter. The part of + Dasnieres was represented by Batiste the younger, and it was never played + better. The bursts of laughter were so loud and frequent that the actor + was several times obliged to stop in the midst of his part. Bonaparte + alone (and it struck me as being very extraordinary) was silent, and + coldly insensible to the humour which was so irresistibly diverting to + everyone else. I remarked at this period that his character was reserved, + and frequently gloomy. His smile was hypocritical, and often misplaced; + and I recollect that a few days after our return he gave us one of these + specimens of savage hilarity which I greatly disliked, and which + prepossessed me against him. He was telling us that, being before Toulon, + where he commanded the artillery, one of his officers was visited by his + wife, to whom he had been but a short time married, and whom he tenderly + loved. A few days after, orders were given for another attack upon the + town, in which this officer was to be engaged. His wife came to General + Bonaparte, and with tears entreated him to dispense with her husband's + services that day. The General was inexorable, as he himself told us, with + a sort of savage exaltation. The moment for the attack arrived, and the + officer, though a very brave man, as Bonaparte himself-assured us, felt a + presentiment of his approaching death. He turned pale and trembled. He was + stationed beside the General, and during an interval when the firing from + the town was very heavy, Bonaparte called out to him, "Take care, there is + a shell coming!" The officer, instead of moving to one side, stooped down, + and was literally severed in two. Bonaparte laughed loudly while he + described the event with horrible minuteness. At this time we saw him + almost every day. He frequently came to dine with us. As there was a + scarcity of bread, and sometimes only two ounces per head daily were + distributed in the section, it was customary to request one's guests to + bring their own bread, as it could not be procured for money. Bonaparte + and his brother Louis (a mild, agreeable young man, who was the General's + aide de army) used to bring with them their ration bread, which was black, + and mixed with bran. I was sorry to observe that all this bad bread fell + to the share of the poor aide de camp, for we provided the General with a + finer kind, which was made clandestinely by a pastrycook, from flour which + we contrived to smuggle from Sens, where my husband had some farms. Had we + been denounced, the affair might have cost us our heads. + </p> + <p> + We spent six weeks in Paris, and we went frequently with Bonaparte to the + theatres, and to the fine concerts given by Garat in the Rue St. Marc. + These were the first brilliant entertainments that took place after the + death of Robespierre. There was always something original in Bonaparte's + behaviour, for he often slipped away from us without saying a word; and + when we were supposing he had left the theatre, we would suddenly discover + him in the second or third tier, sitting alone in a box, and looking + rather sulky. + </p> + <p> + Before our departure for Sens, where my husband's family reside, and which + was fixed upon for the place of my first accouchement, we looked out for + more agreeable apartments than we had in the Rue Grenier St. Lazare, which + we only had temporarily. Bonaparte used to assist us in our researches. At + last we took the first floor of a handsome new house, No. 19 Rue des + Marais. Bonaparte, who wished to stop in Paris, went to look at a house + opposite to ours. He had thoughts of taking it for himself, his uncle + Fesch (afterwards Cardinal Fesch), and a gentleman named Patrauld, + formerly one of his masters at the Military School. One day he said, "With + that house over there, my friends in it, and a cabriolet, I shall be the + happiest fellow in the world." + </p> + <p> + We soon after left town for Sens. The house was not taken by him, for + other and great affairs were preparing. During the interval between our + departure and the fatal day of Vendemiaire several letters passed between + him and his school companion. These letters were of the most amiable and + affectionate description. They have been stolen. On our return, in + November of the same year, everything was changed. The college friend was + now a great personage. He had got the command of Paris in return for his + share in the events of Vendemiaire. Instead of a small house in the Rue + des Marais, he occupied a splendid hotel in the Rue des Capucines; the + modest cabriolet was converted into a superb equipage, and the man himself + was no longer the same. But the friends of his youth were still received + when they made their morning calls. They were invited to grand dejeuners, + which were sometimes attended by ladies; and, among others, by the + beautiful Madame Tallien and her friend the amiable Madame de Beauharnais, + to whom Bonaparte had begun to pay attention. He cared little for his + friends, and ceased to address them in the style of familiar equality. + </p> + <p> + After the 13th of Vendemiaire M. de Bourrienne saw Bonaparte only at + distant periods. In the month of February 1796 my husband was arrested, at + seven in the morning, by a party of men, armed with muskets, on the charge + of being a returned emigrant. He was torn from his wife and his child, + only six months old, being barely allowed time to dress himself. I + followed him. They conveyed him to the guard-house of the Section, and + thence I know not whither; and, finally, in the evening, they placed him + in the lockup-house of the prefecture of police, which, I believe, is now + called the central bureau. There he passed two nights and a day, among men + of the lowest description, some of whom were even malefactors. I and his + friends ran about everywhere, trying to find somebody to rescue him, and, + among the rest, Bonaparte was applied to. It was with great difficulty he + could be seen. Accompanied by one of my husband's friends, I waited for + the commandant of Paris until midnight, but he did not come home. Next + morning I returned at an early hour, and found him. I stated what had + happened to my husband, whose life was then at stake. He appeared to feel + very little for the situation of his friend, but, however; determined to + write to Merlin, the Minister of Justice. I carried the letter according + to its address, and met the Minister as he was coming downstairs, on his + way to the Directory. Being in grand costume, he wore a Henri IV. hat, + surmounted with a multitude of plumes, a dress which formed a singular + contrast with his person. He opened the letter; and whether it was that he + cared as little for the General as for the cause of M. de Bourrienne's + arrest, he replied that the matter was no longer in his hands, and that it + was now under the cognisance of the public administrators of the laws. The + Minister then stepped into his carriage, and the writer was conducted to + several offices in his hotel. She passed through them with a broken heart, + for she met with none but harsh men, who told her that the prisoner + deserved death. From them she learned that on the following day he would + be brought before the judge of the peace for his Section, who would decide + whether there was ground for putting him on his trial. In fact, this + proceeding took place next day. He was conveyed to the house of the judge + of the peace for the Section of Bondy, Rue Grange-sue-Belles, whose name + was Lemaire. His countenance was mild; and though his manner was cold, he + had none of the harshness and ferocity common to the Government agents of + that time. His examination of the charge was long, and he several times + shook his head. The moment of decision had arrived, and everything seemed + to indicate that the termination would be to place the prisoner under + accusation. At seven o'clock be desired me to be called. I hastened to + him, and beheld a most heart rending scene. Bourrienne was suffering under + a hemorrhage, which had continued since two o'clock, and had interrupted + the examination. The judge of the peace, who looked sad, sat with his head + resting on his hand. I threw myself at his feet and implored his clemency. + The wife and the two daughters of the judge visited this scene of sorrow, + and assisted me in softening him. He was a worthy and feeling man, a good + husband and parent, and it was evident that he struggled between + compassion and duty. He kept referring to the laws on the subject, and, + after long researches said to me, "To-morrow is Decadi, and no proceedings + can take place on that day. Find, madams, two responsible persons, who + will answer for the appearance of your husband, and I will permit him to + go home with you, accompanied by the two guardians." Next day two friends + were found, one of whom was M. Desmaisons, counsellor of the court, who + became bail for M. de Bourrienne. He continued under these guardians six + months, until a law compelled the persons who were inscribed on the fatal + list to remove to the distance of ten leagues from Paris. One of the + guardians was a man of straw; the other was a knight of St. Louis. The + former was left in the antechamber; the latter made, every evening, one of + our party at cards. The family of M. de Bourrienne have always felt the + warmest gratitude to the judge of the peace and his family. That worthy + man saved the life of M. de Bourrienne, who, when he returned from Egypt, + and had it in his power to do him some service, hastened to his house; but + the good judge was no more! + </p> + <p> + The letters mentioned in the narrative were at this time stolen from me by + the police officers. + </p> + <p> + Everyone was now eager to pay court to a man who had risen from the crowd + in consequence of the part he had acted at an extraordinary crisis, and + who was spoken of as the future General of the Army of Italy. It was + expected that he would be gratified, as he really was, by the restoration + of some letters which contained the expression of his former very modest + wishes, called to recollection his unpleasant situation, his limited + ambition, his pretended aversion for public employment, and finally + exhibited his intimate relations with those who were, without hesitation, + characterised as emigrants, to be afterwards made the victims of + confiscation and death. + </p> + <p> + The 13th of Vendemiaire (5th October 1795) was approaching. The National + Convention had been painfully delivered of a new constitution, called, + from the epoch of its birth, "the Constitution of Year III." It was + adopted on the 22d of August 1795. The provident legislators did not + forget themselves. They stipulated that two-thirds of their body should + form part of the new legislature. The party opposed to the Convention + hoped, on the contrary, that, by a general election, a majority would be + obtained for its opinion. That opinion was against the continuation of + power in the hands of men who had already so greatly abused it. + </p> + <p> + The same opinion was also entertained by a great part of the most + influential Sections of Paris, both as to the possession of property and + talent. These Sections declared that, in accepting the new constitution, + they rejected the decree of the 30th of August, which required the + re-election of two-thirds The Convention, therefore, found itself menaced + in what it held most dear—its power;—and accordingly resorted + to measures of defence. A declaration was put forth, stating that the + Convention, if attacked, would remove to Chalons-sur-Marne; and the + commanders of the armed force were called upon to defend that body. + </p> + <p> + The 5th of October, the day on which the Sections of Paris attacked the + Convention, is certainly one which ought to be marked in the wonderful + destiny of Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + With the events of that day were linked, as cause and effect, many great + political convulsions of Europe. The blood which flowed ripened the seeds + of the youthful General's ambition. It must be admitted that the history + of past ages presents few periods full of such extraordinary events as the + years included between 1795 and 1815. The man whose name serves, in some + measure, as a recapitulation of all these great events was entitled to + believe himself immortal. + </p> + <p> + Living retired at Sens since the month of July, I only learned what had + occasioned the insurrection of the Sections from public report and the + journals. I cannot, therefore, say what part Bonaparte may have taken in + the intrigues which preceded that day. He was officially characterised + only as secondary actor in the scene. The account of the affair which was + published announces that Barras was, on that very day, Commander-in-chief + of the Army of the Interior, and Bonaparte second in command. Bonaparte + drew up that account. The whole of the manuscript was in his handwriting, + and it exhibits all the peculiarity of his style and orthography. He sent + me a copy. + </p> + <p> + Those who read the bulletin of the 13th Vendemiaire, cannot fail to + observe the care which Bonaparte took to cast the reproach of shedding the + first blood on the men he calls rebels. He made a great point of + representing his adversaries as the aggressors. It is certain he long + regretted that day. He often told me that he would give years of his life + to blot it out from the page of his history. He was convinced that the + people of Paris were dreadfully irritated against him, and he would have + been glad if Barras had never made that Speech in the Convention, with the + part of which, complimentary to himself, he was at the time so well + pleased. Barras said, "It is to his able and prompt dispositions that we + are indebted for the defence of this assembly, around which he had posted + the troops with so much skill." This is perfectly true, but it is not + always agreeable that every truth should be told. Being out of Paris, and + a total stranger to this affair, I know not how far he was indebted for + his success to chance, or to his own exertions, in the part assigned to + him by the miserable Government which then oppressed France. He + represented himself only as secondary actor in this sanguinary scene in + which Barras made him his associate. He sent to me, as already mentioned, + an account of the transaction, written entirely in his own hand, and + distinguished by all the peculiarities of his style and orthography. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte, in a note on this peerage, insinuates that the + account of the 13th Vendemiaire was never sent to Sens, but was + abstracted by Bourrienne, with other documents, from Napoleon's + Cabinet (Erreurs, tome i. p. 239).]— +</pre> + <p> + "On the 13th," says Bonaparte, "at five o'clock in the morning, the + representative of the people, Barras, was appointed Commander-in-chief of + the Army of the Interior, and General Bonaparte was nominated second in + command. + </p> + <p> + "The artillery for service on the frontier was still at the camp of + Sablons, guarded solely by 150 men; the remainder was at Marly with 200 + men. The depot of Meudon was left unprotected. There were at the Feuillans + only a few four-pounders without artillerymen, and but 80,000 cartridges. + The victualling depots were dispersed throughout Paris. In many Sections + the drums beat to arms; the Section of the Theatre Francais had advanced + posts even as far as the Pont Neuf, which it had barricaded. + </p> + <p> + "General Barras ordered the artillery to move immediately from the camp of + Sablons to the Tuileries, and selected the artillerymen from the + battalions of the 89th regiment, and from the gendarmerie, and placed them + at the Palace; sent to Meudon 200 men of the police legion whom he brought + from Versailles, 50 cavalry, and two companies of veterans; he ordered the + property which was at Marly to be conveyed to Meudon; caused cartridges to + be brought there, and established a workshop at that place for the + manufacture of more. He secured means for the subsistence of the army and + of the Convention for many days, independently of the depots which were in + the Sections. + </p> + <p> + "General Verdier, who commanded at the Palais National, exhibited great + coolness; he was required not to suffer a shot to be fired till the last + extremity. In the meantime reports reached him from all quarters + acquainting him that the Sections were assembled in arms, and had formed + their columns. He accordingly arrayed his troops so as to defend the + Convention, and his artillery was in readiness to repulse the rebels. His + cannon was planted at the Feuillans to fire down the Rue Honore. + Eight-pounders were pointed at every opening, and in the event of any + mishap, General Verdier had cannon in reserve to fire in flank upon the + column which should have forced a passage. He left in the Carrousel three + howitzers (eight-pounders) to batter down the houses from which the + Convention might be fired upon. At four o'clock the rebel columns marched + out from every street to unite their forces. It was necessary to take + advantage of this critical moment to attack the insurgents, even had they + been regular troops. But the blood about to flow was French; it was + therefore for these misguided people, already guilty of rebellion, to + embrue their hands in the blood of their countrymen by striking the first + blow. + </p> + <p> + "At a quarter before five o'clock the insurgents had formed. The attack + was commenced by them on all sides. They were everywhere routed. French + blood was spilled: the crime, as well as the disgrace, fell this day upon + the Sections. + </p> + <p> + "Among the dead were everywhere to be recognized emigrants, landowners, + and nobles; the prisoners consisted for the most part of the 'chouans' of + Charette. + </p> + <p> + "Nevertheless the Sections did not consider themselves beaten: they took + refuge in the church of St. Roch, in the theatre of the Republic, and in + the Palais Egalite; and everywhere they were heard furiously exciting the + inhabitants to arms. To spare the blood which would have been shed the + next day it was necessary that no time should be given them to rally, but + to follow them with vigour, though without incurring fresh hazards. The + General ordered Montchoisy, who commanded a reserve at the Place de la + Resolution, to form a column with two twelve-pounders, to march by the + Boulevard in order to turn the Place Vendome, to form a junction with the + picket stationed at headquarters, and to return in the same order of + column. + </p> + <p> + "General Brune, with two howitzers, deployed in the streets of St. Nicaise + and St. Honore. General Cartaux sent two hundred men and a four-pounder of + his division by the Rue St. Thomas-du-Louvre to debouch in the square of + the Palais Egalite. General Bonaparte, who had his horse killed under him, + repaired to the Feuillans. + </p> + <p> + "The columns began to move, St. Roch and the theatre of the Republic were + taken, by assault, when the rebels abandoned them, and retreated to the + upper part of the Rue de la Loi, and barricaded themselves on all sides. + Patrols were sent thither, and several cannon-shots were fired during the + night, in order to prevent them from throwing up defences, which object + was effectually accomplished. + </p> + <p> + "At daybreak, the General having learned that some students from the St. + Genevieve side of the river were marching with two pieces of cannon to + succour the rebels, sent a detachment of dragoons in pursuit of them, who + seized the cannon and conducted them to the Tuileries. The enfeebled + Sections, however, still showed a front. They had barricaded the Section + of Grenelle, and placed their cannon in the principal streets. At nine + o'clock General Beruyer hastened to form his division in battle array in + the Place Vendome, marched with two eight-pounders to the Rue des + Vieux-Augustins, and pointed them in the direction of the Section Le + Pelletier. General Vachet, with a corps of 'tirailleurs', marched on his + right, ready to advance to the Place Victoire. General Brune marched to + the Perron, and planted two howitzers at the upper end of the Rue + Vivienne. General Duvigier, with his column of six hundred men, and two + twelve-pounders, advanced to the streets of St. Roch and Montmartre. The + Sections lost courage with the apprehension of seeing their retreat cut + off, and evacuated the post at the sight of our soldiers, forgetting the + honour of the French name which they had to support. The Section of Brutus + still caused some uneasiness. The wife of a representative had been + arrested there. General Duvigier was ordered to proceed along the + Boulevard as far as the Rue Poissonniere. General Beruyer took up a + position at the Place Victoire, and General Bonaparte occupied the + Pont-au-Change. + </p> + <p> + "The Section of Brutus was surrounded, and the troops advanced upon the + Place de Greve, where the crowd poured in from the Isle St. Louis, from + the Theatre Francais, and from the Palace. Everywhere the patriots had + regained their courage, while the poniards of the emigrants, armed against + us, had disappeared. The people universally admitted their error. + </p> + <p> + "The next day the two Sections of Les Pelletier and the Theatre Francais + were disarmed." + </p> + <p> + The result of this petty civil war brought Bonaparte forward; but the + party he defeated at that period never pardoned him for the past, and that + which he supported dreaded him in the future. Five years after he will be + found reviving the principles which he combated on the 5th of October + 1795. On being appointed, on the motion of Barras, Lieutenant-General of + the Army of the Interior, he established his headquarters in the Rue Neuve + des Capucines. The statement in the 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', that + after the 13th Brumaire he remained unemployed at Paris, is therefore + obviously erroneous. So far from this, he was incessantly occupied with + the policy of the nation, and with his own fortunes. Bonaparte was in + constant, almost daily, communication with every one then in power, and + knew how to profit by all he saw or heard. + </p> + <p> + To avoid returning to this 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', which at the + period of its appearance attracted more attention than it deserved, and + which was very generally attributed to Bonaparte, I shall here say a few + words respecting it. I shall briefly repeat what I said in a note when my + opinion was asked, under high authority, by a minister of Louis XVIII. + </p> + <p> + No reader intimately acquainted with public affairs can be deceived by the + pretended authenticity of this pamphlet. What does it contain? Facts + perverted and heaped together without method, and related in an obscure, + affected, and ridiculously sententious style. Besides what appears in it, + but which is badly placed there, it is impossible not to remark the + omission of what should necessarily be there, were Napoleon the author. It + is full of absurd and of insignificant gossip, of thoughts Napoleon never + had, expressions unknown to him, and affectations far removed from his + character. With some elevated ideas, more than one style and an equivocal + spirit can be seen in it. Professed coincidences are put close to + unpardonable anachronisms, and to the most absurd revelations. It contains + neither his thoughts, his style, his actions, nor his life. Some truths + are mimed up with an inconceivable mass of falsehoods. Some forms of + expression used by Bonaparte are occasionally met with, but they are + awkwardly introduced, and often with bad taste. + </p> + <p> + It has been reported that the pamphlet was written by M. Bertrand, + formerly an officer of the army of the Vistula, and a relation of the + Comte de Simeon, peer of France. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —['Manuscrit de Sainte Helene d'une maniere inconnue', London. + Murray; Bruxelles, De Mat, 20 Avril 1817. This work merits a note. + Metternich (vol, i. pp. 312-13) says, "At the time when it appeared + the manuscript of St. Helena made a great impression upon Europe. + This pamphlet was generally regarded as a precursor of the memoirs + which Napoleon was thought to be writing in his place of exile. The + report soon spread that the work was conceived and executed by + Madame de Stael. Madame de Stael, for her part, attributed it to + Benjamin Constant, from whom she was at this time separated by some + disagreement." Afterwards it came to be known that the author was + the Marquis Lullin de Chateauvieux, a man in society, whom no one + had suspected of being able to hold a pen: Jomini (tome i. p. 8 + note) says. "It will be remarked that in the course of this work + [his life of Napoleon] the author has used some fifty pages of the + pretended 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene'. Far from wishing to commit + a plagiarism, he considers he ought to render this homage to a + clever and original work, several false points of view in which, + however, he has combated. It would have been easy for him to + rewrite these pages in other terms, but they appeared to him to be + so well suited to the character of Napoleon that he has preferred to + preserve them." In the will of Napoleon occurs (see end of this + work): "I disavow the 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', and the other + works under the title of Maxims, Sentences, etc., which they have + been pleased to publish during the last six years. Such rules are + not those which have guided my life: This manuscript must not be + confused with the 'Memorial of Saint Helena'.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> + + 1795-1797 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + On my return to Paris I meet Bonaparte—His interview with Josephine + —Bonaparte's marriage, and departure from Paris ten days after— + Portrait and character of Josephine—Bonaparte's dislike of national + property—Letter to Josephine—Letter of General Colli, and + Bonaparte's reply—Bonaparte refuses to serve with Kellerman— + Marmont's letters—Bonaparte's order to me to join the army—My + departure from Sens for Italy—Insurrection of the Venetian States. +</pre> + <p> + After the 13th Vendemiaire I returned to Paris from Sens. During the short + time I stopped there I saw Bonaparte less frequently than formerly. I had, + however, no reason to attribute this to anything but the pressure of + public business with which he was now occupied. When I did meet him it was + most commonly at breakfast or dinner. One day he called my attention to a + young lady who sat opposite to him, and asked what I thought of her. The + way in which I answered his question appeared to give him much pleasure. + He then talked a great deal to me about her, her family, and her amiable + qualities; he told me that he should probably marry her, as he was + convinced that the union would make him happy. I also gathered from his + conversation that his marriage with the young widow would probably assist + him in gaining the objects of his ambition. His constantly-increasing + influence with her had already brought him into contact with the most + influential persons of that epoch. He remained in Paris only ten days + after his marriage, which took place on the 9th of March 1796. It was a + union in which great harmony prevailed, notwithstanding occasional slight + disagreements. Bonaparte never, to my knowledge, caused annoyance to his + wife. Madame Bonaparte possessed personal graces and many good qualities. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["Eugène was not more than fourteen years of age when he ventured + to introduce himself to General Bonaparte, for the purpose of + soliciting his father's sword, of which he understood the General + had become possessed. The countenance, air, and frank manner of + Eugène pleased Bonaparte, and he immediately granted him the boon he + sought. As soon as the sword was placed in the boy's hands he + burst into tears, and kissed it. This feeling of affection for his + father's memory, and the natural manner in which it was evinced, + increased the interest of Bonaparte in his young visitor. Madame de + Beauharnais, on learning the kind reception which the General had + given her son, thought it her duty to call and thank him. Bonaparte + was much pleased with Josephine on this first interview, and he + returned her visit. The acquaintance thus commenced speedily led to + their marriage."—Constant]— + + —[Bonaparte himself, at St. Helena, says that he first met + Josephine at Barras' (see Iung's Bonaparte, tome iii. p. 116).]— + + —["Neither of his wives had ever anything to complain of from + Napoleon's personal manners" (Metternich, vol. 1 p. 279).]— + + —[Madame de Rémusat, who, to paraphrase Thiers' saying on + Bourrienne himself, is a trustworthy witness, for if she received + benefits from Napoleon they did not weigh on her, says, "However, + Napoleon had some affection for his first wife; and, in fact, if he + has at any time been touched, no doubt it has been only for her and + by her" (tome i. p. 113). "Bonaparte was young when he first knew + Madame de Beauharnais. In the circle where he met her she had a + great superiority by the name she bore and by the extreme elegance + of her manners. . . . In marrying Madame de Beauharnais, + Bonaparte believed he was allying himself to a very grand lady; thus + this was one more conquest" (p. 114). But in speaking of + Josephine's complaints to Napoleon of his love affairs, Madame de + Rémusat says, "Her husband sometimes answered by violences, the + excesses of which I do not dare to detail, until the moment when, + his new fancy having suddenly passed, he felt his tenderness for his + wife again renewed. Then he was touched by her sufferings, replaced + his insults by caresses which were hardly more measured than his + violences and, as she was gentle and untenacious, she fell back into + her feeling of security" (p. 206).]— + + —[Miot de Melito, who was a follower of Joseph Bonaparte, says, "No + woman has united so much kindness to so much natural grace, or has + done more good with more pleasure than she did. She honoured me + with her friendship, and the remembrance of the benevolence she has + shown me, to the last moment of her too short existence, will never + be effaced from my heart" (tome i. pp.101-2).]— + + —[Meneval, the successor of Bourrienne in his place of secretary to + Napoleon, and who remained attached to the Emperor until the end, + says of Josephine (tome i. p. 227), "Josephine was irresistibly + attractive. Her beauty was not regular, but she had 'La grace, plus + belle encore que la beaute', according to the good La Fontaine. She + had the soft abandonment, the supple and elegant movements, and the + graceful carelessness of the creoles.—(The reader must remember + that the term 'Creole' does not imply any taint of black blood, but + only that the person, of European family, has been born in the West + Indies.)—Her temper was always the same. She was gentle and + kind."]— +</pre> + <p> + I am convinced that all who were acquainted with her must have felt bound + to speak well of her; to few, indeed, did she ever give cause for + complaint. In the time of her power she did not lose any of her friends, + because she forgot none of them. Benevolence was natural to her, but she + was not always prudent in its exercise. Hence her protection was often + extended to persons who did not deserve it. Her taste for splendour and + expense was excessive. This proneness to luxury became a habit which + seemed constantly indulged without any motive. What scenes have I not + witnessed when the moment for paying the tradesmen's bills arrived! She + always kept back one-half of their claims, and the discovery of this + exposed her to new reproaches. How many tears did she shed which might + have been easily spared! + </p> + <p> + When fortune placed a crown on her head she told me that the event, + extraordinary as it was, had been predicted: It is certain that she put + faith in fortune-tellers. I often expressed to her my astonishment that + she should cherish such a belief, and she readily laughed at her own + credulity; but notwithstanding never abandoned it: The event had given + importance to the prophecy; but the foresight of the prophetess, said to + be an old regress, was not the less a matter of doubt. + </p> + <p> + Not long before the 13th of Vendemiaire, that day which opened for + Bonaparte his immense career, he addressed a letter to me at Sens, in + which, after some of his usually friendly expressions, he said, "Look out + a small piece of land in your beautiful valley of the Yonne. I will + purchase it as soon as I can scrape together the money. I wish to retire + there; but recollect that I will have nothing to do with national + property." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte left Paris on the 21st of March 1796, while I was still with my + guardians. He no sooner joined the French army than General Colli, then in + command of the Piedmontese army, transmitted to him the following letter, + which, with its answer, I think sufficiently interesting to deserve + preservation: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + GENERAL—I suppose that you are ignorant of the arrest of one of my + officers, named Moulin, the bearer of a flag of truce, who has been + detained for some days past at Murseco, contrary to the laws of war, + and notwithstanding an immediate demand for his liberation being + made by General Count Vital. His being a French emigrant cannot + take from him the rights of a flag of truce, and I again claim him + in that character. The courtesy and generosity which I have always + experienced from the generals of your nation induces me to hope that + I shall not make this application in vain; and it is with regret + that I mention that your chief of brigade, Barthelemy, who ordered + the unjust arrest of my flag of truce, having yesterday by the + chance of war fallen into my hands, that officer will be dealt with + according to the treatment which M. Moulin may receive. + + I most sincerely wish that nothing may occur to change the noble and + humane conduct which the two nations have hitherto been accustomed + to observe towards each other. I have the honour, etc., + (Signed) COLLI. + + CEVA. 17th April 1796. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte replied as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + GENERAL—An emigrant is a parricide whom no character can render + sacred. The feelings of honour, and the respect due to the French + people, were forgotten when M. Moulin was sent with a flag of truce. + You know the laws of war, and I therefore do not give credit to the + reprisals with which you threaten the chief of brigade, Barthelemy. + If, contrary to the laws of war, you authorise such an act of + barbarism, all the prisoners taken from you shall be immediately + made responsible for it with the most deplorable vengeance, for I + entertain for the officers of your nation that esteem which is due + to brave soldiers. +</pre> + <p> + The Executive Directory, to whom these letters were transmitted, approved + of the arrest of M. Moulin; but ordered that he should be securely + guarded, and not brought to trial, in consequence of the character with + which he had been invested. + </p> + <p> + About the middle of the year 1796 the Directory proposed to appoint + General Kellerman, who commanded the army of the Alps, second in command + of the army of Italy. + </p> + <p> + On the 24th of May 1796 Bonaparte wrote to, Carnot respecting, this plan, + which was far from being agreeable to him. He said, "Whether I shall be + employed here or anywhere else is indifferent to me: to serve the country, + and to merit from posterity a page in our history, is all my ambition. If + you join Kellerman and me in command in Italy you will undo everything. + General Kellerman has more experience than I, and knows how to make war + better than I do; but both together, we shall make it badly. I will not + willingly serve with a man who considers himself the first general in + Europe." + </p> + <p> + Numbers of letters from Bonaparte to his wife have been published. I + cannot deny their authenticity, nor is it my wish to do so. I will, + however, subjoin one which appears to me to differ a little from the rest. + It is less remarkable for exaggerated expressions of love, and a + singularly ambitious and affected style, than most of the correspondence + here alluded to. Bonaparte is announcing the victory of Arcola to + Josephine. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + VERONA, the 29th, noon. + + At length, my adored Josephine, I live again. Death is no longer + before me, and glory and honour are still in my breast. The enemy + is beaten at Arcola. To-morrow we will repair the blunder of + Vaubois, who abandoned Rivoli. In eight days Mantua will be ours, + and then thy husband will fold thee in his arms, and give thee a + thousand proofs of his ardent affection. I shall proceed to Milan + as soon as I can: I am a little fatigued. I have received letters + from Eugène and Hortense. I am delighted with the children. I will + send you their letters as soon as I am joined by my household, which + is now somewhat dispersed. + + We have made five thousand prisoners, and killed at least six + thousand of the enemy. Adieu, my adorable Josephine. Think of me + often. When you cease to love your Achilles, when your heart grows + cool towards him, you wilt be very cruel, very unjust. But I am + sure you will always continue my faithful mistress, as I shall ever + remain your fond lover ('tendre amie'). Death alone can break the + union which sympathy, love, and sentiment have formed. Let me have + news of your health. A thousand and a thousand kisses. +</pre> + <p> + It is impossible for me to avoid occasionally placing myself in the + foreground in the course of these Memoirs. I owe it to myself to answer, + though indirectly, to certain charges which, on various occasions, have + been made against me. Some of the documents which I am about to insert + belong, perhaps, less to the history of the General-in-Chief of the army + of-Italy than to that of his secretary; but I must confess I wish to show + that I was not an intruder, nor yet pursuing, as an obscure intriguer, the + path of fortune. I was influenced much more by friendship than by ambition + when I took a part on the scene where the rising-glory of the future + Emperor already shed a lustre on all who were attached to his destiny. It + will be seen by the following letters with what confidence I was then + honoured; but these letters, dictated by friendship, and not written for + history, speak also of our military achievements; and whatever brings to + recollection the events of that heroic period must still be interesting to + many. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS AT MILAN, + 20th Prairial, year IV. (8th June 1796). + + The General-in-Chief has ordered me, my dear Bourrienne, to make + known to you the pleasure he experienced on hearing of you, and his + ardent desire that you should join us. Take your departure, then, + my dear Bourrienne, and arrive quickly. You may be certain of + obtaining the testimonies of affection which are your due from all + who know you; and we much regret that you were not with us to have a + share in our success. The campaign which we have just concluded + will be celebrated in the records of history. With less than 30,000 + men, in a state of almost complete destitution, it is a fine thing + to have, in the course of less than two months, beaten, eight + different times, an army of from 65 to 70,000 men, obliged the King + of Sardinia to make a humiliating peace, and driven the Austrians + from Italy. The last victory, of which you have doubtless had an + account, the passage of the Mincio, has closed our labours. There + now remain for us the siege of Mantua and the castle of Milan; but + these obstacles will not detain us long. Adieu, my dear Bourrienne: + I repeat General Bonaparte's request that you should repair hither, + and the testimony of his desire to see you. + Receive, etc., (Signed) MARMONT. + Chief of Brigade (Artillery) and Aide de camp to the + General-in-Chief. +</pre> + <p> + I was obliged to remain at Sens, soliciting my erasure from the emigrant + list, which I did not obtain, however, till 1797, and to put an end to a + charge made against me of having fabricated a certificate of residence. + Meanwhile I applied myself to study, and preferred repose to the agitation + of camps. For these reasons I did not then accept his friendly invitation, + notwithstanding that I was very desirous of seeing my young college friend + in the midst of his astonishing triumphs. Ten months after, I received + another letter from Marmont, in the following terms:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS GORIZIA + 2d Germinal, year V. (22d March 1797). + + The General-in-Chief, my dear Bourrienne, has ordered me to express + to you his wish for your prompt arrival here. We have all along + anxiously desired to see you, and look forward with great pleasure + to the moment when we shall meet. I join with the General, my dear + Bourrienne, in urging you to join the army without loss of time. + You will increase a united family, happy to receive you into its + bosom. I enclose an order written by the General, which will serve + you as a passport. Take the post route and arrive as soon as you + can. We are on the point of penetrating into Germany. The language + is changing already, and in four days we shall hear no more Italian. + Prince Charles has been well beaten, and we are pursuing him. If + this campaign be fortunate, we may sign a peace, which is so + necessary for Europe, in Vienna. Adieu, my dear Bourrienne: reckon + for something the zeal of one who is much attached to you. + (Signed) MARMONT. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BONAPARTE, GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY. + + Headquarters, Gorizia, 2d Germinal, year V. + + The citizen Bourrienne is to come to me on receipt + of the present order. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + The odious manner in which I was then harassed, I know not why, on the + part of the Government respecting my certificate of residence, rendered my + stay in France not very agreeable. I was even threatened with being put on + my trial for having produced a certificate of residence which was alleged + to be signed by nine false witnesses. This time, therefore, I resolved + without hesitation to set out for the army. General Bonaparte's order, + which I registered at the municipality of Sens, answered for a passport, + which otherwise would probably have been refused me. I have always felt a + strong sense of gratitude for his conduct towards me on this occasion. + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding the haste I made to leave Sens, the necessary formalities + and precautions detained me some days, and at the moment I was about to + depart I received the following letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS, JUDENBOURG, + 19th Germinal, Year V. (8th April 1797). + + The General-in-Chief again orders me, my dear Bourrienne, to urge + you to come to him quickly. We are in the midst of success and + triumphs. The German campaign begins even more brilliantly than did + the Italian. You may judge, therefore, what a promise it holds out + to us. Come, my dear Bourrienne, immediately—yield to our + solicitations—share our pains and pleasures, and you will add to + our enjoyments. + + I have directed the courier to pass through Sens, that he may + deliver this letter to you, and bring me back your answer. + (Signed) MARMONT. +</pre> + <p> + To the above letter this order was subjoined: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The citizen Fauvelet de Bourrienne is ordered to leave Sens, and + repair immediately by post to the headquarters of the army of Italy. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + I arrived at the Venetian territory at the moment when the insurrection + against the French was on the point of breaking out. Thousands of peasants + were instigated to rise under the pretext of appeasing the troubles of + Bergamo and Brescia. I passed through Verona on the 16th of April, the eve + of the signature of the preliminaries of Leoben and of the revolt of + Verona. Easter Sunday was the day which the ministers of Jesus Christ + selected for preaching "that it was lawful, and even meritorious, to kill + Jacobins." Death to Frenchmen!—Death to Jacobins! as they called all + the French, were their rallying cries. At the time I had not the slightest + idea of this state of things, for I had left Sens only on the 11th of + April. + </p> + <p> + After stopping two hours at Verona, I proceeded on my journey without + being aware of the massacre which threatened that city. When about a + league from the town I was, however, stopped by a party of insurgents on + their way thither, consisting, as I estimated, of about two thousand men. + They only desired me to cry 'El viva Santo Marco', an order with which I + speedily complied, and passed on. What would have become of me had I been + in Verona on the Monday? On that day the bells were rung, while the French + were butchered in the hospitals. Every one met in the streets was put to + death. The priests headed the assassins, and more than four hundred + Frenchmen were thus sacrificed. The forts held out against the Venetians, + though they attacked them with fury; but repossession of the town was not + obtained until after ten days. On the very day of the insurrection of + Verona some Frenchmen were assassinated between that city and Vicenza, + through which I passed on the day before without danger; and scarcely had + I passed through Padua, when I learned that others had been massacred + there. Thus the assassinations travelled as rapidly as the post. + </p> + <p> + I shall say a few words respecting the revolt of the Venetian States, + which, in consequence of the difference of political opinions, has been + viewed in very contradictory lights. + </p> + <p> + The last days of Venice were approaching, and a storm had been brewing for + more than a year. About the beginning of April 1797 the threatening + symptoms of a general insurrection appeared. The quarrel commenced when + the Austrians entered Peschiera, and some pretext was also afforded by the + reception given to Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII. It was certain that + Venice had made military preparations during the siege of Mantua in 1796. + The interests of the aristocracy outweighed the political considerations + in our favour. On, the 7th of June 1796 General Bonaparte wrote thus to + the Executive Directory: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Senate of Venice lately sent two judges of their Council here to + ascertain definitively how things stand. I repeated my complaints. + I spoke to them about the reception given to Monsieur. Should it be + your plan to extract five or six millions from Venice, I have + expressly prepared this sort of rupture for you. If your intentions + be more decided, I think this ground of quarrel ought to be kept up. + Let me know what you mean to do, and wait till the favourable + moment, which I shall seize according to circumstances; for we must + not have to do with all the world at once. +</pre> + <p> + The Directory answered that the moment was not favourable; that it was + first necessary to take Mantua, and give Wurmser a sound beating. However, + towards the end of the year 1796 the Directory began to give more credit + to the sincerity of the professions of neutrality made on the part of + Venice. It was resolved, therefore, to be content with obtaining money and + supplies for the army, and to refrain from violating the neutrality. The + Directory had not then in reserve, like Bonaparte, the idea of making the + dismemberment of Venice serve as a compensation for such of the Austrian + possessions as the French Republic might retain. + </p> + <p> + In 1797 the expected favourable moment had arrived. The knell of Venice + was rung; and Bonaparte thus wrote to the Directory on the 30th of April: + "I am convinced that the only course to be now taken is to destroy this + ferocious and sanguinary Government." On the 3d of May, writing from Palma + Nuova, he says: "I see nothing that can be done but to obliterate the + Venetian name from the face of the globe." + </p> + <p> + Towards the end of March 1797 the Government of Venice was in a desperate + state. Ottolini, the Podesta of Bergamo, an instrument of tyranny in the + hands of the State inquisitors, then harassed the people of Bergamo and + Brescia, who, after the reduction of Mantua, wished to be separated from + Venice. He drew up, to be sent to the Senate, a long report respecting the + plans of separation, founded on information given him by a Roman advocate, + named Marcelin Serpini; who pretended to have gleaned the facts he + communicated in conversation with officers of the French army. The plan of + the patriotic party was, to unite the Venetian territories on the mainland + with Lombardy, and to form of the whole one republic. The conduct of + Ottolini exasperated the party inimical to Venice, and augmented the + prevailing discontent. Having disguised his valet as a peasant, he sent + him off to Venice with the report he had drawn up on Serpini's + communications, and other information; but this report never reached the + inquisitors. The valet was arrested, his despatches taken, and Ottolini + fled from Bergamo. This gave a beginning to the general rising of the + Venetian States. In fact, the force of circumstances alone brought on the + insurrection of those territories against their old insular government. + General La Hoz, who commanded the Lombard Legion, was the active protector + of the revolution, which certainly had its origin more in the progress of + the prevailing principles of liberty than in the crooked policy of the + Senate of Venice. Bonaparte, indeed, in his despatches to the Directory, + stated that the Senate had instigated the insurrection; but that was not + quite correct, and he could not wholly believe his own assertion. + </p> + <p> + Pending the vacillation of the Venetian Senate, Vienna was exciting the + population of its States on the mainland to rise against the French. The + Venetian Government had always exhibited an extreme aversion to the French + Revolution, which had been violently condemned at Venice. Hatred of the + French had been constantly excited and encouraged, and religious + fanaticism had inflamed many persons of consequence in the country. From + the end of 1796 the Venetian Senate secretly continued its armaments, and + the whole conduct of that Government announced intentions which have been + called perfidious, but the only object of which was to defeat intentions + still more perfidious. The Senate was the irreconcilable enemy of the + French Republic. Excitement was carried to such a point that in many + places the people complained that they were not permitted to arm against + the French. The Austrian generals industriously circulated the most + sinister reports respecting the armies of the Sombre-et-Meuse and the + Rhine, and the position of the French troops in the Tyrol. These + impostures, printed in bulletins, were well calculated to instigate the + Italians, and especially the Venetians, to rise in mass to exterminate the + French, when the victorious army should penetrate into the Hereditary + States. + </p> + <p> + The pursuit of the Archduke Charles into the heart of Austria encouraged + the hopes which the Venetian Senate had conceived, that it would be easy + to annihilate the feeble remnant of the French army, as the troops were + scattered through the States of Venice on the mainland. Wherever the + Senate had the ascendency, insurrection was secretly fomented; wherever + the influence of the patriots prevailed, ardent efforts were made to unite + the Venetian terra firma to the Lombard Republic. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte skillfully took advantage of the disturbances, and the massacres + consequent on them, to adopt towards the Senate the tone of an offended + conqueror. He published a declaration that the Venetian Government was the + most treacherous imaginable. The weakness and cruel hypocrisy of the + Senate facilitated the plan he had conceived of making a peace for France + at the expense of the Venetian Republic. On returning from Leoben, a + conqueror and pacificator, he, without ceremony, took possession of + Venice, changed the established government, and, master of all the + Venetian territory, found himself, in the negotiations of Campo Formio, + able to dispose of it as he pleased, as a compensation for the cessions + which had been exacted from Austria. After the 19th of May he wrote to the + Directory that one of the objects of his treaty with Venice was to avoid + bringing upon us the odium of violating the preliminaries relative to the + Venetian territory, and, at the same time, to afford pretexts and to + facilitate their execution. + </p> + <p> + At Campo Formio the fate of this republic was decided. It disappeared from + the number of States without effort or noise. The silence of its fall + astonished imaginations warmed by historical recollections from the + brilliant pages of its maritime glory. Its power, however, which had been + silently undermined, existed no longer except in the prestige of those + recollections. What resistance could it have opposed to the man destined + to change the face of all Europe? + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Signature of the preliminaries of peace—Fall of Venice—My arrival + and reception at Leoben—Bonaparte wishes to pursue his success— + The Directory opposes him—He wishes to advance on Vienna—Movement + of the army of the Sombre-et-Mouse—Bonaparte's dissatisfaction— + Arrival at Milan—We take up our residence at Montebello—Napoleon's + judgment respecting Dandolo and Melzi. +</pre> + <p> + I joined Bonaparte at Leoben on the 19th of April, the day after the + signature of the preliminaries of peace. These preliminaries resembled in + no respect the definitive treaty of Campo Formio. The still incomplete + fall of the State of Venice did not at that time present an available prey + for partition. All was arranged afterwards. Woe to the small States that + come in immediate contact with two colossal empires waging war! + </p> + <p> + Here terminated my connection with Bonaparte as a comrade and equal, and + those relations with him commenced in which I saw him suddenly great, + powerful, and surrounded with homage and glory. I no longer addressed him + as I had been accustomed to do. I appreciated too well his personal + importance. His position placed too great a social distance between him + and me not to make me feel the necessity of fashioning my demeanour + accordingly. I made with pleasure, and without regret, the easy sacrifice + of the style of familiar companionship and other little privileges. He + said, in a loud voice, when I entered the salon where he was surrounded by + the officers who formed his brilliant staff, "I am glad to see you, at + last"—"Te voila donc, enfin;", but as soon as we were alone he made + me understand that he was pleased with my reserve, and thanked me for it. + I was immediately placed at the head of his Cabinet. I spoke to him the + same evening respecting the insurrection of the Venetian territories, of + the dangers which menaced the French, and of those which I had escaped, + etc. "Care thou' nothing about it," said he; + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[He used to 'tutoyer' me in this familiar manner until his return + to Milan.]— +</pre> + <p> + "those rascals shall pay for it. Their republic has had its day, and is + done." This republic was, however, still existing, wealthy and powerful. + These words brought to my recollection what I had read in a work by one + Gabriel Naude, who wrote during the reign of Louis XIII. for Cardinal de + Bagin: "Do you see Constantinople, which flatters itself with being the + seat of a double empire; and Venice, which glories in her stability of a + thousand years? Their day will come." + </p> + <p> + In the first conversation which Bonaparte had with me, I thought I could + perceive that he was not very well satisfied with the preliminaries. He + would have liked to advance with his army to Vienna. He did not conceal + this from me. Before he offered peace to Prince Charles, he wrote to the + Directory that he intended to pursue his success, but that for this + purpose he reckoned on the co-operation of the armies of the + Sambre-et-Meuse and the Rhine. The Directory replied that he must not + reckon on a diversion in Germany, and that the armies of the + Sambre-et-Meuse and the Rhine were not to pass that river. A resolution so + unexpected—a declaration so contrary to what he had constantly + solicited, compelled him to terminate his triumphs, and renounce his + favourite project of planting the standard of the republic on the ramparts + of Vienna, or at least of levying contributions on the suburbs of that + capital. + </p> + <p> + A law of the 23d of August 1794 forbade the use of any other names than + those in the register of births. I wished to conform to this law, which + very foolishly interfered with old habits. My eldest brother was living, + and I therefore designated myself Fauvelet the younger. This annoyed + General Bonaparte. "Such change of name is absolute nonsense," said he. "I + have known you for twenty years by the name of Bourrienne. Sign as you + still are named, and see what the advocates with their laws will do." + </p> + <p> + On the 20th of April, as Bonaparte was returning to Italy, he was obliged + to stop on an island of the Tagliamento, while a torrent passed by, which + had been occasioned by a violent storm. A courier appeared on the right + bank of the river. He reached the island. Bonaparte read in the despatches + of the Directory that the armies of the Sambre-et-Meuse and the Rhine were + in motion; that they were preparing to cross the Rhine, and had commenced + hostilities on the very day of the signing of the preliminaries. This + information arrived seven days after the Directory had written that "he + must not reckon on the co-operation of the armies of Germany." It is + impossible to describe the General's vexation on reading these despatches. + He had signed the preliminaries only because the Government had + represented the co-operation of the armies of the Rhine as impracticable + at that moment, and shortly afterwards he was informed that the + co-operation was about to take place! The agitation of his mind was so + great that he for a moment conceived the idea of crossing to the left bank + of the Tagliamento, and breaking off the negotiations under some pretext + or other. He persisted for some time in this resolution, which, however, + Berthier and some other generals successfully opposed. He exclaimed, "What + a difference would there have been in the preliminaries, if, indeed, there + had been any!" + </p> + <p> + His chagrin, I might almost say his despair, increased when, some days + after his entry into the Venetian States, he received a letter from + Moreau, dated the 23d of April, in which that general informed him that, + having passed the Rhine on the 20th with brilliant success, and taken four + thousand prisoners, it would not be long before he joined him. Who, in + fact, can say what would have happened but for the vacillating and + distrustful policy of the Directory, which always encouraged low + intrigues, and participated in the jealousy excited by the renown of the + young conqueror? Because the Directory dreaded his ambition they + sacrificed the glory of our arms and the honour of the nation; for it + cannot be doubted that, had the passage of the Rhine, so urgently demanded + by Bonaparte, taken place some days sooner, he would have been able, + without incurring any risk, to dictate imperiously the conditions of peace + on the spot; or, if Austria were obstinate, to have gone on to Vienna and + signed it there. Still occupied with this idea, he wrote to the Directory + on the 8th of May: "Since I have received intelligence of the passage of + the Rhine by Hoche and Moreau, I much regret that it did not take place + fifteen days sooner; or, at least, that Moreau did not say that he was in + a situation to effect it." (He had been informed to the contrary.) What, + after this, becomes of the unjust reproach against Bonaparte of having, + through jealousy of Moreau, deprived France of the advantages which a + prolonged campaign would have procured her? Bonaparte was too devoted to + the glory of France to sacrifice it to jealousy of the glory of any + individual. + </p> + <p> + In traversing the Venetian States to return to Milan, he often spoke to me + of Venice. He always assured me that he was originally entirely + unconnected with the insurrections which had agitated that country; that + common sense would show, as his project was to advance into the basin of + the Danube, he had no interest in having his rear disturbed by revolts, + and his communications interrupted or cut off: "Such an idea," said he, + "would be absurd, and could never enter into the mind of a man to whom + even his enemies cannot deny a certain degree of tact." He acknowledged + that he was not vexed that matters had turned out as they had done, + because he had already taken advantage of these circumstances in the + preliminaries and hoped to profit still more from them in the definitive + peace. "When I arrive at Milan," said he, "I will occupy myself with + Venice." It is therefore quite evident to me that in reality the + General-in-Chief had nothing to do with the Venetian insurrections; that + subsequently he was not displeased with them; and that, later still, he + derived great advantage from them. + </p> + <p> + We arrived at Milan on the 5th of May, by way of Lawbook, Thrust, + Palma-Nova, Padua, Verona, and Mantua. Bonaparte soon took up his + residence at Montebello, a very fine chateau, three leagues from Milan, + with a view over the rich and magnificent plains of Lombard. At Montebello + commenced the negotiations for the definitive peace which were terminated + at Passeriano. The Marquis de Gallo, the Austrian plenipotentiary, resided + half a league from Montebello. + </p> + <p> + During his residence at Montebello the General-in-Chief made an excursion + to the Lake of Como and to the Ago Maguire. He visited the Borromean + Islands in succession, and occupied himself on his return with the + organization of the towns of Venice, Genoa, and Milan. He sought for men + and found none. "Good God," said he, "how rare men are! There are eighteen + millions in Italy, and I have with difficulty found two, Dandolo and + Melzi." + </p> + <p> + He appreciated them properly. Dandolo was one of the men who, in those + revolutionary times, reflected the greatest honour upon Italy. After being + a member of the great council of the Cisalpine Republic, he exercised the + functions of Proveditore-General in Dalmatia. It is only necessary to + mention the name of Dandolo to the Dalmatians to learn from the grateful + inhabitants how just and vigorous his administration was. The services of + Melzi are known. He was Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of the Italian + monarchy, and was created Duke of Lodi. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Francesco, Comte de Melzi d'Eryl (1753-1816), vice President of + the Italian Republic, 1802; Chancellor of the Kingdom of Italy, + 1805; Duc de Loth, 1807.]— +</pre> + <p> + In those who have seen the world the truth of Napoleon's reproach excites + little astonishment. In a country which, according to biographies and + newspapers, abounds with extraordinary men, a woman of much talent—(Madame + Roland.)—said, "What has most surprised me, since the elevation of + my husband has afforded me the opportunity of knowing many persons, and + particularly those employed in important affairs, is the universal + mediocrity which exists. It surpasses all that the imagination can + conceive, and it is observable in all ranks, from the clerk to the + minister. Without this experience I never could have believed my species + to be so contemptible." + </p> + <p> + Who does not remember Oxenstiern's remark to his son, who trembled at + going so young to the congress of Munster: "Go, my son. You will see by + what sort of men the world is governed." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Napoleon's correspondence—Release of French prisoners at Olmutz— + Negotiations with Austria—Bonaparte's dissatisfaction—Letter of + complaint from Bonaparte to the Executive Directory—Note respecting + the affairs of Venice and the Club of Clichy, written by Bonaparte + and circulated in the army—Intercepted letter of the Emperor + Francis. +</pre> + <p> + During the time when the preliminaries of Leoben suspended military + operations, Napoleon was not anxious to reply immediately to all letters. + He took a fancy to do, not exactly as Cardinal Dubois did, when he threw + into the fire the letters he had received, saying, "There! my + correspondents are answered," but something of the same kind. To satisfy + himself that people wrote too much, and lost, in trifling and useless + answers, valuable time, he told me to open only the letters which came by + extraordinary couriers, and to leave all the rest for three weeks in the + basket. At the end of that time it was unnecessary to reply to four-fifths + of these communications. Some were themselves answers; some were + acknowledgments of letters received; others contained requests for favours + already granted, but of which intelligence had not been received. Many + were filled with complaints respecting provisions, pay, or clothing, and + orders had been issued upon all these points before the letters were + written. Some generals demanded reinforcements, money, promotion, etc. By + not opening their letters Bonaparte was spared the unpleasing office of + refusing. When the General-in-Chief compared the very small number of + letters which it was necessary to answer with the large number which time + alone had answered, he laughed heartily at his whimsical idea. Would not + this mode of proceeding be preferable to that of causing letters to be + opened by any one who may be employed, and replying to them by a circular + to which it is only necessary to attach a date? + </p> + <p> + During the negotiations which followed the treaty of Leoben, the Directory + ordered General Bonaparte to demand the liberty of MM. de La Fayette, + Latour-Marbourg, and Bureau de Puzy, detained at Olmutz since 1792 as + prisoners of state. The General-in-Chief executed this commission with as + much pleasure as zeal, but he often met with difficulties which appeared + to be insurmountable. It has been very incorrectly stated that these + prisoners obtained their liberty by one of the articles of the + preliminaries of Leoben. I wrote a great deal on this subject to the + dictation of General Bonaparte, and I joined him only on the day after the + signature of these preliminaries. It was not till the end of May of the + year 1797 that the liberation of these captives was demanded, and they did + not obtain their freedom till the end of August. There was no article in + the treaty, public or secret, which had reference to them. Neither was it + at his own suggestion that Bonaparte demanded the enlargement of the + prisoners, but by order of the Directory. To explain why they did not go + to France immediately after their liberation from Olmutz, it is necessary + to recollect that the events of the 18th Fructidor occurred between the + period when the first steps were taken to procure their liberty and the + date of their deliverance. It required all Bonaparte's ascendency and + vigour of character to enable him to succeed in his object at the end of + three months. + </p> + <p> + We had arrived at the month of July, and the negotiations were tediously + protracted. It was impossible to attribute the embarrassment which was + constantly occurring to anything but the artful policy of Austria: Other + affairs occupied Bonaparte. The news from Paris engrossed all his + attention. He saw with extreme displeasure the manner in which the + influential orators of the councils, and pamphlets written in the same + spirit as they spoke, criticised him, his army, his victories, the affairs + of Venice, and the national glory. He was quite indignant at the + suspicions which it was sought to create respecting his conduct and + ulterior views. + </p> + <p> + The following excerpts, attributed to the pens of Dumouriez or Rivarol, + are specimens of some of the comments of the time: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + EXTRACTS OF LETTERS IN "LE SPECTATUER DU NORD" of 1797. + + General Bonaparte is, without contradiction, the most brilliant + warrior who has appeared at the head of the armies of the French + Republic. His glory is incompatible with democratic equality, and + the services he has rendered are too great to be recompensed except + by hatred and ingratitude. He is very young, and consequently has + to pursue a long career of accusations and of persecutions. + + ........Whatever may be the crowning event of his military career, + Bonaparte is still a great man. All his glory is due to himself + alone; because he alone has developed a character and a genius of + which no one else has furnished an example. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + EXTRACT OF LETTER OR 18TH APRIL 1797 in "THE SPECTATEUR DU NORD." + + Regard, for instance, this wretched war. Uncertain in Champagne, it + becomes daring under Dumouriez, unbridled under the brigands who + fought the Vendeeans, methodic under Pichegru, vulgar under Jourdan, + skilled under Moreau, rash under Bonaparte. Each general has put + the seal of his genius on his career, and has given life or death to + his army. From the commencement of his career Bonaparte has + developed an ardent character which is irritated by obstacles, and a + quickness which forestalls every determination of the enemy. It is + with heavier and heavier blows that, he strikes. He throws his army + on the enemy like an unloosed torrent. He is all action, and he is + so in everything. See him fight, negotiate, decree, punish, all is + the matter of a moment. He compromises with Turin as with Rome. He + invades Modena as he burns Binasco. He never hesitates; to cut the + Gordian knot is always his method. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte could not endure to have his conduct predicated; and enraged at + seeing his campaigns depreciated, his glory and that of his army + disparaged, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The extraordinary folly of the opposition to the Directory in + throwing Bonaparte on to the side of the Directory, will be seen by + reading the speech of Dumolard, so often referred to by Bourrienne + (Thiers, vol. v. pp. 110-111), and by the attempts of Mathieu Dumas + to remove the impression that the opposition slighted the fortunate + General. (See Dumas, tome iii. p. 80; see also Lanfrey, tome i. + pp. 257-299).]— +</pre> + <p> + and intrigues formed against him in the Club of Clichy, he wrote the + following letter to the Directory:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORY. + + I have just received, Citizens-Directors, a copy of the motion of + Dumolard (23d June 1797). + + This motion, printed by order of the Assembly, it is evident, is + directed against me. I was entitled, after, having five times + concluded peace, and given a death-blow to the coalition, if not to + civic triumphs, at least to live tranquilly under the protection of + the first magistrates of the Republic. At present I find myself + ill-treated, persecuted, and disparaged, by every shameful means, + which their policy brings to the aid of persecution. I would have + been indifferent to all except that species of opprobrium with which + the first magistrates of the Republic endeavour to overwhelm me. + After having deserved well of my country by my last act, I am not + bound to hear myself accused in a manner as absurd as atrocious. + I have not expected that a manifesto, signed by emigrants, paid by + England, should obtain more credit with the Council of Five Hundred + than the evidence of eighty thousand men—than mine! What! we were + assassinated by traitors—upwards of four hundred men perished; and + the first magistrates of the Republic make it a crime to have + believed the statement for a moment. Upwards of four hundred + Frenchmen were dragged through the streets. They were assassinated + before the eyes of the governor of the fort. They were pierced with + a thousand blows of stilettos, such as I sent you and the + representatives of the French people cause it to be printed, that if + they believed this fact for an instant, they were excusable. I know + well there are societies where it is said, "Is this blood, then, so + pure?" + + If only base men, who are dead to the feeling of patriotism and + national glory, had spoken of me thus, I would not have complained. + I would have disregarded it; but I have a right to complain of the + degradation to which the first magistrates of the Republic reduce + those who have aggrandised, and carried the French name to so high a + pitch of glory. Citizens-Directors, I reiterate the demand I made + for my dismissal; I wish to live in tranquillity, if the poniards of + Clichy will allow me to live. You have employed me in negotiations. + I am not very fit to conduct them. +</pre> + <p> + About the same time he drew up the following note respecting the affairs + of Venice, which was printed without the author's name, and circulated + through the whole army:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + NOTE. + + Bonaparte, pausing before the gates of Turin, Parma, Rome, and + Vienna, offering peace when he was sure of obtaining nothing but + fresh triumphs—Bonaparte, whose every operation exhibits respect + for religion, morality, and old age; who, instead of heaping, as he + might have done, dishonour upon the Venetians, and humbling their + republic to the earth, loaded her with acts of kindness, and took + such great interest in her glory—is this the same Bonaparte who is + accused of destroying the ancient Government of Venice, and + democratising Genoa, and even of interfering in the affairs of the + prudent and worthy people of the Swiss Cantons? Bonaparte had + passed the Tagliamento, and entered Germany, when insurrections + broke out in the Venetian States; these insurrections were, + therefore, opposed to Bonaparte's project; surely, then, he could + not favour them. When he was in the heart of Germany the Venetians + massacred more than four hundred French troops, drove their quarters + out of Verona, assassinated the unfortunate Laugier, and presented + the spectacle of a fanatical party in arms. He returned to Italy; + and on his arrival, as the winds cease their agitation at the + presence of Neptune, the whole of Italy, which was in commotion, + which was in arms, was restored to order. + + However, the deputies from Bonaparte drew up different articles + conformable to the situation of the country, and in order to + prevent, not a revolution in the Government, for the Government was + defunct, and had died a natural death, but a crisis, and to save the + city from convulsion, anarchy, and pillage. Bonaparte spared a + division of his army to save Venice from pillage and massacre. All + the battalions were in the streets of Venice, the disturbers were + put down, and the pillage discontinued. Property and trade were + preserved, when General Baragney d'Hilliers entered Venice with his + division. Bonaparte, as usual, spared blood, and was the protector + of Venice. Whilst the French troops remained they conducted + themselves peaceably, and only interfered to support the provisional + Government. + + Bonaparte could not say to the deputies of Venice, who came to ask + his protection and assistance against the populace, who wished to + plunder them, "I cannot meddle with your affairs." He could not say + this, for Venice, and all its territories, had really formed the + theatre of war; and, being in the rear of the army of Italy, the + Republic of Venice was really under the jurisdiction of that army. + The rights of war confer upon a general the powers of supreme police + over the countries which are the seat of war. As the great + Frederick said, "There are no neutrals where there is war." + Ignorant advocates and babblers have asked, in the Club of Clichy, + why we occupy the territory of Venice. These declaimers should + learn war, and they would know that the Adige, the Brenta, and the + Tagliamento, where we have been fighting for two years, are within + the Venetian States. But, gentlemen of Clichy, we are at no loss to + perceive your meaning. You reproach the army of Italy for having + surmounted all difficulties—for subduing all Italy for having twice + passed the Alps—for having marched on Vienna, and obliged Austria + to acknowledge the Republic that, you, men of Clichy, would destroy. + You accuse Bonaparte, I see clearly, for having brought about peace. + But I know you, and I speak in the name of eighty thousand soldiers. + The time is gone when base advocates and wretched declaimers could + induce soldiers to revolt. If, however, you compel them, the + soldiers of the army of Italy will soon appear at the Barrier of + Clichy, with their General. But woe unto you if they do! + + Bonaparte having arrived at Palma-Nova, issued a manifesto on the 2d + of May 1797. Arrived at Mestre, where he posted his troops, the + Government sent three deputies to him, with a decree of the Great + Council, without Bonaparte having solicited it and without his + having thought of making any change in the Government of that + country: The governor of Venice was an old man, ninety-nine years-of + age, confined by illness to his apartment. Everyone felt the + necessity of renovating this Government of twelve hundred years' + existence, and to simplify its machinery, in order to preserve its + independence, honour, and glory. It was necessary to deliberate, + first, on the manner of renovating the Government; secondly, on the + means of atoning for the massacre of the French, the iniquity of + which every one was sensible.. + + Bonaparte, after having received the deputation at Mestre, told them + that in order to obtain satisfaction, for the assassination of his + brethren is arms, he wished the Great Council to arrest the + inquisitors. He afterwards granted them an armistice, and appointed + Milan as the place of conference. The deputies arrived at Milan on + the . . . A negotiation commenced to re-establish harmony between + the Governments. However, anarchy, with all its horrors, afflicted + the city of Venice. Ten thousand Sclavonians threatened to pillage + the shops. Bonaparte acquiesced in the proposition submitted by the + deputies, who promised to verify the loss which had been sustained + by pillage. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte also addressed a manifesto to the Doge, which appeared in all + the public papers. It contained fifteen articles of complaint, and was + followed by a decree ordering the French Minister to leave Venice, the + Venetian agents to leave Lombard, and the Lion of St. Mark to be pulled + down in all the Continental territories of Venice. + </p> + <p> + The General-in-Chief now openly manifested his resolution of marching on + Paris; and this disposition, which was well known in the army, was soon + communicated to Vienna. At this period a letter from the Emperor Francis + II. to his brother, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, was intercepted by + Bonaparte. I translated the letter, which proved to him that Francis II. + was acquainted with his project. He likewise saw with pleasure the + assurances which the Emperor gave his brother of his love of peace, as + well as the wavering of the imperial resolves, and the incertitude + respecting the fate of the Italian princes, which the Emperor easily + perceived to depend on Bonaparte. The Emperor's letter was as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MY DEAR BROTHER—I punctually received your third letter, containing + a description of your unhappy and delicate situation. You may be + assured that I perceive it as clearly as you do yourself; and I pity + you the more because, in truth, I do not know what advice to give + you. You are, like me, the victim of the former inactivity of the + princes of Italy, who ought, at once, to have acted with all their + united forces, while I still possessed Mantua. If Bonaparte's + project be, as I learn, to establish republics in Italy, this is + likely to end in spreading republicanism over the whole country. I + have already commenced negotiations for peace, and the preliminaries + are ratified. If the French observe them as strictly as I do, and + will do, then your situation will be improved; but already the + French are beginning to disregard them. The principal problem which + remains to be solved is, whether the French Directory approve of + Bonaparte's proceedings, and whether the latter, as appears by some + papers distributed through his army, is not disposed to revolt + against his country, which also seems to be probable, from his + severe conduct towards Switzerland, notwithstanding the assurances + of the Directory, that he had been ordered to leave the country + untouched. If this should be the case, new and innumerable + difficulties may arise. Under these circumstances I can, at + present, advise nothing; for, as to myself, it is only time and the + circumstances of the moment which can point out how I am to act. + + There is nothing new here. We are all well; but the heat is + extraordinary. Always retain your friendship and love for me. + Make my compliments to your wife, and believe me ever + + Your best Friend and Brother, + FRANCIS. + + HETZENDORF, July 20, 1797. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Unfounded reports—Carnot—Capitulation of Mantua—General Clarke— + The Directory yields to Bonaparte—Berthier—Arrival of Eugène + Beauharnais at Milan—Comte Delannay d'Entraigues—His interview + with Bonaparte—Seizure of his papers—Copy of one describing a + conversation between him and Comte de Montgaillard—The Emperor + Francis—The Prince de Condé and General Pichegru. +</pre> + <p> + While Bonaparte was expressing his opinion on his campaigns and the + injustice with which they had been criticised, it was generally believed + that Carnot dictated to him from a closet in the Luxembourg all the plans + of his operations, and that Berthier was at his right hand, without whom, + notwithstanding Carnot's plans, which were often mere romances, he would + have been greatly embarrassed. This twofold misrepresentation was very + current for some time; and, notwithstanding it was contrary to the + evidence of facts, it met with much credence, particularly abroad. There + was, however, no foundation for the opinion: Let us render to Caesar that + which is Caesar's due. Bonaparte was a creator in the art of war, and no + imitator. That no man was superior to him in that art is incontestable. At + the commencement of the glorious campaign in Italy the Directory certainly + sent out instructions to him; but he always followed his own plans, and + continually, wrote back that all would be lost if movements conceived at a + distance from the scene of action were to be blindly executed. He also + offered to resign. At length the Directory perceived the impossibility of + prescribing operations of war according to the view of persons in Paris; + and when I became the secretary of the General-in-Chief I saw a despatch + of the Directory, dated May, 1796, committing the whole plan of the + campaign to his judgment; and assuredly there was not a single operation + or movement which did not originate with him. Carnot was obliged to yield + to his firmness. When the Directory, towards the end of 1796, felt + disposed to treat for peace, General Clarke, appointed to conclude the + armistice, was authorised, in case Mantua should not be taken before the + negotiation was brought to a close, to propose leaving the blockade in + statu quo. Had such a condition been adopted it would doubtless had been + stipulated that the Emperor of Austria should be allowed to provision the + garrison and inhabitants of the city day by day. Bonaparte, convinced that + an armistice without Mantua would by no means conduce to peace, earnestly + opposed such a condition. He carried his point; Mantua capitulated, and + the result is well known. Yet he was not blind to the hazards of war; + while preparing, during the blockade, an assault on Mantua, he wrote thus + to the Directory: "A bold stroke of this nature depends absolutely for + success on a dog or a goose." This was about a question of surprise. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was exceedingly sensitive to the rumours which reached him + respecting Carnot and Berthier. He one day said to me: "What gross + stupidity, is this? It is very well to say to a general, 'Depart for + Italy, gain battles, and sign a peace at Vienna;' but the execution that + is not so easy. I never attached any value to the plans which the + Directory sent me. Too many circumstances occur on the spot to modify + them. The movement of a single corps of the enemy's army may confound a + whole plan arranged by the fireside. Only fools can believe such stuff! As + for Berthier, since you have been with me, you see what he is—he is + a blockhead. Yet it is he who does it all; it is he who gathers a great + part of the glory of the army of Italy." I told him that this erroneous + opinion could not last long; that each person would be allowed his merit, + and that at least posterity would judge rightly. This observation seemed + to please him. + </p> + <p> + Berthier was a man full of honour, courage, and probity, and exceedingly + regular in the performance of his duties. Bonaparte's attachment to him + arose more from habit than liking. Berthier did not concede with + affability, and refused with harshness. His abrupt, egotistic, and + careless manners did not, however, create him many enemies, but, at the + same time, did not make him many friends. In consequence of our frequent + intercourse he had contracted the friendly practice of speaking to me in + the second person singular; but he never wrote to me in that style. He was + perfectly acquainted with the disposition of all the corps, and could name + their commanders and their respective forces. Day or night he was always + at hand and made out with clearness all the secondary orders which + resulted from the dispositions of the General-in-Chief. In fact, he was, + an excellent head of the staff of an army; but that is all the praise that + can be given, and indeed he wished for no greater. He had such entire + confidence in Bonaparte, and looked up to him with so much admiration, + that he never would have presumed to oppose his plans or give any advise. + Berthier's talent was very limited, and of a special nature; his character + was one of extreme weakness. Bonaparte's friendship for him and the + frequency of his name in the bulletins and official despatches have unduly + elevated his reputation. Bonaparte, giving his opinion to the Directory + respecting the generals employed in his army, said, "Berthier has talents, + activity, courage, character—all in his favour." This was in 1796. + He then made an eagle of him; at St. Helena he called him a goose. He + should neither have, raised him so high nor sunk him so low. + </p> + <p> + Berthier neither merited the one nor the other. Bonaparte was a man of + habit; he was much attached to all the people about him, and did not like + new faces. Berthier loved him. He carried out his orders well, and that + enabled him to pass off with his small portion of talent. + </p> + <p> + It was about this time that young Beauharnais came to Milan. He was + seventeen years old. He had lived in Paris with his mother since the + departure of Bonaparte. On his arrival he immediately entered the service + as 'aide de camp' to the General-in-Chief, who felt for him an affection + which was justified by his good qualities. + </p> + <p> + Comte Delaunay d'Entraigues, well known in the French Revolution, held a + diplomatic post at Venice when that city was threatened by the French. + Aware of his being considered the agent of all the machinations then + existing against France, and especially against the army of Italy, he + endeavoured to escape; but the city being, surrounded, he was seized, + together with all his papers. The apparently frank manners of the Count + pleased Bonaparte, who treated him with indulgence. His papers were + restored, with the exception of three relating to political subjects. He + afterwards fled to Switzerland, and ungratefully represented himself as + having been oppressed by Bonaparte. His false statements have induced many + writers to make of him an heroic victim. He was assassinated by his own + servant in 1802. + </p> + <p> + I kept a copy of one of his most interesting papers. It has been much + spoken of, and Fauche-Borel has, I believe, denied its authenticity and + the truth of its contents. The manner in which it fell into the hands of + the General-in-Chief, the importance attached to it by d'Entraigues, the + differences I have observed between the manuscript I copied and versions + which I have since read, and the knowledge of its authenticity, having + myself transcribed it from the handwriting of the Count, who in my + presence vouched for the truth of the facts it details—all these + circumstances induce me to insert it here, and compel me to doubt that it + was, as Fauche-Borel asserted, a fabrication. + </p> + <p> + This manuscript is entitled, 'My Conversation with Comte de Montgaillard, + on the 4th of December 1796, from Six in the Afternoon till midnight, in + the presence of the Abbe Dumontel.' + </p> + <p> + [On my copy are written the words, "Extracts from this conversation, made + by me, from the original." I omitted what I thought unimportant, and + transcribed only the most interesting passages. Montgaillard spoke of his + escape, of his flight to England, of his return to France, of his second + departure, and finally of his arrival at Bale in August 1795.] + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Prince de Condé soon afterwards, he said, called me to Mulheim, + and knowing the connections I had had in France, proposed that I + should sound General Pichegru, whose headquarters were at Altkirch, + where he then was, surrounded by four representatives of the + Convention. + + I immediately went to Neufchatel, taking with me four or five + hundred Louis. I cast my eyes on Fauche-Borel, the King's printer + at Neufchatel, and also yours and mine, as the instrument by which + to make the first overture, and I selected as his colleague M. + Courant, a native of Neufchatel. I persuaded them to undertake the + business: I supplied them with instructions and passports. They + were foreigners: so I furnished them with all the necessary + documents to enable them to travel in France as foreign merchants + and purchasers of national property. I went to Bale to wait for + news from them. + + On the 13th of August Fauche and Courant set out for the + headquarters at Altkirch. They remained there eight days without + finding an opportunity to speak to Pichegru, who was surrounded by + representatives and generals. Pichegru observed them, and seeing + them continually wheresoever he went, he conjectured that they had + something to say to him, and he called out in a loud voice, while + passing them, "I am going to Huningen." Fauche contrived to throw + himself in his way at the end of a corridor. Pichegru observed him, + and fixed his eyes upon him, and although it rained in torrents, he + said aloud, "I am going to dine at the chateau of Madame Salomon." + This chateau was three leagues from Huningen, and Madame Salomon was + Pichegru's mistress. + + Fauche set off directly to the chateau, and begged to speak with + General Pichegru. He told the general that, being in the possession + of some of J. J. Rousseau's manuscripts, he wished to publish them + and dedicate them to him. "Very good," said Pichegru; "but I should + like to read them first; for Rousseau professed principles of + liberty in which I do not concur, and with which I should not like + to have my name connected."—"But," said Fauche, "I have something + else to speak to you about."—"What is it, and on whose behalf?"— + "On behalf of the Prince de Condé."—"Be silent, then, and follow + me." + + He conducted Fauche alone into a retired cabinet, and said to + him, "Explain yourself; what does Monseigneur le Prince de Condé + wish to communicate to me?" Fauche was embarrassed, and stammered + out something unintelligible. "Compose yourself." said Pichegru; + "my sentiments are the same, as the Prince de Condé's. What does he + desire of me?" Fauche, encouraged by these words, replied, "The + Prince wishes to join you. He counts on you, and wishes to connect + himself with you." + + "These are vague and unmeaning words," observed Pichegru. "All this + amounts to nothing. Go back, and ask for written instructions, and + return in three days to my headquarters at Altkirch. You will find + me alone precisely at six o'clock in the evening." + + Fauche immediately departed, arrived at Bale, and informed me of all + that had passed. I spent the night in writing a letter to General + Pichegru. (The Prince de Condé, who was invested with all the + powers of Louis XVIII, except that of granting the 'cordon-bleu', + had, by a note in his own handwriting, deputed to me all his powers, + to enable me to maintain a negotiation with General Pichegru). + + I therefore wrote to the general, stating, in the outset, everything + that was calculated to awaken in him that noble sentiment of pride + which is the instinct of great minds; and after pointing out to him + the vast good it was in his power to effect, I spoke of the + gratitude of the King, and the benefit he would confer on his + country by restoring royalty. I told him that his Majesty would + make him a marshal of France, and governor of Alsace, as no one + could better govern the province than he who had so valiantly + defended it. I added that he would have the 'cordon-rouge', the + Chateau de Chambord, with its park, and twelve pieces of cannon + taken from the Austrians, a million of ready money, 200,000 livres + per annum, and an hotel in Paris; that the town of Arbors, + Pichegru's native place, should bear his name, and be exempt from + all taxation for twenty-five years; that a pension of 200,000 livres + would be granted to him, with half reversion to his wife, and 50,000 + livres to his heirs for ever, until the extinction of his family. + Such were the offers, made in the name of the King, to General + Pichegru. (Than followed the boons to be granted to the officers + and soldiers, an amnesty to the people, etc). I added that the + Prince de Coude desired that he would proclaim the King in the + camps, surrender the city of Huningen to him, and join him for the + purpose of marching on Paris. + + Pichegru, having read my letter with great attention, said to + Fauche, "This is all very well; but who is this M. de Montgaillard + who talks of being thus authorised? I neither know him nor his + signature. Is he the author?"—"Yes," replied Fauche. "But," said + Pichegru, "I must, before making any negotiation on my part, be + assured that the Prince de Condé, with whose handwriting I am well + acquainted, approves of all that has been written is his name by M. + de Montgaillard. Return directly to M. de Montgaillard, and tell + him to communicate my answer to the Prince." + + Fauche immediately departed, leaving M. Courant with Pichegru. He + arrived at Bale at nine o'clock in the evening. I set off directly + for Malheim, the Prince de Condé's headquarters, and arrived there + at half-past twelve. The Prince was in bed, but I awoke him. He + made me sit down by his bedside, and our conference then commenced. + + After having informed the Prince of the state of affairs, all that + remained was to prevail on him to write to General Pichegru to + confirm the truth of what had been stated in his name. This matter, + which appeared so simple, and so little liable to objection, + occupied the whole night. The Prince, as brave a man as can + possibly be, inherited nothing from the great Condé but his + undaunted courage. In other respects he is the most insignificant + of men; without resources of mind, or decision of character; + surrounded by men of mediocrity, and even baseness; and though he + knows them well, he suffers himself to be governed by them. + + It required nine hours of hard exertion on my part to get him to + write to General Pichegru a letter of eight lines. 1st. He did not + wish it to be in his handwriting. 2d. He objected to dating it + 3d. He was unwilling to call him General, lest he should recognise + the republic by giving that title. 4th. He did not like to address + it, or affix his seal to it. + + At length he consented to all, and wrote to Pichegru that he might + place full confidence in the letters of the Comte de Montgaillard. + When all this was settled, after great difficulty, the Prince next + hesitated about sending the letter; but at length he yielded. I set + off for Bale, and despatched Fauche to Altkirch, to General + Pichegru. + + The general, after reading the letter of eight lines, and + recognising the handwriting and signature, immediately returned it + to Fauche, saying, "I have seen the signature: that is enough for + me. The word of the Prince is a pledge with which every Frenchman + ought to be satisfied. Take back his letter." He then inquired + what was the Prince's wish. Fauche explained that he wished—1st. + That Pichegru should proclaim the King to his troops, and hoist the + White flag. 2d. That he should deliver up Huningen to the Prince. + Pichegru objected to this. "I will never take part in such a plot," + said he; "I have no wish to make the third volume of La Fayette and + Dumouriez. I know my resources; they are as certain as they are + vast. Their roots are not only in my army, but in Paris, in the + Convention, in the departments, and in the armies of those generals, + my colleagues, who think as I do. I wish to do nothing by halves. + There must be a complete end of the present state of things. France + cannot continue a Republic. She must have a king, and that king + must be Louis XVIII. But we must not commence the counter- + revolution until we are certain of effecting it. 'Surely and + rightly' is my motto. The Prince's plan leads to nothing. He would + be driven from Huningen in four days, and in fifteen I should be + lost. My army is composed both of good men and bad. We must + distinguish between them, and, by a bold stroke, assure the former + of the impossibility of drawing back, and that their only safety + lies in success. For this purpose I propose to pass the Rhine, at + any place and any time that may be thought necessary. In the + advance I will place those officers on whom I can depend, and who + are of my way of thinking. I will separate the bad, and place them + in situations where they can do no harm, and their position shall be + such as to prevent them from uniting. That done, as soon as I shall + be on the other side of the Rhine, I will proclaim the King, and + hoist the white flag. Condé's corps and the Emperor's army will + then join us. I will immediately repass the Rhine, and re-enter + France. The fortresses will be surrendered, and will be held in the + King's name by the Imperial troops. Having joined Condé's army, I + immediately advance. All my means now develop themselves on every + side. We march upon Paris, and in a fortnight will be there. But + it is necessary that you should know that you must give the French + soldier wine and a crown in his hand if you would have him cry 'Vive + le Roi! Nothing must be wanting at the first moment. My army must + be well paid as far as the fourth or fifth march in the French + territory. There go and tell all this to the Prince, show my + handwriting, and bring me back his answer." + + During these conferences Pichegru was surrounded by four + representatives of the people, at the head of whom was Merlin de + Thionville, the most insolent and the most ferocious of inquisitors. + These men, having the orders of the Committee, pressed Pichegru to + pass the Rhine and go and besiege Manheim, where Merlin had an + understanding with the inhabitants. Thus, if on the one hand the + Committee by its orders made Pichegru wish to hasten the execution + of his plan, on the other he had not a moment to lose; for to delay + obeying the orders of the four representatives was to render himself + suspected. Every consideration, therefore, called upon the Prince + to decide, and decide promptly. Good sense required him also to do + another thing, namely, to examine without prejudice what sort of man + Pichegru was, to consider the nature of the sacrifice he made, and + what were his propositions. Europe acknowledged his talents, and he + had placed the Prince in a condition to judge of his good faith. + Besides, his conduct and his plan afforded fresh proofs of his + sincerity. By passing the Rhine and placing himself between the + armies of Condé and Wurmser, he rendered desertion impossible; and, + if success did not attend his attempt, his own acts forced him to + become an emigrant. He left in the power of his fierce enemies his + wife, his father, his children. Everything bore testimony to his + honesty; the talents he had shown were a pledge for his genius, his + genius for his resources; and the sacrifices he would have to make + in case of failure proved that he was confident of success. + + What stupid conceit was it for any one to suppose himself better + able to command Pichegru's army than Pichegru himself!—to pretend + to be better acquainted with the frontier provinces than Pichegru, + who commanded them, and had placed his friends in them as commanders + of the towns! This self-conceit, however, ruined the monarchy at + this time, as well as at so many others. The Prince de Condé, after + reading the plan, rejected it in toto. To render it successful it + was necessary to make the Austrians parties to it. This Pichegru + exacted, but the Prince of Condé would not hear a word of it, + wishing to have confined to himself the glory of effecting the + counter-revolution. He replied to Pichegru by a few observations, + and concluded his answer by returning to his first plan—that + Pichegru should proclaim the King without passing the Rhine, and + should give up Huningen; that then the army of Condé by itself, and + without the aid of the Austrians, would join him. In that case he + could promise 100,000 crowns in louis, which he had at Bale, and + 1,400,000 livres, which he had in good bills payable at sight. + + No argument or entreaty had any effect on the Prince de Condo. The + idea of communicating his plan to Wurmser and sharing his glory with + him rendered him blind and deaf to every consideration. However, it + was necessary to report to Pichegru the observations of the Prince + de Condé, and Courant was commissioned to do so. +</pre> + <p> + This document appeared so interesting to me that while Bonaparte was + sleeping I was employed in copying it. Notwithstanding posterior and + reiterated denials of its truth, I believe it to be perfectly correct. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon had ordered plans of his most famous battles to be engraved, and + had paid in advance for them. The work was not done quickly enough for + him. He got angry, and one day said to his geographer, Bacler d'Albe, whom + he liked well enough, "Ah! do hurry yourself, and think all this is only + the business of a moment. If you make further delay you will sell nothing; + everything is soon forgotten!" + </p> + <p> + We were now in July, and the negotiations were carried on with a tardiness + which showed that something was kept in reserve on both sides. Bonaparte + at this time was anything but disposed to sign a peace, which he always + hoped to be able to make at Vienna, after a campaign in Germany, seconded + by the armies of the Rhine and the Sambre-et-Meuse. The minority of the + Directory recommended peace on the basis of the preliminaries, but the + majority wished for more honourable and advantageous terms; while Austria, + relying on troubles breaking out in France, was in no haste to conclude a + treaty. In these circumstances Bonaparte drew up a letter to be sent to + the Emperor of Austria, in which he set forth the moderation of France; + but stated that, in consequence of the many delays, nearly all hope of + peace had vanished. He advised the Emperor not to rely on difficulties + arising in France, and doubted, if war should continue and the Emperor be + successful in the next campaign, that he would obtain a more advantageous + peace than was now at his option. This letter was never sent to the + Emperor, but was communicated as the draft of a proposed despatch to the + Directory. The Emperor Francis, however, wrote an autograph letter to the + General-in-Chief of the army of Italy, which will be noticed when I come + to the period of its reception: It is certain that Bonaparte at this time + wished for war. He was aware that the Cabinet of Vienna was playing with + him, and that the Austrian Ministers expected some political convulsion in + Paris, which they hoped would be favourable to the Bourbons. He therefore + asked for reinforcements. His army consisted of 35,900 men, and he desired + it to be raised to 60,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry ready for the field. + </p> + <p> + General Desaix, profiting by the preliminaries of Leoben, came in the end + of July to visit the scene of the army of Italy's triumphs. His + conversations with Bonaparte respecting the army of the Rhine were far + from giving him confidence in his military situation in Italy, or + assurance of support from that army in the event of hostilities commencing + beyond the mountains. It was at this period that their intimacy began. + Bonaparte conceived for Desaix the greatest esteem and the sincerest + friendship. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Desaix discontented with the conduct of affairs in Germany, + seceded from the army of the Rhine, to which he belonged, to join + that of Napoleon. He was sent to Italy to organise the part of the + Egyptian expedition starting from Civita Vecchia. He took with him + his two aides de camp, Rapp and Savary (later Duc de Rovigo), both + of whom, on his death, were given the same post with Bonaparte.]— +</pre> + <p> + When Desaix was named temporary commander of the force called the army of + England, during the absence of General Bonaparte, the latter wrote to the + Directory that they could not have chosen a more distinguished officer + than Desaix; these sentiments he never belied. The early death of Desaix + alone could break their union, which, I doubt not, would eventually have + had great influence on the political and military career of General + Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + All the world knows the part which the General-in-Chief of the army of + Italy took at the famous crisis of the 18th Fructidor; his proclamation, + his addresses to the army, and his celebrated order of the day. Bonaparte + went much into detail on this subject at St. Helena; and I shall now + proceed to state what I knew at the time respecting that memorable event, + which was in preparation in the month of June. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The royalists of the interior—Bonaparte's intention of marching on + Paris with 25,000 men—His animosity against the emigrants and the + Clichy Club—His choice between the two parties of the Directory— + Augereau's order of the day against the word 'Monsieur'—Bonaparte + wishes to be made one of the five Directors—He supports the + majority of the Directory—La Vallette, Augereau, and Bernadotte + sent to Paris—Interesting correspondence relative to the 18th + Fructidor. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte had long observed the struggle which was going on between the + partisans of royalty and the Republic. He was told that royalism was + everywhere on the increase. All the generals who returned from Paris to + the army complained of the spirit of reaction they had noticed. Bonaparte + was constantly urged by his private correspondents to take one side or the + other, or to act for himself. He was irritated by the audacity of the + enemies of the Republic, and he saw plainly that the majority of the + councils had an evident ill-will towards him. The orators of the Club of + Clichy missed no opportunity of wounding his self-love in speeches and + pamphlets. They spared no insults, disparaged his success, and bitterly + censured his conduct in Italy, particularly with respect to Venice. Thus + his services were recompensed by hatred or ingratitude. About this time he + received a pamphlet, which referred to the judgments pronounced upon him + by the German journals, and more particularly by the Spectator of the + North, which he always made me translate. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was touched to the quick by the comparison make between him and + Moreau, and by the wish to represent him as foolhardy ("savants sous + Moreau, fougueuse sous Buonaparte"). In the term of "brigands," applied to + the generals who fought in La Vendée, he thought he recognized the hand of + the party he was about to attack and overthrow. He was tired of the way in + which Moreau's system of war was called "savants." But what grieved him + still more was to see sitting in the councils of the nation Frenchmen who + were detractors and enemies of the national glory. + </p> + <p> + He urged the Directory to arrest the emigrants, to destroy the influence + of foreigners, to recall the armies, to suppress the journals sold to + England, such as the 'Quotidienne', the 'Memorial', and the 'The', which + he accused of being more sanguinary than Marat ever was. In case of there + being no means of putting a stop to assassinations and the influence of + Louis XVIII., he offered to resign. + </p> + <p> + His resolution of passing the Alps with 25,000 men and marching by Lyons + and Paris was known in the capital, and discussions arose respecting the + consequences of this passage of another Rubicon. On the 17th of August + 1797 Carnot wrote to him: "People attribute to you a thousand absurd + projects. They cannot believe that a man who has performed so many great + exploits can be content to live as a private citizen." This observation + applied to Bonaparte's reiterated request to be permitted to retire from + the service on account of the state of his health, which, he said, + disabled him from mounting his horse, and to the need which he constantly + urged of having two years' rest. + </p> + <p> + The General-in-Chief was justly of opinion that the tardiness of the + negotiations and the difficulties which incessantly arose were founded on + the expectation of an event which would change the government of France, + and render the chances of peace more favourable to Austria. He still + urgently recommended the arrest of the emigrants, the stopping of the + presses of the royalist journals, which he said were sold to England and + Austria, the suppression of the Clichy Club. This club was held at the + residence of Gerard Desodieres, in the Rue de Clichy. Aubry, was one of + its warmest partisans, and he was the avowed enemy of the revolutionary + cause which Bonaparte advocated at this period. Aubry's conduct at this + time, together with the part he had taken in provoking Bonaparte's + dismissal in 1795, inspired the General with an implacable hatred of him. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte despised the Directory, which he accused of weakness, + indecision, pusillanimity, wasteful expenditure, of many errors, and + perseverance in a system degrading to the national glory. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Directory merited those accusations. The following sketches + of two of their official sittings present a singular contrast: + + "At the time that the Directory were first installed in the + Luxembourg (27th October 1795)." says M. Baileul, "there was hardly + a single article of furniture in it. In a small room, round a + little broken table, one of the legs of which had given way from + age, on which table they had deposited a quire of letter-paper, and + a writing desk 'a calamet', which luckily they had had the + precaution to bring with them from the Committee of Public safety, + seated on four rush-bottomed chairs, in front of some logs of wood + ill-lighted, the whole borrowed from the porter Dupont; who would + believe that it was in this deplorable condition that the member's + of the new Government, after having examined all the difficulties, + nay, let me add, all the horrors of their situation, resolved to + confront all obstacles, and that they would either deliver France + from the abyss in which she was plunged or perish in the attempt? + They drew up on a sheet of letter-paper the act by which they + declared themselves constituted, and immediately forwarded it to the + Legislative Bodies." + + And the Comte de La Vallette, writing to M. Cuvillier Fleury, says: + "I saw our five kings, dressed in the robes of Francis I., his hat, + his pantaloons, and his lace: the face of La Reveilliere looked like + a cork upon two pins, with the black and greasy hair of Clodion. M. + de Talleyrand, in pantaloons of the colour of wine dregs, sat in a + folding chair at the feet of the Director Barras, in the Court of + the Petit Luxembourg, and gravely presented to his sovereigns as + ambassador from the Grand Duke of Tuscany, while the French were + eating his master's dinner, from the soup to the cheese. At the + right hand there were fifty musicians and singers of the Opera, + Laine, Lays, Regnault, and the actresses, not all dead of old age, + roaring a patriotic cantata to the music of Mehul. Facing them, on + another elevation, there were two hundred young and beautiful women, + with their arms and bosoms bare, all in ecstasy at the majesty of + our Pentarchy and the happiness of the Republic. They also wore + tight flesh-coloured pantaloons, with rings on their toes. That was + a sight that never will be seen again. A fortnight after this + magnificent fete, thousands of families wept over their banished + fathers, forty-eight departments were deprived of their + representatives, and forty editors of newspapers were forced to go + and drink the waters of the Elbe, the Synamary or the Ohio! It + would be a curious disquisition to seek to discover what really were + at that time the Republic and Liberty."] +</pre> + <p> + He knew that the Clichy party demanded his dismissal and arrest. He was + given to understand that Dumolard was one of the most decided against him, + and that, finally, the royalist party was on the point of triumphing. + </p> + <p> + Before deciding for one party or the other Bonaparte first thought of + himself. He did not imagine that he had yet achieved enough to venture on + possessing himself of that power which certainly he might easily have + obtained. He therefore contented himself with joining the party which was, + for the moment, supported by public opinion. I know he was determined to + march upon Paris with 25,000 men had affairs taken a turn unfavourable to + the Republic, which he preferred to royalty. He cautiously formed his + plan. To defend the Directory was, he conceived, to defend his own future + fortune; that is to say, it was protecting a power which appeared to have + no other object than to keep a place for him until his return. + </p> + <p> + The parties which rose up in Paris produced a reaction in the army. The + employment of the word 'Monsieur' had occasioned quarrels, and even + bloodshed. General Augereau, in whose division these contests had taken + place, published an order of the day, setting forth that every individual + in his division who should use the word 'Monsieur', either verbally or in + writing, under any pretence whatever, should be deprived of his rank, and + declared incapable of serving in the Republican armies. This order was + read at the head of each company. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte viewed the establishment of peace as the close of his military + career. Repose and inactivity were to him unbearable. He sought to take + part in the civil affairs of the Republic, and was desirous of becoming + one of the five Directors, convinced that, if he obtained that object, he + would speedily stand single and alone. The fulfilment of this wish would + have prevented the Egyptian expedition, and placed the imperial crown much + sooner upon his head. Intrigues were carried on in Paris in his name, with + the view of securing to him a legal dispensation on the score of age. He + hoped, though he was but eight-and-twenty, to supersede one of the two + Directors who were to go out of office. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Directors had to be forty years of ago before they could be + appointed.]— +</pre> + <p> + His brothers and their friends made great exertions for the success of the + project, which, however, was not officially proposed, because it was too + adverse to the prevailing notions of the day, and seemed too early a + violation of the constitution of the year III., which, nevertheless, was + violated in another way a few months after. + </p> + <p> + The members of the Directory were by no means anxious to have Bonaparte + for their colleague. They dissembled, and so did he. Both parties were + lavish of their mutual assurances of friendship, while they cordially + hated each other. The Directory, however, appealed for the support of + Bonaparte, which he granted; but his subsequent conduct clearly proves + that the maintenance of the constitution of the year III. was a mere + pretext. He indeed defended it meanwhile, because, by aiding the triumph + of the opposite party, he could not hope to preserve the influence which + he exercised over the Directory. I know well that, in case of the Clichy + party gaining the ascendency, he was determined to cross the Alps with his + army, and to assemble all the friends of the Republic at Lyons, thence to + march upon Paris. + </p> + <p> + In the Memorial of St. Helena it is stated, in reference to the 18th + Fructidor, "that the triumph of the majority of the councils was his + desire and hope, we are inclined to believe from the following fact, viz., + that at the crisis of the contest between the two factions a secret + resolution was drawn up by three of the members of the Directory, asking + him for three millions to support the attack on the councils, and that + Napoleon, under various pretences, did not send the money, though he might + easily have done so." + </p> + <p> + This is not very comprehensible. There was no secret resolution of the + members who applied for the three millions. It was Bonaparte who offered + the money, which, however, he did not send; it was he who despatched + Augereau; and he who wished for the triumph of the Directorial majority. + His memory served him badly at St. Helena, as will be seen from some + correspondence which I shall presently submit to the reader. It is very + certain that he did offer the money to the Directory; that is to say, to + three of its members. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Barras, La Revelliere-Lepaux, and Rewbell, the three Directors + who carried out the 'coup d'etat' of the 18th Fructidor against + their colleagues Carnot and Bartholemy. (See Thiers' "French + Revolution", vol. v. pp. 114,139, and 163.)]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte had so decidedly formed his resolution that on the 17th of July, + wishing to make Augereau his confidant, he sent to Vicenza for him by an + extraordinary courier. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte adds that when Bottot, the confidential agent of Barras, came to + Passeriano, after the 18th Fructidor, he declared to him that as soon as + La Vallette should make him acquainted with the real state of things the + money should be transmitted. The inaccuracy of these statements will be + seen in the correspondence relative to the event. In thus distorting the + truth Napoleon's only object could have been to proclaim his inclination + for the principles he adopted and energetically supported from the year + 1800, but which, previously to that period, he had with no less energy + opposed. + </p> + <p> + He decidedly resolved to support the majority of the Directory, and to + oppose the royalist faction; the latter, which was beginning to be + important, would have been listened to had it offered power to him. About + the end of July he sent his 'aide de camp' La Vallette to Paris. La + Vallette was a man of good sense and education, pleasing manners, pliant + temper, and moderate opinions. He was decidedly devoted to Bonaparte. With + his instructions he received a private cipher to enable him to correspond + with the General-in-Chief. + </p> + <p> + Augereau went, after La Vallette, on the 27th of July. Bonaparte + officially wrote to the Directory that Augereau "had solicited leave to go + to Paris on his own private business." + </p> + <p> + But the truth is, Augereau was sent expressly to second the revolution + which was preparing against the Clichy party and the minority of the + Directory. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte made choice of Augereau because he knew his staunch republican + principles, his boldness, and his deficiency in political talent. He + thought him well calculated to aid a commotion, which his own presence + with the army of Italy prevented him from directing in person; and + besides, Augereau was not an ambitious rival who might turn events to his + own advantage. Napoleon said, at St. Helena, that he sent the addresses of + the army of Italy by Augereau because he was a decided supporter of the + opinions of the day. That was the true reason for choosing him. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte was subsequently despatched on the same errand. Bonaparte's + pretence for sending him was, that he wished to transmit to the Directory + four flags, which, out of the twenty-one taken at the battle of Rivoli, + had been left, by mistake, at Peschiera. Bernadotte, however, did not take + any great part in the affair. He was always prudent. + </p> + <p> + The crisis of the 18th Fructidor, which retarded for three years the + extinction of the pentarchy, presents one of the most remarkable events of + its short existence. It will be seen how the Directors extricated + themselves from this difficulty. I subjoin the correspondence relating to + this remarkable episode of our Revolution, cancelling only such portions + of it as are irrelevant to the subject. It exhibits several variations + from the accounts given by Napoleon at St. Helena to his noble companions + in misfortune. + </p> + <p> + Augereau thus expressed himself on the 18th Fructidor (4th September + 1797):— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + At length, General, my mission is accomplished, and the promises of + the army of Italy are fulfilled. The fear of being anticipated has + caused measures to be hurried. + + At midnight I despatched orders to all the troops to march towards + the points specified. Before day all the bridges and principal + places were planted with cannon. At daybreak the halls of the + councils were surrounded, the guards of the councils were amicably + mingled with our troops, and the members, of whom I send you a list, + were arrested and conveyed to the Temple. The greater number have + escaped, and are being pursued. Carnot has disappeared.' + + —[In 1824 Louis XVIII. sent letters of nobility to those members + of the two councils who were, as it was termed, 'fructidorized'. + —Bourrienne]— + + Paris is tranquil, and every one is astounded at an event which + promised to be awful, but which has passed over like a fete. + + The stout patriots of the faubourgs proclaim the safety of the + Republic, and the black collars are put down. It now remains for + the wise energy of the Directory and the patriots of the two + councils to do the rest. The place of sitting is changed, and the + first operations promise well. This event is a great step towards + peace; which it is your task finally to secure to us. +</pre> + <p> + On the 24th Fructidor (10th September 1797) Augereau writes: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My 'aide de camp', de Verine, will acquaint you with the events of + the 18th. He is also to deliver to you some despatches from the + Directory, where much uneasiness is felt at not hearing from you. + No less uneasiness is experienced on seeing in Paris one of your + 'aides de camp',—(La Vallette)—whose conduct excites the + dissatisfaction and distrust of the patriots, towards whom he has + behaved very ill. + + The news of General Clarke's recall will have reached you by this + time, and I suspect has surprised you. Amongst the thousand and one + motives which have determined the Government to take this step may + be reckoned his correspondence with Carnot, which has been + communicated to me, and in which he treated the generals of the army + of Italy as brigands. + + Moreau has sent the Directory a letter which throws a new light on + Pichegru's treason. Such baseness is hardly to be conceived. + + The Government perseveres in maintaining the salutary measures which + it has adopted. I hope it will be in vain for the remnant of the + factions to renew their plots. The patriots will continue united. + + Fresh troops having been summoned to Paris, and my presence at their + head being considered indispensable by the Government, I shall not + have the satisfaction of seeing you so soon as I hoped. This has + determined me to send for my horses and carriages, which I left at + Milan. +</pre> + <p> + Bernadotte wrote to Bonaparte on the 24th Fructidor as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The arrested deputies are removed to Rochefort, where they will be + embarked for the island of Madagascar. Paris is tranquil. The + people at first heard of the arrest of the deputies with + indifference. A feeling of curiosity soon drew them into the + streets; enthusiasm followed, and cries of 'Vive la Republique', + which had not been heard for a long time, now resounded in every + street. The neighbouring departments have expressed their + discontent. That of Allier has, it is said, protested; but it will + cut a fine figure. Eight thousand men are marching to the environs + of Paris. Part is already within the precincts; under the orders of + General Lemoine. The Government has it at present in its power to + elevate public spirit; but everybody feels that it is necessary the + Directory should be surrounded by tried and energetic Republicans. + Unfortunately a host of men, without talent and resources, already + suppose that what has taken place has been done only in order to + advance their interests. Time is necessary to set all to rights. + The armies have regained consistency. The soldiers of the interior + are esteemed, or at least feared. The emigrants fly, and the + non-juring priests conceal themselves. Nothing could have happened + more fortunately to consolidate the Republic. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte wrote as follows, to the Directory on the 26th Fructidor: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Herewith you will receive a proclamation to the army, relative to + the events of the 18th. I have despatched the 45th demi-brigade, + commanded by General Bon, to Lyons, together with fifty cavalry; + also General Lannes, with the 20th light infantry and the 9th + regiment of the line, to Marseilles. I have issued the enclosed + proclamation in the southern departments. I am about to prepare a + proclamation for the inhabitants of Lyons, as soon as I obtain some + information of what may have passed there. + + If I find there is the least disturbance, I will march there with + the utmost rapidity. Believe that there are here a hundred thousand + men, who are alone sufficient to make the measures you have taken to + place liberty on a solid basis be respected. What avails it that we + gain victories if we are not respected in our country. In speaking + of Paris, one may parody what Cassius said of Rome: "Of what use to + call her queen on the banks of the Seine, when she is the slave of + Pitt's gold?" +</pre> + <p> + After the 18th Fructidor Augereau wished to have his reward for his share + in the victory, and for the service which he had rendered. He wished to be + a Director. He got, however, only the length of being a candidate; honour + enough for one who had merely been an instrument on that day. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX. + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's joy at the result of the 18th Fructidor.—His letter to + Augereau—His correspondence with the Directory and proposed + resignation—Explanation of the Directory—Bottot—General Clarke— + Letter from Madame Bacciocchi to Bonaparte—Autograph letter of the + Emperor Francis to Bonaparte—Arrival of Count Cobentzel—Autograph + note of Bonaparte on the conditions of peace. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte was delighted when he heard of the happy issue of the 18th + Fructidor. Its result was the dissolution of the Legislative Body and the + fall of the Clichyan party, which for some months had disturbed his + tranquillity. The Clichyans had objected to Joseph Bonaparte's right to + sit as deputy for Liamone in the Council of Five Hundred. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[He was ambassador to Rome, and not a deputy at this time. When + he became a member of the council, after his return from Rome, he + experienced no opposition (Bourrienne et ses Erreurs, tome i. + p. 240).]— +</pre> + <p> + His brother's victory removed the difficulty; but the General-in-Chief + soon perceived that the ascendant party abused its power, and again + compromised the safety of the Republic, by recommencing the Revolutionary + Government. The Directors were alarmed at his discontent and offended by + his censure. They conceived the singular idea of opposing to Bonaparte, + Augereau, of whose blind zeal they had received many proofs. The Directory + appointed Augereau commander of the army of Germany. Augereau, whose + extreme vanity was notorious, believed himself in a situation to compete + with Bonaparte. What he built his arrogance on was, that, with a numerous + troop, he had arrested some unarmed representatives, and torn the + epaulettes from the shoulders of the commandant of the guard of the + councils. The Directory and he filled the headquarters at Passeriano with + spies and intriguers. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, who was informed of everything that was going on, laughed at + the Directory, and tendered his resignation, in order that he might be + supplicated to continue in command. + </p> + <p> + The following post-Thermidorian letters will prove that the General's + judgment on this point was correct. + </p> + <p> + On the 2d Vendemiaire, year VI. (23d September 1797), he wrote to + Augereau, after having announced the arrival of his 'aide de camp' as + follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The whole army applauds the wisdom and vigour which you have + displayed upon this important occasion, and participates in the + success of the country with the enthusiasm and energy which + characterise our soldiers. It is only to be hoped, however, that + the Government will not be playing at see saw, and thus throw itself + into the opposite party. Wisdom and moderate views alone can + establish the happiness of the country on a sure foundation. As for + myself, this is the most ardent wish of my heart. I beg that you + will sometimes let me know what you are doing in Paris. +</pre> + <p> + On the 4th Vendemiaire Bonaparte wrote a letter to the Directory in the + following terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The day before yesterday an officer arrived at the army from Paris. + He reported that he left Paris on the 25th, when anxiety prevailed + there as to the feelings with which I viewed the events of the 18th + He was the bearer of a sort of circular from General Augereau to all + the generals of division; and he brought a letter of credit from the + Minister of War to the commissary-general, authorising him to draw + as much money as he might require for his journey. + + It is evident from these circumstances that the Government is acting + towards me in somewhat the same way in which Pichegru was dealt with + after Vendemiaire (year IV.). + + I beg of you to receive my resignation, and appoint another to my + place. No power on earth shall make me continue in the service + after this shocking mark of ingratitude on the part of the + Government, which I was very far from expecting. My health, which + is considerably impaired, imperiously demands repose and + tranquillity. + + The state of my mind, likewise, requires me to mingle again in the + mass of citizens. Great power has for a longtime been confided to + my hands. I have employed it on all occasions for the advantage of + my country; so much the worse for those who put no faith in virtue, + and may have suspected mine. My recompense is in my own conscience, + and in the opinion of posterity. + + Now that the country is tranquil and free from the dangers which + have menaced it, I can, without inconvenience, quit the post in + which I have been placed. + + Be sure that if there were a moment of danger, I would be found in + the foremost rank of the defenders of liberty and of the + constitution of the year III. +</pre> + <p> + The Directory, judging from the account which Bottot gave of his mission + that he had not succeeded in entirely removing the suspicions of + Bonaparte, wrote the following letter on the 30th Vendemiaire: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Directory has itself been troubled about the impression made on + you by the letter to the paymaster-general, of which an 'aide de + camp' was the bearer. The composition of this letter has very much + astonished the Government, which never appointed nor recognised such + an agent: it is at least an error of office. But it should not + alter the opinion you ought otherwise to entertain of the manner in + which the Directory thinks of and esteems you. It appears that the + 18th Fructidor was misrepresented in the letters which were sent to + the army of Italy. You did well to intercept them, and it may be + right to transmit the most remarkable to the Minister of Police. + —(What an ignoble task to propose to the conqueror of Italy.) + + In your observations on the too strong tendency of opinion towards + military government, the Directory recognises an equally enlightened + and ardent friend of the Republic. + + Nothing is wiser than the maxim, 'cedant arma togae', for the + maintenance of republics. To show so much anxiety on so important a + point is not one of the least glorious features in the life of a + general placed at the head of a triumphant army. +</pre> + <p> + The Directory had sent General Clarke + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[H. J. G. Clarke, afterwards Minister of War under Napoleon, + 1807-1814, acid under the Bourbons in 1816, when he was made a + Marshal of France. He was created Duc de Feltre in 1819.]— +</pre> + <p> + to treat for peace, as second plenipotentiary. Bonaparte has often told me + he had no doubt from the time of his arrival that General Clarke was + charged with a secret mission to act as a spy upon him, and even to arrest + him if an opportunity offered for so doing without danger. That he had a + suspicion of this kind is certain; but I must own that I was never by any + means able to discover its grounds; for in all my intercourse since with + Clarke he never put a single question to me, nor did I ever hear a word + drop from his mouth, which savoured of such a character. If the fact be + that he was a spy, he certainly played his part well. In all the parts of + his correspondence which were intercepted there never was found the least + confirmation of this suspicion. Be this as it may, Bonaparte could not + endure him; he did not make him acquainted with what was going on, and his + influence rendered this mission a mere nullity. The General-in-Chief + concentrated all the business of the negotiation in his own closet; and, + as to what was going on, Clarke continued a mere cipher until the 18th + Fructidor, when he was recalled. Bonaparte made but little count of + Clarke's talents. It is but justice, however, to say that he bore him no + grudge for the conduct of which he suspected he was guilty in Italy. "I + pardon him because I alone have the right to be offended." + </p> + <p> + He even had the generosity to make interest for an official situation for + him. These amiable traits were not uncommon with Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had to encounter so many disagreeable contrarieties, both in the + negotiators for peace and the events at Paris, that he often displayed a + good deal of irritation and disgust. This state of mind was increased by + the recollection of the vexation his sister's marriage had caused him, and + which was unfortunately revived by a letter he received from her at this + juncture. His excitement was such that he threw it down with an expression + of anger. It has been erroneously reported in several publications that + "Bacciocchi espoused Marie-Anne-Eliza Bonaparte on the 5th of May 1797. + The brother of the bride was at the time negotiating the preliminaries of + peace with Austria." + </p> + <p> + In fact, the preliminaries were signed in the month of April, and it was + for the definitive peace we were negotiating in May. But the reader will + find by the subjoined letter that Christine applied to her brother to + stand godfather to her third child. Three children in three months would + be rather quick work. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + AJACCIO, 14th, Thermidor, year V. (1st August 1797). + + GENERAL—Suffer me to write to you and call you by the name of + brother. My first child was born at a time when you were much + incensed against us. I trust she may soon caress you, and so make + you forget the pain my marriage has occasioned you. My second child + was still-born. Obliged to quit Paris by your order, + + —[Napoleon had written in August 1796 to Carnot, to request that + Lucien might be ordered to quit Paris; see Iung, tome iii. + p. 223.]— + + I miscarried in Germany. In a month's time I hope to present you + with a nephew. A favourable time, and other circumstances, incline + me to hope my next will be a boy, and I promise you I will make a + soldier of him; but I wish him to bear your name, and that you + should be his godfather. I trust you will not refuse your sister's + request. + + Will you send, for this purpose, your power of attorney to + Baciocchi, or to whomsoever you think fit? I shall expect with + impatience your assent. Because we are poor let not that cause you + to despise us; for, after all, you are our brother, mine are the + only children that call you uncle, and we all love you more than we + do the favours of fortune. Perhaps I may one day succeed in + convincing you of the love I bear you.—Your affectionate sister, + + CHRISTINE BONAPARTE. + + —[Madame Bacciocchi went by the name of Marianne at St. Cyr, of + Christine while on her travels, and of Eliza under the Consulate.— + Bourrienne.]— + + P.S.—Do not fail to remember me to your wife, whom I strongly + desire to be acquainted with. They told me at Paris I was very like + her. If you recollect my features you can judge. C. B. +</pre> + <p> + This letter is in the handwriting of Lucien Bonaparte.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte in his Notes says, "It is false that Madame + Bonaparte ever called herself Christine; it is false that she ever + wrote the letter of which M. de Bourrienne here gives a copy." It + will be observed that Bourrienne says it was written by her brother + Lucien. This is an error. The letter is obviously from Christine + Boyer, the wife of Lucien Bonaparte, whose marriage had given such + displeasure to Napoleon. (See Erreurs, tome i. p. 240, and Iung's + Lucien, tome i p. 161).]— +</pre> + <p> + General Bonaparte had been near a month at Passeriano when he received the + following autograph letter from the Emperor of Austria: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + TO MONSIEUR LE GENERAL BONAPARTE, GENERAL-IN-CHIEF + OF THE ARMY OF ITALY. + + MONSIEUR LE GENERAL BONAPARTE—When I thought I had given my + plenipotentiaries full powers to terminate the important negotiation + with which they were charged, I learn, with as much pain as + surprise, that in consequence of swerving continually from the + stipulations of the preliminaries, the restoration of tranquillity, + with the tidings of which I desire to gladden the hearts of my + subjects, and which the half of Europe devoutly prays for, becomes + day after day more uncertain. + + Faithful to the performance of my engagements, I am ready to execute + what was agreed to at Leoben, and require from you but the + reciprocal performance of so sacred a duty. This is what has + already been declared in my name, and what I do not now hesitate + myself to declare. If, perhaps, the execution of some of the + preliminary articles be now impossible, in consequence of the events + which have since occurred, and in which I had no part, it may be + necessary to substitute others in their stead equally adapted to the + interests and equally conformable to the dignity of the two nations. + To such alone will I put my hand. A frank and sincere explanation, + dictated by the same feelings which govern me, is the only way to + lead to so salutary a result. In order to accelerate this result as + far as in me lies, and to put an end at once to the state of + uncertainty we remain in, and which has already lasted too long, I + have determined to despatch to the place of the present negotiations + Comte de Cobentzel, a man who possesses my most unlimited + confidence, and who is instructed as to my intentions and furnished + with my most ample powers. I have authorised him to receive and + accept every proposition tending to the reconciliation of the two + parties which may be in conformity with the principles of equity and + reciprocal fitness, and to conclude accordingly. + + After this fresh assurance of the spirit of conciliation which + animates me, I doubt not you will perceive that peace lies in your + own hands, and that on your determination will depend the happiness + or misery of many thousand men. If I mistake as to the means I + think best adapted to terminate the calamities which for along time + have desolated Europe, I shall at least have the consolation of + reflecting that I have done all that depended on me. With the + consequences which may result I can never be reproached. + + I have been particularly determined to the course I now take by the + opinion I entertain of your upright character, and by the personal + esteem I have conceived towards you, of which I am very happy, M. le + General Bonaparte, to give you here an assurance. + + (Signed) FRANCIS. +</pre> + <p> + In fact, it was only on the arrival of the Comte de Cobentzel that the + negotiations were seriously set on foot. Bonaparte had all along clearly + perceived that Gallo and Meerweldt were not furnished with adequate + powers. He saw also clearly enough that if the month of September were, to + be trifled away in unsatisfactory negotiations, as the month which + preceded it had been, it would be difficult in October to strike a blow at + the house of Austria on the side of Carinthia. The Austrian Cabinet + perceived with satisfaction the approach of the bad weather, and insisted + more strongly on its ultimatum, which was the Adige, with Venice. + </p> + <p> + Before the 18th Fructidor the Emperor of Austria hoped that the movement + which was preparing in Paris would operate badly for France and favourably + to the European cause. The Austrian plenipotentiaries, in consequence, + raised their pretensions, and sent notes and an ultimatum which gave the + proceedings more an air of trifling than of serious negotiation. + Bonaparte's original ideas, which I have under his hand, were as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1. The Emperor to have Italy as far as the Adda. + 2. The King of Sardinia as far as the Adda. + 3. The Genoese Republic to have the boundary of Tortona as far as + the Po (Tortona to be demolished), as also the imperial fiefs. + (Coni to be ceded to France, or to be demolished.) + 4. The Grand Duke of Tuscany to be restored. + 5. The Duke of Parma to be restored. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. + </h2> + + 1797. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Influence of the 18th Fructidor on the negotiations—Bonaparte's + suspicion of Bottot—His complaints respecting the non-erasure of + Bourrienne—Bourrienne's conversation with the Marquis of Gallo— + Bottot writes from Paris to Bonaparte on the part of the Directory + Agents of the Directory employed to watch Bonaparte—Influence of + the weather on the conclusion of peace—Remarkable observation of + Bonaparte—Conclusion of the treaty—The Directory dissatisfied with + the terms of the peace—Bonaparte's predilection for representative + government—Opinion on Bonaparte. +</pre> + <p> + After the 18th Fructidor Bonaparte was more powerful, Austria less haughty + and confident. Venice was the only point of real difficulty. Austria + wanted the line of the Adige, with Venice, in exchange for Mayence, and + the boundary of the Rhine until that river enters Holland. The Directory + wished to have the latter boundary, and to add Mantua to the Italian + Republic, without giving up all the line of the Adige and Venice. The + difficulties were felt to be so irreconcilable that within about a month + of the conclusion of peace the Directory wrote to General Bonaparte that a + resumption of hostilities was preferable to the state of uncertainty which + was agitating and ruining France. The Directory, therefore, declared that + both the armies of the Rhine should take the field. It appears from the + Fructidorian correspondence, which has been already given, that the + majority of the Directory then looked upon a peace such as Bonaparte + afterwards made as infamous. + </p> + <p> + But Bonaparte, from the moment the Venetian insurrection broke out, + perceived that Venice might be used for the pacification. Bonaparte, who + was convinced that, in order to bring matters to an issue, Venice and the + territory beyond the Adige must fall beneath the Hapsburg sceptre, wrote + to the Directory that he could not commence operations, advantageously, + before the end of March, 1798; but that if the objections to giving Venice + to the Emperor of Austria were persisted in, hostilities would certainly + be resumed in the month of October, for the Emperor would not renounce + Venice. In that case it would be necessary to be ready on the Rhine for an + advance in Germany, as the army of Italy, if it could make head against + the Archduke Charles, was not sufficiently strong for any operations on a + grand scale. At this period the conclusion of peace was certainly very + doubtful; it was even seriously considered in what form the rupture should + be notified. + </p> + <p> + Towards the end of September Bottot, Barras' secretary, arrived at + Passeriano. He was despatched by the Directory. Bonaparte immediately + suspected he was a new spy, come on a secret mission, to watch him. He was + therefore received and treated with coolness; but Bonaparte never had, as + Sir Walter Scott asserts, the idea of ordering him to be shot. That writer + is also in error when he says that Bottot was sent to Passeriano to + reproach Bonaparte for failing to fulfil his promise of sending money to + the Directory. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte soon gave Bottot an opportunity of judging of the kind of spirit + which prevailed at headquarters. He suddenly tendered his resignation, + which he had already several times called upon the Directory to accept. He + accused the Government, at table, in Bottot's presence, of horrible + ingratitude. He recounted all his subjects of complaint, in loud and + impassioned language, without any restraint, and before twenty or thirty + persons. + </p> + <p> + Indignant at finding that his reiterated demands for the erasure of my + name from the list of emigrants had been slighted, and that, in spite of + his representations, conveyed to Paris by General Bernadotte, Louis + Bonaparte, and others, I was still included in that fatal list, he + apostrophised M. Bottot at dinner one day, before forty individuals, among + whom were the diplomatists Gallo, Cobentzel, and Meerweldt. The + conversation turned upon the Directory. "Yes, truly," cried Bonaparte, in + a loud voice, "I have good reason to complain; and, to pass from great to + little things, look, I pray you, at Bourrienne's case. He possesses my + most unbounded confidence. He alone is entrusted, under my orders, with + all the details of the negotiation. This you well know; and yet your + Directory will not strike him off the list. In a word it is not only an + inconceivable, but an extremely stupid piece of business; for he has all + my secrets; he knows my ultimatum, and could by a single word realize a + handsome fortune, and laugh at your obstinacy. Ask M. de Gallo if this be + not true." + </p> + <p> + Bottot wished to offer some excuse; but the general murmur which followed + this singular outburst reduced him to silence. + </p> + <p> + The Marquis de Gallo had conversed with me but three days before, in the + park of Passeriano, on the subject of my position with regard to France, + of the determination expressed by the Directory not to erase my name, and + of the risk I thereby ran. "We have no desire," continued he, "to renew + the war; we wish sincerely for peace; but it must be an honourable one. + The Republic of Venice presents a large territory for partition, which + would be sufficient for both parties. The cessions at present proposed are + not, however, satisfactory. We want to know Bonaparte's ultimatum; and I + am authorised to offer an estate in Bohemia, with a title and residence, + and an annual revenue of 90,000 florins." + </p> + <p> + I quickly interrupted M. de Gallo, and assured him that both my conscience + and my duty obliged me to reject his proposal; and so put at once an end + to the conversation. + </p> + <p> + I took care to let the General-in-Chief know this story, and he was not + surprised at my reply. His conviction, however, was strong, from all that + M. de Gallo had said, and more particularly from the offer he had made, + that Austria was resolved to avoid war, and was anxious for peace. + </p> + <p> + After I had retired to rest M. Bottot came to my bedroom and asked me, + with a feigned surprise, if it was true that my name was still on the list + of emigrants. On my replying in the affirmative, he requested me to draw + up a note on the subject. This I declined doing, telling him that twenty + notes of the kind he required already existed; that I would take no + further steps; and that I would henceforth await the decision in a state + of perfect inaction. + </p> + <p> + General Bonaparte thought it quite inexplicable that the Directory should + express dissatisfaction at the view he took of the events of the 18th + Fructidor, as, without his aid, they would doubtless have been overcome. + He wrote a despatch, in which he repeated that his health and his spirits + were affected—that he had need of some years' repose—that he + could no longer endure the fatigue of riding; but that the prosperity and + liberty of his country would always command his warmest interests. In all + this there was not a single word of truth. The Directory thought as much, + and declined to accept his resignation in the most flattering terms. + </p> + <p> + Bottot proposed to him, on the part of the Directory, to revolutionise + Italy. The General inquired whether the whole of Italy would be included + in the plan. The revolutionary commission had, however, been entrusted to + Bottot in so indefinite a way that he could only hesitate, and give a + vague reply. Bonaparte wished for more precise orders. In the interval + peace was concluded, and the idea of that perilous and extravagant + undertaking was no longer agitated. Bottot, soon after his return to + Paris, wrote a letter to General Bonaparte, in which he complained that + the last moments he had passed at Passeriano had deeply afflicted his + heart. He said that cruel suspicions had followed him even to the gates of + the Directory. These cruel suspicions had, however, been dissipated by the + sentiments of admiration and affection which he had found the Directory + entertained for the person of Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + These assurances, which were precisely what Bonaparte had expected, did + not avail to lessen the contempt he entertained for the heads of the + Government, nor to change his conviction of their envy and mistrust of + himself. To their alleged affection he made no return. Bottot assured the + hero of Italy of "the Republican docility" of the Directory, and touched + upon the reproaches Bonaparte had thrown out against them, and upon his + demands which had not been granted. He said: + </p> + <p> + "The three armies, of the North, of the Rhine, and of the Sambre-et-Meuse, + are to form only one, the army of Germany.—Augereau? But you + yourself sent him. The fault committed by the Directory is owing to + yourself! Bernadotte?—he is gone to join you. Cacault?—he is + recalled. Twelve thousand men for your army?—they are on their + march. The treaty with Sardinia?—it is ratified. Bourrienne?—he + is erased. The revolution of Italy?—it is adjourned. Advise the + Directory, then: I repeat it, they have need of information, and it is to + you they look for it." + </p> + <p> + The assertion regarding me was false. For six months Bonaparte demanded my + erasure without being able to obtain it. I was not struck off the list + until the 11th of November 1797. + </p> + <p> + Just before the close of the negotiation Bonaparte, disgusted at the + opposition and difficulties with which he was surrounded, reiterated again + and again the offer of his resignation, and his wish to have a successor + appointed. What augmented his uneasiness was an idea he entertained that + the Directory had penetrated his secret, and attributed his powerful + concurrence on the 18th Fructidor to the true cause—his personal + views of ambition. In spite of the hypocritical assurances of gratitude + made to him in writing, and though the Directory knew that his services + were indispensable, spies were employed to watch his movements, and to + endeavour by means of the persons about him to discover his views. Some of + the General's friends wrote to him from Paris, and for my part I never + ceased repeating to him that the peace, the power of making which he had + in his own hands, would render him far more popular than the renewal of + hostilities undertaken with all the chances of success and reverse. The + signing of the peace, according to his own ideas, and in opposition to + those of the Directory, the way in which he just halted at Rastadt, and + avoided returning to the Congress, and, finally, his resolution to + expatriate himself with an army in order to attempt new enterprises, + sprung more than is generally believed from the ruling idea that he was + distrusted, and that his ruin was meditated. He often recalled to mind + what La Vallette had written to him about his conversation with Lacuee; + and all he saw and heard confirmed the impression he had received on this + subject. + </p> + <p> + The early appearance of bad weather precipitated his determination. On the + 13th of October, at daybreak, on opening my window, I perceived the + mountains covered with snow. The previous night had been superb, and the + autumn till then promised to be fine and late. I proceeded, as I always + did, at seven o'clock in the morning, to the General's chamber. I woke + him, and told him what I had seen. He feigned at first to disbelieve me, + then leaped from his bed, ran to the window, and, convinced of the sudden + change, he calmly said, "What! before the middle of October! What a + country is this! Well, we must make peace!" While he hastily put on his + clothes I read the journals to him, as was my daily custom. He paid but + little attention to them. + </p> + <p> + Shutting himself up with me in his closet, he reviewed with the greatest + care all the returns from the different corps of his army. "Here are," + said he, "nearly 80,000 effective men. I feed, I pay them: but I can bring + but 60,000 into the field on the day of battle. I shall gain it, but + afterwards my force will be reduced 20,000 men—by killed, wounded, + and prisoners. Then how oppose all the Austrian forces that will march to + the protection of Vienna? It would be a month before the armies of the + Rhine could support me, if they should be able; and in a fortnight all the + roads and passages will be covered deep with snow. It is settled—I + will make peace. Venice shall pay for the expense of the war and the + boundary of the Rhine: let the Directory and the lawyers say what they + like." + </p> + <p> + He wrote to the Directory in the following words: "The summits of the + hills are covered with snow; I cannot, on account of the stipulations + agreed to for the recommencement of hostilities, begin before + five-and-twenty days, and by that time we shall be overwhelmed with snow." + </p> + <p> + Fourteen years after, another early winter, in a more severe climate, was + destined to have a fatal influence on his fortunes. Had he but then + exercised equal foresight! + </p> + <p> + It is well known that, by the treaty of Campo-Formio, the two belligerent + powers made peace at the expense of the Republic of Venice, which had + nothing to do with the quarrel in the first instance, and which only + interfered at a late period, probably against her own inclination, and + impelled by the force of inevitable circumstances. But what has been the + result of this great political spoliation? A portion of the Venetian + territory was adjudged to the Cisalpine Republic; it is now in the + possession of Austria. + </p> + <p> + Another considerable portion, and the capital itself, fell to the lot of + Austria in compensation for the Belgic provinces and Lombard, which she + ceded to France. Austria has now retaken Lombard, and the additions then + made to it, and Belgium is in the possession of the House of Orange. + France obtained Corfu and some of the Ionian isles; these now belong to + England. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Afterwards to be ceded by her to Greece. Belgium is free.]— +</pre> + <p> + Romulus never thought he was founding Rome for Goths and priests. + Alexander did not foresee that his Egyptian city would belong to the + Turks; nor did Constantine strip Rome for the benefit of Mahomet II. Why + then fight for a few paltry villages? + </p> + <p> + Thus have we been gloriously conquering for Austria and England. An + ancient State is overturned without noise, and its provinces, after being + divided among different bordering States, are now all under the dominion + of Austria. We do not possess a foot of ground in all the fine countries + we conquered, and which served as compensations for the immense + acquisitions of the House of Hapsburgh in Italy. Thus that house was + aggrandised by a war which was to itself most disastrous. But Austria has + often found other means of extending her dominion than military triumphs, + as is recorded in the celebrated distich of Mathias Corvinus: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Bella gerunt alli, to felix Austria nube; + Nam quae Mars allis, dat tibi regna Venus." + + ["Glad Austria wins by Hymen's silken chain + What other States by doubtful battle gain, + And while fierce Mars enriches meaner lands, + Receives possession from fair Venus' hands."] +</pre> + <p> + The Directory was far from being satisfied with the treaty of + Campo-Formio, and with difficulty resisted the temptation of not ratifying + it. A fortnight before the signature the Directors wrote to General + Bonaparte that they would not consent to give to the Emperor Venice, + Frioul, Padua, and the 'terra firma' with the boundary of the Adige. + "That," said they, "would not be to make peace, but to adjourn the war. We + shall be regarded as the beaten party, independently of the disgrace of + abandoning Venice, which Bonaparte himself thought so worthy of freedom. + France ought not, and never will wish, to see Italy delivered up to + Austria. The Directory would prefer the chances of a war to changing a + single word of its ultimatum, which is already too favourable to Austria." + </p> + <p> + All this was said in vain. Bonaparte made no scruple of disregarding his + instructions. It has been said that the Emperor of Austria made an offer + of a very considerable sum of money, and even of a principality, to obtain + favourable terms. I was never able to find the slightest ground for this + report, which refers to a time when the smallest circumstance could not + escape my notice. The character of Bonaparte stood too high for him to + sacrifice his glory as a conqueror and peacemaker for even the greatest + private advantage. This was so thoroughly known, and he was so profoundly + esteemed by the Austrian plenipotentiaries, that I will venture to say + none of them would have been capable of making the slightest overture to + him of so debasing a proposition. Besides, it would have induced him to + put an end to all intercourse with the plenipotentiaries. Perhaps what I + have just stated of M. de Gallo will throw some light upon this odious + accusation. But let us dismiss this story with the rest, and among them + that of the porcelain tray, which was said to have been smashed and thrown + at the head of M. de Cobentzel. I certainly know nothing of any such + scene; our manners at Passeriano were not quite so bad! + </p> + <p> + The presents customary on such occasions were given, and the Emperor of + Austria also took that opportunity to present to General Bonaparte six + magnificent white horses. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte returned to Milan by way of Gratz, Laybach, Thrust, Mestre, + Verona, and Mantua. + </p> + <p> + At this period Napoleon was still swayed by the impulse of the age. He + thought of nothing but representative governments. Often has he said to + me, "I should like the era of representative governments to be dated from + my time." His conduct in Italy and his proclamations ought to give, and in + fact do give, weight to this account of his opinion. But there is no doubt + that this idea was more connected with lofty views of ambition than a + sincere desire for the benefit of the human race; for, at a later period, + he adopted this phrase: "I should like to be the head of the most ancient + of the dynasties of Europe." What a difference between Bonaparte, the + author of the 'Souper de Beaucaire', the subduer of royalism at Toulon; + the author of the remonstrance to Albitte and Salicetti, the fortunate + conqueror of the 13th Vendemiaire, the instigator and supporter of the + revolution of Fructidor, and the founder of the Republics of Italy, the + fruits of his immortal victories,—and Bonaparte, First Consul in + 1800, Consul for life in 1802, and, above all, Napoleon, Emperor of the + French in 1804, and King of Italy in 1805! + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0011" id="link2HCH0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. + </h2> + + 1797 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Effect of the 18th Fructidor on the peace—The standard of the army + of Italy—Honours rendered to the memory of General Hoche and of + Virgil at Mantua—Remarkable letter—In passing through Switzerland + Bonaparte visits the field of Morat—Arrival at Rastadt—Letter from + the Directory calling Bonaparte to Paris—Intrigues against + Josephine—Grand ceremony on the reception of Bonaparte by the + Directory—The theatres—Modesty of Bonaparte—An assassination— + Bonaparte's opinion of the Parisians—His election to the National + Institute—Letter to Camus—Projects—Reflections. +</pre> + <p> + The day of the 18th Fructidor had, without any doubt, mainly contributed + to the conclusion of peace at Campo Formio. On the one hand, the + Directory, hitherto not very pacifically inclined, after having effected a + 'coup d'etat', at length saw the necessity of appeasing the discontented + by giving peace to France. On the other hand, the Cabinet of Vienna, + observing the complete failure of all the royalist plots in the interior, + thought it high time to conclude with the French Republic a treaty which, + notwithstanding all the defeats Austria had sustained, still left her a + preponderating influence over Italy. + </p> + <p> + Besides, the campaign of Italy, so fertile in glorious achievements of + arms, had not been productive of glory alone. Something of greater + importance followed these conquests. Public affairs had assumed a somewhat + unusual aspect, and a grand moral influence, the effect of victories and + of peace, had begun to extend all over France. Republicanism was no longer + so sanguinary and fierce as it had been some years before. Bonaparte, + negotiating with princes and their ministers on a footing of equality, but + still with all that superiority to which victory and his genius entitled + him, gradually taught foreign courts to be familiar with Republican + France, and the Republic to cease regarding all States governed by Kings + as of necessity enemies. + </p> + <p> + In these circumstances the General-in-Chief's departure and his expected + visit to Paris excited general attention. The feeble Directory was + prepared to submit to the presence of the conqueror of Italy in the + capital. + </p> + <p> + It was for the purpose of acting as head of the French legation at the + Congress of Rastadt that Bonaparte quitted Milan on the 17th of November. + But before his departure he sent to the Directory one of those monuments, + the inscriptions on which may generally be considered as fabulous, but + which, in this case, were nothing but the truth. This monument was the + "flag of the Army of Italy," and to General Joubert was assigned the + honourable duty of presenting it to the members of the Executive + Government. + </p> + <p> + On one side of the flag were the words "To the Army of Italy, the grateful + country." The other contained an enumeration of the battles fought and + places taken, and presented, in the following inscriptions, a simple but + striking abridgment of the history of the Italian campaign. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 150,000 PRISONERS; 170 STANDARDS; 550 PIECES OF SIEGE ARTILLERY; + 600 PIECES OF FIELD ARTILLERY; FIVE PONTOON EQUIPAGES; NINE 64-GUN + SHIPS; TWELVE 32-GUN FRIGATES; 12 CORVETTES; 18 GALLEYS; ARMISTICE + WITH THE KING OF SARDINIA; CONVENTION WITH GENOA; ARMISTICE WITH THE + DUKE OF PARMA; ARMISTICE WITH THE KING OF NAPLES; ARMISTICE WITH THE + POPE; PRELIMINARIES OF LEOBEN; CONVENTION OF MONTEBELLO WITH THE + REPUBLIC OF GENOA; TREATY OF PEACE WITH THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AT + CAMPO-FORMIO. + + LIBERTY GIVEN TO THE PEOPLE OF BOLOGNA, FERRARA, MODENA, + MASSA-CARRARA, LA ROMAGNA, LOMBARD, BRESCIA, BERGAMO, MANTUA, CREMONA. + PART OF THE VERONESE, CHIAVENA, BORMIO, THE VALTELINE, THE GENOESE, + THE IMPERIAL FIEFS, THE PEOPLE OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF CORCYRA, OF THE + AEGEAN SEA, AND OF ITHACA. + + SENT TO PARIS ALL THE MASTERPIECES OF MICHAEL ANGELO, OF GVERCINO, + OF TITIAN, OF PAUL VERONESE, OF CORREGGIO, OF ALBANA, OF THE + CARRACCI, OF RAPHAEL, AND OF LEONARDO DA VINCI. +</pre> + <p> + Thus were recapitulated on a flag, destined to decorate the Hall of the + Public Sittings of the Directory, the military deeds of the campaign in + Italy, its political results, and the conquest of the monuments of art. + </p> + <p> + Most of the Italian cities looked upon their conqueror as a liberator—such + was the magic of the word liberty, which resounded from the Alps to the + Apennines. On his way to Mantua the General took up his residence in the + palace of the ancient dukes. Bonaparte promised the authorities of Mantua + that their department should be one of the most extensive; impressed on + them the necessity of promptly organising a local militia, and of putting + in execution the plans of Mari, the mathematician, for the navigation of + the Mincio from Mantua to Peschiera. + </p> + <p> + He stopped two days at Mantua, and the morrow of his arrival was devoted + to the celebration of a military funeral solemnity, in honour of General + Hoche, who had just died. His next object was to hasten the execution of + the monument which was erecting to the memory of Virgil. Thus, in one day, + he paid honour to France and Italy, to modern and to ancient glory, to the + laurels of war and to the laurels of poetry. + </p> + <p> + A person who saw Bonaparte on this occasion for the first time thus + described him in a letter he wrote to Paris:—"With lively interest + and extreme attention I have observed this extraordinary man, who has + performed such great deeds, and about whom there is something which seems + to indicate that his career is not yet terminated. I found him very like + his portraits—little, thin, pale, with an air of fatigue, but not of + ill-health, as has been reported of him. He appears to me to listen with + more abstraction than interest, and that he was more occupied with what he + was thinking of than with what was said to him. There is great + intelligence in his countenance, along with which may be marked an air of + habitual meditation, which reveals nothing of what is passing within. In + that thinking head, in that bold mind, it is impossible not to believe + that some daring designs are engendering which will have their influence + an the destinies of Europe." + </p> + <p> + From the last phrase, in particular, of this letter, one might suspect + that it was written after Bonaparte had made his name feared throughout + Europe; but it really appeared in a journal in the month of December 1797, + a little before his arrival in Paris. + </p> + <p> + There exists a sort of analogy between celebrated men and celebrated + places; it was not, therefore, an uninteresting spectacle to see Bonaparte + surveying the field of Morat, where, in 1476, Charles the Bold, Duke of + Burgundy, daring like himself, fell with his powerful army under the + effects of Helvetian valour. Bonaparte slept during the night at Maudon, + where, as in every place through which he passed, the greatest honours + were paid him. In the morning, his carriage having broken down, we + continued our journey an foot, accompanied only by some officers and an + escort of dragoons of the country. Bonaparte stopped near the Ossuary, and + desired to be shown the spot where the battle of Morat was fought. A plain + in front of the chapel was pointed out to him. An officer who had served + in France was present, and explained to him how the Swiss, descending from + the neighbouring mountains, were enabled, under cover of a wood, to turn + the Burgundian army and put it to the rout. "What was the force of that + army?" asked Bonaparte.—"Sixty thousand men."—"Sixty thousand + men!" he exclaimed: "they ought to have completely covered these + mountains!"—"The French fight better now," said Lannes, who was one + of the officers of his suite. "At that time," observed Bonaparte, + interrupting him, "the Burgundians were not Frenchmen." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's journey through Switzerland was not without utility; and his + presence served to calm more than one inquietude. He proceeded on his + journey to Rastadt by Aix in Savoy, Berne, and Bale. On arriving at Berne + during night we passed through a double file of well-lighted equipages, + filled with beautiful women, all of whom raised the cry of "Long live, + Bonaparte!—long live the Pacificator!" To have a proper idea of this + genuine enthusiasm it is necessary to have seen it. + </p> + <p> + The position in society to which his services had raised him rendered it + unfit to address him in the second person singular and the familiar manner + sometimes used by his old schoolfellows of Brienne. I thought, this very + natural. + </p> + <p> + M. de Cominges, one of those who went with him to the military school at + Paris, and who had emigrated, was at Bale. Having learned our arrival, he + presented himself without ceremony, with great indecorum, and with a + complete disregard of the respect due to a man who had rendered himself so + illustrious. General Bonaparte, offended at this behaviour, refused to + receive him again, and expressed himself to me with much warmth on the + occasion of this visit. All my efforts to remove his displeasure were + unavailing, this impression always continued, and he never did for M. de + Cominges what his means and the old ties of boyhood might well have + warranted. + </p> + <p> + On arriving at Rastadt + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The conference for the formal peace with the Empire of Germany + was held there. The peace of Leoben was only one made with + Austria.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte found a letter from the Directory summoning him to Paris. He + eagerly obeyed this invitation, which drew him from a place where he could + act only an insignificant part, and which he had determined to leave soon, + never again to return. Some time after his arrival in Paris, on the ground + that his presence was necessary for the execution of different orders, and + the general despatch of business, he required that authority should be + given to a part of his household, which he had left at Rastadt, to return. + </p> + <p> + How could it ever be said that the Directory "kept General Bonaparte away + from the great interests which were under discussion at Rastadt"? Quite + the contrary! The Directory would have been delighted to see him return + there, as they would then have been relieved from his presence in Paris; + but nothing was so disagreeable to Bonaparte as long and seemingly + interminable negotiations. Such tedious work did not suit his character, + and he had been sufficiently disgusted with similar proceedings at + Campo-Formio. + </p> + <p> + On our arrival at Rastadt I soon found that General Bonaparte was + determined to stay there only a short time. I therefore expressed to him + my decided desire to remain in Germany. I was then ignorant that my + erasure from the emigrant list had been ordered on the 11th of November, + as the decree did not reach the commissary of the Executive Directory at + Auxerre until the 17th of November, the day of our departure from Milan. + </p> + <p> + The silly pretext of difficulties by which my erasure, notwithstanding the + reiterated solicitations of the victorious General, was so long delayed + made me apprehensive of a renewal, under a weak and jealous pentarchy, of + the horrible scenes of 1796. Bonaparte said to me, in atone of + indignation, "Come, pass the Rhine; they will not dare to seize you while + near me. I answer for your safety." On reaching Paris I found that my + erasure had taken place. It was at this period only that General + Bonaparte's applications in my favour were tardily crowned with success. + Sotin, the Minister of General Police, notified the fact to Bonaparte; but + his letter gave a reason for my erasure very different from that stated in + the decree. The Minister said that the Government did not wish to leave + among the names of traitors to their country the name of a citizen who was + attached to the person of the conqueror of Italy; while the decree itself + stated as the motive for removing my name from the list that I never had + emigrated. + </p> + <p> + At St. Helena it seems Bonaparte said that he did not return from Italy + with more than 300,000 francs; but I assert that he had at that time in + his possession something more than 3,000,000. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph says that Napoleon, when he exiled for Egypt, left with + him all his fortune, and that it was much nearer 300,000 francs than + 3,000,000. (See Erreurs, tome i. pp. 243, 259)]— +</pre> + <p> + How could he with 300,000 francs have been able to provide for the + extensive repairs, the embellishment, and the furnishing of his house in + the Rue Chantereine? How could he have supported the establishment he did + with only 15,000 francs of income and the emoluments of his rank? The + excursion which he made along the coast, of which I have yet to speak, of + itself cost near 12,000 francs in gold, which he transferred to me to + defray the expense of the journey; and I do not think that this sum was + ever repaid him. Besides, what did it signify, for any object he might + have in disguising his fortune, whether he brought 3,000,000 or 300,000 + francs with him from Italy? No one will accuse him of peculation. He was + an inflexible administrator. He was always irritated at the discovery of + fraud, and pursued those guilty of it with all the vigour of his + character. He wished to be independent, which he well knew that no one + could be without fortune. He has often said to me, "I am no Capuchin, not + I." But after having been allowed only 300,000 francs on his arrival from + the rich Italy, where fortune never abandoned him, it has been printed + that he had 20,000,000 (some have even doubled the amount) on his return + from Egypt, which is a very poor country, where money is scarce, and where + reverses followed close upon his victories. All these reports are false. + What he brought from Italy has just been stated, and it will be seen when + we come to Egypt what treasure he carried away from the country of the + Pharaohs. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's brothers, desirous of obtaining complete dominion over his + mind, strenuously endeavoured to lessen the influence which Josephine + possessed from the love of her husband. They tried to excite his jealousy, + and took advantage of her stay at Milan after our departure, which had + been authorised by Bonaparte himself. My intimacy with both the husband + and the wife fortunately afforded me an opportunity of averting or + lessening a good deal of mischief. If Josephine still lived she would + allow me this merit. I never took part against her but once, and that + unwillingly. It was on the subject of the marriage of her daughter + Hortense. Josephine had never as yet spoken to me on the subject. + Bonaparte wished to give his stepdaughter to Duroc, and his brothers were + eager to promote the marriage, because they wished to separate Josephine + from Hortense, for whom Bonaparte felt the tenderest affection. Josephine, + on the other hand, wished Hortense to marry Louis Bonaparte. Her motives, + as may easily be divined, were to, gain support in a family where she + experienced nothing but enmity, and she carried her point. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Previous to her marriage with Louis, Hortense cherished an + attachment for Duroc, who was at that time a handsome man about + thirty, and a great favourite of Bonaparte. However, the + indifference with which Duroc regarded the marriage of Louis + Bonaparte sufficiently proves that the regard with which he had + inspired Hortense was not very ardently returned. It is certain + that Duroc might have become the husband of Mademoiselle de + Beauharnais had he been willing to accede to the conditions on which + the First Consul offered him his step-daughter's hand. But Duroc + looked forward to something better, and his ordinary prudence + forsook him at a moment when he might easily have beheld a + perspective calculated to gratify even a more towering ambition than + his. He declined the proposed marriage; and the union of Hortense + and Louis, which Madame Bonaparte, to conciliate the favour of her + brothers-in-law, had endeavoured to bring about, was immediately + determined on (Memoires de Constant). + + In allusion to the alleged unfriendly feeling of Napoleon's brothers + towards Josephine, the following observation occurs in Joseph + Bonaparte's Notes on Bourrienne: + + "None of Napoleon's brothers," he says, "were near him from the time + of his departure for Italy except Louis who cannot be suspected of + having intrigued against Josephine, whose daughter he married. + These calumnies are without foundation" (Erreurs, tome i. p. 244)]— +</pre> + <p> + On his arrival from Rastadt the most magnificent preparations were made at + the Luxembourg for the reception of Bonaparte. The grand court of the + Palace was elegantly ornamented; and at its farther end, close to the + Palace, a large amphitheatre was erected for the accommodation of official + persons. Curiosity, as on all like occasions, attracted multitudes, and + the court was filled. Opposite to the principal vestibule stood the altar + of the country, surrounded by the statues of Liberty, Equality, and Peace. + When Bonaparte entered every head was uncovered. The windows were full of + young and beautiful females. But notwithstanding this great preparation an + icy coldness characterized the ceremony. Every one seemed to be present + only for the purpose of beholding a sight, and curiosity was the + prevailing expression rather than joy or gratitude. It is but right to + say, however, that an unfortunate event contributed to the general + indifference. The right wing of the Palace was not occupied, but great + preparations had been making there, and an officer had been directed to + prevent anyone from ascending. One of the clerks of the Directory, + however, contrived to get upon the scaffolding, but had scarcely placed + his foot on the first plank when it tilted up, and the imprudent man fell + the whole height into the court. This accident created a general stupor. + Ladies fainted, and the windows were nearly deserted. + </p> + <p> + However, the Directory displayed all the Republican splendour of which + they were so prodigal on similar occasions. Speeches were far from being + scarce. Talleyrand, who was then Minister for Foreign Affairs, on + introducing Bonaparte to the Directory, made a long oration, in the course + of which he hinted that the personal greatness of the General ought not to + excite uneasiness, even in a rising Republic. "Far from apprehending + anything from his ambition, I believe that we shall one day be obliged to + solicit him to tear himself from the pleasures of studious retirement. All + France will be free, but perhaps he never will; such is his destiny." + </p> + <p> + Talleyrand was listened to with impatience, so anxious was every one to + hear Bonaparte. The conqueror of Italy then rose, and pronounced with a + modest air, but in a firm voice, a short address of congratulation on the + improved position of the nation. + </p> + <p> + Barras, at that time President of the Directory, replied to Bonaparte with + so much prolixity as to weary everyone; and as soon as he had finished + speaking he threw himself into the arms of the General, who was not much + pleased with such affected displays, and gave him what was then called the + fraternal embrace. The other members of the Directory, following the + example of the President, surrounded Bonaparte and pressed him in their + arms; each acted, to the best of his ability, his part in the sentimental + comedy. + </p> + <p> + Chenier composed for this occasion a hymn, which Mehul set to music. A few + days after an opera was produced, bearing the title of the 'Fall of + Carthage', which was meant as an allusion to the anticipated exploits of + the conqueror of Italy, recently appointed to the command of the "Army of + England." The poets were all employed in praising him; and Lebrun, with + but little of the Pindaric fire in his soul, composed the following + distich, which certainly is not worth much: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Heros, cher a la paix, aux arts, a la victoire— + Il conquit en deux ans mille siecles de gloire." +</pre> + <p> + The two councils were not disposed to be behind the Directory in the + manifestation of joy. A few days after they gave a banquet to the General + in the gallery of the Louvre, which had recently been enriched by the + masterpieces of painting conquered in Italy. + </p> + <p> + At this time Bonaparte displayed great modesty in all his transactions in + Paris. The administrators of the department of the Seine having sent a + deputation to him to inquire what hour and day he would allow them to wait + on him, he carried himself his answer to the department, accompanied by + General Berthier. It was also remarked that the judge of the peace of the + arrondissement where the General lived having called on him on the 6th of + December, the evening of his arrival, he returned the visit next morning. + These attentions, trifling as they may appear, were not without their + effect on the minds of the Parisians. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of General Bonaparte's victories, the peace he had + effected, and the brilliant reception of which he had been the object, the + business of Vendemiaire was in some measure forgotten. Every one was eager + to get a sight of the young hero whose career had commenced with so much + 'eclat'. He lived very retiredly, yet went often to the theatre. He + desired me, one day, to go and request the representation of two of the + best pieces of the time, in which Elleviou, Mesdames St. Aubin, Phillis, + and other distinguished performers played. His message was, that he only + wished these two pieces on the same night, if that were possible. The + manager told me that nothing that the conqueror of Italy wished for was + impossible, for he had long ago erased that word from the dictionary. + Bonaparte laughed heartily at the manager's answer. When we went to the + theatre he seated himself, as usual, in the back of the box, behind Madame + Bonaparte, making me sit by her side. The pit and boxes, however, soon + found out that he was in the house, and loudly called for him. Several + times an earnest desire to see him was manifested, but all in vain, for he + never showed himself. + </p> + <p> + Some days after, being at the Theatre des Arts, at the second + representation of 'Horatius Cocles', although he was sitting at the back + of a box in the second tier, the audience discovered that he was in the + house. Immediately acclamations arose from all quarters; but he kept + himself concealed as much as possible, and said to a person in the next + box, "Had I known that the boxes were so exposed, I should not have come." + </p> + <p> + During Bonaparte's stay at Paris a woman sent a messenger to warn him that + his life would be attempted, and that poison was to be employed for that + purpose. Bonaparte had the bearer of this information arrested, who went, + accompanied by the judge of the peace, to the woman's house, where she was + found extended on the floor, and bathed in her blood. The men whose plot + she had overheard, having discovered that she had revealed their secret, + murdered her. The poor woman was dreadfully mangled: her throat was cut; + and, not satisfied with that, the assassins had also hacked her body with + sharp instruments. + </p> + <p> + On the night of the 10th of Nivôse the Rue Chantereine, in which Bonaparte + had a small house (No. 6), received, in pursuance of a decree of the + department, the name of Rue de la Victoire. The cries of "Vive Bonaparte!" + and the incense prodigally offered up to him, did not however seduce him + from his retired habits. Lately the conqueror and ruler of Italy, and now + under men for whom he had no respect, and who saw in him a formidable + rival, he said to me one day, "The people of Paris do not remember + anything. Were I to remain here long, doing nothing, I should be lost. In + this great Babylon one reputation displaces another. Let me be seen but + three times at the theatre and I shall no longer excite attention; so I + shall go there but seldom." When he went he occupied a box shaded with + curtains. The manager of the opera wished to get up a special performance + in his honour; but he declined the offer. When I observed that it must be + agreeable to him to see his fellow-citizens so eagerly running after him, + he replied, "Bah! the people would crowd as fast to see me if I were going + to the scaffold." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A similar remark made to William III. on his lending at Brixham + elicited the comment, "Like the Jews, who cried one day 'Hosanna!' + and the next 'Crucify Him! crucify Him!'"]— +</pre> + <p> + On the 28th of December Bonaparte was named a member of the Institute, in + the class of the Sciences and arts. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon seems to have really considered this nomination as a + great honour. He was fond of using the title in his proclamations; + and to the last the allowance attached to the appointment figured in + the Imperial accounts. He replaced Carnot, the exiled Director.]— +</pre> + <p> + He showed a deep sense of this honour, and wrote the following letter to + Camus; the president of the class: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZEN PRESIDENT—The suffrage of the distinguished men who compose + the institute confers a high honour on me. I feel well assured + that, before I can be their equal, I must long be their scholar. If + there were any way more expressive than another of making known my + esteem for you, I should be glad to employ it. True conquests—the + only ones which leave no regret behind them—are those which are + made over ignorance. The most honourable, as well as the most + useful, occupation for nations is the contributing to the extension + of human knowledge. The true power of the French Republic should + henceforth be made to consist in not allowing a single new idea to + exist without making it part of its property. + BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + The General now renewed, though unsuccessfully, the attempt he had made + before the 18th Fructidor to obtain a dispensation of the age necessary + for becoming a Director. Perceiving that the time was not yet favourable + for such a purpose, he said to me, on the 29th of January 1798, + "Bourrienne, I do not wish to remain here; there is nothing to do. They + are unwilling to listen to anything. I see that if I linger here, I shall + soon lose myself. Everything wears out here; my glory has already + disappeared. This little Europe does not supply enough of it for me. I + must seek it in the East, the fountain of glory. However, I wish first to + make a tour along the coast, to ascertain by my own observation what may + be attempted. I will take you, Lannes, and Sulkowsky, with me. If the + success of a descent on England appear doubtful, as I suspect it will, the + army of England shall become the army of the East, and I will go to + Egypt." + </p> + <p> + This and other conversations give a correct insight into his character. He + always considered war and conquest as the most noble and inexhaustible + source of that glory which was the constant object of his desire. He + revolted at the idea of languishing in idleness at Paris, while fresh + laurels were growing for him in distant climes. His imagination inscribed, + in anticipation, his name on those gigantic monuments which alone, + perhaps, of all the creations of man, have the character of eternity. + Already proclaimed the most illustrious of living generals, he sought to + efface the rival names of antiquity by his own. If Caesar fought fifty + battles, he longed to fight a hundred—if Alexander left Macedon to + penetrate to the Temple of Ammon, he wished to leave Paris to travel to + the Cataracts of the Nile. While he was thus to run a race with fame, + events would, in his opinion, so proceed in France as to render his return + necessary and opportune. His place would be ready for him, and he should + not come to claim it a forgotten or unknown man. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0012" id="link2HCH0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. + </h2> + + 1798. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's departure from Paris—His return—The Egyptian + expedition projected—M. de Talleyrand—General Desaix—Expedition + against Malta—Money taken at Berne—Bonaparte's ideas respecting + the East—Monge—Non-influence of the Directory—Marriages of + Marmont and La Valette—Bonaparte's plan of colonising Egypt—His + camp library—Orthographical blunders—Stock of wines—Bonaparte's + arrival at Toulon—Madame Bonaparte's fall from a balcony—Execution + of an old man—Simon. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte left Paris for the north on the 10th of February 1798—but + he received no order, though I have seen it everywhere so stated, to go + there—"for the purpose of preparing the operations connected with + the intended invasion of England." He occupied himself with no such + business, for which a few days certainly would not have been sufficient. + His journey to the coast was nothing but a rapid excursion, and its sole + object was to enable him to form an opinion on the main point of the + question. Neither did he remain absent several weeks, for the journey + occupied only one. There were four of us in his carriage—himself, + Lannes, Sulkowsky, and I. Moustache was our courier. Bonaparte was not a + little surprised on reading, in the 'Moniteur' of the 10th February, an + article giving greater importance to his little excursion than it + deserved. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "General Bonaparte," said the 'Moniteur', "has departed for Dunkirk + with some naval and engineer officers. They have gone to visit the + coasts and prepare the preliminary operations for the descent [upon + England]. It may be stated that he will not return to Rastadt, and + that the close of the session of the Congress there is approaching." +</pre> + <p> + Now for the facts. Bonaparte visited Etaples, Ambleteuse, Boulogne, + Calais, Dunkirk, Furnes, Niewport, Ostend, and the Isle of Walcheren. He + collected at the different ports all the necessary information with that + intelligence and tact for which he was so eminently distinguished. He + questioned the sailors, smugglers, and fishermen, and listened attentively + to the answers he received. + </p> + <p> + We returned to Paris by Antwerp, Brussels, Lille, and St. Quentin. The + object of our journey was accomplished when we reached the first of these + towns. "Well, General," said I, "what think you of our journey? Are you + satisfied? For my part, I confess I entertain no great hopes from anything + I have seen and heard." Bonaparte immediately answered, "It is too great a + chance. I will not hazard it. I would not thus sport with the fate of my + beloved France." On hearing this I already fancied myself in Cairo! + </p> + <p> + On his return to Paris Bonaparte lost no time in setting on foot the + military and scientific preparations for the projected expedition to the + banks of the Nile, respecting which such incorrect statements have + appeared. It had long occupied his thoughts, as the following facts will + prove. + </p> + <p> + In the month of August 1797 he wrote "that the time was not far distant + when we should see that, to destroy the power of England effectually, it + would be necessary to attack Egypt." In the same month he wrote to + Talleyrand, who had just succeeded Charles de Lacroix as Minister of + Foreign Affairs, "that it would be necessary to attack Egypt, which did + not belong to the Grand Signior." Talleyrand replied, "that his ideas + respecting Egypt were certainly grand, and that their utility could not + fail to be fully appreciated." He concluded by saying he would write to + him at length on the subject. + </p> + <p> + History will speak as favourably of M. de Talleyrand as his contemporaries + have spoken ill of him. When a statesman, throughout a great, long, and + difficult career, makes and preserves a number of faithful friends, and + provokes but few enemies, it must be acknowledged that his character is + honourable and his talent profound, and that his political conduct has + been wise and moderate. It is impossible to know M. de Talleyrand without + admiring him. All who have that advantage, no doubt, judge him as I do. + </p> + <p> + In the month of November of the same year Bonaparte sent Poussielgue, + under the pretence of inspecting the ports of the Levant, to give the + finishing stroke to the meditated expedition against Malta. + </p> + <p> + General Desaix, whom Bonaparte had made the confidant of all his plans at + their interview in Italy after the preliminaries of Leoben, wrote to him + from Affenbourg, on his return to Germany, that he regarded the fleet of + Corfu with great interest. "If ever," said he, "it should be engaged in + the grand enterprises of which I have heard you speak, do not, I beseech + you, forget me." Bonaparte was far from forgetting him. + </p> + <p> + The Directory at first disapproved of the expedition against Malta, which + Bonaparte had proposed long before the treaty of Campo-Formio was signed. + The expedition was decided to be impossible, for Malta had observed strict + neutrality, and had on several occasions even assisted our ships and + seamen. Thus we had no pretext for going to war with her. It was said, + too, that the legislative body would certainly not look with a favourable + eye on such a measure. This opinion, which, however, did not last long, + vexed Bonaparte. It was one of the disappointments which made him give a + rough welcome to Bottot, Barras' agent, at the commencement of October + 1797. + </p> + <p> + In the course of an animated conversation he said to Bottot, shrugging his + shoulders, "Mon Dieu! Malta is for sale!" Sometime after he himself was + told that "great importance was attached to the acquisition of Malta, and + that he must not suffer it to escape." At the latter end of September 1797 + Talleyrand, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, wrote to him that the + Directory authorized him to give the necessary orders to Admiral Brueys + for taking Malta. He sent Bonaparte some letters for the island, because + Bonaparte had said it was necessary to prepare the public mind for the + event. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte exerted himself night and day in the execution of his projects. + I never saw him so active. He made himself acquainted with the abilities + of the respective generals, and the force of all the army corps. Orders + and instructions succeeded each other with extraordinary rapidity. If he + wanted an order of the Directory he ran to the Luxembourg to get it signed + by one of the Directors. Merlin de Douai was generally the person who did + him this service, for he was the most constant at his post. Lagarde, the + Secretary-General, did not countersign any document relative to this + expedition, Bonaparte not wishing him to be informed of the business. He + transmitted to Toulon the money taken at Berne, which the Directory had + placed at his disposal. It amounted to something above 3,000,000 francs. + In those times of disorder and negligence the finances were very badly + managed. The revenues were anticipated and squandered away, so that the + treasury never possessed so large a sum as that just mentioned. + </p> + <p> + It was determined that Bonaparte should undertake an expedition of an + unusual character to the East. I must confess that two things cheered me + in this very painful interval; my friendship and admiration for the + talents of the conqueror of Italy, and the pleasing hope of traversing + those ancient regions, the historical and religious accounts of which had + engaged the attention of my youth. + </p> + <p> + It was at Passeriano that, seeing the approaching termination of his + labours in Europe, he first began to turn serious attention to the East. + During his long strolls in the evening in the magnificent park there he + delighted to converse about the celebrated events of that part of the + world, and the many famous empires it once possessed. He used to say, + "Europe is a mole-hill. There have never been great empires and + revolutions except in the East, where there are 600,000,000 men." He + considered that part of the world as the cradle of all religious, of all + metaphysical extravagances. This subject was no less interesting than + inexhaustible, and he daily introduced it when conversing with the + generals with whom he was intimate, with Monge, and with me. + </p> + <p> + Monge entirely concurred in the General-in-Chief's opinions on this point; + and his scientific ardour was increased by Bonaparte's enthusiasm. In + short, all were unanimously of one opinion. The Directory had no share in + renewing the project of this memorable expedition, the result of which did + not correspond with the grand views in which it had been conceived. + Neither had the Directory any positive control over Bonaparte's departure + or return. It was merely the passive instrument of the General's wishes, + which it converted into decrees, as the law required. He was no more + ordered to undertake the conquest of Egypt than he was instructed as to + the plan of its execution. Bonaparte organised the army of the East, + raised money, and collected ships; and it was he who conceived the happy + idea of joining to the expedition men distinguished in science and art, + and whose labours have made known, in its present and past state, a + country, the very name of which is never pronounced without exciting grand + recollections. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's orders flew like lightning from Toulon to Civita Vecchia. With + admirable precision he appointed some forces to assemble before Malta, and + others before Alexandria. He dictated all these orders to me in his + Cabinet. + </p> + <p> + In the position in which France stood with respect to Europe, after the + treaty of Campo-Formio, the Directory, far from pressing or even + facilitating this expedition, ought to have opposed it. A victory on the + Adige would have been far better for France than one on the Nile. From all + I saw, I am of opinion that the wish to get rid of an ambitious and rising + man, whose popularity excited envy, triumphed over the evident danger of + removing, for an indefinite period, an excellent army, and the possible + loss of the French fleet. As to Bonaparte, he was well assured that + nothing remained for him but to choose between that hazardous enterprise + and his certain ruin. Egypt was, he thought, the right place to maintain + his reputation, and to add fresh glory to his name. + </p> + <p> + On the 12th of April 1798 he was appointed General-in-Chief of the army of + the East. + </p> + <p> + It was about this time that Marmont was married to Mademoiselle Perregaux; + and Bonaparte's aide de camp, La Valletta, to Mademoiselle Beauharnais. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter Scott informs us that Josephine, when she became + Empress, brought about the marriage between her niece and La + Vallette. This is another fictitious incident of his historical + romance.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Shortly before our departure I asked Bonaparte how long he intended to + remain in Egypt. He replied, "A few months, or six years: all depends on + circumstances. I will colonise the country. I will bring them artists and + artisans of every description; women, actors, etc. We are but + nine-and-twenty now, and we shall then be five-and-thirty. That is not an + old age. Those six years will enable me, if all goes well, to get to + India. Give out that you are going to Brest. Say so even to your family." + I obeyed, to prove my discretion and real attachment to him. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte wished to form a camp library of cabinet editions, and he gave + me a list of the books which I was to purchase. This list is in his own + writing, and is as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CAMP LIBRARY. +</pre> + <p> + 1. ARTS AND SCIENCE.—Fontenelle's Worlds, 1 vol. Letters to a German + Princess, 2 vols. Courses of the Normal School, 6 vols. The Artillery + Assistant, 1 vol. Treatise on Fortifications, 3 vols. Treatise on + Fireworks, 1 vol. + </p> + <p> + 2. GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVELS.—Barclay's Geography, 12 vols. Cook's + Voyages, 3 vols. La Harpe's Travels, 24 vols. + </p> + <p> + 3. HISTORY.—Plutarch, 12 vols. Turenne, 2 vols. Condé, 4 vols. + Villars, 4 vols. Luxembourg, 2 vols. Duguesclin, 2 vols. Saxe, 3 vols. + Memoirs of the Marshals of France, 20 vols. President Hainault, 4 vols. + Chronology, 2 vols. Marlborough, 4 vols. Prince Eugène, 6 vols. + Philosophical History of India, 12 vols. Germany, 2 vols. Charles XII., 1 + vol. Essay on the Manners of Nations, 6 vols. Peter the Great, 1 vol. + Polybius, 6 vols. Justin, 2 vols. Arrian, 3 vols. Tacitus, 2 vols. Titus + Livy, Thucydides, 2 vols. Vertot, 4 vols. Denina, 8 vols. Frederick II, 8 + vols. + </p> + <p> + 4. POETRY.—Osaian, 1 vol. Tasso, 6 vols. Ariosto, 6 vols. Homer, 6 + vols. Virgil, 4 vols. The Henriade, 1 vol. Telemachus, 2 vols. Les Jardin, + 1 vol. The Chefs-d'Oeuvre of the French Theatre, 20 vols. Select Light + Poetry, 10 vols. La Fontaine. + </p> + <p> + 5. ROMANCE.—Voltaire, 4 vols. Heloise, 4 vols. Werther, 1 vol. + Marmontel, 4 vols. English Novels, 40 vols. Le Sage, 10 vols. Prevost, 10 + vols. + </p> + <p> + 6. POLITICS AND MORALS.—The Old Testament. The New Testament. The + Koran. The Vedan. Mythology. Montesquieu. The Esprit des Lois. + </p> + <p> + It will be observed that he classed the books of the religious creeds of + nations under the head of "politics." + </p> + <p> + The autograph copy of the above list contains some of those orthographical + blunders which Bonaparte so frequently committed. Whether these blunders + are attributable to the limited course of instruction he received at + Brienne, to his hasty writing, the rapid flow of his ideas, or the little + importance he attached to that indispensable condition of polite + education, I know not. Knowing so well as he did the authors and generals + whose names appear in the above list, it is curious that he should have + written Ducecling for Duguesclin, and Ocean for Ossian. The latter mistake + would have puzzled me not a little had I not known his predilection for + the Caledonian bard. + </p> + <p> + Before his departure Bonaparte laid in a considerable stock of Burgundy. + It was supplied by a man named James, of Dijon. I may observe that on this + occasion we had an opportunity of ascertaining that good Burgundy, well + racked off, and in casks hermetically sealed, does not lose its quality on + a sea voyage. Several cases of this Burgundy twice crossed the desert of + the Isthmus of Suez on camels' backs. We brought some of it back with us + to Fréjus, and it was as good as when we departed. James went with us to + Egypt. + </p> + <p> + During the remainder of our stay in Paris nothing occurred worthy of + mention, with the exception of a conversation between Bonaparte and me + some days before our departure for Toulon. He went with me to the + Luxembourg to get signatures to the official papers connected with his + expedition. He was very silent. As we passed through the Rue Sainte Anne I + asked him, with no other object than merely to break a long pause, whether + he was still determined to quit France. He replied, "Yes: I have tried + everything. They do not want me (probably alluding to the office of + Director). I ought to overthrow them, and make myself King; but it will + not do yet. The nobles will never consent to it. I have tried my ground. + The time is not yet come. I should be alone. But I will dazzle them + again." I replied, "Well, we will go to Egypt;" and changed the + conversation. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Lucien and the Bonapartists of course deny that Napoleon wished + to become Director, or to seize on power at this time; see Lucien, + tome 1. p. 154. Thiers (vol. v. p. 257) takes the same view. + Lanfrey (tome i. p. 363) believes Napoleon was at last compelled by + the Directory to start and he credits the story told by Desaix to + Mathieu Dumas, or rather to the wife of that officer, that there was + a plot to upset the Directory, but that when all was ready Napoleon + judged that the time was not ripe. Lanfrey, however, rather + enlarges what Dumas says; see Dumas, tome iii. p. 167. See also + the very remarkable conversation of Napoleon with Miot de Melito + just before leaving Italy for Rastadt: "I cannot obey any longer. I + have tasted the pleasures of command, and I cannot renounce it. My + decision is taken. If I cannot be master, I shall quit France." + (Miot, tome i. p. 184).]— +</pre> + <p> + The squabble with Bernadotte at Vienna delayed our departure for a + fortnight, and might have had the most disastrous influence on the fate of + the squadron, as Nelson would most assuredly have waited between Malta and + Sicily if he had arrived there before us.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter Scott, without any authority, states that, at the + moment of his departure, Bonaparte seemed disposed to abandon the + command of an expedition so doubtful and hazardous, and that for + this purpose he endeavoured to take advantage of what had occurred + at Vienna. This must be ranked in the class of inventions, together + with Barras mysterious visit to communicate the change of + destination, and also the ostracism and honourable exile which the + Directory wished to impose on Bonaparte.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + It is untrue that he ever entertained the idea of abandoning the + expedition in consequence of Bernadotte's affair. The following letter to + Brueys, dated the 28th of April 1798, proves the contrary: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Some disturbances which have arisen at Vienna render my presence in + Paris necessary for a few days. This will not change any of the + arrangements for the expedition. I have sent orders by this courier + for the troops at Marseilles to embark and proceed to Toulon. On + the evening of the 30th I will send you a courier with orders for + you to embark and proceed with the squadron and convoy to Genoa, + where I will join you. + + The delay which this fresh event has occasioned will, I imagine, + have enabled you to complete every preparation. +</pre> + <p> + We left Paris on the 3d of May 1798. Ten days before Bonaparte's departure + for Egypt a prisoner (Sir Sidney Smith) escaped from the Temple who was + destined to contribute materially to his reverses. An escape so + unimportant in itself afterwards caused the failure of the most gigantic + projects and daring conceptions. This escape was pregnant with future + events; a false order of the Minister of Police prevented the revolution + of the East! + </p> + <p> + We were at Toulon on the 8th. Bonaparte knew by the movements of the + English that not a moment was to be lost; but adverse winds detained us + ten days, which he occupied in attending to the most minute details + connected with the fleet. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, whose attention was constantly occupied with his army, made a + speech to the soldiers, which I wrote to his dictation, and which appeared + in the public papers at the time. This address was followed by cries of + "The Immortal Republic for ever!" and the singing of national hymns. + </p> + <p> + Those who knew Madame Bonaparte are aware that few women were more amiable + and fascinating. Bonaparte was passionately fond of her, and to enjoy the + pleasure of her society as long as possible he brought her with him to + Toulon. Nothing could be more affecting than their parting. On leaving + Toulon Josephine went to the waters of Plombieres. I recollect that during + her stay at Plombieres she incurred great danger from a serious accident. + Whilst she was one day sitting at the balcony of the hotel, with her + suite, the balcony suddenly gave way, and all the persons in it fell into + the street. Madame Bonaparte was much hurt, but no serious consequences + ensued. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had scarcely arrived at Toulon when he heard that the law for + the death of emigrants was enforced with frightful rigour; and that but + recently an old man, upwards of eighty, had been shot. Indignant at this + barbarity, he dictated to me, in a tone of anger, the following letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS TOULON, + 27th Floréal, year VI. (16th May 1798). + + BONAPARTE, MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE, TO THE MILITARY + COMMISSIONERS OF THE NINTH DIVISION, ESTABLISHED BY THE LAW OF + THE 19TH FRUCTIDOR. + + I have learned, citizens, with deep regret, that an old man, between + seventy and eighty years of age, and some unfortunate women, in a + state of pregnancy, or surrounded with children of tender age, have + been shot on the charge of emigration. + + Have the soldiers of liberty become executioners? Can the mercy + which they have exercised even in the fury of battle be extinct in + their hearts? + + The law of the 19th Fructidor was a measure of public safety. Its + object was to reach conspirators, not women and aged men. + + I therefore exhort you, citizens, whenever the law brings to your + tribunals women or old men, to declare that in the field of battle + you have respected the women and old men of your enemies. + + The officer who signs a sentence against a person incapable of + bearing arms is a coward. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + This letter saved the life of an unfortunate man who came under the + description of persons to whom Bonaparte referred. The tone of this note + shows what an idea he already entertained of his power. He took upon him, + doubtless from the noblest motives, to step out of his way to interpret + and interdict the execution of a law, atrocious, it is true, but which + even in those times of weakness, disorder, and anarchy was still a law. In + this instance, at least, the power of his name was nobly employed. The + letter gave great satisfaction to the army destined for the expedition. + </p> + <p> + A man named Simon, who had followed his master in emigration, and dreaded + the application of the law, heard that I wanted a servant. He came to me + and acknowledged his situation. He suited me, and I hired him. He then + told me he feared he should be arrested whilst going to the port to + embark. Bonaparte, to whom I mentioned the circumstance, and who had just + given a striking proof of his aversion to these acts of barbarity, said to + me in a tone of kindness, "Give him my portfolio to carry, and let him + remain with you." The words "Bonaparte, General-in-Chief of the Army of + the East," were inscribed in large gold letters on the green morocco. + Whether it was the portfolio or his connection with us that prevented + Simon from being arrested I know not; but he passed on without + interruption. I reprimanded him for having smiled derisively at the ill + humour of the persons appointed to arrest him. He served me faithfully, + and was even sometimes useful to Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0013" id="link2HCH0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII. + </h2> + + 1798. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Departure of the squadron—Arrival at Malta—Dolomieu—General + Barguay d'Hilliers—Attack on the western part of the island— + Caffarelli's remark—Deliverance of the Turkish prisoners—Nelson's + pursuit of the French fleet—Conversations on board—How Bonaparte + passed his, time—Questions to the Captains—Propositions discussed + —Morning music—Proclamation—Admiral Brueys—The English fleet + avoided Dangerous landing—Bonaparte and his fortune—Alexandria + taken—Kléber wounded—Bonaparte's entrance into Alexandria. +</pre> + <p> + The squadron sailed on the 19th of May. The Orient, which, owing to her + heavy lading, drew too much water, touched the ground; but she was got off + without much difficulty. + </p> + <p> + We arrived off Malta on the 10th of June. We had lost two days in waiting + for some convoys which joined us at Malta. + </p> + <p> + The intrigues throughout Europe had not succeeded in causing the ports of + that island to be opened to us immediately on our arrival. Bonaparte + expressed much displeasure against the persons sent from Europe to arrange + measures for that purpose. One of them, however, M. Dolomieu, had cause to + repent his mission, which occasioned him to be badly treated by the + Sicilians. M. Poussielgue had done all he could in the way of seduction, + but he had not completely succeeded. There was some misunderstanding, and, + in consequence, some shots were interchanged. Bonaparte was very much + pleased with General Baraguay d'Hilliers' services in Italy. He could not + but praise his military and political conduct at Venice when, scarcely a + year before, he had taken possession of that city by his orders. General + Baraguay d'Hilliers joined us with his division,—which had embarked + in the convoy that sailed from Genoa. The General-in-Chief ordered him to + land and attack the western part of the island. He executed this order + with equal prudence and ability, and highly to the satisfaction of the + General-in-Chief. As every person in the secret knew that all this was a + mere form, these hostile demonstrations produced no unpleasant + consequences. We wished to save the honour of the knights—that was + all; for no one who has seen Malta can imagine that an island surrounded + with such formidable and perfect fortifications would have surrendered in + two days to a fleet which was pursued by an enemy. The impregnable + fortress of Malta is so secure against a 'coup de main' that General + Caffarelli, after examining its fortifications, said to the + General-in-Chief, in my presence, "Upon my word, General, it is luck: + there is some one in the town to open the gates for us." + </p> + <p> + By comparing the observation of General Caffarelli with what has been + previously stated respecting the project of the expedition to Egypt and + Malta, an idea may be formed of the value of Bonaparte's assertion at St. + Helena: + </p> + <p> + "The capture of Malta was not owing to private intrigues, but to the + sagacity of the Commander-in-chief. I took Malta when I was in Mantua!" + </p> + <p> + It is not the less true, however, that I wrote, by his dictation, a mass + of instructions for private intrigues. Napoleon also said to another noble + companion of his exile at St Helena, "Malta certainly possessed vast + physical means of resistance; but no moral means. The knights did nothing + dishonourable, nobody is obliged to do impossibilities. No; but they were + sold; the capture of Malta was assured before we left Toulon." + </p> + <p> + The General-in-Chief proceeded to that part of the port where the Turks + made prisoners by the knights were kept. + </p> + <p> + The disgusting galleys were emptied of their occupants: The same + principles which, a few days after, formed the basis of Bonaparte's + proclamation to the Egyptians, guided him in this act of reason and + humanity. + </p> + <p> + He walked several times in the gardens of the grandmaster. They were in + beautiful order, and filled with magnificent orange-trees. We regaled + ourselves with their fruit, which the great heat rendered most delicious. + </p> + <p> + On the 19th of June, after having settled the government and defence of + the island, the General left Malta, which he little dreamed he had taken + for the English, who have very badly requited the obligation. Many of the + knights followed Bonaparte and took civil and military appointments. + </p> + <p> + During the night of the 22d of June the English squadron was almost close + upon us. It passed at about six leagues from the French fleet. Nelson, who + learned the capture of Malta at Messina on the day we left the island, + sailed direct for Alexandria, without proceeding into the north. He + considered that city to be the place of our destination. By taking the + shortest course, with every sail set, and unembarrassed by any convoy, he + arrived before Alexandria on the 28th of June, three days before the + French fleet, which, nevertheless, had sailed before him from the shores + of Malta. The French squadron took the direction of Candia, which we + perceived on the 25th of June, and afterwards stood to the south, favoured + by the Etesian winds, which regularly prevail at that season. The French + fleet did not reach Alexandria till the 30th of June. + </p> + <p> + When on board the 'Orient' he took pleasure in conversing frequently with + Monge and Berthollet. The subjects on which they usually talked were + chemistry, mathematics, and religion. General Caffarelli, whose + conversation, supplied by knowledge, was at once energetic, witty, and + lively, was one of those with whom he most willingly discoursed. Whatever + friendship he might entertain for Berthollet, it was easy to perceive that + he preferred Monge, and that he was led to that preference because Monge, + endowed with an ardent imagination, without exactly possessing religious + principles, had a kind of predisposition for religious ideas which + harmonised with the notions of Bonaparte. On this subject Berthollet + sometimes rallied his inseparable friend Monge. Besides, Berthollet was, + with his cold imagination, constantly devoted to analysis and + abstractions, inclined towards materialism, an opinion with which the + General was always much dissatisfied. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte sometimes conversed with Admiral Brueys. His object was always + to gain information respecting the different manoeuvres, and nothing + astonished the Admiral more than the sagacity of his questions. I + recollect that one day, Bonaparte having asked Brueys in what manner the + hammocks were disposed of when clearing for action, he declared, after he + had received an answer, that if the case should occur he would order every + one to throw his baggage overboard. + </p> + <p> + He passed a great part of his time in his cabin, lying on a bed, which, + swinging on a kind of castors, alleviated the severity of the sea-sickness + from which he frequently suffered much when the ship rolled. + </p> + <p> + I was almost always with him in his cabin, where I read to him some of the + favourite works which he had selected for his camp library. He also + frequently conversed, for hours together, with the captains of the vessels + which he hailed. He never failed to ask whence they came? what was their + destination? what ships they had met? what course they had sailed? His + curiosity being thus satisfied, he allowed them to continue their voyage, + after making them promise to say nothing of having seen the French + squadron. + </p> + <p> + Whilst we were at sea he seldom rose before ten o'clock in the morning. + The 'Orient' had the appearance of a populous town, from which women had + been excluded; and this floating city was inhabited by 2000 individuals, + amongst whom were a great number of distinguished men. Bonaparte every day + invited several persons to dine with him, besides Brueys, Berthier, the + colonels, and his ordinary household, who were always present at the table + of the General-in-Chief. When the weather was fine he went up to the + quarter-deck, which, from its extent, formed a grand promenade. + </p> + <p> + I recollect once that when walking the quarter-deck with him whilst we + were in Sicilian waters I thought I could see the summits of the Alps + beautifully lighted by the rays of the setting sun. Bonaparte laughed + much, and joked me about it. He called Admiral Brueys, who took his + telescope and soon confirmed my conjecture. The Alps! + </p> + <p> + At the mention of that word by the Admiral I think I can see Bonaparte + still. He stood for a long time motionless; then, suddenly bursting from + his trance, exclaimed, "No! I cannot behold the land of Italy without + emotion! There is the East: and there I go; a perilous enterprise invites + me. Those mountains command the plains where I so often had the good + fortune to lead the French to victory. With them we will conquer again." + </p> + <p> + One of Bonaparte's greatest pleasures during the voyage was, after dinner, + to fix upon three or four persons to support a proposition and as many to + oppose it. He had an object in view by this. These discussions afforded + him an opportunity of studying the minds of those whom he had an interest + in knowing well, in order that he might afterwards confide to each the + functions for which he possessed the greatest aptitude: It will not appear + singular to those who have been intimate with Bonaparte, that in these + intellectual contests he gave the preference to those who had supported an + absurd proposition with ability over those who had maintained the cause of + reason; and it was not superiority of mind which determined his judgment, + for he really preferred the man who argued well in favour of an absurdity + to the man who argued equally well in support of a reasonable proposition. + He always gave out the subjects which were to be discussed; and they most + frequently turned upon questions of religion, the different kinds of + government, and the art of war. One day he asked whether the planets were + inhabited; on another, what was the age of the world; then he proposed to + consider the probability of the destruction of our globe, either by water + or fire; at another time, the truth or fallacy of presentiments, and the + interpretation of dreams. I remember the circumstance which gave rise to + the last proposition was an allusion to Joseph, of whom he happened to + speak, as he did of almost everything connected with the country to which + we were bound, and which that able administrator had governed. No country + came under Bonaparte's observation without recalling historical + recollections to his mind. On passing the island of Candia his imagination + was excited, and he spoke with enthusiasm of ancient Crete and the + Colossus, whose fabulous renown has surpassed all human glories. He spoke + much of the fall of the empire of the East, which bore so little + resemblance to what history has preserved of those fine countries, so + often moistened with the blood of man. The ingenious fables of mythology + likewise occurred to his mind, and imparted to his language something of a + poetical, and, I may say, of an inspired character. The sight of the + kingdom of Minos led him to reason on the laws best calculated for the + government of nations; and the birthplace of Jupiter suggested to him the + necessity of a religion for the mass of mankind. This animated + conversation lasted until the favourable north winds, which drove the + clouds into the valley of the Nile, caused us to lose sight of the island + of Candia. + </p> + <p> + The musicians on board the Orient sometimes played serenades; but only + between decks, for Bonaparte was not yet sufficiently fond of music to + wish to hear it in his cabin. It may be said that his taste for this art + increased in the direct ratio of his power; and so it was with his taste + for hunting, of which he gave no indication until after his elevation to + the empire; as though he had wished to prove that he possessed within + himself not only the genius of sovereignty for commanding men, but also + the instinct for those aristocratical pleasures, the enjoyment of which is + considered by mankind to be amongst the attributes of kings. + </p> + <p> + It is scarcely possible that some accidents should not occur during a long + voyage in a crowded vessel—that some persons should not fall + overboard. Accidents of this kind frequently happened on board the + 'Orient'. On those occasions nothing was more remarkable than the great + humanity of the man who has since been so prodigal of the blood of his + fellow-creatures on the field of battle, and who was about to shed rivers + of it even in Egypt, whither we were bound. When a man fell into the sea + the General-in-Chief was in a state of agitation till he was saved. He + instantly had the ship hove-to, and exhibited the greatest uneasiness + until the unfortunate individual was recovered. He ordered me to reward + those who ventured their lives in this service. Amongst these was a sailor + who had incurred punishment for some fault. He not only exempted him from + the punishment, but also gave him some money. I recollect that one dark + night we heard a noise like that occasioned by a man falling into the sea. + Bonaparte instantly caused the ship to be hove-to until the supposed + victim was rescued from certain death. The men hastened from all sides, + and at length they picked up-what?—the quarter of a bullock, which + had fallen from the hook to which it was hung. What was Bonaparte's + conduct? He ordered me to reward the sailors who had exerted themselves in + this occasion even more generously than usual, saying, "It might have been + a sailor, and these brave fellows have shown as much activity and courage + as if it had." + </p> + <p> + After the lapse of thirty years all these things are as fresh in my + recollection as if they were passing at the present moment. In this manner + Bonaparte employed his time on board the Orient during the voyage, and it + was also at this time that he dictated to me the following proclamation: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS ON BOARD THE "ORIENT," + The 4th Messidor, Year VI. + + BONAPARTE, MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE, + GENERAL-IN-CHIEF. + + SOLDIERS—You are about to undertake a conquest the effects of which + on civilisation and commerce are incalculable. The blow you are + about to give to England will be the best aimed, and the most + sensibly felt, she can receive until the time arrive when you can + give her her deathblow. + + We must make some fatiguing marches; we must fight several battles; + we shall succeed in all we undertake. The destinies are with us. + The Mameluke Beys who favour exclusively English commerce, whose + extortions oppress our merchants, and who tyrannise over the + unfortunate inhabitants of the Nile, a few days after our arrival + will no longer exist. + + The people amongst whom we are going to live are Mahometans. The + first article of their faith is this: "There is no God but God, and + Mahomet is his prophet." Do not contradict them. Behave to them as + you have behaved to the Jews—to the Italians. Pay respect to their + muftis, and their Imaums, as you did to the rabbis and the bishops. + Extend to the ceremonies prescribed by the Koran and to the mosques + the same toleration which you showed to the synagogues, to the + religion of Moses and of Jesus Christ. + + The Roman legions protected all religions. You will find here + customs different from those of Europe. You must accommodate + yourselves to them. The people amongst whom we are to mix differ + from us in the treatment of women; but in all countries he who + violates is a monster. Pillage enriches only a small number of men; + it dishonours us; it destroys our resources; it converts into + enemies the people whom it is our interest to have for friends. + + The first town we shall come to was built by Alexander. At every + step we shall meet with grand recollections, worthy of exciting the + emulation of Frenchmen. + BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + During the voyage, and particularly between Malta and Alexandria, I often + conversed with the brave and unfortunate Admiral Brueys. The intelligence + we heard from time to time augmented his uneasiness. I had the good + fortune to obtain the confidence of this worthy man. He complained + bitterly of the imperfect manner in which the fleet had been prepared for + sea; of the encumbered state of the ships of the line and frigates, and + especially of the 'Orient'; of the great number of transports; of the bad + Outfit of all the ships and the weakness of their crews. He assured me + that it required no little courage to undertake the command of a fleet so + badly equipped; and he often declared, that in the event of our falling in + with the enemy, he could not answer for the consequences. The encumbered + state of the vessels, the immense quantity of civic and military baggage + which each person had brought, and would wish to save, would render proper + manoeuvres impracticable. In case of an attack, added Brueys, even by an + inferior squadron, the confusion and disorder amongst so great a number of + persons would produce an inevitable catastrophe. Finally, if the English + had appeared with ten vessels only, the Admiral could not have guaranteed + a fortunate result. He considered victory to be a thing that was + impossible, and even with a victory, what would have become of the + expedition? "God send," he said, with a sigh, "that we may pass the + English without meeting them!" He appeared to foresee what did afterwards + happen to him, not in the open sea, but in a situation which he considered + much more favourable to his defence. + </p> + <p> + On the morning of the 1st of July the expedition arrived off the coast of + Africa, and the column of Septimus-Severus pointed out to us the city of + Alexandria. Our situation and frame of mind hardly permitted us to reflect + that in the distant point we beheld the city of the Ptolemies and Caesars, + with its double port, its pharos, and the gigantic monuments of its + ancient grandeur. Our imaginations did not rise to this pitch. + </p> + <p> + Admiral Brueys had sent on before the frigate Juno to fetch M. Magallon, + the French Consul. It was near four o'clock when he arrived, and the sea + was very rough. He informed the General-in-Chief that Nelson had been off + Alexandria on the 28th—that he immediately dispatched a brig to + obtain intelligence from the English agent. On the return of the brig + Nelson instantly stood away with his squadron towards the north-east. But + for a delay which our convoy from Civita Vecchia occasioned, we should + have been on this coast at the same time as Nelson. + </p> + <p> + It appeared that Nelson supposed us to be already at Alexandria when he + arrived there. He had reason to suppose so, seeing that we left Malta on + the 19th of June, whilst he did not sail from Messina till the 21st. Not + finding us where he expected, and being persuaded we ought to have arrived + there had Alexandria been the place of our destination; he sailed for + Alexandretta in Syria, whither he imagined we had gone to effect a + landing. This error saved the expedition a second time. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, on hearing the details which the French Consul communicated, + resolved to disembark immediately. Admiral Brueys represented the + difficulties and dangers of a disembarkation—the violence of the + surge, the distance from the coast,—a coast, too, lined with reefs + of rocks, the approaching night, and our perfect ignorance of the points + suitable for landing. The Admiral, therefore, urged the necessity of + waiting till next morning; that is to say, to delay the landing twelve + hours. He observed that Nelson could not return from Syria for several + days. Bonaparte listened to these representations with impatience and + ill-humour. He replied peremptorily, "Admiral, we have no time to lose. + Fortune gives me but three days; if I do not profit by them we are lost." + He relied much on fortune; this chimerical idea constantly influenced his + resolutions. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte having the command of the naval as well as the military force, + the Admiral was obliged to yield to his wishes. + </p> + <p> + I attest these facts, which passed in my presence, and no part of which + could escape my observation. It is quite false that it was owing to the + appearance of a sail which, it is pretended, was descried, but of which, + for my part, I saw nothing, that Bonaparte exclaimed, "Fortune, have you + abandoned me? I ask only five days!" No such thing occurred. + </p> + <p> + It was one o'clock in the morning of the 2d of July when we landed on the + soil of Egypt, at Marabou, three leagues to the west of Alexandria. We had + to regret the loss of some lives; but we had every reason to expect that + our losses would have been greater. + </p> + <p> + At three o'clock the same morning the General-in-Chief marched on + Alexandria with the divisions of Kléber, Bon, and Menou. The Bedouin + Arabs, who kept hovering about our right flank and our rear, picked up the + stragglers. + </p> + <p> + Having arrived within gunshot of Alexandria, we scaled the ramparts, and + French valour soon triumphed over all obstacles. + </p> + <p> + The first blood I saw shed in war was General Kléber's. He was struck in + the head by a ball, not in storming the walls, but whilst heading the + attack. He came to Pompey's Pillar, where many members of the staff were + assembled, and where the General-in-Chief was watching the attack. I then + spoke to Kléber for the first time, and from that day our friendship + commenced. I had the good fortune to contribute somewhat towards the + assistance of which he stood in need, and which, as we were situated, + could not be procured very easily. + </p> + <p> + It has been endeavoured to represent the capture of Alexandria, which + surrendered after a few hours, as a brilliant exploit. The + General-in-Chief himself wrote that the city had been taken after a few + discharges of cannon; the walls, badly fortified, were soon scaled. + Alexandria was not delivered up to pillage, as has been asserted, and + often repeated. This would have been a most impolitic mode of commencing + the conquest of Egypt, which had no strong places requiring to be + intimidated by a great example. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, with some others, entered the city by a narrow street which + scarcely allowed two persons to walk abreast; I was with him. We were + stopped by some musket-shots fired from a low window by a man and a woman. + They repeated their fire several times. The guides who preceded their + General kept up a heavy fire on the window. The man and woman fell dead, + and we passed on in safety, for the place had surrendered. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte employed the six days during which he remained in Alexandria in + establishing order in the city and province, with that activity and + superior talent which I could never sufficiently admire, and in directing + the march of the army across the province of Bohahire'h. He sent Desaix + with 4500 infantry and 60 cavalry to Beda, on the road to Damanhour. This + general was the first to experience the privations and sufferings which + the whole army had soon to endure. His great mind, his attachment to + Bonaparte, seemed for a moment about to yield to the obstacles which + presented themselves. On the 15th of July he wrote from Bohahire'h as + follows: "I beseech you do not let us stop longer in this position. My men + are discouraged and murmur. Make us advance or fall back without delay. + The villages consist merely of huts, absolutely without resources." + </p> + <p> + In these immense plains, scorched by the vertical rays of a burning sun, + water, everywhere else so common, becomes an object of contest. The wells + and springs, those secret treasures of the desert, are carefully concealed + from the travellers; and frequently, after our most oppressive marches, + nothing could be found to allay the urgent cravings of thirst but a little + brackish water of the most disgusting description. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Some idea of the misery endured by the French troops on this + occasion may be gathered from the following description is + Napoleon's Memoirs, dictated at St. Helena: + + "As the Hebrews wandering in the wilderness complained, and angrily + asked Moses for the onions and flesh-pots of Egypt, the French + soldiers constantly regretted the luxuries of Italy. In vain were + they assured that the country was the most fertile in the world, + that it was even superior to Lombard; how were they to be persuaded + of this when they could get neither bread nor wine? We encamped on + immense quantities of wheat, but there was neither mill nor oven in + the country. The biscuit brought from Alexandria had long been + exhausted; the soldiers were even reduced to bruise the wheat + between two stones and to make cake which they baked under the + ashes. Many parched the wheat in a pan, after which they boiled it. + This was the best way to use the grain; but, after all, it was not + bread. The apprehensions of the soldiers increased daily, and rose + to such a pitch that a great number of them said there was no great + city of calm; and that the place bring that name was, like + Damanhour, a vast assemblage of mere huts, destitute of everything + that could render life comfortable or agreeable. To such a + melancholy state of mind had they brought themselves that two + dragoons threw themselves, completely clothed, into the Nile, where + they were drowned. It is nevertheless true that, though there was + neither bread nor wine, the resources which were procured with + wheat, lentils, meat, and sometimes pigeons, furnished the army with + food of some kind. But the evil was, in the ferment of the mind. + The officers complained more loudly than the soldiers, because the + comparison was proportionately more disadvantageous to them. In + Egypt they found neither the quarters, the good table, nor the + luxury of Italy. The General-in-Chief, wishing to set an example, + tried to bivouac in the midst of the army, and in the least + commodious spots. No one had either tent or provisions; the dinner + of Napoleon and his staff consisted of a dish of lentils. The + soldiers passed the evenings in political conversations, arguments, + and complaints. 'For what purpose are we come here?' said some of + them, 'the Directory has transported us.' 'Caffarelli,' said others, + 'is the agent that has been made use of to deceive the + General-in-Chief.' Many of them, having observed that wherever there + were vestiges of antiquity they were carefully searched, vented their + spite in invective against the savants, or scientific men, who, they + said, had started the idea of she expedition to order to make these + searches. Jests were showered upon them, even in their presence. + The men called an ass a savant; and said of Caffarelli Dufalga, + alluding to his wooden leg, 'He laughs at all these troubles; he has + one foot to France.'"] +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0014" id="link2HCH0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIV. + </h2> + + 1798. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The mirage—Skirmishes with the Arabs—Mistake of General Desaix's + division—Wretchedness of a rich sheik—Combat beneath the General's + window—The flotilla on the Nile—Its distress and danger—The + battle of Chebreisse—Defeat of the Mamelukes—Bonaparte's reception + of me—Letter to Louis Bonaparte—Success of the French army— + Triumphal entrance into Cairo—Civil and military organisation of + Cairo—Bonaparte's letter to his brother Joseph—Plan of + colonisation. +</pre> + <p> + On the 7th of July General Bonaparte left Alexandria for Damanhour. In the + vast plains of Bohahire'h the mirage every moment presented to the eye + wide sheets of water, while, as we advanced, we found nothing but barren + ground full of deep cracks. Villages, which at a distance appear to be + surrounded with water, are, on a nearer approach, discovered to be + situated on heights, mostly artificial, by which they are raised above the + inundations of the Nile. This illusion continually recurs; and it is the + more treacherous, inasmuch as it presents to the eye the perfect + representation of water, at the time when the want of that article is most + felt. This mirage is so considerable in the plain of Pelusium that shortly + after sunrise no object is recognisable. The same phenomenon has been + observed in other countries. Quintus Curtius says that in the deserts of + Sogdiana, a fog rising from the earth obscures the light, and the + surrounding country seems like a vast sea. The cause of this singular + illusion is now fully explained; and, from the observations of the learned + Monge, it appears that the mirage will be found in almost every country + situated between the tropics where the local circumstances are similar. + </p> + <p> + The Arabs harassed the army without intermission. The few wells met with + in the desert were either filled up or the water was rendered unfit for + use. The intolerable thirst with which the troops were tormented, even on + this first march, was but ill allayed by brackish and unwholesome water. + The army crossed the desert with the rapidity of lightning, scarcely + tasting a drop of water. The sufferings of the troops were frequently + expressed by discouraging murmurs. + </p> + <p> + On the first night a mistake occurred which might have proved fatal. We + were advancing in the dark, under feeble escort, almost sleeping on our + horses, when suddenly we were assailed by two successive discharges of + musketry. We aroused ourselves and reconnoitred, and to our great + satisfaction discovered that the only mischief was a alight wound received + by one of our guides. Our assailants were the division of General Desaix, + who, forming the advanced guard of the army, mistook us for a party of the + enemy, and fired upon us. It was speedily ascertained that the little + advanced guard of the headquarters had not heard the "Qui vive?" of + Desaix's advanced posts. + </p> + <p> + On reaching Damanhour our headquarters were established at the residence + of a sheik. The house had been new whitened, and looked well enough + outside, but the interior was inconceivably wretched. Every domestic + utensil was broken, and the only seats were a few dirty tattered mats. + Bonaparte knew that the sheik was rich, and having somewhat won his + confidence, he asked him, through the medium of the interpreter, why, + being in easy circumstances, he thus deprived himself of all comfort. + "Some years ago," replied the sheik, "I repaired and furnished my house. + When this became known at Cairo a demand was made upon me for money, + because it was said my expenses proved me to be rich. I refused to pay the + money, and in consequence I was ill-treated, and at length forced to pay + it. From that time I have allowed myself only the bare necessaries of + life, and I shall buy no furniture for my house." The old man was lame in + consequence of the treatment he had suffered. Woe to him who in this + country is suspected of having a competency—a hundred spies are + always ready to denounce him. The appearance of poverty is the only + security against the rapine of power and the cupidity of barbarism. + </p> + <p> + A little troop of Arabs on horseback assailed our headquarters. Bonaparte, + who was at the window of the sheik's house, indignant at this insolence, + turned to one of his aides de camp, who happened to be on duty, and said, + "Croisier, take a few guides and drive those fellows away!" In an instant + Croisier was in the plain with fifteen guides. A little skirmish ensued, + and we looked on from the window. In the movement and in the attack of + Croisier and his party there was a sort of hesitation which the + General-in-Chief could not comprehend. "Forward, I say! Charge!" he + exclaimed from the window, as if he could have been heard. Our horsemen + seemed to fall back as the Arabs returned to the attack; and after a + little contest, maintained with tolerable spirit, the Arabs retired + without loss, and without being molested in their retreat. Bonaparte could + no longer repress his rage; and when Croisier returned he experienced such + a harsh reception that the poor fellow withdrew deeply mortified and + distressed. Bonaparte desired me to follow him and say something to + console him: but all was in vain. "I cannot survive this," he said. "I + will sacrifice my life on the first occasion that offers itself. I will + not live dishonoured." The word coward had escaped the General's lips. + Poor Croisier died at Saint Jean d'Acre. + </p> + <p> + On the 10th of July our headquarters were established at Rahmahanie'h, + where they remained during the 11th and 12th. At this place commences the + canal which was cut by Alexander to convey water to his new city; and to + facilitate commercial intercourse between Europe and the East. + </p> + <p> + The flotilla, commanded by the brave chief of division Perree, had just + arrived from Rosette. Perree was on board the xebec 'Cerf'. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bonaparte had great confidence in him. He had commanded, under + the General's orders, the naval forces in the Adriatic in 1797.— + Bourrienne]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte placed on board the Cerf and the other vessels of the flotilla + those individuals who, not being military, could not be serviceable in + engagements, and whose horses served to mount a few of the troops. + </p> + <p> + On the night of the 14th of July the General-in-Chief directed his march + towards the south, along the left bank of the Nile. The flotilla sailed up + the river parallel with the left wing of the army. But the force of the + wind, which at this season blows regularly from the Mediterranean into the + valley of the file, carried the flotilla far in advance of the army, and + frustrated the plan of their mutually defending and supporting each other. + The flotilla thus unprotected fell in with seven Turkish gunboats coming + from Cairo, and was exposed simultaneously to their fire and to that of + the Mamelukes, fellahs, and Arabs who lined both banks of the river. They + had small guns mounted on camels. + </p> + <p> + Perree cast anchor, and an engagement commenced at nine o'clock on the + 14th of July, and continued till half past twelve. + </p> + <p> + At the same time the General-in-Chief met and attacked a corps of about + 4000 Mamelukes. His object, as he afterwards said, was to turn the corps + by the left of the village of Chebreisse, and to drive it upon the Nile. + </p> + <p> + About eleven in the morning Perree told me that the Turks were doing us + more harm than we were doing them; that our ammunition would soon be + exhausted; that the army was far inland, and that if it did not make a + move to the left there would be no hope for us. Several vessels had + already been boarded and taken by the Turks, who massacred the crews + before our eyes, and with barbarous ferocity showed us the heads of the + slaughtered men. + </p> + <p> + Perree, at considerable risk, despatched several persons to inform the + General-in-Chief of the desperate situation of the flotilla. The cannonade + which Bonaparte had heard since the morning, and the explosion of a + Turkish gunboat, which was blown up by the artillery of the xebec, led him + to fear that our situation was really perilous. He therefore made a + movement to the left, in the direction of the Nile and Chebreisse, beat + the Mamelukes, and forced them to retire on Cairo. At sight of the French + troops the commander of the Turkish flotilla weighed anchor and sailed up + the Nile. The two banks of the river were evacuated, and the flotilla + escaped the destruction which a short time before had appeared inevitable. + Some writers have alleged that the Turkish flotilla was destroyed in this + engagement. The truth is, the Turks did us considerable injury, while on + their part they suffered but little. We had twenty men killed and several + wounded. Upwards of 1500 cannon-shots were fired during the action. + </p> + <p> + General Berthier, in his narrative of the Egyptian expedition, enumerates + the individuals who, though not in the military service, assisted Perree + in this unequal and dangerous engagement. He mentions Monge, Berthollet, + Andreossy, the paymaster, Junot, and Bourrienne, secretary to the + General-in-Chief. It has also been stated that Sucy, the + commissary-general, was seriously wounded while bravely defending a + gunboat laden with provisions; but this is incorrect. + </p> + <p> + We had no communication with the army until the 23d of July. On the 22d we + came in sight of the Pyramids, and were informed that we were only about, + ten leagues from Gizeh, where they are situated. The cannonade which we + heard, and which augmented in proportion as the north wind diminished, + announced a serious engagement; and that same day we saw the banks of the + Nile strewed with heaps of bodies, which the waves were every moment + washing into the sea. This horrible spectacle, the silence of the + surrounding villages, which had hitherto been armed against us, and the + cessation of the firing from the banks of the river, led us to infer, with + tolerable certainty, that a battle fatal to the Mamelukes had been fought. + The misery we suffered on our passage from Rahmahanie'h to Gizeh is + indescribable. We lived for eleven days on melons and water, besides being + momentarily exposed to the musketry of the Arabs and the fellahs. We + luckily escaped with but a few killed and wounded. The rising of the Nile + was only beginning. The shallowness of the river near Cairo obliged us to + leave the xebec and get on board a djerm. We reached Gizeh at three in the + afternoon of the 23d of July. + </p> + <p> + When I saluted the General, whom I had not seen for twelve days, he thus + addressed me: "So you are here, are you? Do you know that you have all of + you been the cause of my not following up the battle of Chebreisse? It was + to save you, Monge, Berthollet, and the others on board the flotilla that + I hurried the movement of my left upon the Nile before my right had turned + Chebreisse. But for that, not a single Mameluke would have escaped." + </p> + <p> + "I thank you for my own part," replied I; "but in conscience could you + have abandoned us, after taking away our horses, and making us go on board + the xebec, whether we would or not?" He laughed, and then told me how + sorry he was for the wound of Sucy, and the death of many useful men, + whose places could not possibly be filled up. + </p> + <p> + He made me write a letter to his brother Louis, informing him that he had + gained a complete victory over the Mamelukes at Embabeh, opposite Boulac, + and that the enemy's loss was 2000 men killed and wounded, 40 guns, and a + great number of horses. + </p> + <p> + The occupation of Cairo was the immediate consequence of the victory of + Embabeh. Bonaparte established his head-quarters in the home of Elfy Bey, + in the great square of Ezbekye'h. + </p> + <p> + The march of the French army to Cairo was attended by an uninterrupted + succession of combats and victories. We had won the battles of + Rahmahanie'h, Chebreisse, and the Pyramids. The Mamelukes were defeated, + and their chief, Mourad Bey, was obliged to fly into Upper Egypt. + Bonaparte found no obstacle to oppose his entrance into the capital of + Egypt, after a campaign of only twenty days. + </p> + <p> + No conqueror, perhaps, ever enjoyed a victory so much as Bonaparte, and + yet no one was ever less inclined to abuse his triumphs. + </p> + <p> + We entered Cairo on the 24th of July, and the General-in-Chief immediately + directed his attention to the civil and military organization of the + country. Only those who saw him in the vigour of his youth can form an + idea of his extraordinary intelligence and activity. Nothing escaped his + observation. Egypt had long been the object of his study; and in a few + weeks he was as well acquainted with the country as if he had lived in it + ten years. He issued orders for observing the strictest discipline, and + these orders were punctually obeyed. + </p> + <p> + The mosques, the civil and religious institutions, the harems, the women, + the customs of the country—all were scrupulously respected. A few + days after they entered Cairo the French were freely admitted into the + shops, and were seen sociably smoking their pipes with the inhabitants, + assisting them in their occupations, and playing with their children. + </p> + <p> + The day after his arrival in Cairo Bonaparte addressed to his brother + Joseph the following letter, which was intercepted and printed. Its + authenticity has been doubted, but I saw Napoleon write it, and he read it + to me before he sent it off. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CAIRO, + 7th. Thermidor (25th July 1798) + + You will see in the public papers the bulletins of the battles and + conquest of Egypt, which were sufficiently contested to add another + wreath to the laurels of this army. Egypt is richer than any + country in the world in coin, rice, vegetables, and cattle. But the + people are in a state of utter barbarism. We cannot procure money, + even to pay the troops. I maybe in France in two months. + + Engage a country-house, to be ready for me on my arrival, either + near Paris or in Burgundy, where I mean to pass the winter. + + —[Bonaparte's autograph note, after enumerating the troops and + warlike stores he wished to be sent, concluded with the following + list: + + 1st, a company of actors; 2d, a company of dancers; 3d, some dealers + in marionettes, at least three or four; 9th, a hundred French women; + 5th, the wives of all the men employed in the corps; 6th, twenty + surgeons, thirty apothecaries, and ten Physicians; 7th, some + founders; 8th, some distillers and dealers in liquor; 9th fifty + gardeners with their families, and the seeds of every kind of + vegetable; 10th, each party to bring with them: 200,000 pints of + brandy; 11th, 30,000 ells of blue and scarlet cloth; 12th, a supply + of soap and oil.—Bourrienne.]— + + (Signed) BONAPARTE +</pre> + <p> + This announcement of his departure to his brother is corroborated by a + note which he despatched some days after, enumerating the supplies and + individuals which he wished to have sent to Egypt. His note proves, more + convincingly than any arguments, that Bonaparte earnestly wished to + preserve his conquest, and to make it a French colony. It must be borne in + mind that the note here alluded to, as well as the letter above quoted, + was written long before the destruction of the fleet. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0015" id="link2HCH0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XV. + </h2> + + 1798. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Establishment of a divan in each Egyptian province—Desaix in Upper + Egypt—Ibrahim Bey beaten by Bonaparte at Salehye'h—Sulkowsky + wounded—Disaster at Aboukir—Dissatisfaction and murmurs of the + army—Dejection of the General-in-Chief—His plan respecting Egypt + —Meditated descent upon England—Bonaparte's censure of the + Directory—Intercepted correspondence. +</pre> + <p> + From the details I have already given respecting Bonaparte's plans for + colonising Egypt, it will be seen that his energy of mind urged him to + adopt anticipatory measures for the accomplishment of objects which were + never realised. During the short interval in which he sheathed his sword + he planned provisional governments for the towns and provinces occupied by + the French troops, and he adroitly contrived to serve the interests of his + army without appearing to violate those of the country. After he had been + four days at Cairo, during which time he employed himself in examining + everything, and consulting every individual from whom he could obtain + useful information, he published the following order: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + HEADQUARTERS, CAIRO, + 9th Thermidor, year VI. + + BONAPARTE, MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE, + AND GENERAL-IN-CHIEF, ORDERS: + + Art. 1. There shall be in each province of Egypt a divan, composed + of seven individuals, whose duty will be to superintend the + interests of the province; to communicate to me any complaints that + may be made; to prevent warfare among the different villages; to + apprehend and punish criminals (for which purpose they may demand + assistance from the French commandant); and to take every + opportunity of enlightening the people. + + Art. 2. There shall be in each province an aga of the Janizaries, + maintaining constant communication with the French commandant. He + shall have with him a company of sixty armed natives, whom he may + take wherever he pleases, for the maintenance of good order, + subordination, and tranquillity. + + Art. 3. There shall be in each province an intendant, whose + business will be to levy the miri, the feddam, and the other + contributions which formerly belonged to the Mamelukes, but which + now belong to the French Republic. The intendants shall have as + many agents as may be necessary. + + Art. 4. The said intendant shall have a French agent to correspond + with the Finance Department, and to execute all the orders he may + receive. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + While Bonaparte was thus actively taking measures for the organization of + the country, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Far more thoroughly and actively than those taken by the English + Government in 1882-3-4]— +</pre> + <p> + General Desaix had marched into Upper Egypt in pursuit of Mourad Bey. We + learned that Ibrahim, who, next to Mourad, was the most influential of the + beys, had proceeded towards Syria, by the way of Belbeis and Salehye'h. + The General-in-Chief immediately determined to march in person against + that formidable enemy, and he left Cairo about fifteen days after he had + entered it. It is unnecessary to describe the well-known engagement in + which Bonaparte drove Ibrahim back upon El-Arish; besides, I do not enter + minutely into the details of battles, my chief object being to record + events which I personally witnessed. + </p> + <p> + At the battle of Salehye'h Bonaparte thought he had lost one of his 'aides + de camp', Sulkowsky, to whom he was much attached, and who had been with + us during the whole of the campaign of Italy. On the field of battle one + object of regret cannot long engross the mind; yet, on his return to + Cairo, Bonaparte frequently spoke to me of Sulkowsky in terms of unfeigned + sorrow. + </p> + <p> + "I cannot," said he one day, "sufficiently admire the noble spirit and + determined courage of poor Sulkowsky." He often said that Sulkowsky would + have been a valuable aid to whoever might undertake the resuscitation of + Poland. Fortunately that brave officer was not killed on that occasion, + though seriously wounded. He was, however, killed shortly after. + </p> + <p> + The destruction of the French squadron in the roads of Aboukir occurred + during the absence of the General-in-Chief. This event happened on the 1st + of August. The details are generally known; but there is one circumstance + to which I cannot refrain from alluding, and which excited deep interest + at the time. This was the heroic courage of the son of Casablanca, the + captain of the 'Orient'. Casablanca was among the wounded, and when the + vessel was blown up his son, a lad of ten years of age, preferred + perishing with him rather than saving himself, when one of the seamen had + secured him the means of escape. I told the 'aide de camp', sent by + General Kléber, who had the command of Alexandria, that the + General-in-Chief was near Salehye'h. He proceeded thither immediately, and + Bonaparte hastened back to Cairo, a distance of about thirty-three + leagues. + </p> + <p> + In spite of any assertions that may have been made to the contrary, the + fact is, that as soon as the French troops set foot in Egypt, they were + filled with dissatisfaction, and ardently longed to return home. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —['Erreurs' objects to this description of the complaints of the + army, but Savary (tome i. pp. 66, 67, and tome i. p. 89) fully + confirms it, giving the reason that the army was not a homogeneous + body, but a mixed force taken from Rome, Florence, Milan, Venice, + Genoa, and Marseilles; see also Thiers, tome v. p. 283. But the + fact is not singular. For a striking instance, in the days of the + Empire, of the soldiers in 1809, in Spain, actually threatening + Napoleon in his own hearing, see De Gonneville (tome i. + pp. 190-193): "The soldiers of Lapisse's division gave loud + expression to the most sinister designs against the Emperor's + person, stirring up each other to fire a shot at him, and bandying + accusations of cowardice for not doing it." He heard it all as + plainly as we did, and seemed as if he did not care a bit for it, + but "sent the division into good quarters, when the men were as + enthusiastic as they were formerly mutinous." In 1796 + d'Entraigues, the Bourbon spy, reports, "As a general rule, the + French soldier grumbles and is discontented. He accuses Bonaparte + of being a thief and a rascal. But to-morrow the very same soldier + will obey him blindly" (Iung's Bonaparte, tome iii. p. 152).]— +</pre> + <p> + The illusion of the expedition had disappeared, and only its reality + remained. What bitter murmuring have I not heard from Murat, Lannes, + Berthier, Bessières, and others! Their complaints were, indeed, often so + unmeasured as almost to amount to sedition. This greatly vexed Bonaparte, + and drew from him severe reproaches and violent language. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon related at St. Helena that in a fit of irritation he + rushed among a group of dissatisfied generals, and said to one of + them, who was remarkable for his stature, "you have held seditious + language; but take care I do not perform my duty. Though you are + five feet ten inches high, that shall not save you from being + shot."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + When the news arrived of the loss of the fleet, discontent increased. All + who had acquired fortunes under Napoleon now began to fear that they would + never enjoy them. All turned their thoughts to Paris, and its amusements, + and were utterly disheartened at the idea of being separated from their + homes and their friends for a period, the termination of which it was + impossible to foresee. + </p> + <p> + The catastrophe of Aboukir came like a thunderbolt upon the + General-in-Chief. In spite of all his energy and fortitude, he was deeply + distressed by the disasters which now assailed him. To the painful + feelings excited by the complaints and dejection of his companions in arms + was now added the irreparable misfortune of the burning of our fleet. He + measured the fatal consequences of this event at a single glance. We were + now cut off from all communication with France, and all hope of returning + thither, except by a degrading capitulation with an implacable and hated + enemy. Bonaparte had lost all chance of preserving his conquest, and to + him this was indeed a bitter reflection. And at what a time did this + disaster befall him? At the very moment when he was about to apply for the + aid of the mother-country. + </p> + <p> + From what General Bonaparte communicated to me previously to the 1st of + August, his object was, having once secured the possession of Egypt; to + return to Toulon with the fleet; then to send troops and provisions of + every kind to Egypt; and next to combine with the fleet all the forces + that could be supplied, not only by France, but by her allies, for the + purpose of attacking England. It is certain that previously to his + departure for Egypt he had laid before the Directory a note relative to + his plans. He always regarded a descent upon England as possible, though + in its result fatal, so long as we should be inferior in naval strength; + but he hoped by various manoeuvres to secure a superiority on one point. + </p> + <p> + His intention was to return to France. Availing himself of the departure + of the English fleet for the Mediterranean, the alarm excited by his + Egyptian expedition, the panic that would be inspired by his sudden + appearance at Boulogne, and his preparations against England, he hoped to + oblige that power to withdraw her naval force from the Mediterranean, and + to prevent her sending out troops to Egypt. This project was often in his + head. He would have thought it sublime to date an order of the day from + the ruins of Memphis, and three months later, one from London. The loss of + the fleet converted all these bold conceptions into mere romantic visions. + </p> + <p> + When alone with me he gave free vent to his emotion. I observed to him + that the disaster was doubtless great, but that it would have been + infinitely more irreparable had Nelson fallen in with us at Malta, or had + he waited for us four-and-twenty hours before Alexandria, or in the open + sea. "Any one of these events," said I, "which were not only possible but + probable, would have deprived us of every resource. We are blockaded here, + but we have provisions and money. Let us then wait patiently to see what + the Directory will do for us."—"The Directory!" exclaimed he + angrily, "the Directory is composed of a set of scoundrels! they envy and + hate me, and would gladly let me perish here. Besides, you see how + dissatisfied the whole army is: not a man is willing to stay." + </p> + <p> + The pleasing illusions which were cherished at the outset of the + expedition vanished long before our arrival in Cairo. Egypt was no longer + the empire of the Ptolemies, covered with populous and wealthy cities; it + now presented one unvaried scene of devastation and misery. Instead of + being aided by the inhabitants, whom we had ruined, for the sake of + delivering them from the yoke of the beys, we found all against us: + Mamelukes, Arabs, and fellahs. No Frenchman was secure of his life who + happened to stray half a mile from any inhabited place, or the corps to + which he belonged. The hostility which prevailed against us and the + discontent of the army were clearly developed in the numerous letters + which were written to France at the time, and intercepted. + </p> + <p> + The gloomy reflections which at first assailed Bonaparte, were speedily + banished; and he soon recovered the fortitude and presence of mind which + had been for a moment shaken by the overwhelming news from Aboukir. He, + however, sometimes repeated, in a tone which it would be difficult to + describe, "Unfortunate Brueys, what have you done!" + </p> + <p> + I have remarked that in some chance observations which escaped Napoleon at + St. Helena he endeavoured to throw all the blame of the affair on Admiral + Brueys. Persons who are determined to make Bonaparte an exception to human + nature have unjustly reproached the Admiral for the loss of the fleet. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0016" id="link2HCH0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVI. + </h2> + + 1798. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Egyptian Institute—Festival of the birth of Mahomet—Bonaparte's + prudent respect for the Mahometan religion—His Turkish dress— + Djezzar, the Pasha of Acre—Thoughts of a campaign in Germany—Want + of news from France—Bonaparte and Madame Fourés—The Egyptian + fortune-teller, M. Berthollet, and the Sheik El Bekri—The air + "Marlbrook"—Insurrection in Cairo—Death of General Dupuis—Death + of Sulkowsky—The insurrection quelled—Nocturnal executions— + Destruction of a tribe of Arabs—Convoy of sick and wounded— + Massacre of the French in Sicily—projected expedition to Syria— + Letter to Tippoo Saib. +</pre> + <p> + The loss of the fleet convinced General Bonaparte of the necessity of + speedily and effectively organising Egypt, where everything denoted that + we should stay for a considerable time, excepting the event of a forced + evacuation, which the General was far from foreseeing or fearing. The + distance of Ibrahim Bey and Mourad Bey now left him a little at rest. War, + fortifications, taxation, government, the organization of the divans, + trade, art, and science, all occupied his attention. Orders and + instructions were immediately despatched, if not to repair the defeat, at + least to avert the first danger that might ensue from it. On the 21st of + August Bonaparte established at Cairo an institute of the arts and + sciences, of which he subsequently appointed me a member in the room of M. + de Sucy, who was obliged to return to France, in consequence of the wound + he received on board the flotilla in the Nile. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Institute of Egypt was composed of members of the French + Institute, and of the men of science and artists of the commission + who did not belong to that body. They assembled and added to their + number several officers of the artillery and staff, and others who + had cultivated the sciences and literature. + + The Institute was established in one of the palaces of the bey's. + A great number of machines, and physical, chemical, and astronomical + instruments had been brought from France. They were distributed in + the different rooms, which were also successively filled with all + the curiosities of the country, whether of the animal, vegetable, or + mineral kingdom. + + The garden of the palace became a botanical garden. A chemical + laboratory was formed at headquarters; Berthollet performed + experiments there several times every week, which Napoleon and a + great number of officers attended ('Memoirs of Napoleon')]— +</pre> + <p> + In founding this Institute, Bonaparte wished to afford an example of his + ideas of civilisation. The minutes of the sittings of that learned body, + which have been printed, bear evidence of its utility, and of Napoleon's + extended views. The objects of the Institute were the advancement and + propagation of information in Egypt, and the study and publication of all + facts relating to the natural history, trade, and antiquities of that + ancient country. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th Bonaparte was present at the ceremony of opening the dyke of + the canal of Cairo, which receives the water of the Nile when it reaches + the height fired by the Mequyas. + </p> + <p> + Two days after came the anniversary festival of the birth of Mahomet. At + this Napoleon was also present, in company with the sheik El Bekri, who at + his request gave him two young Mamelukes, Ibrahim, and Roustan. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The General-in-Chief went to celebrate the feast of the Prophet + at the house of the sheik El Bekri. The ceremony was begun by the + recital of a kind of litany, containing the life of Mahomet from his + birth to his death. About a hundred sheiks, sitting in a circle, on + carpets, with their legs crossed, recited all the verses, swinging + their bodies violently backwards and forwards, and altogether. + + A grand dinner was afterwards served up, at which the guests sat on + carpets, with their legs across. There were twenty tables, and five + or six people at each table. That of the General-in-Chief and the + sheik El Bekri was in the middle; a little slab of a precious kind + of wood ornamented with mosaic work was placed eighteen inches above + the floor and covered with a great number of dishes in succession. + They were pillaws of rice, a particular kind of roast, entrees, and + pastry, all very highly spiced. The sheiks picked everything with + their fingers. Accordingly water was brought to wash the hands + three times during dinner. Gooseberry-water, lemonade, and other + sorts of sherbets were served to drink, and abundance of preserves + and confectionery with the dessert. On the whole, the dinner was + not disagreeable; it was only the manner of eating it that seemed + strange to us. + + In the evening the whole city was illuminated. After dinner the + party went into the square of El Bekri, the illumination of which, + in coloured lamps, was very beautiful. An immense concourse of + people attended. They were all placed in order, in ranks of from + twenty to a hundred persons, who, standing close together, recited + the prayers and litanies of the Prophet with movements which kept + increasing, until at length they seemed to be convulsive, and some + of the most zealous fainted away ('Memoirs of Napoleon').]— + + —[Roustan or Rustan, a Mameluke, was always with Napoleon from the + time of the return from Egypt till 1814, when he abandoned his + master. He slept at or near the door of Napoleon. See Rémusat, + tome i, p. 209, for an amusing description of the alarm of + Josephine, and the precipitate flight of Madame de Rémusat, at the + idea of being met and killed by this man in one of Josephine's + nocturnal attacks on the privacy of her husband when closeted with + his mistress.]— +</pre> + <p> + It has been alleged that Bonaparte, when in Egypt, took part in the + religious ceremonies and worship of the Mussulmans; but it cannot be said + that he celebrated the festivals of the overflowing of the Nile and the + anniversary of the Prophet. The Turks invited him to these merely as a + spectator; and the presence of their new master was gratifying to the + people. But he never committed the folly of ordering any solemnity. He + neither learned nor repeated any prayer of the Koran, as many persons have + asserted; neither did he advocate fatalism, polygamy, or any other + doctrine of the Koran. Bonaparte employed himself better than in + discussing with the Imaums the theology of the children of Ismael. The + ceremonies, at which policy induced him to be present, were to him, and to + all who accompanied him, mere matters of curiosity. He never set foot in a + mosque; and only on one occasion, which I shall hereafter mention, dressed + himself in the Mahometan costume. He attended the festivals to which the + green turbans invited him. His religious tolerance was the natural + consequence of his philosophic spirit. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[From this Sir Walter Scott infers that he did not scruple to join + the Musselmans in the external ceremonies of their religion. He + embellishes his romance with the ridiculous farce of the sepulchral + chamber of the grand pyramid, and the speeches which were addressed + to the General as well as to the muftis and Imaums; and he adds that + Bonaparte was on the point of embracing Islamism. All that Sir + Walter says on this subject is the height of absurdity, and does not + even deserve to be seriously refuted. Bonaparte never entered a + mosque except from motives of curiosity,(see contradiction in + previous paragraph. D.W.) and he never for one moment afforded any + ground for supposing that he believed in the mission of Mahomet.— + Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Doubtless Bonaparte did, as he was bound to do, show respect for the + religion of the country; and he found it necessary to act more like a + Mussulman than a Catholic. A wise conqueror supports his triumphs by + protecting and even elevating the religion of the conquered people. + Bonaparte's principle was, as he himself has often told me, to look upon + religions as the work of men, but to respect them everywhere as a powerful + engine of government. However, I will not go so far as to say that he + would not have changed his religion had the conquest of the East been the + price of that change. All that he said about Mahomet, Islamism, and the + Koran to the great men of the country he laughed at himself. He enjoyed + the gratification of having all his fine sayings on the subject of + religion translated into Arabic poetry, and repeated from mouth to mouth. + This of course tended to conciliate the people. + </p> + <p> + I confess that Bonaparte frequently conversed with the chiefs of the + Mussulman religion on the subject of his conversion; but only for the sake + of amusement. The priests of the Koran, who would probably have been + delighted to convert us, offered us the most ample concessions. But these + conversations were merely started by way of entertainment, and never could + have warranted a supposition of their leading to any serious result. If + Bonaparte spoke as a Mussulman, it was merely in his character of a + military and political chief in a Mussulman country. To do so was + essential to his success, to the safety of his army, and, consequently, to + his glory. In every country he would have drawn up proclamations and + delivered addresses on the same principle. In India he would have been for + Ali, at Thibet for the Dalai-lama, and in China for Confucius. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[On the subject of his alleged conversion to Mahometanism + Bonaparte expressed himself at St. Helena as follows: + + "I never followed any of the tenets of that religion. I never + prayed in the mosques. I never abstained from wine, or was + circumcised, neither did I ever profess it. I said merely that we + were the friends of the Mussulmans, and that I respected Mahomet + their prophet, which was true; I respect him now. I wanted to make + the Imaums cause prayers to be offered up in the mosques for me, in + order to make the people respect me still more than they actually + did, and obey me more readily. The Imaums replied that there was a + great obstacle, because their Prophet in the Koran had inculcated to + them that they were not to obey, respect, or hold faith with + infidels, and that I came under that denomination. I then desired + them to hold a consultation, and see what was necessary to be done + in order to become a Mussulman, as some of their tenets could not be + practised by us. That, as to circumcision, God had made us unfit + for that. That, with respect to drinking wine, we were poor cold + people, inhabitants of the north, who could not exist without it. + They consulted together accordingly, and in about three weeks issued + a fetham, declaring that circumcision might be omitted, because it + was merely a profession; that as to drinking wine, it might be drunk + by Mussulmans, but that those who drank it would not go to paradise, + but to hell. I replied that this would not do; that we had no + occasion to make ourselves Mussulmans in order to go to hell, that + there were many ways of getting there without coming to Egypt, and + desired them to hold another consultation. After deliberating and + battling together for I believe three months, they finally decided + that a man might become a Mussulman, and neither circumcise nor + abstain from wine; but that, in proportion to the wine drunk, some + good works must be done. I then told them that we were all + Mussulmans and friends of the Prophet, which they really believed, + as the French soldiers never went to church, and had no priests with + them. For you must know that during the Revolution there was no + religion whatever in the French army. Menou," continued Napoleon, + "really turned Mahometan, which was the reason I left him behind." + —(Voices from St. Helena.)]— +</pre> + <p> + The General-in-Chief had a Turkish dress made, which he once put on, + merely in joke. One day he desired me to go to breakfast without waiting + for him, and that he would follow me. In about a quarter of an hour he + made his appearance in his new costume. As soon as he was recognised he + was received with a loud burst of laughter. He sat down very coolly; but + he found himself so encumbered and ill at ease in his turban and Oriental + robe that he speedily threw them off, and was never tempted to a second + performance of the masquerade. + </p> + <p> + About the end of August Bonaparte wished to open negotiations with the + Pasha of Acre, nicknamed the Butcher. He offered Djezzar his friendship, + sought his in return, and gave him the most consolatory assurances of the + safety of his dominions. He promised to support him against the Grand + Seignior, at the very moment when he was assuring the Egyptians that he + would support the Grand Seignior against the beys. But Djezzar, confiding + in his own strength and in the protection of the English, who had + anticipated Bonaparte, was deaf to every overture, and would not even + receive Beauvoisin, who was sent to him on the 22d of August. A second + envoy was beheaded at Acre. The occupations of Bonaparte and the necessity + of obtaining a more solid footing in Egypt retarded for the moment the + invasion of that pashalic, which provoked vengeance by its barbarities, + besides being a dangerous neighbour. + </p> + <p> + From the time he received the accounts of the disaster of Aboukir until + the revolt of Cairo on the 22d of October, Bonaparte sometimes found the + time hang heavily on his hands. Though he devoted attention to everything, + yet there was not sufficient occupation for his singularly active mind. + When the heat was not too great he rode on horseback; and on his return, + if he found no despatches to read (which often happened), no orders to + send off; or no letters to answer, he was immediately absorbed in reverie, + and would sometimes converse very strangely. One day, after a long pause, + he said to me: + </p> + <p> + "Do you know what I am thinking of?"—"Upon my word, that would be + very difficult; you think of such extraordinary things."—"I don't + know," continued he, "that I shall ever see France again; but if I do, my + only ambition is to make a glorious campaign in Germany—in the + plains of Bavaria; there to gain a great battle, and to avenge France for + the defeat of Hochstadt. After that I would retire into the country, and + live quietly." + </p> + <p> + He then entered upon a long dissertation on the preference he would give + to Germany as the theatre of war; the fine character of the people, and + the prosperity and wealth of the country, and its power of supporting an + army. His conversations were sometimes very long; but always replete with + interest. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[So early as 1794 Napoleon had suggested that Austria should + always be attacked in Germany, not in Italy. "It is Germany that + should be overwhelmed; that done, Italy and Spain fall of + themselves. Germany should be attacked, not Spain or Italy. If we + obtain great success, advantage should never be taken of it to + penetrate into Italy while Germany, unweakened, offers a formidable + front" (Iung's Bonaparte, tome ii. p. 936), He was always opposed + to the wild plans which had ruined so many French armies in Italy, + and which the Directory tried to force on him, of marching on Rome + and Naples after every success in the north.]— +</pre> + <p> + In these intervals of leisure Bonaparte was accustomed to retire to bed + early. I used to read to him every evening. When I read poetry he would + fall asleep; but when he asked for the Life of Cromwell I counted on + sitting up pretty late. In the course of the day he used to read and make + notes. He often expressed regret at not receiving news from France; for + correspondence was rendered impracticable by the numerous English and + Turkish cruisers. Many letters were intercepted and scandalously + published. Not even family secrets and communications of the most + confidential nature were respected. + </p> + <p> + About the middle of September in this year (1798), Bonaparte ordered to be + brought to the house of Elfy Bey half a dozen Asiatic women whose beauty + he had heard highly extolled. But their ungraceful obesity displeased him, + and they were immediately dismissed. A few days after he fell violently in + love with Madame Foures, the wife of a lieutenant of infantry. She was + very pretty, and her charms were enhanced by the rarity of seeing a woman + in Egypt who was calculated to please the eye of a European. Bonaparte + engaged for her a house adjoining the palace of Elfy Bey, which we + occupied. He frequently ordered dinner to be prepared there, and I used to + go there with him at seven o'clock, and leave him at nine. + </p> + <p> + This connection soon became the general subject of gossip at + head-quarters. Through a feeling of delicacy to M. Foures, the + General-in-Chief gave him a mission to the Directory. He embarked at + Alexandria, and the ship was captured by the English, who, being informed + of the cause of his mission, were malicious enough to send him back to + Egypt, instead of keeping him prisoner. Bonaparte wished to have a child + by Madame Foures, but this wish was not realised. + </p> + <p> + A celebrated soothsayer was recommended to Bonaparte by the inhabitants of + Cairo, who confidentially vouched for the accuracy with which he could + foretell future events. He was sent for, and when he arrived, I, Venture, + and a sheik were with the General. The prophet wished first to exercise + his skill upon Bonaparte, who, however, proposed that I should have my + fortune told first, to which I acceded without hesitation. To afford an + idea of his prophetic skill I must mention that since my arrival in Cairo + I had been in a very weak state. The passage of the Nile and the bad food + we had had for twelve days had greatly reduced me, so that I was miserably + pale and thin. + </p> + <p> + After examining my hands, feeling my pulse, my forehead, and the nape of + my neck, the fortune-teller shrugged his shoulders, and, in a melancholy + tone, told Venture that he did not think it right to inform me of my fate. + I gave him to understand that he might say what he pleased, as it was a + matter of indifference to me. After considerable hesitation on his part + and pressing on mine, he announced to me that the earth of Egypt would + receive me in two months. + </p> + <p> + I thanked him, and he was dismissed. When we were alone the General said + to me, "Well, what do you think of that?" I observed that the + fortune-teller did not run any great risk in foretelling my death, which + was a very probable circumstance in the state in which I was; "but," added + I, "if I procure the wines which I have ordered from France, you will soon + see me get round again." + </p> + <p> + The art of imposing on mankind has at all times been an important part of + the art of governing; and it was not that portion of the science of + government which Bonaparte was the least acquainted with. He neglected no + opportunity of showing off to the Egyptians the superiority of France in + arts and sciences; but it happened, oftener than once, that the simple + instinct of the Egyptians thwarted his endeavours in this way. Some days + after the visit of the pretended fortune-teller he wished, if I may so + express myself, to oppose conjurer to conjurer. For this purpose he + invited the principal sheiks to be present at some chemical experiments + performed by M. Berthollet. The General expected to be much amused at + their astonishment; but the miracles of the transformation of liquids, + electrical commotions and galvanism, did not elicit from them any symptom + of surprise. They witnessed the operations of our able chemist with the + most imperturbable indifference. When they were ended, the sheik El Bekri + desired the interpreter to tell M. Berthollet that it was all very fine; + "but," said he, "ask him whether he can make me be in Morocco and here at + one and the same moment?" M. Berthollet replied in the negative, with a + shrug of his shoulders. "Oh! then," said the sheik, "he is not half a + sorcerer." + </p> + <p> + Our music produced no greater effect upon them. They listened with + insensibility to all the airs that were played to them, with the exception + of "Marlbrook." When that was played they became animated, and were all in + motion, as if ready to dance. + </p> + <p> + An order which had been issued on our arrival in Cairo for watching the + criers of the mosques had for some weeks been neglected. At certain hours + of the night these criers address prayers to the Prophet. As it was merely + a repetition of the same ceremony over and over again, in a short time no + notice was taken of it. The Turks, perceiving this negligence, substituted + for their prayers and hymns cries of revolt, and by this sort of verbal + telegraph, insurrectionary excitement was transmitted to the northern and + southern extremities of Egypt. By this means, and by the aid of secret + emissaries, who eluded our feeble police, and circulated real or forged + firmans of the Sultan disavowing the concord between France and the Porte, + and provoking war, the plan of a revolution was organised throughout the + country. + </p> + <p> + The signal for the execution of this plan was given from the minarets on + the night of the 20th of October, and on the morning of the 21st it was + announced at headquarters that the city of Cairo was in open insurrection. + The General-in-Chief was not, as has been stated, in the isle of Raeuddah: + he did not hear the firing of the alarm-guns. He rose when the news + arrived; it was then five o'clock. He was informed that all the shops were + closed, and that the French were attacked. A moment after he heard of the + death of General Dupuis, commandant of the garrison, who was killed by a + lance in the street. Bonaparte immediately mounted his horse, and, + accompanied by only thirty guides, visited all the threatened points, + restored confidence, and, with great presence of mind, adopted measures of + defence. + </p> + <p> + He left me at headquarters with only one sentinel; but he had been + accurately informed of the situation of the insurgents; and such was my + confidence in his activity and foresight that I had no apprehension, and + awaited his return with perfect composure. This composure was not + disturbed even when I saw a party of insurgents attack the house of M. + Estève, our paymaster-general, which was situated on the opposite side of + Ezbekye'h Place. M. Estève was, fortunately, able to resist the attack + until troops from Boulac came up to his assistance. + </p> + <p> + After visiting all the posts, and adopting every precautionary measure, + Bonaparte returned to headquarters. Finding me still alone with the + sentinel, he asked me, smiling, "whether I had not been frightened?"—"Not + at all, General, I assure you," replied I. + </p> + <p> + —It was about half-past eight in the morning when Bonaparte returned + to headquarters, and while at breakfast he was informed that some Bedouin + Arabs, on horseback, were trying to force their entrance into Cairo. He + ordered his aide de camp, Sulkowsky, to mount his horse, to take with him + fifteen guides, and proceed to the point where the assailants were most + numerous. This was the Bab-el-Nasser, or the gate of victory. Croisier + observed to the General-in-Chief that Sulkowsky had scarcely recovered + from the wounds at Salehye'h, and he offered to take his place. He had his + motives for this. Bonaparte consented; but Sulkowsky had already set out. + Within an hour after, one of the fifteen guides returned, covered with + blood, to announce that Sulkowsky and the remainder of his party had been + cut to pieces. This was speedy work, for we were still at table when the + sad news arrived. + </p> + <p> + Mortars were planted on Mount Mokatam, which commands Cairo. The populace, + expelled from all the principal streets by the troops, assembled in the + square of the Great Mosque, and in the little streets running into it, + which they barricaded. The firing of the artillery on the heights was kept + up with vigour for two days. + </p> + <p> + About twelve of the principal chiefs of Cairo were arrested and confined + in an apartment at headquarters. They awaited with the calmest resignation + the death they knew they merited; but Bonaparte merely detained them as + hostages. The aga in the service of Bonaparte was astonished that sentence + of death was not pronounced upon them; and he said, shrugging his + shoulders, and with a gesture apparently intended to provoke severity, + "You see they expect it." + </p> + <p> + On the third the insurrection was at an end, and tranquillity restored. + Numerous prisoners were conducted to the citadel. In obedience to an order + which I wrote every evening, twelve were put to death nightly. The bodies + were then put into sacks and thrown into the Nile. There were many women + included in these nocturnal executions. + </p> + <p> + I am not aware that the number of victims amounted to thirty per day, as + Bonaparte assured General Reynier in a letter which he wrote to him six + days after the restoration of tranquillity. "Every night," said he, "we + cut off thirty heads. This, I hope, will be an effectual example." I am of + opinion that in this instance he exaggerated the extent of his just + revenge. + </p> + <p> + Some time after the revolt of Cairo the necessity of ensuring our own + safety forced the commission of a terrible act of cruelty. A tribe of + Arabs in the neighbourhood of Cairo had surprised and massacred a party of + French. The General-in-Chief ordered his aide de camp Croisier to proceed + to the spot, surround the tribe, destroy the huts, kill all the men, and + conduct the rest of the population to Cairo. The order was to decapitate + the victims, and bring their heads in sacks to Cairo to be exhibited to + the people. Eugène Beauharnais accompanied Croisier, who joyfully set out + on this horrible expedition, in hope of obliterating all recollection of + the affair of Damanhour. + </p> + <p> + On the following day the party returned. Many of the poor Arab women had + been delivered on the road, and the children had perished of hunger, heat, + and fatigue. About four o'clock a troop of asses arrived in Ezbekye'h + Place, laden with sacks. The sacks were opened and the heads rolled out + before the assembled populace. I cannot describe the horror I experienced; + but I must nevertheless acknowledge that this butchery ensured for a + considerable time the tranquillity and even the existence of the little + caravans which were obliged to travel in all directions for the service of + the army. + </p> + <p> + Shortly before the loss of the fleet the General-in Chief had formed the + design of visiting Suez, to examine the traces of the ancient canal which + united the Nile to the Gulf of Arabia, and also to cross the latter. The + revolt at Cairo caused this project to be adjourned until the month of + December. + </p> + <p> + Before his departure for Suez, Bonaparte granted the commissary Sucy leave + to return to France. He had received a wound in the right hand, when on + board the xebec 'Cerf'. I was conversing with him on deck when he received + this wound. At first it had no appearance of being serious; but some time + after he could not use his hand. General Bonaparte despatched a vessel + with sick and wounded, who were supposed to be incurable, to the number of + about eighty. All envied their fate, and were anxious to depart with them, + but the privilege was conceded to very few. However, those who were, + disappointed had, no cause for regret. We never know what we wish for. + Captain Marengo, who landed at Augusta in Sicily, supposing it to be a + friendly land, was required to observe quarantine for twenty-two days, and + information was given of the arrival of the vessel to the court, which was + at Palermo. On the 25th of January 1799 all on board the French vessel + were massacred, with the exception of twenty-one who were saved by a + Neapolitan frigate, and conducted to Messing, where they were detained. + </p> + <p> + Before he conceived the resolution of attacking the Turkish advanced guard + in the valleys of Syria, Bonaparte had formed a plan of invading British + India from Persia. He had ascertained, through the medium of agents, that + the Shah of Persia would, for a sum of money paid in advance, consent to + the establishment of military magazines on certain points of his + territory. Bonaparte frequently told me that if, after the subjugation of + Egypt, he could have left 15,000 men in that country, and have had 30,000 + disposable troops, he would have marched on the Euphrates. He was + frequently speaking about the deserts which were to be crossed to reach + Persia. + </p> + <p> + How many times have I seen him extended on the ground, examining the + beautiful maps which he had brought with him, and he would sometimes make + me lie down in the same position to trace to me his projected march. This + reminded him of the triumphs of his favourite hero, Alexander, with whom + he so much desired to associate his name; but, at the same time, he felt + that these projects were incompatible with our resources, the weakness of + the Government; and the dissatisfaction which the army already evinced. + Privation and misery are inseparable from all these remote operations. + </p> + <p> + This favourite idea still occupied his mind a fortnight before his + departure for Syria was determined on, and on the 25th of January 1799 he + wrote to Tippoo Saib as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + You are of course already informed of my arrival on the banks of + the Red Sea, with a numerous and invincible army. Eager to deliver + you from the iron yoke of England, I hasten to request that you will + send me, by the way of Mascate or Mocha, an account of the political + situation in which you are. I also wish that you could send to + Suez, or Grand Cairo, some able man, in your confidence, with whom I + may confer. + + —[It is not true, as has often been stated, that Tippoo Saib wrote + to General Bonaparte. He could not reply to a letter written on the + 23th of January, owing to the great difficulty of communication, the + considerable distance, and the short interval which elapsed between + the 25th of January and the fall of the Empire of Mysore, which + happened on the 20th of April following. The letter to Tippo Saib + commenced "Citizen-Sultan!"—Bourrienne]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0017" id="link2HCH0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVII. + </h2> + + 1798-1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's departure for Suez—Crossing the desert—Passage of the + Red Sea—The fountain of Moses—The Cenobites of Mount Sinai—Danger + in recrossing the Red Sea—Napoleon's return to Cairo—Money + borrowed at Genoa—New designs upon Syria—Dissatisfaction of the + Ottoman Porte—Plan for invading Asia—Gigantic schemes—General + Berthier's permission to return to France—His romantic love and the + adored portrait—He gives up his permission to return home—Louis + Bonaparte leaves Egypt—The first Cashmere shawl in France— + Intercepted correspondence—Departure for Syria—Fountains of + Messoudish—Bonaparte jealous—Discontent of the troops—El-Arish + taken—Aspect of Syria—Ramleh—Jerusalem. +</pre> + <p> + On the 24th of December we set out for Suez, where we arrived on the 26th. + On the 25th we encamped in the desert some leagues before Ad-Geroth. The + heat had been very great during the day; but about eleven at night the + cold became so severe as to be precisely in an inverse ratio to the + temperature of the day. This desert, which is the route of the caravans + from Suez, from Tor and the countries situated on the north of Arabia, is + strewed with the bones of the men and animals who, for ages past, have + perished in crossing it. As there was no wood to be got, we collected a + quantity of these bones for fuel. Monge himself was induced to sacrifice + some of the curious skulls of animals which he had picked up on the way + and deposited in the Berlin of the General-in-Chief. But no sooner had we + kindled our fires than an intolerable effluvium obliged us to raise our + camp and advance farther on, for we could procure no water to extinguish + the fires. + </p> + <p> + On the 27th Bonaparte employed himself in inspecting the town and port of + Suez, and in giving orders for some naval and military works. He feared—what + indeed really occurred after his departure from Egypt—the arrival of + some English troops from the East Indies, which he had intended to invade. + These regiments contributed to the loss of his conquest. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir David Baird, with a force of about 7000 men sent from India, + landed at Cosseir in July 1801.]— +</pre> + <p> + On the morning of the 28th we crossed the Red Sea dry-shod, to go to the + Wells of Moses, which are nearly a myriametre from the eastern coast, and + a little southeast of Suez. The Gulf of Arabia terminates at about 5,000 + metres north of that city. Near the port the Red Sea is not above 1,500 + metres wide, and is always fordable at low water. The caravans from Tor + and Mount Sinai always pass at that part, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I shall say nothing of the Cenobites of Mount Sinai, as I had not + the honour of seeing them. Neither did I see the register + containing the names of Ali, Salah-Eddin, Ibrahim or Abraham, + on which Bonaparte is said to have inscribed his name. I perceived + at a distance some high hills which were said to be Mount Sinai. + I conversed, through the medium of an interpreter, with some Arabian + chiefs of Tor and its neighbourhood. They had been informed of our + excursion to the Wells, and that they might there thank the French + General for the protection granted to their caravans and their trade + with Egypt. On the 19th of December, before his departure from + Suez, Bonaparte signed a sort of safeguard, or exemption from + duties, for the convent of Mount Sinai. This had been granted out + of respect to Moses and the Jewish nation, and also because the + convent of Mount Sinai is a seat of learning and civilisation amidst + the barbarism of the deserts.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + either in going to or returning from Egypt. This shortens their journey + nearly a myriametre. At high tide the water rises five or six feet at + Suez, and when the wind blows fresh it often rises to nine or ten feet. + </p> + <p> + We spent a few hours seated by the largest of the springs called the Wells + of Moses, situated on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Arabia. We made + coffee with the water from these springs, which, however, gave it such a + brackish taste that it was scarcely drinkable. + </p> + <p> + Though the water of the eight little springs which form the Wells of Moses + is not so salt as that of many wells dug in other parts of the deserts, it + is, nevertheless, exceedingly brackish, and does not allay thirst so well + as fresh water. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte returned to Suez that same night. It was very dark when we + reached the sea-shore. The tide was coming up, and the water was pretty + high. We deviated a little from the way we had taken in the morning; we + crossed a little too low down; we were thrown into disorder, but we did + not lose ourselves in the marshes as has been stated. There were none. I + have read somewhere, though I did not see the fact, nor did I hear it + mentioned at the time, that the tide, which was coming up, would have been + the grave of the General-in-Chief had not one of the guides saved him by + carrying him on his shoulders. If any such danger had existed, all who had + not a similar means of escape must have perished. + </p> + <p> + This is a fabrication. General Caffarelli was the only person who was + really in danger, for his wooden leg prevented his sitting firmly on his + horse in the water; but some persons came to his assistance and supported + him. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bonaparte extricated himself as the others did from the real + danger he and his escort had run. At St. Helena he said, "Profiting + by the low tide, I crossed the Red Sea dry-shod. On my return I was + overtaken by the night and went astray in the middle of the rising + tide. I ran the greatest danger. I nearly perished in the same + manner as Pharaoh did. This would certainly have furnished all the + Christian preachers with a magnificent test against me." + —Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + On his return to Cairo the General-in-Chief wished to discover the site of + the canal which in ancient times formed a junction between the Red Sea and + the Nile by Belbeis. M. Lepère, who was a member of the Egyptian + Institute, and is now inspector-general of bridges and highways, executed + on the spot a beautiful plan, which may confidently be consulted by those + who wish to form an accurate idea of that ancient communication, and the + level of the two seas. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Since accurately ascertained during the progress of the works for + the Suez Canal.]— +</pre> + <p> + On his arrival at the capital Bonaparte again devoted all his thoughts to + the affairs of the army, which he had not attended to during his short + absence. The revenues of Egypt were far from being sufficient to meet the + military expenditure. To defray his own expenses Bonaparte raised several + considerable loans in Genoa through the medium of M. James. The connection + of James with the Bonaparte family takes its date from this period. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte says that the fathers of Napoleon and of M. + James had long known one another, and that Napoleon had met James at + Autun. ('Erreurs', tome i, p. 296).]— +</pre> + <p> + Since the month of August the attention of General Bonaparte had been + constantly fixed on Syria. The period of the possible landing of an enemy + in Egypt had now passed away, and could not return until the month of July + in the following year. Bonaparte was fully convinced that that landing + would take place, and he was not deceived. The Ottoman Porte had, indeed, + been persuaded that the conquest of Egypt was not in her interest. She + preferred enduring a rebel whom she hoped one day to subdue to supporting + a power which, under the specious pretext of reducing her insurgent beys + to obedience, deprived her of one of her finest provinces, and threatened + the rest of the empire. + </p> + <p> + On his return to Cairo the General-in-Chief had no longer any doubt as to + the course which the Porte intended to adopt. The numerous class of + persons who believed that the Ottoman Porte had consented to our + occupation of Egypt were suddenly undeceived. It was then asked how we + could, without that consent, have attempted such an enterprise? Nothing, + it was said, could justify the temerity of such an expedition, if it + should produce a rupture between France, the Ottoman empire, and its + allies. However, for the remainder of the year Bonaparte dreaded nothing + except an expedition from Gaza and El-Arish, of which the troops of + Djezzar had already taken possession. This occupation was justly regarded + as a decided act of hostility; war was thus practically declared. "We must + adopt anticipatory measures," thought Napoleon; "we must destroy this + advanced guard of the Ottoman empire, overthrow the ramparts of Jaffa and + Acre, ravage the country, destroy all her resources, so as to render the + passage of an army across the desert impracticable." Thus was planned the + expedition against Syria. + </p> + <p> + General Berthier, after repeated entreaties, had obtained permission to + return to France. The 'Courageuse' frigate, which was to convey him home, + was fitting out at Alexandria; he had received his instructions, and was + to leave Cairo on the 29th of January, ten days before Bonaparte's + departure for Syria. Bonaparte was sorry to part with him; but he could + not endure to see an old friend, and one who had served him well in all + his campaigns, dying before his eyes, the victim of nostalgia and romantic + love. Besides, Berthier had been for some time past, anything but active + in the discharge of his duties. His passion, which amounted almost to + madness, impaired the feeble faculties with which nature had endowed him. + Some writers have ranked him in the class of sentimental lovers: be this + as it may, the homage which Berthier rendered to the portrait of the + object of his adoration more frequently excited our merriment than our + sensibility. + </p> + <p> + One day I went with an order from Bonaparte to the chief of his staff, + whom I found on his knees before the portrait of Madame Visconti, which + was hanging opposite the door. I touched him, to let him know I was there. + He grumbled a little, but did not get angry. + </p> + <p> + The moment was approaching when the two friends were to part, perhaps + forever. Bonaparte was sincerely distressed at this separation, and the + chief of his staff was informed of the fact. At a moment when it was + supposed Berthier was on his way to Alexandria, he presented himself to + the General-in-Chief. "You are, then, decidedly going to Asia?" said he.—"You + know," replied the General, "that all is ready, and I shall set out in a + few days."—"Well, I will not leave you. I voluntarily renounce all + idea of returning to France. I could not endure to forsake you at a moment + when you are going to encounter new dangers. Here are my instructions and + my passport." Bonaparte, highly pleased with this resolution, embraced + Berthier; and the coolness which had been excited by his request to return + home was succeeded by a sincere reconciliation. + </p> + <p> + Louis Bonaparte, who was suffering from the effects of the voyage, was + still at Alexandria. The General-in-Chief, yielding to the pacific views + of his younger brother, who was also beginning to evince some symptoms of + nostalgia, consented to his return home. He could not, however, depart + until the 11th of March 1799. I felt the absence of Louis very much. + </p> + <p> + On his return to France Louis passed through Sens, where he dined with + Madame de Bourrienne, to whom he presented a beautiful shawl, which + General Berthier had given me. This, I believe, was the first Cashmere + that had ever been seen in France. Louis was much surprised when Madame de + Bourrienne showed him the Egyptian correspondence, which had been seized + by the English and printed in London. He found in the collection some + letters addressed to himself, and there were others, he said, which were + likely to disturb the peace of more than one family on the return of the + army. + </p> + <p> + On the 11th of February 1799 we began our march for Syria, with about + 12,000 men. It has been erroneously stated that the army amounted to only + 6000: nearly that number was lost in the course of the campaign. However, + at the very moment we were on our way to Syria, with 12,000 men, scarcely + as many being left in Egypt, the Directory published that, "according to + the information which had been received," we had 60,000 infantry and + 10,000 cavalry; that the army had doubled its numbers by battles; and that + since our arrival in Egypt, we had lost only 300 men. Is history to be + written from such documents? + </p> + <p> + We arrived, about four o'clock in the afternoon, at Messoudiah, or, "the + Fortunate Spot." Here we witnessed a kind of phenomenon, which was not a + little agreeable to us. Messoudiah is a place situated on the coast of the + Mediterranean, surrounded with little dunes of very fine sand, which the + copious rains of winter readily penetrate. The rain remains in the sand, + so that on making with the fingers holes of four or five inches in depth + at the bottom of these little hills, the water immediately flows out. This + water was, indeed, rather thick, but its flavour was agreeable; and it + would have become clear if we could have spared time to allow it to rest + and deposit the particles of sand it contained. + </p> + <p> + It was a curious spectacle to behold us all lying prostrate, digging wells + in miniature; and displaying a laughable selfishness in our endeavours to + obtain the most abundant source. This was a very important discovery to + us. We found these sand-wells at the extremity of the desert, and it + contributed, in no small degree, to revive the courage of our soldiers; + besides, when men are, as was the case with us, subject to privations of + every kind, the least benefit which accrues inspires the hope of a new + advantage. We were approaching the confines of Syria, and we enjoyed by + anticipation, the pleasure we were about to experience, on treading a soil + which, by its variety of verdure and vegetation, would remind us of our + native land. At Messoudiah we likewise possessed the advantage of bathing + in the sea, which was not more than fifty paces from our unexpected + water-supply. + </p> + <p> + Whilst near the wells of Messoudiah, on the way to El-Arish, I one day saw + Bonaparte walking alone with Junot, as he was often in the habit of doing. + I stood at a little distance, and my eyes, I know not why, were fixed on + him during their conversation. The General's countenance, which was always + pale, had, without my being able to divine the cause, become paler than + usual. There was something convulsive in his features—a wildness in + his look, and he several times struck his head with his hand. After + conversing with Junot about a quarter of an hour he quitted him and came + towards me. I never saw him exhibit such an air of dissatisfaction, or + appear so much under the influence of some prepossession. I advanced + towards him, and as soon as we met, he exclaimed in an abrupt and angry + tone, "So! I find I cannot depend upon you.—These women!—Josephine! + —if you had loved me, you would before now have told me all I have + heard from Junot—he is a real friend—Josephine!—and I + 600 leagues from her—you ought to have told me.—That she + should thus have deceived me!—'Woe to them!—I will exterminate + the whole race of fops and puppies!—As to her—divorce!—yes, + divorce! a public and open divorce!—I must write!—I know all!—It + is your fault—you ought to have told me!" + </p> + <p> + These energetic and broken exclamations, his disturbed countenance and + altered voice informed me but too well of the subject of his conversation + with Junot. I saw that Junot had been drawn into a culpable indiscretion; + and that, if Josephine had committed any faults, he had cruelly + exaggerated them. My situation was one of extreme delicacy. However, I had + the good fortune to retain my self-possession, and as soon as some degree + of calmness succeeded to this first burst, I replied that I knew nothing + of the reports which Junot might have communicated to him; that even if + such reports, often the offspring of calumny, had reached my ear, and if I + had considered it my duty to inform him of them, I certainly would not + have selected for that purpose the moment when he was 600 leagues from + France. I also did not conceal how blamable Junot's conduct appeared to + me, and how ungenerous I considered it thus rashly to accuse a woman who + was not present to justify or defend herself; that it was no great proof + of attachment to add domestic uneasiness to the anxiety, already + sufficiently great, which the situation of his brothers in arms, at the + commencement of a hazardous enterprise, occasioned him. + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding these observations, which, however, he listened to with + some calmness, the word "divorce" still escaped his lips; and it is + necessary to be aware of the degree of irritation to which he was liable + when anything seriously vexed him, to be able to form an idea of what + Bonaparte was during this painful scene. However, I kept my ground. I + repeated what I had said. I begged of him to consider with what facility + tales were fabricated and circulated, and that gossip such as that which + had been repeated to him was only the amusement of idle persons; and + deserved the contempt of strong minds. I spoke of his glory. "My glory!" + cried he. "I know not what I would not give if that which Junot has told + me should be untrue; so much do I love Josephine! If she be really guilty + a divorce must separate us for ever. I will not submit to be a + laughing-stock for all the imbeciles in Paris. I will write to Joseph; he + will get the divorce declared." + </p> + <p> + Although his agitation continued long, intervals occurred in which he was + less excited. I seized one of these moments of comparative calm to combat + this idea of divorce which seemed to possess his mind. I represented to + him especially that it would be imprudent to write to his brother with + reference to a communication which was probably false. "The letter might + be intercepted; it would betray the feelings of irritation which dictated + it. As to a divorce, it would be time to think of that hereafter, but + advisedly." + </p> + <p> + These last words produced an effect on him which I could not have ventured + to hope for so speedily. He became tranquil, listened to me as if he had + suddenly felt the justice of my observations, dropped the subject, and + never returned to it; except that about a fortnight after, when we were + before St. Jean d'Acre, he expressed himself greatly dissatisfied with + Junot, and complained of the injury he had done him by his indiscreet + disclosures, which he began to regard as the inventions of malignity. I + perceived afterwards that he never pardoned Junot for this indiscretion; + and I can state, almost with certainty, that this was one of the reasons + why Junot was not created a marshal of France, like many of his comrades + whom Bonaparte had loved less. It may be supposed that Josephine, who was + afterwards informed by Bonaparte of Junot's conversation, did not feel + particularly interested in his favour. He died insane on the 27th of July + 1813. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[However indiscreet Junot might on this occasion have shown + himself in interfering in so delicate a matter, it is pretty certain + that his suspicions were breathed to no other ear than that of + Bonaparte himself. Madame Junot, in speaking of the ill-suppressed + enmity between her husband and Madame Bonaparte, says that he never + uttered a word even to her of the subject of his conversation with + the General-in-Chief to Egypt. That Junot's testimony, however, + notwithstanding the countenance it obtained from Bonaparte's + relations, ought to be cautiously received, the following passage + from the Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Abrantes, vol. i. p. 250, + demonstrative of the feelings of irritation between the parties, + will show: + + "Junot escorted Madame Bonaparte when she went to join the + General-in-Chief in Italy. I am surprised that M. de Bourrienne + has omitted mentioning this circumstance in his Memoirs. He must + have known it, since he was well acquainted with everything + relating to Josephine, and knew many facts of high interest in her + life at this period and subsequently. How happens it too that he + makes no mention of Mademoiselle Louise, who might be called her + 'demoiselle de compagnie' rather than her 'femme de chambre'? At + the outset of the journey to Italy she was such a favourite with + Josephine that she dressed like her mistress, ate at table with + her, and was in all respects her friend and confidante. + + "The journey was long, much too long for Junot, though he was very + much in love with Mademoiselle Louise. But he was anxious to join + the army, for to him his General was always the dearest of + mistresses. Junot has often spoken to me, and to me alone, of the + vexations he experienced on this journey. He might have added to + his circumstantial details relative to Josephine the conversation he + is reported to have had with Bonaparte to Egypt; but he never + breathed a word on the subject, for his character was always noble + and generous. The journey to Italy did not produce the effect which + usually arises from such incidents in common life; namely, a closer + friendship and intimacy between the parties. On the contrary, + Madame Bonaparte from that moment evinced some degree of ill-humour + towards Junot, and complained with singular warmth of the want of + respect which he had shown her, in making love to her 'femme de + chambre' before her face." + + According to 'Erreurs (tome i. pp. 4, 50) Junot was not then in + Syria. On 10th February Napoleon was at Messoudiah. Junot only + arrived from Egypt at Gaza on the 25th February. Madame d'Abrantes + (ii. 32) treats this conversation as apocryphal. "This (an anecdote + of her own) is not an imaginary episode like that, for example, of + making a person speak at Messoudiah who never was there."]— +</pre> + <p> + Our little army continued its march on El-Arish, where we arrived on the + 17th of February. The fatigues experienced in the desert and the scarcity + of water excited violent murmurs amongst the soldiers during their march + across the isthmus. When any person on horseback passed them they + studiously expressed their discontent. The advantage possessed by the + horsemen provoked their sarcasms. I never heard the verses which they are + said to have repeated, but they indulged in the most violent language + against the Republic, the men of science, and those whom they regarded as + the authors of the expedition. Nevertheless these brave fellows, from whom + it was not astonishing that such great privations should extort + complaints, often compensated by their pleasantries for the bitterness of + their reproaches. + </p> + <p> + Many times during the crossing of the isthmus I have seen soldiers, + parched with thirst, and unable to wait till the hour for distribution of + water, pierce the leathern bottles which contained it; and this conduct, + so injurious to all, occasioned numerous quarrels. + </p> + <p> + El-Arish surrendered on the 17th of February. It has been erroneously + stated that the garrison of this insignificant place, which was set at + liberty on condition of not again serving against us, was afterwards found + amongst the besieged at Jaffa. It has also been stated that it was because + the men composing the El-Arish garrison did not proceed to Bagdad, + according to the capitulation, that we shot them at Jaffa. We shall + presently see the falsehood of these assertions. + </p> + <p> + On the 28th of February we obtained the first glimpse of the green and + fertile plains of Syria, which, in many respects, reminded us of the + climate and soil of Europe. We now had rain, and sometimes rather too + much. The feelings which the sight of the valleys and mountains called + forth made us, in some degree, forget the hardships and vexations of an + expedition of which few persons could foresee the object or end. There are + situations in life when the slightest agreeable sensation alleviates all + our ills. + </p> + <p> + On the 1st of March we slept at Ramleh, in a small convent occupied by two + monks, who paid us the greatest attention. They gave us the church for a + hospital. These good fathers did not fail to tell us that it was through + this place the family of Jesus Christ passed into Egypt, and showed us the + wells at which they quenched their thirst. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Ramleh, the ancient Arimathea, is situated at the base of a chain + of mountains, the eastern extremity of which is washed by the + Persian Gulf, and the western by the Mediterranean.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + The pure and cool water of these wells delighted us. + </p> + <p> + We were not more than about six leagues from Jerusalem. + </p> + <p> + I asked the General whether he did not intend to direct his march by the + way of that city, so celebrated in many respects. He replied, "Oh no! + Jerusalem is not in my line of operations. I do not wish to be annoyed by + mountaineers in difficult roads. And, besides, on the other side of the + mountain I should be assailed by swarms of cavalry. I am not ambitious of + the fate of Cassius." + </p> + <p> + We therefore did not enter Jerusalem, which was not disturbed by the war. + All we did was to send a written declaration to the persons in power at + Jerusalem, assuring them that we had no design against that country, and + only wished them to remain at peace. To this communication no answer was + returned, and nothing more passed on the subject. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter Scott says, speaking of Bonaparte, that he believes + that little officer of artillery dreamed of being King of Jerusalem. + What I have just stated proves that he never thought of such a + thing. The "little officer of artillery" had a far more splendid + dream in his head.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + We found at Ramleh between two and three hundred Christians in a pitiable + state of servitude, misery, and dejection. On conversing with them I could + not help admiring how much the hope of future rewards may console men + under present ills. But I learned from many of them that they did not live + in harmony together. The feelings of hatred and jealousy are not less + common amongst these people than amongst the better-instructed inhabitants + of rich and populous cities. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0018" id="link2HCH0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVIII + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Arrival at Jaffa—The siege—Beauharnais and Croisier—Four thousand + prisoners—Scarcity of provisions—Councils of war—Dreadful + necessity—The massacre—The plague—Lannes and the mountaineers— + Barbarity of Djezarr—Arrival at St Jean d'Acre, and abortive + attacks—Sir Sidney Smith—Death of Caffarelli—Duroc wounded— + Rash bathing—Insurrections in Egypt. +</pre> + <p> + On arriving before Jaffa, where there were already some troops, the first + person I met was Adjutant-General Gresieux, with whom I was well + acquainted. I wished him good-day, and offered him my hand. "Good God! + what are you about?" said he, repulsing me with a very abrupt gesture; + "you may have the plague. People do not touch each other here!" I + mentioned the circumstance to Bonaparte, who said, "If he be afraid of the + plague, he will die of it." Shortly after, at St. Jean d'Acre, he was + attacked by that malady, and soon sank under it. + </p> + <p> + On the 4th of March we commenced the siege of Jaffa. That paltry place, + which, to round a sentence, was pompously styled the ancient Joppa, held + out only to the 6th of March, when it was taken by storm, and given up to + pillage. The massacre was horrible. General Bonaparte sent his aides de + camp Beauharnais and Croisier to appease the fury of the soldiers as much + as possible, and to report to him what was passing. They learned that a + considerable part of the garrison had retired into some vast buildings, a + sort of caravanserai, which formed a large enclosed court. Beauharnais and + Croisier, who were distinguished by wearing the 'aide de camp' scarf on + their arms, proceeded to that place. The Arnauts and Albanians, of whom + these refugees were almost entirely composed, cried from the windows that + they were willing to surrender upon an assurance that they would be + exempted from the massacre to which the town was doomed; if not, they + threatened to fire on the 'aides de camp', and to defend themselves to the + last extremity. The two officers thought that they ought to accede to the + proposition, notwithstanding the decree of death which had been pronounced + against the whole garrison, in consequence of the town being taken by + storm. They brought them to our camp in two divisions, one consisting of + about 2500 men, the other of about 1600. + </p> + <p> + I was walking with General Bonaparte, in front of his tent, when he beheld + this mass of men approaching, and before he even saw his 'aides de camp' + he said to me, in a tone of profound sorrow, "What do they wish me to do + with these men? Have I food for them?—ships to convey them to Egypt + or France? Why, in the devil's name, have they served me thus?" After + their arrival, and the explanations which the General-in-Chief demanded + and listened to with anger, Eugène and Croisier received the most severe + reprimand for their conduct. But the deed was done. Four thousand men were + there. It was necessary to decide upon their fate. The two aides de camp + observed that they had found themselves alone in the midst of numerous + enemies, and that he had directed them to restrain the carnage. "Yes, + doubtless," replied the General-in-Chief, with great warmth, "as to women, + children, and old men—all the peaceable inhabitants; but not with + respect to armed soldiers. It was your duty to die rather than bring these + unfortunate creatures to me. What do you want me to do with them?" These + words were pronounced in the most angry tone. + </p> + <p> + The prisoners were then ordered to sit down, and were placed, without any + order, in front of the tents, their hands tied behind their backs. A + sombre determination was depicted on their countenances. We gave them a + little biscuit and bread, squeezed out of the already scanty supply for + the army. + </p> + <p> + On the first day of their arrival a council of war was held in the tent of + the General-in-Chief, to determine what course should be pursued with + respect to them. The council deliberated a long time without coming to any + decision. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the following day the daily reports of the generals of + division came in. They spoke of nothing but the insufficiency of the + rations, the complaints of the soldiers—of their murmurs and + discontent at seeing their bread given to enemies who had been withdrawn + from their vengeance, inasmuch as a decree of death, in conformity with + the laws of war, had been passed on Jaffa. All these reports were + alarming, and especially that of General Bon, in which no reserve was + made. He spoke of nothing less than the fear of a revolt, which would be + justified by the serious nature of the case. + </p> + <p> + The council assembled again. All the generals of division were summoned to + attend, and for several hours together they discussed, under separate + questions, what measures might be adopted, with the most sincere desire to + discover and execute one which would save the lives of these unfortunate + prisoners. + </p> + <p> + (1.) Should they be sent into Egypt? Could it be done? + </p> + <p> + To do so, it would be necessary to send with them a numerous escort, which + would too much weaken our little army in the enemy's country. How, + besides, could they and the escort be supported till they reached Cairo, + having no provisions to give them on setting out, and their route being + through a hostile territory, which we had exhausted, which presented no + fresh resources, and through which we, perhaps, might have to return. + </p> + <p> + (2.) Should they be embarked? + </p> + <p> + Where were the ships?—Where could they be found? All our telescopes, + directed over the sea, could not descry a single friendly sail. Bonaparte, + I affirm, would have regarded such an event as a real favour of fortune. + It was, and—I am glad to have to say it, this sole idea, this sole + hope, which made him brave, for three days, the murmurs of his army. But + in vain was help looked for seaward. It did not come. + </p> + <p> + (3.) Should the prisoners be set at liberty? + </p> + <p> + They would then instantly proceed to St. Jean d'Acre to reinforce the + pasha, or else, throwing themselves into the mountains of Nablous, would + greatly annoy our rear and right-flank, and deal out death to us, as a + recompense for the life we had given them. There could be no doubt of + this. What is a Christian dog to a Turk? It would even have been a + religious and meritorious act in the eye of the Prophet. + </p> + <p> + (4.) Could they be incorporated, disarmed, with our soldiers in the ranks? + </p> + <p> + Here again the question of food presented itself in all its force. Next + came to be considered the danger of having such comrades while marching + through an enemy's country. What might happen in the event of a battle + before St. Jean d'Acre? Could we even tell what might occur during the + march? And, finally, what must be done with them when under the ramparts + of that town, if we should be able to take them there? The same + embarrassments with respect to the questions of provisions and security + would then recur with increased force. + </p> + <p> + The third day arrived without its being possible, anxiously as it was + desired, to come to any conclusion favourable to the preservation of these + unfortunate men. The murmurs in the camp grew louder—the evil went + on increasing—remedy appeared impossible—the danger was real + and imminent. The order for shooting the prisoners was given and executed + on the 10th of March. We did not, as has been stated, separate the + Egyptians from the other prisoners. There were no Egyptians. + </p> + <p> + Many of the unfortunate creatures composing the smaller division, which + was fired on close to the seacoast, at some distance from the other + column, succeeded in swimming to some reefs of rocks out of the reach of + musket-shot. The soldiers rested their muskets on the sand, and, to induce + the prisoners to return, employed the Egyptian signs of reconciliation in + use in the country. They came back; but as they advanced they were killed, + and disappeared among the waves. + </p> + <p> + I confine myself to these details of this act of dreadful necessity, of + which I was an eye-witness. Others, who, like myself, saw it, have + fortunately spared me the recital of the sanguinary result. This atrocious + scene, when I think of it, still makes me shudder, as it did on the day I + beheld it; and I would wish it were possible for me to forget it, rather + than be compelled to describe it. All the horrors imagination can + conceive, relative to that day of blood, would fall short of the reality. + </p> + <p> + I have related the truth, the whole truth. I was present at all the + discussions, all the conferences, all the deliberations. I had not, as may + be supposed, a deliberative voice; but I am bound to declare that the + situation of the army, the scarcity of food, our small numerical strength, + in the midst of a country where every individual was an enemy, would have + induced me to vote in the affirmative of the proposition which was carried + into effect, if I had a vote to give. It was necessary to be on the spot + in order to understand the horrible necessity which existed. + </p> + <p> + War, unfortunately, presents too many occasions on which a law, immutable + in all ages, and common to all nations, requires that private interests + should be sacrificed to a great general interest, and that even humanity + should be forgotten. It is for posterity to judge whether this terrible + situation was that in which Bonaparte was placed. For my own part, I have + a perfect conviction that he could not do otherwise than yield to the dire + necessity of the case. It was the advice of the council, whose opinion was + unanimous in favour of the execution, that governed him. Indeed I ought in + truth to say, that he yielded only in the last extremity, and was one of + those, perhaps, who beheld the massacre with the deepest pain. + </p> + <p> + After the siege of Jaffa the plague began to exhibit itself with a little + more virulence. We lost between seven and eight hundred, men by the + contagion during the campaign of Syria. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter Scott says, that Heaven sent this pestilence amongst + us to avenge the massacre of Jaffa]— +</pre> + <p> + During our march on St. Jean d'Acre, which was commenced on the 14th of + March, the army neither obtained the brilliant triumphs nor encountered + the numerous obstacles spoken of in certain works. Nothing of importance + occurred but a rash skirmish of General Lannes who, in spite of contrary + orders from Bonaparte, obstinately pursued a troop of mountaineers into + the passes of Nablous. On returning, he found the mountaineers placed in + ambush in great numbers amongst rocks, the windings of which they were + well acquainted with, whence they fired close upon our troops, whose + situation rendered them unable to defend themselves. During the time of + this foolish and useless enterprise, especially while the firing was + brisk, Bonaparte exhibited much impatience, and it must be confessed, his + anger was but natural. The Nablousians halted at the openings of the + mountain defiles. Bonaparte reproached Lannes bitterly for having + uselessly exposed himself, and "sacrificed, without any object, a number + of brave men." Lannes excused himself by saying that the mountaineers had + defied him, and he wished to chastise the rabble. "We are not in a + condition to play the swaggerer," replied Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + In four days we arrived before St. Jean d'Acre, where we learned that + Djezzar had cut off the head of our envoy, Mailly-de-Chateau-Renaud, and + thrown his body into the sea in a sack. This cruel pasha was guilty of a + great number of similar executions. The waves frequently drove dead bodies + towards the coast, and we came upon them whilst bathing. + </p> + <p> + The details of the siege of Acre are well known. Although surrounded by a + wall, flanked with strong towers, and having, besides, a broad and deep + ditch defended by works this little fortress did not appear likely to hold + out against French valour and the skill of our corps of engineers and + artillery; but the ease and rapidity with which Jaffa had been taken + occasioned us to overlook in some degree the comparative strength of the + two places, and the difference of their respective situations. At Jaffa we + had sufficient artillery: at St. Jean d'Acre we had not. At Jaffa we had + to deal only with a garrison left to itself: at St. Jean d'Acre we were + opposed by a garrison strengthened by reinforcements of men and supplies + of provisions, supported by the English fleet, and assisted by European + Science. Sir Sidney Smith was, beyond doubt, the man who did us the + greatest injury. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Sidney Smith was the only Englishman besides the Duke of + Wellington who defeated Napoleon in military operations. The third + Englishman opposed to him, Sir John Moore, was compelled to make a + precipitate retreat through the weakness of his force]— +</pre> + <p> + Much has been said respecting his communications with the + General-in-Chief. The reproaches which the latter cast upon him for + endeavouring to seduce the soldiers and officers of the army by tempting + offers were the more singular, even if they were well founded, inasmuch as + these means are frequently employed by leaders in war. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[At one time the French General was so disturbed by them as to + endeavour to put a stop to them; which object he effected by + interdicting all communication with the English, and signifying, in + an order of the day, that their Commodore was a madman. This, being + believed in the army, so enraged Sir Sidney Smith, that in his wrath + he sent a challenge to Napoleon. The latter replied, that he had + too many weighty affairs on his hands to trouble himself in so + trifling a matter. Had it, indeed, been the great Marlborough, it + might have been worthy his attention. Still, if the English sailor + was absolutely bent upon fighting, he would send him a bravo from + the army, and show them a small portion of neutral ground, where the + mad Commodore might land, and satisfy his humour to the full.— + (Editor of 1836 edition.)]— +</pre> + <p> + As to the embarking of French prisoners on board a vessel in which the + plague existed, the improbability of the circumstance alone, but + especially the notorious facts of the case, repel this odious accusation. + I observed the conduct of Sir Sidney Smith closely at the time, and I + remarked in him a chivalric spirit, which sometimes hurried him into + trifling eccentricities; but I affirm that his behaviour towards the + French was that of a gallant enemy. I have seen many letters, in which the + writers informed him that they "were very sensible of the good treatment + which the French experienced when they fell into his hands." Let any one + examine Sir Sidney's conduct before the capitulation of El-Arish, and + after its rupture, and then they can judge of his character. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon, when at St. Helena, in speaking of the siege of Acre, + said,—Sidney Smith is a brave officer. He displayed considerable + ability in the treaty for the evacuation of Egypt by the French. He + took advantage of the discontent which he found to prevail amongst + the French troops at being so long away from France, and other + circumstances. He manifested great honour in sending immediately to + Kléber the refusal of Lord Keith to ratify the treaty, which saved + the French army; if he had kept it a secret seven or eight days + longer, Cairo would have been given up to the Turks, and the French + army necessarily obliged to surrender to the English. He also + showed great humanity and honour in all his proceedings towards the + French who felt into his hands. He landed at Havre, for some + 'sottise' of a bet he had made, according to some, to go to the + theatre; others said it was for espionage; however that may be, he + was arrested and confined in the Temple as a spy; and at one time it + was intended to try and execute him. Shortly after I returned from + Italy he wrote to me from his prison, to request that I would + intercede for him; but, under the circumstances in which he was + taken, I could do nothing for him. He is active, intelligent, + intriguing, and indefatigable; but I believe that he is 'mezzo + pazo'. + + "The chief cause of the failure at Acre was, that he took all my + battering train, which was on board of several small vessels. + Had it not been for that, I would have taken Acre in spite of him. + He behaved very bravely, and was well seconded by Phillipeaux, a + Frenchman of talent, who had studied with me as an engineer. There + was a Major Douglas also, who behaved very gallantly. The + acquisition of five or six hundred seamen as gunners was a great + advantage to the Turks, whose spirits they revived, and whom they + showed how to defend the fortress. But he committed a great fault + in making sorties, which cost the lives of two or three hundred + brave fellows without the possibility of success. For it was + impossible he could succeed against the number of the French who + were before Acre. I would lay a wage that he lost half of his crew + in them. He dispersed Proclamations amongst my troops, which + certainly shook some of them, and I in consequence published an + order, stating that he was mad, and forbidding all communication + with him. Some days after he sent, by means of a flag of truce, + a lieutenant or a midshipman with a letter containing a challenge to + me to meet him at some place he pointed out in order to fight a + duel. I laughed at this, and sent him back an intimation that when + he brought Marlborough to fight me I would meet him. Notwithstanding + this, I like the character of the man." (Voices from + St. Helena, vol. 4, p. 208).]— +</pre> + <p> + All our manoeuvres, our works, and attacks were made with that levity and + carelessness which over-confidence inspires. Kléber, whilst walking with + me one day in the lines of our camp, frequently expressed his surprise and + discontent. "The trenches," said, he, "do not come up to my knees." + Besieging artillery was, of necessity, required: we commenced with field + artillery. This encouraged the besieged, who perceived the weakness of our + resources. The besieging artillery, consisting only of three twenty-four + pounders and six eighteen pounders, was not brought up until the end of + April, and before that period three assaults had taken place with very + serious loss. On the 4th of May our powder began to fail us. This cruel + event obliged us to slacken our fire. We also wanted shot; and an order of + the day fixed a price to be given for all balls, according to their + calibre, which might be picked up after being fired from the fortress or + the two ships of the line, the 'Tiger' and 'Theseus', which were stationed + on each side of the harbour. These two vessels embarrassed the + communication between the camp and the trenches; but though they made much + noise, they did little harm. A ball from one of them killed an officer on + the evening the siege was raised. + </p> + <p> + The enemy had within the walls some excellent riflemen, chiefly Albanians. + They placed stones, one over the other, on the walls, put their firearms + through the interstices, and thus, completely sheltered, fired with + destructive precision. + </p> + <p> + On the 9th of April General Caffarelli, so well known for his courage and + talents, was passing through the trench, his hand resting as he stooped on + his hip, to preserve the equilibrium which his wooden leg impaired; his + elbow only was raised above the trench. He was warned that the enemy's + shot, fired close upon us, did not miss the smallest object. He paid no + attention to any observation of this kind, and in a few instants his elbow + joint was fractured. Amputation of the arm was judged indispensable. The + General survived the operation eighteen days. Bonaparte went regularly + twice a day to his tent. By his order, added to my friendship for + Caffarelli, I scarcely ever quitted him. Shortly before he expired he said + to me, "My dear Bourrienne, be so good as to read to me Voltaire's preface + to 'Esprit des Lois'." When I returned to the tent of the General-in-Chief + he asked, "How is Caffarelli?" I replied, "He is near his end; but he + asked me to read him Voltaire's preface to the 'Esprit de Lois', he has + just fallen asleep." Bonaparte said, "Bah! to wish to hear that preface? + how singular!" He went to see Caffarelli, but he was still asleep. I + returned to him that evening and received his last breath. He died with + the utmost composure. His death was equally regretted by the soldiers and + the men of science, who accompanied us. It was a just regret due to that + distinguished man, in whom very extensive information was united with + great courage and amiable disposition. + </p> + <p> + On the 10th of May, when an assault took place, Bonaparte proceeded at an + early hour to the trenches. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Sidney Smith, in his official report of the assault of the + 8th of May, says that Napoleon was distinctly seen directing the + operation.]— +</pre> + <p> + Croisier, who was mentioned on our arrival at Damanhour and on the capture + of Jaffa, had in vain courted death since the commencement of the siege. + Life had become insupportable to him since the unfortunate affair at + Jaffa. He as usual accompanied his General to the trenches. Believing that + the termination of the siege, which was supposed to be near, would + postpone indefinitely the death which he sought, he mounted a battery. In + this situation his tall figure uselessly provoked all the enemy's shots. + "Croisier, come down, I command you; you have no business there," cried + Bonaparte, in a loud and imperative tone. Croisier remained without making + any reply. A moment after a ball passed through his right leg. Amputation + was not considered indispensable. On the day of our departure he was + placed on a litter, which was borne by sixteen men alternately, eight at a + time. I received his farewell between Gaza and El-Arish, where he died of + tetanus. His modest tomb will not be often visited. + </p> + <p> + The siege of St. Jean d'Acre lasted sixty days. During that time eight + assaults and twelve sorties took place. In the assault of the 8th of May + more than 200 men penetrated into the town. Victory was already shouted; + but the breach having been taken in reverse by the Turks, it was not + approached without some degree of hesitation, and the men who had entered + were not supported. The streets were barricaded. The cries, the howlings + of the women, who ran through the streets throwing, according to the + custom of the country, dust in the air, excited the male inhabitants to a + desperate resistance, which rendered unavailing this short occupation of + the town, by a handful of men, who, finding themselves left without + assistance, retreated towards the breach. Many who could not reach it + perished in the town. + </p> + <p> + During this assault Duroc, who was in the trench, was wounded in the right + thigh by the splinter from a shell fired against the fortifications. + Fortunately this accident only carried away the flesh from the bone, which + remained untouched. He had a tent in common with several other 'aides de + camp'; but for his better accommodation I gave him mine, and I scarcely + ever quitted him. Entering his tent one day about noon, I found him in a + profound sleep. The excessive heat had compelled him to throw off all + covering, and part of his wound was exposed. I perceived a scorpion which + had crawled up the leg of the camp-bed and approached very near to the + wound. I was just in time to hurl it to the ground. The sudden motion of + my hand awoke Duroc. + </p> + <p> + We often bathed in the sea. Sometimes the English, perhaps after taking a + double allowance of grog, would fire at our heads, which appeared above + water. I am not aware that any accident was occasioned by their cannonade; + but as we were beyond reach of their guns, we paid scarcely any attention + to the firing. It was seen a subject of amusement to us. + </p> + <p> + Had our attack on St. Jean d'Acre been less precipitate, and had the siege + been undertaken according to the rules of war, the place would not have + held out three days; one assault, like that of the 8th of May, would have + been sufficient. If, in the situation in which we were on the day when we + first came in sight of the ramparts of Acre; we had made a less + inconsiderate estimate of the strength of the place; if we had likewise + taken into consideration the active co-operation of the English and the + Ottoman Porte, our absolute want of artillery of sufficient calibre, our + scarcity of gunpowder and the difficulty of procuring food, we certainly + should not have undertaken the siege; and that would have been by far the + wisest course. + </p> + <p> + Towards the end of the siege the General-in-Chief received intelligence of + some trifling insurrections in northern Egypt. An angel had excited them, + and the heavenly messenger, who had condescended to assume a name, was + called the Mahdi, or El Mohdy. This religious extravagance, however, did + not last long, and tranquillity was soon restored. All that the fanatic + Mahdi, who shrouded himself in mystery, succeeded in doing was to attack + our rear by some vagabonds, whose illusions were dissipated by a few + musket shots. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0019" id="link2HCH0019"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIX. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The siege of Acre raised—Attention to names in bulletins—Gigantic + project—The Druses—Mount Carmel—The wounded and infected— + Order to march on foot—Loss of our cannon—A Nablousian fires at + Bonaparte—Return to Jaffa—Bonaparte visits the plague hospital— + A potion given to the sick—Bonaparte's statement at St. Helena. +</pre> + <p> + The siege of St. Jean d'Acre was raised on the 20th of May. It cost us a + loss of nearly 3000 men, in killed, deaths by the plague, or wounds. A + great number were wounded mortally. In those veracious documents, the + bulletins, the French loss was made 500 killed, and 1000 wounded, and the + enemy's more than 15,000. + </p> + <p> + Our bulletins may form curious materials for history; but their value + certainly will not depend on the credit due to their details. Bonaparte + attached the greatest importance to those documents; generally drawing + them up himself, or correcting them, when written by another hand, if the + composition did not please him. + </p> + <p> + It must be confessed that at that time nothing so much flattered self-love + as being mentioned in a bulletin. Bonaparte was well aware of this; he + knew that to insert a name in a bulletin was conferring a great honour, + and that its exclusion was a severe disappointment. General Berthier, to + whom I had expressed a strong desire to examine the works of the siege, + took me over them; but, notwithstanding his promise of secrecy, he + mentioned the circumstance to the General-in-Chief, who had desired me not + to approach the works. "What did you go there for?" said Bonaparte to me, + with some severity; "that is not your place." I replied that Berthier told + me that no assault would take place that day; and he believed there would + be no sortie, as the garrison had made one the preceding evening. "What + matters that? There might have been another. Those who have nothing to do + in such places are always the first victims. Let every man mind his own + business. Wounded or killed, I would not even have noticed you in the + bulletin. You could have been laughed at, and that justly." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, not having at this time experienced reverses, having + continually proceeded from triumph to triumph, confidently anticipated the + taking of St. Jean d'Acre. In his letters to the generals in Egypt he + fixed the 25th of April for the accomplishment of that event. He reckoned + that the grand assault against the tower could not be made before that + day; it took place, however, twenty-four hours sooner. He wrote to Desaix + on the 19th of April, "I count on being master of Acre in six days." On + the 2d of May he told Junot, "Our 18 and 24 pounders have arrived. We hope + to enter Acre in a few days. The fire of their artillery is completely + extinguished." Letters have been printed, dated 30th Floréal (19th May), + in which he announces to Dugua and to Poussielque that they can rely on + his being in Acre on 6th Floréal (25th April). Some mistake has evidently + been made. "The slightest circumstances produce the greatest events," said + Napoleon, according to the Memorial of St. Helena; "had St. Jean d'Acre + fallen, I should have changed the face of the world." And again, "The fate + of the East lay in that small town." This idea is not one which he first + began to entertain at St. Helena; he often repeated the very same words at + St. Jean d'Acre. On the shore of Ptolemes gigantic projects agitated him, + as, doubtless, regret for not having carried them into execution tormented + him at St. Helena. + </p> + <p> + Almost every evening Bonaparte and myself used to walk together, at a + little distance from the sea-shore. The day after the unfortunate assault + of the 8th of May Bonaparte, afflicted at seeing the blood of so many + brave men uselessly shed, said to me, "Bourrienne, I see that this + wretched place has cost me a number of men, and wasted much time. But + things are too far advanced not to attempt a last effort. If I succeed, as + I expect, I shall find in the town the pasha's treasures, and arms for + 300,000 men. I will stir up and arm the people of Syria, who are disgusted + at the ferocity of Djezzar, and who, as you know, pray for his destruction + at every assault. I shall then march upon Damascus and Aleppo. On + advancing into the country, the discontented will flock round my standard, + and swell my army. I will announce to the people the abolition of + servitude and of the tyrannical governments of the pashas. I shall arrive + at Constantinople with large masses of soldiers. I shall overturn the + Turkish empire, and found in the East a new and grand empire, which will + fix my place in the records of posterity. Perhaps I shall return to Paris + by Adrianople, or by Vienna, after having annihilated the house of + Austria." After I had made some observations which these grand projects + naturally suggested, he replied, "What! do you not see that the Druses + only wait for the fall of Acre to rise in rebellion? Have not the keys of + Damascus already been offered me? I only stay till these walls fall + because until then I can derive no advantage from this large town. By the + operation which I meditate I cut off all kind of succour from the beys, + and secure the conquest of Egypt. I will have Desaix nominated + commander-in-chief; but if I do not succeed in the last assault I am about + to attempt, I set off directly. Time presses,—I shall not be at + Cairo before the middle of June; the winds will then lie favourable for + ships bound to Egypt, from the north. Constantinople will send troops to + Alexandria and Rosetta. I must be there. As for the army, which will + arrive afterwards by land, I do not fear it this year. I will cause + everything to be destroyed, all the way to the entrance of the desert. I + will render the passage of an army impossible for two years. Troops cannot + exist amoung ruins." + </p> + <p> + As soon as I returned to my tent I committed to paper this conversation, + which was then quite fresh in my memory, and, I may venture to say that + every word I put down is correct. I may add, that during the siege our + camp was constantly filled with the inhabitants, who invoked Heaven to + favour our arms, and prayed fervently at every assault for our success, + many of them on their knees, with their faces to the city. The people of + Damascus, too, had offered the keys to Bonaparte. Thus everything + contributed to make him confident in his favourite plan. + </p> + <p> + The troops left St. Jean d'Acre on the 20th of May, taking advantage of + the night to avoid a sortie from the besieged, and to conceal the retreat + of the army, which had to march three leagues along the shore, exposed to + the fire of the English vessels lying in the roads of Mount Carmel. The + removal of the wounded and sick commenced on the 18th and 19th of May. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte then made a proclamation, which from one end to the other + offends against truth. It has been published in many works. The season of + the year for hostile landing is there very dexterously placed in the + foreground; all the rest is a deceitful exaggeration. It must be observed + that the proclamations which Bonaparte regarded as calculated to dazzle an + ever too credulous public were amplifications often ridiculous and + incomprehensible upon the spot, and which only excited the laughter of men + of common sense. In all Bonaparte's correspondence there is an endeavour + to disguise his reverses, and impose on the public, and even on his own + generals. For example, he wrote to General Dugua, commandant of Cairo, on + the 15th of February, "I will bring you plenty of prisoners and flags!" + One would almost be inclined to say that he had resolved, during his stay + in the East, thus to pay a tribute to the country of fables. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The prisoners and flags were sent. The Turkish flags were + entrusted by Berthier to the Adjutant-Commandant Boyer, who + conducted a convoy of sick and wounded to Egypt. Sidney Smith + acknowledges the loss of some flags by the Turks. The Turkish + prisoners were used as carriers of the litters for the wounded, and + were, for the most part, brought into Egypt. (Erreurs, tome i. pp. + 47 and 160)]— +</pre> + <p> + Thus terminated this disastrous expedition. I have read somewhere that + during this immortal campaign the two heroes Murat and Mourad had often + been in face of one another. There is only a little difficulty; Mourad Bey + never put his foot in Syria. + </p> + <p> + We proceeded along the coast, and passed Mount Carmel. Some of the wounded + were carried on litters, the remainder on horses, mules, and camels. At a + short distance from Mount Carmel we were informed that three soldiers, ill + of the plague, who were left in a convent (which served for a hospital), + and abandoned too confidently to the generosity of the Turks, had been + barbarously put to death. + </p> + <p> + A most intolerable thirst, the total want of water, an excessive heat, and + a fatiguing march over burning sand-hills, quite disheartened the men, and + made every generous sentiment give way to feelings of the grossest + selfishness and most shocking indifference. I saw officers, with their + limbs amputated, thrown off the litters, whose removal in that way had + been ordered, and who had themselves given money to recompense the + bearers. I saw the amputated, the wounded, the infected, or those only + suspected of infection, deserted and left to themselves. The march was + illumined by torches, lighted for the purpose of setting fire to the + little towns, villages, and hamlets which lay in the route, and the rich + crops with which the land was then covered. The whole country was in a + blaze. Those who were ordered to preside at this work of destruction + seemed eager to spread desolation on every side, as if they could thereby + avenge themselves for their reverses, and find in such dreadful havoc an + alleviation of their sufferings. We were constantly surrounded by + plunderers, incendiaries, and the dying, who, stretched on the sides of + the road, implored assistance in a feeble voice, saying, "I am not + infected—I am only wounded;" and to convince those whom they + addressed, they reopened their old wounds, or inflicted on themselves + fresh ones. Still nobody attended to them. "It is all over with him," was + the observation applied to the unfortunate beings in succession, while + every one pressed onward. The sun, which shone in an unclouded sky in all + its brightness, was often darkened by our conflagrations. On our right lay + the sea; on our left, and behind us, the desert made by ourselves; before + were the privations and sufferings which awaited us. Such was our true + situation. + </p> + <p> + We reached Tentoura on the 20th of May, when a most oppressive heat + prevailed, and produced general dejection. We had nothing to sleep on but + the parched and burning sand; on our right lay a hostile sea; our losses + in wounded and sick were already considerable since leaving Acre; and + there was nothing consolatory in the future. The truly afflicting + condition in which the remains of an army called triumphant were plunged, + produced, as might well be expected, a corresponding impression on the + mind of the General-in-Chief. Scarcely had he arrived at Tentoura when he + ordered his tent to be pitched. He then called me, and with a mind + occupied by the calamities of our situation, dictated an order that every + one should march on foot; and that all the horses, mules, and camels + should be given up to the wounded, the sick, and infected who had been + removed, and who still showed signs of life. "Carry that to Berthier," + said he; and the order was instantly despatched. Scarcely had I returned + to the tent when the elder Vigogne, the General-in-Chief's groom, entered, + and raising his hand to his cap, said, "General, what horse do you reserve + for yourself?" In the state of excitement in which Bonaparte was this + question irritated him so violently that, raising his whip, he gave the + man a severe blow on the head, saying in a terrible voice, "Every-one must + go on foot, you rascal—I the first—Do you not know the order? + Be off!" + </p> + <p> + Every one in parting with his horse was now anxious to avoid giving it to + any unfortunate individual supposed to be suffering from plague. Much + pains were taken to ascertain the nature of the diseases of the sick; and + no difficulty was made in accommodating the wounded of amputated. For my + part I had an excellent horse; a mule, and two camels, all which I gave up + with the greatest pleasure; but I confess that I directed my servant to do + all he could to prevent an infected person from getting my horse. It was + returned to me in a very short time. The same thing happened to many + others. The cause may be easily conjectured. + </p> + <p> + The remains of our heavy artillery were lost in the moving sands of + Tentoura, from the want of horses, the small number that remained being + employed in more indispensable services. The soldiers seemed to forget + their own sufferings, plunged in grief at the loss of their bronze guns, + often the instruments of their triumphs, and which had made Europe + tremble. + </p> + <p> + We halted at Caesarea on the 22d of May, and we marched all the following + night. Towards daybreak a man, concealed in a bush upon the left of the + road (the sea was two paces from us on the right), fired a musket almost + close to the head of the General-in-Chief, who was sleeping on his horse. + I was beside him. The wood being searched, the Nablousian was taken + without difficulty, and ordered to be shot on the spot. Four guides pushed + him towards the sea by thrusting their carbines against his back; when + close to the water's edge they drew the triggers, but all the four muskets + hung fire: a circumstance which was accounted for by the great humidity of + the night. The Nablousian threw himself into the water, and, swimming with + great agility and rapidity, gained a ridge of rocks so far off that not a + shot from the whole troop, which fired as it passed, reached him. + Bonaparte, who continued his march, desired me to wait for Kléber, whose + division formed the rear-guard, and to tell him not to forget the + Nablousian. He was, I believe, shot at last. + </p> + <p> + We returned to Jaffa on the 24th of May, and stopped there during the + 25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th. This town had lately been the scene of a + horrible transaction, dictated by necessity, and it was again destined to + witness the exercise of the same dire law. Here I have a painful duty to + perform—I will perform it. I will state what I know, what I saw. + </p> + <p> + I have seen the following passage in a certain, work:—"Bonaparte, + having arrived at Jaffa, ordered three removals of the infected: one by + sea to Damietta, and also by land; the second to Gaza; and the third to + El-Arish!" So, many words, so many errors! + </p> + <p> + Some tents were pitched on an eminence near the gardens east of Jaffa. + Orders were given directly to undermine the fortifications and blow them + up; and on the 27th of May, upon the signaling given, the town was in a + moment laid bare. An hour afterwards the General-in-Chief left his tent + and repaired to the town, accompanied by Berthier, some physicians and + surgeons, and his usual staff. I was also one of the party. A long and sad + deliberation took place on the question which now arose relative to the + men who were incurably ill of the plague, or who were at the point of + death. After a discussion of the most serious and conscientious kind it + was decided to accelerate a few moments, by a potion, a death which was + inevitable, and which would otherwise be painful and cruel. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte took a rapid view of the destroyed ramparts of the town and + returned to the hospital, where there were men whose limbs had been + amputated, many wounded, many afflicted with ophthalmia, whose + lamentations were distressing, and some infected with the plague. The beds + of the last description of patients were to the right on entering the + first ward. I walked by the General's side, and I assert that I never saw + him touch any one of the infected. And why should he have done so? They + were in the last stage of the disease. Not one of them spoke a word to + him, and Bonaparte well knew that he possessed no protection against the + plague. Is Fortune to be again brought forward here? She had, in truth, + little favoured him during the last few months, when he had trusted to her + favours. I ask, why should he have exposed himself to certain death, and + have left his army in the midst of a desert created by our ravages, in a + desolate town, without succour, and without the hope of ever receiving + any? Would he have acted rightly in doing so—he who was evidently so + necessary, so indispensable to his army; he on whom depended at that + moment the lives of all who had survived the last disaster, and who had + proved their attachment to him by their sufferings, their privations, and + their unshaken courage, and who had done all that he could have required + of men, and whose only trust was in him? + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte walked quickly through the rooms, tapping the yellow top of his + boot with a whip he held in his hand. As he passed along with hasty steps + he repeated these words: "The fortifications are destroyed. Fortune was + against me at St. Jean d'Acre. I must return to Egypt to preserve it from + the enemy, who will soon be there: In a few hours the Turks will be here. + Let all those who have strength enough rise and come along with us. They + shall be carried on litters and horses." There were scarcely sixty cases + of plague in the hospital; and all accounts stating a greater number are + exaggerated. The perfect silence, complete dejection, and general stupor + of the patients announced their approaching end. To carry them away in the + state in which they were would evidently have been doing nothing else than + inoculating the rest of the army with the plague. I have, it is true, + learned, since my return to Europe, that some persons touched the infected + with impunity; nay; that others went so far as to inoculate themselves + with the plague in order to learn how to cure those whom it might attack. + It certainly was a special protection from Heaven to be preserved from it; + but to cover in some degree the absurdity of such a story, it is added + that they knew how to elude the danger, and that any one else who braved + it without using precautions met with death for their temerity. This is, + in fact, the whole point of the question. Either those privileged persons + took indispensable precautions; and in that case their boasted heroism is + a mere juggler's trick; or they touched the infected without using + precautions, and inoculated themselves with the plague, thus voluntarily + encountering death, and then the story is really a good one. + </p> + <p> + The infected were confided, it has been stated, to the head apothecary of + the army, Royer, who, dying in Egypt three years after, carried the secret + with him to the grave. But on a moment's reflection it will be evident + that the leaving of Royer alone in Jaffa would have been to devote to + certain death; and that a prompt and cruel one, a man who was extremely + useful to the army, and who was at the time in perfect health. It must be + remembered that no guard could be left with him, and that the Turks were + close at our heels. Bonaparte truly said, while walking through the rooms + of the hospital, that the Turks would be at Jaffa in a few hours. With + this conviction, would he have left the head apothecary in that town? + </p> + <p> + Recourse has been had to suppositions to support the contrary belief to + what I state. For example, it is said that the infected patients were + embarked in ships of war. There were no such ships. Where had they + disembarked, who had received them; what had been done with them? No one + speaks of them. Others, not doubting that the infected men died at Jaffa, + say, that the rearguard under Kléber, by order of Bonaparte, delayed its + departure for three days, and only began its march when death had put an + end to the sufferings of these unfortunate beings, unshortened by any + sacrifice. All this is incorrect. No rear-guard was left—it could + not be done. Pretence is made of forgetting that the ramparts were + destroyed, that the town was as open and as defenceless as any village, so + this small rear-guard would have been left for certain destruction. The + dates themselves tell against these suppositions. It is certain, as can be + seen by the official account, that we arrived at Jaffa on 24th May, and + stayed there the 25th, 26th, and 27th. We left it on the 28th. Thus the + rear-guard, which, according to these writers, left-on the 29th, did not + remain, even according to their own hypothesis, three days after the army + to see the sick die. In reality it left on the 29th of May, the day after + we did. Here are the very words of the Major-General (Berthier) in his + official account, written under the eye and under the dictation of the + Commander-in-Chief:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The army arrived at Jaffa, 5th Prairial (24th May), and remained + there the 6th, 7th, and 8th (25th-27th May). This time was employed + in punishing the village, which had behaved badly. The + fortifications of Jaffa were blown up. All the iron guns of the + place were thrown into the sea. The wounded were removed by sea and + by land. There were only a few ships, and to give time to complete + the evacuation by land, the departure of the army had to be deferred + until the 9th (28th May). Kléber's division formed the rear-guard, + and only left Jaffa on the 10th (29th May). +</pre> + <p> + The official report of what passed at Jaffa was drawn up by Berthier, + under the eye of Bonaparte. It has been published; but it may be remarked + that not a word about the infected, not a word of the visit to the + hospital, or the touching of the plague-patients with impunity, is there + mentioned. In no official report is anything said about the matter. Why + this silence? Bonaparte was not the man to conceal a fact which would have + afforded him so excellent and so allowable a text for talking about his + fortune. If the infected were removed, why not mention it? Why be silent + on so important an event? But it would have been necessary to confess that + being obliged to have recourse to so painful a measure was the unavoidable + consequence of this unfortunate expedition. Very disagreeable details must + have been entered into; and it was thought more advisable to be silent on + the subject. + </p> + <p> + But what did Napoleon himself say on the subject at St. Helena? His + statement there was to the following effect:—"I ordered a + consultation as to what was best to be done. The report which was made + stated that there were seven or eight men (the question is not about the + number) so dangerously ill that they could not live beyond twenty-four + hours, and would besides infect the rest of the army with the plague. It + was thought it would be an act of charity to anticipate their death a few + hours." + </p> + <p> + Then comes the fable of the 500 men of the rear guard, who, it is + pretended, saw them die! I make no doubt that the story of the poisoning + was the invention of Den——. He was a babbler, who understood a + story badly, and repeated it worse. I do not think it would have been a + crime to have given opium to the infected. On the contrary, it would have + been obedience to the dictates of reason. Where is the man who would not, + in such a situation, have preferred a prompt death, to being exposed to + the lingering tortures inflicted by barbarians? If my child, and I believe + I love him as much as any father does his, had been in such a state, my + advice would have been the same; if I had been among the infected myself, + I should have demanded to be so treated. + </p> + <p> + Such was the reasoning at St. Helena, and such was the view which he and + every one else took of the case twenty years ago at Jaffa. + </p> + <p> + Our little army arrived at Cairo on the 14th of June, after a painful and + harassing march of twenty-five days. The heats during the passage of the + desert between El-Arish and Belbeis exceeded thirty-three degrees. On + placing the bulb of the thermometer in the sand the mercury rose to + forty-five degrees. The deceitful mirage was even more vexatious than in + the plains of Bohahire'h. In spite of our experience an excessive thirst, + added to a perfect illusion, made us goad on our wearied horses towards + lakes which vanished at our approach, and left behind nothing but salt and + arid sand. In two days my cloak was completely covered with salt, left on + it after the evaporation of the moisture which held it in solution. Our + horses, who ran eagerly to the brackish springs of the desert, perished in + numbers, after travelling about a quarter of a league from the spot where + they drank the deleterious fluid. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte preceded his entry into the capital of Egypt by one of those + lying bulletins which only imposed on fools. "I will bring with me," said + he, "many prisoners and flags. I have razed the palace of the Djezzar and + the ramparts of Acre—not a stone remains upon another. All the + inhabitants have left the city, by sea. Djezzar is severely wounded." + </p> + <p> + I confess that I experienced a painful sensation in writing, by his + dictation, these official words, everyone of which was an imposition. + Excited by all I had just witnessed, it was difficult for me to refrain + from making the observation; but his constant reply was, "My dear fellow, + you are a simpleton: you do not understand this business." And he + observed, when signing the bulletin, that he would yet fill the world with + admiration, and inspire historians and poets. + </p> + <p> + Our return to Cairo has been attributed to the insurrections which broke + out during the unfortunate expedition into Syria. Nothing is more + incorrect. The term insurrection cannot be properly applied to the foolish + enterprises of the angel El-Mahdi in the Bohahire'h, or to the less + important disturbances in the Charkyeh. The reverses experienced before + St. Jean d'Acre, the fear, or rather the prudent anticipation of a hostile + landing, were sufficient motives, and the only ones, for our return to + Egypt. What more could we do in Syria but lose men and time, neither of + which the General had to spare? + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0020" id="link2HCH0020"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XX. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Murat and Moarad Bey at the Natron Lakes—Bonaparte's departure for + the Pyramids—Sudden appearance of an Arab messenger—News of + the landing of the Turks at Aboukir—Bonaparte marches against + them—They are immediately attacked and destroyed in the battle of + Aboukir—Interchange of communication with the English—Sudden + determination to return to Europe—Outfit of two frigates— + Bonaparte's dissimulation—His pretended journey to the Delta— + Generous behaviour of Lanusee—Bonaparte's artifice—His bad + treatment of General Kléber. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte had hardly set foot in Cairo when he was informed that the brave + and indefatigable Mourad Bey was descending by the Fayoum, in order to + form a junction with reinforcements which had been for some time past + collected in the Bohahire'h. In all probability this movement of Mourad + Bey was the result of news he had received respecting plans formed at + Constantinople, and the landing which took place a short time after in the + roads of Aboukir. Mourad had selected the Natron Lakes for his place of + rendezvous. To these lakes Murat was despatched. The Bey no sooner got + notice of Murat's presence than he determined to retreat and to proceed by + the desert to Gizeh and the great Pyramids. I certainly never heard, until + I returned to France, that Mourad had ascended to the summit of the great + Pyramid for the purpose of passing his time in contemplating Cairo! + </p> + <p> + Napoleon said at St. Helena that Murat might have taken Mourad Bey had the + latter remained four-and-twenty hours longer in the Natron Lakes. Now the + fact is, that as soon as the Bey heard of Murat's arrival he was off. The + Arabian spies were far more serviceable to our enemies than to us; we had + not, indeed, a single friend in Egypt. Mourad Bey, on being informed by + the Arabs, who acted as couriers for him, that General Desaix was + despatching a column from the south of Egypt against him, that the + General-in-Chief was also about to follow his footsteps along the frontier + of Gizeh, and that the Natron Lakes and the Bohahire'h were occupied by + forces superior to his own, retired into Fayoum. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte attached great importance to the destruction of Mourad, whom he + looked upon as the bravest, the most active, and most dangerous of his + enemies in Egypt. As all accounts concurred in stating that Mourad, + supported by the Arabs, was hovering about the skirts of the desert of the + province of Gizeh, Bonaparte proceeded to the Pyramids, there to direct + different corps against that able and dangerous partisan. He, indeed, + reckoned him so redoubtable that he wrote to Murat, saying he wished + fortune might reserve for him the honour of putting the seal on the + conquest of Egypt by the destruction of this opponent. + </p> + <p> + On the 14th of July Bonaparte left Cairo for the Pyramids. He intended + spending three or four days in examining the ruins of the ancient + necropolis of Memphis; but he was suddenly obliged to alter his plan. This + journey to the Pyramids, occasioned by the course of war, has given an + opportunity for the invention of a little piece of romance. Some ingenious + people have related that Bonaparte gave audiences to the mufti and ulemas, + and that on entering one of the great Pyramids he cried out, "Glory to + Allah! God only is God, and Mahomet is his prophet!" Now the fact is, that + Bonaparte never even entered the great Pyramid. He never had any thought + of entering it:—I certainly should have accompanied him had he done + so for I never quitted his side a single moment in the desert. He caused + some person to enter into one of the great Pyramids while he remained + outside, and received from them, on their return, an account of what they + had seen. In other words, they informed him there was nothing to be seen! + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 15th of July, while we were taking a walk, we + perceived, on the road leading from Alexandria, an Arab riding up to us in + all haste. He brought to the General-in-Chief a despatch from General + Marmont, who was entrusted with the command of Alexandria, and who had + conducted himself so well, especially during the dreadful ravages of the + plague, that he had gained the unqualified approbation of Bonaparte. The + Turks had landed on the 11th of July at Aboukir, under the escort and + protection of English ships of war. The news of the landing of from + fifteen to sixteen thousand men did not surprise Bonaparte, who had for + some time expected it. It was not so, however, with the generals most in + his favor, whose apprehensions, for reasons which may be conjectured, he + had endeavoured to calm. He had even written to Marmont, who, being in the + most exposed situation, had the more reason to be vigilant, in these + terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The army which was to have appeared before Alexandria, and which + left Constantinople on the 1st of the Ramadhan, has been destroyed + under the walls of Acre. If, however, that mad Englishman (Smith) + has embarked the remains of that army in order to convey them to + Aboukir, I do not believe there can be more than 2000 men. +</pre> + <p> + He wrote in the following strain to General Dugua, who had the command of + Cairo: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The English Commander, who has summoned Damietta, is a madman. The + combined army they speak of has been destroyed before Acre, where it + arrived a fortnight before we left that place. +</pre> + <p> + As soon as he arrived at Cairo, in a letter he despatched to Desaix, he + said: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The time has now arrived when disembarkations have become + practicable. I shall lose no time in getting ready. The + probabilities, however, are, that none will take place this year. +</pre> + <p> + What other language could he hold, when he had proclaimed when after the + raising of the siege of Acre, that he had destroyed those 15,000 men who + two months after landed at Aboukir? + </p> + <p> + No sooner had Bonaparte perused the contents of Marmont's letter than he + retired into his tent and dictated to me, until three in the morning, his + orders for the departure of the troops, and for the routes he wished to be + pursued during his absence by the troops who should remain in the + interior. At this moment I observed in him the development of that + vigorous character of mind which was excited by obstacles until he + overcame them—that celerity of thought which foresaw everything. He + was all action, and never for a moment hesitated. On the 16th of July, at + four in the morning, he was on horseback and the army in full march. I + cannot help doing justice to the presence of mind, promptitude of + decision, and rapidity of execution which at this period of his life never + deserted him on great occasions. + </p> + <p> + We reached Ouardan, to the north of Gizeh, on the evening of the 16th; on + the 19th we arrived at Rahmalianie'h, and on the 23d at Alexandria, where + every preparation was made for that memorable battle which, though it did + not repair the immense losses and fatal consequences of the naval conflict + of the same name, will always recall to the memory of Frenchmen one of the + most brilliant achievements of their arms. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[As M. de Bourrienne gives no details of the battle, the + following extract from the Duc de Rovigo's Memoirs, tome i, p. 167, + will supply the deficiency: + + "General Bonaparte left Cairo in the utmost haste to place himself + at the head of the troops which he had ordered to quit their + cantonments and march down to the coast. + + "Whilst the General was making these arrangements and coming in + person from Cairo, the troops on board the Turkish fleet had + effected a landing and taken possession of the fort of Aboukir, and + of a redoubt placed behind the village of that name which ought to + have been put into a state of defence six months before, but had + been completely neglected. + + "The Turks had nearly destroyed the weak garrisons that occupied + those two military points when General Marmont (who commanded at + Alexandria) came to their relief. This general, seeing the two + posts in the power of the Turks, returned to shut himself up in + Alexandria, where he would probably have been blockaded by the + Turkish army had it not been for the arrival of General Bonaparte + with his forces, who was very angry when he saw that the fort and + redoubt had been taken; but he did not blame Marmont for retreating + to Alexandria with the forces at his disposal. + + "General Bonaparte arrived at midnight with his guides and the + remaining part of his army, and ordered the Turks to be attacked the + next morning. In this battle, as in the preceding ones, the attack, + the encounter, and the rout were occurrences of a moment, and the + result of a single movement on the part of our troops. The whole + Turkish army plunged into the sea to regain its ships, leaving + behind them everything they had brought on shore. + + "Whilst this event was occurring on the seashore a pasha had left + the field of battle with a corps of about 3000 men in order to throw + himself into the fort of Aboukir. They soon felt the extremities + of thirst, which compelled them, after the lapse of a few days, to + surrender unconditionally to General Menou, who was left to close + the operations connected with the recently defeated Turkish army."] +</pre> + <p> + After the battle, which took place on the 25th of July, Bonaparte sent a + flag of truce on board the English Admiral's ship. Our intercourse was + full of politeness, such as might be expected in the communications of the + people of two civilised nations. The English Admiral gave the flag of + truce some presents in exchange for some we sent, and likewise a copy of + the French Gazette of Frankfort, dated 10th of June 1799. For ten months + we had received no news from France. Bonaparte glanced over this journal + with an eagerness which may easily be conceived. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The French, on their return from St. Jean d'Acre were totally + ignorant of all that had taken place in Europe for several months. + Napoleon, eager to obtain intelligence, sent a flag of truce on + board the Turkish admiral's ship, under the pretence of treating for + the ransom of the prisoners taken at Aboukir, not doubting but the + envoy would be stopped by Sir Sidney Smith, who carefully prevented + all direct communication between the French and the Turks. + Accordingly the French flag of truce received directions from Sir + Sidney to go on board his ship. He experienced the handsomest + treatment; and the English commander having, among other things, + ascertained that the disasters of Italy were quite unknown to + Napoleon, indulged in the malicious pleasure of sending him a file + of newspapers. Napoleon spent the whole night in his tent perusing + the papers; and he came to the determination of immediately + proceeding to Europe to repair the disasters of France; and if + possible, to save her from destruction (Memorial de Sainte Helene)]. +</pre> + <p> + "Heavens!" said he to me, "my presentiment is verified: the fools have + lost Italy. All the fruits of our victories are gone! I must leave Egypt!" + </p> + <p> + He sent for Berthier, to whom he communicated the news, adding that things + were going on very badly in France—that he wished to return home—that + he (Berthier) should go along with him, and that, for the present, only + he, Gantheaume, and I were in the secret. He recommended Berthier to be + prudent, not to betray any symptoms of joy, nor to purchase or sell + anything, and concluded by assuring him that he depended on him. "I can + answer," said he, "for myself and for Bourrienne." Berthier promised to be + secret, and he kept his word. He had had enough of Egypt, and he so + ardently longed to return to France, that there was little reason to fear + he would disappoint himself by any indiscretion. + </p> + <p> + Gantheaume arrived, and Bonaparte gave him orders to fit out the two + frigates, the 'Muiron' and the 'Carrère', and the two small vessels, the + 'Revanche' and the 'Fortune', with a two months' supply of provisions for + from four to five hundred men. He enjoined his secrecy as to the object of + these preparations, and desired him to act with such circumspection that + the English cruisers might have no knowledge of what was going on. He + afterwards arranged with Gantheaume the course he wished to take. No + details escaped his attention. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte concealed his preparations with much care, but still some vague + rumours crept abroad. General Dugua, the commandant of Cairo, whom he had + just left for the purpose of embarking, wrote to him on the 18th of August + to the following effect: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have this moment heard that it is reported at the Institute you + are about to return to France, taking with you Monge, Berthollet, + Berthier, Lannes, and Murat. This news has spread like lightning + through the city, and I should not be at all surprised if it produce + an unfavourable effect, which, however, I hope you will obviate. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte embarked five days after the receipt of Dugua's letter, and, as + may be supposed, without replying to it. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th of August he wrote to the divan of Cairo as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I set out to-morrow for Menouf, whence I intend to make various + excursions in the Delta, in order that I may myself witness the acts + of oppression which are committed there, and acquire some knowledge + of the people. +</pre> + <p> + He told the army but half the truth: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The news from Europe (said he) has determined me to proceed to + France. I leave the command of the army to General Kléber. The + army shall hear from me forthwith. At present I can say no more. + It costs me much pain to quit troops to whom I am so strongly + attached. But my absence will be but temporary, and the general I + leave in command has the confidence of the Government as well as + mine. +</pre> + <p> + I have now shown the true cause of General Bonaparte's departure for + Europe. This circumstance, in itself perfectly natural, has been the + subject of the most ridiculous conjectures to those who always wish to + assign extraordinary causes for simple events. There is no truth whatever + in the assertion of his having planned his departure before the battle of + Aboukir. Such an idea never crossed his mind. He had no thought whatever + of his departure for France when he made the journey to the Pyramids, nor + even when he received the news of the landing of the Anglo-Turkish force. + </p> + <p> + At the end of December 1798 Bonaparte thus wrote to the Directory: "We are + without any news from France. No courier has arrived since the month of + June." + </p> + <p> + Some writers have stated that we received news by the way of Tunis, + Algiers, or Morocco; but there is no contradicting a positive fact. At + that period I had been with Bonaparte more than two years, and during that + time not a single despatch on any occasion arrived of the contents of + which I was ignorant. How then should the news alluded to have escaped me? + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Details on the question of the correspondence of Napoleon with + France while he was to Egypt will be found in Colonel Iung's work, + Lucien Bonaparte (Paris. Charpentier, 1882), tome i. pp. 251-274. + It seems most probable that Napoleon was in occasional communication + with his family and with some of the Directors by way of Tunis and + Tripoli. It would not be his interest to let his army or perhaps + even Bourrienne know of the disasters in Italy till he found that + they were sure to hear of them through the English. This would + explain his affected ignorance till such a late date. On the 11th + of April Barras received a despatch by which Napoleon stated his + intention of returning to France if the news brought by Hamelin was + confirmed. On the 26th of May 1799 three of the Directors, Barras, + Rewbell, and La Révellière-Lepeaux, wrote to Napoleon that Admiral + Bruix had been ordered to attempt every means of bringing back his + army. On the 15th of July Napoleon seems to have received this and + other letters. On the 20th of July he warns Admiral Gantheaume to + be ready to start. On the 11th of September the Directors formally + approved the recall of the army from Egypt. Thus at the time + Napoleon landed in France (on the 8th October), his intended return + had been long known to and approved by the majority of the + Directors, and had at last been formally ordered by the Directory. + At the most he anticipated the order. He cannot be said to have + deserted his post. Lantrey (tome i. p. 411) remarks that the + existence and receipt of the letter from Joseph denied by Bourrienne + is proved by Miot (the commissary, the brother of Miot de Melito) + and by Joseph himself. Talleyrand thanks the French Consul at + Tripoli for sending news from Egypt, and for letting Bonaparte know + what passed in Europe. See also Ragusa (Marmont), tome i. p. 441, + writing on 24th December 1798: "I have found an Arab of whom I am + sure, and who shall start to-morrow for Derne. . . . This means + can be used to send a letter to Tripoli, for boats often go there."] +</pre> + <p> + Almost all those who endeavour to avert from Bonaparte the reproach of + desertion quote a letter from the Directory, dated the 26th of May 1799. + This letter may certainly have been written, but it never reached its + destination. Why then should it be put upon record? + </p> + <p> + The circumstance I have stated above determined the resolution of + Bonaparte, and made him look upon Egypt as an exhausted field of glory, + which it was high time he had quitted, to play another part in France. On + his departure from Europe Bonaparte felt that his reputation was + tottering. He wished to do something to raise up his glory, and to fix + upon him the attention of the world. This object he had in great part + accomplished; for, in spite of serious disasters, the French flag waved + over the cataracts of the Nile and the ruins of Memphis, and the battles + of the Pyramids, and Aboukir were calculated in no small degree to dazzle + the imagination. Cairo and Alexandria too were ours. Finding that the + glory of his arms no longer supported the feeble power of the Directory, + he was anxious to see whether he could not share it, or appropriate it to + himself. + </p> + <p> + A great deal has been said about letters and secret communications from + the Directory, but Bonaparte needed no such thing. He could do what he + pleased: there was no power to check him; such had been the nature of his + arrangements on leaving France. He followed only the dictates of his own + will, and probably, had not the fleet been destroyed, he would have + departed from Egypt much sooner. To will and to do were with him one and + the same thing. The latitude he enjoyed was the result of his verbal + agreement with the Directory, whose instructions and plans he did not wish + should impede his operations. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte left Alexandria on the 5th of August, and on the 10th arrived at + Cairo. He at first circulated the report of a journey to Upper Egypt. This + seemed so much the more reasonable, as he had really entertained that + design before he went to the Pyramids, and the fact was known to the army + and the inhabitants of Cairo. Up to this time our secret had been + studiously kept. However, General Lanusse, the commandant at Menouf, where + we arrived on the 20th of August, suspected it. "You are going to France," + said he to me. My negative reply confirmed his suspicion. This almost + induced me to believe the General-in-Chief had been the first to make the + disclosure. General Lanusse, though he envied our good fortune, made no + complaints. He expressed his sincere wishes for our prosperous voyage, but + never opened his mouth on the subject to any one. + </p> + <p> + On the 21st of August we reached the wells of Birkett. The Arabs had + rendered the water unfit for use, but the General-in-Chief was resolved to + quench his thirst, and for this purpose squeezed the juice of several + lemons into a glass of the water; but he could not swallow it without + holding his nose and exhibiting strong feelings of disgust. + </p> + <p> + The next day we reached Alexandria, where the General informed all those, + who had accompanied him from Cairo that France was their destination. At + this announcement joy was pictured in every countenance. + </p> + <p> + General Kléber, to whose command Bonaparte had resigned the army, was + invited to come from Damietta to Rosetta to confer with the + General-in-Chief on affairs of extreme importance. Bonaparte, in making an + appointment which he never intended to keep, hoped to escape the unwelcome + freedom of Kléber's reproaches. He afterwards wrote to him all he had to + say; and the cause he assigned for not keeping his appointment was, that + his fear of being observed by the English cruisers had forced him to + depart three days earlier than he intended. But when he wrote Bonaparte + well knew that he would be at sea before Kléber could receive his letter. + Kléber, in his letter to the Directory, complained bitterly of this + deception. The singular fate that befell this letter will be seen by and + by. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0021" id="link2HCH0021"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXI + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Our departure from Egypt—Nocturnal embarkation—M. Parseval + Grandmaison—On course—Adverse winds—Fear of the English— + Favourable weather—Vingt-et-un—Chess—We land at Ajaccio— + Bonaparte's pretended relations—Family domains—Want of money— + Battle of Novi—Death of Joubert—Visionary schemes—Purchase of a + boat—Departure from Corsica—The English squadron—Our escape— + The roads of Fréjus—Our landing in France—The plague or the + Austrians—Joy of the people—The sanitary laws—Bonaparte falsely + accused. +</pre> + <p> + We were now to return to our country—again to cross the sea, to us + so pregnant with danger—Caesar and his fortune were once more to + embark. But Caesar was not now advancing to the East to add Egypt to the + conquests of the Republic. He was revolving in his mind vast schemes, + unawed by the idea of venturing everything to chance in his own favour the + Government for which he had fought. The hope of conquering the most + celebrated country of the East no longer excited the imagination, as on + our departure from France. Our last visionary dream had vanished before + the walls of St. Jean d'Acre, and we were leaving on the burning sands of + Egypt most of our companions in arms. An inconceivable destiny seemed to + urge us on, and we were obliged to obey its decrees. + </p> + <p> + On the 23d of August we embarked on board two frigates, the 'Muiron' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Named after Bonaparte's aide de camp killed in the Italian + campaign]— +</pre> + <p> + and 'Carrère'. Our number was between four and five hundred. Such was our + squadron, and such the formidable army with which Bonaparte had resolved, + as he wrote to the divan of Cairo, "to annihilate all his enemies." This + boasting might impose on those who did not see the real state of things; + but what were we to think of it? What Bonaparte himself thought the day + after. + </p> + <p> + The night was dark when we embarked in the frigates which lay at a + considerable distance from the port of Alexandria; but by the faint light + of the stars we perceived a corvette, which appeared to be observing our + silent nocturnal embarkation. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The horses of the escort had been left to run loose on the beach, + and all was perfect stillness in Alexandria, when the advanced posts + of the town were alarmed by the wild galloping of horses, which from + a natural instinct, were returning to Alexandria through the desert. + The picket ran to arms on seeing horses ready saddled and bridled, + which were soon discovered to belong to the regiment of guides. + They at first thought that a misfortune had happened to some + detachment in its pursuit of the Arabs. With these horses came also + those of the generals who had embarked with General Bonaparte; so + that Alexandria was for a time in considerable alarm. The cavalry + was ordered to proceed in all haste in the direction whence the + horses came, and every one was giving himself up to the most gloomy + conjectures, when the cavalry returned to the city with the Turkish + groom, who was bringing back General Bonaparte's horse to Alexandria + (Memoirs of the Duc de Rovigo, tome i. p. 182).]— +</pre> + <p> + Next morning, just as we were on the point of setting sail, we saw, coming + from the port of Alexandria a boat, on board of which was M. Parseval + Grandmaison. This excellent man, who was beloved by all of us, was not + included among the persons whose return to France had been determined by + the General-in-Chief. In his anxiety to get off Bonaparte would not hear + of taking him on board. It will readily be conceived how urgent were the + entreaties of Parseval; but he would have sued in vain had not Gantheaume, + Monge, Berthollet, and I interceded for him. With some difficulty we + overcame Bonaparte's resistance, and our colleague of the Egyptian + Institute got on board after the wind had filled our sails. + </p> + <p> + It has been erroneously said that Admiral Gantheaume had full control of + the frigates, as if any one could command when Bonaparte was present. On + the contrary, Bonaparte declared to the admiral, in my hearing, that he + would not take the ordinary course and get into the open sea. "Keep close + along the coast of the Mediterranean," said he, "on the African side, + until you get south of Sardinia. I have here a handful of brave fellows + and a few pieces of artillery; if the English should appear I will run + ashore, and with my party, make my way by land to Oran, Tunis, or some + other port, whence we may find an opportunity of getting home." This was + his irrevocable determination. + </p> + <p> + For twenty-one days adverse winds, blowing from west or north-west, drove + us continually on the coast of Syria, or in the direction of Alexandria. + At one time it was even proposed that we should again put into the port; + but Bonaparte declared he would rather brave every danger than do so. + During the day we tacked to a certain distance northward, and in the + evening we stood towards Africa, until we came within sight of the coast. + Finally after no less than twenty-one days of impatience and + disappointment, a favourable east wind carried us past that point of + Africa on which Carthage formerly stood, and we soon doubled Sardinia. We + kept very near the western coast of that island, where Bonaparte had + determined to land in case of our falling in with the English squadron. + From thence his plan was to reach Corsica, and there to await a favourable + opportunity of returning to France. + </p> + <p> + Everything had contributed to render our voyage dull and monotonous; and, + besides, we were not entirely without uneasiness as to the steps which + might be taken by the Directory, for it was certain that the publication + of the intercepted correspondence must have occasioned many unpleasant + disclosures. Bonaparte used often to walk on deck to superintend the + execution of his orders. The smallest sail that appeared in view excited + his alarm. + </p> + <p> + The fear of falling into the hands of the English never forsook him. That + was what he dreaded most of all, and yet, at a subsequent period, he + trusted to the generosity of his enemies. + </p> + <p> + However, in spite of our well-founded alarm, there were some moments in + which we sought to amuse ourselves, or, to use a common expression, to + kill time. Cards afforded us a source of recreation, and even this + frivolous amusement served to develop the character of Bonaparte. In + general he was not fond of cards; but if he did play, vingt-et-un was his + favourite game, because it is more rapid than many others, and because, in + short, it afforded him an opportunity of cheating. For example, he would + ask for a card; if it proved a bad one he would say nothing, but lay it + down on the table and wait till the dealer had drawn his. If the dealer + produced a good card, then Bonaparte would throw aside his hand, without + showing it, and give up his stake. If, on the contrary, the dealer's card + made him exceed twenty-one, Bonaparte also threw his cards aside without + showing them, and asked for the payment of his stake. He was much diverted + by these little tricks, especially when they were played off undetected; + and I confess that even then we were courtiers enough to humour him, and + wink at his cheating. I must, however, mention that he never appropriated + to himself the fruit of these little dishonesties, for at the end of the + game he gave up all his winnings, and they were equally divided. Gain, as + may readily be supposed, was not his object; but he always expected that + fortune would grant him an ace or a ten at the right moment with the same + confidence with which he looked for fine weather on the day of battle. If + he were disappointed he wished nobody to know it. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte also played at chess, but very seldom, because he was only a + third-rate player, and he did not like to be beaten at that game, which, I + know not why, is said to bear a resemblance to the grand game of war. At + this latter game Bonaparte certainly feared no adversary. This reminds me + that when we were leaving Passeriano he announced his intention of passing + through Mantua. He was told that the commandant of that town, I believe + General Beauvoir, was a great chess-player, and he expressed a wish to + play a game with him. General Beauvoir asked him to point out any + particular pawn with which he would be checkmated; adding, that if the + pawn were taken, he, Bonaparte, should be declared the winner. Bonaparte + pointed out the last pawn on the left of his adversary. A mark was put + upon it, and it turned out that he actually was checkmated with that very + pawn. Bonaparte was not very well pleased at this. He liked to play with + me because, though rather a better player than himself, I was not always + able to beat him. As soon as a game was decided in his favour he declined + playing any longer, preferring to rest on his laurels. + </p> + <p> + The favourable wind which had constantly prevailed after the first twenty + days of our voyage still continued while we kept along the coast of + Sardinia; but after we had passed that island the wind again blew + violently from the west, and on the 1st of October we were forced to enter + the Gulf of Ajaccio. We sailed again next day but we found it impossible + to work our way out of the gulf. We were therefore obliged to put into the + port and land at Ajaccio. Adverse winds obliged us to remain there until + the 7th of October. It may readily be imagined how much this delay annoyed + Bonaparte. He sometimes expressed his impatience, as if he could enforce + the obedience of the elements as well as of men. He was losing time, and + time was everything to him. + </p> + <p> + There was one circumstance which seemed to annoy him as much as any of his + more serious vexations. "What will become of me," said he, "if the + English, who are cruising hereabout, should learn that I have landed in + Corsica? I shall be forced to stay here. That I could never endure. I have + a torrent of relations pouring upon me." His great reputation had + certainly prodigiously augmented the number of his family. He was + overwhelmed with visits, congratulations, and requests. The whole town was + in a commotion. Every one of its inhabitants wished to claim him as their + cousin; and from the prodigious number of his pretended godsons and + goddaughters, it might have been supposed that he had held one-fourth of + the children of Ajaccio at the baptismal font. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte frequently walked with us in the neighbourhood of Ajaccio; and + when in all the plenitude of his power he did not count his crowns with + greater pleasure than he evinced in pointing out to us the little domains + of his ancestors. + </p> + <p> + While we were at Ajaccio M. Fesch gave Bonaparte French money in exchange + for a number of Turkish sequins, amounting in value to 17,000 francs. This + sum was all that the General brought with him from Egypt. I mention this + fact because he was unjustly calumniated in letters written after his + departure, and which were intercepted and published by the English. I + ought also to add, that as he would never for his own private use resort + to the money-chest of the army, the contents of which were, indeed, never + half sufficient to defray the necessary expenses, he several times drew on + Genoa, through M. James, and on the funds he possessed in the house of + Clary, 16,000, 25,000, and up to 33,000 francs. I can bear witness that in + Egypt I never saw him touch any money beyond his pay; and that he left the + country poorer than he had entered it is a fact that cannot be denied. In + his notes on Egypt it appears that in one year 12,600,000 francs were + received. In this sum were included at least 2,000,000 of contributions, + which were levied at the expense of many decapitations. Bonaparte was + fourteen months in Egypt, and he is said to have brought away with him + 20,000,000. Calumny may be very gratifying to certain persons, but they + should at least give it a colouring of probability. The fact is, that + Bonaparte had scarcely enough to maintain himself at Ajaccio and to defray + our posting expenses to Paris. + </p> + <p> + On our arrival at Ajaccio we learnt the death of Joubert, and the loss of + the battle of Novi, which was fought on the 15th of August. Bonaparte was + tormented by anxiety; he was in a state of utter uncertainty as to the + future. From the time we left Alexandria till our arrival in Corsica he + had frequently talked of what he should do during the quarantine, which he + supposed he would be required to observe on reaching Toulon, the port at + which he had determined to land. + </p> + <p> + Even then he cherished some illusions respecting the state of affairs; and + he often said to me, "But for that confounded quarantine, I would hasten + ashore, and place myself at the head of the army of Italy. All is not + over; and I am sure that there is not a general who would refuse me the + command. The news of a victory gained by me would reach Paris as soon as + the battle of Aboukir; that, indeed, would be excellent." + </p> + <p> + In Corsica his language was very different. When he was informed of our + reverses, and saw the full extent of the evil, he was for a moment + overwhelmed. His grand projects then gave way to the consideration of + matters of minor import, and he thought about his detention in the + Lazaretto of Toulon. He spoke of the Directory, of intrigues, and of what + would be said of him. He accounted his enemies those who envied him, and + those who could not be reconciled to his glory and the influence of his + name. Amidst all these anxieties Bonaparte was outwardly calm, though he + was moody and reflective. + </p> + <p> + Providing against every chance of danger, he had purchased at Ajaccio a + large launch which was intended to be towed by the 'Muiron', and it was + manned by twelve of the best sailors the island could furnish. His + resolution was, in case of inevitable danger, to jump into this boat and + get ashore. This precaution had well-nigh proved useful. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sir Walter Scott, at the commencement of his Life of Napoleon, + says that Bonaparte did not see his native City after 1793. + Probably to avoid contradicting himself, the Scottish historian + observes that Bonaparte was near Ajaccio on his return from Egypt. + He spent eight days there.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + After leaving the Gulf of Ajaccio the voyage was prosperous and + undisturbed for one day; but on the second day, just at sunset, an English + squadron of fourteen sail hove in sight. The English, having advantage of + the lights which we had in our faces, saw us better than we could see + them. They recognised our two frigates as Venetian built; but luckily for + us, night came on, for we were not far apart. We saw the signals of the + English for a long time, and heard the report of the guns more and more to + our left, and we thought it was the intention of the cruisers to intercept + us on the south-east. Under these circumstances Bonaparte had reason to + thank fortune; for it is very evident that had the English suspected our + two frigates of coming from the East and going to France, they would have + shut us out from land by running between us and it, which to them was very + easy. Probably they took us for a convoy of provisions going from Toulon + to Genoa; and it was to this error and the darkness that we were indebted + for escaping with no worse consequence than a fright. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Here Bourrienne says in a note "Where did Sir Walter Scott learn + that we were neither seen nor recognised? We were not recognised, + but certainly seen," This is corroborated by the testimony of the + Duc de Rovigo, who, in his Memoirs, says, "I have met officers of + the English navy who assured me that the two frigates had been seen + but were considered by the Admiral to belong to his squadron, as + they steered their course towards him; and as he knew we had only + one frigate in the Mediterranean, and one in Toulon harbour, he was + far from supposing that the frigates which he had descried could + have General Bonaparte on board." (Savary, tome i. p. 226).]— +</pre> + <p> + During the remainder of the night the utmost agitation prevailed on board + the Muiron. Gantheaume especially was in a state of anxiety which it is + impossible to describe, and which it was painful to witness: he was quite + beside himself, for a disaster appeared inevitable. He proposed to return + to Corsica. "No, no!" replied Bonaparte imperiously. "No! Spread all sail! + Every man at his post! To the north-west! To the north-west!" This order + saved us; and I am enabled to affirm that in the midst of almost general + alarm Bonaparte was solely occupied in giving orders. The rapidity of his + judgment seemed to grow in the face of danger. The remembrance of that + night will never be effaced from my mind. The hours lingered on; and none + of us could guess upon what new dangers the morrow's sun would shine. + </p> + <p> + However, Bonaparte's resolution was taken: his orders were given, his + arrangements made. During the evening he had resolved upon throwing + himself into the long boat; he had already fixed on the persons who were + to share his fate, and had already named to me the papers which he thought + it most important to save. Happily our terrors were vain and our + arrangements useless. By the first rays of the sun we discovered the + English fleet sailing to the north-east, and we stood for the wished-for + coast of France. + </p> + <p> + The 8th of October, at eight in the morning, we entered the roads of + Fréjus. The sailors not having recognised the coast during the night, we + did not know where we were. There was, at first, some hesitation whether + we should advance. We were by no means expected, and did not know how to + answer the signals, which has been changed during our absence. Some guns + were even fired upon us by the batteries on the coast; but our bold entry + into the roads, the crowd upon the decks of the two frigates, and our + signs of joy, speedily banished all doubt of our being friends. We were in + the port, and approaching the landing-place, when the rumour spread that + Bonaparte was on board one of the frigates. In an instant the sea was + covered with boats. In vain we begged them to keep at a distance; we were + carried ashore, and when we told the crowd, both of men and women who were + pressing about us, the risk they ran, they all exclaimed, "We prefer the + plague to the Austrians!" + </p> + <p> + What were our feelings when we again set foot on the soil of France I will + not attempt to describe. Our escape from the dangers that threatened us + seemed almost miraculous. We had lost twenty days at the beginning of our + voyage, and at its close had been almost taken by an English squadron. + Under these circumstances, how rapturously we inhaled the balmy air of + Provence! Such was our joy, that we were scarcely sensible of the + disheartening news which arrived from all quarters. At the first moment of + our arrival, by a spontaneous impulse, we all repeated, with tears in our + eyes, the beautiful lines which Voltaire has put into the mouth of the + exile of Sicily. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte has been reproached with having violated the sanitary laws; but, + after what I have already stated respecting his intentions, I presume + there can remain no doubt of the falsehood of this accusation. All the + blame must rest with the inhabitants of Fréjus, who on this occasion found + the law of necessity more imperious than the sanitary laws. Yet when it is + considered that four or five hundred persons, and a quantity of effects, + were landed from Alexandria, where the plague had been raging during the + summer, it is almost a miracle that France, and indeed Europe escaped the + scourge. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0022" id="link2HCH0022"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXII. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Effect produced by Bonaparte's return—His justification— + Melancholy letter to my wife—Bonaparte's intended dinner at Sens— + Louis Bonaparte and Josephine—He changes his intended route— + Melancholy situation of the provinces—Necessity of a change— + Bonaparte's ambitious views—Influence of popular applause— + Arrival in Paris—His reception of Josephine—Their reconciliation— + Bonaparte's visit to the Directory—His contemptuous treatment of + Sieyès. +</pre> + <p> + The effect produced in France and throughout Europe by the mere + intelligence of Bonaparte's return is well known. I shall not yet speak of + the vast train of consequences which that event entailed. I must, however, + notice some accusations which were brought against him from the time of + our landing to the 9th of November. He was reproached for having left + Egypt, and it was alleged that his departure was the result of long + premeditation. But I, who was constantly with him, am enabled positively + to affirm that his return to France was merely the effect of a sudden + resolution. Of this the following fact is in itself sufficient evidence. + </p> + <p> + While we were at Cairo, a few days before we heard of the landing of the + Anglo-Turkish fleet, and at the moment when we were on the point of + setting off to encamp at the Pyramids, Bonaparte despatched a courier to + France. I took advantage of this opportunity to write to my wife. I almost + bade her an eternal adieu. My letter breathed expressions of grief such as + I had not before evinced. I said, among other things, that we knew not + when or how it would be possible for us to return to France. If Bonaparte + had then entertained any thought of a speedy return I must have known it, + and in that case I should not certainly have distressed my family by a + desponding letter, when I had not had an opportunity of writing for seven + months before. + </p> + <p> + Two days after the receipt of my letter my wife was awoke very early in + the morning to be informed of our arrival in France. The courier who + brought this intelligence was the bearer of a second letter from me, which + I had written on board ship, and dated from Fréjus. In this letter I + mentioned that Bonaparte would pass through Sens and dine with my mother. + </p> + <p> + In fulfilment of my directions Madame de Bourrienne set off for Paris at + five in the morning. Having passed the first post-house she met a Berlin + containing four travellers, among whom she recognised Louis Bonaparte + going to meet the General on the Lyons road. On seeing Madame de + Bourrienne Louis desired the postillion to stop, and asked her whether she + had heard from me. She informed him that we should pass through Sens, + where the General wished to dine with my mother, who had made every + preparation for receiving him. Louis then continued his journey. About + nine o'clock my wife met another Berlin, in which were Madame Bonaparte + and her daughter. As they were asleep, and both carriages were driving at + a very rapid rate, Madame de Bourrienne did not stop them. Josephine + followed the route taken by Louis. Both missed the General, who changed + his mind at Lyons, and proceeded by way of Bourbonnais. He arrived fifteen + hours after my wife; and those who had taken the Burgundy road proceeded + to Lyons uselessly. + </p> + <p> + Determined to repair in all haste to Paris, Bonaparte had left Fréjus on + the afternoon of the day of our landing. He himself had despatched the + courier to Sens to inform my mother of his intended visit to her; and it + was not until he got to Lyons that he determined to take the Bourbonnais + road. His reason for doing so will presently be seen. All along the road, + at Aix, at Lyons, in every town and village, he was received, as at + Fréjus, with the most rapturous demonstrations of joy. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[From Fréjus to Aix a crowd of men kindly escorted us, carrying + torches alongside the carriage of the General, not so much to show + their enthusiasm as to ensure our safety (Bourrienne) These brigands + became so bad in France that at one time soldiers were placed in the + imperials of all the diligences, receiving from the wits the + curiously anticipative name of "imperial armies".]— +</pre> + <p> + Only those who witnessed his triumphal journey can form any notion of it; + and it required no great discernment to foresee something like the 18th + Brumaire. + </p> + <p> + The provinces, a prey to anarchy and civil war, were continually + threatened with foreign invasion. Almost all the south presented the + melancholy spectacle of one vast arena of conflicting factions. The nation + groaned beneath the yoke of tyrannical laws; despotism was systematically + established; the law of hostages struck a blow at personal liberty, and + forced loans menaced every man's property. The generality of the citizens + had declared themselves against a pentarchy devoid of power, justice, and + morality, and which had become the sport of faction and intrigue. Disorder + was general; but in the provinces abuses were felt more sensibly than + elsewhere. In great cities it was found more easy to elude the hand of + despotism and oppression. + </p> + <p> + A change so earnestly wished for could not fail to be realised, and to be + received with transport. The majority of the French people longed to be + relieved from the situation in which they then stood. There were two + dangers bar to cope with—anarchy and the Bourbons. Every one felt + the urgent and indispensable necessity of concentrating the power of the + Government in a single hand; at the same time maintaining the institutions + which the spirit of the age demanded, and which France, after having so + dearly purchased, was now about to lose. The country looked for a man who + was capable of restoring her to tranquillity; but as yet no such man had + appeared. A soldier of fortune presented himself, covered with glory; he + had planted the standard of France on the Capitol and on the Pyramids. The + whole world acknowledged his superior talent; his character, his courage, + and his victories had raised him to the very highest rank. His great + works, his gallant actions, his speeches, and his proclamations ever since + he had risen to eminence left no doubt of his wish to secure happiness and + freedom to France, his adopted country. At that critical moment the + necessity of a temporary dictatorship, which sometimes secures the safety + of a state, banished all reflections on the consequences of such a power, + and nobody seemed to think glory incompatible with personal liberty. All + eyes were therefore directed on the General, whose past conduct guaranteed + his capability of defending the Republic abroad, and liberty at home,—on + the General whom his flatterers, and indeed some of his sincere friends, + styled, "the hero of liberal ideas," the title to which he aspired. + </p> + <p> + Under every point of view, therefore, he was naturally chosen as the chief + of a generous nation, confiding to him her destiny, in preference to a + troop of mean and fanatical hypocrites, who, under the names of + republicanism and liberty, had reduced France to the most abject slavery. + </p> + <p> + Among the schemes which Bonaparte was incessantly revolving in his mind + may undoubtedly be ranked the project of attaining the head of the French + Government; but it would be a mistake to suppose that on his return from + Egypt he had formed any fixed plan. There was something vague in his + ambitious aspirations; and he was, if I may so express myself, fond of + building those imaginary edifices called castles in the air. The current + of events was in accordance with his wishes; and it may truly be said that + the whole French nation smoothed for Bonaparte the road which led to + power. Certainly the unanimous plaudits and universal joy which + accompanied him along a journey of more than 200 leagues must have induced + him to regard as a national mission that step which was at first prompted + merely by his wish of meddling with the affairs of the Republic. + </p> + <p> + This spontaneous burst of popular feeling, unordered and unpaid for, + loudly proclaimed the grievances of the people, and their hope that the + man of victory would become their deliverer. The general enthusiasm + excited by the return of the conqueror of Egypt delighted him to a degree + which I cannot express, and was, as he has often assured me, a powerful + stimulus in urging him to the object to which the wishes of France seemed + to direct him. + </p> + <p> + Among people of all classes and opinions an 18th Brumaire was desired and + expected. Many royalists even believed that a change would prove + favourable to the King. So ready are we to persuade ourselves of the + reality of what we wish. + </p> + <p> + As soon as it was suspected that Bonaparte would accept the power offered + him, an outcry was raised about a conspiracy against the Republic, and + measures were sought for preserving it. But necessity, and indeed, it must + be confessed, the general feeling of the people, consigned the execution + of those measures to him who was to subvert the Republic. On his return to + Paris Bonaparte spoke and acted like a man who felt his own power; he + cared neither for flattery, dinners, nor balls,—his mind took a + higher flight. + </p> + <p> + We arrived in Paris on the 24th Vendemiaire (the 16th of October). As yet + he knew nothing of what was going on; for he had seen neither his wife nor + his brothers, who were looking for him on the Burgundy road. The news of + our landing at Fréjus had reached Paris by a telegraphic despatch. Madame + Bonaparte, who was dining with M. Gohier when that despatch was + communicated to him, as president of the Directory, immediately set off to + meet her husband, well knowing how important it was that her first + interview with him should not be anticipated by his brothers. + </p> + <p> + The imprudent communications of Junot at the fountains of Messoudiah will + be remembered, but, after the first ebullition of jealous rage, all traces + of that feeling had apparently disappeared. Bonaparte however, was still + harassed by secret suspicion, and the painful impressions produced by + Junot were either not entirely effaced or were revived after our arrival + in Paris. We reached the capital before Josephine returned. The + recollection of the past, the ill-natured reports of his brothers, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte remarks on this that Napoleon met Josephine at + Paris before his brothers arrived there, (Compare d'Abrantès, + vol. 1, pp. 260-262 and Rémusat, tome i. pp. 147-148.)]— +</pre> + <p> + and the exaggeration of facts had irritated Napoleon to the very highest + pitch, and he received Josephine with studied coldness, and with an air of + the most cruel indifference. He had no communication with her for three + days, during which time he frequently spoke to me of suspicions which his + imagination converted into certainty; and threats of divorce escaped his + lips with no less vehemence than when we were on the confines of Syria. I + took upon me the office of conciliator, which I had before discharged with + success. I represented to him the dangers to be apprehended from the + publicity and scandal of such an affair; and that the moment when his + grand views might possibly be realized was not the fit time to entertain + France and Europe with the details of a charge of adultery. I spoke to him + of Hortense and Eugène, to whom he was much attached. Reflection, seconded + by his ardent affection for Josephine, brought about a complete + reconciliation. After these three days of conjugal misunderstanding their + happiness was never afterwards disturbed by a similar cause. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In speaking of the unexpected arrival of Bonaparte and of the + meeting between him and Josephine, Madame Junot says: "On the 10th + October Josephine set off to meet her husband, but without knowing + exactly what road he would take. She thought it likely he would + come by way of Burgundy, and therefore Louis and she set off for + Lyons. + + "Madame Bonaparte was a prey to great and well-founded aspersions. + Whether she was guilty or only imprudent, she was strongly accused + by the Bonaparte family, who were desirous that Napoleon should + obtain a divorce. The elder M. de Caulaincourt stated to us his + apprehensions on this point; but whenever the subject was introduced + my mother changed the conversation, because, knowing as she did the + sentiments of the Bonaparte family, she could not reply without + either committing them or having recourse to falsehood. She knew, + moreover, the truth of many circumstances which M. de Caulaincourt + seemed to doubt, and which her situation with respect to Bonaparte + prevented her from communicating to him. + + "Madame Bonaparte committed a great fault in neglecting at this + juncture to conciliate her mother-in-law, who might have protected + her against those who sought her ruin and effected it nine years + later; for the divorce in 1809 was brought about by the joint + efforts of all the members of the Bonaparte family, aided by some of + Napoleon's most confidential servants, whom Josephine, either as + Madame Bonaparte or as Empress, had done nothing to make her + friends. + + "Bonaparte, on his arrival in Paris, found his house deserted: but + his mother, sisters, and sisters-in-law, and, in short, every member + of his family, except Louis, who had attended Madame Bonaparte to + Lyons, came to him immediately. The impression made upon him by the + solitude of his home and its desertion by its mistress was profound + and terrible, and nine years afterwards, when the ties between him + and Josephine were severed for ever, he showed that it was not + effaced. From not finding her with his family he inferred that she + felt herself unworthy of their presence, and feared to meet the man + she had wronged. He considered her journey to Lyons as a mere + pretence. + + "M. de Bourrienne says that for some days after Josephine's return + Bonaparte treated her with extreme coldness. As he was an + eyewitness, why does he not state the whole truth, and say that on + her return Bonaparte refused to see her and did not see her? It was + to the earnest entreaties of her children that she owed the + recovery, not of her husband's love, for that had long ceased, but + of that tenderness acquired by habit, and that intimate intercourse + which made her still retain the rank of consort to the greatest man + of his age. Bonaparte was at this period much attached to Eugène + Beauharnais, who, to do him justice, was a charming youth. He knew + less of Hortense; but her youth and sweetness of temper, and the + protection of which, as his adopted daughter, she besought him not + to deprive her, proved powerful advocates, and overcame his + resistance. + + "In this delicate negotiation it was good policy not to bring any + other person into play, whatever might be their influence with + Bonaparte, and Madame Bonaparte did not, therefore, have recourse + either to Barras, Bourrienne, or Berthier. It was expedient that + they who interceded for her should be able to say something without + the possibility of a reply. Now Bonaparte could not with any degree + of propriety explain to such children as Eugène or Hortense the + particulars of their mother's conduct. He was therefore constrained + to silence, and had no argument to combat the tears of two innocent + creatures at his feet exclaiming, 'Do not abandon our mother; she + will break her heart! and ought injustice to take from us, poor + orphans, whose natural protector the scaffold has already deprived + us of, the support of one whom Providence has sent to replace him!' + + "The scene, as Bonaparte has since stated, was long and painful, and + the two children at length introduced their mother, and placed her + in his arms. The unhappy woman had awaited his decision at the door + of a small back staircase, extended at almost full length upon the + stairs, suffering the acutest pangs of mental torture. + + "Whatever might be his wife's errors, Bonaparte appeared entirely to + forget them, and the reconciliation was complete. Of all the + members of the family Madame Leclerc was most vexed at the pardon + which Napoleon had granted to his wife. Bonaparte's mother was also + very ill pleased; but she said nothing. Madame Joseph Bonaparte, + who was always very amiable, took no part in these family quarrels; + therefore she could easily determine what part to take when fortune + smiled on Josephine. As to Madame Bacciocchi, she gave free vent to + her ill-humour and disdain; the consequence was that her + sister-in-law could never endure her. Christine who was a + beautiful creature, followed the example of Madame Joseph, and + Caroline was so young that her opinion could have no weight in such + an affair. As to Bonaparte's brothers, they were at open war with + Josephine."]— +</pre> + <p> + On the day after his arrival Bonaparte visited the Directors. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Directors at this time were Barras, Sieyès, Moulins, Gohier, + and Roger Ducos.]— +</pre> + <p> + The interview was cold. On the 24th of October he said to me, "I dined + yesterday at Gohier's; Sieyès was present, and I pretended not to see him. + I observed how much he was enraged at this mark of disrespect."—"But + are you sure he is against you?" inquired I. "I know nothing yet; but he + is a scheming man, and I don't like him." Even at that time Bonaparte had + thoughts of getting himself elected a member of the Directory in the room + of Sieyès. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0023" id="link2HCH0023"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIII + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Moreau and Bernadotte—Bonaparte's opinion of Bernadotte—False + report—The crown of Sweden and the Constitution of the year III.— + Intrigues of Bonaparte's brothers—Angry conversation between + Bonaparte and Bernadotte—Bonaparte's version—Josephine's version— + An unexpected visit—The Manege Club—Salicetti and Joseph Bonaparte + —Bonaparte invites himself to breakfast with Bernadotte—Country + excursion—Bernadotte dines with Bonaparte—The plot and conspiracy + —Conduct of Lucien—Dinner given to Bonaparte by the Council of the + Five Hundred—Bonaparte's wish to be chosen a member of the + Directory—His reconciliation with Sieyès—Offer made by the + Directory to Bonaparte—He is falsely accused by Barras. +</pre> + <p> + To throw a clear light on the course of the great events which will + presently be developed it is necessary to state briefly what intrigues had + been hatched and what ambitious hopes had risen up while we were in Egypt. + When in Egypt Bonaparte was entirely deprived of any means of knowing what + was going on in France; and in our rapid journey from Fréjus to Paris we + had no opportunity of collecting much information. Yet it was very + important that we should know the real state of affairs, and the + sentiments of those whom Bonaparte had counted among his rivals in glory, + and whom he might now meet among his rivals in ambition. + </p> + <p> + Moreau's military reputation stood very high, and Bernadotte's firmness + appeared inflexible. Generally speaking, Bonaparte might have reckoned + among his devoted partisans the companions of his glory in Italy, and also + those whom he subsequently denominated "his Egyptians." But brave men had + distinguished themselves in the army of the Rhine; and if they did not + withhold their admiration from the conqueror of Italy, they felt at least + more personally interested in the admiration which they lavished on him + who had repaired the disaster of Scherer. Besides, it must be borne in + mind that a republican spirit prevailed, almost without exception, in the + army, and that the Directory appeared to be a Government invented + expressly to afford patronage to intriguers. All this planted difficulties + in our way, and rendered it indispensably necessary that we should know + our ground. We had, it is true, been greeted by the fullest measure of + popular enthusiasm on our arrival; but this was not enough. We wanted + suffrages of a more solid kind. + </p> + <p> + During the campaign of Egypt, Bernadotte, who was a zealous republican, + had been War Minister, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bernadotte was Minister of War from 2d July 1799 to 14th + September 1799, when, as he himself wrote to the Directory, they + "accepted" the resignation he had not offered.]— +</pre> + <p> + but he had resigned the portfolio to Dubois-Crancé three weeks before + Bonaparte's return to France. Some partisans of the old Minister were + endeavouring to get him recalled, and it was very important to Bonaparte's + interests that he should prevent the success of this design. I recollect + that on the second day of our arrival Bonaparte said to me, "I have + learned many things; but we shall see what will happen. Bernadotte is a + singular man. When he was War Minister Augereau, Salicetti, and some + others informed him that the Constitution was in danger, and that it was + necessary to get rid of Sieyès, Barras, and Fouché, who were at the head + of a plot. What did Bernadotte do? Nothing. He asked for proofs. None + could be produced. He asked for powers. Who could grant them? Nobody. He + should have taken them; but he would not venture on that. He wavered. He + said he could not enter into the schemes which were proposed to him. He + only promised to be silent on condition that they were renounced. + Bernadotte is not a help; he is an obstacle. I have heard from good + authority that a great number of influential persons wished to invest him + with extensive power for the public good; but he was obstinate, and would + listen to nothing." + </p> + <p> + After a brief interval of silence, during which Bonaparte rubbed his + forehead with his right hand, he then resumed: + </p> + <p> + "I believe I shall have Bernadotte and Moreau against me. But I do not + fear Moreau. He is devoid of energy. I know he would prefer military to + political power. The promise of the command of an army would gain him + over. But Bernadotte has Moorish blood in his veins. He is bold and + enterprising. He is allied to my brothers. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte and Bernadotte had married sisters. Marie-Julie + and Eugénie Bernardine-Desirée Clary. The feeling of Bourrienne for + Bernadotte makes this passage doubtful. It is to be noticed that in + the same conversation he makes Napoleon describe Bernadotte as not + venturing to act without powers and as enterprising. The stern + republican becoming Prince de Monte Carlo and King of Sweden, in a + way compatible with his fidelity to the Constitution of the year + III., is good. Lanfrey attributes Bernadotte's refusal to join more + to rivalry than to principle (Lanfrey, tome i. p. 440). But in any + case Napoleon did not dread Bernadotte, and was soon threatening to + shoot him; see Lucien, tome ii. p. 107.]— +</pre> + <p> + "He does not like me, and I am almost certain that he will oppose me. If + he should become ambitious he will venture anything. And yet, you + recollect in what a lukewarm way he acted on the 18th Fructidor, when I + sent him to second Augereau. This devil of a fellow is not to be seduced. + He is disinterested and clever. But, after all, we have but just arrived, + and know not what may happen." + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte, it was reported, had advised that Bonaparte should be brought + to a court-martial, on the two-fold charge of having abandoned his army + and violated the quarantine laws. This report came to the ear of + Bonaparte; but he refused to believe it and he was right. Bernadotte + thought himself bound to the Constitution which he had sworn to defend. + Hence the opposition he manifested to the measures of the 18th Brumaire. + But he cherished no personal animosity against Bonaparte as long as he was + ignorant of his ambitious designs. The extraordinary and complicated + nature of subsequent events rendered his possession of the crown of Sweden + in no way incompatible with his fidelity to the Constitution of the year + III. + </p> + <p> + On our first arrival in Paris, though I was almost constantly with the + General, yet, as our routine of occupation was not yet settled, I was + enabled now and then to snatch an hour or two from business. This leisure + time I spent in the society of my family and a few friends, and in + collecting information as to what had happened during our absence, for + which purpose I consulted old newspapers and pamphlets. I was not + surprised to learn that Bonaparte's brothers—that is to say, Joseph + and Lucien—had been engaged in many intrigues. I was told that + Sieyès had for a moment thought of calling the Duke of Brunswick to the + head of the Government; that Barras would not have been very averse to + favouring the return of the Bourbons; and that Moulins, Roger Ducos, and + Gohier alone believed or affected to believe, in the possibility of + preserving the existing form of government. From what I heard at the time + I have good reasons for believing that Joseph and Lucien made all sorts of + endeavours to inveigle Bernadotte into their brother's party, and in the + hope of accomplishing that object they had assisted in getting him + appointed War Minister. However, I cannot vouch for the truth of this. I + was told that Bernadotte had at first submitted to the influence of + Bonaparte's two brothers; but that their urgent interference in their + client's behalf induced him to shake them off, to proceed freely in the + exercise of his duties, and to open the eyes of the Directory on what the + Republic might have to apprehend from the enterprising character of + Bonaparte. It is certain that what I have to relate respecting the conduct + of Bernadotte to Bonaparte is calculated to give credit to these + assertions. + </p> + <p> + All the generals who were in Paris, with the exception of Bernadotte, had + visited Bonaparte during the first three days which succeeded his arrival. + Bernadotte's absence was the more remarkable because he had served under + Bonaparte in Italy. It was not until a fortnight had elapsed, and then + only on the reiterated entreaties of Joseph and Madame Joseph Bonaparte + (his sister-in-law), that he determined to go and see his old + General-in-Chief. I was not present at their interview, being at that + moment occupied in the little cabinet of the Rue Chantereine. But I soon + discovered that their conversation had been long and warm; for as soon as + it was ended Bonaparte entered the cabinet exceedingly agitated, and said + to me, "Bourrienne, how do you think Bernadotte has behaved? You have + traversed France with me—you witnessed the enthusiasm which my + return excited—you yourself told me that you saw in that enthusiasm + the desire of the French people to be relieved from the disastrous + position in which our reverses have placed them. Well! would you believe + it? Bernadotte boasts, with ridiculous exaggeration, of the brilliant and + victorious situation of France! He talks about the defeat of the Russians, + the occupation of Genoa, the innumerable armies that are rising up + everywhere. In short, I know not what nonsense he has got in his head."—"What + can all this mean?" said I. "Did he speak about Egypt?"—"Oh, yes! + Now you remind me. He actually reproached me for not having brought the + army back with me! 'But,' observed I, 'have you not just told me that you + are absolutely overrun with troops; that all your frontiers are secure, + that immense levies are going on, and that you will have 200,000 infantry?—If + this be true, what do you want with a few thousand men who may ensure the + preservation of Egypt?' He could make no answer to this. But he is quite + elated by the honour of having been War Minister, and he told me boldly + that he looked upon the army of Egypt as lost nay, more. He made + insinuations. He spoke of enemies abroad and enemies at home; and as he + uttered these last words he looked significantly at me. I too gave him a + glance! But stay a little. The pear will soon be ripe! You know + Josephine's grace and address. She was present. The scrutinising glance of + Bernadotte did not escape her, and she adroitly turned the conversation. + Bernadotte saw from my countenance that I had had enough of it, and he + took his leave. But don't let me interrupt you farther. I am going back to + speak to Josephine." + </p> + <p> + I must confess that this strange story made me very impatient to find + myself alone with Madame Bonaparte, for I wished to hear her account of + the scene. An opportunity occurred that very evening. I repeated to her + what I had heard from the General, and all that she told me tended to + confirm its accuracy. She added that Bernadotte seemed to take the utmost + pains to exhibit to the General a flattering picture of the prosperity of + France; and she reported to me, as follows, that part of the conversation + which was peculiarly calculated to irritate Bonaparte:—"'I do not + despair of the safety of the Republic, which I am certain can restrain her + enemies both abroad and at home.' As Bernadotte uttered these last + words,'" continued Josephine, "his glance made me shudder. One word more + and Bonaparte could have commanded himself no longer! It is true," added + she, "that it was in some degree his own fault, for it was he who turned + the conversation on politics; and Bernadotte, in describing the + flourishing condition of France, was only replying to the General, who had + drawn a very opposite picture of the state of things. You know, my dear + Bourrienne, that Bonaparte is not always very prudent. I fear he has said + too much to Bernadotte about the necessity of changes in the Government." + Josephine had not yet recovered from the agitation into which this violent + scene had thrown her. After I took leave of her I made notes of what she + had told me. + </p> + <p> + A few days after, when Bonaparte, Josephine, Hortense, Eugène, and I were + together in the drawing-room, Bernadotte unexpectedly entered. His + appearance, after what had passed, was calculated to surprise us. He was + accompanied by a person whom he requested permission to introduce to + Bonaparte. I have forgotten his name, but he was, I think, + secretary-general while Bernadotte was in office. Bonaparte betrayed no + appearance of astonishment. He received Bernadotte with perfect ease, and + they soon entered into conversation. Bonaparte, who seemed to acquire + confidence from the presence of those who were about him, said a great + deal about the agitation which prevailed among the republicans, and + expressed himself in very decided terms against the 'Manège Club.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Manège Club, the last resort of the Jacobins, formed in 1799, + and closed seven or eight months afterwards. Joseph Bonaparte + (Erreurs, time i. p. 251) denies that he or Lucien—for whom the + allusion is meant—were members of this club, and he disputes this + conversation ever having taken place. Lucien (tome i. p. 219) + treats this club as opposed to his party.]— +</pre> + <p> + I seconded him by observing that M. Moreau de Worms of my department, who + was a member of that club, had himself complained to me of the violence + that prevailed in it. "But, General," said Bernadotte, "your brothers were + its most active originators. Yet," added he in a tone of firmness, "you + accuse me of having favoured that club, and I repel the charge. It cannot + be otherwise than false. When I came into office I found everything in the + greatest disorder. I had no leisure to think about any club to which my + duties did not call me. You know well that your friend Salicetti, and that + your brother, who is in your confidence, are both leading men in the + Manège Club. To the instructions of I know not whom is to be attributed + the violence of which you complain." At these words, and especially the + tone in which Bernadotte uttered 'I know not whom,' Bonaparte could no + longer restrain himself. "Well, General," exclaimed he furiously, "I tell + you plainly, I would rather live wild in the woods than in a state of + society which affords no security." Bernadotte then said, with great + dignity of manner, "Good God! General, what security would you have?" From + the warmth evinced by Bonaparte I saw plainly that the conversation would + soon be converted into a dispute, and in a whisper I requested Madame + Bonaparte to change the conversation, which she immediately did by + addressing a question to some one present. Bernadotte, observing Madame + Bonaparte's design, checked his warmth. The subject of conversation was + changed, and it became general. Bernadotte soon took up his hat and + departed. + </p> + <p> + One morning, when I entered Bonaparte's chamber—it was, I believe, + three or four days after the second visit of Bernadotte—he said: + </p> + <p> + "Well, Bourrienne, I wager you will not guess with whom I am going to + breakfast this morning?"—"Really, General, I —"—"With + Bernadotte; and the best of the joke is, that I have invited myself. You + would have seen how it was all brought about if you had been with us at + the Théâtre Français, yesterday evening. You know we are going to visit + Joseph today at Mortfontaine. Well, as we were coming out of the theatre + last night, finding myself side by side with Bernadotte and not knowing + what to talk about, I asked him whether he was to be of our party to-day? + He replied in the affirmative; and as we were passing his house in the Rue + Cisalpine. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte lays great stress on the fact that Napoleon + would not have passed this house, which was far from the theatre + (Erreurs, tome i, p. 251).]— +</pre> + <p> + "I told him, without any ceremony, that I should be happy to come and take + a cup of coffee with him in the morning. He seemed pleased. What do you + think of that, Bourrienne?"—"Why, General, I hope you may have + reason on your part to be pleased with him."—"Never fear, never + fear. I know what I am about. This will compromise him with Gohier. + Remember, you must always meet your enemies with a bold face, otherwise + they think they are feared, and that gives them confidence." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte stepped into the carriage with Josephine, who was always ready + when she had to go out with him, for he did not like to wait. They + proceeded first to Bernadotte's to breakfast, and from thence to + Mortfontaine. On his return Bonaparte told me very little about what had + passed during the day, and I could see that he was not in the best of + humours. I afterwards learned that Bonaparte had conversed a good deal + with Bernadotte, and that he had made every effort to render himself + agreeable, which he very well knew how to do when he chose! but that, in + spite of all his conversational talent; and supported as he was by the + presence of his three brothers, and Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély, he + could not withstand the republican firmness of Bernadotte. However, the + number of his partisans daily augmented; for all had not the + uncompromising spirit of Bernadotte; and it will soon be seen that Moreau + himself undertook charge of the Directors who were made prisoners on the + 18th Brumaire. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte's shrewd penetration made him one of the first to see clearly + into Bonaparte's designs. He was well convinced of his determination to + overthrow the constitution and possess himself of power. He saw the + Directory divided into two parties; the one duped by the promises and + assurances of Bonaparte, and the other conniving with him for the + accomplishment of his plans. In these circumstances Bernadotte offered his + services to all persons connected with the Government who, like himself, + were averse to the change which he saw good reason to apprehend. But + Bonaparte was not the man to be outdone in cunning or activity; and every + moment swelled the ranks of his adherents. + </p> + <p> + On the 16th Brumaire I dined in the Rue de la Victoire. Bernadotte was + present, and I believe General Jourdan also. While the grand conspiracy + was hastening to its accomplishment Madame Bonaparte and I had contrived a + little plot of a more innocent kind. We let no one into our secret, and + our 16th Brumaire was crowned with complete success. We had agreed to be + on the alert to prevent any fresh exchange of angry words. All succeeded + to the utmost of our wishes. The conversation languished during dinner; + but it was not dulness that we were afraid of. It turned on the subject of + war, and in that vast field Bonaparte's superiority over his interlocutors + was undeniable. + </p> + <p> + When we retired to the drawing-rooms a great number of evening visitors + poured in, and the conversation then became animated, and even gay. + Bonaparte was in high spirits. He said to some one, smiling, and pointing + to Bernadotte, "You are not aware that the General yonder is a Chouan."—"A + Chouan?" repeated Bernadotte, also in a tone of pleasantry. "Ah! General + you contradict yourself. Only the other day you taxed me with favouring + the violence of the friends of the Republic, and now you accuse me of + protecting the Chouans. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The "Chouans," so called from their use of the cry of the + screech-owl (chathouan) as a signal, were the revolted peasants of + Brittany and of Maine.]— +</pre> + <p> + "You should at least be consistent." A few moments after, availing himself + of the confusion occasioned by the throng of visitors, Bernadotte slipped + off. + </p> + <p> + As a mark of respect to Bonaparte the Council of the Five Hundred + appointed Lucien its president. The event proved how important this + nomination was to Napoleon. Up to the 19th Brumaire, and especially on + that day, Lucien evinced a degree of activity, intelligence, courage, and + presence of mind which are rarely found united in one individual. I have + no hesitation in stating that to Lucien's nomination and exertions must be + attributed the success of the 19th Brumaire. + </p> + <p> + The General had laid down a plan of conduct from which he never deviated + during the twenty-three days which intervened between his arrival in Paris + and the 18th Brumaire. He refused almost all private invitations, in order + to avoid indiscreet questions, unacceptable offers, and answers which + might compromise him. + </p> + <p> + It was not without some degree of hesitation that he yielded to a project + started by Lucien, who, by all sorts of manoeuvring, had succeeded in + prevailing on a great number of his colleagues to be present at a grand + subscription dinner to be given to Bonaparte by the Council of the + Ancients. + </p> + <p> + The disorder which unavoidably prevailed in a party amounting to upwards + of 250 persons, animated by a diversity of opinions and sentiments; the + anxiety and distrust arising in the minds of those who were not in the + grand plot, rendered this meeting one of the most disagreeable I ever + witnessed. It was all restraint and dulness. Bonaparte's countenance + sufficiently betrayed his dissatisfaction; besides, the success of his + schemes demanded his presence elsewhere. Almost as soon as he had finished + his dinner he rose, saying to Berthier and me, "I am tired: let us be + gone." He went round to the different tables, addressing to the company + compliments and trifling remarks, and departed, leaving at table the + persons by whom he had been invited. + </p> + <p> + This short political crisis was marked by nothing more grand, dignified, + or noble than the previous revolutionary commotions. All these plots were + so contemptible, and were accompanied by so much trickery, falsehood, and + treachery, that, for the honour of human nature, it is desirable to cover + them with a veil. + </p> + <p> + General Bonaparte's thoughts were first occupied with the idea he had + conceived even when in Italy, namely, to be chosen a Director. Nobody + dared yet to accuse him of being a deserter from the army of the East. The + only difficulty was to obtain a dispensation on the score of age. And was + this not to be obtained? No sooner was he installed in his humble abode in + the Rue de la Victoire than he was assured that, on the retirement of + Rewbell, the majority of suffrages would have devolved on him had he been + in France, and had not the fundamental law required the age of forty; but + that not even his warmest partisans were disposed to violate the yet + infant Constitution of the year III. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte soon perceived that no efforts would succeed in overcoming this + difficulty, and he easily resolved to possess himself wholly of an office + of which he would nominally have had only a fifth part had he been a + member of the Directory. + </p> + <p> + As soon as his intentions became manifest he found himself surrounded by + all those who recognised in him the man they had long looked for. These + persons, who were able and influential in their own circles, endeavoured + to convert into friendship the animosity which existed between Sieyès and + Bonaparte. This angry feeling had been increased by a remark made by + Sieyès, and reported to Bonaparte. He had said, after the dinner at which + Bonaparte treated him so disrespectfully, "Do you see how that little + insolent fellow behaves to a member of a Government which would do well to + order him to be SHOT?" + </p> + <p> + But all was changed when able mediators pointed out to Bonaparte the + advantage of uniting with Sieyès for the purpose of overthrowing a + Constitution which he did not like. He was assured how vain it would be to + think of superseding him, and that it would be better to flatter him with + the hope of helping to subvert the constitution and raising up a new one. + One day some one said to Bonaparte in my hearing, "Seek for support among + the party who call the friends of the Republic Jacobins, and be assured + that Sieyès is at the head of that party." + </p> + <p> + On the 25th Vendémiaire (17th of October) the Directory summoned General + Bonaparte to a private sitting. "They offered me the choice of any army I + would command," said he to me the next morning. "I would not refuse, but I + asked to be allowed a little time for the recovery of my health; and, to + avoid any other embarrassing offers, I withdrew. I shall go to no more of + their sittings." (He attended only one after this.) "I am determined to + join Sieyès' party. It includes a greater diversity of opinions than that + of the profligate Barras. He proclaims everywhere that he is the author of + my fortune. He will never be content to play an inferior part, and I will + never bend to such a man. He cherishes the mad ambition of being the + support of the Republic. What would he do with me? Sieyès, on the + contrary, has no political ambition." + </p> + <p> + No sooner did Sieyès begin to grow friendly with Bonaparte than the latter + learned from him that Barras had said, "The 'little corporal' has made his + fortune in Italy and does not want to go back again." Bonaparte repaired + to the Directory for the sole purpose of contradicting this allegation. He + complained to the Directors of its falsehood, boldly affirmed that the + fortune he was supposed to possess had no existence, and that even if he + had made his fortune it was not, at all events, at the expense of the + Republic "You know," said he to me, "that the mines of Hydria have + furnished the greater part of what I possess."—"Is it possible," + said I, "that Barras could have said so, when you know so well of all the + peculations of which he has been guilty since your return?" + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had confided the secret of his plans to very few persons—to + those only whose assistance he wanted. The rest mechanically followed + their leaders and the impulse which was given to them; they passively + awaited the realisation of the promises they had received, and on the + faith of which they had pledged themselves. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0024" id="link2HCH0024"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIV. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Cambacérès and Lebrun—Gohier deceived—My nocturnal visit to Barras + —The command of the army given to Bonaparte—The morning of the + 18th Brumaire—Meeting of the generals at Bonaparte's house— + Bernadotte's firmness—Josephine's interest, for Madame Gohier— + Disappointment of the Directors—Review in the gardens of the + Tuileries—Bonaparte's harangue—Proclamation of the Ancients— + Moreau, jailer of the Luxembourg—My conversation with La Vallette— + Bonaparte at St. Cloud. +</pre> + <p> + The parts of the great drama which was shortly to be enacted were well + distributed. During the three days preceding the 18th Brumaire every one + was at his post. Lucien, with equal activity and intelligence, forwarded + the conspiracy in the two Councils; Sieyès had the management of the + Directory; Réal, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Pierre Francois Réal (1757-1834); public accuser before the + revolutionary criminal tribunal; became, under Napoleon, Conseiller + d'Etat and Comte, and was charged with the affairs of the "haute + police."]— +</pre> + <p> + under the instructions of Fouché, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Fouché (1754-1820); Conventionalist; member of extreme + Jacobin party; Minister of Police under the Directory, August 1799; + retained by Napoleon in that Ministry till 1802, and again from 1804 + to 1810; became Duc d'Otrante in 1809; disgraced in 1810, and sent in + 1813 as governor of the Illyrian Provinces; Minister of Police + during the 'Cent Jours'; President of the Provisional Government, + 1815; and for a short time Minister of Police under second + restoration.]— +</pre> + <p> + negotiated with the departments, and dexterously managed, without + compromising Fouché, to ruin those from whom that Minister had received + his power. There was no time to lose; and Fouché said to me on the 14th + Brumaire, "Tell your General to be speedy; if he delays, he is lost." + </p> + <p> + On the 17th, Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély told Bonaparte that the + overtures made to Cambacérès and Lebrun had not been received in a very + decided way. "I will have no tergiversation," replied Bonaparte with + warmth. "Let them not flatter themselves that I stand in need of them. + They must decide to-day; to-morrow will be too late. I feel myself strong + enough now to stand alone." + </p> + <p> + Cambacérès + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Cambacérès (J. J. Régis de) (1763-1824) Conventionalist; Minister + of Justice under Directory, 1799; second Consul, 25th December 1799; + Arch-Chancellor of the Empire, 1804; Duc de Parma, 1806; Minister of + Justice during the 'Cent Jours': took great part in all the legal + and administrative projects of the Consulate and Empire.]— +</pre> + <p> + and Lebrun + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Charles Francois Lebrun (1757-1824). Deputy to the National + Assembly, and member of the Council of the Five Hundred; Third + Consul, 25th December 1799; Arch-Treasurer of the Empire, 1804; Duc + de Plaisance, 1806; Governor-General of Holland, 1806; Lieutenant- + Governor of Holland, 1810 to 1813; chiefly engaged in financial + measures]— +</pre> + <p> + were almost utter strangers to the intrigues which preceded the 18th + Brumaire. Bonaparte had cast his eyes on the Minister of Justice to be one + of his colleagues when he should be at liberty to name them, because his + previous conduct had pledged him as a partisan of the Revolution. To him + Bonaparte added Lebrun, to counterbalance the first choice. Lebrun was + distinguished for honourable conduct and moderate principles. By selecting + these two men Bonaparte hoped to please every one; besides, neither of + them were able to contend against his fixed determination and ambitious + views. + </p> + <p> + What petty intrigues marked the 17th Brumaire! On that day I dined with + Bonaparte; and after dinner he said, "I have promised to dine to-morrow + with Gohier; but, as you may readily suppose, I do not intend going. + However, I am very sorry for his obstinacy. By way of restoring his + confidence Josephine is going to invite him to breakfast with us + to-morrow. It will be impossible for him to suspect anything. I saw Barras + this morning, and left him much disturbed. He asked me to return and visit + him to-night. I promised to do so, but I shall not go. To-morrow all will + be over. There is but little time; he expects me at eleven o'clock + to-night. You shall therefore take my carriage, go there, send in my name, + and then enter yourself. Tell him that a severe headache confines me to my + bed, but that I will be with him without fail tomorrow. Bid him not be + alarmed, for all will soon be right again. Elude his questions as much as + possible; do not stay long, and come to me on your return." + </p> + <p> + At precisely eleven o'clock I reached the residence of Barras, in General + Bonaparte's carriage. Solitude and silence prevailed in all the apartments + through which I passed to Barras' cabinet. Bonaparte was announced, and + when Barras saw me enter instead of him, he manifested the greatest + astonishment and appeared much cast down. It was easy to perceive that he + looked on himself as a lost man. I executed my commission, and stayed only + a short time. I rose to take my leave, and he said, while showing me out, + "I see that Bonaparte is deceiving me: he will not come again. He has + settled everything; yet to me he owes all." I repeated that he would + certainly come tomorrow, but he shook his head in a way which plainly + denoted that he did not believe me. When I gave Bonaparte an account of my + visit he appeared much pleased. He told me that Joseph was going to call + that evening on Bernadotte, and to ask him to come tomorrow. I replied + that, from all I knew, he would be of no use to him. "I believe so too," + said he; "but he can no longer injure me, and that is enough. Well, + good-night; be here at seven in the morning." It was then one o'clock. + </p> + <p> + I was with him a little before seven o'clock on the morning of the 18th + Brumaire, and on my arrival I found a great number of generals and + officers assembled. I entered Bonaparte's chamber, and found him already + up—a thing rather unusual with him. At this moment he was as calm as + on the approach of a battle. In a few moments Joseph and Bernadotte + arrived. Joseph had not found him at home on the preceding evening, and + had called for him that morning. I was surprised to see Bernadotte in + plain clothes, and I stepped up to him and said in a low voice, "General, + every one here, except you and I, is in uniform."—"Why should I be + in uniform?" said he. As he uttered these words Bonaparte, struck with the + same surprise as myself, stopped short while speaking to several persons + around him, and turning quickly towards Bernadotte said, "How is this? you + are not in uniform!"—"I never am on a morning when I am not on + duty," replied Bernadotte.—"You will be on duty presently."—"I + have not heard a word of it: I should have received my orders sooner." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte then led Bernadotte into an adjoining room. Their conversation + was not long, for there was no time to spare. + </p> + <p> + On the other hand, by the influence of the principal conspirators the + removal of the legislative body to St. Cloud was determined on the morning + of the 18th Brumaire, and the command of the army was given to Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + All this time Barras was no doubt waiting for Bonaparte, and Madame + Bonaparte was expecting Gohier to breakfast. At Bonaparte's were assembled + all the generals who were devoted to him. I never saw so great a number + before in the Rue de la Victoire. They were all, except Bernadotte, in + full uniform; and there were, besides, half a dozen persons there + initiated in the secrets of the day. The little hotel of the conqueror of + Italy was much too small for such an assemblage, and several persons were + standing in the court-yard. Bonaparte was acquainted with the decree of + the Council of the Ancients, and only waited for its being brought to him + before he should mount his horse. That decree was adopted in the Council + of the Ancients by what may be called a false majority, for the members of + the Council were summoned at different hours, and it was so contrived that + sixty or eighty of them, whom Lucien and his friends had not been able to + gain over, should not receive their notices in time. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the message from the Council of the Ancients arrived Bonaparte + requested all the officers at his house to follow him. At that + announcement a few who were in ignorance of what was going on did not + follow—at least I saw two groups separately leave the hotel. + Bernadotte said to me, "I shall stay with you." I perceived there was a + good deal of suspicion in his manner. Bonaparte, before going down the + stairs which led from the small round dining-room into the courtyard, + returned quickly to bid Bernadotte follow him. He would not, and Bonaparte + then said to me, while hurrying off, "Gohier is not come—so much the + worse for him," and leaped on his horse. Scarcely was he off when + Bernadotte left me. Josephine and I being now left alone, she acquainted + me with her anxiety. I assured her that everything had been so well + prepared that success was certain. She felt much interest about Gohier on + account of her friendship for his wife. She asked me whether I was well + acquainted with Gohier. "You know, Madame," replied I, "that we have been + only twenty days in Paris, and that during that time I have only gone out + to sleep in the Rue Martel. I have seen M. Gohier several times, when he + came to visit the General, and have talked to him about the situation of + our affairs in Switzerland, Holland, France, and other political matters, + but I never exchanged a word with him as to what is now going on. This is + the whole extent of my acquaintance with him." + </p> + <p> + "I am sorry for it," resumed Josephine, "because I should have asked you + to write to him, and beg him to make no stir, but imitate Sieyès and + Roger, who will voluntarily retire, and not to join Barras, who is + probably at this very moment forced to do so. Bonaparte has told me that + if Gohier voluntarily resigns, he will do everything for him." I believe + Josephine communicated directly with the President of the Directory + through a friend of Madame Gohier's. + </p> + <p> + Gohier and Moulins, no longer depending on Sieyès and Roger Ducos, waited + for their colleague, Barras, in the hall of the Directory, to adopt some + measure on the decree for removing the Councils to St. Cloud. But they + were disappointed; for Barras, whose eyes had been opened by my visit on + the preceding night, did not join them. He had been invisible to his + colleagues from the moment that Bruix and M. de Talleyrand had informed + him of the reality of what he already suspected, and insisted on his + retirement. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th Brumaire a great number of military, amounting to about 10,000 + men, were assembled in the gardens of the Tuileries, and were reviewed by + Bonaparte, accompanied by Generals Beurnonville, Moreau, and Macdonald. + Bonaparte read to them the decree just issued by the commission of + inspectors of the Council of the Ancients, by which the legislative body + was removed to St. Cloud; and by which he himself was entrusted with the + execution of that decree, and appointed to the command of all the military + force in Paris, and afterwards delivered an address to the troops. + </p> + <p> + Whilst Bonaparte was haranguing the soldiers, the Council of the Ancients + published an address to the French people, in which it was declared that + the seat of the legislative body was changed, in order to put down the + factions, whose object was to control the national representation. + </p> + <p> + While all this was passing abroad I was at the General's house in the Rue + de la Victoire; which I never left during the whole day. Madame Bonaparte + and I were not without anxiety in Bonaparte's absence. I learned from + Josephine that Joseph's wife had received a visit from Adjutant-General + Rapatel, who had been sent by Bonaparte and Moreau to bring her husband to + the Tuileries. Joseph was from home at the time, and so the message was + useless. This circumstance, however, awakened hopes which we had scarcely + dared to entertain. Moreau was then in accordance with Bonaparte, for + Rapatel was sent in the name of both Generals. This alliance, so long + despaired of, appeared to augur favourably. It was one of Bonaparte's + happy strokes. Moreau, who was a slave to military discipline, regarded + his successful rival only as a chief nominated by the Council of the + Ancients. He received his orders and obeyed them. Bonaparte appointed him + commander of the guard of the Luxembourg, where the Directors were under + confinement. He accepted the command, and no circumstance could have + contributed more effectually to the accomplishment of Bonaparte's views + and to the triumph of his ambition. + </p> + <p> + At length Bonaparte, whom we had impatiently expected, returned. Almost + everything had gone well with him, for he had had only to do with + soldiers. In the evening he said to me, "I am sure that the committee of + inspectors of the hall are at this very moment engaged in settling what is + to be done at St. Cloud to-morrow. It is better to let them decide the + matter, for by that means their vanity is flattered. I will obey orders + which I have myself concerted." What Bonaparte was speaking of had been + arranged nearly two or three days previously. The committee of inspectors + was under the influence of the principal conspirators. + </p> + <p> + In the evening of this anxious day, which was destined to be succeeded by + a stormy morrow, Bonaparte, pleased with having gained over Moreau, spoke + to me of Bernadotte's visit in the morning.—"I saw," said he, "that + you were as much astonished as I at Bernadotte's behaviour. A general out + of uniform! He might as well have come in slippers. Do you know what + passed when I took him aside? I told him all; I thought that the best way. + I assured him that his Directory was hated, and his Constitution worn out; + that it was necessary to turn them all off, and give another impulse to + the government. 'Go and put on your uniform said I: I cannot wait for you + long. You will find me at the Tuileries, with the rest of our comrades. Do + not depend on Moreau, Beurnonville, or the generals of your party. When + you know them better you will find that they promise much but perform + little. Do not trust them.' Bernadotte then said that he would not take + part in what he called a rebellion. A rebellion! Bourrienne, only think of + that! A set of imbeciles, who from morning to night do nothing but debate + in their kennels! But all was in vain. I could not move Bernadotte. He is + a bar of iron. I asked him to give me his word that he would do nothing + against me; what do you think was his answer?"—"Something + unpleasant, no doubt."—"Unpleasant! that is too mild a word. He + said, 'I will remain quiet as a citizen; but if the Directory order me to + act, I will march against all disturbers.' But I can laugh at all that + now. My measures are taken, and he will have no command. However, I set + him at ease as to what would take place. I flattered him with a picture of + private life, the pleasures of the country, and the charms of Malmaison; + and I left him with his head full of pastoral dreams. In a word, I am very + well satisfied with my day's work. Good-night, Bourrienne; we shall see + what will turn up to-morrow." + </p> + <p> + On the 19th I went to St. Cloud with my friend La Vallette. As we passed + the Place Louis XV., now Louis XVI., he asked me what Napoleon was doing, + and what my opinion was as to the coming events? Without entering into any + detail I replied, "My friend, either we shall sleep tomorrow at the + Luxembourg, or there will be an end of us." Who could tell which of the + two things would happen! Success legalised a bold enterprise, which the + slightest accident might have changed into a crime. + </p> + <p> + The sitting of the Ancients, under the presidency of Lemercier, commenced + at one o'clock. A warm discussion took place upon the situation of + affairs, the resignation of the members of the Directory, and the + immediate election of others. Great heat and agitation prevailed during + the debate. Intelligence was every minute carried to Bonaparte of what was + going forward, and he determined to enter the hall and take part in the + discussion. He entered in a hasty and angry way, which did not give me a + favourable foreboding of what he was about to say. We passed through a + narrow passage to the centre of the hall; our backs were turned to the + door. Bonaparte had the President to his right. He could not see him full + in the face. I was close to the General on his right. Berthier was at his + left. + </p> + <p> + All the speeches which have been subsequently passed off as having been + delivered by Bonaparte on this occasion differ from each other; as well + they may, for he delivered none to the Ancients, unless his confused + conversation with the President, which was alike devoid of dignity and + sense, is to be called a speech. He talked of his "brothers in arms" and + the "frankness of a soldier." The questions of the President followed each + other rapidly: they were clear; but it is impossible to conceive anything + more confused or worse delivered than the ambiguous and perplexed replies + of Bonaparte. He talked without end of "volcanoes; secret agitations, + victories, a violated constitution!" He blamed the proceedings of the 18th + Fructidor, of which he was the first promoter and the most powerful + supporter. He pretended to be ignorant of everything until the Council of + Ancients had called him to the aid of his country. Then came "Caesar—Cromwell—tyrant!" + and he several times repeated, "I have nothing more to say to you!" + though, in fact, he had said nothing. He alleged that he had been called + to assume the supreme authority, on his return from Italy, by the desire + of the nation, and afterwards by his comrades in arms. Next followed the + words "liberty—equality!" though it was evident he had not come to + St. Cloud for the sake of either. No sooner did he utter these words, than + a member of the Ancients, named, I think, Linglet, interrupting him, + exclaimed, "You forget the Constitution!" His countenance immediately + lighted up; yet nothing could be distinguished but, "The 18th Fructidor—the + 30th Prairial—hypocrites—intriguers—I will disclose all!—I + will resign my power, when the danger which threatens the Republic shall + have passed away!" + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, believing all his assertions to be admitted as proved, assumed + a little confidence, and accused the two directors Barras and Moulins of + having proposed to put him at the head of a party whose object was to + oppose all men professing liberal ideas. + </p> + <p> + At these words, the falsehood of which was odious, a great tumult arose in + the hall. A general committee was loudly called for to hear the + disclosures. "No, no!" exclaimed others, "no general committee! + conspirators have been denounced: it is right that France should know + all!" + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was then required to enter into the particulars of his + accusation against Barras and Moulins, and of the proposals which had been + made to him: "You must no longer conceal anything." + </p> + <p> + Embarrassed by these interruptions and interrogatories Bonaparte believed + that he was completely lost. Instead of giving an explanation of what he + had said, he began to make fresh accusations; and against whom? The + Council of the Five Hundred, who, he said, wished for "scaffolds, + revolutionary committees, and a complete overthrow of everything." + </p> + <p> + Violent murmurs arose, and his language became more and more incoherent + and inconsequent. He addressed himself at one moment to the + representatives of the people, who were quite overcome by astonishment; at + another to the military in the courtyard, who could not hear him. Then, by + an unaccountable transition, he spoke of "the thunderbolts of war!" and + added, that he was "attended by the God of war and the God of fortune." + </p> + <p> + The President, with great calmness, told him that he saw nothing, + absolutely nothing, upon which the Council could deliberate; that there + was vagueness in all he had said. "Explain yourself; reveal the plot which + you say you were urged to join." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte repeated again the same things. But only those who were present + can form any idea of his manner. There was not the slightest connection in + what he stammered out. Bonaparte was then no orator. It may well be + supposed that he was more accustomed to the din of war than to the + discussions of the tribunes. He was more at home before a battery than + before a President's chair. + </p> + <p> + Perceiving the bad effect which this unconnected babbling produced on the + assembly, as well as the embarrassment of Bonaparte, I said, in a low + voice, pulling him gently by the skirt of his coat, "withdraw, General; + you know not what you are saying." I made signs to Berthier, who was on + his left, to second me in persuading him to leave the hall; and all at + once, after having stammered out a few more words, he turned round + exclaiming, "Let those who love me follow me!" The sentinels at the door + offered no opposition to his passing. The person who went before him + quietly drew aside the tapestry which concealed the door, and General + Bonaparte leaped upon his horse, which stood in the court-yard. It is hard + to say what would have happened if, on seeing the General retire, the + President had said, "Grenadiers, let no one pass!" Instead of sleeping + next day at the Luxembourg he would, I am convinced, have ended his career + on the Place de la Revolution. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0025" id="link2HCH0025"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXV. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The two Councils—Barras' letter—Bonaparte at the Council of the + Five Hundred—False reports—Tumultuous sitting—Lucien's speech— + He resigns the Presidency of the Council of the Five Hundred—He is + carried out by grenadiers—He harangues the troops—A dramatic scene + —Murat and his soldiers drive out the Five Hundred—Council of + Thirty—Consular commission—Decree—Return to Paris—Conversation + with Bonaparte and Josephine respecting Gohier and Bernadotte—The + directors Gohier and Moulins imprisoned. +</pre> + <p> + The scene which occurred at the sitting of the Council of the Ancients was + very different from that which passed outside. Bonaparte had scarcely + reached the courtyard and mounted his horse when cries of "Vive + Bonaparte!" resounded on all sides. But this was only a sunbeam between + two storms. He had yet to brave the Council of the Five Hundred, which was + far more excited than the Council of the Ancients. Everything tended to + create a dreadful uncertainty; but it was too late to draw back. We had + already staked too heavily. The game was desperate, and everything was to + be ventured. In a few hours all would be determined. + </p> + <p> + Our apprehensions were not without foundation. In the Council of the Five + Hundred agitation was at its height. The most serious alarm marked its + deliberations. It had been determined to announce to the Directory the + installation of the Councils, and to inquire of the Council of the + Ancients their reasons for resolving upon an extraordinary convocation. + But the Directory no longer existed. Sieyès and Roger Ducos had joined + Bonaparte's party. Gohier and Moulins were prisoners in the Luxembourg, + and in the custody of General Moreau; and at the very moment when the + Council of the Five Hundred had drawn up a message to the Directory, the + Council of the Ancients transmitted to them the following letter, received + from Barras. This letter; which was addressed to the Council of the + Ancients, was immediately read by Lucien Bonaparte, who was President of + the Council of the Five Hundred. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZEN PRESIDENT—Having entered into public affairs solely from my + love of liberty, I consented to share the first magistracy of the + State only that I might be able to defend it in danger; to protect + against their enemies the patriots compromised in its cause; and to + ensure to the defenders of their country that attention to their + interests which no one was more calculated to feel than a citizen, + long the witness of their heroic virtues, and always sensible to + their wants. + + The glory which accompanies the return of the illustrious warrior to + whom I had the honour of opening the path of glory, the striking + marks of confidence given him by the legislative body, and the + decree of the National Convention, convince me that, to whatever + post he may henceforth be called, the dangers to liberty will be + averted, and the interests of the army ensured. + + I cheerfully return to the rank of a private citizen: happy, after + so many storms, to resign, unimpaired, and even more glorious than + ever, the destiny of the Republic, which has been, in part, + committed to my care. + (Signed) BARRAS. +</pre> + <p> + This letter occasioned a great sensation in the Council of the Five + Hundred. A second reading was called for, and a question was started, + whether the retirement was legal, or was the result of collusion, and of + the influence of Bonaparte's agents; whether to believe Barras, who + declared the dangers of liberty averted, or the decree for the removal of + the legislative corps, which was passed and executed under the pretext of + the existence of imminent peril? At that moment Bonaparte appeared, + followed by a party of grenadiers, who remained at the entrance of the + hall. + </p> + <p> + I did not accompany him to the Council of the Five Hundred. He had + directed me to send off an express to ease the apprehensions of Josephine, + and to assure her that everything would go well. It was some time before I + joined him again. + </p> + <p> + However, without speaking as positively as if I had myself been an + eye-witness of the scene, I do not hesitate to declare that all that has + been said about assaults and poniards is pure invention. I rely on what + was told me, on the very night, by persons well worthy of credit, and who + were witnessess of all that passed. + </p> + <p> + As to what passed at the sitting, the accounts, given both at the time and + since, have varied according to opinions. Some have alleged that unanimous + cries of indignation were excited by the appearance of the military. From + all parts of the hall resounded, "The sanctuary of the laws is violated. + Down with the tyrant!—down with Cromwell!—down with the + Dictator!" Bonaparte stammered out a few words, as he had done before the + Council of the Ancients, but his voice was immediately drowned by cries of + "Vive la Republique!" "Vive la Constitution!" "Outlaw the Dictator!" The + grenadiers are then said to have rushed forward, exclaiming, "Let us save + our General!" at which indignation reached its height, and cries, even + more violent than ever, were raised; that Bonaparte, falling insensible + into the arms of the grenadiers, said, "They mean to assassinate me!" All + that regards the exclamations and threats I believe to be correct; but I + rank with the story of the poniards the assertion of the members of the + Five Hundred being provided with firearms, and the grenadiers rushing into + the hall; because Bonaparte never mentioned a word of anything of the sort + to me, either on the way home, or when I was with him in his chamber. + Neither did he say anything on the subject to his wife, who had been + extremely agitated by the different reports which reached her. + </p> + <p> + After Bonaparte left the Council of the Five Hundred the deliberations + were continued with great violence. The excitement caused by the + appearance of Bonaparte was nothing like subsided when propositions of the + most furious nature were made. The President, Lucien, did all in his power + to restore tranquillity. As soon as he could make himself heard he said, + "The scene which has just taken place in the Council proves what are the + sentiments of all; sentiments which I declare are also mine. It was, + however, natural to believe that the General had no other object than to + render an account of the situation of affairs, and of something + interesting to the public. But I think none of you can suppose him capable + of projects hostile to liberty." + </p> + <p> + Each sentence of Lucien's address was interrupted by cries of "Bonaparte + has tarnished his glory! He is a disgrace to the Republic!" + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +Lucien + —[The next younger brother of Napoleon, President of the Council of + the Five Hundred in 1799; Minister of the Interior, 1st December + 1799 to 1841; Ambassador in Spain, 1801 to December 1801; left + France in disgrace in 1804; retired to Papal States; Prisoner in + Malta and England, 1810 to 1814; created by Pope in 1814 Prince de + Canino and Duc de Musignano; married firstly, 1794, Christine Boyer, + who died 1800; married secondly, 1802 or 1803, a Madame Jonberthon. + Of his part in the 18th Brumaire Napoleon said to him in 1807, + "I well know that you were useful to me on the 18th Brumaire, but it + is not so clear to me that you saved me then" (Iung's Lucien, tome + iii. p.89).]— +</pre> + <p> + made fresh efforts to be heard, and wished to be allowed to address the + assembly as a member of the Council, and for that purpose resigned the + Presidentship to Chasal. He begged that the General might be introduced + again and heard with calmness. But this proposition was furiously opposed. + Exclamations of "Outlaw Bonaparte! outlaw him!" rang through the assembly, + and were the only reply given to the President. Lucien, who had reassumed + the President's chair, left it a second time, that he might not be + constrained to put the question of outlawry demanded against his brother. + Braving the displeasure of the assembly, he mounted the tribune, resigned + the Presidentship, renounced his seat as a deputy, and threw aside his + robes. + </p> + <p> + Just as Lucien left the Council I entered. Bonaparte, who was well + informed of all that was passing, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Lucien distinctly states that he himself, acting within his right + as President, had demanded an escort of the grenadiers of the + Councils as soon as he saw his withdrawal might be opposed. + Then the first entry of the soldiers with Napoleon would be illegal. + The second, to withdraw Lucien, was nominally legal (see Iung's + Lucien, tome i, pp, 318-322)]— +</pre> + <p> + had sent in soldiers to the assistance of his brother; they carried him + off from the midst of the Council, and Bonaparte thought it a matter of no + little importance to have with him the President of an assembly which he + treated as rebellious. Lucien was reinstalled in office; but he was now to + discharge his duties, not in the President's chair, but on horseback, and + at the head of a party of troops ready to undertake anything. Roused by + the danger to which both his brother and himself were exposed he delivered + on horseback the following words, which can never be too often remembered, + as showing what a man then dared to say, who never was anything except + from the reflection of his brother's glory:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZENS! SOLDIERS!—The President of the Council of the Five + Hundred declares to you that the majority of that Council is at this + moment held in terror by a few representatives of the people, who + are armed with stilettoes, and who surround the tribune, threatening + their colleagues with death, and maintaining most atrocious + discussions. + + I declare to you that these brigands, who are doubtless in the pay + of England, have risen in rebellion against the Council of the + Ancients, and have dared to talk of outlawing the General, who is + charged with the execution of its decree, as if the word "outlaw" + was still to be regarded as the death-warrant of persons most + beloved by their country. + + I declare to you that these madmen have outlawed themselves by their + attempts upon the liberty of the Council. In the name of that + people, which for so many years have been the sport of terrorism, + I consign to you the charge of rescuing the majority of their + representatives; so that, delivered from stilettoes by bayonets, + they may deliberate on the fate of the Republic. + + General, and you, soldiers, and you, citizens, you will not + acknowledge, as legislators of France, any but those who rally round + me. As for those who remain in the orangery, let force expel + them. They are not the representatives of the people, but the + representatives of the poniard. Let that be their title, and let it + follow them everywhere; and whenever they dare show themselves to + the people, let every finger point at them, and every tongue + designate them by the well-merited title of representatives of the + poniard! + + Vive la Republique! +</pre> + <p> + Notwithstanding the cries of "Vive Bonaparte!" which followed this + harangue, the troops still hesitated. It was evident that they were not + fully prepared to turn their swords against the national representatives. + Lucien then drew his sword, exclaiming, "I swear that I will stab my own + brother to the heart if he ever attempt anything against the liberty of + Frenchmen." This dramatic action was perfectly successful; hesitation + vanished; and at a signal given by Bonaparte, Murat, at the head of his + grenadiers, rushed into the hall, and drove out the representatives. + Everyone yielded to the reasoning of bayonets, and thus terminated the + employment of the armed force on that memorable day. + </p> + <p> + At ten o'clock at night the palace of St. Cloud, where so many tumultuous + scenes had occurred, was perfectly tranquil. All the deputies were still + there, pacing the hall, the corridors, and the courts. Most of them had an + air of consternation; others affected to have foreseen the event, and to + appear satisfied with it; but all wished to return to Paris, which they + could not do until a new order revoked the order for the removal of the + Councils to St. Cloud. + </p> + <p> + At eleven o'clock Bonaparte, who had eaten nothing all day, but who was + almost insensible to physical wants in moments of great agitation, said to + me, "We must go and write, Bourrienne; I intend this very night to address + a proclamation to the inhabitants of Paris. To-morrow morning I shall be + all the conversation of the capital." He then dictated to me the following + proclamation, which proves, no less than some of his reports from Egypt, + how much Bonaparte excelled in the art of twisting the truth to own + advantage: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + TO THE PEOPLE. + + 19th Brumaire, 11 o'clock, p.m. + + Frenchmen!—On my return to France I found division reigning amongst + all the authorities. They agreed only on this single point, that + the Constitution was half destroyed, and was unable to protect + liberty! + + Each party in turn came to me, confided to me their designs, + imparted their secrets, and requested my support. I refused to be + the man of a party. + + The Council of the Ancients appealed to me. I answered their + appeal. A plan of general restoration had been concerted by men + whom the nation has been accustomed to regard as the defenders of + liberty, equality, and property. This plan required calm and free + deliberation, exempt from all influence and all fear. The Ancients, + therefore, resolved upon the removal of the legislative bodies to + St. Cloud. They placed at my disposal the force necessary to secure + their independence. I was bound, in duty to my fellow-citizens, to + the soldiers perishing in our armies, and to the national glory, + acquired at the cost of so much blood, to accept the command. + + The Councils assembled at St. Cloud. Republican troops guaranteed + their safety from without, but assassins created terror within. + Many members of the Council of the Five Hundred, armed with + stilettoes and pistols, spread menaces of death around them. + + The plans which ought to have been developed were withheld. The + majority of the Council was rendered inefficient; the boldest + orators were disconcerted, and the inutility of submitting any + salutary proposition was quite evident. + + I proceeded, filled with indignation and grief, to the Council of + the Ancients. I besought them to carry their noble designs into + execution. I directed their attention to the evils of the nation, + which were their motives for conceiving those designs. They + concurred in giving me new proofs of their uniform goodwill, I + presented myself before the Council of the Five Hundred, alone, + unarmed, my head uncovered, just as the Ancients had received and + applauded me. My object was to restore to the majority the + expression of its will, and to secure to it its power. + + The stilettoes which had menaced the deputies were instantly raised + against their deliverer. Twenty assassins rushed upon me and aimed + at my breast. The grenadiers of the legislative body, whom I had + left at the door of the hall, ran forward, and placed themselves + between me and the assassins. One of these brave grenadiers (Thome) + had his clothes pierced by a stiletto. They bore me off. + + —[Thome merely had a small part of his coat torn by a deputy, + who took him by the collar. This constituted the whole of the + attempted assassinations of the 19th Brumaire.—Bourrienne]— + + At the same moment cries of "Outlaw him!" were raised against the + defender of the law. It was the horrid cry of assassins against the + power destined to repress them. + + They crowded round the President, uttering threats. With arms in + their hands they commanded him to declare "the outlawry." I was + informed of this. I ordered him to be rescued from their fury, and + six grenadiers of the legislative body brought him out. Immediately + afterwards some grenadiers of the legislative body charged into the + hall and cleared it. + + The factions, intimidated, dispersed and fled. The majority, freed + from their assaults, returned freely and peaceably into the hall; + listened to the propositions made for the public safety, + deliberated, and drew up the salutary resolution which will become + the new and provisional law of the Republic. + + Frenchmen, you doubtless recognise in this conduct the zeal of a + soldier of liberty, of a citizen devoted to the Republic. + Conservative, tutelary, and liberal ideas resumed their authority + upon the dispersion of the factions, who domineered in the Councils, + and who, in rendering themselves the most odious of men, did not + cease to be the most contemptible. + (Signed) BONAPARTE, General, etc. +</pre> + <p> + The day had been passed in destroying a Government; it was necessary to + devote the night to framing a new one. Talleyrand, Raederer, and Sieyès + were at St. Cloud. The Council of the Ancients assembled, and Lucien set + himself about finding some members of the Five Hundred on whom he could + reckon. He succeeded in getting together only thirty, who, with their + President, represented the numerous assembly of which they formed part. + This ghost of representation was essential, for Bonaparte, notwithstanding + his violation of all law on the preceding day, wished to make it appear + that he was acting legally. The Council of the Ancients had, however, + already decided that a provisional executive commission should be + appointed, composed of three members, and was about to name the members of + the commission—a measure which should have originated with the Five + Hundred—when Lucien came to acquaint Bonaparte that his chamber + 'introuvable' was assembled. + </p> + <p> + This chamber, which called itself the Council of the Five Hundred, though + that Council was now nothing but a Council of Thirty, hastily passed a + decree, the first article of which was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Directory exists no longer; and the individuals hereafter named + are no longer members of the national representation, on account of + the excesses and illegal acts which they have constantly committed, + and more particularly the greatest part of them, in the sitting of + this morning. +</pre> + <p> + Then follow the names of sixty-one members expelled. + </p> + <p> + By other articles of the same decree the Council instituted a provisional + commission, similar to that which the Ancients had proposed to appoint, + resolved that the said commission should consist of three members, who + should assume the title of Consuls; and nominated as Consuls Sieyès, Roger + Ducos, and Bonaparte. The other provisions of the nocturnal decree of St. + Cloud had for their object merely the carrying into effect those already + described. This nocturnal sitting was very calm, and indeed it would have + been strange had it been otherwise, for no opposition could be feared from + the members of the Five Hundred, who were prepared to concur with Lucien. + All knew beforehand what they would have to do. Everything was concluded + by three o'clock in the morning; and the palace of St. Cloud, which had + been so agitated since the previous evening, resumed in the morning its + wonted stillness, and presented the appearance of a vast solitude. + </p> + <p> + All the hurrying about, the brief notes which I had to write to many + friends, and the conversations in which I was compelled to take part, + prevented me from dining before one o'clock in the morning. It was not + till then that Bonaparte, having gone to take the oath as Consul before + the Five Hundred, afforded me an opportunity of taking some refreshment + with Admiral Bruix and some other officers. + </p> + <p> + At three o'clock in the morning I accompanied Bonaparte, in his carriage + to Paris. He was extremely fatigued after so many trials and fatigues. A + new future was opened before him. He was completely absorbed in thought, + and did not utter a single word during the journey. But when he arrived at + his house in the Rue de la Victoire, he had no sooner entered his chamber + and wished good morning to Josephine, who was in bed, and in a state of + the greatest anxiety on account of his absence, than he said before her, + "Bourrienne, I said many ridiculous things?"—"Not so very bad, + General"—"I like better to speak to soldiers than to lawyers. Those + fellows disconcerted me. I have not been used to public assemblies; but + that will come in time." + </p> + <p> + We then began, all three, to converse. Madame Bonaparte became calm, and + Bonaparte resumed his wonted confidence. The events of the day naturally + formed the subject of our conversation. Josephine, who was much attached + to the Gohier family, mentioned the name of that Director in a tone of + kindness. "What would you have, my dear?" said Bonaparte to her. "It is + not my fault. He is a respectable man, but a simpleton. He does not + understand me!—I ought, perhaps, to have him transported. He wrote + against me to the Council of the Ancients; but I have his letter, and they + know nothing about it. Poor man! he expected me to dinner yesterday. And + this man thinks himself a statesman!—Speak no more of him." + </p> + <p> + During our discourse the name of Bernadotte was also mentioned. "Have you + seen him, Bourrienne?" said Bonaparte to me.—"No, General"—"Neither + have I. I have not heard him spoken of. Would you imagine it? I had + intelligence to-day of many intrigues in which he is concerned. Would you + believe it? he wished nothing less than to be appointed my colleague in + authority. He talked of mounting his horse and marching with the troops + that might be placed under his command. He wished, he said, to maintain + the Constitution: nay, more; I am assured that he had the audacity to add + that, if it were necessary to outlaw me, the Government might come to him + and he would find soldiers capable of carrying the decree into execution."—"All + this, General, should give you an idea how inflexible his principles are."—"Yes, + I am well aware of it; there is something in that: he is honest. But for + his obstinacy, my brothers would have brought him over. They are related + to him. His wife, who is Joseph's sister-in-law, has ascendency over him. + As for me, have I not, I ask you, made sufficient advances to him? You + have witnessed them. Moreau, who has a higher military reputation than he, + came over to me at once. However, I repent of having cajoled Bernadotte. I + am thinking of separating him from all his coteries without any one being + able to find fault with the proceeding. I cannot revenge myself in any + other manner. Joseph likes him. I should have everybody against me. These + family considerations are follies! Goodnight, Bourrienne.—By the + way, we will sleep in the Luxembourg to-morrow." + </p> + <p> + I then left the General, whom, henceforth, I will call the First Consul, + after having remained with him constantly during nearly twenty-four hours, + with the exception of the time when he was at the Council of the Five + Hundred. I retired to my lodging, in the Rue Martel, at five o'clock in + the morning. + </p> + <p> + It is certain that if Gohier had come to breakfast on the morning of the + 18th Brumaire, according to Madame Bonaparte's invitation, he would have + been one of the members of the Government. But Gohier acted the part of + the stern republican. He placed himself, according to the common phrase of + the time, astride of the Constitution of the year III.; and as his steed + made a sad stumble, he fell with it. + </p> + <p> + It was a singular circumstance which prevented the two Directors Gohier + and Moulins from defending their beloved Constitution. It was from their + respect for the Constitution that they allowed it to perish, because they + would have been obliged to violate the article which did not allow less + than three Directors to deliberate together. Thus a king of Castile was + burned to death, because there did not happen to be in his apartment men + of such rank as etiquette would permit to touch the person of the monarch. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0026" id="link2HCH0026"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVI. + </h2> + + 1799. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + General approbation of the 18th Brumaire—Distress of the treasury— + M. Collot's generosity—Bonaparte's ingratitude—Gohier set at + Liberty—Constitution of the year VIII.—The Senate, Tribunate, and + Council of State—Notes required on the character of candidates— + Bonaparte's love of integrity and talent—Influence of habit over + him—His hatred of the Tribunate—Provisional concessions—The first + Consular Ministry—Mediocrity of La Place—Proscription lists— + Cambacérès report—M. Moreau de Worms—Character of Sieyès— + Bonaparte at the Luxembourg—Distribution of the day and visits— + Lebrun's opposition—Bonaparte's singing—His boyish tricks— + Assumption of the titles "Madame" and "Monseigneur"—The men of the + Revolution and the partisans of the Bourbons—Bonaparte's fears— + Confidential notes on candidates for office and the assemblies. +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be denied that France hailed, almost with unanimous voice, + Bonaparte's accession to the Consulship as a blessing of Providence. I do + not speak now of the ulterior consequences of that event; I speak only of + the fact itself, and its first results, such as the repeal of the law of + hostages, and the compulsory loan of a hundred millions. Doubtless the + legality of the acts of the 18th Brumaire may be disputed; but who will + venture to say that the immediate result of that day ought not to be + regarded as a great blessing to France? Whoever denies this can have no + idea of the wretched state of every branch of the administration at that + deplorable epoch. A few persons blamed the 18th Brumaire; but no one + regretted the Directory, with the exception, perhaps, of the five + Directors themselves. But we will say no more of the Directorial + Government. What an administration! In what a state were the finances of + France! Would it be believed? on the second day of the Consulate, when + Bonaparte wished to send a courier to General Championet, + commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, the treasury had not 1200 francs + disposable to give to the courier! + </p> + <p> + It may be supposed that in the first moments of a new Government money + would be wanted. M. Collot, who had served under Bonaparte in Italy, and + whose conduct and administration deserved nothing but praise, was one of + the first who came to the Consul's assistance. In this instance M. Collot + was as zealous as disinterested. He gave the Consul 500,000 francs in + gold, for which service he was badly rewarded. Bonaparte afterwards + behaved to M. Collot as though he was anxious to punish him for being + rich. This sum, which at the time made so fine an appearance in the + Consular treasury, was not repaid for a long time after, and then without + interest. This was not, indeed, the only instance in which M. Collot had + cause to complain of Bonaparte, who was never inclined to acknowledge his + important services, nor even to render justice to his conduct. + </p> + <p> + On the morning of the 20th Brumaire Bonaparte sent his brother Louis to + inform the Director Gohier that he was free. This haste in relieving + Gohier was not without a reason, for Bonaparte was anxious to install + himself in the Luxembourg, and we went there that same evening. + </p> + <p> + Everything was to be created. Bonaparte had with him almost the whole of + the army, and on the soldiers he could rely. But the military force was no + longer sufficient for him. Wishing to possess a great civil power + established by legal forms, he immediately set about the composition of a + Senate and Tribunate; a Council of State and a new legislative body, and, + finally, a new Constitution. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Constitution of the year VIII. was presented on the 18th of + December 1799 (22d Frimaire, year VIII.), and accepted by the people + on the 7th of February 1800 (18th Pluviôse, year VIII.). It + established a Consular Government, composed of Bonaparte, First + Consul, appointed for ten years; Cambacérès, Second Consul, also for + ten years; and Lebrun, Third Consul appointed for five years. It + established a conservative Senate, a legislative body of 800 + members, and a Tribunate composed of 100 members. The establishment + of the Council of State took place on the 29th of December 1799. + The installation of the new legislative body and the Tribunate was + fixed for the 1st of January 1800.—Bourrienne. Lanfrey (tome i. + p. 329) sees this Constitution foreshadowed in that proposed by + Napoleon in 1797 for the Cisalpine Republic.]— +</pre> + <p> + As Bonaparte had not time to make himself acquainted with the persons by + whom he was about to be surrounded, he requested from the most + distinguished men of the period, well acquainted with France and the + Revolution, notes respecting the individuals worthy and capable of + entering the Senate, the Tribunate, and the Council of State. From the + manner in which all these notes were drawn up it was evident that the + writers of them studied to make their recommendation correspond with what + they conceived to be Bonaparte's views, and that they imagined he + participated in the opinions which were at that time popular. Accordingly + they stated, as grounds for preferring particular candidates, their + patriotism, their republicanism, and their having had seats in preceding + assemblies. + </p> + <p> + Of all qualities, that which most influenced the choice of the First + Consul was inflexible integrity; and it is but just to say that in this + particular he was rarely deceived. He sought earnestly for talent; and + although he did not like the men of the Revolution, he was convinced that + he could not do without them. He had conceived an extreme aversion for + mediocrity, and generally rejected a man of that character when + recommended to him; but if he had known such a man long, he yielded to the + influence of habit, dreading nothing so much as change, or, as he was + accustomed to say himself, new faces. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon loved only men with strong passions and great weakness; + he judged the most opposite qualities in men by these defects + (Metternich, tome iii. p.589)]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte then proceeded to organise a complaisant Senate, a mute + legislative body, and a Tribunate which was to have the semblance of being + independent, by the aid of some fine speeches and high-sounding phrases. + He easily appointed the Senators, but it was different with the Tribunate. + He hesitated long before he fixed upon the candidates for that body, which + inspired him with an anticipatory fear. However, on arriving at power he + dared not oppose himself to the exigencies of the moment, and he consented + for a time to delude the ambitious dupes who kept up a buzz of fine + sentiments of liberty around him. He saw that circumstances were not yet + favourable for refusing a share in the Constitution to this third portion + of power, destined apparently to advocate the interests of the people + before the legislative body. But in yielding to necessity, the mere idea + of the Tribunate filled him with the utmost uneasiness; and, in a word, + Bonaparte could not endure the public discussions on his projects. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Tribunate under this Constitution of the year VIII. was the + only body allowed to debate in public on proposed laws, the + legislative body simply hearing in silence the orators sent by the + Council of State and by the Tribunals to state reasons for or + against propositions, and then voting in silence. Its orators were + constantly giving umbrage to Napoleon. It was at first purified, + early in 1802, by the Senate naming the members to go out in + rotation then reduced to from 100 to 50 members later in 1802, and + suppressed in 1807; its disappearance being regarded by Napoleon as + his last break with the Revolution.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte composed the first Consular Ministry as follows: Berthier was + Minister of War; Gaudin, formerly employed in the administration of the + Post Office, was appointed Minister of Finance; Cambacérès remained + Minister of Justice; Forfait was Minister of Marine; La Place of the + Interior; Fouché of Police; and Reinhard of Foreign Affairs. + </p> + <p> + Reinhard and La Place were soon replaced, the former by the able M. + Talleyrand, the latter by Lucien Bonaparte. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[When I quitted the service of the First Consul Talleyrand was + still at the head of the Foreign Department. I have frequently been + present at this great statesman's conferences with Napoleon, and I + can declare that I never saw him flatter his dreams of ambition; + but, on the contrary, he always endeavoured to make him sensible of + his true interests.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + It may be said that Lucien merely passed through the Ministry on his way + to a lucrative embassy in Spain. As to La Place, Bonaparte always + entertained a high opinion of his talents. His appointment to the Ministry + of the Interior was a compliment paid to science; but it was not long + before the First Consul repented of his choice. La Place, so happily + calculated for science, displayed the most inconceivable mediocrity in + administration. He was incompetent to the most trifling matters; as if his + mind, formed to embrace the system of the world, and to interpret the laws + of Newton and Kepler, could not descend to the level of subjects of + detail, or apply itself to the duties of the department with which he was + entrusted for a short, but yet, with regard to him, too long a time. + </p> + <p> + On the 26th Brumaire (17th November 1799) the Consuls issued a decree, in + which they stated that, conformably with Article III. of the law of the + 19th of the same month, which especially charged them with the + reestablishment of public tranquillity, they decreed that thirty-eight + individuals, who were named, should quit the continental territory of the + Republic, and for that purpose should proceed to Rochefort, to be + afterwards conducted to, and detained in, the department of French Guiana. + They likewise decreed that twenty-three other individuals, who were named, + should proceed to the commune of Rochelle, in the department of the lower + Charente, in order to be afterwards filed and detained in such part of + that department as should be pointed out by the Minister of General + Police. I was fortunate enough to keep my friend M. Moreau de Worms, + deputy from the Youne, out of the fiat of exiles. This produced a + mischievous effect. It bore a character of wanton severity quite + inconsistent with the assurances of mildness and moderation given at St. + Cloud on the 19th Brumaire. Cambacérès afterwards made a report, in which + he represented that it was unnecessary for the maintenance of tranquillity + to subject the proscribed to banishment, considering it sufficient to + place them under the supervision of the superior police. Upon receiving + the report the Consuls issued a decree, in which they directed all the + individuals included in the proscription to retire respectively into the + different communes which should be fixed upon by the Minister of Justice, + and to remain there until further orders. + </p> + <p> + At the period of the issuing of these decrees Sieyès was still one of the + Consuls, conjointly with Bonaparte and Roger Ducos; and although Bonaparte + had, from the first moment, possessed the whole power of the government, a + sort of apparent equality was, nevertheless, observed amongst them. It was + not until the 25th of December that Bonaparte assumed the title of First + Consul, Cambacérès and Lebrun being then joined in the office with him. He + had fixed his eyes on them previously to the 18th Brumaire, and he had no + cause to reproach them with giving him much embarrassment in his rapid + progress towards the imperial throne. + </p> + <p> + I have stated that I was so fortunate as to rescue M. Moreau de Worms from + the list of proscription. Some days after Sieyès entered Bonaparte's + cabinet and said to him, "Well, this M. Moreau de Worms, whom M. + Bourrienne induced you to save from banishment, is acting very finely! I + told you how it would be! I have received from Sens, his native place, a + letter which informs me that Moreau is in that town, where he has + assembled the people in the market-place, and indulged in the most violent + declamations against the 18th Brumaire,"—"Can you rely upon your + agent" asked Bonaparte.—"Perfectly. I can answer for the truth of + his communication." Bonaparte showed me the bulletin of Sieyès' agent, and + reproached me bitterly. "What would you say, General," I observed, "if I + should present this same M. Moreau de Worms, who is declaiming at Sens + against the 18th Brumaire, to you within an hour?"—"I defy you to do + it."—"I have made myself responsible for him, and I know what I am + about. He is violent in his politics; but he is a man of honour, incapable + of failing in his word."—"Well, we shall see. Go and find him." I + was very sure of doing what I had promised, for within an hour before I + had seen M. Moreau de Worms. He had been concealed since the 19th + Brumaire, and had not quitted Paris. Nothing was easier than to find him, + and in three-quarters of an hour he was at the Luxembourg. I presented him + to Bonaparte, who conversed with him a long time concerning the 18th + Brumaire. When M. Moreau departed Bonaparte said to me, "You are right. + That fool Sieyès is as inventive as a Cassandra. This proves that one + should not be too ready to believe the reports of the wretches whom we are + obliged to employ in the police." Afterwards he added, "Bourrienne, Moreau + is a nice fellow: I am satisfied with him; I will do something for him." + It was not long before M. Moreau experienced the effect of the Consul's + good opinion. Some days after, whilst framing the council of prizes, he, + at my mere suggestion, appointed M. Moreau one of the members, with a + salary of 10,000 francs. On what extraordinary circumstances the fortunes + of men frequently depend! As to Sieyès, in the intercourse, not very + frequent certainly, which I had with him, he appeared to be far beneath + the reputation which he then enjoyed.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[M. de Talleyrand, who is so capable of estimating men, and whose + admirable sayings well deserve to occupy a place in history, had + long entertained a similar opinion of Sieyès. One day, when he was + conversing with the Second Consul concerning Sieyès, Cambacérès said + to him. "Sieyès, however, is a very profound man."—"Profound?" + said Talleyrand. "Yes, he is, a cavity, a perfect cavity, as you + would say."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + He reposed a blind confidence in a multitude of agents, whom he sent into + all parts of France. When it happened, on other occasions, that I proved + to him, by evidence as sufficient as that in the case of M. Moreau, the + falseness of the reports he had received, he replied, with a confidence + truly ridiculous, "I can rely on my men." Sieyès had written in his + countenance, "Give me money!" I recollect that I one day alluded to this + expression in the anxious face of Sieyès to the First Consul. "You are + right," observed he to me, smiling; "when money is in question, Sieyès is + quite a matter-of-fact man. He sends his ideology to the right about and + thus becomes easily manageable. He readily abandons his constitutional + dreams for a good round sum, and that is very convenient." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Everybody knows, in fact, that Sieyès refused to resign his + consular dignities unless he received in exchange a beautiful farm + situated in the park of Versailles, and worth about 15,000 livres a + year. The good abbé consoled himself for no longer forming a third + of the republican sovereignty by making himself at home in the + ancient domain of the kings of France.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte occupied, at the Little Luxembourg, the apartments on the ground + floor which lie to the right on entering from the Rue de Vaugirard. His + cabinet was close to a private staircase, which conducted me to the first + floor, where Josephine dwelt. My apartment was above. + </p> + <p> + After breakfast, which was served at ten o'clock, Bonaparte would converse + for a few moments with his usual guests, that is to say, his 'aides de + camp', the persons he invited, and myself, who never left him. He was also + visited very often by Deferment, Regnault (of the town of St. Jean + d'Angély), Boulay (de la Meurthe), Monge, and Berber, who were, with his + brothers, Joseph and Lucien, those whom he most delighted to see; he + conversed familiarly with them. Cambacérès generally came at mid-day, and + stayed some time with him, often a whole hour. Lebrun visited but seldom. + Notwithstanding his elevation, his character remained unaltered; and + Bonaparte considered him too moderate, because he always opposed his + ambitious views and his plans to usurp power. When Bonaparte left the + breakfast-table it was seldom that he did not add, after bidding Josephine + and her daughter Hortense good-day, "Come, Bourrienne, come, let us to + work." + </p> + <p> + After the morning audiences I stayed with Bonaparte all the day, either + reading to him, or writing to his dictation. Three or four times in the + week he would go to the Council. On his way to the hall of deliberation he + was obliged to cross the courtyard of the Little Luxembourg and ascend the + grand staircase. This always vexed him, and the more so as the weather was + very bad at the time. This annoyance continued until the 25th of December, + and it was with much satisfaction that he saw himself quit of it. After + leaving the Council he used to enter his cabinet singing, and God knows + how wretchedly he sung! He examined whatever work he had ordered to be + done, signed documents, stretched himself in his arm-chair, and read the + letters of the preceding day and the publications of the morning. When + there was no Council he remained in his cabinet, conversed with me, always + sang, and cut, according to custom, the arm of his chair, giving himself + sometimes quite the air of a great boy. Then, all at once starting up, he + would describe a plan for the erection of a monument, or dictate some of + those extraordinary productions which astonished and dismayed the world. + He often became again the same man, who, under the walls of St. Jean + d'Acre, had dreamed of an empire worthy his ambition. + </p> + <p> + At five o'clock dinner was served up. When that was over the First Consul + went upstairs to Josephine's apartments, where he commonly received the + visits of the Ministers. He was always pleased to see among the number the + Minister of Foreign Affairs, especially since the portfolio of that + department had been entrusted to the hands of M. de Talleyrand. At + midnight, and often sooner, he gave the signal for retiring by saying in a + hasty manner, "Allons nous coucher." + </p> + <p> + It was at the Luxembourg, in the salons of which the adorable Josephine so + well performed the honours, that the word 'Madame' came again into use. + This first return towards the old French politeness was startling to some + susceptible Republicans; but things were soon carried farther at the + Tuileries by the introduction of 'Votre Altesse' on occasions of state + ceremony, and Monseigneur in the family circle. + </p> + <p> + If, on the one hand, Bonaparte did not like the men of the Revolution, on + the other he dreaded still more the partisans of the Bourbons. On the mere + mention of the name of those princes he experienced a kind of inward + alarm; and he often spoke of the necessity of raising a wall of brass + between France and them. To this feeling, no doubt, must be attributed + certain nominations, and the spirit of some recommendations contained in + the notes with which he was supplied on the characters of candidates, and + which for ready reference were arranged alphabetically. Some of the notes + just mentioned were in the handwriting of Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély, + and some in Lucien Bonaparte's. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Among them was the following, under the title of "General + Observations": "In choosing among the men who were members of the + Constituent Assembly it is necessary to be on guard against the + Orleans' party, which is not altogether a chimera, and may one day + or other prove dangerous. + + "There is no doubt that the partisans of that family are intriguing + secretly; and among many other proofs of this fact the following is + a striking one: the journal called the 'Aristargue', which + undisguisedly supports royalism, is conducted by a man of the name + of Voidel, one of the hottest patriots of the Revolution. He was + for several months president of the committee of inquiry which + caused the Marquis de Favras to be arrested and hanged, and gave so + much uneasiness to the Court. There was no one in the Constituent + Assembly more hateful to the Court than Voidel, so much on account + of his violence as for his connection with the Duke of Orleans, + whose advocate and counsel he was. When the Duke of Orleans was + arrested, Voidel, braving the fury of the revolutionary tribunals, + had the courage to defend him, and placarded all the walls of Paris + with an apology for the Duke and his two sons. This man, writing + now in favour of royalism, can have no other object than to advance + a member of the Orleans family to the throne."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + At the commencement of the First Consul's administration, though he always + consulted the notes he had collected, he yet received with attention the + recommendations of persons with whom he was well acquainted; but it was + not safe for them to recommend a rogue or a fool. The men whom he most + disliked were those whom he called babblers, who are continually prating + of everything and on everything. He often said,—"I want more head + and less tongue." What he thought of the regicides will be seen farther + on, but at first the more a man had given a gage to the Revolution, the + more he considered him as offering a guarantee against the return of the + former order of things. Besides, Bonaparte was not the man to attend to + any consideration when once his policy was concerned. + </p> + <p> + As I have said a few pages back, on taking the government into his own + hands Bonaparte knew so little of the Revolution and of the men engaged in + civil employments that it was indispensably necessary for him to collect + information from every quarter respecting men and things. But when the + conflicting passions of the moment became more calm and the spirit of + party more prudent, and when order had been, by his severe investigations, + introduced where hitherto unbridled confusion had reigned, he became + gradually more scrupulous in granting places, whether arising from + newly-created offices, or from those changes which the different + departments often experienced. He then said to me, "Bourrienne, I give up + your department to you. Name whom you please for the appointments; but + remember you must be responsible to me." + </p> + <p> + What a list would have been which should contain the names of all the + prefects, sub-prefects, receivers-general, and other civil officers to + whom I gave places! I have kept no memoranda of their names; and indeed, + what advantage would there have been in doing so? It was impossible for me + to have a personal knowledge of all the fortunate candidates; but I relied + on recommendations in which I had confidence. + </p> + <p> + I have little to complain of in those I obliged; though it is true that, + since my separation from Bonaparte, I have seen many of them take the + opposite side of the street in which I was walking, and by that delicate + attention save me the trouble of raising my hat. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0027" id="link2HCH0027"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVII. + </h2> + + 1799-1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Difficulties of a new Government—State of Europe—Bonaparte's wish + for peace—M. de Talleyrand Minister for Foreign Affairs— + Negotiations with England and Austria—Their failure—Bonaparte's + views on the East—His sacrifices to policy—General Bonaparte + denounced to the First Consul—Kléber's letter to the Directory— + Accounts of the Egyptian expedition published in the Moniteur— + Proclamation to the army of the East—Favour and disgrace of certain + individuals accounted for. +</pre> + <p> + When a new Government rises on the ruins of one that has been overthrown, + its best chance of conciliating the favour of the nation, if that nation + be at war, is to hold out the prospect of peace; for peace is always dear + to a people. Bonaparte was well aware of this; and if in his heart he + wished otherwise, he knew how important it was to seem to desire peace. + Accordingly, immediately after his installation at the Luxembourg he + notified to all the foreign powers his accession to the Consulate, and, + for the same purpose, addressed letters to all the diplomatic agents of + the French Government abroad. + </p> + <p> + The day after he got rid of his first two colleagues, Sieyès and Roger + Ducos, he prepared to open negotiations with the Cabinet of London. At + that time we were at war with almost the whole of Europe. We had also lost + Italy. The Emperor of Germany was ruled by his Ministers, who in their + turn were governed by England. It was no easy matter to manage equally the + organization of the Consular Government and the no less important affairs + abroad; and it was very important to the interests of the First Consul to + intimate to foreign powers, while at the same time he assured himself + against the return of the Bourbons, that the system which he proposed to + adopt was a system of order and regeneration, unlike either the demagogic + violence of the Convention or the imbecile artifice of the Directory. In + fulfilment of this object Bonaparte directed M. de Talleyrand, the new + Minister for Foreign Affairs, to make the first friendly overtures to the + English Cabinet: A correspondence ensued, which was published at the time, + and which showed at once the conciliatory policy of Bonaparte and the + arrogant policy of England. + </p> + <p> + The exchange of notes which took place was attended by no immediate + result. However, the First Consul had partly attained his object: if the + British Government would not enter into negotiations for peace, there was + at least reason to presume that subsequent overtures of the Consular + Government might be listened to. The correspondence had at all events + afforded Bonaparte the opportunity of declaring his principles, and above + all, it had enabled him to ascertain that the return of the Bourbons to + France (mentioned in the official reply of Lord Grenville) would not be a + sine qua non condition for the restoration of peace between the two + powers. + </p> + <p> + Since M. de Talleyrand had been Minister for Foreign Affairs the business + of that department had proceeded with great activity. It was an important + advantage to Bonaparte to find a nobleman of the old regime among the + republicans. The choice of M. de Talleyrand was in some sort an act of + courtesy to the foreign Courts. It was a delicate attention to the + diplomacy of Europe to introduce to its members, for the purpose of + treating with them, a man whose rank was at least equal to their own, and + who was universally distinguished for a polished elegance of manner + combined with solid good qualities and real talents. + </p> + <p> + It was not only with England that Bonaparte and his Minister endeavoured + to open negotiations; the Consular Cabinet also offered peace to the House + of Austria; but not at the same time. The object of this offer was to sow + discord between the two powers. Speaking to me one day of his earnest wish + to obtain peace Bonaparte said, "You see, Bourrienne, I have two great + enemies to cope with. I will conclude peace with the one I find most easy + to deal with. That will enable me immediately to assail the other. I + frankly confess that I should like best to be at peace with England. + Nothing would then be more easy than to crush Austria. She has no money + except what she gets through England." + </p> + <p> + For a long time all negotiations proved abortive. None of the European + powers would acknowledge the new Government, of which Bonaparte was the + head; and the battle of Marengo was required before the peace of Amiens + could be obtained. + </p> + <p> + Though the affairs of the new Government afforded abundant occupation to + Bonaparte, he yet found leisure to direct attention to the East—to + that land of despotism whence, judging from his subsequent conduct, it + might be presumed he derived his first principles of government. On + becoming the head of the State he wished to turn Egypt, which he had + conquered as a general, to the advantage of his policy as Consul. If + Bonaparte triumphed over a feeling of dislike in consigning the command of + the army to Kléber, it was because he knew Kléber to be more capable than + any other of executing the plans he had formed; and Bonaparte was not the + man to sacrifice the interests of policy to personal resentment. It is + certainly true that he then put into practice that charming phrase of + Molière's—"I pardon you, but you shall pay me for this!" + </p> + <p> + With respect to all whom he had left in Egypt Bonaparte stood in a very + singular situation. On becoming Chief of the Government he was not only + the depositary of all communications made to the Directory; but letters + sent to one address were delivered to another, and the First Consul + received the complaints made against the General who had so abruptly + quitted Egypt. In almost all the letters that were delivered to us he was + the object of serious accusation. According to some he had not avowed his + departure until the very day of his embarkation; and he had deceived + everybody by means of false and dissembling proclamations. Others + canvassed his conduct while in Egypt: the army which had triumphed under + his command he had abandoned when reduced to two-thirds of its original + force and a prey to all the horrors of sickness and want. It must be + confessed that these complaints and accusations were but too well founded, + and one can never cease wondering at the chain of fortunate circumstances + which so rapidly raised Bonaparte to the Consular seat. In the natural + order of things, and in fulfilment of the design which he himself had + formed, he should have disembarked at Toulon, where the quarantine laws + would no doubt have been observed; instead of which, the fear of the + English and the uncertainty of the pilots caused him to go to Fréjus, + where the quarantine laws were violated by the very persons most + interested in respecting them. Let us suppose that Bonaparte had been + forced to perform quarantine at Toulon. What would have ensued? The + charges against him would have fallen into the hands of the Directory, and + he would probably have been suspended, and put upon his trial. + </p> + <p> + Among the letters which fell into Bonaparte's hands, by reason of the + abrupt change of government, was an official despatch (of the 4th + Vendemiaire, year VIII.) from General Kléber at Cairo to the Executive + Directory, in which that general spoke in very stringent terms of the + sudden departure of Bonaparte and of the state in which the army in Egypt + had been left. General Kléber further accused him of having evaded, by his + flight, the difficulties which he thus transferred to his successor's + shoulders, and also of leaving the army "without a sou in the chest," with + pay in arrear, and very little supply of munitions or clothing. + </p> + <p> + The other letters from Egypt were not less accusatory than Kléber's; and + it cannot be doubted that charges of so precise a nature, brought by the + general who had now become commander-in-chief against his predecessor, + would have had great weight, especially backed as they were by similar + complaints from other quarters. A trial would have been inevitable; and + then, no 18th Brumaire, no Consulate, no Empire, no conquest of Europe—but + also, it may be added, no St. Helena. None of these events would have + ensued had not the English squadron, when it appeared off Corsica, obliged + the Muiron to scud about at hazard, and to touch at the first land she + could reach. + </p> + <p> + The Egyptian expedition filled too important a place in the life of + Bonaparte for him to neglect frequently reviving in the public mind the + recollection of his conquests in the East. It was not to be forgotten that + the head of the Republic was the first of her generals. While Moreau + received the command of the armies of the Rhine, while Massena, as a + reward for the victory of Zurich, was made Commander-in-Chief in Italy, + and while Brune was at the head of the army of Batavia, Bonaparte, whose + soul was in the camps, consoled himself for his temporary inactivity by a + retrospective glance on his past triumphs. He was unwilling that Fame + should for a moment cease to blazon his name. Accordingly, as soon as he + was established at the head of the Government, he caused accounts of his + Egyptian expedition to be from time to time published in the Moniteur. He + frequently expressed his satisfaction that the accusatory correspondence, + and, above all, Kléber's letter, had fallen into his own hands. Such was + Bonaparte's perfect self-command that immediately after perusing that + letter he dictated to me the following proclamation, addressed to the army + of the East: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SOLDIERS!—The Consuls of the French Republic frequently direct + their attention to the army of the East. + + France acknowledges all the influence of your conquests on the + restoration of her trade and the civilisation of the world. + + The eyes of all Europe are upon you, and in thought I am often with + you. + + In whatever situation the chances of war may place you, prove + yourselves still the soldiers of Rivoli and Aboukir—you will be + invincible. + + Place in Kléber the boundless confidence which you reposed in me. + He deserves it. + + Soldiers, think of the day when you will return victorious to the + sacred territory of France. That will be a glorious day for the + whole nation. +</pre> + <p> + Nothing can more forcibly show the character of Bonaparte than the above + allusion to Kléber, after he had seen the way in which Kléber spoke of him + to the Directory. Could it ever have been imagined that the correspondence + of the army, to whom he addressed this proclamation, teemed with + accusations against him? Though the majority of these accusations were + strictly just, yet it is but fair to state that the letters from Egypt + contained some calumnies. In answer to the well-founded portion of the + charges Bonaparte said little; but he seemed to feel deeply the falsehoods + that were stated against him, one of which was, that he had carried away + millions from Egypt. I cannot conceive what could have given rise to this + false and impudent assertion. So far from having touched the army chest, + Bonaparte had not even received all his own pay. Before he constituted + himself the Government the Government was his debtor. + </p> + <p> + Though he knew well all that was to be expected from the Egyptian + expedition, yet those who lauded that affair were regarded with a + favourable eye by Bonaparte. The correspondence which had fallen into his + hands was to him of the highest importance in enabling him to ascertain + the opinions which particular individuals entertained of him. + </p> + <p> + It was the source of favours and disgraces which those who were not in the + secret could not account for. It serves to explain why many men of + mediocrity were elevated to the highest dignities and honours, while other + men of real merit fell into disgrace or were utterly neglected. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0028" id="link2HCH0028"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVIII. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Great and common men—Portrait of Bonaparte—The varied expression + of his countenance—His convulsive shrug—Presentiment of his + corpulency—Partiality for bathing—His temperance—His alleged + capability of dispensing with sleep—Good and bad news—Shaving, and + reading the journals—Morning business—Breakfast—Coffee and snuff + —Bonaparte's idea of his own situation—His ill opinion of mankind + —His dislike of a 'tête-à-tête'—His hatred of the Revolutionists + —Ladies in white—Anecdotes—Bonaparte's tokens of kindness, and + his droll compliments—His fits of ill humour—Sound of bells— + Gardens of Malmaison—His opinion of medicine—His memory— + His poetic insensibility—His want of gallantry—Cards and + conversation—The dress-coat and black cravat—Bonaparte's payments + —His religious ideas—His obstinacy. +</pre> + <p> + In perusing the history of the distinguished characters of past ages, how + often do we regret that the historian should have portrayed the hero + rather than the man! We wish to know even the most trivial habits of those + whom great talents and vast reputation have elevated above their + fellow-creatures. Is this the effect of mere curiosity, or rather is it + not an involuntary feeling of vanity which prompts us to console ourselves + for the superiority of great men by reflecting on their faults, their + weaknesses, their absurdities; in short, all the points of resemblance + between them and common men? For the satisfaction of those who are curious + in details of this sort, I will here endeavour to paint Bonaparte, as I + saw him, in person and in mind, to describe what were his tastes and + habits, and even his whims and caprices. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was now in the prime of life, and about thirty. The person of + Bonaparte has served as a model for the most skilful painters and + sculptors; many able French artists have successfully delineated his + features, and yet it may be said that no perfectly faithful portrait of + him exists. His finely-shaped head, his superb forehead, his pale + countenance, and his usual meditative look, have been transferred to the + canvas; but the versatility of his expression was beyond the reach of + imitation. All the various workings of his mind were instantaneously + depicted in his countenance; and his glance changed from mild to severe, + and from angry to good-humoured, almost with the rapidity of lightning. It + may truly be said that he had a particular look for every thought that + arose in his mind. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had beautiful hands, and he was very proud of them; while + conversing he would often look at them with an air of self-complacency. He + also fancied he had fine teeth, but his pretension to that advantage was + not so well founded as his vanity on the score of his hands. + </p> + <p> + When walking, either alone or in company with any one, in his apartments + or in his gardens, he had the habit of stooping a little, and crossing his + hands behind his back. He frequently gave an involuntary shrug of his + right shoulder, which was accompanied by a movement of his mouth from left + to right. This habit was always most remarkable when his mind was absorbed + in the consideration of any profound subject. It was often while walking + that he dictated to me his most important notes. He could endure great + fatigue, not only on horseback but on foot; he would sometimes walk for + five or six hours in succession without being aware of it. + </p> + <p> + When walking with any person whom he treated with familiarity he would + link his arm into that of his companion, and lean on it. + </p> + <p> + He used often to say to me, "You see, Bourrienne, how temperate, and how + thin I am; but, in spite of that, I cannot help thinking that at forty I + shall become a great eater, and get very fat. I foresee that my + constitution will undergo a change. I take a great deal of exercise; but + yet I feel assured that my presentiment will be fulfilled." This idea gave + him great uneasiness, and as I observed nothing which seemed to warrant + his apprehensions, I omitted no opportunity of assuring him that they were + groundless. But he would not listen to me, and all the time I was about + him, he was haunted by this presentiment, which, in the end, was but too + well verified. + </p> + <p> + His partiality for the bath he mistook for a necessity. He would usually + remain in the bath two hours, during which time I used to read to him + extracts from the journals and pamphlets of the day, for he was anxious to + hear and know all that was going on. While in the bath he was continually + turning on the warm water to raise the temperature, so that I was + sometimes enveloped in such a dense vapour that I could not see to read, + and was obliged to open the door. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was exceedingly temperate, and averse to all excess. He knew the + absurd stories that were circulated about him, and he was sometimes vexed + at them. It has been repeated, over and over again, that he was subject to + attacks of epilepsy; but during the eleven years that I was almost + constantly with him I never observed any symptom which in the least degree + denoted that malady. His health was good and his constitution sound. If + his enemies, by way of reproach, have attributed to him a serious + periodical disease, his flatterers, probably under the idea that sleep is + incompatible with greatness, have evinced an equal disregard of truth in + speaking of his night-watching. Bonaparte made others watch, but he + himself slept, and slept well. His orders were that I should call him + every morning at seven. I was therefore the first to enter his chamber; + but very frequently when I awoke him he would turn himself, and say, "Ah, + Bourrienne! let me lie a little longer." When there was no very pressing + business I did not disturb him again till eight o'clock. He in general + slept seven hours out of the twenty-four, besides taking a short nap in + the afternoon. + </p> + <p> + Among the private instructions which Bonaparte gave me, one was very + curious. "During the night," said he, "enter my chamber as seldom as + possible. Do not awake me when you have any good news to communicate: with + that there is no hurry. But when you bring bad news, rouse me instantly; + for then there is not a moment to be lost." + </p> + <p> + This was a wise regulation, and Bonaparte found his advantage in it. + </p> + <p> + As soon as he rose his 'valet de chambre' shaved him and dressed his hair. + While he was being shaved I read to him the newspapers, beginning always + with the 'Moniteur.' He paid little attention to any but the German and + English papers. "Pass over all that," he would say, while I was perusing + the French papers; "I know it already. They say only what they think will + please me." I was often surprised that his valet did not cut him while I + was reading; for whenever he heard anything interesting he turned quickly + round towards me. + </p> + <p> + When Bonaparte had finished his toilet, which he did with great attention, + for he was scrupulously neat in his person, we went down to his cabinet. + There he signed the orders on important petitions which had been analysed + by me on the preceding evening. On reception and parade days he was + particularly exact in signing these orders, because I used to remind him + that he would be likely to see most of the petitioners, and that they + would ask him for answers. To spare him this annoyance I used often to + acquaint them beforehand of what had been granted or refused, and what had + been the decision of the First Consul. He next perused the letters which I + had opened and laid on his table, ranging them according to their + importance. He directed me to answer them in his name; he occasionally + wrote the answers himself, but not often. + </p> + <p> + At ten o'clock the 'maître d'hôtel' entered, and announced breakfast, + saying, "The General is served." We went to breakfast, and the repast was + exceedingly simple. He ate almost every morning some chicken, dressed with + oil and onions. This dish was then, I believe, called 'poulet à la + Provençale'; but our restaurateurs have since conferred upon it the more + ambitious name of 'poulet à la Marengo.' + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte drank little wine, always either claret or Burgundy, and the + latter by preference. After breakfast, as well as after dinner, he took a + cup of strong coffee. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[M. Brillat de Savarin, whose memory is dear to all gourmands, had + established, as a gastronomic principle, that "he who does not take + coffee after each meal is assuredly not a man of taste."— + Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + I never saw him take any between his meals, and I cannot imagine what + could have given rise to the assertion of his being particularly fond of + coffee. When he worked late at night he never ordered coffee, but + chocolate, of which he made me take a cup with him. But this only happened + when our business was prolonged till two or three in the morning. + </p> + <p> + All that has been said about Bonaparte's immoderate use of snuff has no + more foundation in truth than his pretended partiality for coffee. It is + true that at an early period of his life he began to take snuff, but it + was very sparingly, and always out of a box; and if he bore any + resemblance to Frederick the Great, it was not by filling his + waistcoat-pockets with snuff, for I must again observe he carried his + notions of personal neatness to a fastidious degree. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had two ruling passions, glory and war. He was never more gay + than in the camp, and never more morose than in the inactivity of peace. + Plans for the construction of public monuments also pleased his + imagination, and filled up the void caused by the want of active + occupation. He was aware that monuments form part of the history of + nations, of whose civilisation they bear evidence for ages after those who + created them have disappeared from the earth, and that they likewise often + bear false-witness to remote posterity of the reality of merely fabulous + conquests. Bonaparte was, however, mistaken as to the mode of + accomplishing the object he had in view. His ciphers, his trophies, and + subsequently his eagles, splendidly adorned the monuments of his reign. + But why did he wish to stamp false initials on things with which neither + he nor his reign had any connection; as, for example the old Louvre? Did + he imagine that the letter, "N" which everywhere obtruded itself on the + eye, had in it a charm to controvert the records of history, or alter the + course of time? + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[When Louis XVIII. returned to the Tuileries in 1814 he found that + Bonaparte had been an excellent tenant, and that he had left + everything in very good condition.]— +</pre> + <p> + Be this as it may, Bonaparte well knew that the fine arts entail lasting + glory on great actions, and consecrate the memory of princes who protect + and encourage them. He oftener than once said to me, "A great reputation + is a great noise; the more there is made, the farther off it is heard. + Laws, institutions, monuments, nations, all fall; but the noise continues + and resounds in after ages." This was one of his favourite ideas. "My + power," he would say at other times, "depends on my glory, and my glory on + my victories. My power would fall were I not to support it by new glory + and new victories. Conquest has made me what I am, and conquest alone can + maintain me." This was then, and probably always continued to be, his + predominant idea, and that which prompted him continually to scatter the + seeds of war through Europe. He thought that if he remained stationary he + would fall, and he was tormented with the desire of continually advancing. + Not to do something great and decided was, in his opinion, to do nothing. + "A newly-born Government," said he to me, "must dazzle and astonish. When + it ceases to do that it falls." It was vain to look for rest from a man + who was restlessness itself. + </p> + <p> + His sentiments towards France now differed widely from what I had known + them to be in his youth. He long indignantly cherished the recollection of + the conquest of Corsica, which he was once content to regard as his + country. But that recollection was effaced, and it might be said that he + now ardently loved France. His imagination was fired by the very thought + of seeing her great, happy, and powerful, and, as the first nation in the + world, dictating laws to the rest. He fancied his name inseparably + connected with France, and resounding in the ears of posterity. In all his + actions he lost sight of the present moment, and thought only of futurity; + so, in all places where he led the way to glory, the opinion of France was + ever present in his thoughts. As Alexander at Arbela pleased himself less + in having conquered Darius than in having gained the suffrage of the + Athenians, so Bonaparte at Marengo was haunted by the idea of what would + be said in France. Before he fought a battle Bonaparte thought little + about what he should do in case of success, but a great deal about what he + should do in case of a reverse of fortune. I mention this as a fact of + which I have often been a witness, and leave to his brothers in arms to + decide whether his calculations were always correct. He had it in his + power to do much, for he risked everything and spared nothing. His + inordinate ambition goaded him on to the attainment of power; and power + when possessed served only to augment his ambition. Bonaparte was + thoroughly convinced of the truth that trifles often decide the greatest + events; therefore he watched rather than provoked opportunity, and when + the right moment approached, he suddenly took advantage of it. It is + curious that, amidst all the anxieties of war and government, the fear of + the Bourbons incessantly pursued him, and the Faubourg St. Germain was to + him always a threatening phantom. + </p> + <p> + He did not esteem mankind, whom, indeed, he despised more and more in + proportion as he became acquainted with them. In him this unfavourable + opinion of human nature was justified by many glaring examples of + baseness, and he used frequently to repeat, "There are two levers for + moving men,—interest and fear." What respect, indeed, could + Bonaparte entertain for the applicants to the treasury of the opera? Into + this treasury the gaming-houses paid a considerable sum, part of which + went to cover the expenses of that magnificent theatre. The rest was + distributed in secret gratuities, which were paid on orders signed by + Duroc. Individuals of very different characters were often seen catching + the little door in the Rue Rameau. The lady who was for a while the + favourite of the General-in-Chief in Egypt, and whose husband was + maliciously sent back by the English, was a frequent visitor to the + treasury. On an occasion would be seen assembled there a distinguished + scholar and an actor, a celebrated orator and a musician; on another, the + treasurer would have payments to make to a priest, a courtesan, and a + cardinal. + </p> + <p> + One of Bonaparte's greatest misfortunes was, that he neither believed in + friendship not felt the necessity of loving. How often have I heard him + say, "Friendship is but a name; I love nobody. I do not even love my + brothers. Perhaps Joseph, a little, from habit and because he is my elder; + and Duroc, I love him too. But why? Because his character pleases me. He + is stern and resolute; and I really believe the fellow never shed a tear. + For my part, I know very well that I have no true friends. As long as I + continue what I am, I may have as many pretended friends as I please. + Leave sensibility to women; it is their business. But men should be firm + in heart and in purpose, or they should have nothing to do with war or + government." + </p> + <p> + In his social relations Bonaparte's temper was bad; but his fits of + ill-humour passed away like a cloud, and spent themselves in words. His + violent language and bitter imprecations were frequently premeditated. + When he was going to reprimand any one he liked to have a witness present. + He would then say the harshest things, and level blows against which few + could bear up. But he never gave way to those violent ebullitions of rage + until he acquired undoubted proofs of the misconduct of those against whom + they were directed. In scenes of this sort I have frequently observed that + the presence of a third person seemed to give him confidence. + Consequently, in a 'tête-à-tête' interview, any one who knew his + character, and who could maintain sufficient coolness and firmness, was + sure to get the better of him. He told his friends at St. Helena that he + admitted a third person on such occasions only that the blow might resound + the farther. That was not his real motive, or the better way would have + been to perform the scene in public. He had other reasons. I observed that + he did not like a 'tête-à-tête'; and when he expected any one, he would + say to me beforehand, "Bourrienne, you may remain;" and when any one was + announced whom he did not expect, as a minister or a general, if I rose to + retire he would say in a half-whisper, "Stay where you are." Certainly + this was not done with the design of getting what he said reported abroad; + for it belonged neither to my character nor my duty to gossip about what I + had heard. Besides, it may be presumed, that the few who were admitted as + witnesses to the conferences of Napoleon were aware of the consequences + attending indiscreet disclosures under a Government which was made + acquainted with all that was said and done. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte entertained a profound dislike of the sanguinary men of the + Revolution, and especially of the regicides. He felt, as a painful burden, + the obligation of dissembling towards them. He spoke to me in terms of + horror of those whole he called the assassins of Louis XVI, and he was + annoyed at the necessity of employing them and treating them with apparent + respect. How many times has he not said to Cambacérès, pinching him by the + ear, to soften, by that habitual familiarity, the bitterness of the + remark, "My dear fellow, your case is clear; if ever the Bourbons come + back you will be hanged!" A forced smile would then relax the livid + countenance of Cambacérès, and was usually the only reply of the Second + Consul, who, however, on one occasion said in my hearing, "Come, come, + have done with this joking." + </p> + <p> + One thing which gave Bonaparte great pleasure when in the country was to + see a tall, slender woman, dressed in white, walking beneath an alley of + shaded trees. He detested coloured dresses, and especially dark ones. To + fat women he had an invincible antipathy, and he could not endure the + sight of a pregnant woman; it therefore rarely happened that a female in + that situation was invited to his parties. He possessed every requisite + for being what is called in society an agreeable man, except the will to + be so. His manner was imposing rather than pleasing, and those who did not + know him well experienced in his presence an involuntary feeling of awe. + In the drawing-room, where Josephine did the honours with so much grace + and affability, all was gaiety and ease, and no one felt the presence of a + superior; but on Bonaparte's entrance all was changed, and every eye was + directed towards him, to read his humour in his countenance, whether he + intended to be silent or talkative, dull or cheerful. + </p> + <p> + He often talked a great deal, and sometimes a little too much; but no one + could tell a story in a more agreeable and interesting way. His + conversation rarely turned on gay or humorous subjects, and never on + trivial matters. He was so fond of argument that in the warmth of + discussion it was easy to draw from him secrets which he was most anxious + to conceal. Sometimes, in a small circle, he would amuse himself by + relating stories of presentiments and apparitions. For this he always + chose the twilight of evening, and he would prepare his hearers for what + was coming by some solemn remark. On one occasion of this kind he said, in + a very grave tone of voice, "When death strikes a person whom we love, and + who is distant from us, a foreboding almost always denotes the event, and + the dying person appears to us at the moment of his dissolution." He then + immediately related the following anecdote: "A gentleman of the Court of + Louis XIV. was in the gallery of Versailles at the time that the King was + reading to his courtiers the bulletin of the battle of Friedlingen gained + by Villars. Suddenly the gentleman saw, at the farther end of the gallery, + the ghost of his son, who served under Villars. He exclaimed, 'My son is + no more!' and next moment the King named him among the dead." + </p> + <p> + When travelling Bonaparte was particularly talkative. In the warmth of his + conversation, which was always characterised by original and interesting + ideas, he sometimes dropped hints of his future views, or, at least, he + said things which were calculated to disclose what he wished to conceal. I + took the liberty of mentioning to him this indiscretion, and far from + being offended, he acknowledged his mistake, adding that he was not aware + he had gone so far. He frankly avowed this want of caution when at St. + Helena. + </p> + <p> + When in good humour his usual tokens of kindness consisted in a little rap + on the head or a slight pinch of the ear. In his most friendly + conversations with those whom he admitted into his intimacy he would say, + "You are a fool"—"a simpleton"—"a ninny"—"a blockhead." + These, and a few other words of like import, enabled him to vary his + catalogue of compliments; but he never employed them angrily, and the tone + in which they were uttered sufficiently indicated that they were meant in + kindness. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had many singular habits and tastes. Whenever he experienced any + vexation, or when any unpleasant thought occupied his mind, he would hum + something which was far from resembling a tune, for his voice was very + unmusical. He would, at the same time, seat himself before the + writing-table, and swing back in his chair so far that I have often been + fearful of his falling. + </p> + <p> + He would then vent his ill-humour on the right arm of his chair, + mutilating it with his penknife, which he seemed to keep for no other + purpose. I always took care to keep good pens ready for him; for, as it + was my business to decipher his writing, I had a strong interest in doing + what I could to make it legible. + </p> + <p> + The sound of bells always produced in Bonaparte pleasurable sensations, + which I could never account for. When we were at Malmaison, and walking in + the alley leading to the plain of Ruel, how many times has the bell of the + village church interrupted our most serious conversations! + </p> + <p> + He would stop, lest the noise of our footsteps should drown any portion of + the delightful sound. He was almost angry with me because I did not + experience the impressions he did. So powerful was the effect produced + upon him by the sound of these bells that his voice would falter as he + said, "Ah! that reminds me of the first years I spent at Brienne! I was + then happy!" When the bells ceased he would resume the course of his + speculations, carry himself into futurity, place a crown on his head, and + dethrone kings. + </p> + <p> + Nowhere, except on the field of battle, did I ever see Bonaparte more + happy than in the gardens of Malmaison. At the commencement of the + Consulate we used to go there every Saturday evening, and stay the whole + of Sunday, and sometimes Monday. Bonaparte used to spend a considerable + part of his time in walking and superintending the improvements which he + had ordered. At first he used to make excursions about the neighbourhood, + but the reports of the police disturbed his natural confidence, and gave + him reason to fear the attempts of concealed royalist partisans. + </p> + <p> + During the first four or five days that Bonaparte spent at Malmaison he + amused himself after breakfast with calculating the revenue of that + domain. According to his estimates it amounted to 8000 francs. "That is + not bad!" said he; "but to live here would require an income of 30,000 + livres!" I could not help smiling to see him seriously engaged in such a + calculation. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had no faith in medicine. He spoke of it as an art entirely + conjectural, and his opinion on this subject was fired and + incontrovertible. His vigorous mind rejected all but demonstrative proofs. + </p> + <p> + He had little memory for proper names, words, or dates, but he had a + wonderful recollection of facts and places. I recollect that, on going + from Paris to Toulon, he pointed out to me ten places calculated for great + battles, and he never forgot them. They were memoranda of his first + youthful journeys. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was insensible to the charms of poetic harmony. He had not even + sufficient ear to feel the rhythm of poetry, and he never could recite a + verse without violating the metre; yet the grand ideas of poetry charmed + him. He absolutely worshipped Corneille; and, one day, after having + witnessed a performance of 'Cinna', he said to me, "If a man like + Corneille were living in my time I would make him my Prime Minister. It is + not his poetry that I most admire; it is his powerful understanding, his + vast knowledge of the human heart, and his profound policy!" At St. Helena + he said that he would have made Corneille a prince; but at the time he + spoke to me of Corneille he had no thought of making either princes or + kings. + </p> + <p> + Gallantry to women was by no means a trait in Bonaparte's character. He + seldom said anything agreeable to females, and he frequently addressed to + them the rudest and most extraordinary remarks. To one he would say, + "Heavens, how red your elbows are!" To another, "What an ugly headdress + you have got!" At another time he would say, "Your dress is none of the + cleanest..... Do you ever change your gown? I have seen you in that twenty + times!" He showed no mercy to any who displeased him on these points. He + often gave Josephine directions about her toilet, and the exquisite taste + for which she was distinguished might have helped to make him fastidious + about the costume of other ladies. At first he looked to elegance above + all things: at a later period he admired luxury and splendour, but he + always required modesty. He frequently expressed his disapproval of the + low-necked dresses which were so much in fashion at the beginning of the + Consulate. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte did not love cards, and this was very fortunate for those who + were invited to his parties; for when he was seated at a card-table, as he + sometimes thought himself obliged to be, nothing could exceed the dulness + of the drawing-room either at the Luxembourg or the Tuileries. When, on + the contrary, he walked about among the company, all were pleased, for he + usually spoke to everybody, though he preferred the conversation of men of + science, especially those who had been with him in in Egypt; as for + example, Monge and Berthollet. He also liked to talk with Chaptal and + Lacépède, and with Lemercier, the author of 'Agamemnon'. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was seen to less advantage in a drawing-room than at the head of + his troops. His military uniform became him much better than the + handsomest dress of any other kind. His first trials of dress-coats were + unfortunate. I have been informed that the first time he wore one he kept + on his black cravat. This incongruity was remarked to him, and he replied, + "So much the better; it leaves me something of a military air, and there + is no harm in that." For my own part, I neither saw the black cravat nor + heard this reply. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul paid his own private bills very punctually; but he was + always tardy in settling the accounts of the contractors who bargained + with Ministers for supplies for the public service. He put off these + payments by all sorts of excuses and shufflings. Hence arose immense + arrears in the expenditure, and the necessity of appointing a committee of + liquidation. In his opinion the terms contractor and rogue were + synonymous. All that he avoided paying them he regarded as a just + restitution to himself; and all the sums which were struck off from their + accounts he regarded as so much deducted from a theft. The less a Minister + paid out of his budget the more Bonaparte was pleased with him; and this + ruinous system of economy can alone explain the credit which Decrès so + long enjoyed at the expense of the French navy. + </p> + <p> + On the subject of religion Bonaparte's ideas were very vague. "My reason," + said he, "makes me incredulous respecting many things; but the impressions + of my childhood and early youth throw me into uncertainty." He was very + fond of talking of religion. In Italy, in Egypt, and on board the 'Orient' + and the 'Muiron', I have known him to take part in very animated + conversations on this subject. + </p> + <p> + He readily yielded up all that was proved against religion as the work of + men and time: but he would not hear of materialism. I recollect that one + fine night, when he was on deck with some persons who were arguing in + favour of materialism, Bonaparte raised his hand to heaven and, pointing + to the stars, said, "You may talk as long as you please, gentlemen, but + who made all that?" The perpetuity of a name in the memory of man was to + him the immortality of the soul. He was perfectly tolerant towards every + variety of religious faith. + </p> + <p> + Among Bonaparte's singular habits was that of seating himself on any table + which happened to be of a suitable height for him. He would often sit on + mine, resting his left arm on my right shoulder, and swinging his left + leg, which did not reach the ground; and while he dictated to me he would + jolt the table so that I could scarcely write. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had a great dislike to reconsider any decision, even when it was + acknowledged to be unjust. In little as well as in great things he evinced + his repugnance to retrograde. An instance of this occurred in the affair + of General Latour-Foissac. The First Consul felt how much he had wronged + that general; but he wished some time to elapse before he repaired his + error. His heart and his conduct were at variance; but his feelings were + overcome by what he conceived to be political necessity. Bonaparte was + never known to say, "I have done wrong:" his usual observation was, "I + begin to think there is something wrong." + </p> + <p> + In spite of this sort of feeling, which was more worthy of an ill-humoured + philosopher than the head of a government, Bonaparte was neither malignant + nor vindictive. I cannot certainly defend him against all the reproaches + which he incurred through the imperious law of war and cruel necessity; + but I may say that he has often been unjustly accused. None but those who + are blinded by fury will call him a Nero or a Caligula. I think I have + avowed his faults with sufficient candour to entitle me to credit when I + speak in his commendation; and I declare that, out of the field of battle, + Bonaparte had a kind and feeling heart. He was very fond of children, a + trait which seldom distinguishes a bad man. In the relations of private + life to call him amiable would not be using too strong a word, and he was + very indulgent to the weakness of human nature. The contrary opinion is + too firmly fixed in some minds for me to hope to root it out. I shall, I + fear, have contradictors, but I address myself to those who look for + truth. To judge impartially we must take into account the influence which + time and circumstances exercise on men; and distinguish between the + different characters of the Collegian, the General, the Consul, and the + Emperor. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0029" id="link2HCH0029"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIX. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's laws—Suppression of the festival of the 21st of + January—Officials visits—The Temple—Louis XVI. and Sir Sidney + Smith—Peculation during the Directory—Loan raised—Modest budget + —The Consul and the Member of the Institute—The figure of the + Republic—Duroc's missions—The King of Prussia—The Emperor + Alexander—General Latour-Foissac—Arbitrary decree—Company of + players for Egypt—Singular ideas respecting literary property— + The preparatory Consulate—The journals—Sabres and muskets of + honour—The First Consul and his Comrade—The bust of Brutus— + Statues in the gallery of the Tuileries—Sections of the Council + of State—Costumes of public functionaries—Masquerades—The + opera-balls—Recall of the exiles. +</pre> + <p> + It is not my purpose to say much about the laws, decrees, and + 'Senatus-Consultes', which the First Consul either passed, or caused to be + passed, after his accession to power, what were they all, with the + exception of the Civil Code? The legislative reveries of the different men + who have from time to time ruled France form an immense labyrinth, in + which chicanery bewilders reason and common sense; and they would long + since have been buried in oblivion had they not occasionally served to + authorise injustice. I cannot, however, pass over unnoticed the happy + effect produced in Paris, and throughout the whole of France, by some of + the first decisions of the Consuls. Perhaps none but those who witnessed + the state of society during the reign of Terror can fully appreciate the + satisfaction which the first steps towards the restoration of social order + produced in the breasts of all honest men. The Directory, more base and + not less perverse than the Convention, had retained the horrible 21st of + January among the festivals of the Republic. One of Bonaparte's first + ideas on attaining the possession of power was to abolish this; but such + was the ascendency of the abettors of the fearful event that he could not + venture on a straightforward course. He and his two colleagues, who were + Sieyès and Roger Ducos, signed, on the 5th Nivôse, a decree, setting forth + that in future the only festivals to be celebrated by the Republic were + the 1st Vendemiaire and the 14th of July, intending by this means to + consecrate provisionally the recollection of the foundation of the + Republic and of liberty. + </p> + <p> + All was calculation with Bonaparte. To produce effect was his highest + gratification. Thus he let slip no opportunity of saying or doing things + which were calculated to dazzle the multitude. While at the Luxembourg, he + went sometimes accompanied by his 'aides de camp' and sometimes by a + Minister, to pay certain official visits. I did not accompany him on these + occasions; but almost always either on his return, after dinner, or in the + evening, he related to me what he had done and said. He congratulated + himself on having paid a visit to Daubenton, at the Jardin des Plantes, + and talked with great self-complacency of the distinguished way in which + he had treated the contemporary of Buffon. + </p> + <p> + On the 24th Brumaire he visited the prisons. He liked to make these visits + unexpectedly, and to take the governors of the different public + establishments by surprise; so that, having no time to make their + preparations, he might see things as they really were. I was in his + cabinet when he returned, for I had a great deal of business to go through + in his absence. As he entered he exclaimed, "What brutes these Directors + are! To what a state they have brought our public establishments! But, + stay a little! I will put all in order. The prisons are in a shockingly + unwholesome state, and the prisoners miserably fed. I questioned them, and + I questioned the jailers, for nothing is to be learned from the superiors. + They, of course, always speak well of their own work! When I was in the + Temple I could not help thinking of the unfortunate Louis XVI. He was an + excellent man, but too amiable, too gentle for the times. He knew not how + to deal with mankind! And Sir Sidney Smith! I made them show me his + apartment. If the fools had not let him escape I should have taken St. + Jean d'Acre! There are too many painful recollections connected with that + prison! I will certainly have it pulled down some day or other! What do + you think I did at the Temple? I ordered the jailers' books to be brought + to me, and finding that some hostages were still in confinement I + liberated them. 'An unjust law,' said I, 'has deprived you of liberty; my + first duty is to restore it to you.' 'Was not this well done, Bourrienne?' + As I was, no less than Bonaparte himself, an enemy to the revolutionary + laws, I congratulated him sincerely; and he was very sensible to my + approbation, for I was not accustomed to greet him with 'Good; very good,' + on all occasions. It is true, knowing his character as I did, I avoided + saying anything that was calculated to offend him; but when I said + nothing, he knew very well how to construe my silence. Had I flattered him + I should have continued longer in favour." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte always spoke angrily of the Directors he had turned off. Their + incapacity disgusted and astonished him. "What simpletons! what a + government!" he would frequently exclaim when he looked into the measures + of the Directory. "Bourrienne," said he, "can you imagine anything more + pitiable than their system of finance? Can it for a moment be doubted that + the principal agents of authority daily committed the most fraudulent + peculations? What venality! what disorder! what wastefulness! everything + put up for sale: places, provisions, clothing, and military, all were + disposed of. Have they not actually consumed 75,000,000 in advance? And + then, think of all the scandalous fortunes accumulated, all the + malversations! But are there no means of making them refund? We shall + see." + </p> + <p> + In these first moments of poverty it was found necessary to raise a loan, + for the funds of M. Collot did not last long, and 12,000,000 were advanced + by the different bankers of Paris, who, I believe, were paid by bills of + the receivers-general, the discount of which then amounted to about 33 per + cent. The salaries of the first offices were not very considerable, and + did not amount to anything like the exorbitant stipends of the Empire. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's salary was fixed at 500,000 francs. What a contrast to the + 300,000,000 in gold which were reported to have been concealed in 1811 in + the cellars of the Tuileries! + </p> + <p> + In mentioning Bonaparte's nomination to the Institute, and his affectation + in putting at the head of his proclamation his title of member of that + learned body before that of General-in-Chief, I omitted to state what + value he really attached to that title. The truth is that, when young and + ambitious, he was pleased with the proffered title, which he thought would + raise him in public estimation. How often have we laughed together when he + weighed the value of his scientific titles! Bonaparte, to be sure, knew + something of mathematics, a good deal of history, and, I need not add, + possessed extraordinary military talent; but he was nevertheless a useless + member of the Institute. + </p> + <p> + On his return from Egypt he began to grow weary of a title which gave him + so many colleagues. "Do you not think," said he one day to me, "that there + is something mean and humiliating in the words, 'I have the honour to be, + my dear Colleague'! I am tired of it!" Generally speaking, all phrases + which indicated equality displeased him. It will be recollected how + gratified he was that I did not address him in the second person singular + on our meeting at Leoben, and also what befell M. de Cominges at Bâle + because he did not observe the same precaution. + </p> + <p> + The figure of the Republic seated and holding a spear in her hand, which + at the commencement of the Consulate was stamped on official letters, was + speedily abolished. Happy would it have been if Liberty herself had not + suffered the same treatment as her emblem! The title of First Consul made + him despise that of Member of the Institute. He no longer entertained the + least predilection for that learned body, and subsequently he regarded it + with much suspicion. It was a body, an authorised assembly; these were + reasons sufficient for him to take umbrage at it, and he never concealed + his dislike of all bodies possessing the privilege of meeting and + deliberating. + </p> + <p> + While we were at the Luxembourg Bonaparte despatched Duroc on a special + mission to the King of Prussia. This happened, I think, at the very + beginning of the year 1800. He selected Duroc because he was a man of good + education and agreeable manners, and one who could express himself with + elegance and reserve, qualities not often met with at that period. Duroc + had been with us in Italy, in Egypt, and on board the 'Muiron', and the + Consul easily guessed that the King of Prussia would be delighted to hear + from an eye-witness the events of Bonaparte's campaigns, especially the + siege of St. Jean d'Acre, and the scenes which took place during the + months of March and May at Jaffa. Besides, the First Consul considered it + indispensable that such circumstantial details should be given in a way to + leave no doubt of their correctness. His intentions were fully realised; + for Duroc told me, on his return, that nearly the whole of the + conversation he had with the King turned upon St. Jean d'Acre and Jaffa. + He stayed nearly two whole hours with his Majesty, who, the day after, + gave him an invitation to dinner. When this intelligence arrived at the + Luxembourg I could perceive that the Chief of the Republic was flattered + that one of his aides de camp should have sat at table with a King, who + some years after was doomed to wait for him in his antechamber at Tilsit. + </p> + <p> + Duroc never spoke on politics to the King of Prussia, which was very + fortunate, for, considering his age and the exclusively military life he + had led, he could scarcely have been expected to avoid blunders. Some time + later, after the death of Paul I., he was sent to congratulate Alexander + on his accession to the throne. Bonaparte's design in thus making choice + of Duroc was to introduce to the Courts of Europe, by confidential + missions, a young man to whom he was much attached, and also to bring him + forward in France. Duroc went on his third mission to Berlin after the war + broke out with Austria. He often wrote to me, and his letters convinced me + how much he had improved himself within a short time. + </p> + <p> + Another circumstance which happened at the commencement of the Consulate + affords an example of Bonaparte's inflexibility when he had once formed a + determination. In the spring of 1799, when we were in Egypt, the Directory + gave to General Latour-Foissac, a highly distinguished officer, the + command of Mantua, the taking of which had so powerfully contributed to + the glory of the conqueror of Italy. Shortly after Latour's appointment to + this important post the Austrians besieged Mantua. It was well known that + the garrison was supplied with provisions and ammunition for a long + resistance; yet, in the month of July it surrendered to the Austrians. The + act of capitulation contained a curious article, viz. "General + Latour-Foissac and his staff shall be conducted as prisoners to Austria; + the garrison shall be allowed to return to France." This distinction + between the general and the troops entrusted to his command, and at the + same time the prompt surrender of Mantua, were circumstances which, it + must be confessed, were calculated to excite suspicions of Latour-Foissac. + The consequence was, when Bernadotte was made War Minister he ordered an + inquiry into the general's conduct by a court-martial. Latour-Foissac had + no sooner returned to France than he published a justificatory memorial, + in which he showed the impossibility of his having made a longer defence + when he was in want of many objects of the first necessity. + </p> + <p> + Such was the state of the affair on Bonaparte's elevation to the Consular + power. The loss of Mantua, the possession of which had cost him so many + sacrifices, roused his indignation to so high a pitch that whenever the + subject was mentioned he could find no words to express his rage. He + stopped the investigation of the court-martial, and issued a violent + decree against Latour-Foissac even before his culpability had been proved. + This proceeding occasioned much discussion, and was very dissatisfactory + to many general officers, who, by this arbitrary decision, found + themselves in danger of forfeiting the privilege of being tried by their + natural judges whenever they happened to displease the First Consul. For + my own part, I must say that this decree against Latour-Foissac was one + which I saw issued with considerable regret. I was alarmed for the + consequences. After the lapse of a few days I ventured to point out to him + the undue severity of the step he had taken; I reminded him of all that + had been said in Latour-Foissac's favour, and tried to convince him how + much more just it would be to allow the trial to come to a conclusion. "In + a country," said I, "like France, where the point of honour stands above + every thing, it is impossible Foissac can escape condemnation if he be + culpable."—"Perhaps you are right, Bourrienne," rejoined he; "but + the blow is struck; the decree is issued. I have given the same + explanation to every one; but I cannot so suddenly retrace my steps. To + retro-grade is to be lost. I cannot acknowledge myself in the wrong. By + and by we shall see what can be done. Time will bring lenity and pardon. + At present it would be premature." Such, word for word, was Bonaparte's + reply. If with this be compared what he said on the subject at St. Helena + it will be found that his ideas continued nearly unchanged; the only + difference is that, instead of the impetuosity of 1800, he expressed + himself with the calmness which time and adversity naturally produce. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["It was," says the 'Memorial of St. Helena', "an illegal and + tyrannical act, but still it was a necessary evil. It was the fault + of the law. He was a hundred, nay, a thousand fold guilty, and yet + it was doubtful whether he would be condemned. We therefore + assailed him with the shafts of honour and public opinion. Yet I + repeat it was a tyrannical act, and one of those violent measures + which are at times necessary in great nations and in extraordinary + circumstances."]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte, as I have before observed, loved contrasts; and I remember at + the very time he was acting so violently against Latour-Foissac he + condescended to busy himself about a company of players which he wished to + send to Egypt, or rather that he pretended to wish to send there, because + the announcement of such a project conveyed an impression of the + prosperous condition of our Oriental colony. The Consuls gravely appointed + the Minister of the Interior to execute this business, and the Minister in + his turn delegated his powers to Florence, the actor. In their + instructions to the Minister the Consuls observed that it would be + advisable to include some female dancers in the company; a suggestion + which corresponds with Bonaparte's note, in which were specified all that + he considered necessary for the Egyptian expedition. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul entertained singular notions respecting literary + property. On his hearing that a piece, entitled 'Misanthropie et + Repentir', had been brought out at the Odeon, he said to me, "Bourrienne, + you have been robbed."—"I, General? how?"—"You have been + robbed, I tell you, and they are now acting your piece." I have already + mentioned that during my stay at Warsaw I amused myself with translating a + celebrated play of Kotzebue. While we were in Italy I lent Bonaparte my + translation to read, and he expressed himself much pleased with it. He + greatly admired the piece, and often went to see it acted at the Odeon. On + his return he invariably gave me fresh reasons for my claiming what he was + pleased to call my property. I represented to him that the translation of + a foreign work belonged to any one who chose to execute it. He would not, + however, give up his point, and I was obliged to assure him that my + occupations in his service left me no time to engage in a literary + lawsuit. He then exacted a promise from me to translate Goethe's + 'Werther'. I told him it was already done, though indifferently, and that + I could not possibly devote to the subject the time it merited. I read + over to him one of the letters I had translated into French, and which he + seemed to approve. + </p> + <p> + That interval of the Consular Government during which Bonaparte remained + at the Luxembourg may be called the preparatory Consulate. Then were sown + the seeds of the great events which he meditated, and of those + institutions with which he wished to mark his possession of power. He was + then, if I may use the expression, two individuals in one: the Republican + general, who was obliged to appear the advocate of liberty and the + principles of the Revolution; and the votary of ambition, secretly + plotting the downfall of that liberty and those principles. + </p> + <p> + I often wondered at the consummate address with which he contrived to + deceive those who were likely to see through his designs. This hypocrisy, + which some, perhaps, may call profound policy, was indispensable to the + accomplishment of his projects; and sometimes, as if to keep himself in + practice, he would do it in matters of secondary importance. For example, + his opinion of the insatiable avarice of Sieyès is well known; yet when he + proposed, in his message to the Council of Ancients, to give his + colleague, under the title of national recompense, the price of his + obedient secession, it was, in the words of the message, a recompense + worthily bestowed on his disinterested virtues. + </p> + <p> + While at the Luxembourg Bonaparte showed, by a Consular act, his hatred of + the liberty of the press above all liberties, for he loved none. On the + 27th Nivôse the Consuls, or rather the First Consul, published a decree, + the real object of which was evidently contrary to its implied object. + </p> + <p> + This decree stated that: + </p> + <p> + The Consuls of the Republic, considering that some of the journals printed + at Paris are instruments in the hands of the enemies of the Republic, over + the safety of which the Government is specially entrusted by the people of + France to watch, decree— + </p> + <p> + That the Minister of Police shall, during the continuation of the war, + allow only the following journals to be printed and published, viz. (list + of 20 publications) + </p> + <p> + .....and those papers which are exclusively devoted to science, art, + literature, commerce, and advertisements. + </p> + <p> + Surely this decree may well be considered as preparatory; and the fragment + I have quoted may serve as a standard for measuring the greater part of + those acts by which Bonaparte sought to gain, for the consolidation of his + power, what he seemed to be seeking solely for the interest of the friends + of the Republic. The limitation to the period of the continuance of the + war had also a certain provisional air which afforded hope for the future. + But everything provisional is, in its nature, very elastic; and Bonaparte + knew how to draw it out ad infinitum. The decree, moreover, enacted that + if any of the uncondemned journals should insert articles against the + sovereignty of the people they would be immediately suppressed. In truth, + great indulgence was shown on this point, even after the Emperor's + coronation. + </p> + <p> + The presentation of swords and muskets of honour also originated at the + Luxembourg; and this practice was, without doubt, a preparatory step to + the foundation of the Legion of Honour. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["Armes d'honneur," decreed 25th December 1799. Muskets for + infantry, carbines for cavalry, grenades for artillery, swords for + the officers. Gouvion St. Cyr received the first sword (Thiers, + tome i. p. 126).]— +</pre> + <p> + A grenadier sergeant, named Léon Aune, who had been included in the first + distribution, easily obtained permission to write to the First Consul to + thank him. Bonaparte, wishing to answer him in his own name, dictated to + me the following letter for Aune:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have received your letter, my brave comrade. You needed not to + have told me of your exploits, for you are the bravest grenadier in + the whole army since the death of Benezete. You received one of the + hundred sabres I distributed to the army, and all agreed you most + deserved it. + + I wish very much again to see you. The War Minister sends you an + order to come to Paris. +</pre> + <p> + This wheedling wonderfully favoured Bonaparte's designs. His letter to + Aune could not fail to be circulated through the army. A sergeant called + my brave comrade by the First Consul—the First General of France! + Who but a thorough Republican, the stanch friend of equality, would have + done this? This was enough to wind up the enthusiasm of the army. At the + same time it must be confessed that Bonaparte began to find the Luxembourg + too little for him, and preparations were set on foot at the Tuileries. + </p> + <p> + Still this great step towards the re-establishment of the monarchy was to + be cautiously prepared. It was important to do away with the idea that + none but a king could occupy the palace of our ancient kings. What was to + be done? A very fine bust of Brutus had been brought from Italy. Brutus + was the destroyer of tyrants! This was the very thing; and David was + commissioned to place it in a gallery of the Tuileries. Could there be a + greater proof of the Consul's horror of tyranny? + </p> + <p> + To sleep at the Tuileries, in the bedchamber of the kings of France, was + all that Bonaparte wanted; the rest would follow in due course. He was + willing to be satisfied with establishing a principle the consequences of + which were to be afterwards deduced. Hence the affectation of never + inserting in official acts the name of the Tuileries, but designating that + place as the Palace of the Government. The first preparations were modest, + for it did not become a good Republican to be fond of pomp. Accordingly + Lecomte, who was at that time architect of the Tuileries, merely received + orders to clean the Palace, an expression which might bear more than one + meaning, after the meetings which had been there. For this purpose the sum + of 500,000 francs was sufficient. Bonaparte's drift was to conceal, as far + as possible, the importance he attached to the change of his Consular + domicile. But little expense was requisite for fitting up apartments for + the First Consul. Simple ornaments, such as marbles and statues, were to + decorate the Palace of the Government. + </p> + <p> + Nothing escaped Bonaparte's consideration. Thus it was not merely at + hazard that he selected the statues of great men to adorn the gallery of + the Tuileries. Among the Greeks he made choice of Demosthenes and + Alexander, thus rendering homage at once to the genius of eloquence and + the genius of victory. The statue of Hannibal was intended to recall the + memory of Rome's most formidable enemy; and Rome herself was represented + in the Consular Palace by the statues of Scipio, Cicero, Cato, Brutus and + Caesar—the victor and the immolator being placed side by side. Among + the great men of modern times he gave the first place to Gustavus + Adolphus, and the next to Turenne and the great Condé, to Turenne in + honour of his military talent, and to Condé to prove that there was + nothing fearful in the recollection of a Bourbon. The remembrance of the + glorious days of the French navy was revived by the statue of Duguai + Trouin. Marlborough and Prince Eugène had also their places in the + gallery, as if to attest the disasters which marked the close of the great + reign; and Marshal Sage, to show that Louis XV.'s reign was not without + its glory. The statues of Frederick and Washington were emblematic of + false philosophy on a throne and true wisdom founding a free state. + Finally, the names of Dugommier, Dampierre, and Joubert were intended to + bear evidence of the high esteem which Bonaparte cherished for his old + comrades,—those illustrious victims to a cause which had now ceased + to be his. + </p> + <p> + The reader has already been informed of the attempts made by Bonaparte to + induce England and Austria to negotiate with the Consular Government, + which the King of Prussia was the first of the sovereigns of Europe to + recognise. These attempts having proved unavailing, it became necessary to + carry on the war with renewed vigour, and also to explain why the peace, + which had been promised at the beginning of the Consulate, was still + nothing but a promise. In fulfilment of these two objects Bonaparte + addressed an energetic proclamation to the armies, which was remarkable + for not being followed by the usual sacred words, "Vive la République!" + </p> + <p> + At the same time Bonaparte completed the formation of the Council of + State, and divided it into five sections:—(1) The Interior; (2) + Finance; (3) Marine; (4) The War Department; (5) Legislation. He fixed the + salaries of the Councillors of the State at 25,000 francs, and that of the + Precedents of Sections at 30,000. He settled the costume of the Consuls, + the Ministers, and the different bodies of the State. This led to the + re-introduction of velvet, which had been banished with the old regime, + and the encouragement of the manufactures of Lyons was the reason alleged + for employing this un-republican article in the different dresses, such as + those of the Consuls and Ministers. It was Bonaparte's constant aim to + efface the Republic, even in the utmost trifles, and to prepare matters so + well that the customs and habits of monarchy being restored, there should + only then remain a word to be changed. + </p> + <p> + I never remember to have seen Bonaparte in the Consular dress, which he + detested, and which he wore only because duty required him to do so at + public ceremonies. The only dress he was fond of, and in which he felt at + ease, was that in which he subjugated the ancient Eridanus and the Nile, + namely, the uniform of the Guides, to which corps Bonaparte was always + sincerely attached. + </p> + <p> + The masquerade of official dresses was not the only one which Bonaparte + summoned to the aid of his policy. At that period of the year VIII. which + corresponded with the carnival of 1800, masques began to be resumed at + Paris. Disguises were all the fashion, and Bonaparte favoured the revival + of old amusements; first, because they were old, and next, because they + were the means of diverting the attention of the people: for, as he had + established the principle that on the field of battle it is necessary to + divide the enemy in order to beat him, he conceived it no less advisable + to divert the people in order to enslave them. Bonaparte did not say + 'panem et circenses', for I believe his knowledge of Latin did not extend + even to that well-known phrase of Juvenal, but he put the maxim in + practice. He accordingly authorised the revival of balls at the opera, + which they who lived during that period of the Consulate know was an + important event in Paris. Some gladly viewed it as a little conquest in + favour of the old regime; and others, who for that very reason disapproved + it, were too shallow to understand the influence of little over great + things. The women and the young men did not bestow a thought on the + subject, but yielded willingly to the attractions of pleasure. Bonaparte, + who was delighted at having provided a diversion for the gossiping of the + Parisian salons, said to me one day, "While they are chatting about all + this, they do not babble upon politics, and that is what I want. Let them + dance and amuse themselves as long as they do not thrust their noses into + the Councils of the Government; besides, Bourrienne," added he, "I have + other reasons for encouraging this, I see other advantages in it. Trade is + languishing; Fouché tells me that there are great complaints. This will + set a little money in circulation; besides, I am on my guard about the + Jacobins. Everything is not bad, because it is not new. I prefer the + opera-balls to the saturnalia of the Goddess of Reason. I was never so + enthusiastically applauded as at the last parade." + </p> + <p> + A Consular decision of a different and more important nature had, shortly + before, namely, at the commencement of Nivôse, brought happiness to many + families. Bonaparte, as every one knows, had prepared the events of the + 18th Fructidor that he might have some plausible reasons for overthrowing + the Directors. The Directory being overthrown, he was now anxious, at + least in part, to undo what he had done on the 18th Fructidor. He + therefore ordered a report on the persons exiled to be presented to him by + the Minister of Police. In consequence of this report he authorised forty + of them to return to France, placing them under the observation of the + Police Minister, and assigning them their place of residence. However, + they did not long remain under these restrictions, and many of them were + soon called to fill high places in the Government. It was indeed natural + that Bonaparte, still wishing, at least in appearance, to found his + government on those principles of moderate republicanism which had caused + their exile, should invite them to second his views. + </p> + <p> + Barrère wrote a justificatory letter to the First Consul, who, however, + took no notice of it, for he could not get so far as to favour Barrère. + Thus did Bonaparte receive into the Councils of the Consulate the men who + had been exiled by the Directory, just as he afterwards appointed the + emigrants and those exiles of the Revolution to high offices under the + Empire. The time and the men alone differed; the intention in both cases + was the same. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0030" id="link2HCH0030"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXX + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte and Paul I.—Lord Whitworth—Baron Sprengporten's arrival + at Paris—Paul's admiration of Bonaparte—Their close connection and + correspondence—The royal challenge—General Mack—The road to + Malmaison—Attempts at assassination—Death of Washington—National + mourning—Ambitious calculation—M. de Fontanel, the skilful orator + —Fete at the Temple of Mars—Murat's marriage with Caroline + Bonaparte—Madame Bonaparte's pearls. +</pre> + <p> + The first communications between Bonaparte and Paul I. commenced a short + time after his accession to the Consulate. Affairs then began to look a + little less unfavourable for France; already vague reports from + Switzerland and the banks of the Rhine indicated a coldness existing + between the Russians and the Austrians; and at the same time, symptoms of + a misunderstanding between the Courts of London and St. Petersburg began + to be perceptible. The First Consul, having in the meantime discovered the + chivalrous and somewhat eccentric character of Paul I., thought the moment + a propitious one to attempt breaking the bonds which united Russia and + England. He was not the man to allow so fine an opportunity to pass, and + he took advantage of it with his usual sagacity. The English had some time + before refused to include in a cartel for the exchange of prisoners 7000 + Russians taken in Holland. Bonaparte ordered them all to be armed, and + clothed in new uniforms appropriate to the corps to which they had + belonged, and sent them back to Russia, without ransom, without exchange, + or any condition whatever. This judicious munificence was not thrown away. + Paul I. showed himself deeply sensible of it, and closely allied as he had + lately been with England, he now, all at once, declared himself her enemy. + This triumph of policy delighted the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + Thenceforth the Consul and the Czar became the best friends possible. They + strove to outdo each other in professions of friendship; and it may be + believed that Bonaparte did not fail to turn this contest of politeness to + his own advantage. He so well worked upon the mind of Paul that he + succeeded in obtaining a direct influence over the Cabinet of St. + Petersburg. + </p> + <p> + Lord Whitworth, at that time the English ambassador in Russia, was ordered + to quit the capital without delay, and to retire to Riga, which then + became the focus of the intrigues of the north which ended in the death of + Paul. The English ships were seized in all the ports, and, at the pressing + instance of the Czar, a Prussian army menaced Hanover. Bonaparte lost no + time, and, profiting by the friendship manifested towards him by the + inheritor of Catherine's power, determined to make that friendship + subservient to the execution of the vast plan which he had long conceived: + he meant to undertake an expedition by land against the English colonies + in the East Indies. + </p> + <p> + The arrival of Baron Sprengporten at Paris caused great satisfaction among + the partisans of the Consular Government, that is to say, almost every one + in Paris. M. Sprengporten was a native of Swedish Finland. He had been + appointed by Catherine chamberlain and lieutenant-general of her forces, + and he was not less in favour with Paul, who treated him in the most + distinguished manner. He came on an extraordinary mission, being + ostensibly clothed with the title of plenipotentiary, and at the same time + appointed confidential Minister to the Consul. Bonaparte was extremely + satisfied with the ambassador whom Paul had selected, and with the manner + in which he described the Emperor's gratitude for the generous conduct of + the First Consul. M. Sprengporten did not conceal the extent of Paul's + dissatisfaction with his allies. The bad issue, he said, of the war with + France had already disposed the Czar to connect himself with that power, + when the return of his troops at once determined him. + </p> + <p> + We could easily perceive that Paul placed great confidence in M. + Sprengporten. As he had satisfactorily discharged the mission with which + he had been entrusted, Paul expressed pleasure at his conduct in several + friendly and flattering letters, which Sprengporten always allowed us to + read. No one could be fonder of France than he was, and he ardently + desired that his first negotiations might lead to a long alliance between + the Russian and French Governments. The autograph and very frequent + correspondence between Bonaparte and Paul passed through his hands. I read + all Paul's letters, which were remarkable for the frankness with which his + affection for Bonaparte was expressed. His admiration of the First Consul + was so great that no courtier could have written in a more flattering + manner. + </p> + <p> + This admiration was not feigned on the part of the Emperor of Russia: it + was no less sincere than ardent, and of this he soon gave proofs. The + violent hatred he had conceived towards the English Government induced him + to defy to single combat every monarch who would not declare war against + England and shut his ports against English ships. He inserted a challenge + to the King of Denmark in the St. Petersburg Court Gazette; but not + choosing to apply officially to the Senate of Hamburg to order its + insertion in the 'Correspondant', conducted by M. Stoves, he sent the + article, through Count Pahlen, to M. Schramm, a Hamburg merchant. The + Count told M. Schramm that the Emperor would be much pleased to see the + article of the St. Petersburg Court Gazette copied into the Correspondant; + and that if it should be inserted, he wished to have a dozen copies of the + paper printed on vellum, and sent to him by an extraordinary courier. It + was Paul's intention to send a copy to every sovereign in Europe; but this + piece of folly, after the manner of Charles XII., led to no further + results. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte never felt greater satisfaction in the whole course of his life + than he experienced from Paul's enthusiasm for him. The friendship of a + sovereign seemed to him a step by which he was to become a sovereign + himself. At the same time the affairs of La Vendée began to assume a + better aspect, and he hoped soon to effect that pacification in the + interior which he so ardently desired. + </p> + <p> + It was during the First Consul's residence at the Luxembourg that the + first report on the civil code was made to the legislative body. It was + then, also, that the regulations for the management of the Bank of France + were adopted, and that establishment so necessary to France was founded. + </p> + <p> + There was at this time in Paris a man who has acquired an unfortunate + celebrity, the most unlucky of modern generals—in a word, General + Mack. I should not notice that person here were it not for the prophetic + judgment which Bonaparte then pronounced on him. Mack had been obliged to + surrender himself at Championnet some time before our landing at Fréjus. + He was received as a prisoner of war, and the town of Dijon had been + appointed his place of residence, and there he remained until after the + 18th Brumaire. Bonaparte, now Consul, permitted him to come to Paris, and + to reside there on his parole. He applied for leave to go to Vienna, + pledging himself to return again a prisoner to France if the Emperor + Francis would not consent to exchange him for Generals Pérignon and + Grouchy, then prisoners in Austria. His request was not granted, but his + proposition was forwarded to Vienna. The Court of Vienna refused to accede + to it, not placing perhaps so much importance on the deliverance of Mack + as he had flattered himself it would. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte speaking to me of him one day said, "Mack is a man of the lowest + mediocrity I ever saw in my life; he is full of self-sufficiency and + conceit, and believes himself equal to anything. He has no talent. I + should like to see him opposed some day to one of our good generals; we + should then see fine work. He is a boaster, and that is all. He is really + one of the most silly men existing; and, besides all that, he is unlucky." + Was not this opinion of Bonaparte, formed on the past, fully verified by + the future? + </p> + <p> + It was at Malmaison that Bonaparte thus spoke of General Mack. That place + was then far from resembling what it afterwards became, and the road to it + was neither pleasant nor sure. There was not a house on the road; and in + the evening, during the season when we were there, it was not frequented + all the way from St. Germain. Those numerous vehicles, which the demands + of luxury and an increasing population have created, did not then, as now, + pass along the roads in the environs of Paris. Everywhere the road was + solitary and dangerous; and I learned with certainty that many schemes + were laid for carrying off the First Consul during one of his evening + journeys. They were unsuccessful, and orders were given to enclose the + quarries, which were too near to the road. On Saturday evening Bonaparte + left the Luxembourg, and afterwards the Tuileries, to go to Malmaison, and + I cannot better express the joy he then appeared to experience than by + comparing it to the delight of a school-boy on getting a holiday. + </p> + <p> + Before removing from the Luxembourg to the Tuileries Bonaparte determined + to dazzle the eyes of the Parisians by a splendid ceremony. He had + appointed it to take place on the 'decadi', Pluviôse 20 (9th February + 1800), that is to say, ten days before his final departure from the old + Directorial palace. These kinds of fetes did not resemble what they + afterwards became; their attraction consisted in the splendour of military + dress: and Bonaparte was always sure that whenever he mounted his horse, + surrounded by a brilliant staff from which he was to be distinguished by + the simplicity of his costume, his path would be crowded and himself + greeted with acclamations by the people of Paris. The object of this fete + was at first only to present to the 'Hôtel des Invalides', then called the + Temple of Mars, seventy-two flags taken from the Turks in the battle of + Aboukir and brought from Egypt to Paris; but intelligence of Washington's + death, who expired on the 14th of December 1799, having reached Bonaparte, + he eagerly took advantage of that event to produce more effect, and mixed + the mourning cypress with the laurels he had collected in Egypt. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte did not feel much concerned at the death of Washington, that + noble founder of rational freedom in the new world; but it afforded him an + opportunity to mask his ambitious projects under the appearance of a love + of liberty. In thus rendering honour to the memory of Washington everybody + would suppose that Bonaparte intended to imitate his example, and that + their two names would pass in conjunction from mouth to mouth. A clever + orator might be employed, who, while pronouncing a eulogium on the dead, + would contrive to bestow some praise on the living; and when the people + were applauding his love of liberty he would find himself one step nearer + the throne, on which his eyes were constantly fixed. When the proper time + arrived, he would not fail to seize the crown; and would still cry, if + necessary, "Vive la Liberté!" while placing it on his imperial head. + </p> + <p> + The skilful orator was found. M. de Fontanes + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[L. de Fontanes (1767-1821) became president of the Corps + Legislatif, Senator, and Grand Master of the University. He was the + centre of the literary group of the Empire,]— +</pre> + <p> + was commissioned to pronounce the funeral eulogium on Washington, and the + flowers of eloquence which he scattered about did not all fall on the hero + of America. + </p> + <p> + Lannes was entrusted by Bonaparte with the presentation of the flags; and + on the 20th Pluviôse he proceeded, accompanied by strong detachments of + the cavalry then in Paris, to the council-hall of the Invalides, where he + was met by the Minister of War, who received the colours. All the + Ministers, the councillors of State, and generals were summoned to the + presentation. Lannes pronounced a discourse, to which Berthier replied, + and M. de Fontanes added his well-managed eloquence to the plain military + oratory of the two generals. In the interior of this military temple a + statue of Mars sleeping had been placed, and from the pillars and roof + were suspended the trophies of Denain, Fontenoy, and the campaign of + Italy, which would still have decorated that edifice had not the demon of + conquest possessed Bonaparte. Two Invalides, each said to be a hundred + years old, stood beside the Minister of War; and the bust of the + emancipator of America was placed under the trophy composed of the flags + of Aboukir. In a word, recourse was had to every sort of charlatanism + usual on such occasions. In the evening there was a numerous assembly at + the Luxembourg, and Bonaparte took much credit to himself for the effect + produced on this remarkable day. He had only to wait ten days for his + removal to the Tuileries, and precisely on that day the national mourning + for Washington was to cease, for which a general mourning for freedom + might well have been substituted. + </p> + <p> + I have said very little about Murat in the course of these Memoirs except + mentioning the brilliant part he performed in several battles. Having now + arrived at the period of his marriage with one of Napoleon's sisters I + take the opportunity of returning to the interesting events which preceded + that alliance. + </p> + <p> + His fine and well-proportioned form, his great physical strength and + somewhat refined elegance of manner,—the fire of his eye, and his + fierce courage in battle, gave to Murat rather the character of one of + those 'preux chevaliers' so well described by Ariosto and Taro, than that + a Republican soldier. The nobleness of his look soon made the lowness of + his birth be forgotten. He was affable, polished, gallant; and in the + field of battle twenty men headed by Murat were worth a whole regiment. + Once only he showed himself under the influence of fear, and the reader + shall see in what circumstance it was that he ceased to be himself. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Marshal Lannes, so brave and brilliant in war and so well able to + appreciate courage, one day sharply rebuked a colonel for having + punished a young officer just arrived from school at Fontainebleau + because he gave evidence of fear in his first engagement. "Know, + colonel," said he, "none but a poltroon (the term was even more + strong) will boast that he never was afraid."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + When Bonaparte in his first Italian campaign had forced Wurmser to retreat + into Mantua with 28,000 men, he directed Miollis, with only 4000 men, to + oppose any sortie that might be attempted by the Austrian general. In one + of these sorties Murat, who was at the head of a very weak detachment, was + ordered to charge Wurmser. He was afraid, neglected to execute the order, + and in a moment of confusion said that he was wounded. Murat immediately + fell into disgrace with the General-in-Chief, whose 'aide de camp' he was. + </p> + <p> + Murat had been previously sent to Paris to present to the Directory the + first colours taken by the French army of Italy in the actions of Dego and + Mondovi, and it was on this occasion that he got acquainted with Madame + Tallien and the wife of his General. But he already knew the beautiful + Caroline Bonaparte, whom he had seen at Rome in the residence of her + brother Joseph, who was then discharging the functions of ambassador of + the Republic. It appears that Caroline was not even indifferent to him, + and that he was the successful rival of the Princess Santa Croce's son, + who eagerly sought the honour of her hand. Madame Tallien and Madame + Bonaparte received with great kindness the first 'aide de camp', and as + they possessed much influence with the Directory, they solicited, and + easily obtained for him, the rank of brigadier-general. It was somewhat + remarkable at that time Murat, notwithstanding his newly-acquired rank, to + remain Bonaparte's 'aide de camp', the regulations not allowing a + general-in-chief an 'aide de camp' of higher rank than chief of brigade, + which was equal to that of colonel. This insignificant act was, therefore, + rather a hasty anticipation of the prerogatives everywhere reserved to + princes and kings. + </p> + <p> + It was after having discharged this commission that Murat, on his return + to Italy, fell into disfavour with the General-in Chief. He indeed looked + upon him with a sort of hostile feeling, and placed him in Reille's + division, and afterwards Baraguey d'Hilliers'; consequently, when we went + to Paris, after the treaty of Campo-Formio, Murat was not of the party. + But as the ladies, with whom he was a great favourite, were not devoid of + influence with the Minister of War, Murat was, by their interest, attached + to the engineer corps in the expedition to Egypt. On board the Orient he + remained in the most complete disgrace. Bonaparte did not address a word + to him during the passage; and in Egypt the General-in-Chief always + treated him with coldness, and often sent him from the headquarters on + disagreeable services. However, the General-in-Chief having opposed him to + Mourad Bey, Murat performed such prodigies of valour in every perilous + encounter that he effaced the transitory stain which a momentary + hesitation under the walls of Mantua had left on his character. Finally, + Murat so powerfully contributed to the success of the day at Aboukir that + Bonaparte, glad to be able to carry another laurel plucked in Egypt to + France, forgot the fault which had made so unfavourable an impression, and + was inclined to efface from his memory other things that he had heard to + the disadvantage of Murat; for I have good reasons for believing, though + Bonaparte never told me so, that Murat's name, as well as that of Charles, + escaped from the lips of Junot when he made his indiscreet communication + to Bonaparte at the walls of Messoudiah. The charge of grenadiers, + commanded by Murat on the 19th Brumaire in the hall of the Five Hundred, + dissipated all the remaining traces of dislike; and in those moments when + Bonaparte's political views subdued every other sentiment of his mind, the + rival of the Prince Santa Croce received the command of the Consular + Guard. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joachim Murat (1771-1616), the son of an innkeeper, aide de camp + to Napoleon in Italy, etc.; Marshal, 1804; Prince in 1806; Grand + Admiral; Grand Duc de Berg et de Clesves, 1808; King of Naples, + 1808. Shot by Bourbons 13th October 1815. Married Caroline + Bonaparte (third sister of Napoleon) 20th January 1800.]— +</pre> + <p> + It may reasonably be supposed that Madame Bonaparte, in endeavouring to + win the friendship of Murat by aiding his promotion, had in view to gain + one partisan more to oppose to the family and brothers of Bonaparte; and + of this kind of support she had much need. Their jealous hatred was + displayed on every occasion; and the amiable Josephine, whose only fault + was being too much of the woman, was continually tormented by sad + presentiments. Carried away by the easiness of her character, she did not + perceive that the coquetry which enlisted for her so many defenders also + supplied her implacable enemies with weapons to use against her. + </p> + <p> + In this state of things Josephine, who was well convinced that she had + attached Murat to herself by the bonds of friendship and gratitude, and + ardently desired to see him united to Bonaparte by a family connection, + favoured with all her influence his marriage with Caroline. She was not + ignorant that a close intimacy had already sprung up at Milan between + Caroline and Murat, and she was the first to propose a marriage. Murat + hesitated, and went to consult M. Collot, who was a good adviser in all + things, and whose intimacy with Bonaparte had initiated him into all the + secrets of the family. M. Collot advised Murat to lose no time, but to go + to the First Consul and formally demand the hand of his sister. Murat + followed his advice. Did he do well? It was to this step that he owed the + throne of Naples. If he had abstained he would not have been shot at + Pizzo. 'Sed ipsi Dei fata rumpere non possunt!' + </p> + <p> + However that might be, Bonaparte received, more in the manner of a + sovereign than of a brother in arms, the proposal of Murat. He heard him + with unmoved gravity, said that he would consider the matter, but gave no + positive answer. + </p> + <p> + This affair was, as may be supposed, the subject of conversation in the + evening in the salon of the Luxembourg. Madame Bonaparte employed all her + powers of persuasion to obtain the First Consul's consent, and her efforts + were seconded by Hortense, Eugène, and myself, "Murat," said he, among + other things, "Murat is an innkeeper's son. In the elevated rank where + glory and fortune have placed me, I never can mix his blood with mine! + Besides, there is no hurry: I shall see by and by." We forcibly described + to him the reciprocal affection of the two young people, and did not fail + to bring to his observation Murat's devoted attachment to his person, his + splendid courage and noble conduct in Egypt. "Yes," said he, with warmth, + "I agree with you; Murat was superb at Aboukir." We did not allow so + favourable a moment to pass by. We redoubled our entreaties, and at last + he consented. When we were together in his cabinet in the evening, "Well, + Bourrienne," said he to me, "you ought to be satisfied, and so am I, too, + everything considered. Murat is suited to my sister, and then no one can + say that I am proud, or seek grand alliances. If I had given my sister to + a noble, all your Jacobins would have raised a cry of counter-revolution. + Besides, I am very glad that my wife is interested in this marriage, and + you may easily suppose the cause. Since it is determined on, I will hasten + it forward; we have no time to lose. If I go to Italy I will take Murat + with me. I must strike a decisive blow there. Adieu." + </p> + <p> + When I entered the First Consul's chamber at seven o'clock the next day he + appeared even more satisfied than on the preceding evening with the + resolution he had taken. I easily perceived that in spite of all his + cunning, he had failed to discover the real motive which had induced + Josephine to take so lively an interest respecting Murat's marriage with + Caroline. Still Bonaparte's satisfaction plainly showed that his wife's + eagerness for the marriage had removed all doubt in his mind of the + falsity of the calumnious reports which had prevailed respecting her + intimacy with Murat. + </p> + <p> + The marriage of Murat and Caroline was celebrated at the Luxembourg, but + with great modesty. The First Consul did not yet think that his family + affairs were affairs of state. But previously to the celebration a little + comedy was enacted in which I was obliged to take a part, and I will + relate how. + </p> + <p> + At the time of the marriage of Murat Bonaparte had not much money, and + therefore only gave his sister a dowry of 30,000 francs. Still, thinking + it necessary to make her a marriage present, and not possessing the means + to purchase a suitable one, he took a diamond necklace which belonged to + his wife and gave it to the bride. Josephine was not at all pleased with + this robbery, and taxed her wits to discover some means of replacing her + necklace. + </p> + <p> + Josephine was aware that the celebrated jeweler Foncier possessed a + magnificent collection of fine pearls which had belonged, as he said, to + the late Queen, Marie Antoinette. Having ordered them to be brought to her + to examine them, she thought there were sufficient to make a very fine + necklace. But to make the purchase 250,000 francs were required, and how + to get them was the difficulty. Madame Bonaparte had recourse to Berthier, + who was then Minister of War. Berthier, after biting his nails according + to his usual habit, set about the liquidation of the debts due for the + hospital service in Italy with as much speed as possible; and as in those + days the contractors whose claims were admitted overflowed with gratitude + towards their patrons, through whom they obtained payment, the pearls soon + passed from Foncier's shop to the casket of Madame Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + The pearls being thus obtained, there was still another difficulty, which + Madame Bonaparte did not at first think of. How was she to wear a necklace + purchased without her husband's knowledge? Indeed it was the more + difficult for her to do so as the First Consul knew very well that his + wife had no money, and being, if I may be allowed the expression, + something of the busybody, he knew, or believed he knew, all Josephine's + jewels. The pearls were therefore condemned to remain more than a + fortnight in Madame Bonaparte's casket without her daring to use them. + What a punishment for a woman! At length her vanity overcame her prudence, + and being unable to conceal the jewels any longer, she one day said to me, + "Bourrienne, there is to be a large party here to-morrow, and I absolutely + must wear my pearls. But you know he will grumble if he notices them. I + beg, Bourrienne, that you will keep near me. If he asks me where I got my + pearls I must tell him, without hesitation, that I have had them a long + time." + </p> + <p> + Everything happened as Josephine feared and hoped. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, on seeing the pearls, did not fail to say to Madame, "What is + it you have got there? How fine you are to-day! Where did you get these + pearls? I think I never saw them before."—"Oh! 'mon Dieu'! you have + seen them a dozen times! It is the necklace which the Cisalpine Republic + gave me, and which I now wear in my hair."—"But I think—"—"Stay: + ask Bourrienne, he will tell you."—"Well, Bourrienne, what do you + say to it? Do you recollect the necklace?"—"Yes, General, I + recollect very well seeing it before." This was not untrue, for Madame + Bonaparte had previously shown me the pearls. Besides, she had received a + pearl necklace from the Cisalpine Republic, but of incomparably less value + than that purchased from Foncier. Josephine performed her part with + charming dexterity, and I did not act amiss the character of accomplice + assigned me in this little comedy. Bonaparte had no suspicions. When I saw + the easy confidence with which Madame Bonaparte got through this scene, I + could not help recollecting Suzanne's reflection on the readiness with + which well-bred ladies can tell falsehoods without seeming to do so. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0031" id="link2HCH0031"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXI. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Police on police—False information—Dexterity of Fouché—Police + agents deceived—Money ill applied—Inutility of political police— + Bonaparte's opinion—General considerations—My appointment to the + Prefecture of police. +</pre> + <p> + Before taking up his quarters in the Tuileries the First Consul organised + his secret police, which was intended, at the same time, to be the rival + or check upon Fouché's police. Duroc and Moncey were at first the Director + of this police; afterwards Davoust and Junot. Madame Bonaparte called this + business a vile system of espionage. My remarks on the inutility of the + measure were made in vain. Bonaparte had the weakness at once to fear + Fouché and to think him necessary. Fouché, whose talents at this trade are + too well known to need my approbation, soon discovered this secret + institution, and the names of all the subaltern agents employed by the + chief agents. It is difficult to form an idea of the nonsense, absurdity, + and falsehood contained in the bulletins drawn up by the noble and ignoble + agents of the police. I do not mean to enter into details on this + nauseating subject; and I shall only trespass on the reader's patience by + relating, though it be in anticipation, one fact which concerns myself, + and which will prove that spies and their wretched reports cannot be too + much distrusted. + </p> + <p> + During the second year of the Consulate we were established at Malmaison. + Junot had a very large sum at his disposal for the secret police of the + capital. He gave 3000 francs of it to a wretched manufacturer of + bulletins; the remainder was expended on the police of his stable and his + table. In reading one of these daily bulletins I saw the following lines: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "M. de Bourrienne went last night to Paris. He entered an hotel of + the Faubourg St. Germain, Rue de Varenne, and there, in the course + of a very animated discussion, he gave it to be understood that the + First Consul wished to make himself King." +</pre> + <p> + As it happens, I never had opened my mouth, either respecting what + Bonaparte had said to me before we went to Egypt or respecting his other + frequent conversations with me of the same nature, during this period of + his Consulship. I may here observe, too, that I never quitted, nor ever + could quit Malmaison for a moment. At any time, by night or day, I was + subject to be called for by the First Consul, and, as very often was the + case, it so happened that on the night in question he had dictated to me + notes and instructions until three o'clock in the morning. + </p> + <p> + Junot came every day to Malmaison at eleven o'clock in the morning. I + called him that day into my cabinet, when I happened to be alone. "Have + you not read your bulletin?" said I, "Yes, I have."—"Nay, that is + impossible."—"Why?"—"Because, if you had, you would have + suppressed an absurd story which relates to me."—"Ah!" he replied, + "I am sorry on your account, but I can depend on my agent, and I will not + alter a word of his report." I then told him all that had taken place on + that night; but he was obstinate, and went away unconvinced. + </p> + <p> + Every morning I placed all the papers which the First Consul had to read + on his table, and among the first was Junot's report. The First Consul + entered and read it; on coming to the passage concerning me he began to + smile. + </p> + <p> + "Have you read this bulletin?"—"Yes, General."—"What an ass + that Junot is! It is a long time since I have known that."—"How he + allows himself to be entrapped! Is he still here?"—"I believe so. I + have just seen him, and made observations to him, all in good part, but he + would hear nothing."—"Tell him to come here." When Junot appeared + Bonaparte began—"Imbecile that you are! how could you send me such + reports as these? Do you not read them? How shall I be sure that you will + not compromise other persons equally unjustly? I want positive facts, not + inventions. It is some time since your agent displeased me; dismiss him + directly." Junot wanted to justify himself, but Bonaparte cut him short—"Enough!—It + is settled!" + </p> + <p> + I related what had passed to Fouché, who told me that, wishing to amuse + himself at Junot's expense, whose police agents only picked up what they + heard related in coffeehouses, gaming-houses, and the Bourse, he had given + currency to this absurd story, which Junot had credited and reported, as + he did many other foolish tales. Fouché often caught the police of the + Palace in the snares he laid for them, and thus increased his own credit. + </p> + <p> + This circumstance, and others of the same nature, induced the First Consul + to attach less importance than at first he had to his secret police, which + seldom reported anything but false and silly stories. That wretched + police! During the time I was with him it embittered his life, and often + exasperated him against his wife, his relations, and friends. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bourrienne, it must be remembered, was a sufferer from the + vigilance of this police.]— +</pre> + <p> + Rapp, who was as frank as he was brave, tells us in his Memoirs (p. 233) + that when Napoleon, during his retreat from Moscow, while before + Smolenski, heard of the attempt of Mallet, he could not get over the + adventure of the Police Minister, Savary, and the Prefect of Police, + Pasquier. "Napoleon," says Rapp, "was not surprised that these wretches + (he means the agents of the police) who crowd the salons and the taverns, + who insinuate themselves everywhere and obstruct everything, should not + have found out the plot, but he could not understand the weakness of the + Duc de Rovigo. The very police which professed to divine everything had + let themselves be taken by surprise." The police possessed no foresight or + faculty of prevention. Every silly thing that transpired was reported + either from malice or stupidity. What was heard was misunderstood or + distorted in the recital, so that the only result of the plan was mischief + and confusion. + </p> + <p> + The police as a political engine is a dangerous thing. It foments and + encourages more false conspiracies than it discovers or defeats real ones. + Napoleon has related "that M. de la Rochefoucauld formed at Paris a + conspiracy in favour of the King, then at Mittau, the first act of which + was to be the death of the Chief of the Government. The plot being + discovered, a trusty person belonging to the police was ordered to join it + and become one of the most active agents. He brought letters of + recommendation from an old gentleman in Lorraine who had held a + distinguished rank in the army of Condé." After this, what more can be + wanted? A hundred examples could not better show the vileness of such a + system. Napoleon, when fallen, himself thus disclosed the scandalous means + employed by his Government. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon on one occasion, in the Isle of Elba, said to an officer who was + conversing with him about France, "You believe, then, that the police + agents foresee everything and know everything? They invent more than they + discover. Mine, I believe, was better than that they have got now, and yet + it was often only by mere chance, the imprudence of the parties + implicated, or the treachery of some of them, that something was + discovered after a week or fortnight's exertion." Napoleon, in directing + this officer to transmit letters to him under the cover of a commercial + correspondence, to quiet his apprehensions that the correspondence might + be discovered, said, "Do you think, then, that all letters are opened at + the post office? They would never be able to do so. I have often + endeavoured to discover what the correspondence was that passed under + mercantile forms, but I never succeeded. The post office, like the police, + catches only fools." + </p> + <p> + Since I am on the subject of political police, that leprosy of modern + society, perhaps I may be allowed to overstep the order of time, and + advert to its state even in the present day. + </p> + <p> + The Minister of Police, to give his prince a favourable idea of his + activity, contrives great conspiracies, which he is pretty sure to + discover in time, because he is their originator. The inferior agents, to + find favour in the eyes of the Minister, contrive small plots. It would be + difficult to mention a conspiracy which has been discovered, except when + the police agents took part in it, or were its promoters. It is difficult + to conceive how those agents can feed a little intrigue, the result at + first, perhaps, of some petty ill-humour and discontent which, thanks to + their skill, soon becomes a great affair. How many conspiracies have + escaped the boasted activity and vigilance of the police when none of its + agents were parties. I may instance Babeuf's conspiracy, the attempt at + the camp at Grenelle, the 18th Brumaire, the infernal machine, Mallet, the + 20th of March, the affair of Grenoble, and many others. + </p> + <p> + The political police, the result of the troubles of the Revolution, has + survived them. The civil police for the security of property, health, and + order, is only made a secondary object, and has been, therefore, + neglected. There are times in which it is thought of more consequence to + discover whether a citizen goes to mass or confession than to defeat the + designs of a band of robbers. Such a state of things is unfortunate for a + country; and the money expended on a system of superintendence over + persons alleged to be suspected, in domestic inquisitions, in the + corruption of the friends, relations, and servants of the man marked out + for destruction might be much better employed. The espionage of opinion, + created, as I have said, by the revolutionary troubles, is suspicious, + restless, officious, inquisitorial, vexatious, and tyrannical. Indifferent + to crimes and real offences, it is totally absorbed in the inquisition of + thoughts. Who has not heard it said in company, to some one speaking + warmly, "Be moderate, M——— is supposed to belong to the + police." This police enthralled Bonaparte himself in its snares, and held + him a long time under the influence of its power. + </p> + <p> + I have taken the liberty thus to speak of a scourge of society of which I + have been a victim. What I here state may be relied on. I shall not speak + of the week during which I had to discharge the functions of Prefect of + Police, namely, from the 13th to the 20th of March, 1815. It may well be + supposed that though I had not held in abhorrence the infamous system + which I have described, the important nature of the circumstances and the + short period of my administration must have prevented me from making + complete use of the means placed at my disposal. The dictates of + discretion, which I consider myself bound to obey, forbid me giving proofs + of what I advance. What it was necessary to do I accomplished without + employing violent or vexatious means; and I can take on myself to assert + that no one has cause to complain of me. Were I to publish the list of the + persons I had orders to arrest, those of them who are yet living would be + astonished that the only knowledge they had of my being the Prefect of + Police was from the Moniteur. I obtained by mild measures, by persuasion, + and reasoning what I could never have got by violence. I am not divulging + any secrets of office, but I believe I am rendering a service to the + public in pointing out what I have often observed while an unwilling + confidant in the shameful manoeuvres of that political institution. + </p> + <p> + The word ideologue was often in Bonaparte's mouth; and in using it he + endeavoured to throw ridicule on those men whom he fancied to have a + tendency towards the doctrine of indefinite perfectibility. He esteemed + them for their morality, yet he looked on them as dreamers seeking for the + type of a universal constitution, and considering the character of man in + the abstract only. The ideologues, according to him, looked for power in + institutions; and that he called metaphysics. He had no idea of power + except in direct force. All benevolent men who speculate on the + amelioration of human society were regarded by Bonaparte as dangerous, + because their maxims and principles were diametrically opposed to the + harsh and arbitrary system he had adopted. He said that their hearts were + better than their heads, and, far from wandering with them in + abstractions, he always said that men were only to be governed by fear and + interest. The free expression of opinion through the press has been always + regarded by those who are not led away by interest or power as useful to + society. But Bonaparte held the liberty of the press in the greatest + horror; and so violent was his passion when anything was urged in its + favour that he seemed to labour under a nervous attack. Great man as he + was, he was sorely afraid of little paragraphs. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte fairly enough remarks on this that such writings + had done great harm in those extraordinary times (Erreurs, tome i, + p. 259). Metternich, writing in 1827 with distrust of the + proceedings of Louis XVIII., quotes, with approval, Napoleon's + sentiments on this point. "Napoleon, who could not have been + wanting in the feeling of power, said to me, 'You see me master of + France; well, I would not undertake to govern her for three months + with liberty of the press. Louis XVIII., apparently thinking + himself stronger than Napoleon, is not content with allowing the + press its freedom, but has embodied its liberty in the charter" + (Metternich, tome iv, p. 391.)]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0032" id="link2HCH0032"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXII. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Successful management of parties—Precautions—Removal from the + Luxembourg to the Tuileries—Hackney-coaches and the Consul's white + horses—Royal custom and an inscription—The review—Bonaparte's + homage to the standards—Talleyrand in Bonaparte's cabinet— + Bonaparte's aversion to the cap of liberty even in painting—The + state bed—Our cabinet. +</pre> + <p> + Of the three brothers to whom the 18th Brumaire gave birth Bonaparte + speedily declared himself the eldest, and hastened to assume all the + rights of primogeniture. He soon arrogated to himself the whole power. The + project he had formed, when he favoured the revolution of the 18th + Fructidor, was now about to be realized. It was then an indispensable part + of his plan that the Directory should violate the constitution in order to + justify a subsequent subversion of the Directory. The expressions which + escaped him from time to time plainly showed that his ambition was not yet + satisfied, and that the Consulship was only a state of probation + preliminary to the complete establishment of monarchy. The Luxembourg was + then discovered to be too small for the Chief of the Government, and it + was resolved that Bonaparte should inhabit the Tuileries. Still great + prudence was necessary to avoid the quicksands which surrounded him! He + therefore employed great precaution in dealing with the susceptibilities + of the Republicans, taking care to inure them gradually to the temperature + of absolute power. But this mode of treatment was not sufficient; for such + was Bonaparte's situation between the Jacobins and the Royalists that he + could not strike a blow at one party without strengthening the other. He, + however, contrived to solve this difficult problem, and weakened both + parties by alternately frightening each. "You see, Royalists," he seemed + to say, "if you do not attach yourselves to my government the Jacobins + will again rise and bring back the reign of terror and its scaffold." To + the men of the Revolution he, on the other hand, said, "See, the + counter-Revolution appears, threatening reprisals and vengeance. It is + ready to overwhelm you; my buckler can alone protect you from its + attacks." Thus both parties were induced, from their mutual fear of each + other, to attach themselves to Bonaparte; and while they fancied they were + only placing themselves under the protection of the Chief of the + Government, they were making themselves dependent on an ambitious man, + who, gradually bending them to his will, guided them as he chose in his + political career. He advanced with a firm step; but he never neglected any + artifice to conceal, as long as possible, his designs. + </p> + <p> + I saw Bonaparte put in motion all his concealed springs; and I could not + help admiring his wonderful address. + </p> + <p> + But what most astonished me was the control he possessed over himself, in + repressing any premature manifestation of his intentions which might + prejudice his projects. Thus, for instance, he never spoke of the + Tuileries but under the name of "the Palace of the Government," and he + determined not to inhabit, at first, the ancient palace of the kings of + France alone. He contented himself with selecting the royal apartments, + and proposed that the Third Consul should also reside in the Tuileries, + and in consequence he occupied the Pavilion of Flora. This skilful + arrangement was perfectly in accordance with the designation of "Palace of + the Government" given to the Tuileries, and was calculated to deceive, for + a time, the most clear-sighted. + </p> + <p> + The moment for leaving the Luxembourg having arrived, Bonaparte still used + many deceptive precautions. The day filed for the translation of the seat + of government was the 30th Pluviôse, the previous day having been selected + for publishing the account of the votes taken for the acceptance of the + new Constitution. He had, besides, caused the insertion in the 'Moniteur' + of the eulogy on Washington, pronounced, by M. de Fontanes, the decadi + preceding, to be delayed for ten days. He thought that the day when he was + about to take so large a step towards monarchy would be well chosen for + entertaining the people of Paris with grand ideas of liberty, and for + coupling his own name with that of the founder of the free government of + the United States. + </p> + <p> + At seven o'clock on the morning of the 30th Pluviôse I entered, as usual, + the chamber of the First Consul. He was in a profound sleep, and this was + one of the days on which I had been desired to allow him to sleep a little + longer than usual. I have often observed that General Bonaparte appeared + much less moved when on the point of executing any great design than + during the time of projecting it, so accustomed was he to think that what + he had resolved on in his mind, was already done. + </p> + <p> + When I returned to Bonaparte he said to me, with a marked air of + satisfaction, "Well, Bourrienne, to-night, at last, we shall sleep in the + Tuileries. You are better off than I: you are not obliged to make a + spectacle of yourself, but may go your own road there. I must, however, go + in procession: that disgusts me; but it is necessary to speak to the eyes. + That has a good effect on the people. The Directory was too simple, and + therefore never enjoyed any consideration. In the army simplicity is in + its proper place; but in a great city, in a palace, the Chief of the + Government must attract attention in every possible way, yet still with + prudence. Josephine is going to look out from Lebrun's apartments; go with + her, if you like; but go to the cabinet as soon as you see me alight from + my horse." + </p> + <p> + I did not go to the review, but proceeded to the Tuileries, to arrange in + our new cabinet the papers which it was my duty to take care of, and to + prepare everything for the First Consul's arrival. It was not until the + evening that I learned, from the conversation in the salon, where there + was a numerous party, what had taken place in the course of the day. + </p> + <p> + At one o'clock precisely Bonaparte left the Luxembourg. The procession + was, doubtless, far from approaching the magnificent parade of the Empire: + but as much pomp was introduced as the state of things in France + permitted. The only real splendour of that period consisted in fine + troops. Three thousand picked men, among whom was the superb regiment of + the Guides, had been ordered out for the occasion: all marched in the + greatest order; with music at the head of each corps. The generals and + their staffs were on horseback, the Ministers in carriages, which were + somewhat remarkable, as they were almost the only private carriages then + in Paris, for hackney-coaches had been hired to convey the Council of + State, and no trouble had been taken to alter them, except by pasting over + the number a piece of paper of the same colour as the body of the vehicle. + The Consul's carriage was drawn by six white horses. With the sight of + those horses was associated the recollection of days of glory and of + peace, for they had been presented to the General-in-Chief of the army of + Italy by the Emperor of Germany after the treaty of Campo-Formio. + Bonaparte also wore the magnificent sabre given him by the Emperor + Francis. With Cambacérès on his left, and Lebrun in the front of the + carriage, the First Consul traversed a part of Paris, taking the Rue de + Thionville, and the Quai Voltaire to the Pont Royal. Everywhere he was + greeted by acclamations of joy, which at that time were voluntary, and + needed not to be commanded by the police. + </p> + <p> + From the wicket of the Carrousel to the gate of the Tuileries the troops + of the Consular Guard were formed in two lines, through which the + procession passed—a royal custom, which made a singular contrast + with an inscription in front of which Bonaparte passed on entering the + courtyard. Two guard-houses had been built, one on the right and another + on the left of the centre gate. On the one to the right were written these + words: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "THE TENTH of AUGUST 1792.—ROYALTY IN FRANCE + IS ABOLISHED; AND SHALL NEVER BE RE-ESTABLISHED!" +</pre> + <p> + It was already re-established! + </p> + <p> + In the meantime the troops had been drawn up in line in the courtyard. As + soon as the Consul's carriage stopped Bonaparte immediately alighted, and + mounted, or, to speak more properly, leaped on his horse, and reviewed his + troops, while the other two Consuls proceeded to the state apartments of + the Tuileries, where the Council of State and the Ministers awaited them. + A great many ladies, elegantly dressed in Greek costume, which was then + the fashion, were seated with Madame Bonaparte at the windows of the Third + Consul's apartments in the Pavilion of Flora. It is impossible to give an + idea of the immense crowds which flowed in from all quarters. The windows + looking to the Carrousel were let for very large sums; and everywhere + arose, as if from one voice, shouts of "Long live the First Consul!" Who + could help being intoxicated by so much enthusiasm? + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte prolonged the review for some time, passed down all the ranks, + and addressed the commanders of corps in terms of approbation and praise. + He then took his station at the gate of the Tuileries, with Murat on his + right, and Lannes on his left, and behind him a numerous staff of young + warriors, whose complexions had been browned by the sun of Egypt and + Italy, and who had been engaged in more battles than they numbered years. + When the colours of the 96th, 43d, and 34th demi-brigades, or rather their + flagstaffs surmounted by some shreds, riddled by balls and blackened by + powder, passed before him, he raised his hat and inclined his head in + token of respect. Every homage thus paid by a great captain to standards + which had been mutilated on the field of battle was saluted by a thousand + acclamations. When the troops had finished defiling before him, the First + Consul, with a firm step, ascended the stairs of the Tuileries. + </p> + <p> + The General's part being finished for the day, that of the Chief of the + State began; and indeed it might already be said that the First Consul was + the whole Consulate. At the risk of interrupting my narrative of what + occurred on our arrival at the Tuileries, by a digression, which may be + thought out of place, I will relate a fact which had no little weight in + hastening Bonaparte's determination to assume a superiority over his + colleagues. It may be remembered that when Roger Ducos and Sieyès bore the + title of Consuls the three members of the Consular commission were equal, + if not in fact at least in right. But when Cambacérès and Lebrun took + their places, Talleyrand, who had at the same time been appointed to + succeed M. Reinhart as Minister of Foreign Affairs, obtained a private + audience of the First Consul in his cabinet, to which I was admitted. The + observations of Talleyrand on this occasion were highly agreeable to + Bonaparte, and they made too deep an impression on my mind to allow me to + forget them. + </p> + <p> + "Citizen Consul," said he to him, "you have confided to me the office of + Minister for Foreign Affairs, and I will justify your confidence; but I + must declare to you that from this moment, I will not transact business + with any but yourself. This determination does not proceed from any vain + pride on my part, but is induced by a desire to serve France. In order + that France may be well governed, in order that there may be a unity of + action in the government, you must be First Consul, and the First Consul + must have the control over all that relates directly to politics; that is + to say, over the Ministry of the Interior, and the Ministry of Police, for + Internal Affairs, and over my department, for Foreign Affairs; and, + lastly, over the two great means of execution, the military and naval + forces. It will therefore be most convenient that the Ministers of those + five departments should transact business with you. The Administration of + Justice and the ordering of the Finances are objects certainly connected + with State politics by numerous links, which, however, are not of so + intimate a nature as those of the other departments. If you will allow me, + General, I should advise that the control over the Administration of + Justice be given to the Second Consul, who is well versed in + jurisprudence; and to the Third Consul, who is equally well acquainted + with Finance, the control over that department. That will occupy and amuse + them, and you, General, having at your disposal all the vital parts of the + government, will be able to reach the end you aim at, the regeneration of + France." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte did not hear these remarkable words with indifference. They were + too much in accordance with his own secret wishes to be listened to + without pleasure; and he said to me as soon as Talleyrand had taken leave, + "Do you know, Bourrienne, I think Talleyrand gives good advice. He is a + man of great understanding."—"Such is the opinion," I replied, "of + all who know him."—"He is perfectly right." Afterwards he added, + smiling, "Tallyrand is evidently a shrewd man. He has penetrated my + designs. What he advises you know I am anxious to do. But again I say, he + is right; one gets on quicker by oneself. Lebrun is a worthy man, but he + has no policy in his head; he is a book-maker. Cambacérès carries with him + too many traditions of the Revolution. My government must be an entirely + new one." + </p> + <p> + Talleyrand's advice had been so punctually followed that even on the + occasion of the installation of the Consular Government, while Bonaparte + was receiving all the great civil and military officers of the State in + the hall of presentation, Cambacérès and Lebrun stood by more like + spectators of the scene than two colleagues of the First Consul. The + Minister of the Interior presented the civil authorities of Paris; the + Minister of War, the staff of the 17th military division; the Minister of + Marine, several naval officers; and the staff of the Consular Guard was + presented by Murat. As our Consular republicans were not exactly Spartans, + the ceremony of the presentations was followed by grand dinner-parties. + The First Consul entertained at his table, the two other Consuls, the + Ministers, and the Presidents of the great bodies of the State. Murat + treated the heads of the army; and the members of the Council of State, + being again seated in their hackney-coaches with covered numbers, drove + off to dine with Lucien. + </p> + <p> + Before taking possession of the Tuileries we had frequently gone there to + see that the repairs, or rather the whitewashing, which Bonaparte had + directed to be done, was executed. On our first visit, seeing a number of + red caps of liberty painted on the walls, he said to M. Lecomte, at that + time the architect in charge, "Get rid of all these things; I do not like + to see such rubbish." + </p> + <p> + The First Consul gave directions himself for what little alterations he + wanted in his own apartments. A state bed—not that of Louis XVI.—was + placed in the chamber next his cabinet, on the south side, towards the + grand staircase of the Pavilion of Flora. I may as well mention here that + he very seldom occupied that bed, for Bonaparte was very simple in his + manner of living in private, and was not fond of state, except as a means + of imposing on mankind. At the Luxembourg, at Malmaison, and during the + first period that he occupied the Tuileries, Bonaparte, if I may speak in + the language of common life, always slept with his wife. He went every + evening down to Josephine by a small staircase leading from a wardrobe + attached to his cabinet, and which had formerly been the chapel of Maria + de Medici. I never went to Bonaparte's bedchamber but by this staircase; + and when he came to our cabinet it was always by the wardrobe which I have + mentioned. The door opened opposite the only window of our room, and it + commanded a view of the garden. + </p> + <p> + As for our cabinet, where so many great, and also small events were + prepared, and where I passed so many hours of my life, I can, even now, + give the most minute description of it to those who like such details. + </p> + <p> + There were two tables. The best, which was the First Consul's, stood in + the middle of the room, and his armchair was turned with its back to the + fireplace, having the window on the right. To the right of this again was + a little closet where Duroc sat, through which we could communicate with + the clerk of the office and the grand apartments of the Court. When the + First Consul was seated at his table in his chair (the arms of which he so + frequently mutilated with his penknife) he had a large bookcase opposite + to him. A little to the right, on one side of the bookcase, was another + door, opening into the cabinet which led directly to the state bedchamber + which I have mentioned. Thence we passed into the grand Presentation + Saloon, on the ceiling of which Lebrun had painted a likeness of Louis + XIV. A tri-coloured cockade placed on the forehead of the great King still + bore witness of the imbecile turpitude of the Convention. Lastly came the + hall of the Guards, in front of the grand staircase of the Pavilion of + Flora. + </p> + <p> + My writing-table, which was extremely plain, stood near the window, and in + summer I had a view of the thick foliage of the chestnut-trees; but in + order to see the promenaders in the garden I was obliged to raise myself + from my seat. My back was turned to the General's side, so that it + required only a slight movement of the head to speak to each other. Duroc + was seldom in his little cabinet, and that was the place where I gave some + audiences. The Consular cabinet, which afterwards became the Imperial, has + left many impressions on my mind; and I hope the reader, in going through + these volumes, will not think that they have been of too slight a + description. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0033" id="link2HCH0033"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIII. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Tuileries—Royalty in perspective—Remarkable observation— + Presentations—Assumption of the prerogative of mercy—M. Defeu— + M. de Frotte—Georges Cadoudal's audience of Bonaparte—Rapp's + precaution and Bonaparte's confidence—The dignity of France— + Napper Tandy and Blackwell delivered up by the Senate of Hamburg— + Contribution in the Egyptian style—Valueless bill—Fifteen thousand + francs in the drawer of a secretaire—Josephine's debts—Evening + walks with Bonaparte. +</pre> + <p> + The morning after that ardently wished-for day on which we took possession + of the Palace of the Kings of France I observed to Bonaparte on entering + his chamber, "Well, General, you have got here without much difficulty, + and with the applause of the people! Do you remember what you said to me + in the Rue St. Anne nearly two years ago?"—"Ay, true enough, I + recollect. You see what it is to have the mind set on a thing. Only two + years have gone by! Don't you think we have not worked badly since that + time? Upon the whole I am very well content. Yesterday passed off well. Do + you imagine that all those who came to flatter me were sincere? No, + certainly not: but the joy of the people was real. They know what is + right. Besides, consult the grand thermometer of opinion, the price of the + funds: on the 17th Brumaire at 11 francs, on the 20th at 16 and to-day at + 21. In such a state of things I may let the Jacobins prate as they like. + But let them not talk too loudly either!" + </p> + <p> + As soon as he was dressed we went to look through the Gallery of Diana and + examine the statues which had been placed there by his orders. We ended + our morning's work by taking complete possession of our new residence. I + recollect Bonaparte saying to me, among other things, "To be at the + Tuileries, Bourrienne, is not all. We must stay here. Who, in Heaven's + name, has not already inhabited this palace? Ruffians, conventionalists! + But hold! there is your brother's house! Was it not from those windows I + saw the Tuileries besieged, and the good Louis XVI. carried off? But be + assured they will not come here again!" + </p> + <p> + The Ambassadors and other foreign Ministers then in Paris were presented + to the First Consul at a solemn audience. On this occasion all the ancient + ceremonials belonging to the French Court were raked up, and in place of + chamberlains and a grand master of ceremonies a Counsellor of State, M. + Benezech, who was once Minister for Foreign Affairs, officiated. + </p> + <p> + When the Ambassadors had all arrived M. Benezech conducted them into the + cabinet, in which were the three Consuls, the Ministers, and the Council + of State. The Ambassadors presented their credentials to the First Consul, + who handed them to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. These presentations + were followed by others; for example, the Tribunal of Cassation, over + which the old advocate, Target, who refused to defend Louis XVI., then + presided. All this passed in view of the three Consuls; but the + circumstance which distinguished the First Consul from his colleagues was, + that the official personages, on leaving the audience-chamber, were + conducted to Madame Bonaparte's apartments, in imitation of the old + practice of waiting on the Queen after presentation to the King. + </p> + <p> + Thus old customs of royalty crept by degrees into the former abodes of + royalty. Amongst the rights attached to the Crown, and which the + Constitution of the year VIII. did not give to the First Consul, was one + which he much desired to possess, and which, by the most happy of all + usurpations, he arrogated to himself. This was the right of granting + pardon. Bonaparte felt a real pleasure in saving men under the sentence of + the law; and whenever the imperious necessity of his policy, to which, in + truth, he sacrificed everything, permitted it, he rejoiced in the exercise + of mercy. It would seem as if he were thankful to the persons to whom he + rendered such service merely because he had given them occasion to be + thankful to him. Such was the First Consul: I do not speak of the Emperor. + Bonaparte, the First Consul, was accessible to the solicitations of + friendship in favour of persons placed under proscription. The following + circumstance, which interested me much, affords an incontestable proof of + what I state:— + </p> + <p> + Whilst we were still at the Luxembourg, M. Defeu, a French emigrant, was + taken in the Tyrol with arms in his hand by the troops of the Republic. He + was carried to Grenoble, and thrown into the military prison of that town. + In the course of January General Ferino, then commanding at Grenoble, + received orders to put the young emigrant on his trial. The laws against + emigrants taken in arms were terrible, and the judges dared not be + indulgent. To be tried in the morning, condemned in the course of the day, + and shot in the evening, was the usual course of those implacable + proceedings. One of my cousins, the daughter of M. Poitrincourt, came from + Sens to Paris to inform me of the dreadful situation of M. Defeu. She told + me that he was related to the most respectable families of the town of + Sens, and that everybody felt the greatest interest in his fate. + </p> + <p> + I had escaped for a few moments to keep the appointment I made with + Mademoiselle Poitrincourt. On my return I perceived the First Consul + surprised at finding himself alone in the cabinet, which I was not in the + habit of quitting without his knowledge. "Where have you been?" said he. + "I have been to see one of my relations, who solicits a favour of you."—"What + is it?" I then informed him of the unfortunate situation of M. Defeu. His + first answer was dreadful. "No pity! no pity for emigrants! Whoever fights + against his country is a child who tries to kill his mother!" This first + burst of anger being over, I returned to the charge. I urged the youth of + M. Defeu, and the good effect which clemency would produce. "Well," said + he, "write— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The First Consul orders the judgment on M. Defeu to be suspended." +</pre> + <p> + He signed this laconic order, which I instantly despatched to General + Ferino. I acquainted my cousin with what had passed, and remained at ease + as to the result of the affair. + </p> + <p> + Scarcely had I entered the chamber of the First Consul the next morning + when he said to me, "Well, Bourrienne, you say nothing about your M. + Defeu. Are you satisfied?"—"General, I cannot find terms to express + my gratitude."—"Ah, bah! But I do not like to do things by halves. + Write to Ferino that I wish M. Defeu to be instantly set at liberty. + Perhaps I am serving one who will prove ungrateful. Well, so much the + worse for him. As to these matters, Bourrienne, always ask them from me. + When I refuse, it is because I cannot help it." + </p> + <p> + I despatched at my own expense an extraordinary courier, who arrived in + time to save M. Defeu's life. His mother, whose only son he was, and M. + Blanchet, his uncle, came purposely from Sens to Paris to express their + gratitude to me. I saw tears of joy fall from the eyes of a mother who had + appeared to be destined to shed bitter drops, and I said to her as I felt, + "that I was amply recompensed by the success which had attended my + efforts." + </p> + <p> + Emboldened by this success, and by the benevolent language of the First + Consul, I ventured to request the pardon of M. de Frotte, who was strongly + recommended to me by most honourable persons. Comte Louis de Frotte had at + first opposed all negotiation for the pacification of La Vendée. At + length, by a series of unfortunate combats, he was, towards the end of + January, reduced to the necessity of making himself the advances which he + had rejected when made by others. At this period he addressed a letter to + General Guidal, in which he offered pacificatory proposals. A protection + to enable him to repair to Alençon was transmitted to him. Unfortunately + for M. de Frotte, he did not confine himself to writing to General Guidal, + for whilst the safe-conduct which he had asked was on the way to him, he + wrote to his lieutenants, advising them not to submit or consent to be + disarmed. This letter was intercepted. It gave all the appearance of a + fraudulent stratagem to his proposal to treat for peace. Besides, this + opinion appeared to be confirmed by a manifesto of M. de Frotte, anterior, + it is true, to the offers of pacification, but in which he announced to + all his partisans the approaching end of Bonaparte's "criminal + enterprise." + </p> + <p> + I had more trouble than in M. Defeu's case to induce the First Consul to + exercise his clemency. However, I pressed him so much, I laboured so hard + to convince him of the happy effect of such indulgence, that at length I + obtained an order to suspend the judgment. What a lesson I then + experienced of the evil which may result from the loss of time! Not + supposing that matters were so far advanced as they were, I did not + immediately send off the courier with the order for the suspension of the + judgment. Besides, the Minister-of-Police had marked his victim, and he + never lost time when evil was to be done. Having, therefore, I know not + for what motive, resolved on the destruction of M. de Frotte, he sent an + order to hasten his trial. + </p> + <p> + Comte Louis de Frotte was brought to trial on the 28th Pluviôse, condemned + the same day, and executed the next morning, the day before we entered the + Tuileries. The cruel precipitation of the Minister rendered the result of + my solicitations abortive. I had reason to think that after the day on + which the First Consul granted me the order for delay he had received some + new accusation against M. de Frotte, for when he heard of his death he + appeared to me very indifferent about the tardy arrival of the order for + suspending judgment. He merely said to me, with unusual insensibility, + "You should take your measures better. You see it is not my fault." + </p> + <p> + Though Bonaparte put no faith in the virtue of men, he had confidence in + their honour. I had proof of this in a matter which deserves to be + recorded in history. When, during the first period of our abode at the + Tuileries, he had summoned the principal chiefs of La Vendée to endeavour + to bring about the pacification of that unhappy country, he received + Georges Cadoudal in a private audience. The disposition in which I beheld + him the evening before the day appointed for this audience inspired me + with the most flattering hopes. Rapp introduced Georges into the grand + salon looking into the garden. Rapp left him alone with the First Consul, + but on returning to the cabinet where I was he did not close either of the + two doors of the state bedchamber which separated the cabinet from the + salon. We saw the First Consul and Georges walk from the window to the + bottom of the salon—then return—then go back again. This + lasted for a long time. The conversation appeared very animated, and we + heard several things, but without any connection. There was occasionally a + good deal of ill-humour displayed in their tone and gestures. The + interview ended in nothing. The First Consul, perceiving that Georges + entertained some apprehensions for his personal safety, gave him + assurances of security in the most noble manner, saying, "You take a wrong + view of things, and are wrong in not coming to some understanding; but if + you persist in wishing to return to your country you shall depart as + freely as you came to Paris." When Bonaparte returned to his cabinet he + said to Rapp, "Tell me, Rapp, why you left these doors open, and stopped + with Bourrienne?" Rapp replied, "If you had closed the doors I would have + opened them again. Do you think I would have left you alone with a man + like that? There would have been danger in it."—"No, Rapp," said + Bonaparte, "you cannot think so." When we were alone the First Consul + appeared pleased with Rapp's attachment, but very vexed at Georges' + refusal. He said, "He does not take a correct view of things; but the + extravagance of his principles has its source in noble sentiments, which + must give him great influence over his countrymen. It is necessary, + however, to bring this business soon to an end." + </p> + <p> + Of all the actions of Louis XIV. that which Bonaparte most admired was his + having made the Doge of Genoa send ambassadors to Paris to apologise to + him. The slightest insult offered in a foreign country to the rights and + dignity of France put Napoleon beside himself. This anxiety to have the + French Government respected exhibited itself in an affair which made much + noise at the period, but which was amicably arranged by the soothing + influence of gold. + </p> + <p> + Two Irishmen, Napper Tandy and Blackwell, who had been educated in France, + and whose names and rank as officers appeared in the French army list, had + retired to Hamburg. The British Government claimed them as traitors to + their country, and they were given up; but, as the French Government held + them to be subjects of France, the transaction gave rise to bitter + complaints against the Senate of Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + Blackwell had been one of the leaders of the united Irishmen. He had + procured his naturalisation in France, and had attained the rank of chef + d'escadron. Being sent on a secret mission to Norway, the ship in which he + was embarked was wrecked on the coast of that kingdom. He then repaired to + Hamburg, where the Senate placed him under arrest on the demand of Mr. + Crawford, the English Minister. After being detained in prison a whole + year he was conveyed to England to be tried. The French Government + interfered, and preserved, if not his liberty, at least his life. + </p> + <p> + Napper Tandy was also an Irishman. To escape the search made after him, on + account of the sentiments of independence which had induced him to engage + in the contest for the liberty of his country, he got on board a French + brig, intending to land at Hamburg and pass into Sweden. Being exempted + from the amnesty by the Irish Parliament, he was claimed by the British + Government, and the Senators of Hamburg forgot honour and humanity in + their alarm at the danger which at that moment menaced their little + republic both from England and France. The Senate delivered up Napper + Tandy; he was carried to Ireland, and condemned to death, but owed the + suspension of his execution to the interference of France. He remained two + years in prison, when M. Otto, who negotiated with Lord Hawkesbury the + preliminaries of peace, obtained the release of Napper Tandy, who was sent + back to France. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul spoke at first of signal vengeance; but the Senate of + Hamburg sent him a memorial, justificatory of its conduct, and backed the + apology with a sum of four millions and a half, which mollified him + considerably. This was in some sort a recollection of Egypt—one of + those little contributions with which the General had familiarised the + pashas; with this difference, that on the present occasion not a single + sous went into the national treasury. The sum was paid to the First Consul + through the hands of M. Chapeau Rouge. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A solemn deputation from the Senate arrived at the Tuileries to + make public apologies to Napoleon. He again testified his + indignation: and when the envoys urged their weakness he said to + them. "Well and had you not the resource of weak states? was it not + in your power to let them escape?" (Napoleon's Memoirs).]— +</pre> + <p> + I kept the four millions and a half in Dutch bonds in a secretaire for a + week. Bonaparte then determined to distribute them; after paying + Josephine's debts, and the whole of the great expenses incurred at + Malmaison, he dictated to me a list of persons to whom he wished to make + presents. My name did not escape his lips, and consequently I had not the + trouble to transcribe it; but some time after he said to me, with the most + engaging kindness, "Bourrienne, I have given you none of the money which + came from Hamburg, but I will make you amends for it." He took from his + drawer a large and broad sheet of printed paper, with blanks filled up in + his own handwriting, and said to me, "Here is a bill for 300,000 Italian + livres on the Cisalpine Republic, for the price of cannon furnished. It is + endorsed Halter and Collot—I give it you." To make this understood, + I ought to state that cannon had been sold to the Cisalpine Republic, for + the value of which the Administrator-general of the Italian finances drew + on the Republic, and the bills were paid over to M. Collot, a provision + contractor, and other persons. M. Collot had given one of these bills for + 300,000 livres to Bonaparte in quittance of a debt, but the latter had + allowed the bill to run out without troubling himself about it. The + Cisalpine Republic kept the cannons and the money, and the First Consul + kept his bill. When I had examined it I said, "General, it has been due + for a long time; why have you not got it paid? The endorsers are no longer + liable."—"France is bound to discharge debts of this kind;" said he; + "send the paper to de Fermont: he will discount it for three per cent. You + will not have in ready money more than about 9000 francs of rentes, + because the Italian livre is not equal to the franc." I thanked him, and + sent the bill to M. de Fermont. He replied that the claim was bad, and + that the bill would not be liquidated because it did not come within the + classifications made by the laws passed in the months the names of which + terminated in 'aire, ose, al, and or'. + </p> + <p> + I showed M. de Fermont's answer to the First Consul, who said, "Ah, bah! + He understands nothing about it—he is wrong: write." He then + dictated a letter, which promised very favourably for the discounting of + the bill; but the answer was a fresh refusal. I said, "General, M. de + Fermont does not attend to you any more than to myself." Bonaparte took + the letter, read it, and said, in the tone of a man who knew beforehand + what he was about to be informed of, "Well, what the devil would you have + me do, since the laws are opposed to it? Persevere; follow the usual modes + of liquidation, and something will come of it!" What finally happened was, + that by a regular decree this bill was cancelled, torn, and deposited in + the archives. These 300,000 livres formed part of the money which + Bonaparte brought from Italy. If the bill was useless to me it was also + useless to him. This scrap of paper merely proves that he brought more + than 25,000 francs from Italy. + </p> + <p> + I never had, from the General-in-Chief of the army of Italy, nor from the + General in-Chief of the army of Egypt, nor from the First Consul, for ten + years, nor from the Consul for life, any fixed salary: I took from his + drawer what was necessary for my expenses as well as his own. He never + asked me for any account. After the transaction of the bill on the + insolvent Cisalpine Republic he said to me, at the beginning of the winter + of 1800, "Bourrienne, the weather is becoming very bad; I will go but + seldom to Malmaison. Whilst I am at council get my papers and little + articles from Malmaison; here is the key of my secretaire, take out + everything that is there." I got into the carriage at two o'clock and + returned at six. When he had dined I placed upon the table of his cabinet + the various articles which I had found in his secretaire including 15,000 + francs (somewhere about L 600 of English money) in banknotes which were in + the corner of a little drawer. When he looked at them he said, "Here is + money—what is the meaning of this?" I replied, "I know nothing about + it, except that it was in your secretaire."— "Oh yes; I had + forgotten it. It was for my trifling expenses. Here, take it." I + remembered well that one summer morning he had given me his key to bring + him two notes of 1000 francs for some incidental expense, but I had no + idea that he had not drawn further on his little treasure. + </p> + <p> + I have stated the appropriation of the four millions and a half, the + result of the extortion inflicted on the Senate of Hamburg, in the affair + of Napper Tandy and Blackwell. + </p> + <p> + The whole, however, was not disposed of in presents. A considerable + portion was reserved for paying Josephine's debts, and this business + appears to me to deserve some remarks. + </p> + <p> + The estate of Malmaison had cost 160,000 francs. Josephine had purchased + it of M. Lecouteulx while we were in Egypt. Many embellishments, and some + new buildings, had been made there; and a park had been added, which had + now become beautiful. All this could not be done for nothing, and besides, + it was very necessary that what was due for the original purchase should + be entirely discharged; and this considerable item was not the only debt + of Josephine. The creditors murmured, which had a bad effect in Paris; and + I confess I was so well convinced that the First Consul would be extremely + displeased that I constantly delayed the moment of speaking to him on the + subject. It was therefore with extreme satisfaction I learned that M. de + Talleyrand had anticipated me. No person was more capable than himself of + gilding the pill, as one may say, to Bonaparte. Endowed with as much + independence of character as of mind, he did him the service, at the risk + of offending him, to tell him that a great number of creditors expressed + their discontent in bitter complaints respecting the debts contracted by + Madame Bonaparte during his expedition to the East. Bonaparte felt that + his situation required him promptly to remove the cause of such + complaints. It was one night about half-past eleven o'clock that M. + Talleyrand introduced this delicate subject. As soon he was gone I entered + the little cabinet; Bonaparte said to me, "Bourrienne, Talleyrand has been + speaking to me about the debts of my wife. I have the money from Hamburg—ask + her the exact amount of her debts: let her confess all. I wish to finish, + and not begin again. But do not pay without showing me the bills of those + rascals: they are a gang of robbers." + </p> + <p> + Hitherto the apprehension of an unpleasant scene, the very idea of which + made Josephine tremble, had always prevented me from broaching this + subject to the First Consul; but, well pleased that Talleyrand had first + touched upon it, I resolved to do all in my power to put an end to the + disagreeable affair. + </p> + <p> + The next morning I saw Josephine. She was at first delighted with her + husband's intentions; but this feeling did not last long. When I asked her + for an exact account of what she owed she entreated me not to press it, + but content myself with what she should confess. I said to her, "Madame, I + cannot deceive you respecting the disposition of the First Consul. He + believes that you owe a considerable sum, and is willing to discharge it. + You will, I doubt not, have to endure some bitter reproaches, and a + violent scene; but the scene will be just the same for the whole as for a + part. If you conceal a large proportion of your debts at the end of some + time murmurs will recommence, they will reach the ears of the First + Consul, and his anger will display itself still more strikingly. Trust to + me—state all; the result will be the same; you will hear but once + the disagreeable things he will say to you; by reservations you will renew + them incessantly." Josephine said, "I can never tell all; it is + impossible. Do me the service to keep secret what I say to you. I owe, I + believe, about 1,200,000 francs, but I wish to confess only 600,000; I + will contract no more debts, and will pay the rest little by little out of + my savings."—"Here, Madame, my first observations recur. As I do not + believe he estimates your debts at so high a sum as 600,000 francs, I can + warrant that you will not experience more displeasure for acknowledging to + 1,200,000 than to 600,000; and by going so far you will get rid of them + for ever."—"I can never do it, Bourrienne; I know him; I can never + support his violence." After a quarter of an hour's further discussion on + the subject I was obliged to yield to her earnest solicitation, and + promise to mention only the 600,000 francs to the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + The anger and ill-humour of Bonaparte may be imagined. He strongly + suspected that his wife was dissembling in some respect; but he said, + "Well, take 600,000 francs, but liquidate the debts for that sum, and let + me hear nothing more on the subject. I authorise you to threaten these + tradesmen with paying nothing if they do not reduce their enormous + charges. They ought to be taught not to be so ready in giving credit." + Madame Bonaparte gave me all her bills. The extent to which the articles + had been overcharged, owing to the fear of not being paid for a long + period, and of deductions being made from the amount, was inconceivable. + It appeared to me, also, that there must be some exaggeration in the + number of articles supplied. I observed in the milliner's bill + thirty-eight new hats, of great price, in one month. There was likewise a + charge of 1800 francs for heron plumes, and 800 francs for perfumes. I + asked Josephine whether she wore out two hats in one day? She objected to + this charge for the hats, which she merely called a mistake. The + impositions which the saddler attempted, both in the extravagance of his + prices and in charging for articles which he had not furnished, were + astonishing. I need say nothing of the other tradesmen, it was the same + system of plunder throughout. + </p> + <p> + I availed myself fully of the First Consul's permission, and spared + neither reproaches nor menaces. I am ashamed to say that the greater part + of the tradesmen were contented with the half of what they demanded. One + of them received 35,000 francs for a bill of 80,000; and he had the + impudence to tell me that he made a good profit nevertheless. Finally, I + was fortunate enough, after the most vehement disputes, to settle + everything for 600,000 francs. Madame Bonaparte, however, soon fell again + into the same excesses, but fortunately money became more plentiful. This + inconceivable mania of spending money was almost the sole cause of her + unhappiness. Her thoughtless profusion occasioned permanent disorder in + her household until the period of Bonaparte's second marriage, when, I am + informed, she became regular in her expenditure. I could not say so of her + when she was Empress in 1804. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Notwithstanding her husband's wish, she could never bring her + establishment into any order or rule. He wished that no tradesmen + should ever reach her, but he was forced to yield on this point. + The small inner rooms were filled with them, as with artists of all + sorts. She had a mania for having herself painted, and gave her + portraits to whoever wished for one, relations, 'femmes de chambre', + even to tradesmen. They never ceased bringing her diamonds, jewels, + shawls, materials for dresses, and trinkets of all kinds; she bought + everything without ever asking the price; and generally forgot what + she had purchased. . . All the morning she had on a shawl which + she draped on her shoulders with a grace I have seen in no one else. + Bonaparte, who thought her shawls covered her too much, tore them + off, and sometimes threw them into the fire; then she sent for + another (Rémusat, tome ii. pp. 343-345). After the divorce her + income, large as it was, was insufficient, but the Emperor was more + compassionate then, and when sending the Comte Mollien to settle her + affairs gave him strict orders "not to make her weep" (Meneval, + tome iii. p.237)]— +</pre> + <p> + The amiable Josephine had not less ambition in little things than her + husband had in great. She felt pleasure in acquiring and not in + possessing. Who would suppose it? She grew tired of the beauty of the park + of Malmaison, and was always asking me to take her out on the high road, + either in the direction of Nanterre, or on that of Marly, in the midst of + the dust occasioned by the passing of carriages. The noise of the high + road appeared to her preferable to the calm silence of the beautiful + avenues of the park, and in this respect Hortense had the same taste as + her mother. This whimsical fancy astonished Bonaparte, and he was + sometimes vexed at it. My intercourse with Josephine was delightful; for I + never saw a woman who so constantly entered society with such an equable + disposition, or with so much of the spirit of kindness, which is the first + principle of amiability. She was so obligingly attentive as to cause a + pretty suite of apartments to be prepared at Malmaison for me and my + family. + </p> + <p> + She pressed me earnestly, and with all her known grace, to accept it; but + almost as much a captive at Paris as a prisoner of state, I wished to have + to myself in the country the moments of liberty I was permitted to enjoy. + Yet what was this liberty? I had bought a little house at Ruel, which I + kept during two years and a half. When I saw my friends there, it had to + be at midnight, or at five o'clock in the morning; and the First Consul + would often send for me in the night when couriers arrived. It was for + this sort of liberty I refused Josephine's kind offer. Bonaparte came once + to see me in my retreat at Ruel, but Josephine and Hortense came often. It + was a favourite walk with these ladies. + </p> + <p> + At Paris I was less frequently absent from Bonaparte than at Malmaison. We + sometimes in the evening walked together in the garden of the Tuileries + after the gates were closed. In these evening walks he always wore a gray + greatcoat, and a round hat. I was directed to answer, "The First Consul," + to the sentinel's challenge of, "Who goes there?" These promenades, which + were of much benefit to Bonaparte, and me also, as a relaxation from our + labours, resembled those which we had at Malmaison. As to our promenades + in the city, they were often very amusing. + </p> + <p> + At the period of our first inhabiting the Tuileries, when I saw Bonaparte + enter the cabinet at eight o'clock in the evening in his gray coat, I knew + he would say, "Bourrienne, come and take a turn." Sometimes, then, instead + of going out by the garden arcade, we would take the little gate which + leads from the court to the apartments of the Duc d'Angoulême. He would + take my arm, and we would go to buy articles of trifling value in the + shops of the Rue St. Honoré; but we did not extend our excursions farther + than Rue de l'Arbre Sec. Whilst I made the shopkeeper exhibit before us + the articles which I appeared anxious to buy he played his part in asking + questions. + </p> + <p> + Nothing was more amusing than to see him endeavouring to imitate the + careless and jocular tone of the young men of fashion. How awkward was he + in the attempt to put on dandy airs when pulling up the corners of his + cravat he would say, "Well, Madame, is there anything new to-day? Citizen, + what say they of Bonaparte? Your shop appears to be well supplied. You + surely have a great deal of custom. What do people say of that buffoon, + Bonaparte?" He was made quite happy one day when we were obliged to retire + hastily from a shop to avoid the attacks drawn upon us by the irreverent + tone in which Bonaparte spoke of the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0034" id="link2HCH0034"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIV. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + War and monuments—Influence of the recollections of Egypt— + First improvements in Paris—Malmaison too little—St. Cloud taken + —The Pont des Arts—Business prescribed for me by Bonaparte— + Pecuniary remuneration—The First Consul's visit to the Pritanée— + His examination of the pupils—Consular pensions—Tragical death of + Miackzinski—Introduction of vaccination—Recall of the members of + the Constituent Assembly—The "canary" volunteers—Tronchet and + Target—Liberation of the Austrian prisoners—Longchamps and sacred + music. +</pre> + <p> + The destruction of men and the construction of monuments were two things + perfectly in unison in the mind of Bonaparte. It may be said that his + passion for monuments almost equalled his passion for war; + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Take pleasure, if you can, in reading your returns. The good + condition of my armies is owing to my devoting to them one or two + hours in every day. When the monthly returns of my armies and of my + fleets, which form twenty thick volumes, are sent to me, I give up + every other occupation in order to read them in detail and to + observe the difference between one monthly return and another. + No young girl enjoys her novel so much as I do these returns! + (Napoleon to Joseph, 20th August 1806—Du Casse, tome iii. + p. 145).]— +</pre> + <p> + but as in all things he disliked what was little and mean, so he liked + vast constructions and great battles. The sight of the colossal ruins of + the monuments of Egypt had not a little contributed to augment his natural + taste for great structures. It was not so much the monuments themselves + that he admired, but the historical recollections they perpetuate, the + great names they consecrate, the important events they attest. What should + he have cared for the column which we beheld on our arrival in Alexandria + had it not been Pompey's pillar? It is for artists to admire or censure + its proportions and ornaments, for men of learning to explain its + inscriptions; but the name of Pompey renders it an object of interest to + all. + </p> + <p> + When endeavouring to sketch the character of Bonaparte, I ought to have + noticed his taste for monuments, for without this characteristic trait + something essential is wanting to the completion of the portrait. This + taste, or, as it may more properly be called, this passion for monuments, + exercised no small influence on his thoughts and projects of glory; yet it + did not deter him from directing attention to public improvements of a + less ostentatious kind. He wished for great monuments to perpetuate the + recollection of his glory; but at the same time he knew how to appreciate + all that was truly useful. He could very rarely be reproached for + rejecting any plan without examination; and this examination was a speedy + affair, for his natural tact enabled him immediately to see things in + their proper light. + </p> + <p> + Though most of the monuments and embellishments of Paris are executed from + the plans of men of talent, yet some owe their origin to circumstances + merely accidental. Of this I can mention an example. + </p> + <p> + I was standing at the window of Bonaparte's' cabinet, which looked into + the garden of the Tuileries. He had gone out, and I took advantage of his + absence to arise from my chair, for I was tired of sitting. He had + scarcely been gone a minute when he unexpectedly returned to ask me for a + paper. "What are you doing there, Bourrienne? I'll wager anything you are + admiring the ladies walking on the terrace."—"Why, I must confess I + do sometimes amuse myself in that way," replied I; "but I assure you, + General, I was now thinking of something else. I was looking at that + villainous left bank of the Seine, which always annoys me with the gaps in + its dirty quay, and the floodings which almost every winter prevent + communication with the Faubourg St. Germain; and I was thinking I would + speak to you on the subject." He approached the window, and, looking out, + said, "You are right, it is very ugly; and very offensive to see dirty + linen washed before our windows. Here, write immediately: 'The quay of the + École de Natation is to be finished during next campaign.' Send that order + to the Minister of the Interior." The quay was finished the year + following. + </p> + <p> + An instance of the enormous difference which frequently appears between + the original estimates of architects and their subsequent accounts I may + mention what occurred in relation to the Palace of St. Cloud. But I must + first say a word about the manner in which Bonaparte originally refused + and afterwards took possession of the Queen's pleasure-house. Malmaison + was a suitable country residence for Bonaparte as long as he remained + content with his town apartments in the little Luxembourg; but that + Consular 'bagatelle' was too confined in comparison with the spacious + apartments in the Tuileries. The inhabitants of St. Cloud, well-advised, + addressed a petition to the Legislative Body, praying that their deserted + chateau might be made the summer residence of the First Consul. The + petition was referred to the Government; but Bonaparte, who was not yet + Consul for life, proudly declared that so long as he was at the head of + affairs, and, indeed, for a year afterwards, he would accept no national + recompense. Sometime after we went to visit the palace of the 18th + Brumaire. Bonaparte liked it exceedingly, but all was in a state of + complete dilapidation. It bore evident marks of the Revolution. The First + Consul did not wish, as yet, to burden the budget of the State with his + personal expenses, and he was alarmed at the enormous sum required to + render St. Cloud habitable. Flattery had not yet arrived at the degree of + proficiency which it subsequently attained; but even then his flatterers + boldly assured him he might take possession of St. Cloud for 25,000 + francs. I told the First Consul that considering the ruinous state of the + place, I could to say that the expense would amount to more than 1,200,000 + francs. Bonaparte determined to have a regular estimate of the expense, + and it amounted to nearly 3,000,000. He thought it a great sum; but as he + had resolved to make St. Cloud his residence he gave orders for commencing + the repairs, the expense of which, independently of the furniture, + amounted to 6,000,000. So much for the 3,000,000 of the architect and the + 25,000 francs of the flatterers. + </p> + <p> + When the First Consul contemplated the building of the Pont des Arts we + had a long conversation on the subject. I observed that it would be much + better to build the bridge of stone. "The first object of monuments of + this kind," said I, "is public utility. They require solidity of + appearance, and their principal merit is duration. I cannot conceive, + General, why, in a country where there is abundance of fine stone of every + quality, the use of iron should be preferred."—"Write," said + Bonaparte, "to Fontaine and Percier, the architects, and ask what they + think of it." I wrote and they stated in their answer that "bridges were + intended for public utility and the embellishment of cities. The projected + bridge between the Louvre and the Quatre-Nations would unquestionably + fulfil the first of these objects, as was proved by the great number of + persons who daily crossed the Seine at that point in boats; that the site + fixed upon between the Pont Neuf and the Tuileries appeared to be the best + that could be chosen for the purpose; and that on the score of ornament + Paris would gain little by the construction of an iron bridge, which would + be very narrow, and which, from its light form, would not correspond with + the grandeur of the two bridges between which it would be placed." + </p> + <p> + When we had received the answer of MM. Percier and Fontaine, we again had + a conversation on the subject of the bridge. I told the First Consul that + I perfectly concurred in the opinion of MM. Fontaine and Percier; however, + he would have his own way, and thus was authorised the construction of the + toy which formed a communication between the Louvre and the Institute. But + no sooner was the Pont des Arts finished than Bonaparte pronounced it to + be mean and out of keeping with the other bridges above and below it. One + day when visiting the Louvre he stopped at one of the windows looking + towards the Pont des Arts and said, "There is no solidity, no grandeur + about that bridge. In England, where stone is scarce, it is very natural + that iron should be used for arches of large dimensions. But the case is + different in France, where the requisite material is abundant." + </p> + <p> + The infernal machine of the 3d Nivôse, of which I shall presently speak + more at length, was the signal for vast changes in the quarter of the + Tuileries. That horrible attempt was at least so far attended by happy + results that it contributed to the embellishment of Paris. It was thought + more advisable for the Government to buy and pull down the houses which + had been injured by the machine than to let them be put under repair. As + an example of Bonaparte's grand schemes in building I may mention that, + being one day at the Louvre, he pointed towards St. Germain l'Auxerrois + and said to me, "That is where I will build an imperial street. It shall + run from here to the Barrière du Trône. It shall be a hundred feet broad, + and have arcades and plantations. This street shall be the finest in the + world." + </p> + <p> + The palace of the King of Rome, which was to face the Pont de Jena and the + Champ de Mars, would have been in some measure isolated from Paris, with + which, however, it was to be connected by a line of palaces. These were to + extend along the quay, and were destined as splendid residences for the + Ambassadors of foreign sovereigns, at least as long as there should be any + sovereigns in Europe except Napoleon. The Temple of Glory, too, which was + to occupy the site of the Church of la Madeleine, was never finished. If + the plan of this monument proved the necessity, which Bonaparte felt of + constantly holding out stimulants to his soldiers, its relinquishment was + at least a proof of his wisdom. He who had reestablished religious worship + in France, and had restored to its destination the church of the + Invalides, which was for a time metamorphosed into the Temple of Mars, + foresaw that a Temple of Glory would give birth to a sort of paganism + incompatible with the ideas of the age. + </p> + <p> + The recollection of the magnificent Necropolis of Cairo frequently + recurred to Bonaparte's mind. He had admired that city of the dead, which + he had partly contributed to people; and his design was to make, at the + four cardinal points of Paris, four vast cemeteries on the plan of that at + Cairo. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte determined that all the new streets of Paris should be 40 feet + wide, and be provided with foot-pavements; in short, he thought nothing + too grand for the embellishment of the capital of a country which he + wished to make the first in the world. Next to war, he regarded the + embellishment of Paris as the source of his glory; and he never considered + a victory fully achieved until he had raised a monument to transmit its + memory to posterity. He, wanted glory, uninterrupted glory, for France as + well as for himself. How often, when talking over his schemes, has he not + said, "Bourrienne, it is for France I am doing all this! All I wish, all I + desire, the end of all my labours is, that my name should be indissolubly + connected with that of France!" + </p> + <p> + Paris is not the only city, nor is France the only kingdom, which bears + traces of Napoleon's passion for great and useful monuments. In Belgium, + in Holland, in Piedmont, in all Italy, he executed great improvements. At + Turin a splendid bridge was built over the Po, in lieu of an old bridge + which was falling in ruins. + </p> + <p> + How many things were undertaken and executed in Napoleon's short and + eventful reign! To obviate the difficulty of communication between Metz + and Mayence a magnificent road was made, as if by magic, across + impracticable marshes and vast forests. Mountains were cut through and + ravines filled up. He would not allow nature more than man to resist him. + One day when he was proceeding to Belgium by the way of Givet, he was + detained for a short time at Little Givet, on the right bank of the Meuse, + in consequence of an accident which happened to the ferry-boat. He was + within a gunshot of the fortress of Charlemont, on the left bank, and in + the vexation which the delay occasioned he dictated the following decree: + "A bridge shall be built over the Meuse to join Little Givet to Great + Givet. It shall be terminated during the ensuing campaign." It was + completed within the prescribed time. In the great work of bridges and + highways Bonaparte's chief object was to remove the obstacles and barriers + which nature had raised up as the limits of old France so as to form a + junction with the provinces which he successively annexed to the Empire. + Thus in Savoy a road, smooth as a garden-walk, superseded the dangerous + ascents and descents of the wood of Bramant; thus was the passage of Mont + Cenis a pleasant promenade at almost every season of the year; thus did + the Simplon bow his head, and Bonaparte might have said, "There are now my + Alps," with more reason than Louis XIV. said, "There are now no Pyrenees." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Metternich (tome iv. p. 187) says on this subject, 'If you look + closely at the course of human affairs you will make strange + discoveries. For instance, that the Simplon Pass has contributed as + surely to Napoleon's immortality as the numerous works done in the + reign of the Emperor Francis will fail to add to his.]— +</pre> + <p> + Such was the implicit confidence which Bonaparte reposed in me that I was + often alarmed at the responsibility it obliged me to incur. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Of this confidence the following instructions for me, which he + dictated to Duroc, afford sufficient proof:— + + "1st. Citizen Bourrienne shall open all the letters addressed to + the First Consul, Vol, and present them to him three times a day, or + oftener in case of urgent business. The letters shall be deposited + in the cabinet when they are opened. Bourrienne is to analyse all + those which are of secondary interest, and write the First Consul's + decision on each letter. The hours for presenting the letters shall + be, first, when the Consul rises; second, a quarter of an hour + before dinner; and third, at eleven at night. + + "2d. He is to have the superintendence of the Topographical office, + and of an office of Translation, in which there shall be a German + and an English clerk. Every day he shall present to the First + Consul, at the hours above mentioned the German and English + journals, together with a translation. With respect to the Italian + journals, it will only be necessary to mark what the First Consul is + to read. + + "3d. He shall keep a register of appointments to offices under + Government; a second, for appointments to judicial posts; a third + for appointments to places abroad; and a fourth, for the situations + of receivers and great financial posts, where he is to inscribe the + names of all the individuals whom the First Consul may refer to him. + These registers must be written by his own hand, and must be kept + entirely private. + + "4th. Secret correspondence, and the different reports of + surveillance, are to be addressed directly to Bourrienne, and + transmitted by him to the hand of the First Consul, by whom they + will be returned without the intervention of any third party. + + "6th. There shall be a register for all that relates to secret + extraordinary expenditure. Bourrienne shall write the whole with + his own hand, in order that the business may be kept from the + knowledge of any one. + + "7th. He shall despatch all the business which may be referred to + him, either from Citizen Duroc, or from the cabinet of the First + Consul, taking care to arrange everything so as to secure secrecy. + + "(Signed) "BONAPARTE, First Consul. + + "Paris, 13th Germinal, year VIII. + "(3d. April 1800.)"]— +</pre> + <p> + Official business was not the only labour that devolved upon me. I had to + write to the dictation of the First Consul during a great part of the day, + or to decipher his writing, which was always the most laborious part of my + duty. I was so closely employed that I scarcely ever went out; and when by + chance I dined in town, I could not arrive until the very moment of + dinner, and I was obliged to run away immediately after it. Once a month, + at most, I went without Bonaparte to the Comédie Française, but I was + obliged to return at nine o'clock, that being the hour at which we resumed + business. Corvisart, with whom I was intimately acquainted, constantly + expressed his apprehensions about my health; but my zeal carried me + through every difficulty, and during our stay at the Tuileries I cannot + express how happy I was in enjoying the unreserved confidence of the man + on whom the eyes of all Europe were filed. So perfect was this confidence + that Bonaparte, neither as General, Consul, nor Emperor, ever gave me any + fixed salary. In money matters we were still comrades: I took from his + funds what was necessary to defray my expenses, and of this Bonaparte + never once asked me for any account. + </p> + <p> + He often mentioned his wish to regenerate public education, which he + thought was ill managed. The central schools did not please him; but he + could not withhold his admiration from the Polytechnic School, the finest + establishment of education that was ever founded, but which he afterwards + spoiled by giving it a military organisation. In only one college of Paris + the old system of study was preserved: this was the Louis-le-Grand, which + had received the name of Pritanée. The First Consul directed the Minister + of the Interior to draw up a report on that establishment; and he himself + went to pay an unexpected visit to the Pritanée, accompanied by M. Lebrun + and Duroc. He remained there upwards of an hour, and in the evening he + spoke to me with much interest on the subject of his visit. "Do you know, + Bourrienne," said he, "that I have been performing the duties of + professor?"—"You, General!"—"Yes! and I did not acquit myself + badly. I examined the pupils in the mathematical class; and I recollected + enough of my Bezout to make some demonstrations before them. I went + everywhere, into the bedrooms and the dining-room. I tasted the soup, + which is better than we used to have at Brienne. I must devote serious + attention to public education and the management of the colleges. The + pupils must have a uniform. I observed some well and others ill dressed. + That will not do. At college, above all places, there should be equality. + But I was much pleased with the pupils of the Pritanée. I wish to know the + names of those I examined, and I have desired Duroc to report them to me. + I will give them rewards; that stimulates young people. I will provide for + some of them." + </p> + <p> + On this subject Bonaparte did not confine himself to an empty scheme. + After consulting with the headmaster of the Pritanée, he granted pensions + of 200 francs to seven or eight of the most distinguished pupils of the + establishment, and he placed three of them in the department of Foreign + Affairs, under the title of diplomatic pupils. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This institution of diplomatic pupils was originally suggested by + M. de Talleyrand.]— +</pre> + <p> + What I have just said respecting the First Consul's visit to the Pritanée + reminds me of a very extraordinary circumstance which arose out of it. + Among the pupils at the Pritanée there was a son of General Miackzinski, + who died fighting under the banners of the Republic. Young Miackzinski was + then sixteen or seventeen years of age. He soon quitted the college, + entered the army as a volunteer, and was one of a corps reviewed by + Bonaparte, in the plain of Sablons. He was pointed out to the First + Consul, who said to him, "I knew your father. Follow his example, and in + six months you shall be an officer." Six months elapsed, and Miackzinski + wrote to the First Consul, reminding him of his promise. No answer was + returned, and the young man then wrote a second letter as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + You desired me to prove myself worthy of my father; I have done so. + You promised that I should be an officer in six months; seven have + elapsed since that promise was made. When you receive this letter I + shall be no more. I cannot live under a Government the head of + which breaks his word. +</pre> + <p> + Poor Miackzinski kept his word but too faithfully. After writing the above + letter to the First Consul he retired to his chamber and blew out his + brains with a pistol. A few days after this tragical event Miackzinski's + commission was transmitted to his corps, for Bonaparte had not forgotten + him. A delay in the War Office had caused the death of this promising + young man. Bonaparte was much affected at the circumstance, and he said to + me, "These Poles have such refined notions of honour.... Poor Sulkowski, I + am sure, would have done the same." + </p> + <p> + At the commencement of the Consulate it was gratifying to see how actively + Bonaparte was seconded in the execution of plans for the social + regeneration of France; all seemed animated with new life, and every one + strove to do good as if it were a matter of competition. + </p> + <p> + Every circumstance concurred to favour the good intentions of the First + Consul. Vaccination, which, perhaps, has saved as many lives as war has + sacrificed, was introduced into France by M. d'Liancourt; and Bonaparte, + immediately appreciating the value of such a discovery, gave it his + decided approbation. At the same time a council of Prizes was established, + and the old members of the Constituent Assembly were invited to return to + France. It was for their sake and that of the Royalists that the First + Consul recalled them, but it was to please the Jacobins, whom he was + endeavouring to conciliate, that their return was subject to restrictions. + At first the invitation to return to France extended only to those who + could prove that they had voted in favour of the abolition of nobility. + The lists of emigrants were closed, and committees were appointed to + investigate their claims to the privilege of returning. + </p> + <p> + From the commencement of the month of Germinal the reorganisation of the + army of Italy had proceeded with renewed activity. The presence in Paris + of the fine corps of the Consular Guard, added to the desire of showing + themselves off in gay uniforms, had stimulated the military ardour of many + respectable young men of the capital. Taking advantage of this + circumstance the First Consul created a corps of volunteers destined for + the army of reserve, which was to remain at Dijon. He saw the advantage of + connecting a great number of families with his cause, and imbuing them + with the spirit of the army. This volunteer corps wore a yellow uniform + which, in some of the salons of Paris where it was still the custom to + ridicule everything, obtained for them the nickname of "canaries." + Bonaparte, who did not always relish a joke, took this in very ill part, + and often expressed to me his vexation at it. However, he was gratified to + observe in the composition of this corps a first specimen of privileged + soldiers; an idea which he acted upon when he created the orderly + gendarmes in the campaign of Jena, and when he organised the guards of + honour after the disasters of Moscow. + </p> + <p> + In every action of his life Bonaparte had some particular object in view. + I recollect his saying to me one day, "Bourrienne, I cannot yet venture to + do anything against the regicides; but I will let them see what I think of + them. To-morrow I shall have some business with Abrial respecting the + organisation of the court of Cassation. Target, who is the president of + that court, would not defend Louis XVI. Well, whom do you think I mean to + appoint in his place? . . . Tronchet, who did defend the king. They may + say what they please; I care not." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[On this, as on many other occasions, the cynicism of Bonaparte's + language does not admit of a literal translation.]— +</pre> + <p> + Tronchet was appointed. + </p> + <p> + Nearly about the same time the First Consul, being informed of the escape + of General Mack, said to me, "Mack may go where he pleases; I am not + afraid of him. But I will tell you what I have been thinking. There are + some other Austrian officers who were prisoners with Mack; among the + number is a Count Dietrichstein, who belongs to a great family in Vienna. + I will liberate them all. At the moment of opening a campaign this will + have a good effect. They will see that I fear nothing; and who knows but + this may procure me some admirers in Austria." The order for liberating + the Austrian prisoners was immediately despatched. Thus Bonaparte's acts + of generosity, as well as his acts of severity and his choice of + individuals, were all the result of deep calculation. + </p> + <p> + This unvarying attention to the affairs of the Government was manifest in + all he did. I have already mentioned the almost simultaneous suppression + of the horrible commemoration of the month of January, and the permission + for the revival of the opera balls. A measure something similar to this + was the authorisation of the festivals of Longchamps, which had been + forgotten since the Revolution. He at the same time gave permission for + sacred music to be performed at the opera. Thus, while in public acts he + maintained the observance of the Republican calendar, he was gradually + reviving the old calendar by seasons of festivity. Shrove-Tuesday was + marked by a ball, and Passion-week by promenades and concerts. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0035" id="link2HCH0035"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXV + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Memorial of St. Helena—Louis XVIII.'s first letter to Bonaparte + —Josephine, Hortense, and the Faubourg St. Germain— + Madame Bonaparte and the fortune-teller—Louis XVIII's second letter + —Bonaparte's answer—Conversation respecting the recall of Louis + XVIII.—Peace and war—A battle fought with pins—Genoa and Melas— + Realisation of Bonaparte's military plans—Ironical letter to + Berthier—Departure from Paris—Instructions to Lucien and + Cambacérès—Joseph Bonaparte appointed Councillor of State— + Travelling conversation—Alexander and Caesar judged by Bonaparte. +</pre> + <p> + It sometimes happens that an event which passes away unnoticed at the time + of its occurrence acquires importance from events which subsequently + ensue. This reflection naturally occurs to my mind now that I am about to + notice the correspondence which passed between Louis XVIII. and the First + Consul. This is certainly not one of the least interesting passages in the + life of Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + But I must first beg leave to make an observation on the 'Memorial of St. + Helena.' That publication relates what Bonaparte said respecting the + negotiations between Louis XVIII. and himself; and I find it necessary to + quote a few lines on the subject, in order to show how far the statements + contained in the Memorial differ from the autograph letters in my + possession. + </p> + <p> + At St. Helena Napoleon said that he never thought of the princes of the + House of Bourbon. This is true to a certain point. He did not think of the + princes of the House of Bourbon with the view of restoring them to their + throne; but it has been shown, in several parts of these Memoirs, that he + thought of them very often, and on more than one occasion their very names + alarmed him. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Memorial states that "A letter was delivered to the First + Consul by Lebrun who received it from the Abbé de Montesquieu, the + secret agent of the Bourbons in Paris." This letter which was very + cautiously written, said:— + + "You are long delaying the restoration of my throne. It is to be + feared you are suffering favourable moments to escape. You cannot + secure the happiness of France without me, and I can do nothing for + France without you. Hasten, then, to name the offices which you + would choose for your friends." + + The answer, Napoleon said, was as follows:— + + "I have received your royal highness' letter. I have always taken a + lively interest in your misfortunes, and those of your family. You + must not think of appearing in France; you could only return here by + trampling over a hundred thousand dead bodies. I shall always be + happy to do anything that can alleviate your fate and help to banish + the recollection of your misfortunes."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + The substance of the two letters given in the 'Memorial of St. Helena' is + correct. The ideas are nearly the same as those of the original letters. + But it is not surprising that, after the lapse of so long an interval, + Napoleon's memory should somewhat have failed him. However, it will not, I + presume, be deemed unimportant if I present to the reader literal copies + of this correspondence; together with the explanation of some curious + circumstances connected with it. + </p> + <p> + The following is Louis XVIII's letter:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + February 20,1800. + + SIR—Whatever may be their apparent conduct, men like you never + inspire alarm. You have accepted an eminent station, and I thank + you for having done so. You know better than any one how much + strength and power are requisite to secure the happiness of a great + nation. Save France from her own violence, and you will fulfil the + first wish of my heart. Restore her King to her, and future + generations will bless your memory. You will always be too + necessary to the State for me ever to be able to discharge, by + important appointments, the debt of my family and myself. + + (Signed) Louis. +</pre> + <p> + The First Consul was much agitated on the reception of this letter. Though + he every day declared his determination to have nothing to do with the + Princes, yet he hesitated whether or no he should reply to this overture. + The numerous affairs which then occupied his mind favoured this + hesitation. Josephine and Hortense conjured him to hold out hope to the + King, as by so doing he would in no way pledge himself, and would gain + time to ascertain whether he could not ultimately play a far greater part + than that of Monk. Their entreaties became so urgent that he said to me, + "These devils of women are mad! The Faubourg St. Germain has turned their + heads! They make the Faubourg the guardian angel of the royalists; but I + care not; I will have nothing to do with them." + </p> + <p> + Madame Bonaparte said she was anxious he should adopt the step she + proposed in order to banish from his mind all thought of making himself + King. This idea always gave rise to a painful foreboding which she could + never overcome. + </p> + <p> + In the First Consul's numerous conversations with me he discussed with + admirable sagacity Louis XVIII.'s proposition and its consequences. "The + partisans of the Bourbons," said he, "are deceived if they suppose I am + the man to play Monk's part." Here the matter rested, and the King's + letter remained on the table. In the interim Louis XVIII. wrote a second + letter, without any date. It was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + You must have long since been convinced, General, that you possess + my esteem. If you doubt my gratitude, fix your reward and mark out + the fortune of your friends. As to my principles, I am a Frenchman, + merciful by character, and also by the dictates of reason. + + No, the victor of Lodi, Castiglione, and Arcola, the conqueror of + Italy and Egypt, cannot prefer vain celebrity to real glory. But + you are losing precious time. We may ensure the glory of France. + + I say we, because I require the aid of Bonaparte, and he can do + nothing without me. + + General, Europe observes you. Glory awaits you, and I am impatient + to restore peace to my people. + (Signed) LOUIS. +</pre> + <p> + This dignified letter the First Consul suffered to remain unanswered for + several weeks; at length he proposed to dictate an answer to me. I + observed, that as the King's letters were autographs, it would be more + proper that he should write himself. He then wrote with his own hand the + following: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Sir—I have received your letter, and I thank you for the + compliments you address to me. + + You must not seek to return to France. To do so you must trample + over a hundred thousand dead bodies. + + Sacrifice your interest to the repose and happiness of France, and + history will render you justice. + + I am not insensible to the misfortunes of your family. I shall + learn with pleasure, and shall willingly contribute to ensure, the + tranquillity of your retirement. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + He showed me this letter, saying, "What do you think of it? is it not + good?" He was never offended when I pointed out to him an error of grammar + or style, and I therefore replied, "As to the substance, if such be your + resolution, I have nothing to say against it; but," added I, "I must make + one observation on the style. You cannot say that you shall learn with + pleasure to ensure, etc." On reading the passage over again he thought he + had pledged himself too far in saying that he would willingly contribute, + etc. He therefore scored out the last sentence, and interlined, "I shall + contribute with pleasure to the happiness and tranquillity of your + retirement." + </p> + <p> + The answer thus scored and interlined could not be sent off, and it lay on + the table with Bonaparte's signature affixed to it. + </p> + <p> + Some time after he wrote another answer, the three first paragraphs of + which were exactly alike that first quoted; but for the last paragraph he + substituted the following: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "I am not insensible to the misfortunes of your family; and I shall + learn with pleasure that you are surrounded with all that can + contribute to the tranquillity of your retirement." +</pre> + <p> + By this means he did not pledge himself in any way, not even in words, for + he himself made no offer of contributing to the tranquillity of the + retirement. Every day which augmented his power and consolidated his + position diminished, he thought, the chances of the Bourbons; and seven + months were suffered to intervene between the date of the King's first + letter and the answer of the First Consul, which was written on the 2d + Vendemiaire, year IX. (24th September 1800) just when the Congress of + Luneville was on the point of opening. + </p> + <p> + Some days after the receipt of Louis XVIII.'s letter we were walking in + the gardens of Malmaison; he was in good humour, for everything was going + on to his mind. "Has my wife been saying anything more to you about the + Bourbons?" said he.—"No, General."—"But when you converse with + her you concur a little in her opinions. Tell me why you wish the Bourbons + back? You have no interest in their return, nothing to expect from them. + Your family rank is not high enough to enable you to obtain any great + post. You would be nothing under them. Through the patronage of M. de + Chambonas you got the appointment of Secretary of Legation at Stuttgart; + but had it not been for the change you would have remained all your life + in that or some inferior post. Did you ever know men rise by their own + merit under kings? Everything depends on birth, connection, fortune, and + intrigue. Judge things more accurately; reflect more maturely on the + future."—"General," replied I, "I am quite of your opinion on one + point. I never received gift, place, or favour from the Bourbons; and I + have not the vanity to believe that I should ever have attained any + important Appointment. But you must not forget that my nomination as + Secretary of Legation at Stuttgart preceded the overthrow of the throne + only by a few days; and I cannot infer, from what took place under + circumstances unfortunately too certain, what might have happened in the + reverse case. Besides, I am not actuated by personal feelings; I consider + not my own interests, but those of France. I wish you to hold the reins of + government as long as you live; but you have no children, and it is + tolerably certain that you will have none by Josephine. What will become + of us when you are gone? You talk of the future; but what will be the + future fate of France? I have often heard you say that your brothers are + not—"—"You are right," said he, abruptly interrupting me. "If + I do not live thirty years to complete my work you will have a long series + of civil wars after my death. My brothers will not suit France; you know + what they are. A violent conflict will therefore arise among the most + distinguished generals, each of whom will think himself entitled to + succeed me."—"Well, General, why not take means to obviate the + mischief you foresee?"—"Do you imagine I do not think of it? But + look at the difficulties that stand in my way. How are so many acquired + rights and material results to be secured against the efforts of a family + restored to power, and returning with 80,000 emigrants and the influence + of fanaticism? What would become of those who voted for the death of the + King—the men who acted a conspicuous part in the Revolution—the + national domains, and a multitude of things that have been done during + twelve years? Can you see how far reaction would extend?"—"General, + need I remind you that Louis, in his letter, guarantees the contrary of + all you apprehend? I know what will be your answer; but are you not able + to impose whatever conditions you may think fit? Grant what is asked of + you only at that price. Take three or four years; in that time you may + ensure the happiness of France by institutions conformable to her wants. + Custom and habit would give them a power which it would not be easy to + destroy; and even supposing such a design were entertained, it could not + be accomplished. I have heard you say it is wished you should act the part + of Monk; but you well know the difference between a general opposing the + usurper of a crown, and one whom victory and peace have raised above the + ruins of a subverted throne, and who restores it voluntarily to those who + have long occupied it. You are well aware what you call ideology will not + again be revived; and—"—"I know what you are going to say; but + it all amounts to nothing. Depend upon it, the Bourbons will think they + have reconquered their inheritance, and will dispose of it as they please. + The most sacred pledges, the most positive promises, will be violated. + None but fools will trust them. My resolution is formed; therefore let us + say no more on the subject. But I know how these women torment you. Let + them mind their knitting, and leave me to do what I think right." + </p> + <p> + Every one knows the adage, 'Si vis pacem para bellum'. Had Bonaparte been + a Latin scholar he would probably have reversed it and said, 'Si vis + bellum para pacem'. While seeking to establish pacific relations with the + powers of Europe the First Consul was preparing to strike a great blow in + Italy. As long as Genoa held out, and Massena continued there, Bonaparte + did not despair of meeting the Austrians in those fields which not four + years before had been the scenes of his success. He resolved to assemble + an army of reserve at Dijon. Where there was previously nothing he created + everything. At that period of his life the fertility of his imagination + and the vigour of his genius must have commanded the admiration of even + his bitterest enemies. I was astonished at the details into which he + entered. While every moment was engrossed by the most important + occupations he sent 24,000 francs to the hospital of Mont St. Bernard. + When he saw that his army of reserve was forming, and everything was going + on to his liking, he said to me, "I hope to fall on the rear of Melas + before he is aware I am in Italy . . . that is to say, provided Genoa + holds out. But MASSENA is defending it." + </p> + <p> + On the 17th of March, in a moment of gaiety and good humour, he desired me + to unroll Chauchard's great map of Italy. He lay down upon it, and desired + me to do likewise. He then stuck into it pins, the heads of which were + tipped with wax, some red and some black. I silently observed him; and + awaited with no little curiosity the result of this plan of campaign. When + he had stationed the enemy's corps, and drawn up the pins with red heads + on the points where he hoped to bring his own troops, he said to me, + "Where do you think I shall beat Melas?"—"How the devil should I + know?"—"Why, look here, you fool! Melas is at Alessandria with his + headquarters. There he will remain until Genoa surrenders. He has in + Alessandria his magazines, his hospitals, his artillery, and his reserves. + Crossing the Alps here (pointing to the Great Mont St. Bernard) I shall + fall upon Melas, cut off his communications with Austria, and meet him + here in the plains of Scrivia" (placing a red pin at San Giuliano). + Finding that I looked on this manoeuvre of pins as mere pastime, he + addressed to me some of his usual compliments, such as fool, ninny, etc., + and then proceeded to demonstrate his plans more clearly on the map. At + the expiration of a quarter of an hour we rose; I folded up the map, and + thought no more of the matter. + </p> + <p> + Four months after this, when I was at San Giuliano with Bonaparte's + portfolio and despatches, which I had saved from the rout which had taken + place during the day, and when that very evening I was writing at Torre di + Galifolo the bulletin of the battle to Napoleon's dictation, I frankly + avowed my admiration of his military plans. He himself smiled at the + accuracy of his own foresight. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul was not satisfied with General Berthier as War Minister, + and he superseded him by Carnot, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[There were special reasons for the appointment of Carnot, + Berthier was required with his master in Italy, while Carnot, who + had so long ruled the armies of the Republic, was better fitted to + influence Moreau, at this time advancing into Germany. Carnot + probably fulfilled the main object of his appointment when he was + sent to Moreau, and succeeded in getting that general, with natural + reluctance, to damage his own campaign by detaching a large body of + troops into Italy. Berthier was reappointed to the Ministry on the + 8th of October 1800,—a very speedy return if he had really been + disgraced.]— +</pre> + <p> + who had given great proofs of firmness and integrity, but who, + nevertheless, was no favourite of Bonaparte, on account of his decided + republican principles. Berthier was too slow in carrying out the measures + ordered, [duplicated line removed here D.W.] and too lenient in the + payment of past charges and in new contracts. Carnot's appointment took + place on the 2d of April 1800; and to console Berthier, who, he knew, was + more at home in the camp than in the office, he dictated to me the + following letter for him:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + PARIS, 2d April 1800. + + CITIZEN-GENERAL,—The military talents of which you have given so + many proofs, and the confidence of the Government, call you to the + command of an army. During the winter you have REORGANISED the War + Department, and you have provided, as far as circumstances would + permit, for the wants of our armies. During the spring and summer + it must be your task to lead our troops to victory, which is the + effectual means of obtaining peace and consolidating the Republic. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte laughed heartily while he dictated this epistle, especially when + he uttered the word which I have marked in italics [CAPS]. Berthier set + out for Dijon, where he commenced the formation of the army of reserve. + </p> + <p> + The Consular Constitution did not empower the First Consul to command an + army out of the territory of France. Bonaparte therefore wished to keep + secret his long-projected plan of placing himself at the head of the army + of Italy, which he then for the first time called the grand army. I + observed that by his choice of Berthier nobody could be deceived, because + it must be evident that he would have made another selection had he not + intended to command in person. He laughed at my observation. + </p> + <p> + Our departure from Paris was fixed for the 6th of May, or, according to + the republican calendar, the 16th Floréal. Bonaparte had made all his + arrangements and issued all his orders; but still he did not wish it to be + known that he was going to take the command of the army. On the eve of our + departure, being in conference with the two other Consuls and the + Ministers, he said to Lucien, "Prepare, to-morrow morning, a circular to + the prefects, and you, Fouché, will publish it in the journals. Say I am + gone to Dijon to inspect the army of reserve. You may add that I shall + perhaps go as far as Geneva; but you must affirm positively that I shall + not be absent longer than a fortnight. You, Cambacérès, will preside + to-morrow at the Council of State. In my absence you are the Head of the + Government. State that my absence will be but of short duration, but + specify nothing. Express my approbation of the Council of State; it has + already rendered great services, and I shall be happy to see it continue + in the course it has hitherto pursued. Oh! I had nearly forgotten—you + will at the same time announce that I have appointed Joseph a Councillor + of State. Should anything happen I shall be back again like a thunderbolt. + I recommend to you all the great interests of France, and I trust that I + shall shortly be talked of in Vienna and in London." + </p> + <p> + We set out at two in the morning, taking the Burgundy road, which we had + already so often travelled under very different circumstances. + </p> + <p> + On the journey Bonaparte conversed about the warriors of antiquity, + especially Alexander, Caesar, Scipio, and Hannibal. I asked him which he + preferred, Alexander or Caesar. "I place Alexander in the first rank," + said he, "yet I admire Caesar's fine campaign in Africa. But the ground of + my preference for the King of Macedonia is the plan, and above all the + execution, of his campaign in Asia. Only those who are utterly ignorant of + war can blame Alexander for having spent seven months at the siege of + Tyre. For my part, I would have stayed there seven years had it been + necessary. This is a great subject of dispute; but I look upon the siege + of Tyre, the conquest of Egypt, and the journey to the Oasis of Ammon as a + decided proof of the genius of that great captain. His object was to give + the King of Persia (of whose force he had only beaten a feeble + advance-guard at the Granicus and Issus) time to reassemble his troops, so + that he might overthrow at a blow the colossus which he had as yet only + shaken. By pursuing Darius into his states Alexander would have separated + himself from his reinforcements, and would have met only scattered parties + of troops who would have drawn him into deserts where his army would have + been sacrificed. By persevering in the taking of Tyre he secured his + communications with Greece, the country he loved as dearly as I love + France, and in whose glory he placed his own. By taking possession of the + rich province of Egypt he forced Darius to come to defend or deliver it, + and in so doing to march half-way to meet him. By representing himself as + the son of Jupiter he worked upon the ardent feelings of the Orientals in + a way that powerfully seconded his designs. Though he died at thirty-three + what a name he has left behind him!" + </p> + <p> + Though an utter stranger to the noble profession of arms, yet I could + admire Bonaparte's clever military plans and his shrewd remarks on the + great captains of ancient and modern times. I could not refrain from + saying, "General, you often reproach me for being no flatterer, but now I + tell you plainly I admire you." And certainly, I really spoke the true + sentiments of my mind. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0044" id="link2H_4_0044"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="front2 (81K)" src="images/front2.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + VOLUME II. — 1800-1803 + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pb010 (86K)" src="images/pb010.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pb060 (73K)" src="images/pb060.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pb094 (89K)" src="images/pb094.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pb268 (83K)" src="images/pb268.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pb290 (69K)" src="images/pb290.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <a name="linklink2HCH0036" id="link2HCH0036"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's confidence in the army—'Ma belle' France—The convent + of Bernadins—Passage of Mont St. Bernard—Arrival at the convent— + Refreshments distributed to the soldiers—Mont Albaredo—Artillery + dismounted—The fort of Bard—Fortunate temerity—Bonaparte and + Melas—The spy—Bonaparte's opinion of M. Necker—Capitulation of + Genoa—Intercepted despatch—Lannes at Montebello—Boudet succeeded + by Desaix—Coolness of the First Consul to M. Collot—Conversation + and recollections—The battle of Marengo—General Kellerman—Supper + sent from the Convent del Bosco—Particulars respecting the death of + Desaix—The Prince of Lichtenstein—Return to Milan—Savary and + Rapp. +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be denied that if, from the 18th Brumaire to the epoch when + Bonaparte began the campaign, innumerable improvements had been made in + the internal affairs of France, foreign affairs could not be seen with the + same satisfaction. Italy had been lost, and from the frontiers of Provence + the Austrian camp fires were seen. Bonaparte was not ignorant of the + difficulties of his position, and it was even on account of these very + difficulties that, whatever might be the result of his hardy enterprise, + he wished to escape from it as quickly as possible. He cherished no + illusions, and often said all must be staked to gain all. + </p> + <p> + The army which the First Consul was preparing to attack was numerous, well + disciplined, and victorious. + </p> + <p> + His, with the exception of a very small number of troops, was composed of + conscripts; but these conscripts were commanded by officers whose ardour + was unparalleled. Bonaparte's fortune was now to depend on the winning or + losing of a battle. A battle lost would have dispelled all the dreams of + his imagination, and with them would have vanished all his immense schemes + for the future of France. He saw the danger, but was not intimidated by + it; and trusting to his accustomed good fortune, and to the courage and + fidelity of his troops, he said, "I have, it is true, many conscripts in + my army, but they are Frenchmen. Four years ago did I not with a feeble + army drive before me hordes of Sardinians and Austrians, and scour the + face of Italy? We shall do so again. The sun which now shines on us is the + same that shone at Arcola and Lodi. I rely on Massena. I hope he will hold + out in Genoa. But should famine oblige him to surrender, I will retake + Genoa in the plains of the Scrivia. With what pleasure shall I then return + to my dear France! Ma belle France." + </p> + <p> + At this moment, when a possible, nay, a probable chance, might for ever + have blasted his ambitious hopes, he for the first time spoke of France as + his. Considering the circumstances in which we then stood, this use of the + possessive pronoun "my" describes more forcibly than anything that can be + said the flashes of divination which crossed Bonaparte's brain when he was + wrapped up in his chimerical ideas of glory and fortune. + </p> + <p> + In this favourable disposition of mind the First Consul arrived at + Martigny on the 20th of May. Martigny is a convent of Bernardins, situated + in a valley where the rays of the sun scarcely ever penetrate. The army + was in full march to the Great St. Bernard. In this gloomy solitude did + Bonaparte wait three days, expecting the fort of Bard, situated beyond the + mountain and covering the road to Yvree, to surrender. The town was + carried on the 21st of May, and on the third day he learned that the fort + still held out, and that there were no indications of its surrender. He + launched into complaints against the commander of the siege, and said, "I + am weary of staying in this convent; those fools will never take Bard; I + must go myself and see what can be done. They cannot even settle so + contemptible an affair without me!" He immediately gave orders for our + departure. + </p> + <p> + The grand idea of the invasion of Italy by crossing Mont St. Bernard + emanated exclusively from the First Consul. This miraculous achievement + justly excited the admiration of the world. The incredible difficulties it + presented did not daunt the courage of Bonaparte's troops. His generals, + accustomed as they had been to brave fatigue and danger, regarded without + concern the gigantic enterprise of the modern Hannibal. + </p> + <p> + A convent or hospice, which had been established on the mountain for the + purpose of affording assistance to solitary travellers, sufficiently + bespeaks the dangers of these stormy regions. But the St. Bernard was now + to be crossed, not by solitary travellers, but by an army. Cavalry, + baggage, limbers, and artillery were now to wend their way along those + narrow paths where the goat-herd cautiously picks his footsteps. On the + one hand masses of snow, suspended above our heads, every moment + threatened to break in avalanches, and sweep us away in their descent. On + the other, a false step was death. We all passed, men and horse, one by + one, along the goat paths. The artillery was dismounted, and the guns, put + into excavated trunks of trees, were drawn by ropes. + </p> + <p> + I have already mentioned that the First Consul had transmitted funds to + the hospice of the Great St. Bernard. The good fathers had procured from + the two valleys a considerable supply of cheese, bread, and wine. Tables + were laid out in front of the hospice, and each soldier as he defiled past + took a glass of wine and a piece of bread and cheese, and then resigned + his place to the next. The fathers served, and renewed the portions with + admirable order and activity. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul ascended the St. Bernard with that calm self-possession + and that air of indifference for which he was always remarkable when he + felt the necessity of setting an example and exposing himself to danger. + He asked his guide many questions about the two valleys, inquired what + were the resources of the inhabitants, and whether accidents were as + frequent as they were said to be. The guide informed him that the + experience of ages enabled the inhabitants to foresee good or bad weather, + and that they were seldom deceived. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, who wore his gray greatcoat, and had his whip in his hand, + appeared somewhat disappointed at not seeing any one come from the valley + of Aorta to inform him of the taking of the fort of Bard. I never left him + for a moment during the ascent. We encountered no personal danger, and + escaped with no other inconvenience than excessive fatigue. + </p> + <p> + On his arrival at the convent the First Consul visited the chapel and the + three little libraries. He had time to read a few pages of an old book, of + which I have forgotten the title. + </p> + <p> + Our breakfast-dinner was very frugal. The little garden was still covered + with snow, and I said to one of the fathers, "You can have but few + vegetables here."—"We get our vegetables from the valleys," he + replied; "but in the month of August, in warm seasons, we have a few + lettuces of our own growing." + </p> + <p> + When we reached the summit of the mountain we seated ourselves on the snow + and slid down. Those who went first smoothed the way for those who came + behind them. This rapid descent greatly amused us, and we were only + stopped by the mud which succeeded the snow at the distance of five or six + hundred toises down the declivity. + </p> + <p> + We crossed, or rather climbed up, Mont Albaredo to avoid passing under the + fort of Bard, which closes the valley of Aorta. As it was impossible to + get the artillery up this mountain it was resolved to convey it through + the town of Bard, which was not fortified. For this operation we made + choice of night, and the wheels of the cannon and caissons, and even the + horses' feet, being wrapped in straw, the whole passed quietly through the + little town. They were, indeed, under the fire of the fort; however, it + did not so completely command the street but that the houses would have + protected them against any very fatal consequences. A great part of the + army had passed before the surrender of the fort, which so completely + commands the narrow valley leading to Aorta that it is difficult to + comprehend the negligence of the Austrians in not throwing up more + efficient works; by very simple precautions they might have rendered the + passage of St. Bernard unavailing. + </p> + <p> + On the 23d we came within sight of the fort of Bard, which commands the + road bounded by the Doria Baltea on the right and Mont Albaredo on the + left. The Doria Baltea is a small torrent which separates the town of Bard + from the fort. Bonaparte, whose retinue was not very numerous, crossed the + torrent. On arriving within gunshot of the fort he ordered us to quicken + our pace to gain a little bridle-path on the left, leading to the summit + of Mont Albaredo, and turning the town and fort of Bard. + </p> + <p> + We ascended this path on foot with some difficulty. On reaching the summit + of the mountain, which commands the fort, Bonaparte levelled his telescope + on the grass, and stationing himself behind some bushes, which served at + once to shelter and conceal him, he attentively reconnoitered the fort. + After addressing several questions to the persons who had come to give him + information, he mentioned, in a tone of dissatisfaction, the faults that + had been committed, and ordered the erection of a new battery to attack a + point which he marked out, and from whence, he guaranteed, the firing of a + few shots would oblige the fort to surrender. Having given these orders he + descended the mountain and went to sleep that night at Yvree. On the 3d of + June he learned that the fort had surrendered the day before. + </p> + <p> + The passage of Mont St. Bernard must occupy a great place in the annals of + successful temerity. The boldness of the First Consul seemed, as it were, + to have fascinated the enemy, and his enterprise was so unexpected that + not a single Austrian corps defended the approaches of the fort of Bard. + The country was entirely exposed, and we only encountered here and there a + few feeble parties, who were incapable of checking our march upon Milan. + Bonaparte's advance astonished and confounded the enemy, who thought of + nothing but marching back the way he came, and renouncing the invasion of + France. The bold genius which actuated Bonaparte did not inspire General + Melas, the commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces. If Melas had had the + firmness which ought to belong to the leader of an army—if he had + compared the respective positions of the two parties—if he had + considered that there was no longer time to regain his line of operations + and recover his communication with the Hereditary States, that he was + master of all the strong places in Italy, that he had nothing to fear from + Massena, that Suchet could not resist him:—if, then, following + Bonaparte's example, he had marched upon Lyons, what would have become of + the First Consul? Melas would have found few obstacles, and almost + everywhere open towns, while the French army would have been exhausted + without having an enemy to fight. This is, doubtless, what Bonaparte would + have done had he been Melas; but, fortunately for us, Melas was not + Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + We arrived at Milan on the 2d of June, the day on which the First Consul + heard that the fort of Bard was taken. But little resistance was opposed + to our entrance to the capital of Lombardy, and the term "engagements" can + scarcely be applied to a few affairs of advance posts, in which success + could not be for a moment doubtful; the fort of Milan was immediately + blockaded. Murat was sent to Piacenza, of which he took possession without + difficulty, and Lannes beat General Ott at Montebello. He was far from + imagining that by that exploit he conquered for himself a future duchy! + </p> + <p> + The First Consul passed six days at Milan. On the day after our arrival + there a spy who had served us very well in the first campaign in Italy was + announced. The First Consul recollected him, and ordered him to be shown + into his cabinet.—"What, are you here?" he exclaimed; "so you are + not shot yet!"—"General," replied the spy, "when the war recommenced + I determined to serve the Austrians because you were far from Europe. I + always follow the fortunate; but the truth is, I am tired of the trade. I + wish to have done with it, and to get enough to enable me to retire. I + have been sent to your lines by General Melas, and I can render you an + important service. I will give an exact account of the force and the + position of all the enemy's corps, and the names of their commanders. I + can tell you the situation in which Alessandria now is. You know me, I + will not deceive you; but, I must carry back some report to my general. + You need not care for giving me some true particulars which I can + communicate to him."—"Oh! as to that," resumed the First Consul, + "the enemy is welcome to know my forces and my positions, provided I know + his, and he be ignorant of my plans. You shall be satisfied; but do not + deceive me: you ask for 1000 Louis, you shall have them if you serve me + well." I then wrote down from the dictation of the spy, the names of the + corps, their amount, their positions, names of the generals commanding + them. The Consul stuck pins in the map to mark his plans on places + respecting which he received information from the spy. We also learned + that Alexandria was without provisions, that Melas was far from expecting + a siege, that many of his troops were sick, and that he wanted medicines. + Berthier was ordered to draw up for the spy a nearly accurate statement of + our positions. + </p> + <p> + The information given by this man proved so accurate and useful that on + his return from Marengo Bonaparte ordered me to pay him the 1000 Louis. + The spy afterwards informed him that Melas was delighted with the way in + which he had served him in this affair, and had rewarded him handsomely. + He assured us that he had bidden farewell to his odious profession. The + First Consul regarded this little event as one of the favours of fortune. + </p> + <p> + In passing through Geneva the First Consul had an interview with M. + Necker. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Madame de Stael briefly mention this interview in her + 'Considerations sur la Revolution Francaise' "M. Necker," she says, + "had an interview with Bonaparte, when he was on his way to Italy by + the passage of Mont. St. Bernard, a few days before the battle of + Marengo. During this conversation, which lasted two hours, the First + Consul made a very favourable impression on my father by the + confident way he spoke of his future projects."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + I know not how it happened, but at the time he did not speak to me of this + interview. However, I was curious to know what he thought of a man who had + acquired much celebrity in France. One evening, when we were talking of + one thing and another, I managed to turn the conversation on that subject. + "M. Necker," said he, "appears to me very far below his reputation. He did + not equal the idea I had formed of him. I tried all I could to get him to + talk; but he said nothing remarkable. He is an ideologist— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This was a constant term of reproach with Bonaparte. He set all + the metaphysicians of the Continent against him by exclaiming, "Je + ne veux point d'ideologues."]— +</pre> + <p> + a banker. It is impossible that such a man can have any but narrow views; + and, besides, most celebrated people lose on a close view."— "Not + always, General," observed I—"Ah!" said he, smiling, "that is not + bad, Bourrienne. You are improving. I see I shall make something of you in + time!" + </p> + <p> + The day was approaching when all was to be lost or won. The First Consul + made all his arrangements, and sent off the different corps to occupy the + points he had marked out. I have already mentioned that Murat's task was + the occupation of Piacenza. As soon as he was in possession of that town + he intercepted a courier of General Melas. The despatch, which was + addressed to the Aulic Council of Vienna, was delivered to us on the night + of the 8th of June. It announced the capitulation of Genoa, which took + place on the 4th, after the long and memorable defence which reflected so + much honour on Massena. Melas in his despatch spoke of what he called our + pretended army of reserve with inconceivable contempt, and alluded to the + presence of Bonaparte in Italy as a mere fabrication. He declared he was + still in Paris. It was past three in the morning when Murat's courier + arrived. I immediately translated the despatch, which was in German. About + four o'clock I entered the chamber of the First Consul, whom I was obliged + to shake by the arm in order to wake him. He had desired me; as I have + already mentioned, never to respect his repose an the arrival of bad news; + but on the receipt of good news to let him sleep. I read to him the + despatch, and so much was he confounded by this unexpected event that his + first exclamation was, "Bah! you do not understand German." But hardly had + he uttered these words when he arose, and by eight o'clock in the morning + orders were despatched for repairing the possible consequences of this + disaster, and countermanding the march of the troops on the Scrivia. He + himself proceeded the same day to Stradella. + </p> + <p> + I have seen it mentioned in some accounts that the First Consul in person + gained the battle of Montebello. This is a mistake. He did not leave Milan + until the 9th of June, and that very day Lannes was engaged with the + enemy. The conflict was so terrible that Lannes, a few days after, + describing it in my presence to M. Collot, used these remarkable words, + which I well remember: "Bones were cracking in my division like a shower + of hail falling on a skylight." + </p> + <p> + By a singular chance Desaix, who was to contribute to the victory and stop + the rout of Marengo, arrived from Egypt at Toulon, on the very day on + which we departed from Paris. He was enabled to leave Egypt in consequence + of the capitulation of El-Arish, which happened on the 4th of January + 1800. He wrote me a letter, dated 16th Floréal, year VIII. (6th of May + 1800), announcing his arrival. This letter I did not receive until we + reached Martigny. I showed it to the First Consul. "Ah!" exclaimed he, + "Desaix in Paris!" and he immediately despatched an order for him to + repair to the headquarters of the army of Italy wherever they might be. + Desaix arrived at Stradella on the morning of the 11th of June. The First + Consul received him with the warmest cordiality, as a man for whom he had + a high esteem, and whose talents and character afforded the fairest + promise of what might one day be expected of him. Bonaparte was jealous of + some generals, the rivalry of whose ambition he feared; but on this + subject Desaix gave him no uneasiness; equally remarkable for his + unassuming disposition, his talent, and information, he proved by his + conduct that he loved glory for her own sake, and that every wish for the + possession of political power was foreign to his mind. Bonaparte's + friendship for him was enthusiastic. At this interview at Stradella, + Desaix was closeted with the First Consul for upwards of three hours. On + the day after his arrival an order of the day communicated to the army + that Desaix was appointed to the command of Boudet's division. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Boudet was on terms of great intimacy with Bonaparte, who, no + doubt, was much affected at his death. However, the only remark he + made on receiving the intelligence, was "Who the devil shall I get + to supply Boudet's place?"—Bourrienne. + + The command given to Desaix was a corps especially formed of the two + divisions of Boudet and Monnier (Savary, tome i. p. 262). Boudet + was not killed at Marengo, still less before (see Erreurs, tome i. + p. 14).]— +</pre> + <p> + I expressed to Bonaparte my surprise at his long interview with Desaix. + "Yes," replied he, "he has been a long time with me; but you know what a + favourite he is. As soon as I return to Paris I will make him War + Minister. I would make him a prince if I could. He is quite an antique + character." Desaix died two days after he had completed his thirty-third + year, and in less than a week after the above observations. + </p> + <p> + About this time M. Collot came to Italy and saw Bonaparte at Milan. The + latter received him coldly, though he had not yet gained the battle of + Marengo. M. Collot had been on the most intimate footing with Bonaparte, + and had rendered him many valuable services. These circumstances + sufficiently accounted for Bonaparte's coolness, for he would never + acknowledge himself under obligations to any one, and he did not like + those who were initiated into certain family secrets which he had resolved + to conceal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The day after the interview I had a long conversation with M. + Collot while Bonaparte was gone to review some corps stationed at + Milan. M. Collot perfectly understood the cause of the unkind + treatment he had experienced, and of which he gave me the following + explanation: + + Some days before the Consulate—that is to say, two or three days + after our return from Egypt,—Bonaparte, during his jealous fit, + spoke to M. Collot about his wife, her levities, and their + publicity. "Henceforth," said Bonaparte, "I will have nothing to do + with her."—"What, would you part from her?"—"Does not her conduct + justify me in so doing?"—"I do not know; but is this the time to + think of such a thing, when the eyes of all France are fixed upon + you? These domestic squabbles will degrade you in the eyes of the + people, who expect you to be wholly devoted to their interests; and + you will be laughed at, like one of Molière's husbands, if you are + displeased with your wife's conduct you can call her to account when + you have nothing better to do. Begin by raising up the state. + After that you may find a thousand reasons for your resentment when + now you would not find one. You know the French people well enough + to see how important it is that you should not commence with this + absurdity." + + By these and other similar remarks M. Collot thought he had produced + some impression, when Bonaparte suddenly exclaimed: "No, my + determination is fixed; she shall never again enter my house. I + care not what people say. They will gossip about the affair for two + days, and on the third it will be forgotten. She shall go to + Malmaison, and I will live here. The public know enough, not to be + mistaken as to the reasons of her removal." + + M. Collot vainly endeavoured to calm his irritation. Bonaparte + vented a torrent of reproaches upon Josephine. "All this violence," + observed M. Collot, "proves that you still love her. Do but see + her, she will explain the business to your satisfaction and you will + forgive her."—"I forgive her! Never! Collot, you know me. If I + were not sure of my own resolution, I would tear out this heart, and + cast it into the fire." Here anger almost choked his utterance, and + he made a motion with his hand as if tearing his breast. + + When this violent paroxysm had somewhat subsided M. Collot withdrew; + but before he went away Bonaparte invited him to breakfast on the + following morning. + + At ten o'clock M. Collot was there, and as he was passing through + the courtyard he was informed that Madame Bonaparte, who, as I have + already mentioned, had gone to Lyons without meeting the General, + had returned during the night. On M. Collot's entrance Bonaparte + appeared considerably embarrassed. He led him into a side room, not + wishing to bring him into the room where I was writing. "Well," + said Bonaparte to M. Collot, "she is here."—"I rejoice to hear it. + You have done well for yourself as well as for us."—"But do not + imagine I have forgiven her. As long as I live I shall suspect. + The fact is, that on her arrival I desired her to be gone; but that + fool Joseph was there. What could I do, Collot? I saw her descend + the staircase followed by Eugine and Hortense. They were all + weeping; and I have not a heart to resist tears. Eugène was with me + in Egypt. I have been accustomed to look upon him as my adopted + son. He is a fine brave lad. Hortense is just about to be + introduced into society, and she is admired by all who know her. + I confess, Collot, I was deeply moved; I could not endure the + distress of the two poor children. 'Should they,' thought I, + 'suffer for their mother's faults?' I called back Eugène and + Hortense, and their mother followed them. What could I say, what + could I do? I should not be a man without some weakness."— + "Be assured they will reward you for this."—"They ought, Collot + they ought; for it has cost me a hard struggle." After this + dialogue Bonaparte and M. Collot entered the breakfast-parlour, + where I was then sitting. Eugène breakfasted with us, but neither + Josephine nor Hortense. I have already related how I acted the part + of mediator in this affair. Next day nothing was wanting to + complete the reconciliation between the Conqueror of Egypt and the + charming woman who conquered Bonaparte.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + On the 13th the First Consul slept at Torre di Galifolo. During the + evening he ordered a staff-officer to ascertain whether the Austrians had + a bridge across the Bormida. A report arrived very late that there was + none. This information set Bonaparte's mind at rest, and he went to bed + very well satisfied; but early next morning, when a firing was heard, and + he learned that the Austrians had debouched on the plain, where the troops + were engaged, he flew into a furious passion, called the staff-officer a + coward, and said he had not advanced far enough. He even spoke of bringing + the matter to an investigation. + </p> + <p> + From motives of delicacy I refrain from mentioning the name of the officer + here alluded to. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte mounted his horse and proceeded immediately to the scene of + action. I did not see him again until six in the evening. In obedience to + his instructions; I repaired to San Giuliano, which is not above two + leagues from the place where the engagement commenced. In the course of + the afternoon I saw a great many wounded passing through the village, and + shortly afterwards a multitude of fugitives. At San Giuliano nothing was + talked of but a retreat, which, it was said, Bonaparte alone firmly + opposed. I was then advised to leave San Giuliano, where I had just + received a courier for the General-in-Chief. On the morning of the 14th + General Desaix was sent towards Novi to observe the road to Genoa, which + city had fallen several days before, in spite of the efforts of its + illustrious defender, Massena. I returned with this division to San + Giuliano. I was struck with the numerical weakness of the corps which was + marching to aid an army already much reduced and dispersed. The battle was + looked upon as lost, and so indeed it was. The First Consul having asked + Desaix what he thought of it, that brave General bluntly replied, "The + battle is completely lost; but it is only two o'clock, we have time to + gain another to-day." I heard this from Bonaparte himself the same + evening. Who could have imagined that Desaix's little corps, together with + the few heavy cavalry commanded by General Kellerman, would, about five + o'clock, have changed the fortune of the day? It cannot be denied that it + was the instantaneous inspiration of Kellerman that converted a defeat + into a victory, and decided the battle of Marengo. + </p> + <p> + That memorable battle, of which the results were incalculable, has been + described in various ways. Bonaparte had an account of it commenced no + less than three times; and I must confess that none of the narratives are + more correct than that contained in the 'Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo'. + The Emperor Napoleon became dissatisfied with what had been said by the + First Consul Bonaparte. For my part, not having had the honour to bear a + sword, I cannot say that I saw any particular movement executed this or + that way; but I may mention here what I heard on the evening of the battle + of Marengo respecting the probable chances of that event. As to the part + which the First Consul took in it, the reader, perhaps, is sufficiently + acquainted with his character to account for it. He did not choose that a + result so decisive should be attributed to any other cause than the + combinations of his genius, and if I had not known his insatiable thirst + for glory I should have been surprised at the sort of half satisfaction + evinced at the cause of the success amidst the joy manifested for the + success itself. It must be confessed that in this he was very unlike + Jourdan, Hoche, Kléber, and Moreau, who were ever ready to acknowledge the + services of those who had fought under their orders. + </p> + <p> + Within two hours of the time when the divisions commanded by Desaix left + San Giuliano I was joyfully surprised by the triumphant return of the + army, whose fate, since the morning, had caused me so much anxiety. Never + did fortune within so short a time show herself under two such various + faces. At two o'clock all denoted the desolation of a defeat, with all its + fatal consequences; at five victory was again faithful to the flag of + Arcola. Italy was reconquered by a single blow, and the crown of France + appeared in the perspective. + </p> + <p> + At seven in the evening, when I returned with the First Consul to + headquarters, he expressed to me his sincere regret for the loss of + Desaix, and then he added, "Little Kellerman made a lucky charge. He did + it at just the right moment. We are much indebted to him. You see what + trifling circumstances decide these affairs." + </p> + <p> + These few words show that Bonaparte sufficiently appreciated the services + of Kellerman. However, when that officer approached the table at which + were seated the First Consul and a number of his generals, Bonaparte + merely said, "You made a pretty good charge." By way of counter-balancing + this cool compliment he turned towards Bessières, who commanded the horse + grenadiers of the Guard, and said, "Bessières, the Guard has covered + itself with glory." Yet the fact is, that the Guard took no part in the + charge of Kellerman, who could assemble only 500 heavy cavalry; and with + this handful of brave men he cut in two the Austrian column, which had + overwhelmed Desaix's division, and had made 6000 prisoners. The Guard did + not charge at Marengo until nightfall. + </p> + <p> + Next day it was reported that Kellerman, in his first feeling of + dissatisfaction at the dry congratulation he had received, said to the + First Consul, "I have just placed the crown on your head!" I did not hear + this, and I cannot vouch for the truth of its having been said. I could + only have ascertained that fact through Bonaparte, and of course I could + not, with propriety, remind him of a thing which must have been very + offensive to him. However, whether true or not, the observation was + circulated about, verbally and in writing, and Bonaparte knew it. Hence + the small degree of favour shown to Kellerman, who was not made a general + of division on the field of battle as a reward for his charge at Marengo. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[If Savary's story be correct, and he was then aide de camp to + Desaix, and Bourrienne acknowledges his account to be the best, the + inspiration of the charge did not come from the young Kellerman. + Savary says that Desaix sent him to tell Napoleon that he could not + delay his attack, and that he must be supported by some cavalry. + + Savary was then sent by Napoleon to a spot where he was told he + would find Kellerman, to order him to charge in support of Desaix. + Desaix and Kellerman were so placed as to be out of sight of each + other (Savary, tome i. pp. 279-279). Thiers (tome i, p. 445) + follows Savary. + + It may here be mentioned that Savary, in his account of the battle, + expressly states that he carried the order from Bonaparte to + Kellerman to make this charge. He also makes the following + observations on the subject:— + + After the fall of the Imperial Government some pretended friends of + General Kellerman have presumed to claim for him the merit of + originating the charge of cavalry. That general, whose share of + glory is sufficiently brilliant to gratify his most sanguine wishes, + can have no knowledge of so presumptuous a pretension. I the more + readily acquit him from the circumstance that, as we were conversing + one day respecting that battle, I called to his mind my having + brought, to him the First Consul's orders, and he appeared not to + have forgotten that fact. I am far from suspecting his friends of + the design of lessening the glory of either General Bonaparte or + General Desaix; they know as well as myself that theirs are names so + respected that they can never be affected by such detractions, and + that it would be as vain to dispute the praise due to the Chief who + planned the battle was to attempt to depreciate the brilliant share + which General Kellerman had in its successful result. I will add to + the above a few observations. + + "From the position which he occupied General Desaix could not see + General Kellerman; he had even desired me to request the First + Consul to afford him the support of some cavalry. Neither could + General Kellerman, from the point where he was stationed, perceive + General Desaix's division; it is even probable that he was not aware + of the arrival of that General, who had only joined the army two + days before. Both were ignorant of each other's position, which the + First Consul was alone acquainted with; he alone could introduce + harmony into their movements; he alone could make their efforts + respectively conduce to the same object. + + "The fate of the battle was decided by Kellerman's bold charge; had + it, however, been made previously to General Desaix's attack, in all + probability it would have had a quite different result. Kellerman + appears to have been convinced of it, since he allowed the Austrian + column to cross our field of battle and extend its front beyond that + of the troops we had still in line without making the least attempt + to impede its progress. The reason of Kellerman's not charging it + sooner was that it was too serious a movement, and the consequences + of failure would have been irretrievable: that charge, therefore, + could only enter into a general combination of plans, to which he + was necessarily a stranger" (Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo, tome i. + pp. 218-280).]— +</pre> + <p> + M. Delaforet, the Postmaster-general, sometimes transacted business with + the First Consul. The nature of this secret business may easily be guessed + at. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[When M. Delaforet was replaced soon after this by Lavalette, + Napoleon ordered the discontinuance of the practice followed until + then of allowing letters to be opened by subordinate officials. + This right was restricted, as in England, to the Minister. However + bad this practice, it was limited, not extended, in his reign. See + Mineval, tome iii. pp. 60-62, and Lavalette, tome ii. p. 10.]— +</pre> + <p> + On the occasion of one of their interviews the First Consul saw a letter + from Kellerman to Lasalle, which contained the following passage: "Would + you believe, my friend, that Bonaparte has not made me a general of + division though I have just placed the crown on his head?" The letter was + sealed again and sent to its address; but Bonaparte never forgot its + contents. + </p> + <p> + Whether Kellerman did or did not give the crown of France to the First + Consul, it is very certain that on the evening of the battle of Marengo he + gave him a supper, of which his famishing staff and the rest of us + partook. This was no inconsiderable service in the destitute condition in + which we were. We thought ourselves exceeding fortunate in profiting by + the precaution of Kellerman, who had procured provisions from one of those + pious retreats which are always well supplied, and which soldiers are very + glad to fall in with when campaigning. It was the convent del Bosco which + on this occasion was laid under contribution; and in return for the + abundance of good provisions and wine with which they supplied the + commander of the heavy cavalry the holy fathers were allowed a guard to + protect them against pillage and the other disastrous concomitants of war. + </p> + <p> + After supper was over the First Consul dictated to me the bulletin of the + battle. When we were alone I said to him, "General, here is a fine + victory! You recollect what you said the other day about the pleasure with + which you would return to France after striking a grand blow in Italy; + surely you must be satisfied now?"—"Yes, Bourrienne, I am satisfied.—But + Desaix! . . . Ah, what a triumph would this have been if I could have + embraced him to-night on the field of battle!" As he uttered these words I + saw that Bonaparte was on the point of shedding tears, so sincere and + profound was his grief for the death of Desaix. He certainly never loved, + esteemed, or regretted any man so much. + </p> + <p> + The death of Desaix has been variously related, and I need not now state + that the words attributed to him in the bulletin were imaginary. Neither + did he die in the arms of his aide de camp, Lebrun, as I wrote from the + dictation of the First Consul. The following facts are more correct, or at + all events more probable:—the death of Desaix was not perceived at + the moment it took place. He fell without saying a word, at a little + distance from Lefebre-Desnouettes. A sergeant of battalion of the 9th + brigade light infantry, commanded by Barrois, seeing him extended on the + ground, asked permission to pick up his cloak. It was found to be + perforated behind; and this circumstance leaves it doubtful whether Desaix + was killed by some unlucky inadvertency, while advancing at the head of + his troops, or by the enemy when turning towards his men to encourage + them. However, the event was so instantaneous, the disorder so complete, + and the change of fortune so sudden, that it is not surprising there + should be no positive account of the circumstances which attended his + death. + </p> + <p> + Early next morning the Prince of Liechtenstein came from General Melas + with negotiations to the First Consul. The propositions of the General did + not suit Bonaparte, and he declared to the Prince that the army shut up in + Alessandria should evacuate freely, and with the honours of war; but on + those conditions, which are well known, and by which Italy was to be fully + restored to the French domination. That day were repaired the faults of + Scherer, whose inertness and imbecility had paralysed everything, and who + had fled, and been constantly beaten, from the Adriatic to Mont Cenis. The + Prince of Liechtenstein begged to return to render an account of his + mission to General Melas. He came back in the evening, and made many + observations on the hard nature of the conditions. "Sir," replied the + First Consul, in a tone of marked impatience, "carry my final + determination to your General, and return quickly. It is irrevocable! Know + that I am as well acquainted with your position as you are yourselves. I + did not begin to learn the art of war yesterday. You are blocked up in + Alessandria; you have many sick and wounded; you are in want of provisions + and medicines. I occupy the whole of your rear. Your finest troops are + among the killed and wounded. I might insist on harder conditions; my + position would warrant me in so doing; but I moderate my demands in + consideration of the gray hairs of your General, whom I respect." + </p> + <p> + This reply was delivered with considerable dignity and energy. I showed + the Prince out, and he said to me, "These conditions are very hard, + especially that of giving up Genoa, which surrendered to us only a + fortnight ago, after so long a siege." It is a curious fact that the + Emperor of Austria received intelligence of the capitulation and + restitution of Genoa at the same time. + </p> + <p> + When the First Consul returned to Milan he made Savary and Rapp his aides + de camp. They had previously served in the same rank under Desaix. The + First Consul was at first not much disposed to take them, alleging that he + had aides de camp enough. But his respect for the choice of Desaix, added + to a little solicitation on my part, soon removed every obstacle. These + two officers served him to the last hour of his political career with + unfailing zeal and fidelity. + </p> + <p> + I have seen nothing in the Memoirs of the Duc de Rovigo (Savary) about my + having had anything to do with his admission to the honour. I can probably + tell the reason why one of the two aides de camp has risen higher than the + other. Rapp had an Alsatian frankness which always injured him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0037" id="link2HCH0037"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> + + 1800. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Suspension of hostilities—Letter to the Consuls—Second Occupation + of Milan—Bonaparte and Massena—Public acclamations and the voice + of Josephine—Stray recollections—Organization of Piedmont—Sabres + of honour—Rewards to the army of the Rhine—Pretended army of + reserve—General Zach—Anniversary of the 14th of July—Monument to + Desaix—Desaix and Foy—Bonaparte's speech in the Temple of Mars— + Arrival of the Consular Guard—The bones of marshal Turenne— + Lucien's successful speech—Letter from Lucien to Joseph Bonaparte— + The First Consul's return to Paris—Accidents on the road— + Difficulty of gaining lasting fame—Assassination of Kléber— + Situation of the terrace on which Kléber was stabbed—Odious rumours + —Arrival of a courier—A night scene—Bonaparte's distress on + perusing the despatches from Egypt. +</pre> + <p> + What little time, and how few events sometimes suffice to change the + destiny of nations! We left Milan on the 13th of June, Marengo on the + 14th, and on the 15th Italy was ours! A suspension of hostilities between + the French and Austrian armies was the immediate result of a single + battle; and by virtue of a convention, concluded between Berthier and + Melas, we resumed possession of all the fortified places of any + importance, with the exception of Mantua. As soon as this convention was + signed Bonaparte dictated to me at Torre di Galifolo the following letter + to his colleagues: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The day after the battle of Marengo, CITIZENS CONSULS, General Melas + transmitted a message to our advance posts requesting permission to + send General Skal to me. During the day the convention, of which I + send you a copy, was drawn up, and at night it was signed by + Generals Berthier and Melas. I hope the French people will be + satisfied with the conduct, of their army. + (Signed) Bonaparte +</pre> + <p> + The only thing worthy of remark in this letter would be the concluding + sentence, in which the First Consul still affected to acknowledge the + sovereignty of the people, were it not that the words "Citizens Consuls" + were evidently foisted in with a particular design. The battle was gained; + and even in a trifling matter like this it was necessary that the two, + other Consuls should feel that they were not so much the colleagues as the + subordinates of the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + We returned to Milan, and our second occupation of that city was marked by + continued acclamations wherever the First Consul showed himself. At Milan + the First Consul now saw Massena for the first time since our departure + for Egypt. Bonaparte lavished upon him the highest praises, but not higher + than he deserved, for his admirable defence of Genoa. He named him his + successor in the command of the army of Italy. Moreau was on the Rhine, + and therefore none but the conqueror of Zurich could properly have + succeeded the First Consul in that command. The great blow was struck; but + there might still occur an emergency requiring the presence of a skillful + experienced general, well acquainted with the country. And besides, we + could not be perfectly at ease, until it was ascertained what conditions + would be adhered to by the Cabinet of Vienna, which was then entirely + under the influence of the Cabinet of London. After our return from the + battle the popular joy was general and heartfelt not only among the higher + and middle ranks of society, but in all classes; and the affection evinced + from all quarters to the First Consul was unfeigned. In what a tone of + sincerity did he say to me one day, when returning from the parade, + "Bourrienne, do you hear the acclamations still resounding? That noise is + as sweet to me as the sound of Josephine's voice. How happy and proud I am + to be loved by such a people!" + </p> + <p> + During our stay at Milan Bonaparte had arranged a new government for + Piedmont; he had ever since cherished the wish to unite that rich and + fertile country to the French territory because some Piedmontese provinces + had been possessed by Louis XIV. That monarch was the only king whom the + First Consul really admired. "If," said he one day, "Louis XIV. had not + been born a king, he would have been a great man. But he did not know + mankind; he could not know them, for he never knew misfortune." He admired + the resolution of the old King, who would rather bury himself under the + ruins of the monarchy than submit to degrading conditions, after having + commanded the sovereigns of Europe. I recollect that Bonaparte was + extremely pleased to see in the reports which he ordered to be made that + in Casal, and in the valleys of Pignerol, Latour, and Luzerne, there still + existed many traces of the period when those countries belonged to France; + and that the French language was yet preserved there. He already began to + identify himself with the past; and abusing the old kings of France was + not the way to conciliate his favour. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul appointed for the government of Piedmont a Council which, + as may naturally be imagined; he composed of those Piedmontese who were + the declared partisans of France. He stated as the grounds of this + arrangement that it was to give to Piedmont a new proof of the affection + and attachment of the French people. He afterwards appointed General + Dupont President of the Council, with the title of Minister-Extraordinary + of the French government. I will here mention a secret step taken by + Bonaparte towards the overthrowing of the Republic. In making the first + draught of General Dupont's appointment I had mechanically written, + "Minister-Extraordinary of the French Republic."—"No! no!" said + Bonaparte, "not of the Republic; say of the Government." + </p> + <p> + On his return to Paris the First Consul gave almost incredible proofs of + his activity. The day after his arrival he promulgated a great number of + decrees, and afterwards allotted the rewards to his soldiers. He appointed + Kellerman General of division which, on every principle of justice, he + ought to have done on the field of battle. He distributed sabres of + honour, with the following inscription, highly complimentary to himself:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Battle of Maringo,—[spelt for some time, I do not know why, as, + Maringo—Bourrienne]—commanded in person by the First Consul. + —Given by the Government of the Republic to General Lannes." +</pre> + <p> + Similar sabres where presented to Generals Victor, Watrin, Gardanne, and + Murat; and sabres of less value to other officers: and also muskets and + drumsticks of honour to the soldiers and drummers who had distinguished + themselves at Marengo, or in the army of the Rhine; for Bonaparte took + care that the officers and men who had fought under Moreau should be + included among those to whom the national rewards were presented. He even + had a medal struck to perpetuate the memory of the entry of the French + army into Munich. It is worthy of remark that while official fabrications + and exaggerated details of facts were published respecting Marengo and the + short campaign of Italy, by a feigned modesty the victorious army of + Marengo received the unambitious title of 'Army of Reserve'. By this + artifice the honour of the Constitution was saved. The First Consul had + not violated it. If he had marched to the field, and staked everything on + a chance it was merely accidentally, for he commanded only an "Army of + Reserve," which nevertheless he had greeted with the title of Grand Army + before he entered upon the campaign. It is scarcely conceivable that + Bonaparte, possessing as he did an extraordinary mind, should have + descended to such pitiful artifices. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[ Thiers (tome. vi., p. 70) says the title Grande Armee was first + given by Napoleon to the force prepared in 1805 for the campaign + against Austria. The Constitution forbad the First Consul to + command the armies in person. Hence the title, "Army of Reserve," + gives to the force which fought Marengo.]— +</pre> + <p> + Even foreigners and prisoners were objects of Bonaparte's designing + intentions. I recollect one evening his saying to me; "Bourrienne, write + to the Minister of War, and tell him to select a fine brace of pistols, of + the Versailles manufacture, and send them, in my name, to General Zach. He + dined with me to-day, and highly praised our manufacture of arms. I should + like to give him a token of remembrance; besides—the matter will be + talked of at Vienna, and may perhaps do good!" + </p> + <p> + As soon as the news of the battle of Marengo reached Paris Lucien + Bonaparte, Minister of the Interior, ordered preparations for the + festival, fixed for the 14th of July, in commemoration of the first + Federation. This festival and that of the 1st Vendemiaire were the only + ones preserved by the Consular Government. Indeed, in those memorable + days, when the Revolution appeared in its fairest point of view, France + had never known such joy as that to which the battle of Marengo gave rise. + Still, amidst all this popular transport there was a feeling of regret. + The fame of Desaix, his heroic character, his death, the words attributed + to him and believed to be true, caused mourning to be mingled with joy. It + was agreed to open a subscription for erecting a national monument to his + memory. A reflection naturally arises here upon the difference between the + period referred to and the present time. France has endowed with nearly a + million the children of one of her greatest orators and most eloquent + defenders of public liberty, yet, for the monument to the memory of Desaix + scarcely 20,000 francs were subscribed. Does not this form a singular + contrast with the patriotic munificence displayed at the death of General + Foy? The pitiful monument to Desaix, on the Place Dauphins, sufficiently + attests the want of spirit on the part of the subscribers. Bonaparte, who + was much dissatisfied with it, gave the name of Desaix to a new quay, the + first stone of which was laid with great solemnity on the 14th of July. + </p> + <p> + On that day the crowd was immense in the Champ-de-Mars and in the Temple + of Mars, the name which at that the Church of the Invalides still + preserved. Lucien delivered a speech on the encouraging prospects of + France, and Lannes made an appropriate address on presenting to the + Government the flags taken at Marengo. Two more followed; one from an aide + de camp of Massena, and the other from an aide de camp of Lecourbe; and + after the distribution of some medals the First Consul then delivered the + following address:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZENS! SOLDIERS!—The flags presented to the Government, in the + presence of the people of this immense capital, attest at once the + genius of the Commanders-in-Chief Moreau, Massena, and Berthier; the + military talents of the generals, their lieutenants; and bravery of + the French soldiers. + + On your return to the camp tell your comrades that for the 1st + Vendemiaire, when we shall celebrate the anniversary of the + Republic, the French people expect either peace or, if the enemy + obstinately refuse it, other flags, the fruit of fresh victories. +</pre> + <p> + After this harangue of the First Consul, in which he addressed to the + military in the name of the people, and ascribed to Berthier the glory of + Marengo, a hymn was chanted, the words of which were written by M. de + Fontanes and the music composed by Mehul. But what was most remarkable in + this fete was neither the poetry, music, nor even the panegyrical + eloquence of Lucien,—it was the arrival at the Champ-de-Mars, after + the ceremony at the Invalides, of the Consular Guard returning from + Marengo. I was at a window of the Ecole-Militaire, and I can never forget + the commotion, almost electrical, which made the air resound with cries of + enthusiasm at their appearance. These soldiers did not defile before the + First Consul in fine uniforms as at a review. Leaving the field of battle + when the firing ceased, they had crossed Lombardy, Piedmont, Mont Cenis, + Savoy, and France in the space of twenty-nine days. They appeared worn by + the fatigue of a long journey, with faces browned by the summer sun of + Italy, and with their arms and clothing showing the effects of desperate + struggles. Do you wish to have an idea of their appearance? You will find + a perfect type in the first grenadier put by Gerard at one side of his + picture of the battle of Austerlitz. + </p> + <p> + At the time of this fete, that is to say, in the middle of the month of + July, the First Consul could not have imagined that the moderate + conditions he had proposed after the victory would not be accepted by + Austria. In the hope, therefore, of a peace which could not but be + considered probable, he, for the first time since the establishment of the + Consular Government, convoked the deputies of the departments, and + appointed their time of assembling in Paris for the 1st Vendemiaire, a day + which formed the close of one remarkable century and marked the + commencement of another. + </p> + <p> + The remains of Marshal Turenne; to which Louis XIV. had awarded the + honours of annihilation by giving them a place among the royal tombs in + the vaults of St. Denis, had been torn from their grave at the time of the + sacrilegious violation of the tombs. His bones, mingled indiscriminately + with others, had long lain in obscurity in a garret of the College of + Medicine when M. Lenoir collected and restored them to the ancient tomb of + Turenne in the Mussee des Petits Augustins. Bonaparte resolved to enshrine + these relics in that sculptured marble with which the glory of Turenne + could so well dispense. This was however, intended as a connecting link + between the past days of France and the future to which he looked forward. + He thought that the sentiments inspired by the solemn honours rendered to + the memory of Turenne would dispose the deputies of the departments to + receive with greater enthusiasm the pacific communications he hoped to be + able to make. + </p> + <p> + However, the negotiations did not take the favourable turn which the First + Consul had expected; and, notwithstanding all the address of Lucien, the + communication was not heard without much uneasiness. But Lucien had + prepared a speech quite to the taste of the First Consul. After dilating + for some time on the efforts of the Government to obtain peace he deplored + the tergiversations of Austria, accused the fatal influence of England, + and added in a more elevated and solemn tone, "At the very moment when, + the Consuls were leaving the Palace of the Government a courier arrived + bearing despatches which the First Consul has directed me to communicate + to you." He then read a note declaring that the Austrian Government + consented to surrender to France the three fortresses of Ulm, Philipsburg, + and Ingolstadt. This was considered as a security for the preliminaries of + peace being speedily signed. The news was received with enthusiasm, and + that anxious day closed in a way highly gratifying to the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + Whilst victory confirmed in Italy the destinies of the First Consul, his + brothers were more concerned about their own interests than the affairs of + France. They loved money as much as Bonaparte loved glory. A letter from + Lucien to his brother Joseph, which I shall subjoin, shows how ready they + always were to turn to their own advantage the glory and fortune of him to + whom they were indebted for all their importance. I found this letter + among my papers, but I cannot tell why and how I preserved it. It is + interesting, inasmuch as it shows, the opinion that family of future kings + entertained of their own situation, and of what their fate would have been + had Bonaparte, like Desaix, fallen on the field of Marengo. It is, + besides, curious to observe the philosopher Lucien causing Te Deum, to be + chanted with the view of influencing the public funds. At all events I + copy Lucien's letter as he wrote it, giving the words marked in italics + [CAPS] and the numerous notes of exclamation which distinguish the + original. + </p> + <p> + MY BROTHER—I send you a courier; I particularly wish that the First + Consul would give me notice of his arrival twenty-four hours beforehand, + and that he would inform ME ALONE of the barrier by which he will enter. + The city wishes to prepare triumphal arches for him, and it deserves not + to be disappointed. + </p> + <p> + AT MY REQUEST a Te Deum was chanted yesterday. There were 60,000 persons + present. + </p> + <p> + The intrigues of Auteuil continue. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This intrigue, so called from Talleyrand one of its heads, living + in the suburb of Auteuil, arose from the wish of many of the most + influential men to be prepared in case of the death of Napoleon in + any action in Italy: It was simply a continuation of the same + combinations which had been attempted or planned in 1799, till the + arrival of Bonaparte from Egypt made the party choose him as the + instrument for the overthrow of the Directors. There was little + secrecy about their plans; see Miot de Melito (tome i p. 276), + where Joseph Bonaparte tells his friends all that was being proposed + in case his brother fell. Carnot seems to have been the most + probable choice as leader and replacer of Bonaparte. In the above + letter "C——," stands for Carrot, "La F——" for La Fayette, the + "High Priest" is Sieyès, and the "friend of Auteuil" is Talleyrand; + see Iung's Lucien, tome i. p. 411. The postscript seems to refer to + a wretched scandal about Caroline, and Lucien; see Iung's Lucien, + tome i. pp. 411, 432-433. The reader should remark the retention + of this and other documents by Bourrienne, which forms one of the + charges brought against him farther on.]— +</pre> + <p> + —It has been found difficult to decide between C—— and + La F——. The latter has proposed his daughter in marriage to + me. Intrigue has been carried to the last extreme. I do not know yet + whether the High Priest has decided for one party or the other. I believe + that he would cheat them both for an Orleans, and your friend of Auteuil + was at the bottom of all. The news of the battle of Marengo petrified + them, and yet next day the High Priest certainly spent three hours with + your friend of Auteuil. As to us, had the victory of Marengo closed the + First Consul's career we should now have been Proscribed. + </p> + <p> + Your letters say nothing of what I expected to hear. I hope at least to be + informed of the answer from Vienna before any one. I am sorry you have not + paid me back for the battle of Marengo. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +The festival of the 14th of July will be very gratifying. We expect +peace as a certainty, and the triumphant return of the First Consul. +The family is all well. Your wife and all her family are at +Mortfontaine. Ney is at Paris. Why do you return with the First Consul? +Peace! and Italy! Think of our last interview. I embrace you. + (Signed) LUCIEN. +On the margin is written— +</pre> + <p> + P.S.—Read the letter addressed to the Consul, and give it to him + AFTER YOU HAVE CAREFULLY CLOSED IT. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +Forward the enclosed. Madame Murat never lodged in my house. Her +husband is a fool, whom his wife ought to punish by not writing to him +for a month. + (Signed) LUCIEN BONAPARTE +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte, confirmed in his power by the victory of Marengo, remained some + days longer at Milan to settle the affairs of Italy. He directed one to + furnish Madame Grassini with money to pay her expenses to Paris. We + departed amidst the acclamations of the inhabitants, and took the road to + Turin. The First Consul stopped at Turin for some hours, and inspected the + citadel, which had been surrendered to us in pursuance of the capitulation + of Alessandria. In passing over Mont Cenis we observed the carriage of + Madame Kellerman, who was going to meet her husband. Bonaparte on + recognizing the lady stopped his carriage and congratulated her on the + gallant conduct of her husband at the battle of Marengo. + </p> + <p> + On our arrival at Lyons we alighted at the Hotel des Celestins, and the + loud acclamations of a numerous multitude assembled round the hotel + obliged Bonaparte to show himself on the balcony. Next day he proceeded to + the Square of Bellecour, where, amidst the plaudits of the people, he laid + the first stone of some new buildings destined to efface one of the + disasters of the Revolution. + </p> + <p> + We left Lyons that evening and continued our journey by way of Dijon. On + our arrival in that town the joy of the inhabitants was very great. I + never saw a more graceful and captivating sight than that which was + presented by a group of beautiful young females, crowned with flowers, who + accompanied Bonaparte's carriage, and which at that period, when the + Revolution had renewed all the republican recollections of Greece and + Rome, looked like the chorus of females dancing around the victor at the + Olympic games. + </p> + <p> + But all our journey was not so agreeable. Some accidents awaited us. The + First Consul's carriage broke down between Villeneuve-le-Roi and Sens. He + sent a courier to inform my mother that he would stop at her house till + his carriage was repaired. He dined there, and we started again at seven + in the evening. + </p> + <p> + But we had other disasters to encounter. One of our off-wheels came off, + and as we were driving at a very rapid pace the carriage was overturned on + the bridge at a short distance from Montreau-Faut-Yonne. The First Consul, + who sat on my left, fell upon me, and sustained no injury. My head was + slightly hurt by striking against some things which were in the pocket of + the carriage; but this accident was not worth stopping for, and we arrived + at Paris on the same night, the 2d of July. Duroc, who was the third in + the carriage, was not hurt. + </p> + <p> + I have already mentioned that Bonaparte was rather talkative when + travelling; and as we were passing through Burgundy, on our return to + Paris from Marengo, he said exultingly, "Well, a few more events like this + campaign, and I may go down to posterity."—"I think," replied I, + "that you have already done enough to secure great and lasting fame."—"Yes," + resumed he, "I have done enough, it is true. In less than two years I have + won Cairo, Paris, and Milan; but for all that, my dear fellow, were I to + die to-morrow I should not at the end of ten centuries occupy half a page + of general history!" + </p> + <p> + On the very day when Desaix fell on the field of Marengo Kléber was + assassinated by a fanatical Mussulman, named Soleiman Haleby, who stabbed + him with a dagger, and by that blow decided the fate of Egypt. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["This fellah was, at most, eighteen or twenty years of age: he + was a native of Damascus, and declared that he had quitted his + native city by command of the grand vizier, who had entrusted him + with the commission of repairing to Egypt and killing the grand + sultan of the French [Bonaparte being probably intended]. That for + this purpose alone he had left his family, and performed the whole + journey on foot and had received from the grand vizier no other + money than what was absolutely requisite for the exigencies of the + journey. On arriving at Cairo he had gone forthwith to perform his + devotions in the great mosque, and it was only on the eve of + executing his project that he confided it to one of the scherifs of + the mosque" (Duc de Rovigo's Memoirs, tome 1. p. 367)]— +</pre> + <p> + Thus was France, on the same day, and almost at the same hour, deprived of + two of her most distinguished generals. Menou, as senior in command, + succeeded Kléber, and the First Consul confirmed the appointment. From + that moment the loss of Egypt was inevitable. + </p> + <p> + I have a few details to give respecting the tragical death of Kléber. The + house of Elfy Bey, which Bonaparte occupied at Cairo, and in which Kléber + lived after his departure; had a terrace leading from a salon to an old + ruined cistern, from which, down a few steps, there was an entrance into + the garden. The terrace commanded a view of the grand square of El + Beguyeh, which was to the right on coming out of the salon, while the + garden was on the left. This terrace was Bonaparte's favourite promenade, + especially in the evenings, when he used to walk up and down and converse + with the persons about him, I often advised him to fill up the reservoir, + and to make it level with the terrace. I even showed him, by concealing + myself in it, and coming suddenly behind him, how easy it would be for any + person to attempt his life and then escape, either by jumping into the + square, or passing through the garden. He told me I was a coward, and was + always in fear of death; and he determined not to make the alteration I + suggested, which, however, he acknowledged to be advisable. Kléber's + assassin availed himself of the facility which I so often apprehended + might be fatal to Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + I shall not atop to refute all the infamous rumours which were circulated + respecting Kléber's death. When the First Consul received the unexpected + intelligence he could scarcely believe it. He was deeply affected; and on + reading the particulars of the assassination he instantly called to mind + how often he had been in the same situation as that in which Kléber was + killed, and all I had said respecting the danger of the reservoir—a + danger from which it is inconceivable he should have escaped, especially + after his Syrian expedition had excited the fury of the natives. + Bonaparte's knowledge of Kléber's talents—the fact of his having + confided to him the command of the army, and the aid which he constantly + endeavoured to transmit to him, repelled at once the horrible suspicion of + his having had the least participation in the crime, and the thought that + he was gratified to hear of it. + </p> + <p> + It is very certain that Bonaparte's dislike of Kléber was as decided as + the friendship he cherished for Desaix. Kléber's fame annoyed him, for he + was weak enough to be annoyed at it. He knew the manner in which Kléber + spoke of him, which was certainly not the most respectful. During the long + and sanguinary siege of St. Jean d'Acre Kléber said to me, "That little + scoundrel Bonaparte, who is no higher than my boot, will enslave France. + See what a villainous expedition he has succeeded in involving us in." + Kléber often made the same remark to others as well as to me. I am not + certain that it was ever reported to Bonaparte; but there is reason to + believe that those who found it their interest to accuse others did not + spare Kléber. + </p> + <p> + Kléber, who was a sincere republican, saw and dreaded for his country's + sake the secret views and inordinate ambition of Bonaparte. He was a + grumbler by nature; yet he never evinced discontent in the discharge of + his duties as a soldier. He swore and stormed, but marched bravely to the + cannon's mouth: he was indeed courage personified. One day when he was in + the trench at St. Jean d'Acre, standing up, and by his tall stature + exposed to every shot, Bonaparte called to him, "Stoop down, Kléber, stoop + down!"—"Why;" replied he, "your confounded trench does not reach to + my knees." He never regarded the Egyptian expedition with a favourable + eye. He thought it too expensive, and utterly useless to France. He was + convinced that in the situation in which we stood, without a navy or a + powerful Government, it would have been better to have confined our + attention to Europe than to have wasted French blood and money on the + banks of the Nile, and among the ruined cities of Syria. Kléber, who was a + cool, reflecting man, judged Bonaparte without enthusiasm, a thing + somewhat rare at that time, and he was not blind to any of his faults. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte alleged that Kléber said to him, "General, you are as great as + the world!" Such a remark is in direct opposition to Kléber's character. + He was too sincere to say anything against his conviction. Bonaparte, + always anxious to keep Egypt, of which the preservation alone could + justify the conquest, allowed Kléber to speak because he acted at the same + time. He knew that Kléber's sense of military duty would always triumph + over any opposition he might cherish to his views and plans. Thus the + death of his lieutenant, far from causing Bonaparte any feeling of + satisfaction, afflicted him the more, because it almost totally deprived + him if the hope of preserving a conquest which had cost France so dear, + and which was his work. + </p> + <p> + The news of the death of Kléber arrived shortly after our return to Paris. + Bonaparte was anxiously expecting accounts from Egypt, none having been + received for a considerable time. The arrival of the courier who brought + the fatal intelligence gave rise to a scene which I may relate here. It + was two o'clock in the morning when the courier arrived at the Tuileries. + In his hurry the First Consul could not wait to rouse any one to call me + up. I had informed him some days before that if he should want me during + the night he should send for me to the corridor, as I had changed my + bedchamber on account of my wife's accouchement. He came up himself and + instead of knocking at my door knocked at that of my secretary. The latter + immediately rose, and opening the door to his surprise saw the First + Consul with a candle in his hand, a Madras handkerchief on his head, and + having on his gray greatcoat. Bonaparte, not knowing of the little step + down into the room, slipped and nearly fell, "Where is Bourrienne?" asked + he. The surprise of my secretary at the apparition of the First Consul can + be imagined. "What; General, is it you?"—"Where is Bourrienne?" Then + my secretary, in his shirt, showed the First Consul my door. After having + told him that he was sorry at having called him up, Napoleon came to me. I + dressed in a hurry, and we went downstairs to my usual room. We rang + several times before they opened the door for us. The guards were not + asleep, but having heard so much running to and fro feared we were + thieves. At last they opened the door, and the First Consul threw on the + table the immense packet of despatches which he had just received. They + had been fumigated and steeped in vinegar. When he read the announcement + of the death of Kléber the expression of his countenance sufficiently + denoted the painful feelings which arose in his mind. I read in his face; + EGYPT IS LOST! + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0038" id="link2HCH0038"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's wish to negotiate with England and Austria— + An emigrant's letter—Domestic details—The bell—Conspiracy of + Ceracchi, Arena, Harrel, and others—Bonaparte's visit to the opera + —Arrests—Rariel appointed commandant of Vincennes—The Duc + d'Enghien's foster-sister—The 3d Nivoise—First performance of + Haydn's "Creation"—The infernal machine—Congratulatory addresses— + Arbitrary condemnations—M. Tissot erased from the list of the + banished—M. Truguet—Bonapartes' hatred of the Jacobins explained— + The real criminals discovered—Justification of Fouché—Execution of + St. Regent and Carbon—Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte—Conversation + between Bonaparte and Fouché—Pretended anger—Fouché's + dissimulation—Lucien's resignation—His embassy to Spain—War + between Spain and Portugal—Dinner at Fouché's—Treachery of Joseph + Bonaparte—A trick upon the First Consul—A three days' coolness— + Reconciliation. +</pre> + <p> + The happy events of the campaign of Italy had been crowned by the + armistice, concluded on the 6th of July. This armistice was broken on the + 1st of September, and renewed after the battle of Hohenlinden. On his + return from Marengo Bonaparte was received with more enthusiasm than ever. + The rapidity with which, in a campaign of less than two months, he had + restored the triumph of the French standard, excited universal + astonishment. He then actively endeavoured to open negotiations with + England and Austria; but difficulties opposed him in every direction. He + frequently visited the theatre, where his presence attracted prodigious + throngs of persons, all eager to see and applaud him. + </p> + <p> + The immense number of letters which were at this time addressed to the + First Consul is scarcely conceivable. They contained requests for places, + protestations of fidelity, and, in short, they were those petitionary + circulars that are addressed to all persons in power. These letters were + often exceedingly curious, and I have preserved many of them; among the + rest was one from Durosel Beaumanoir, an emigrant who had fled to Jersey. + This letter contains some interesting particulars relative to Bonaparte's + family. It is dated Jersey, 12th July 1800, and the following are the most + remarkable passages it contains: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I trust; General, that I may, without indiscretion, intrude upon + your notice, to remind you of what, I flatter myself, you have not + totally forgotten, after having lived eighteen or nineteen years at + Ajaccio. But you will, perhaps, be surprised that so trifling an + item should be the subject of the letter which I have the honour to + address to you. You cannot have forgotten, General, that when your + late father was obliged to take your brothers from the college of + Autun, from whence he went to see you at Brienne, he was unprovided + with money, and he asked me for twenty-five louis, which I lent him + with pleasure. After his return he had no opportunity of paying me, + and when I left Ajaccio your mother offered to dispose of some plate + in order to pay the debt. To this I objected, and told her that I + would wait until she could pay me at her convenience, and previous + to the breaking out of the revolution I believe it was not in her + power to fulfil her wish of discharging the debt. + + I am sorry, General, to be obliged to trouble you about such a + trifle. But such is my unfortunate situation that even this trifle + is of some importance to me. Driven from my country, and obliged to + take refuge in this island, where everything is exceedingly + expensive, the little sum I have mentioned, which was formerly a + matter of indifference, would now be of great service to me. + + You will understand, General, that at the age of eighty-six, after + serving served my country well for sixty years, without the least + interruption, not counting the time of emigration, chased from every + place, I have been obliged to take refuge here, to subsist on the + scanty succour given by the English Government to the French + emigrant. I say emigrant because I have been forced to be one. + I had no intention of being one, but a horde of brigands, who came + from Caen to my house to assassinate me, considered I had committed + the great crime in being the senior general of the canton and in + having the Grand Cross of St. Louis: this was too much for them; if + it had not been for the cries of my neighbours, my door would have + been broken open, and I should have been assassinated; and I had but + time to fly by a door at the back, only carrying away what I had on + me. At first I retired to Paris, but there they told me that I + could do nothing but go into a foreign country, so great was the + hate entertained for me by my fellow-citizens, although I lived in + retirement, never having any discussion with any one. Thus, + General; I have abandoned all I possessed, money and goods, leaving + them at the mercy of what they call the nation, which has profited a + good deal by this, as I have nothing left in the world, not even a + spot to put my foot on. If even a horse had been reserved for me, + General, I could ask for what depends on you, for I have heard it + said that some emigrants have been allowed to return home. I do not + even ask this favour, not having a place to rest my foot. And, + besides, I have with me here an exiled brother, older than I am, + very ill and in perfect second childhood, whom I could not abandon. + I am resigned to my own unhappy fate, but my sole and great grief is + that not only I myself have been ill-treated, but that my fate has, + contrary to the law, injured relations whom I love and respect. I + have a mother-in-law, eighty years old, who has been refused the + dower I had given her from my property, and this will make me die a + bankrupt if nothing is changed, which makes me miserable. + + I acknowledge, General, that I know little of the new style, but, + according to the old form, I am your humble servant, + + DUROSEL BEAUMANOIR. +</pre> + <p> + I read this letter to the First Consul, who immediately said, "Bourrienne, + this is sacred! Do not lose a minute. Send the old man ten times the sum. + Write to General Durosel that he shall be immediately erased from the list + of emigrants. What mischief those brigands of the Convention have done! I + can never repair it all." Bonaparte uttered these words with a degree of + emotion which I rarely saw him evince. In the evening he asked me whether + I had executed his orders, which I had done without losing a moment. The + death of M. Froth had given me a lesson as to the value of time! + </p> + <p> + Availing myself of the privilege I have already frequently taken of making + abrupt transitions from one subject to another, according as the + recollection of past circumstances occurs to my mind, I shall here note + down a few details, which may not improperly be called domestic, and + afterwards describe a conspiracy which was protected by the very man + against whom it was hatched. + </p> + <p> + At the Tuileries, where the First Consul always resided during the winter + and sometimes a part of the summer, the grand salon was situated between + his cabinet and the Room in which he received the persons with whom he had + appointed audiences. When in this audience-chamber, if he wanted anything + or had occasion to speak to anybody, he pulled a bell which was answered + by a confidential servant named Landoire, who was the messenger of the + First Consul's cabinet. When Bonaparte's bell rung it was usually for the + purpose of making some inquiry of me respecting a paper, a name, a date, + or some matter of that sort; and then Landoire had to pass through the + cabinet and salon to answer the bell and afterwards to return and to tell + me I was wanted. Impatient at the delay occasioned by this running about, + Bonaparte, without saying anything to me, ordered the bell to be altered + so that it should ring within the cabinet; and exactly above my table. + Next morning when I entered the cabinet I saw a man mounted-upon a ladder. + "What are you doing here?" said I. "I am hanging a bell, sir." I called + Landoire and asked him who had given the order. "The First Consul," he + replied. I immediately ordered the man to come down and remove the ladder, + which he accordingly did. When I went, according to custom, to awaken the + First Consul and read the newspapers to him I said, "General, I found a + man this morning hanging a bell in your cabinet. I was told it was by your + orders; but being convinced there must be some mistake I sent him away. + Surely the bell was not intended for you, and I cannot imagine it was + intended for me: who then could it be for?—" "What a stupid fellow + that Landoire is!" said Bonaparte. "Yesterday, when Cambacérès was with + me, I wanted you. Landoire did not come when I touched the bell. I thought + it was broken, and ordered him to get it repaired. I suppose the + bell-hanger was doing it when you saw him, for you know the wire passes + through the cabinet." I was satisfied with this explanation, though I was + not deceived, by it. For the sake of appearance he reproved Landoire, who, + however, had done nothing more than execute the order he had received. How + could he imagine I would submit to such treatment, considering that we had + been friends since our boyhood, and that I was now living on full terms of + confidence and familiarity with him? + </p> + <p> + Before I speak of the conspiracy of Ceracchi, Arena, Topino-Lebrun, and + others, I must notice a remark made by Napoleon at St. Helena. He said, or + is alleged to have said, "The two attempts which placed me in the greatest + danger were those of the sculptor Ceracchi and of the fanatic of + Schoenbrun." I was not at Schoenbrun at the time; but I am convinced that + Bonaparte was in the most imminent danger. I have been informed on + unquestionable authority that Staps set out from Erfurth with the + intention of assassinating the Emperor; but he wanted the necessary + courage for executing the design. He was armed with a large dagger, and + was twice sufficiently near Napoleon to have struck him. I heard this from + Rapp, who seized Stags, and felt the hilt of the dagger under his coat. On + that occasion Bonaparte owed his life only to the irresolution of the + young 'illuminato' who wished to sacrifice him to his fanatical fury. It + is equally certain that on another occasion, respecting which the author + of the St. Helena narrative observes complete silence, another fanatic—more + dangerous than Steps attempted the life of Napoleon. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[At the time of this attempt I was not with Napoleon; but he + directed me to see the madmen who had formed the design of + assassinating him. It will be seen in the course of these Memoirs + what were his plans, and what was the result of them—Bourrienne]— +</pre> + <p> + The following is a correct statement of the facts relative to Ceracchi's + conspiracy. The plot itself was a mere shadow; but it was deemed advisable + to give it substance, to exaggerate, at least in appearance, the danger to + which the First Consul had been exposed:— + </p> + <p> + There was at that time in Paris an idle fellow called Harrel; he had been + a 'chef de battalion', but he had been dismissed the service, and was + consequently dissatisfied. He became connected with Cerracchi, Arena, + Topino-Lebrun, and Demerville. From different motives all these + individuals were violently hostile to the First Consul, who on his part, + was no friend to Cerracchi and Arena, but scarcely knew the two others. + These four individuals formed, in conjunction with Harrel, the design of + assassinating the First Consul, and the time fixed for the perpetration of + the deed was one evening when Bonaparte intended to visit the opera. + </p> + <p> + On the 20th of September 1804 Harrel came to me at the Tuileries. He + revealed to me the plot in which he was engaged, and promised that his + accomplices should be apprehended in the very act if I would supply him + with money to bring the plot to maturity. I knew not how to act upon this + disclosure, which I, however, could not reject without incurring too great + a responsibility. I immediately communicated the business to the First + Consul, who ordered me to supply Harrel with money; but not to mention the + affair to Fouché, to whom he wished to prove that he knew better how to + manage the police than he did. + </p> + <p> + Harrel came nearly every evening at eleven o'clock to inform me of the + progress of the conspiracy, which I immediately communicated to the First + Consul, who was not sorry to find Arena and Ceracchi deeply committed. But + the time passed on, and nothing was done. The First Consul began to grow + impatient. At length Harrel came to say that they had no money to purchase + arms. Money was given him. He, however, returned next day to say that the + gunsmith refused to sell them arms without authority. It was now found + necessary to communicate the business to Fouché in order that he might + grant the necessary permission to the gunsmith, which I was not empowered + to do. + </p> + <p> + On the 10th of October the Consuls, after the breaking up of the Council, + assembled in the cabinet of their colleague. Bonaparte asked them in my + presence whether they thought he ought to go to the opera. They observed + that as every precaution was taken no danger could be apprehended, and + that it was desirable to show the futility of attempts against the First + Consul's life. After dinner Bonaparte put on a greatcoat over his green + uniform and got into his carriage accompanied by me and Duroc. He seated + himself in front of his box, which at that time was on the left of the + theatre between the two columns which separated the front and side boxes. + When we had been in the theatre about half an hour the First Consul + directed me to go and see what was doing in the corridor. Scarcely had I + left the box than I heard a great uproar, and soon discovered that a + number of persons, whose names I could not learn, had been arrested. I + informed the First Consul of what I had heard, and we immediately returned + to the Tuileries. + </p> + <p> + It is certain that the object of the conspiracy was to take the First + Consul's life, and that the conspirators neglected nothing which could + further the accomplishment of their atrocious design. The plot, however, + was known through the disclosures of Harrel; and it would have been easy + to avert instead of conjuring up the storm. Such was, and such still is, + my opinion. Harrel's name was again restored to the army list, and he was + appointed commandant of Vincennes. This post he held at the time of the + Duc d'Enghien's assassination. I was afterwards told that his wife was + foster-sister to the unfortunate prince, and that she recognised him when + he entered the prison which in a few short hours was to prove his grave. + </p> + <p> + Carbonneau, one of the individuals condemned, candidly confessed the part + he had taken in the plot, which he said was brought to maturity solely by + the agents of the police, who were always eager to prove their zeal to + their employers by some new discovery. + </p> + <p> + Although three months intervened between the machinations of Ceracchi and + Arena and the horrible attempt of the 3d Nivôse, I shall relate these two + events in immediate succession; for if they had no other points of + resemblance they were at least alike in their object. The conspirators in + the first affair were of the revolutionary faction. They sought + Bonaparte's life as if with the view of rendering his resemblance to + Caesar so complete that not even a Brutus should be wanting. The latter, + it must with regret be confessed, were of the Royalist party, and in their + wish to destroy the First Consul they were not deterred by the fear of + sacrificing a great number of citizens. + </p> + <p> + The police knew nothing of the plot of the 3d Nivôse for two reasons; + first, because they were no parties to it, and secondly, because two + conspirators do not betray and sell each other when they are resolute in + their purpose. In such cases the giving of information can arise only from + two causes, the one excusable, the other infamous, viz. the dread of + punishment, and the hope of reward. But neither of these causes influenced + the conspirators of the 3d Nivôse, the inventors and constructors of that + machine which has so justly been denominated infernal! + </p> + <p> + On the 3d Nivôse (24th December 1800) the first performance of Haydn's + magnificent oratorio of the "Creation" took place at the opera, and the + First Consul had expressed his intention of being present. I did not dine + with him that day, but as he left me he said, "Bourrienne, you know I am + going to the opera to-night, and you may go too; but I cannot take you in + the carriage, as Lannes, Berthier, and Lauriston are going with me." I was + very glad of this, for I much wished to hear one of the masterpieces of + the German school of composition. I got to the opera before Bonaparte, who + on his entrance seated himself, according to custom, in front of the box. + The eyes of all present were fixed upon him, and he appeared to be + perfectly calm and self-possessed. Lauriston, as soon as he saw me, came + to my box, and told me that the First Consul, on his way to the opera, had + narrowly escaped being assassinated in the Rue St. Nicaise by the + explosion of a barrel of gunpowder, the concussion of which had shattered + the windows of his carriage. "Within ten seconds after our escape," added + Lauriston, "the coachman having turned the corner of the Rue St Honore, + stopped to take the First Consul's orders; and he coolly said, 'To the + opera.'" + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The following particulars respecting the affair of the infernal + machine are related by Rapp, who attended Madame Bonaparte to the + opera. He differs from Bourrienne as to the total ignorance of the + police: + + "The affair of the infernal machine has never been properly + understood by the public. The police had intimated to Napoleon that + an attempt would be made against his life and cautioned him not to + go out. Madame Bonaparte, Mademoiselle Beauharnais, Madame Murat, + Lannes, Bessières, the aide de camp on duty, Lieutenant Lebrun, now + duke of Placenza were all assembled in the salon, while the First + Consul was writing in his cabinet. Haydn's oratorio was to be + performed that evening; the ladies were anxious to hear the music, + and we also expressed a wish to that effect. The escort piquet was + ordered out; and Lannes requested that Napoleon would join the + party. He consented; his carriage was ready, and he took along with + him Bessières and the aide de camp on duty. I was directed to + attend the ladies. Josephine had received a magnificent shawl from + Constantinople and she that evening wore it for the first time. + 'Permit me to observe,' said I, 'that your shawl is not thrown on + with your usual elegance.' She good-humouredly begged that I would + fold it after the fashion of the Egyptian ladies. While I was + engaged in this operation we heard Napoleon depart. 'Come sister,' + said Madame Murat, who was impatient to get to the theatre: + 'Bonaparte is going:' We stopped into the carriage: the First + Consul's equipage had already reached the middle of the Place du + Carrousel. We drove after it, but we had scarcely entered the place + when the machine exploded. Napoleon escaped by a singular chance, + St. Regent, or his servant Francois, had stationed himself in the + middle of the Rue Nicaise. A grenadier of the escort, supposing he + was really what he appeared to be, a water-carrier, gave him a few + blows with the flat of his sabre and drove him off. The cart was + turned round, and the machine exploded between the carriages of + Napoleon and Josephine. The ladies shrieked on hearing the report; + the carriage windows were broken, and Mademoiselle Beauharnais + received a slight hurt on her hand. I alighted and crossed the Rue + Nicaise which was strewed with the bodies of those who had been + thrown down, and the fragments of the walls that had been shattered + with the explosion. Neither the consul nor any individual of his + suite sustained any serious injury. When I entered the theatre + Napoleon was seated in his box; calm and composed, and looking at + the audience through his opera-glass. Fouché was beside him. + 'Josephine' said he as soon as he observed me. She entered at that + instant and he did not finish his question 'The rascals' said he + very cooly, 'wanted to blow me up: Bring me a book of the oratorio'" + (Memoirs of General Count Rape. P. 19)]— +</pre> + <p> + On hearing this I left the theatre and returned to the Palace, under the + expectation that I should speedily be wanted. Bonaparte soon returned + home; and as intelligence of the affair had spread through Paris the grand + salon on the ground-floor was filled with a crowd of functionaries, eager + to read in the eye of their master what they were to think and say on the + occasion. He did not keep them long in suspense. "This," exclaimed he + vehemently, "is the work of the Jacobins: they have attempted my life.... + There are neither nobles, priests, nor Chouans in this affair!... I know + what I am about, and they need not think to impose on me. These are the + Septembrizers who have been in open revolt and conspiracy, and arrayed + against every succeeding Government. It is scarce three months since my + life was attempted by Uracchi, Arena; Topino-Lebrun, and Demerville. They + all belong to one gang! The cutthroats of September, the assassins of + Versailles, the brigands of the 81st of May, the conspirators of Prairial + are the authors of all the crimes committed against established + Governments! If they cannot be checked they must be crashed! France must + be purged of these ruffians!" It is impossible to form any idea of the + bitterness with which Bonaparte, pronounced these words. In vain did some + of the Councillors of State, and Fouché in particular, endeavour to point + out to him that there was no evidence against any one, and that before he + pronounced people to be guilty it would be right to ascertain the fact. + Bonaparte repeated with increased violence what he had before said of the + Jacobins; thus adding; not without some ground of suspicion, one crime + more to, the long catalogue for which they had already to answer. + </p> + <p> + Fouché had many enemies, and I was not, therefore, surprised to find some + of the Ministers endeavouring to take advantage of the difference between + his opinion and that of the First Consul; and it must be owned that the + utter ignorance of the police respecting this event was a circumstance not + very favourable to Fouché. He, however, was like the reed in the fable—he + bent with the wind, but was soon erect again. The most skilful actor could + scarcely imitate the inflexible calmness he maintained during Bonaparte's + paroxysm of rage, and the patience with which he allowed himself to be + accused. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, when afterwards conversing with me, gave me clearly to understand + that he did not think the Jacobins guilty. I mentioned this to the First + Consul, but nothing could make him retract his opinion. "Fouché," said he, + "has good reason for his silence. He is serving his own party. It is very + natural that he should seek to screen a set of men who are polluted with + blood and crimes! He was one of their leaders. Do not I know what he did + at Lyons and the Loire? That explains Fouché's conduct now!" + </p> + <p> + This is the exact truth; and now let me contradict one of the thousand + fictions about this event. It has been said and printed that "the + dignitaries and the Ministers were assembled at the Tuileries. 'Well,' + said the First Consul, advancing angrily towards Fouché, 'will you still + say that this is the Royalist party?' Fouché, better informed than was + believed, answered coolly, 'Yes, certainly, I shall say so; and, what is + more, I shall prove it.' This speech caused general astonishment, but was + afterwards fully borne out." This is pure invention. The First Consul only + said to Fouché; "I do not trust to your police; I guard myself, and I + watch till two in the morning." This however, was very rarely the case. + </p> + <p> + On the day after the explosion of the infernal machine a considerable + concourse assembled at the Tuileries. There was absolutely a torrent of + congratulations. The prefect of the Seine convoked the twelve mayors of + Paris and came at their head to wait on the First Consul. In his reply to + their address Bonaparte said, "As long as this gang of assassins confined + their attacks to me personally I left the law to take its course; but + since, by an unparalleled crime, they have endangered the lives of a + portion of the population of Paris, their punishment must be as prompt as + exemplary. A hundred of these wretches who have libeled liberty by + perpetrating crimes in her name must be effectually prevented from + renewing their atrocities." He then conversed with the Ministers, the + Councillors of State, etc., on the event of the preceding day; and as all + knew the First Consul's opinion of the authors of the crime each was eager + to confirm it. The Council was several times assembled when the Senate was + consulted, and the adroit Fouché, whose conscience yielded to the delicacy + of his situation, addressed to the First Consul a report worthy of a + Mazarin. At the same time the journals were filled with recollections of + the Revolution, raked up for the purpose of connecting with past crimes + the individuals on whom it was now wished to cast odium. It was decreed + that a hundred persons should be banished; and the senate established its + character for complaisance by passing a 'Senatus-consulte' conformable to + the wishes of the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + A list was drawn up of the persons styled Jacobins, who were condemned to + transportation. I was fortunate enough to obtain the erasure of the names + of several whose opinions had perhaps been violent, but whose education + and private character presented claims to recommendation. Some of my + readers may probably recollect them without my naming them, and I shall + only mention M. Tissot, for the purpose of recording, not the service I + rendered him, but an instance of grateful acknowledgment. + </p> + <p> + When in 1815 Napoleon was on the point of entering Paris M. Tissot came to + the prefecture of police, where I then was, and offered me his house as a + safe asylum; assuring me I should there run no risk of being discovered. + Though I did not accept the offer yet I gladly seize on this opportunity + of making it known. It is gratifying to find that difference of political + opinion does not always exclude sentiments of generosity and honour! I + shall never forget the way in which the author of the essays on Virgil + uttered the words 'Domus mea'. + </p> + <p> + But to return to the fatal list. Even while I write this I shudder to + think of the way in which men utterly innocent were accused of a revolting + crime without even the shadow of a proof. The name of an individual, his + opinions, perhaps only assumed, were sufficient grounds for his + banishment. A decree of the Consuls, dated 4th of January 1801, confirmed + by a 'Senates-consulte' on the next day, banished from the territory of + the Republic, and placed under special inspectors, 130 individuals, nine + of whom were merely designated in the report as Septembrizers. + </p> + <p> + The exiles, who in the reports and in the public acts were so unjustly + accused of being the authors of the infernal machine, were received at + Nantes, with so much indignation that the military were compelled to + interfere to save them from being massacred. + </p> + <p> + In the discussions which preceded the decree of the Consuls few persons + had the courage to express a doubt respecting the guilt of the accused. + Truguet was the first to mount the breach. He observed that without + denying the Government the extraordinary means for getting rid of its + enemies he could not but acknowledge that the emigrants threatened the + purchasers of national domains, that the public mind was corrupted by + pamphlets, and that—Here the First Consul, interrupting him, + exclaimed, "To what pamphlets do you allude?"—"To pamphlets which + are publicly circulated."—"Name them!"—"You know them as well + as I do." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte, of which I + shall speak a little farther on, is here alluded to.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + After a long and angry ebullition the First Consul abruptly dismissed the + Council. He observed that he would not be duped; that the villains were + known; that they were Septembrizers, the hatchers of every mischief. He + had said at a sitting three days before, "If proof should fail, we must + take advantage of the public excitement. The event is to me merely the + opportunity. They shall be banished for the 2d September, for the 31st + May, for Baboeuf's conspiracy—or anything else." + </p> + <p> + On leaving one of the sittings of the Council, at which the question of a + special tribunal had been discussed, he told me that he had been a little + ruffled; that he had said a violent blow must be struck; that blood must + be spilt; and that as many of the guilty should be shot as there had been + victims of the explosion (from fifteen to twenty); that 200 should be + banished, and the Republic purged of these scoundrels. + </p> + <p> + The arbitrariness and illegality of the proceeding were so evident that + the 'Senatus-consulte' contained no mention of the transactions of the 3d + Nivôse, which was very remarkable. It was, however, declared that the + measure of the previous day had been adopted with a view to the + preservation of the Constitution. This was promising. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul manifested the most violent hatred of the Jacobins; for + this he could not have been blamed if under the title of Jacobins he had + not comprised every devoted advocate of public liberty. Their opposition + annoyed him and he could never pardon them for having presumed to condemn + his tyrannical acts, and to resist the destruction of the freedom which he + had himself sworn to defend, but which he was incessantly labouring to + overturn. These were the true motives of his conduct; and, conscious of + his own faults, he regarded with dislike those who saw and disapproved of + them. For this reason he was more afraid of those whom he called Jacobins + than of the Royalists. + </p> + <p> + I am here recording the faults of Bonaparte, but I excuse him; situated as + he was, any other person would have acted in the same way. Truth now + reached him with difficulty, and when it was not agreeable he had no + disposition to hear it. He was surrounded by flatterers; and, the greater + number of those who approached him, far from telling him what they really + thought; only repeated what he had himself been thinking. Hence he admired + the wisdom of his Counsellors. Thus Fouché, to maintain himself in favour, + was obliged to deliver up to his master 130 names chosen from among his + own most intimate friends as objects of proscription. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile Fouché, still believing that he was not deceived as to the real + authors of the attempt of the 3d Nivôse, set in motion with his usual + dexterity all the springs of the police. His efforts, however, were for + sometime unsuccessful; but at length on Saturday, the 31st January 1801, + about two hours after our arrival at Malmaison, Fouché presented himself + and produced authentic proofs of the accuracy of his conjectures. There + was no longer any doubt on the subject; and Bonaparte saw clearly that the + attempt of the 3d Nivôse was the result of a plot hatched by the partisans + of royalty. But as the act of proscription against those who were jumbled + together under the title of the Jacobins had been executed, it was not to + be revoked. + </p> + <p> + Thus the consequence of the 3d Nivôse was that both the innocent and + guilty were punished; with this difference, however, that the guilty at + least had the benefit of a trial. + </p> + <p> + When the Jacobins, as they were called, were accused with such + precipitation, Fouché had no positive proofs of their innocence; and + therefore their illegal condemnation ought not to be attributed to him. + Sufficient odium is attached to his memory without his being charged with + a crime he never committed. Still, I must say that had he boldly opposed + the opinion of Bonaparte in the first burst of his fury he might have + averted the blow. Every time he came to the Tuileries, even before he had + acquired any traces of the truth, Fouché always declared to me his + conviction of the innocence of the persons first accused. But he was + afraid to make the same observation to Bonaparte. I often mentioned to him + the opinion of the Minister of Police; but as proof was wanting he replied + to me with a triumphant air, "Bah! bah! This is always the way with + Fouché. Besides, it is of little consequence. At any rate we shall get rid + of them. Should the guilty be discovered among the Royalists they also + shall be punished." + </p> + <p> + The real criminals being at length discovered through the researches of + Fouché, St. Regent and Carbon expiated their crimes by the forfeit of + their heads. Thus the First Consul gained his point, and justice gained + hers. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It was St. Regent, or St. Rejeant, who fired the infernal + machine. The violence of the shock flung him against a post and + part of his breast bone was driven in. He was obliged to resort to + a surgeon, and it would seem that this man denounced him. (Memoirs + of Miot de Melito, tome i. p. 264). + + The discussions which took place in the Council of State on this + affair are remarkable, both for the violence of Napoleon and for the + resistance made in the Council, to a great extent successfully, to + his views as to the plot being one of the Jacobin party.]— +</pre> + <p> + I have often had occasion to notice the multifarious means employed by + Bonaparte to arrive at the possession of supreme power, and to prepare + men's minds for so great change. Those who have observed his life must + have so remarked how entirely he was convinced of the truth that public + opinion wastes itself on the rumour of a project and possesses no energy + at the moment of its execution. In order, therefore, to direct public + attention to the question of hereditary power a pamphlet was circulated + about Paris, and the following is the history of it:— + </p> + <p> + In the month of December 1800, while Fouché was searching after the real + authors of the attempt of the 3d Nivôse, a small pamphlet, entitled + "Parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte," was sent to the First + Consul. He was absent when it came. I read it, and perceived that it + openly advocated hereditary monarchy. I then knew nothing about the origin + of this pamphlet, but I soon learned that it issued from the office of the + Minister of the Interior [Lucien Bonaparte], and that it had been largely + circulated. After reading it I laid it on the table. In a few minutes + Bonaparte entered, and taking up the pamphlet pretended to look through + it: "Have you read this?" said he.—"Yes, General."— "Well! + what is your opinion of it?"—"I think it is calculated to produce an + unfavourable effect on the public mind: it is ill-timed, for it + prematurely reveals your views." The First Consul took the pamphlet and + threw it on the ground, as he did all the stupid publications of the day + after having slightly glanced over them. I was not singular in my opinion + of the pamphlet, for next day the prefects in the immediate neighbourhood + of Paris sent a copy of it to the First Consul, complaining of its + mischievous effect; and I recollect that in one of their letters it was + stated that such a work was calculated to direct against him the poniards + of new assassins. After reading this correspondence he said to me, + "Bourrienne, send for Fouché; he must come directly, and give an account + of this matter." In half an hour Fouché was in the First Consul's cabinet. + No sooner had he entered than the following dialogue took place, in which + the impetuous warmth of the one party was strangely contrasted with the + phlegmatic and rather sardonic composure of the other. + </p> + <p> + "What pamphlet is this? What is said about it in Paris?"—"General, + there is but one opinion of its dangerous tendency."—"Well, then, + why did you allow it to appear?"—"General, I was obliged to show + some consideration for the author!"—"Consideration for the author! + What do you mean? You should have sent him to the temple."—"But, + General, your brother Lucien patronises this pamphlet. It has been printed + and published by his order. In short, it comes from the office of the + Minister of the Interior."—"No matter for that! Your duty as + Minister of Police was to have arrested Lucien, and sent him to the + Temple. The fool does nothing but contrive how he can commit me!" + </p> + <p> + With these words the First Consul left the cabinet, shutting the door + violently behind him. Being now alone with Fouché, I was eager to get an + explanation of the suppressed smile which had more than once curled his + lips during Bonaparte's angry expostulation. I easily perceived that there + was something in reserve. "Send the author to the Temple!" said Fouché; + "that would be no easy matter! Alarmed at the effect which this parallel + between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte was likely to produce, I went to + Lucien to point out to him his imprudence. He made me no answer, but went + and got a manuscript, which he showed me, and which contained corrections + and annotations in the First Consul's handwriting." + </p> + <p> + When Lucien heard how Bonaparte had expressed his displeasure at the + pamphlet, he also came to the Tuileries to reproach his brother with + having thrust him forward and then abandoned him. "'Tis your own fault," + said the First Consul. "You have allowed yourself to be caught! So much + the worse for you! Fouché is too cunning for you! You are a mere fool + compared with him!" Lucien tendered his resignation, which was accepted, + and he departed for Spain. This diplomatic mission turned to his + advantage. It was necessary that one should veil the Machiavellian + invention of the 'Parallel.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The 'Parallel' has been attributed to different writers; some + phrases seemed the work of Lucien, but, says Thiers (tome ii p. + 210), its rare elegance of language and its classical knowledge of + history should attribute it to its real anchor, Fontanel, Joseph + Bonaparte (Erreurs tome i. p. 270) says that Fontanel wrote it, and + Lucien Bonaparte corrected it. See Meneval, tome iii. p. 105. + Whoever wrote it Napoleon certainly planned its issue. "It was," + said he to Roederer, "a work of which he himself had given the idea, + but the last pages were by a fool" (Miot, tome i, p. 318). See also + Lanfrey, tome ii. p. 208; and compare the story in Iung's Lucien, + tome ii. p. 490. Miot, then in the confidence of Joseph, says, + that Lucien's removal from, office was the result of an angry + quarrel between him and Fouché in the presence of Napoleon, when + Fouché attacked Lucien, not only for the pamphlet, but also for the + disorder of his public and his private life; but Miot (tome i, p, + 319) places the date of this as the 3d November, while Bourrienne + dates the disapproval of the pamphlet in December.]— +</pre> + <p> + Lucien, among other instructions, was directed to use all his endeavours + to induce Spain to declare against Portugal in order to compel that power + to separate herself from England. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul had always regarded Portugal as an English colony, and he + conceived that to attack it was to assail England. He wished that Portugal + should no longer favour England in her commercial relations, but that, + like Spain, she should become dependent on him. Lucien was therefore sent + as ambassador to Madrid, to second the Ministers of Charles IV. in + prevailing on the King to invade Portugal. The King declared war, but it + was not of long duration, and terminated almost without a blow being + struck, by the taking of Olivenza. On the 6th of June 1801 Portugal signed + the treaty of Badajoz, by which she promised to cede Olivenza, Almeida, + and some other fortresses to Spain, and to close her ports against + England. The First Consul, who was dissatisfied with the treaty, at first + refused to ratify it. He still kept his army in Spain, and this proceeding + determined Portugal to accede to some slight alterations in the first + treaty. This business proved very advantageous to Lucien and Godoy. + </p> + <p> + The cabinet of the Tuileries was not the only place in which the question + of hereditary succession was discussed. It was the constant subject of + conversation in the salons of Paris, where a new dynasty was already + spoken of. This was by no means displeasing to the First Consul; but he + saw clearly that he had committed a mistake in agitating the question + prematurely; for this reason he waged war against the Parallel, as he + would not be suspected of having had any share in a design that had + failed. One day he said to me, "I believe I have been a little too + precipitate. The pear is not quite ripe!" The Consulate for life was + accordingly postponed till 1802, and the hereditary empire till 1804. + </p> + <p> + After the failure of the artful publication of the pamphlet Fouché invited + me to dine with him. As the First Consul wished me to dine out as seldom + as possible, I informed him of the invitation I had received. He was, + however, aware of it before, and he very readily gave me leave to go. At + dinner Joseph was placed on the right of Fouché, and I next to Joseph, who + talked of nothing but his brother, his designs, the pamphlet, and the bad + effect produced by it. In all that fell from him there was a tone of blame + and disapproval. I told him my opinion, but with greater reserve than I + had used towards his brother. He seemed to approve of what I said; his + confidence encouraged me, and I saw with pleasure that he entertained + sentiments entirely similar to my own. His unreserved manner so imposed + upon me that, notwithstanding the experience I had acquired, I was far + from suspecting myself to be in the company of a spy. Next day the First + Consul said to me very coldly, "Leave my letters in the basket, I will + open them myself." This unexpected direction surprised me exceedingly, and + I determined to play him a trick in revenge for his unfounded distrust. + For three mornings I laid at the bottom of the basket all the letters + which I knew came from the Ministers, and all the reports which were + addressed to me for the First Consul. I then covered them over with those + which; judging from their envelopes and seals, appeared to be of that + trifling kind with which the First Consul was daily overwhelmed: these + usually consisted of requests that he would name the number of a lottery + ticket, so, that the writer might have the benefit of his good luck—solicitations + that he would stand godfather to a child—petitions for places—announcements + of marriages and births—absurd eulogies, etc. Unaccustomed to open + the letters, he became impatient at their number, and he opened very few. + Often on the same day, but always on the morrow, came a fresh letter from + a Minister, who asked for an answer to his former one, and who complained + of not having received one. The First Consul unsealed some twenty letters + and left the rest. + </p> + <p> + The opening of all these letters, which he was not at other times in the + habit of looking at, annoyed him extremely; but as I neither wished to + carry the joke too far, nor to remain in the disagreeable position in + which Joseph's treachery had placed me, I determined to bring the matter + to a conclusion. After the third day, when the business of the night, + which had been interrupted by little fits of ill-humour, was concluded, + Bonaparte retired to bed. Half an hour after I went to his chamber, to + which I was admitted at all hours. I had a candle in my hand, and, taking + a chair, I sat down on the right side of the bed, and placed the candle on + the table. Both he and Josephine awoke. "What is the matter?" he asked + with surprise. "General, I have come to tell you that I can no longer + remain here, since I have lost your confidence. You know how sincerely I + am devoted to you; if you have, then, anything to reproach me with, let me + at least know it, for my situation during the last three days has been + very painful."—"What has Bourrienne done?" inquired Josephine + earnestly.—"That does not concern you," he replied. Then turning to + me he said, "'Tis true, I have cause to complain of you. I have been + informed that you have spoken of important affairs in a very indiscreet + manner."—"I can assure you that I spoke to none but your brother. It + was he who led me into the conversation, and he was too well versed in the + business for me to tell him any secret. He may have reported to you what + he pleased, but could not I do the same by him? I could accuse and betray + him as he has accused and betrayed me. When I spoke in confidence to your + brother, could I regard him as an inquisitor?"—"I must confess," + replied Bonaparte, "that after what I heard from Joseph I thought it right + to put my confidence in quarantine."—"The quarantine has lasted + three days, General; surely that is long enough."—"Well, Bourrienne, + let us say no more about it. Open my letters as usual; you will find the + answers a good deal in arrear, which has much vexed me; and besides, I was + always stumbling on some stupid nonsense or other!" + </p> + <p> + I fancy I still see and hear the amiable Josephine sitting up in bed and + saying, in her gentle way, "What! Bonaparte, is it possible you could + suspect Bourrienne, who is so attached to you, and who is your only + friend? How could you suffer such a snare to be laid for him? What! a + dinner got up on purpose! How I hate these odious police manoeuvres!"—"Go + to sleep," said Bonaparte; "let women mind their gewgaws, and not + interfere with politics." It was near two in the morning before I retired. + </p> + <p> + When, after a few hours' sleep, I again saw the First Consul, he was more + kind to me than ever, and I perceived that for the present every cloud had + dispersed.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Joseph Bonaparte (Erreurs, tome i. p. 273) says what he + reported to his brother was Bourrienne's conversation to him in the + First Consul's cabinet during Napoleon's absence. It is curious + that at the only time when Napoleon became dissatisfied with Meneval + (Bourrienne's successor), and ordered him not to open the letters, + he used the same expression when returning to the usual order of + business, which in this case was to a few hours. "My dear Meneval," + said he, "there are circumstances in which I am forced to put my + confidence in quarantine." (Meneval, tome i. p. 123). For any one + who has had to manage an office it is pleasant to find that even + Napoleon was much dependent on a good secretary. In an illness of + his secretary he said, showing the encumbrance of his desk, "with + Meneval I should soon clear off all that." (Meneval, tome i. p. 151.)] +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0039" id="link2HCH0039"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> + + 1800-1801 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Austria bribed by England—M. de St. Julien in Paris—Duroc's + mission—Rupture of the armistice—Surrender of three garrisons— + M. Otto in London—Battle of Hohenlinden—Madame Moreau and Madame + Hulot—Bonaparte's ill-treatment of the latter—Congress of + Luneville—General Clarke—M. Maret—Peace between France and + Austria—Joseph Bonaparte's speculations in the funds— + M. de Talleyrand's advice—Post-office regulation—Cambacérès— + Importance of good dinners in the affairs of Government—Steamboats + and intriguers—Death of Paul I.—New thoughts of the + reestablishment of Poland—Duroc at St. Petersburg—Bribe rejected— + Death of Abercromby. +</pre> + <p> + The armistice concluded after the battle of Marengo, which had been first + broken and then resumed, continued to be observed for some time between + the armies of the Rhine and Italy and the Imperial armies. But Austria, + bribed by a subsidy of 2,000,000 sterling, would not treat for peace + without the participation of England. She did not despair of recommencing + the war successfully. + </p> + <p> + M. de St. Julien had signed preliminaries at Paris; but the Court of + Vienna disavowed them, and Duroc, whom Bonaparte sent to convey the + preliminaries to Vienna for the Imperial ratification, was not permitted + to pass the Austrian advance posts. This unexpected proceeding, the result + of the all-powerful influence of England, justly incensed the First + Consul, who had given decided proofs of moderation and a wish for peace. + "I want peace," said he to me, "to enable me to organise the interior; the + people also want it. You see the conditions I offer. Austria, though + beaten, obtains all she got at Campo-Formio. What can she want more? I + could make further exactions; but, without fearing the reverses of 1799, I + must think of the future. Besides, I want tranquillity, to enable me to + settle the affairs of the interior, and to send aid to Malta and Egypt. + But I will not be trifled with. I will force an immediate decision!" + </p> + <p> + In his irritation the First Consul despatched orders to Moreau, directing + him to break the armistice and resume hostilities unless he regained + possession of the bridges of the Rhine and the Danube by the surrender of + Philipsburg, Ulm, and Ingolstadt. The Austrians then offered to treat with + France on new bases. England wished to take part in the Congress, but to + this the First Consul would not consent until she should sign a separate + armistice and cease to make common cause with Austria. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul received intelligence of the occupation of the three + garrisons on the 23d of September, the day he had fixed in his ultimatum + to England for the renewal of hostilities. But for the meanwhile he was + satisfied with the concessions of Austria: that power, in the expectation + of being supported by England, asked her on what terms she was to treat. + </p> + <p> + During these communications with Austria M. Otto was in London negotiating + for the exchange of prisoners. England would not hear of an armistice by + sea like that which France had concluded with Austria by land. She alleged + that, in case of a rupture, France would derive from that armistice + greater advantage than Austria would gain by that already concluded. The + difficulty and delay attending the necessary communications rendered these + reasons plausible. The First Consul consented to accept other propositions + from England, and to allow her to take part in the discussions of + Luneville, but on condition that she should sign a treaty with him without + the intervention of Austria. This England refused to do. Weary of this + uncertainty, and the tergiversation of Austria, which was still under the + influence of England, and feeling that the prolongation of such a state of + things could only turn to his disadvantage, Bonaparte broke the armistice. + He had already consented to sacrifices which his successes in Italy did + not justify. The hope of an immediate peace had alone made him lose sight + of the immense advantages which victory had given him. + </p> + <p> + Far from appearing sensible to the many proofs of moderation which the + First Consul evinced, the combined insolence of England and Austria seemed + only to increase. Orders were immediately given for resuming the offensive + in Germany and Italy, and hostilities then recommenced. + </p> + <p> + The chances of fortune were long doubtful. After a reverse Austria made + promises, and after an advantage she evaded them; but finally, fortune + proved favourable to France. The French armies in Italy and Germany + crossed the Mincio and the Danube, and the celebrated battle of + Hohenlinden brought the French advanced posts within ten leagues of + Vienna. This victory secured peace; for, profiting by past experience, the + First Consul would not hear of any suspension of arms until Austria should + consent to a separate treaty. Driven into her last intrenchments, Austria + was obliged to yield. She abandoned England; and the English Cabinet, in + spite of the subsidy of 2,000,000 sterling, consented to the separation. + Great Britain was forced to come to this arrangement in consequence of the + situation to which the successes of the army of Moreau had reduced + Austria, which it was certain would be ruined by longer resistance. + </p> + <p> + England wished to enter into negotiations at Luneville. To this the First + Consul acceded; but, as he saw that England was seeking to deceive him, he + required that she should suspend hostilities with France, as Austria had + done. Bonaparte very reasonably alleged that an indefinite armistice on + the Continent would be more to the disadvantage of France than a long + armistice by sea would be unfavourable to England. All this adjourned the + preliminaries to 1801 and the peace to 1802. + </p> + <p> + The impatience and indignation of the First Consul had been highly excited + by the evasions of Austria and the plots of England, for he knew all the + intrigues that were carrying on for the restoration of the Bourbons. His + joy may be therefore conceived when the battle of Hohenlinden balanced the + scale of fortune in his favour. On the 3d of December 1800 Moreau gained + that memorable victory which at length put an end to the hesitations of + the Cabinet of Vienna. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[On the eve of the battle of Hohenlinden Moreau was at supper with + his aides de camp and several general officers, when a despatch was + delivered to him. After he had read it be said to his guests, + though he was far from being in the habit of boasting, "I am here + made acquainted with Baron Kray's movements. They are all I could + wish. To-morrow we will take from him 10,000 prisoners." Moreau + took 40,000, besides a great many flags.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + On the 6th of December the First Consul received intelligence of the + battle of Hohenlinden. It was on a Saturday, and he had just returned from + the theatre when I delivered the despatches to him. He literally danced + for joy. I must say that he did not expect so important a result from the + movements of the army of the Rhine. This victory gave a new face to his + negotiations for peace, and determined the opening of the Congress of + Luneville, which took place on the 1st of January following. + </p> + <p> + On receiving information of the battle of Hohenlinden, Madame Moreau came + to the Tuileries to call on the First Consul and Madame Bonaparte. She did + not see them, and repeated her calls several times with no better success. + The last time she came she was accompanied by her mother, Madame Hulot. + She waited for a considerable time in vain, and when she was going away + her mother, who could no longer restrain her feelings, said aloud, before + me and several persons of the household, that "it ill became the wife of + the conqueror of Hohenlinden to dance attendance in this way." This remark + reached the ears of those to whom it was directed. Madame Moreau shortly + after rejoined her husband in Germany; and some time after her departure + Madame Hulot came to Malmaison to solicit promotion for her eldest son, + who was in the navy. Josephine received Madame Hulot very kindly, and + requested her to stay to dinner. She accepted the invitation. The First + Consul, who did not see her until the hour of dinner, treated her very + coolly: he said little to her, and retired as soon as dinner was over. His + rudeness was so marked and offensive that Josephine, who was always kind + and amiable, thought it necessary to apologise, by observing that his mind + was disturbed by the non-arrival of a courier whom he expected. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte entertained no dislike of Moreau, because he did not fear him; + and after the battle of Hohenlinden he spoke of him in the highest terms, + and frankly acknowledged the services he had rendered on that important + occasion; but he could not endure his wife's family, who, he said, were a + set of intriguers. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon had good reason for his opinion. "Moreau had a mother- + in-law and a wife lively and given to intrigue. Bonaparte could not + bear intriguing women. Besides, on one occasion Madame Moreau's + mother, when at Malmaison, had indulged in sharp remarks on a + suspected scandalous intimacy between Bonaparte and his young sister + Caroline, then just married. The Consul had not forgiven such + conversation" (Rémusat tome i. P. 192). see also Meneval, tome + iii. p. 57, as to the mischief done by Madame Hulot.]— +</pre> + <p> + Luneville having been fixed upon for the Congress, the First Consul sent + his brother Joseph to treat with Count Louis de Cobentzel. On his way + Joseph met M. de Cobentzel, who had passed Luneville, and was coming to + Paris to sound the sentiments of the French Government. Joseph returned to + Paris with him. After some conversation with the First Consul they set out + next day for Luneville, of which place Bonaparte appointed General Clarke + governor. This appeared to satisfy Clarke, who was very anxious to be + something, and had long been importuning Bonaparte for an appointment. + </p> + <p> + A day or two after the news of the battle of Hohenlinden M. Maret came to + present for Bonaparte's signature some, decrees made in Council. While + affixing the signatures, and without looking up, the First Consul said to + M. Maret, who was a favourite with him, and who was standing at his right + hand, "Are you rich, Maret?"—"No, General."—"So much the + worse: a man should be independent."—"General, I will never be + dependent on any one but you." The First Consul then raised his eyes to + Maret and said, "Hem! that is not bad!" and when the secretary-general was + gone he said to me, "Maret is not deficient in cleverness: he made me a + very good answer." + </p> + <p> + On the 9th of February 1801, six weeks after the opening of the Congress + of Luneville, peace was signed between Austria and France. This peace—the + fruit of Marengo and Hohenlinden—restored France to that honourable + position which had been put in jeopardy by the feeble and incapable + government of the pentarchy and the reverses of 1799. This peace, which in + the treaty, according to custom, was called perpetual, lasted four years. + </p> + <p> + Joseph Bonaparte, while treating for France at Luneville, was speculating + on the rise of the funds which he thought the peace would produce. Persons + more wise, who were like him in the secret, sold out their stock at the + moment when the certainty of the peace became known. But Joseph purchased + to a great extent, in the hope of selling to advantage on the signature of + peace. However, the news had been discounted, and a fall took place. + Joseph's loss was considerable, and he could not satisfy the engagements + in which his greedy and silly speculations had involved him. He applied to + his brother, who neither wished nor was able to advance him the necessary + sum. Bonaparte was, however, exceedingly sorry to see his elder brother in + this embarrassment. He asked me what was to be done. I told him I did not + know; but I advised him to consult M. de Talleyrand, from whom he had + often received good advice. He did so, and M. de Talleyrand replied, with + that air of coolness which is so peculiar to him, "What! is that all? Oh! + that is nothing. It is easily settled. You have only to raise the price of + the funds."—"But the money?"— "Oh, the money may be easily + obtained. Make some deposits in the Mont-de-Piste, or the sinking fund. + That will give you the necessary money to raise the funds; and then Joseph + may sell out, and recover his losses." M. de Talleyrand's advice was + adopted, and all succeeded as he had foretold. None but those who have + heard M. de Talleyrand converse can form an accurate idea of his easy + manner of expressing himself, his imperturbable coolness, the fixed + unvarying expression of his countenance, and his vast fund of wit. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Talleyrand had a large experience in all sorts of speculation. + When old he gave this counsel to one of his proteges: "Do not + speculate. I have always speculated on assured information, and + that has cost me so many millions;" and he named his losses. We may + believe that in this reckoning he rather forgot the amount of his + gains (Sainte-Beuve, Talleyrand, 93).]— +</pre> + <p> + During the sitting of the Congress the First Consul learnt that the + Government couriers conveyed to favoured individuals in Paris various + things, but especially the delicacies of the table, and he ordered that + this practice should be discontinued. On the very evening on which this + order was issued Cambacérès entered the salon, where I was alone with the + First Consul, who had already been laughing at the mortification which he + knew this regulation would occasion to his colleague: "Well, Cambacérès, + what brings you here at this time of night?"—"I come to solicit an + exception to the order which you have just given to the Director of the + Posts. How do you think a man can make friends unless he keeps a good + table? You know very well how much good dinners assist the business of + Government." The First Consul laughed, called him a gourmand, and, patting + him on the shoulder, said, "Do not distress yourself, my dear Cambacérès; + the couriers shall continue to bring you your 'dindes aux truffes', your + Strasburg 'pates', your Mayence hams, and your other titbits." + </p> + <p> + Those who recollect the magnificent dinners given by Cambacérès and + others, which were a general topic of conversation at the time, and who + knew the ingenious calculation which was observed in the invitation of the + guests, must be convinced of the vast influence of a good dinner in + political affairs. As to Cambacérès, he did not believe that a good + government could exist without good dinners; and his glory (for every man + has his own particular glory) was to know that the luxuries of his table + were the subject of eulogy throughout Paris, and even Europe. A banquet + which commanded general suffrage was to him a Marengo or a Friedland. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bourrienne does not exaggerate this excellent quality of the + worthy Cambacérès. When Beugnot was sent to administer the Grand + Duchy of Berg, Cambacérès said to him, "My dear Beugnot, the Emperor + arranges crowns as he chooses; here is the Grand Duke of Berg + (Murat) going to Naples; he is welcome, I have no objection, but + every year the Grand Duke sent me a couple of dozen hams from his + Grand Duchy, and I warn you I do not intend to lose them, so you + must make your preparations.". . . . I never once omitted to + acquit myself of the obligation, and if there were any delay, . . . + his Highness never failed to cause one of his secretaries to write a + good scolding to my house steward; but when the hams arrived + exactly, his highness never failed to write to my wife himself to + thank her. + + This was not all; the hams were to come carriage free. This petty + jobbery occasioned discontent, . . . and it would not have cost + me more to pay the carriage. The Prince would not allow it. There + was an agreement between him and Lavalette (the head of the Posts), + . . . And my Lord appeared to lay as much stress on the + performance of this treaty as on the procuring of the ham, (Beugnot, + tome i. p. 262). + + Cambacérès never suffered the cares of Government to distract his + attention from the great object of life. On one occasion, for + example, being detained in consultation with Napoleon beyond the + appointed hour of dinner—it is said that the fate of the Duc + d'Enghien was the topic under discussion—he was observed, when the + hour became very late, to show great symptoms of impatience and + restlessness. He at last wrote a note which he called a gentleman + usher in waiting to carry. Napoleon, suspecting the contents, + nodded to an aide de camp to intercept the despatch. As he took it + into his hands Cambacérès begged earnestly that he would not read a + trifling note upon domestic matters. Napoleon persisted, and found + it to be a note to the cook containing only the following words, + "Gardez les entremetes—les rotis sont perdue." When Napoleon was + in good humor at the result of a diplomatic conference he was + accustomed to take leave of the plenipotentiaries with, "Go and dine + Cambacérès." His table was in fact an important state engine, as + appears from the anecdote of the trout sent to him by the + municipality of Geneva, and charged 300 francs in their accounts. + The Imperial 'Cour des Comptes' having disallowed the item, was + interdicted from meddling with similar municipal affairs in future + (Hayward's Art of Dining, p. 20).] +</pre> + <p> + At the commencement of 1801 Fulton presented to Bonaparte his memorial on + steamboats. I urged a serious examination of the subject. "Bah!" said he, + "these projectors are all either intriguers or visionaries. Don't trouble + me about the business." I observed that the man whom he called an + intriguer was only reviving an invention already known, and that it was + wrong to reject the scheme without examination. He would not listen to me; + and thus was adjourned, for some time, the practical application of a + discovery which has given such an important impulse to trade and + navigation. + </p> + <p> + Paul I. fell by the hands of assassins on the night of the 24th of March + 1801. The First Consul was much shocked on receiving the intelligence. In + the excitement caused by this unexpected event, which had so important an + influence on his policy, he directed me to send the following note to the + Moniteur:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Paul I. died on the night of the 24th of March, and the English + squadron passed the Sound on the 30th. History will reveal the + connection which probably exists between these two events. +</pre> + <p> + Thus were announced the crime of the 24th of March and the not ill-founded + suspicions of its authors. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[We do not attempt to rescue the fair name of our country. This + is one among many instances in which Bourrienne was misled.—Editor + of 1886 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + The amicable relations of Paul and Bonaparte had been daily strengthened. + "In concert with the Czar," said Bonaparte, "I was sure of striking a + mortal blow at the English power in India. A palace revolution has + overthrown all my projects." This resolution, and the admiration of the + Autocrat of Russia for the head of the French Republic, may certainly be + numbered among the causes of Paul's death. The individuals generally + accused at the time were those who were violently and perseveringly + threatened, and who had the strongest interest in the succession of a new + Emperor. I have seen a letter from a northern sovereign which in my mind + leaves no doubt on this subject, and which specified the reward of the + crime, and the part to be performed by each actor. But it must also be + confessed that the conduct and character of Paul I., his tyrannical acts, + his violent caprices, and his frequent excesses of despotism, had rendered + him the object of accumulated hatred, for patience has its limit. These + circumstances did not probably create the conspiracy, but they + considerably facilitated the execution of the plot which deprived the Czar + of his throne and his life. + </p> + <p> + As soon as Alexander ascended the throne the ideas of the First Consul + respecting the dismemberment of Poland were revived, and almost wholly + engrossed his mind. During his first campaign in Italy, and several times + when in Egypt, he told Sulkowsky that it was his ardent wish to + reestablish Poland, to avenge the iniquity of her dismemberment, and by + that grand repertory act to restore the former equilibrium of Europe. He + often dictated to me for the 'Moniteur' articles tending to prove, by + various arguments, that Europe would never enjoy repose until those great + spoilations were avenged and repaired; but he frequently destroyed these + articles instead of sending them to press. His system of policy towards + Russia changed shortly after the death of Paul. The thought of a war + against that empire unceasingly occupied his mind, and gave birth to the + idea of that fatal campaign which took place eleven years afterwards, and + which had other causes than the re-establishment of Poland. That object + was merely set forward as a pretext. + </p> + <p> + Duroc was sent to St. Petersburg to congratulate the Emperor Alexander on + his accession to the throne. He arrived in the Russian capital on the 24th + of May. Duroc, who was at this time very young, was a great favourite of + the First Consul. He never importuned Bonaparte by his solicitations, and + was never troublesome in recommending any one or busying himself as an + agent for favour; yet he warmly advocated the cause of those whom he + thought injured, and honestly repelled accusations which he knew to be + false. These moral qualities; joined to an agreeable person and elegant + manners, rendered him a very superior man. + </p> + <p> + The year 1801 was, moreover, marked by the fatal creation of special + tribunals, which were in no way justified by the urgency of circumstances. + This year also saw the re-establishment of the African Company, the treaty + of Luneville (which augmented the advantages France had obtained by the + treaty of Campo-Formio), and the peace concluded between Spain and + Portugal by means of Lucien. On the subject of this peace I may mention + that Portugal, to obtain the cession of Olivenza, secretly offered + Bonaparte, through me, 8,000,000 of francs if he would contribute his + influence towards the acquisition of that town by Portugal. He, rejected + this offer indignantly, declaring that he would never sell honour for + money. He has been accused of having listened to a similar proposition at + Passeriano, though in fact no such proposition was ever made to him. Those + who bring forward such accusations little know the inflexibility of his + principles on this point. + </p> + <p> + One evening in April 1801 an English paper—the London Gazette—arrived + at Malmaison. It announced the landing in Egypt of the army commanded by + Abercromby, the battle given by the English, and the death of their + General. I immediately translated the article, and presented it to the + First Consul, with the conviction that the news would be very painful to + him. He doubted its truth, or at least pretended to do so. Several + officers and aides de camp who were in the salon coincided in his opinion, + especially Lannes, Bessières, and Duroc. They thought by so doing to + please the First Consul, who then said to me, in a jeering tone, "Bah! you + do not understand English. This is the way with you: you are always + inclined to believe bad news rather than good!" These words, and the + approving smiles of the gentlemen present, ruffled me, and I said with + some warmth, "How, General, can you believe that the English Government + would publish officially so important an event if it were not true? Do you + think that a Government that has any self-respect would, in the face of + Europe, state a falsehood respecting an affair the truth of which cannot + long remain unknown? Did you ever know an instance of so important an + announcement proving untrue after it had been published in the London + Gazette? I believe it to be true, and the smiles of these gentlemen will + not alter my opinion." On these observations the First Consul rose and + said, "Come, Bourrienne, I want you in the library." After we had left the + salon he added, "This is always the way with you. Why are you vexed at + such trifles? I assure you I believe the news but too confidently, and I + feared it before it came. But they think they please me by thus appearing + to doubt it. Never mind them."—"I ask your pardon," said I, "but I + conceive the best way of proving my attachment to you is to tell you what + I believe to be true. You desire me not to delay a moment in announcing + bad news to you. It would be far worse to disguise than to conceal it." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0040" id="link2HCH0040"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. + </h2> + + 1801-1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + An experiment of royalty—Louis de Bourbon and Maria Louisa, of + Spain—Creation of the kingdom of Etruria—The Count of Leghorn in + Paris—Entertainments given him—Bonaparte's opinion of the King of + Etruria—His departure for Florence, and bad reception there— + Negotiations with the Pope—Bonaparte's opinion on religion—Te Deum + at Notre Dame—Behaviour of the people in the church—Irreligion of + the Consular Court—Augereau's remark on the Te Deum—First Mass at + St. Cloud-Mass in Bonaparte's apartments—Talleyrand relieved from + his clerical vows—My appointment to the Council of State. +</pre> + <p> + Before he placed two crowns on his own head Bonaparte thought it would + promote the interests of his policy to place one on the head of a prince, + and even a prince of the House of Bourbon. He wished to accustom the + French to the sight of a king. It will hereafter be seen that he gave + sceptres, like his confidence, conditionally, and that he was always ready + to undo his own work when it became an obstacle to his ambitious designs. + </p> + <p> + In May 1801 the Infanta of Spain, Maria Louisa, third daughter of Charles + IV., visited Paris. The Infante Louis de Bourbon, eldest son of the Duke + of Parma, had gone to Madrid in 1798 to contract a marriage with Maria + Amelia, the sister of Maria Louisa; but he fell in love with the latter. + Godoy favoured the attachment, and employed all his influence to bring + about the marriage. The son who, six years later, was born of this union, + was named Charles Louis, after the King of Spain. France occupied the + Duchy of Parma, which, in fulfilment of the conventions signed by Lucien + Bonaparte, was to belong to her after the death of the reigning Duke. On + the other hand, France was to cede the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to the son + of the Duke of Parma; and Spain paid to France, according to stipulation, + a considerable sum of money. Soon after the treaty was communicated to Don + Louis and his wife they left Madrid and travelled through France. The + prince took the title of Count of Leghorn. All accounts are unanimous as + to the attentions which the Prince and Princess received on their journey. + Among the fetes in honour of the illustrious couple that given by M. de + Talleyrand at Neuilly was remarkable for magnificence. + </p> + <p> + When the Count of Leghorn was coming to pay his first visit to Malmaison + Bonaparte went into the drawing-room to see that everything was suitably + prepared for his reception. In a few minutes he returned to his cabinet + and said to me, somewhat out of humour, "Bourrienne, only think of their + stupidity; they had not taken down the picture representing me on the + summit of the Alps pointing to Lombardy and commanding the conquest of it. + I have ordered its removal. How mortifying it would have been if the + Prince had seen it!" + </p> + <p> + Another picture in the drawing-room at Malmaison represented the First + Consul sleeping on the snow on the summit of the Alps before the battle of + Marengo. + </p> + <p> + The Count of Leghorn's visit to Paris imparted brilliancy to the first + years of the reign of Bonaparte, of whom it was at that time said, "He + made kings, but would not be one!" + </p> + <p> + At the representation of Oedipus, the following expression of Philactetes + was received with transport:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "J'ai fait des Souverains, et n'ai pas voulu l'etre." + + ["Monarchs I've made, but one I would not be."] +</pre> + <p> + The First Consul, on leaving the theatre, did not conceal his + satisfaction. He judged, from the applause with which that verse had been + received, that his pamphlet was forgotten. The manner, moreover, in which + a king, crowned by his hands, had been received by the public, was no + indifferent matter to him, as he expected that the people would thus again + become familiar with what had been so long proscribed. + </p> + <p> + This King, who, though well received and well entertained, was in all + respects a very ordinary man, departed for Italy. I say very ordinary, not + that I had an opportunity of judging of his character myself, but the + First Consul told me that his capabilities were extremely limited; that he + even felt repugnance to take a pen in his hand; that he never cast a + thought on anything but his pleasures: in a word, that he was a fool. + </p> + <p> + One day, after the First Consul had spent several hours in company with + him and his consort, he said to me, "I am quite tired. He is a mere + automaton. I put a number of questions to him, but he can answer none. He + is obliged to consult his wife, who makes him understand as well as she is + able what he ought to say." The First Consul added, "The poor Prince will + set off to-morrow, without knowing what he is going to do." I observed + that it was a pity to see the happiness of the people of Tuscany entrusted + to such a prince. Bonaparte replied, "Policy requires it. Besides, the + young man is not worse than the usual run of kings." The Prince fully + justified in Tuscany the opinion which the First Consul formed of him. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This unfortunate Prince was very ill-calculated to recommend, by + his personal character, the institutions to which the nobility clung + with so much fondness. Nature had endowed him with an excellent + heart, but with very limited talents; and his mind had imbibed the + false impress consequent upon his monastic education. He resided at + Malmaison nearly the whole time of his visit to Paris. Madame + Bonaparte used to lead the Queen to her own apartments; and as the + First Consul never left his closet except to sit down to meals, the + aides de camp were under the necessity of keeping the King company, + and of endeavoring to entertain him, so wholly was he devoid of + intellectual resources. It required, indeed, a great share of + patience to listen to the frivolities which engrossed his attention. + His turn of mind being thus laid open to view, care was taken to + supply him with the playthings usually placed in the hands of + children; he was, therefore, never at a loss for occupation. His + nonentity was a source of regret to us: we lamented to see a tall + handsome youth, destined to rule over his fellow-men, trembling at + the neigh of a horse, and wasting his time in the game of + hide-and-seek, or at leap-frog and whose whole information consisted + in knowing his prayers, and in saying grace before and after meals. + Such, nevertheless, was the man to whom the destinies of a nation + were about to be committed! When he left France to repair to his + kingdom, "Rome need not be uneasy," said the First Consul to us + after the farewell audience, "there is no danger of his crossing the + Rubicon" (Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo, vol. i. p. 363).]— +</pre> + <p> + In order to show still further attention to the King of Etruria, after his + three weeks' visit to Paris, the First Consul directed him to be escorted + to Italy by a French guard, and selected his brother-in-law Murat for that + purpose. + </p> + <p> + The new King of a new kingdom entered Florence on the 12th of April 1801; + but the reception given him by the Tuscans was not at all similar to what + he had experienced at Paris. The people received the royal pair as + sovereigns imposed on them by France. The ephemeral kingdom of Etruria + lasted scarcely six years. The King died in 1803, in the flower of his + age, and in 1807 the Queen was expelled from her throne by him who had + constructed it for her. + </p> + <p> + At this period a powerful party urged Bonaparte to break with the Pope, + and to establish a Gallican Church, the head of which should reside in + France. They thought to flatter his ambition by indicating to him a new + source of power which might establish a point of comparison between him + and the first Roman emperors. But his ideas did not coincide with theirs + on this subject. "I am convinced," said he, "that a part of France would + become Protestant, especially if I were to favour that disposition. I am + also certain that the much greater portion would remain Catholic, and + would oppose, with the greatest zeal and fervour, the schism of a part of + their fellow-citizens. I dread the religious quarrels, the family + dissensions, and the public distractions, which such a state of things + would inevitably occasion. In, reviving a religion which has always + prevailed in the country, and which still prevails in the hearts of the + people, and in giving the liberty of exercising their worship to the + minority, I shall satisfy every one." + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, taking a superior view of the state of France, + considered that the re-establishment of religious worship would prove a + powerful support to his Government: and he had been occupied ever since + the commencement of 1801 in preparing a Concordat with the Pope. It was + signed in the month of July in the same year. It required some time to + enable the parties to come to an understanding on the subject. + </p> + <p> + Cardinal Consalvi arrived, in the month of June 1801, at Paris, to arrange + matters on the part of the Pope. Cardinal Caprara and M. de Spina also + formed part of the embassy sent by the Holy Father. There were, besides, + several able theologians, among whom Doctor C—— was + distinguished. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The "Doctor C——" was Caselti, later Archbishop of Parma. Bonier + was green the Bishopric of Orleans, not Versailles; see Erreurs, + tome i, p. 276. The details of the surprise attempted at the last + moment by putting before Cardinal Consalvi for his signature an + altered copy of the Concordat should be read in his Memoirs (tome i. + p. 355), or in Lanfrey (tome ii. p. 267). As for Napoleon's + belief that part of the nation might become Protestant, Narbonne + probably put the matter truly when he said there was not religion + enough in France to stand a division. It should be noted that the + Concordat did not so much restore the Catholic Church as destroy the + old Gallican Church, with all its liberties, which might annoy + either Pope or Emperor. But on this point see The Gallican Church + and the Revolution, by Jervis: London, Began Paul, Trench and Co., + 1882. The clergy may, it is true, have shown wisdom in acceding to + any terms of restoration.]— +</pre> + <p> + He was a member of the Pope's chancery; his knowledge gave him so much + influence over his colleagues that affairs advanced only as much as he + pleased. However, he was gained over by honours conferred on him, and + promises of money. Business then went on a little quicker. The Concordat + was signed on the 15th of July 1801, and made a law of the State in the + following April. The plenipotentiaries on the part of Bonaparte were + Joseph Bonaparte, Cretet, and the Abby Bernier, afterwards Bishop of + Versailles.—[Orleans not Versailles. D.W.] + </p> + <p> + A solemn Te Deum was chanted at the cathedral of Notre Dame on Sunday, the + 11th of April. The crowd was immense, and the greater part of those + present stood during the ceremony, which was splendid in the extreme; but + who would presume to say that the general feeling was in harmony with all + this pomp? Was, then, the time for this innovation not yet arrived? Was it + too abrupt a transition from the habits of the twelve preceding years? It + is unquestionably true that a great number of the persons present at the + ceremony expressed, in their countenances and gestures, rather a feeling + of impatience and displeasure than of satisfaction or of reverence for the + place in which they were. Here and there murmurs arose expressive of + discontent. The whispering, which I might more properly call open + conversation, often interrupted the divine service, and sometimes + observations were made which were far from being moderate. Some would turn + their heads aside on purpose to take a bit of chocolate-cake, and biscuits + were openly eaten by many who seemed to pay no attention to what was + passing. + </p> + <p> + The Consular Court was in general extremely irreligious; nor could it be + expected to be otherwise, being composed chiefly of those who had assisted + in the annihilation of all religious worship in France, and of men who, + having passed their lives in camps, had oftener entered a church in Italy + to carry off a painting than to hear the Mass. Those who, without being + imbued with any religious ideas, possessed that good sense which induces + men to pay respect to the belief of others, though it be one in which they + do not participate, did not blame the First Consul for his conduct, and + conducted themselves with some regard to decency. But on the road from the + Tuileries to Notre Dame, Lannes and Augereau wanted to alight from the + carriage as soon as they saw that they were being driven to Mass, and it + required an order from the First Consul to prevent their doing so. They + went therefore to Notre Dame, and the next day Bonaparte asked Augereau + what he thought of the ceremony. "Oh! it was all very fine," replied the + General; "there was nothing wanting, except the million of men who have + perished in the pulling down of what you are setting up." Bonaparte was + much displeased at this remark. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This remark has been attributed elsewhere to General Delmas. + + According to a gentleman who played a part in this empty pageantry, + Lannes at one moment did get out of the carriage, and Augereau kept + swearing in no low whisper during the whole of the chanted Mass. + Most of the military chiefs who sprang out of the Revolution had no + religion at all, but there were some who were Protestants, and who + were irritated by the restoration of Catholicism as the national + faith.—Editor of 1896 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + During the negotiations with the Holy Father Bonaparte one day said to me, + "In every country religion is useful to the Government, and those who + govern ought to avail themselves of it to influence mankind. I was a + Mahometan in Egypt; I am a Catholic in France. With relation to the police + of the religion of a state, it should be entirely in the hands of the + sovereign. Many persons have urged me to found a Gallican Church, and make + myself its head; but they do not know France. If they did, they would know + that the majority of the people would not like a rupture with Rome. Before + I can resolve on such a measure the Pope must push matters to an + extremity; but I believe he will not do so."—"You are right, + General, and you recall to my memory what Cardinal Consalvi said: 'The + Pope will do all the First Consul desires.'"—"That is the best + course for him. Let him not suppose that he has to do with an idiot. What + do you think is the point his negotiations put most forward? The salvation + of my soul! But with me immortality is the recollection one leaves in the + memory of man. That idea prompts to great actions. It would be better for + a man never to have lived than to leave behind him no traces of his + existence." + </p> + <p> + Many endeavours were made to persuade the First Consul to perform in + public the duties imposed by the Catholic religion. An influential + example, it was urged, was required. He told me once that he had put an + end to that request by the following declaration: "Enough of this. Ask me + no more. You will not obtain your object. You shall never make a hypocrite + of me. Let us remain where we are." + </p> + <p> + I have read in a work remarkable on many accounts that it was on the + occasion of the Concordat of the 15th July 1801 that the First Consul + abolished the republican calendar and reestablished the Gregorian. This is + an error. He did not make the calendar a religious affair. The + 'Senatus-consulte', which restored the use of the Gregorian calendar, to + commence in the French Empire from the 11th Nivôse, year XIV. (1st January + 1806), was adopted on the 22d Fructidor, year XIII. (9th September 1805), + more than four years after the Concordat. The re-establishment of the + ancient calendar had no other object than to bring us into harmony with + the rest of Europe on a point so closely connected with daily + transactions, which were much embarrassed by the decadary calendar. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte at length, however, consented to hear Mass, and St. Cloud was + the place where this ancient usage was first re-established. He directed + the ceremony to commence sooner than the hour announced in order that + those who would only make a scoff at it might not arrive until the service + was ended. + </p> + <p> + Whenever the First Consul determined to hear Mass publicly on Sundays in + the chapel of the Palace a small altar was prepared in a room near his + cabinet of business. This room had been Anne of Austria's oratory. A small + portable altar, placed on a platform one step high, restored it to its + original destination. During the rest of the week this chapel was used as + a bathing-room. On Sunday the door of communication was opened, and we + heard Mass sitting in our cabinet of business. The number of persons there + never exceeded three or four, and the First Consul seldom failed to + transact some business during the ceremony, which never lasted longer than + twelve minutes. Next day all the papers had the news that the First Consul + had heard Mass in his apartments. In the same way Louis XVIII. has often + heard it in his! + </p> + <p> + On the 19th of July 1801 a papal bull absolved Talleyrand from his vows. + He immediately married Madame Grandt, and the affair obtained little + notice at the time. This statement sufficiently proves how report has + perverted the fact. It has been said that Bonaparte on becoming Emperor + wished to restore that decorum which the Revolution had destroyed, and + therefore resolved to put an end to the improper intimacy which subsisted + between Talleyrand and Madame Grandt. It is alleged that the Minister at + first refused to marry the lady, but that he at last found it necessary to + obey the peremptory order of his master. This pretended resurrection of + morality by Bonaparte is excessively ridiculous. The bull was not + registered in the Council of State until the 19th of August 1802. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The First Consul had on several occasions urged M. de Talleyrand + to return to holy orders. He pointed out to him that that course + would be most becoming his age and high birth, and promised that he + should be made a cardinal, thus raising him to a par with Richelieu, + and giving additional lustre to his administration (Memoirs of the + Duke of Rovigo, vol. i. p. 426). + + But M. de Talleyrand vindicated his choice, saying, "A clever wife + often compromises her husband; a stupid one only compromises + herself" (Historical Characters, p.122, Bulwer, Lord Dulling).]— +</pre> + <p> + I will end this chapter by a story somewhat foreign to the preceding + transactions, but which personally concerns myself. On the 20th of July + 1801 the First Consul, 'ex proprio motu', named me a Councillor of State + extraordinary. Madame Bonaparte kindly condescended to have an elegant but + somewhat ideal costume made for me. It pleased the First Consul, however, + and he had a similar one made for himself. He wore it a short time and + then left it off. Never had Bonaparte since his elevation shown himself so + amiable as on this occasion. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0041" id="link2HCH0041"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Last chapter on Egypt—Admiral Gantheaume—Way to please Bonaparte— + General Menou's flattery and his reward—Davoust—Bonaparte regrets + giving the command to Menou, who is defeated by Abercromby—Otto's + negotiation in London—Preliminaries of peace. +</pre> + <p> + For the last time in these Memoirs I shall return to the affairs of Egypt—to + that episode which embraces so short a space of time and holds so high a + place in the life of Bonaparte. Of all his conquests he set the highest + value on Egypt, because it spread the glory of his name throughout the + East. Accordingly he left nothing unattempted for the preservation of that + colony. In a letter to General Kléber he said, "You are as able as I am to + understand how important is the possession of Egypt to France. The Turkish + Empire, in which the symptoms of decay are everywhere discernible, is at + present falling to pieces, and the evil of the evacuation of Egypt by + France would now be the greater, as we should soon see that fine province + pass into the possession of some other European power." The selection of + Gantheaume, however, to carry assistance to Kléber was not judicious. + Gantheaume had brought the First Consul back from Egypt, and though the + success of the passage could only be attributed to Bonaparte's own plan, + his determined character, and superior judgment, yet he preserved towards + Gantheaume that favourable disposition which is naturally felt for one who + has shared a great danger with us, and upon whom the responsibility may be + said to have been imposed. + </p> + <p> + This confidence in mediocrity, dictated by an honourable feeling, did not + obtain a suitable return. Gantheaume, by his indecision and creeping about + in the Mediterranean, had already failed to execute a commission entrusted + to him. The First Consul, upon finding he did not leave Brest after he had + been ordered to the Mediterranean, repeatedly said to me, "What the devil + is Gantheaume about?" With one of the daily reports sent to the First + Consul he received the following quatrain, which made him laugh heartily: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Vaisseaux lestes, tete sans lest, + Ainsi part l'Amiral Gantheaume; + Il s'en va de Brest a Bertheaume, + Et revient de Bertheaume a Brest!" + + "With ballast on board, but none in his brain, + Away went our gallant Gantheaume, + On a voyage from Brest to Bertheaume, + And then from Bertheaume—to Brest back again!" +</pre> + <p> + Gantheaume's hesitation, his frequent tergiversations, his arrival at + Toulon, his tardy departure, and his return to that port on the 19th of + February 1801, only ten days prior to Admiral Keith's appearance with Sir + Ralph Abercromby off Alexandria, completely foiled all the plans which + Bonaparte had conceived of conveying succour and reinforcements to a + colony on the brink of destruction. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was then dreaming that many French families would carry back + civilisation, science, and art to that country which was their cradle. But + it could not be concealed that his departure from Egypt in 1799 had + prepared the way for the loss of that country, which was hastened by + Kléber's death and the choice of Menou as his successor. + </p> + <p> + A sure way of paying court to the First Consul and gaining his favour was + to eulogise his views about Egypt, and to appear zealous for maintaining + the possession of that country. By these means it was that Menou gained + his confidence. In the first year of the occupation of that country he + laid before him his dreams respecting Africa. He spoke of the negroes of + Senegal, Mozambique, Mehedie, Marabout, and other barbarous countries + which were all at once to assume a new aspect, and become civilised, in + consequence of the French possession of Egypt. To Menou's adulation is to + be attributed the favourable reception given him by the First Consul, even + after his return from Egypt, of which his foolish conduct had allowed the + English to get possession. The First Consul appointed him Governor of + Piedmont, and at my request gave my elder brother the situation of + Commissary-General of Police in that country; but I am in candour obliged + to confess that the First Consul was obliged to retract this mark of his + favour in consequence of my brother's making an abuse of it. + </p> + <p> + It was also by flattering the First Consul on the question of the East + that Davoust, on his return from Egypt in 1800 in consequence of the + Convention of El-Ariah, insinuated himself into Bonaparte's good graces + and, if he did not deserve, obtained his favour. At that time Davoust + certainly had no title whatever to the good fortune which he suddenly + experienced. He obtained, without first serving in a subordinate rank, the + command-in-chief of the grenadiers of the Consular Guard; and from that + time commenced the deadly hatred which Davoust bore towards me. Astonished + at the great length of time that Bonaparte had been one day conversing + with him I said, as soon as he was gone, "How could you talk so long with + a man whom you have always called a stupid fellow?"—"Ah! but I did + not know him well enough before. He is a better man, I assure you, than he + is thought; and you will come over to my opinion."—"I hope so." The + First Consul, who was often extremely indiscreet, told Davoust my opinion + of him, and his hostility against me ceased but with his life. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul could not forget his cherished conquest in the East. It + was constantly the object of his thoughts. He endeavoured to send + reinforcements to his army from Brest and Toulon, but without success. He + soon had cause to repent having entrusted to the hands of Menou the + command-in-chief, to which he became entitled only by seniority, after the + assassination of Kléber by Soleiman Heleby. But Bonaparte's indignation + was excited when he became acquainted with Menou's neglect and + mismanagement, when he saw him giving reins to his passion for reform, + altering and destroying everything, creating nothing good in its stead, + and dreaming about forming a land communication with the Hottentots and + Congo instead of studying how to preserve the country. His pitiful plans + of defence, which were useless from their want of combination, appeared to + the First Consul the height of ignorance. Forgetful of all the principles + of strategy, of which Bonaparte's conduct afforded so many examples, he + opposed to the landing of Abercromby a few isolated corps, which were + unable to withstand the enemy's attack, while the English army might have + been entirely annihilated had all the disposable troops been sent against + it. + </p> + <p> + The great admiration which Menou expressed at the expedition to Egypt; his + excessive fondness for that country, the religion of which he had + ridiculously enough embraced under the name of Abdallah; the efforts he + made, in his sphere, to preserve the colony; his enthusiasm and blind + attachment to Bonaparte; the flattering and encouraging accounts he gave + of the situation of the army, at first had the effect of entirely covering + Menou's incapacity. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[For a ludicrous description of Menou see the Memoirs of Marmont:— + "Clever and gay, he was an agreeable talker, but a great liar. He + was not destitute of some education. His character, one of the + oddest in the world, came very near to lunacy: Constantly writing, + always in motion in his room, riding for exercise every day, he was + never able to start on any necessary of useful journey. . . . + When, later, Bonaparte, then First Consul, gave him by special + favour the administration of Piedmont, he put off his departure from + day to day for six months; and then he only did start because his + friend Maret himself put him into his carriage, with post-horses + already harnessed to it. . . . When he left this post they + found in his cabinet 900 letters which he had not opened. He was an + eccentric lunatic, amusing enough sometimes, but a curse to + everything which depended on him." (Memoirs of the Duc de Raguse, + tome i. p. 410).]— +</pre> + <p> + This alone can account for the First Consul's preference of him. But I am + far from concurring in what has been asserted by many persons, that France + lost Egypt at the very moment when it seemed most easy of preservation. + Egypt was conquered by a genius of vast intelligence, great capacity, and + profound military science. Fatuity, stupidity, and incapacity lost it. + What was the result of that memorable expedition? The destruction of one + of our finest armies; the loss of some of our best generals; the + annihilation of our navy; the surrender of Malta; and the sovereignty of + England in the Mediterranean. What is the result at present? A scientific + work. The gossiping stories and mystifications of Herodotus, and the + reveries of the good Rollin, are worth as much, and have not cost so dear. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul had long been apprehensive that the evacuation of Egypt + was unavoidable. The last news he had received from that country was not + very encouraging, and created a presentiment of the approach of the + dreaded catastrophe. He, however, published the contrary; but it was then + of great importance that, an account of the evacuation should not reach + England until the preliminaries of peace were signed, for which purpose M. + Otto was exerting all his industry and talent. We made a great merit of + abandoning our conquests in Egypt; but the sacrifice would not have been + considered great if the events which took place at the end of August had + been known in London before the signing of the preliminaries on the 1st of + October. The First Consul himself answered M. Otto's last despatch, + containing a copy of the preliminaries ready to be adopted by the English + Ministry. Neither this despatch nor the answer was communicated to M. de + Talleyrand, then Minister for Foreign Affairs. The First Consul, who + highly appreciated the great talents and knowledge of that Minister, never + closed any diplomatic arrangement without first consulting him; and he was + right in so doing. On this occasion, however, I told him that as M. de + Talleyrand was, for his health, taking the waters of + Bourbon-l'Archambault, four days must elapse before his reply could be + received, and that the delay might cause the face of affairs to change. I + reminded him that Egypt was on the point of yielding. He took my advice, + and it was well for him that he did, for the news of the compulsory + evacuation of Egypt arrived in London the day after the signing of the + preliminaries. M. Otto informed the First Consul by letter that Lord + Hawkesbury, ill communicating to him the news of the evacuation, told him + he was very glad everything was settled, for it would have been impossible + for him to have treated on the same basis after the arrival of such news. + In reality we consented at Paris to the voluntary evacuation of Egypt, and + that was something for England, while Egypt was at that very time + evacuated by a convention made on the spot. The definitive evacuation of + Egypt took place on the 30th of August 1801; and thus the conquest of that + country, which had cost so dear, was rendered useless, or rather + injurious. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0042" id="link2HCH0042"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The most glorious epoch for France—The First Consul's desire of + peace—Malta ceded and kept—Bonaparte and the English journals— + Mr. Addington's letter to the First Consul—Bonaparte prosecutes + Peltier—Leclerc's expedition to St. Domingo—Toussaint Louverture— + Death of Leclerc—Rochambeau, his successor, abandons St. Domingo— + First symptoms of Bonaparte's malady—Josephine's intrigues for the + marriage of Hortense—Falsehood contradicted. +</pre> + <p> + The epoch of the peace of Amiens must be considered as the most glorious + in the history of France, not excepting the splendid period of Louis + XIV.'s victories and the more brilliant era of the Empire. The Consular + glory was then pure, and the opening prospect was full of flattering hope; + whereas those who were but little accustomed to look closely into things + could discern mighty disasters lurking under the laurels of the Empire. + </p> + <p> + The proposals which the First Consul made in order to obtain peace + sufficiently prove his sincere desire for it. He felt that if in the + commencement of his administration he could couple his name with so hoped + for an act he should ever experience the affection and gratitude of the + French. I want no other proof of his sentiments than the offer he made to + give up Egypt to the Grand Seignior, and to restore all the ports of the + Gulf of Venice and of the Mediterranean to the States to which they had + previously belonged; to surrender Malta to the order of the Knights of St. + John, and even to raze its fortifications if England should think such a + measure necessary for her interests. In the Indies, Ceylon was to be left + to him, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Ceylon belonged to Holland, but was retained by England under the + treaty of Amiens.]— +</pre> + <p> + and he required the surrender of the Cape of Good Hope and all the places + taken by the English in the West Indies. + </p> + <p> + England had firmly resolved to keep Malta, the Gibraltar of the + Mediterranean, and the Cape of Good Hope, the caravanserai of the Indies. + She was therefore unwilling to close with the proposition respecting + Malta; and she said that an arrangement might be made by which it would be + rendered independent both of Great Britain and France. We clearly saw that + this was only a lure, and that, whatever arrangements might be entered + into, England would keep Malta, because it was not to be expected that the + maritime power would willingly surrender an island which commands the + Mediterranean. I do not notice the discussions respecting the American + islands, for they were, in my opinion, of little consequence to us. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It is strange that Bourrienne does not allude to one of the first + arbitrary acts of Napoleon, the discussions on which formed part of + those conversations between Napoleon and his brother Lucien of which + Bourrienne complained to Josephine he knew nothing. In 1763 France + had ceded to England the part of Louisiana on the east of the + Mississippi, and the part on the west of that river, with New + Orleans, to Spain. By the treaty negotiated with Spain by Lucien + Bonaparte in 1800 her share was given back to France. On the 80th + April 1803 Napoleon sold the whole to the United States for + 80,000,000 francs (L 3,260,000), to the intense anger of his + brothers Joseph and Lucien. Lucien was especially proud of having + obtained the cession for which Napoleon was, at that time, very + anxious; but both brothers were horrified when Napoleon disclosed + how little he cared for constitutional forms by telling them that if + the Legislature, as his brothers threatened, would not ratify the + treaty, he would do without the ratification; see Iung's Letter, + tome ii. p. 128. + + Napoleon's most obvious motives were want of money and the certainty + of the seizure of the province by England, as the rupture with her + was now certain. But there was perhaps another cause. The States + had already been on the point of seizing the province from Spain, + which had interfered with their trade (Hinton's United States, p. + 435, and Thiers tome iv, p. 320). + + Of the sum to be paid, 20,000,000 were to go to the States, to cover + the illegal seizures of American ships by the French navy, a matter + which was not settled for many years later. The remaining + 80,000,000 were employed in the preparations for the invasion of + England; see Thiers, tome iv. pp. 320 and 326, and Lanfrey, tome + iii. p. 48. The transaction is a remarkable one, as forming the + final withdrawal of France from North America (with the exception of + some islands on the Newfoundland coast), where she had once held + such a proud position. It also eventually made an addition to the + number of slave States.]— +</pre> + <p> + They cost more than they produce; and they will escape from us, some time + or other, as all colonies ultimately do from the parent country. Our whole + colonial system is absurd; it forces us to pay for colonial produce at a + rate nearly double that for which it may be purchased from our neighbours. + </p> + <p> + When Lord Hawkesbury consented to evacuate Malta, on condition that it + should be independent of France and Great Britain, he must have been aware + that such a condition would never be fulfilled. He cared little for the + order of St. John, and he should have put, by way of postscript, at the + bottom of his note, "We will keep Malta in spite of you." I always told + the First Consul that if he were in the situation of the English he would + act the same part; and it did not require much sagacity to foretell that + Malta would be the principal cause of the rupture of peace. He was of my + opinion; but at that moment he thought everything depended on concluding + the negotiations, and I entirely agreed with him. It happened, as was + foreseen, that Malta caused the renewal of war. The English, on being + called upon to surrender the island, eluded the demand, shifted about, and + at last ended by demanding that Malta should be placed under the + protection of the King of Naples,—that is to say, under the + protection of a power entirely at their command, and to which they might + dictate what they pleased. This was really too cool a piece of irony! + </p> + <p> + I will here notice the quarrel between the First Consul and the English + newspapers, and give a new proof of his views concerning the freedom of + the press. However, liberty of the press did once contribute to give him + infinite gratification, namely, when all the London journals mentioned the + transports of joy manifested in London on the arrival of General + Lauriston, the bearer of the ratification of the preliminaries of peace. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul was at all times the declared enemy of the liberty of the + press, and therefore he ruled the journals with a hand of iron. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[An incident, illustrative of the great irritation which Bonaparte + felt at the plain speaking of the English press, also shows the + important character of Coleridge's writings in the 'Morning Post'. + In the course of a debate in the House of Commons Fox asserted that + the rupture of the Peace of Amiens had its origin in certain essays + which had appeared in the Morning POST, and which were known to have + proceeded from the pen of Coleridge. But Fox added an ungenerous + and malicious hint that the writer was at Rome, within the reach of + Bonaparte. The information reached the ears for which it was + uttered, and an order was sent from Paris to compass the arrest of + Coleridge. It was in the year 1806, when the poet was making a tour + in Italy. The news reached him at Naples, through a brother of the + illustrious Humboldt, as Mr. Gillman says—or in a friendly warning + from Prince Jerome Bonaparte, as we have it on the authority of Mr. + Cottle—and the Pope appears to have been reluctant to have a hand + in the business, and, in fact, to have furnished him with a + passport, if not with a carriage for flight, Coleridge eventually + got to Leghorn, where he got a passage by an American ship bound for + England; but his escape coming to the ears of Bonaparte, a look-out + was kept for the ship, and she was chased by a French cruiser, which + threw the captain into such a state of terror that he made Coleridge + throw all his journals and papers overboard (Andrews' History of + Journalism, vol. ii. p. 28).]— +</pre> + <p> + I have often heard him say, "Were I to slacken the reins, I should not + continue three months in power." He unfortunately held the same opinion + respecting every other prerogative of public freedom. The silence he had + imposed in France he wished, if he could, to impose in England. He was + irritated by the calumnies and libels so liberally cast upon him by the + English journals, and especially by one written in French, called + 'L'Ambigu', conducted by Peltier, who had been the editor of the 'Actes + des Apotres' in Paris. The 'Ambigu' was constantly teeming with the most + violent attacks on the First Consul and the French nation. Bonaparte could + never, like the English, bring himself to despise newspaper libels, and he + revenged himself by violent articles which he caused to be inserted in the + 'Moniteur'. He directed M. Otto to remonstrate, in an official note, + against a system of calumny which he believed to be authorised by the + English Government. Besides this official proceeding he applied personally + to Mr. Addington, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, requesting him to + procure the adoption of legislative measures against the licentious + writings complained of; and, to take the earliest opportunity of + satisfying his hatred against the liberty of the press, the First Consul + seized the moment of signing the preliminaries to make this request. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Addington wrote a long answer to the First Consul, which I translated + for him. The English Minister refuted, with great force, all the arguments + which Bonaparte had employed against the press. He also informed the First + Consul that, though a foreigner, it was competent in him to institute a + complaint in the courts of law; but that in such case he must be content + to see all the scandalous statements of which he complained republished in + the report of the trial. He advised him to treat the libels with profound + contempt, and do as he and others did, who attached not the slightest + importance to them. I congratulate myself on having in some degree + prevented a trial taking place at that time. + </p> + <p> + Things remained in this state for the moment; but after the peace of + Amiens the First Consul prosecuted Pettier, whose journal was always full + of violence and bitterness against him. Pettier was defended by the + celebrated Mackintosh, who, according to the accounts of the time, + displayed great eloquence on this occasion, yet, in spite of the ability + of his counsel, he was convicted. The verdict, which public opinion + considered in the light of a triumph for the defendant, was not followed + up by any judgment, in consequence of the rupture of the peace occurring + soon after. It is melancholy to reflect that this nervous susceptibility + to the libels of the English papers contributed certainly as much as, and + perhaps more than, the consideration of great political interests to the + renewal of hostilities. The public would be astonished at a great many + things if they could only look under the cards. + </p> + <p> + I have anticipated the rupture of the treaty of Amiens that I might not + interrupt what I had to mention respecting Bonaparte's hatred of the + liberty of the press. I now return to the end of the year 1801, the period + of the expedition against St. Domingo. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, after dictating to me during nearly: the whole of one + night instructions for that expedition, sent for General Leclerc, and said + to him in my presence, "Here, take your instructions; you have a fine + opportunity for filling your purse. Go, and no longer tease me with your + eternal requests for money." The friendship which Bonaparte felt for his + sister Pauline had a good deal of influence in inducing him to take this + liberal way of enriching her husband. + </p> + <p> + The expedition left the ports of France on the 14th of December 1801, and + arrived off Cape St. Domingo on the 1st of February 1802. The fatal result + of the enterprise is well known, but we are never to be cured of the folly + of such absurd expeditions. In the instructions given to Leclerc + everything was foreseen; but it was painful to know that the choice of one + of the youngest and least capable of all the generals of the army left no + hope of a successful result. The expedition to St. Domingo was one of + Bonaparte's great errors. Almost every person whom he consulted + endeavoured to dissuade him from it. He attempted a justification through + the medium of his historians of St. Helena; but does he succeed when he + says, "that he was obliged to yield to the advice of his Council of + State?" He, truly, was a likely man to submit a question of war to the + discussion of the Council of State, or to be guided in such an affair by + any Council! We must believe that no other motive influenced the First + Consul but the wish, by giving him the means of enriching himself, to get + rid of a brother-in-law who had the gift of specially annoying him. The + First Consul, who did not really much like this expedition, should have + perhaps reflected longer on the difficulties of attempting to subdue the + colony by force. He was shaken by this argument, which I often repeated to + him, and he agreed with it, but the inconceivable influence which the + members of his family exercised on him always overcame him. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte dictated to me a letter for Toussaint, full of sounding words + and fine promises, informing him that his two children, who had been + educated in Paris, were sent back to him, offering him the title of + vice-governor, and stating that he ought readily to assist in an + arrangement which would contribute to reconnect the colony with the + mother-country. Toussaint, who had at first shown a disposition to close + with the bargain, yet feeling afraid of being deceived by the French, and + probably induced by ambitious motives, resolved on war. He displayed a + great deal of talent; but, being attacked before the climate had thinned + the French ranks, he was unable to oppose a fresh army, numerous and + inured to war. He capitulated, and retired to a plantation, which he was + not to leave without Leclerc's permission. A feigned conspiracy on the + part of the blacks formed a pretence for accusing Toussaint, and he was + seized and sent to France. + </p> + <p> + Toussaint was brought to Paris in the beginning of August. He was sent, in + the first instance, to the Temple, whence he was removed to the Chateau de + Joux. His imprisonment was rigorous; few comforts were allowed him. This + treatment, his recollection of the past, his separation from the world, + and the effects of a strange climate, accelerated his death, which took + place a few months after his arrival in France. The reports which spread + concerning his death, the assertion that it was not a natural one, and + that it had been caused by poison, obtained no credit. I should add that + Toussaint wrote a letter to Bonaparte; but I never saw in it the + expression attributed to him, "The first man of the blacks to the first + man of the whites" Bonaparte acknowledged that the black leader possessed + energy, courage, and great skill. I am sure that he would have rejoiced if + the result of his relations with St. Domingo had been something else than + the kidnaping and transportation of Toussaint. + </p> + <p> + Leclerc, after fruitless efforts to conquer the colony, was himself + carried off by the yellow fever. Rochambeau succeeded him by right of + seniority, and was as unsuccessful as Menou had been in Egypt. The + submission of the blacks, which could only have been obtained by + conciliation, he endeavoured to compel by violence. At last, in December + 1803, he surrendered to an English squadron, and abandoned the island to + Dessalines. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte often experienced severe bodily pain, and I have now little + doubt, from the nature of his sufferings, that they were occasioned by the + commencement of that malady which terminated his life at St. Helena. These + pains, of which he frequently complained, affected him most acutely on the + night when he dictated to me the instructions for General Leclerc. It was + very late when I conducted him to his apartment. We had just been taking a + cup of chocolate, a beverage of which we always partook when our business + lasted longer than one o'clock in the morning. He never took a light with + him when he went up to his bedroom. I gave him my arm, and we had scarcely + got beyond the little staircase which leads to the corridor, when he was + rudely run against by a man who was endeavouring to escape as quickly as + possible by the staircase. The First Consul did not fall because I + supported him. We soon gained his chamber, where we, found Josephine, who, + having heard the noise, awoke greatly alarmed. From the investigations + which were immediately made it appeared that the uproar was occasioned by + a fellow who had been keeping an assignation and had exceeded the usual + hour for his departure. + </p> + <p> + On the 7th of January 1802 Mademoiselle Hortense was married to Louis + Bonaparte. As the custom was not yet resumed of adding the religious + ceremony to the civil contract, the nuptial benediction was on this + occasion privately given by a priest at the house Rue de la Victoire. + Bonaparte also caused the marriage of his sister Caroline,—[The wife + of Murat, and the cleverest of Bonaparte's sisters.]—which had taken + place two years earlier before a mayor, to be consecrated in the same + manner; but he and his wife did not follow the example. Had he already, + then, an idea of separating from Josephine, and therefore an unwillingness + to render a divorce more difficult by giving his marriage a religious + sanction? I am rather inclined to think, from what he said to me, that his + neglecting to take a part in the religious ceremony arose from + indifference. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte said at St. Helena, speaking of Louis and Hortense, that "they + loved each other when they married: they desired to be united. The + marriage was also the result of Josephine's intrigues, who found her + account in it." I will state the real facts. Louis and Hortense did not + love one another at all. That is certain. The First Consul knew it, just + as he well knew that Hortense had a great inclination for Duroc, who did + not fully return it. The First Consul agreed to their union, but Josephine + was troubled by such a marriage, and did all she could to prevent it. She + often spoke to me about it, but rather late in the day. She told me that + her brothers-in law were her declared enemies, that I well knew their + intrigues, and that I well knew there was no end to the annoyances they + made her undergo. In fact, I did know all this perfectly. She kept on + repeating to me that with this projected marriage she would not have any + support; that Duroc was nothing except by the favour of Bonaparte; that he + had neither fortune, fame, nor reputation, and that he could be no help to + her against the well-known ill-will of the brothers of Bonaparte. She + wanted some assurance for the future. She added that her husband was very + fond of Louis, and that if she had the good fortune to unite him to her + daughter this would be a counterpoise to the calumnies and persecutions of + her other brothers-in-law. I answered her that she had concealed her + intentions too long from me, and that I had promised my services to the + young people, and the more willingly as I knew the favourable opinion of + the First Consul, who had often said to me, "My wife has done well; they + suit one another, they shall marry one another. I like Duroc; he is of + good family. I have rightly given Caroline to Murat, and Pauline to + Leclerc, and I can well give Hortense to Duroc, who is a fine fellow. He + is worth more than the others. He is now general of a division there is + nothing against this marriage. Besides, I have other plans for Louis." In + speaking to Madame Bonaparte I added that her daughter burst into tears + when spoken to about her marriage with Louis. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul had sent a brevet of general of division to Duroc by a + special courier, who went to Holland, through which the newly-made general + had to pass on his return from St. Petersburg, where, as I have already + said, he had been sent to compliment the Emperor Alexander on his + accession to the throne. The First Consul probably paid this compliment to + Duroc in the belief that the marriage would take place. + </p> + <p> + During Duroc's absence the correspondence of the lovers passed, by their + consent, through my hands. Every night I used to make one in a party at + billiards, at which Hortense played very well. When I told her, in a + whisper, that I had got a letter for her, she would immediately leave off + playing and run to her chamber, where I followed and gave her Duroc's + epistle. When she opened it her eyes would fill with tears, and it was + some time before she could return to the salon. All was useless for her. + Josephine required a support in the family against the family. Seeing her + firm resolution, I promised to no longer oppose her wishes, which I could + not disapprove, but I told her I could only maintain silence and + neutrality in these little debates, and she seemed satisfied. + </p> + <p> + When we were at Malmaison those intrigues continued. At the Tuileries the + same conduct was pursued, but then the probability of success was on + Duroc's side; I even congratulated him on his prospects, but he received + my compliments in a very cold manner. In a few days after Josephine + succeeded in changing the whole face of affairs. Her heart was entirely + set on the marriage of Louis with her daughter; and prayers, entreaties, + caresses, and all those little arts which she so well knew how to use, + were employed to win the First Consul to her purpose. + </p> + <p> + On the 4th of January the First Consul, after dinner, entered our cabinet, + where I was employed. "Where is Duroc?" he inquired.—"He has gone to + the opera, I believe."—"Tell him, as soon as he returns, that I have + promised Hortense to him, and he shall have her. But I wish the marriage + to take place in two days at the latest. I will give him 500,000 francs, + and name him commandant of the eighth military division; but he must set + out the day after his marriage with his wife for Toulon. We must live + apart; I want no son-in-law at home. As I wish to come to some conclusion, + let me know to-night whether this plan will satisfy him."—"I think + it will not."—"Very well! then she shall marry Louis."—"Will + she like that?"—"She must like it." Bonaparte gave me these + directions in a very abrupt manner, which made me think that some little + domestic warfare had been raging, and that to put an end to it he had come + to propose his ultimatum. At half-past ten in the evening Duroc returned; + I reported to him, word for word, the proposition of the First Consul. + "Since it has come to that, my good friend," said he, "tell him he may + keep his daughter for me. I am going to see the ——-," and, + with an indifference for which I cannot account, he took his hat and went + off. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Duroc eventually married a Mademoiselle Hervae d'Almenara, the + daughter of a Spanish banker, who was later Minister of Joseph, and + was created Marquis of Abruenara. The lady was neither handsome nor + amiable, but she possessed a vast fortune, and Bonaparte himself + solicited her hand for his aide de camp. After the death of Duroc + his widow married a M. Fabvier, and Napoleon gave his Duchy of + Frioul to his daughter.]— +</pre> + <p> + The First Consul, before going to bed, was informed of Duroc's reply, and + Josephine received from him the promise that Louis and Hortense should be + married. The marriage took place a few days after, to the great regret of + Hortense, and probably to the satisfaction of Duroc. Louis submitted to + have forced on him as a wife a woman who had hitherto avoided him as much + as possible. She always manifested as much indifference for him as he + displayed repugnance for her, and those sentiments have not been effaced. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The marriage of Louis Bonaparte took place on the 7th January. + The bride and bridegroom were exceedingly dull, and Mademoiselle + Hortense wept during the whole of the ceremony. Josephine, knowing + that this union, which commenced so inauspiciously, was her own + work, anxiously endeavoured to establish a more cordial feeling + between her daughter and son-in-law. But all her efforts were vain, + and the marriage proved a very unhappy one (Memoirs de Constant). + + Napoleon III. was the son of the Queen of Holland (Hortense + Beauharnais).]— +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon said at St. Helena that he wished to unite Louis with a niece of + Talleyrand. I can only say that I never heard a word of this niece, either + from himself, his wife, or his daughter; and I rather think that at that + time the First Consul was looking after a royal alliance for Louis. He + often expressed regret at the precipitate marriages of his sisters. It + should be recollected that we were now in the year which saw the + Consulship for life established, and which, consequently, gave presage of + the Empire. Napoleon said truly to the companions of his exile that + "Louis' marriage was the result of Josephine's intrigues," but I cannot + understand how he never mentioned the intention he once had of uniting + Hortense to Duroc. It has been erroneously stated that the First Consul + believed that he reconciled the happiness of his daughter with his policy. + Hortense did not love Louis, and dreaded this marriage. There was no hope + of happiness for her, and the event has proved this. As for the policy of + the First Consul, it is not easy to see how it was concerned with the + marriage of Louis to Hortense, and in any case the grand policy which + professed so loudly to be free from all feminine influences would have + been powerless against the intrigues of Josephine, for at this time at the + Tuileries the boudoir was often stronger than the cabinet. Here I am happy + to have it in my power to contradict most formally and most positively + certain infamous insinuations which have prevailed respecting Bonaparte + and Hortense. Those who have asserted that Bonaparte ever entertained + towards Hortense any other sentiments than those of a father-in-law for a + daughter-in-law have, as the ancient knights used to say, "lied in their + throats." We shall see farther on what he said to me on this subject, but + it is never too soon to destroy such a base calumny. Authors unworthy of + belief have stated, without any proof, that not only was there this + criminal liaison, but they have gone so far as to say that Bonaparte was + the father of the eldest son of Hortense. It is a lie, a vile lie. And yet + the rumour has spread through all France and all Europe. Alas! has calumny + such powerful charms that, once they are submitted to, their yoke cannot + be broken? + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bourrienne's account of this marriage, and his denial of the vile + calumny about Napoleon, is corroborated by Madame Rémusat. After + saying that Hortense had refused to marry the son of Rewbell and + also the Comte de Nun, she goes on: "A short time afterwards Duroc, + then aide de camp to the Consul, and already noted by him, fell in + love with Hortense. She returned the feeling, and believed she had + found that other half of herself which she sought. Bonaparte looked + favourably on their union, but Madame Bonaparte in her turn was + inflexible. 'My daughter,' said she, 'must marry a gentleman or a + Bonaparte.' Louis was then thought of. He had no fancy for + Hortense; defeated the Beauharnais family, and had a supreme + contempt for his sister-in-law. But as he was silent, he was + believed to be gentle; and as he was severe by character, he was + believed to be upright. Madame Louis told me afterwards that at the + news of this arrangement she experienced violent grief. Not only + was she forbidden to think of the man she loved, but she was about + to be given to another of whom she had a secret distrust" (Rémusat, + tome i. p. 156). For the cruel treatment of Hortense by Louis see + the succeeding pages of Rémusat. As for the vile scandal about + Hortense and Napoleon, there is little doubt that it was spread by + the Bonapartist family for interested motives. Madame Louis became + enceinte soon after her marriage. The Bonapartists, and especially + Madame Murat (Caroline); had disliked this marriage because Joseph + having only daughters, it was forseen that the first son of Louis + and the grandson of Madame Bonaparte would be the object of great + interest. They therefore spread the revolting story that this was + the result of a connection of the First Consul with his + daughter-in-law, encouraged by the mother herself. "The public + willingly believed this suspicion.' Madame Murat told Louis," etc. + (Rémusat, tome i, p. 169). This last sentence is corroborated by + Miot de Melito (tome ii. p. 170), who, speaking of the later + proposal of Napoleon to adopt this child, says that Louis + "remembered the damaging stories which ill-will had tried to spread + among the public concerning Hortense Beauharnais before he married + her, and although a comparison of the date of his marriage with + that of the birth of his son must have shown him that these tales + were unfounded, he felt that they would be revived by the adoption + of this child by the First Consul." Thus this wretched story did + harm in every way. The conduct of Josephine must be judged with + leniency, engaged as she was in a desperate struggle to maintain + her own marriage,—a struggle she kept up with great skill; see + Metternich, tome ii. p. 296. "she baffled all the calculations, + all the manoeuvres of her adversaries." But she was foolish enough + to talk in her anger as if she believed some of the disgraceful + rumours of Napoleon. "Had he not seduced his sisters, one after + the other?" (Rémusat, tome i. p. 204). As to how far this scandal + was really believed by the brothers of Napoleon, see Iung's Lucien + (tome ii. pp. 268-269), where Lucien describes Louis as coming + three times to him for advice as to his marriage with Hortense, + both brothers referring to this rumour. The third time Louis + announces he is in love with Hortense. "You are in love? Why the + devil, then, do you come to me for advice? If so, forget what has + been rumoured, and what I have advised you. Marry, and may God + bless you." + + Thiers (tome iii. p. 308) follows Bourrienne's account. Josephine, + alluding to Louis Bonaparte, said, "His family have maliciously + informed him of the disgraceful stories which have been spread on + the conduct of my daughter and on the birth of her son. Hate + assigns this child to Napoleon." (Rémusat, tome i, p. 206). The + child in question was Napoleon Charles (1802-1807).]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0043" id="link2HCH0043"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. + </h2> + + 1802-1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte President of the Cisalpine Republic—Meeting of the + deputation at Lyons—Malta and the English—My immortality—Fete + given by Madame Murat—Erasures from the emigrant list—Restitution + of property—General Sebastiani—Lord Whitworth—Napoleon's first + symptoms of disease—Corvisart—Influence of physical suffering on + Napoleon's temper—Articles for the Moniteur—General Andreossi— + M. Talleyrand's pun—Jerome Bonaparte—Extravagance of Bonaparte's + brothers—M. Collot and the navy contract. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte was anxious to place the Cisalpine Republic on a footing of + harmony with the Government of France. It was necessary to select a + President who should perfectly agree with Bonaparte's views; and in this + respect no one could be so suitable as Bonaparte himself. The two + Presidencies united would serve as a transition to the throne. Not wishing + to be long absent from Paris, and anxious to avoid the trouble of the + journey to Milan, he arranged to meet the deputation half-way at Lyons. + Before our departure I said to him, "Is it possible that you do not wish + to revisit Italy, the first scene of your glory, and the beautiful capital + of Lombardy, where you were the object of so much homage?"—"I + certainly should," replied the First Consul, "but the journey to Milan + would occupy too much precious time. I prefer that the meeting should take + place in France. My influence over the deputies will be more prompt and + certain at Lyons than at Milan; and then I should be glad to see the noble + wreck of the army of Egypt, which is collected at Lyons." + </p> + <p> + On the 8th of January 1802 we set out. Bonaparte who was now ready to + ascend the throne of France, wished to prepare the Italians for one day + crowning him King of Italy, in imitation of Charlemagne, of whom in + anticipation he considered himself the successor. He saw that the title of + President of the Cisalpine Republic was a great advance towards the + sovereignty of Lombardy, as he afterwards found that the Consulate for + life was a decisive step towards the throne of France. He obtained the + title of President without much difficulty on the 36th of January 1802. + The journey to Lyons and the conferences were only matters of form; but + high sounding words and solemn proceedings were required for the public + mind. + </p> + <p> + The attempts which had been made on the life of the First Consul gave rise + to a report that he took extraordinary precautions for his safety during + this journey to Lyons. I never saw those precautions, and Bonaparte was at + all times averse to adopt any. He often repeated "That whoever would risk + his own life might take his." It is not true that guards preceded his + carriage and watched the roads. The Consul travelled like a private + person, and very rarely had arms in his carriage. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bonaparte may have been careless of his own safety, but that he + took great pains in regard to his brother's may be inferred from the + following letter, written a few years later: + + "Take care that your valets de chambre, your cooks, the guards that + sleep in your apartments, and those who come during the night to + awaken you with despatches, are all Frenchmen. No one should enter + your room during the night except your aides de camp, who should + sleep in the chamber that precedes your bedroom. Your door should + be fastened inside, and you ought not to open it, even to your aide + de camp, until you have recognised his voice; he himself should not + knock at your door until he has locked that of the room which he is + in, to make sure of being alone, and of being followed by no one. + These precautions are important; they give no trouble, and they + inspire confidence—besides, they may really save your life. You + should establish these habits immediately and permanently; You ought + not to be obliged to have resource to them on some emergency, which + would hurt the feelings of those around you. Do not trust only to + your own experience. The Neapolitan character has been violent in + every age, and you have to do with a woman [Queen of Naples] who is + the impersonation of crime" (Napoleon to Joseph, May 31, 1806.—Du + Casse, tome ii. p. 260).]— +</pre> + <p> + At this time, when the ambition of Bonaparte every day took a farther + flight, General Clarke took it into his head to go into the box of the + First Consul at the "Francais," and to place himself in the front seat. By + chance the First Consul came to the theatre, but Clarke, hardly rising, + did not give up his place. The First Consul only stayed a short time, and + when he came back he showed great discontent at this affectation of pride + and of vanity. Wishing to get rid of a man whom he looked on as a + blundering flatterer and a clumsy critic, he sent him away as charge + d'affaires to the young extemporized King of Etruria, where Clarke + expiated his folly in a sort of exile. This is all the "great disfavour" + which has been so much spoken about, In the end General Clarke returned to + favour. Berlin knows and regrets it. + </p> + <p> + On the 25th of March of the same year England signed, at Amiens, a + suspension of arms for fourteen months, which was called a treaty of + peace. The clauses of this treaty were not calculated to inspire the hope + of a very long peace. It was evident, as I have already said, that England + would not evacuate Malta; and that island ultimately proved the chief + cause of the rupture of the treaty of Amiens. But England, heretofore so + haughty in her bearing to the First Consul, had at length treated with him + as the Head of the French Government. This, as Bonaparte was aware, boded + well for the consolidation of his power. + </p> + <p> + At that time, when he saw his glory and power augmenting, he said to me in + one of our walks at Malmaison, in a moment of hilarity, and clapping me on + the shoulder, "Well, Bourrienne, you also will be immortal!"— "Why, + General?"—"Are you not my secretary?"—"Tell me the name of + Alexander's," said I. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Bonaparte did not know the name of Alexander's secretary, and I + forgot at the moment to tell him it was Clallisthenes. He wrote + Alexander's Memoirs, as I am writing Bonaparte's; but, + notwithstanding this coincidence, I neither expect nor desire the + immortality of my name.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte then turned to me and laughing, said, "Hem! that is not bad." + There was, to be sure, a little flattery conveyed in my question, but that + never displeased him, and I certainly did not in that instance deserve the + censure he often bestowed on me for not being enough of a courtier and + flatterer. + </p> + <p> + Madame Murat gave a grand fete in honour of Bonaparte at her residence at + Neuilly. At dinner Bonaparte sat opposite Madame Murat at the principal + table, which was appropriated to the ladies. He ate fast, and talked but + little. However, when the dessert was served, he put a question to each + lady. This question was to inquire their respective ages. When Madame + Bourrienne's turn came he said to her, "Oh! I know yours." This was a + great deal for his gallantry, and the other ladies were far from being + pleased at it. + </p> + <p> + Next day, while walking with me in his favourite alley at Malmaison, he + received one of those stupid reports of the police which were so + frequently addressed to him. It mentioned the observations which had been + made in Paris about a green livery he had lately adopted. Some said that + green had been chosen because it was the colour of the House of Artois. On + reading that a slight sneer was observable in his countenance, and he + said, "What are these idiots dreaming of? They must be joking, surely. Am + I no better than M. d'Artois? They shall soon see the difference." + </p> + <p> + Until the middle of the year 1801 the erasures from the emigrant list had + always been proposed by the Minister of Police. The First Consul having + been informed that intrigue and even bribery had been employed to obtain + them, determined that in future erasures should be part of the business of + his cabinet. But other affairs took up his attention, and a dozen or + fifteen erasures a week were the most that were made. After Te Deum had + been chanted at Malmaison for the Concordat and the peace, I took + advantage of that moment of general joy to propose to Bonaparte the return + of the whole body of emigrants. "You have," said I in a half-joking way, + "reconciled Frenchmen to God—now reconcile them to each other. There + have never been any real emigrants, only absentees; and the proof of this + is, that erasures from the list have always been, and will always be, made + daily." He immediately seized the idea. "We shall see," said he; "but I + must except a thousand persons belonging to high families, especially + those who are or have been connected with royalty or the Court." + </p> + <p> + I said in the Chamber of Deputies, and I feel pleasure in repeating here, + that the plan of the 'Senatus-consults', which Bonaparte dictated to me, + excepted from restitution only such mansions as were used for public + establishments. These he would neither surrender nor pay rent for. With + those exceptions he was willing to restore almost all that was possessed + by the State and had not been sold. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, as soon as he had finished this plan of a decree, + convoked a Grand Council to submit it to their consideration. I was in an + adjoining room to that in which they met, and as the deliberations were + carried on with great warmth, the members talking very loudly, sometimes + even vociferating, I heard all that passed. The revolutionary party + rejected all propositions of restitution. They were willing to call back + their victims, but they would not part with the spoil. + </p> + <p> + When the First Consul returned to his cabinet, dissatisfied with the ill + success of his project, I took the liberty of saying to him, "you cannot + but perceive, General, that your object has been defeated, and your + project unsuccessful. The refusal to restore to the emigrants all that the + State possesses takes from the recall all its generosity and dignity of + character. I wonder how you could yield to such an unreasonable and + selfish opposition."—"The revolutionary party," replied he, "had the + majority in the Council. What could I do? Am I strong enough to overcome + all those obstacles?"—"General, you can revive the question again, + and oppose the party you speak of."—"That would be difficult," he + said; "they still have a high hand in these matters. Time is required. + However, nothing is definitively arranged. We shall see what can be done." + The 'Senatus-consulte', published on the 6th Floréal, year X. (26th of + April 1802), a fortnight after the above conversation took place, is well + known. Bonaparte was then obliged to yield to the revolutionary party, or + he would have adhered to his first proposition. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Senatus-consulte retained the woods and forests of the + emigrants, and made their recall an "amnesty." In the end this + retention of the forests was used by Napoleon with great dexterity + as a means of placing them under personal obligation to him for + restoring this species of property. See Thiers tome iii, p. 458, + livre xiv.]— +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon referred to this matter at St. Helena. He himself says that he + "would have been able" (he should have said that he wished) to grant + everything, that for a moment he thought of doing so, and that it was a + mistake not to do so. "This limitation on my part," he adds, "destroyed + all the good effect of the return of the emigrants. The mistake was the + greater since I thought of doing it, but I was alone, surrounded by + oppositions and by spies: all were against your party, you cannot easily + picture the matter to yourself, but important affairs hurried me, time + pressed, and I was obliged to act differently." Afterwards he speaks of a + syndicate he wished to form, but I have never heard a word of that. I have + said how things really happened, and what has been just read confirms + this. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This was by no means the only time that Napoleon's wishes were + opposed successfully in his Council of State. On such occasions he + used to describe himself as "repulsed with losses." See the + interesting work of St. Hilaire, Napoleon au Conseil d'Etat.]— +</pre> + <p> + The Royalists, dissatisfied with the state of political affairs, were not + better pleased with the illiberal conditions of the recall of the + emigrants. The friends of public liberty, on the other hand, were far from + being satisfied with the other acts of the First Consul, or with the + conduct of the different public authorities, who were always ready to make + concessions to him. Thus all parties were dissatisfied. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was much pleased with General Sebastiani's conduct when he was + sent to Constantinople, after the peace of Amiens, to induce the Grand + Seignior to renew amicable relations with France. + </p> + <p> + At the period here alluded to, namely, before the news of the evacuation + of Egypt, that country greatly occupied Bonaparte's attention. He thought + that to send a man like Sebastiani travelling through Northern Africa, + Egypt, and Syria might inspire the sovereigns of those countries with a + more favourable idea of France than they now entertained, and might remove + the ill impressions which England was endeavouring to produce. On this + mission Sebastiani was accordingly despatched. He visited all the Barbary + States, Egypt, Palestine, and the Ionian Isles. Everywhere he drew a + highly-coloured picture of the power of Bonaparte, and depreciated the + glory of England. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This General, or Count Sebastian, was afterwards ambassador for + Louis Philippe at our Court.]— +</pre> + <p> + He strengthened old connections, and contracted new ones with the chiefs + of each country. He declared to the authorities of the Ionian Isles that + they might rely on the powerful protection of France. Bonaparte, in my + opinion, expected too much from the labours of a single individual + furnished with but vague instructions. Still Sebastiani did all that could + be done. The interesting details of his proceedings were published in the + 'Moniteur'. The secret information respecting the means of successfully + attacking the English establishments in India was very curious, though not + affording the hope of speedy success. + </p> + <p> + The published abstract of General Sebastiani's report was full of + expressions hostile to England. Among other things it was stated that + Egypt might be conquered with 6000 men, and that the Ionian Isles where + disposed to throw off the yoke. There can be little doubt that this + publication hastened the rupture of the treaty of Amiens. + </p> + <p> + England suspended all discussions respecting Malta, and declared that she + would not resume them till the King of Great Britain should receive + satisfaction for what was called an act of hostility. This was always put + forward as a justification, good or bad, for breaking the treaty of + Amiens, which England had never shown herself very ready to execute. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, waiving the usual forma of etiquette, expressed his wish to + have a private conference with Lord Whitworth, the ambassador from London + to Paris, and who had been the English ambassador at St. Petersburg + previous to the rupture which preceded the death of Paul I. Bonaparte + counted much on the effect he might produce by that captivating manner + which he so well knew how to assume in conversation; but all was in vain. + In signing the treaty of Amiens the British Minister was well aware that + he would be the first to break it. + </p> + <p> + About the commencement of the year 1802 Napoleon began to feel acute pains + in his right side. I have often seen him at Malmaison, when sitting up at + night, lean against the right arm of his chair, and unbuttoning his coat + and waistcoat exclaim,—"What pain I feel!" I would then accompany + him to his bedchamber, and have often been obliged to support him on the + little staircase which led from his cabinet to the corridor. He frequently + used to say at this time, "I fear that when I am forty I shall become a + great eater: I have a foreboding that I shall grow very corpulent." This + fear of obesity, though it annoyed him very much, did not appear to have + the least foundation, judging from his habitual temperance and spare habit + of body. He asked me who was my physician. I told him M. Corvisart, whom + his brother Louis had recommended to me. A few days after he called in + Corvisart, who three years later was appointed first physician to the + Emperor. He appeared to derive much benefit from the prescriptions of + Corvisart, whose open and good-humoured countenance at once made a + favourable impression on him. + </p> + <p> + The pain which the First Consul felt at this time increased his + irritability. Perhaps many of the sets of this epoch of his life should be + attributed to this illness. At the time in question his ideas were not the + same in the evening as they had been in the morning; and often in the + morning he would tear up, even without the least remark, notes he had + dictated to me at night and which he had considered excellent. At other + times I took on myself not to send to the Moniteur, as he wished me to do, + notes which, dictated by annoyance and irascibility, might have produced a + bad effect in Europe. When the next day he did not see the article, I + attributed this to the note being too late, or to the late arrival of the + courier. But I told him it was no loss, for it would be inserted the next + day. He did not answer at once, but a quarter of an hour afterwards he + said to me, "Do not send my note to the 'Moniteur' without showing it to + me." He took it and reread it. Sometimes he was astonished at what he had + dictated to me, and amused himself by saying that I had not understood him + properly. "That is not much good, is it? "—"'Pon my word, I don't + quite know."—"Oh no, it is worthless; what say you?" Then he bowed + his head a little, and tore up the paper. Once when we were at the + Tuileries he sent me at two o'clock in the morning a small note in his own + writing, in which was, "To Bourrienne. Write to Maret to make him erase + from the note which Fleurieu has read to the Tribunate the phrase (spelt + frase) concerning Costaz, and to soften as much as possible what concerns + the reporter of the Tribunate." + </p> + <p> + This change, after time for reflection, arose, as often happened with him, + from observations I had made to him, and which he had at first angrily + repulsed. + </p> + <p> + After the peace of Amiens the First Consul, wishing to send an ambassador + to England, cast his eyes—for what reason I know not—on + General Andreossi. I took the liberty of making some observation on a + choice which did not appear to me to correspond with the importance of the + mission. Bonaparte replied, "I have not determined on it; I will talk to + Talleyrand on the subject." When we were at Malmaison in the evening M. de + Talleyrand came to transact business with the First Consul. The proposed + appointment of an ambassador to England was mentioned. After several + persons had been named the First Consul said, "I believe I must send + Andreossi." M. de Talleyrand, who was not much pleased with the choice, + observed in a dry sarcastic tone, "You must send Andre 'aussi', I Pray, + who is this Andre?"—"I did not mention any Andre; I said Andreossi. + You know Andreossi, the general of artillery?"—"Ah! true; Andreossi: + I did not think of him: I was thinking only of the diplomatic men, and did + not recollect any of that name. Yes, yes; Andreossi is in the artillery!" + The general was appointed ambassador, and went to London after the treaty + of Amiens; but he returned again in a few months. He had nothing of + consequence to do, which was very lucky for him. + </p> + <p> + In 1802 Jerome was at Brest in the rank of 'enseigne de vaisseau'—[A + rank in the navy equivalent to that of our lieutenant.]—He launched + into expenses far beyond what his fortune or his pay could maintain. He + often drew upon me for sums of money which the First Consul paid with much + unwillingness. One of his letters in particular excited Napoleon's anger. + The epistle was filled with accounts of the entertainments Jerome was + giving and receiving, and ended by stating that he should draw on me for + 17,000 francs. To this Bonaparte wrote the following reply:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have read your letter, Monsieur l'Enseigne de Vaisseau; and I am + waiting to hear that you are studying on board your corvette a + profession which you ought to consider as your road to glory. Die + young, and I shall have some consolatory reflection; but if you live + to sixty without having served your country, and without leaving + behind you any honourable recollections, you had better not have + lived at all. +</pre> + <p> + Jerome never fulfilled the wishes of his brother, who always called him a + little profligate. From his earliest years his conduct was often a source + of vexation to his brother and his family. Westphalia will not soon forget + that he was her King; and his subjects did not without reason surname him + "Heliogabalus in miniature." + </p> + <p> + The First Consul was harassed by the continual demands for money made on + him by his brothers. To get rid of Joseph, who expended large sums at + Mortfontaine, as Lucien did at Neuilly, he gave M. Collot the contract for + victualling the navy, on the condition of his paying Joseph 1,600,000 + francs a year out of his profits. I believe this arrangement answered + Joseph's purpose very well; but it was anything but advantageous to M. + Collot. I think a whole year elapsed without his pocketing a single + farthing. He obtained an audience of the First Consul, to whom he stated + his grievances. His outlays he showed were enormous, and he could get no + payment from the navy office. Upon which the Consul angrily interrupted + him, saying, "Do you think I am a mere capuchin? Decres must have 100,000 + crowns, Duroc 100,000, Bourrienne 100,000; you must make the payments, and + don't come here troubling me with your long stories. It is the business of + my Ministers to give me accounts of such matters; I will hear Decres, and + that's enough. Let me be teased no longer with these complaints; I cannot + attend to them." Bonaparte then very unceremoniously dismissed M. Collot. + I learned afterwards that he did not get a settlement of the business + until after a great deal of trouble. M. Collot once said to me, "If he had + asked me for as much money as would have built a frigate he should have + had it. All I want now is to be paid, and to get rid of the business." M. + Collot had reason and honour on his side; but there was nothing but + shuffling on the other. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0044" id="link2HCH0044"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Proverbial falsehood of bulletins—M. Doublet—Creation of the + Legion of Honour—Opposition to it in the Council and other + authorities of the State—The partisans of an hereditary system— + The question of the Consulship for life. +</pre> + <p> + The historian of these times ought to put no faith in the bulletins, + despatches, notes, and proclamations which have emanated from Bonaparte, + or passed through his hands. For my part, I believe that the proverb, "As + great a liar as a bulletin," has as much truth in it as the axiom, two and + two make four. + </p> + <p> + The bulletins always announced what Bonaparte wished to be believed true; + but to form a proper judgment on any fact, counter-bulletins must be + sought for and consulted. It is well known, too, that Bonaparte attached + great importance to the place whence he dated his bulletins; thus, he + dated his decrees respecting the theatres and Hamburg beef at Moscow. + </p> + <p> + The official documents were almost always incorrect. There was falsity in + the exaggerated descriptions of his victories, and falsity again in the + suppression or palliation of his reverses and losses. A writer, if he took + his materials from the bulletins and the official correspondence of the + time, would compose a romance rather than a true history. Of this many + proofs have been given in the present work. + </p> + <p> + Another thing which always appeared to me very remarkable was, that + Bonaparte, notwithstanding his incontestable superiority, studied to + depreciate the reputations of his military commanders, and to throw on + their shoulders faults which he had committed himself. It is notorious + that complaints and remonstrances, as energetic as they were well founded, + were frequently addressed to General Bonaparte on the subject of his + unjust and partial bulletins, which often attributed the success of a day + to some one who had very little to do with it, and made no mention of the + officer who actually had the command. The complaints made by the officers + and soldiers stationed at Damietta compelled General Lanusse, the + commander, to remonstrate against the alteration of a bulletin, by which + an engagement with a body of Arabs was represented as an insignificant + affair, and the loss trifling, though the General had stated the action to + be one of importance, and the loss considerable. The misstatement, in + consequence of his spirited and energetic remonstrances, was corrected. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte took Malta, as is well known, in forty-eight hours. The empire + of the Mediterranean, secured to the English by the battle of Aboukir, and + their numerous cruising vessels, gave them the means of starving the + garrison, and of thus forcing General Vaubois, the commandant of Malta, + who was cut off from all communication with France, to capitulate. + Accordingly on the 4th of September 1800 he yielded up the Gibraltar of + the Mediterranean, after a noble defence of two years. These facts require + to be stated in order the better to understand what follows. + </p> + <p> + On 22d February 1802 a person of the name of Doublet, who was the + commissary of the French Government at Malta when we possessed that + island, called upon me at the Tuileries. He complained bitterly that the + letter which he had written from Malta to the First Consul on the 2d + Ventose, year VIII. (9th February 1800), had been altered in the + 'Moniteur'. "I congratulated him," said M. Doublet, "on the 18th Brumaire, + and informed him of the state of Malta, which was very alarming. Quite the + contrary was printed in the 'Moniteur', and that is what I complain of. It + placed me in a very disagreeable situation at Malta, where I was accused + of having concealed the real situation of the island, in which I was + discharging a public function that gave weight to my words." I observed to + him that as I was not the editor of the 'Moniteur' it was of no use to + apply to me; but I told him to give me a copy of the letter, and I would + mention the subject to the First Consul, and communicate the answer to + him. Doublet searched his pocket for the letter, but could not find it. He + said he would send a copy, and begged me to discover how the error + originated. On the same day he sent me the copy of the letter, in which, + after congratulating Bonaparte on his return, the following passage + occurs:—"Hasten to save Malta with men and provisions: no time is to + be lost." For this passage these words were substituted in the 'Moniteur': + "His name inspires the brave defenders of Malta with fresh courage; we + have men and provisions." + </p> + <p> + Ignorant of the motives of so strange a perversion, I showed this letter + to the First Consul. He shrugged up his shoulders and said, laughing, + "Take no notice of him, he is a fool; give yourself no further trouble + about it." + </p> + <p> + It was clear there was nothing more to be done. It was, however, in + despite of me that M. Doublet was played this ill turn. I represented to + the First Consul the inconveniences which M. Doublet might experience from + this affair. But I very rarely saw letters or reports published as they + were received. I can easily understand how particular motives might be + alleged in order to justify such falsifications; for, when the path of + candour and good faith is departed from, any pretext is put forward to + excuse bad conduct. What sort of a history would he write who should + consult only the pages of the 'Moniteur'? + </p> + <p> + After the vote for adding a second ten years to the duration of + Bonaparte's Consulship he created, on the 19th of May, the order of the + Legion of Honour. This institution was soon followed by that of the new + nobility. Thus, in a short space of time, the Concordat to tranquillize + consciences and re-establish harmony in the Church; the decree to recall + the emigrants; the continuance of the Consular power for ten years, by way + of preparation for the Consulship for life, and the possession of the + Empire; and the creation, in a country which had abolished all + distinctions, of an order which was to engender prodigies, followed + closely on the heels of each other. The Bourbons, in reviving the + abolished orders, were wise enough to preserve along with them the Legion + of Honour. + </p> + <p> + It has already been seen how, in certain circumstances, the First Consul + always escaped from the consequences of his own precipitation, and got rid + of his blunders by throwing the blame on others—as, for example, in + the affair of the parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte. He was + indeed so precipitate that one might say, had he been a gardener, he would + have wished to see the fruits ripen before the blossoms had fallen off. + This inconsiderate haste nearly proved fatal to the creation of the Legion + of Honour, a project which ripened in his mind as soon as he beheld the + orders glittering at the button-holes of the Foreign Ministers. He would + frequently exclaim, "This is well! These are the things for the people!" + </p> + <p> + I was, I must confess, a decided partisan of the foundation in France of a + new chivalric order, because I think, in every well-conducted State, the + chief of the Government ought to do all in his power to stimulate the + honour of the citizens, and to render them more sensible to honorary + distinctions than to pecuniary advantages. I tried, however, at the same + time to warn the First Consul of his precipitancy. He heard me not; but I + must with equal frankness confess that on this occasion I was soon freed + from all apprehension with respect to the consequences of the difficulties + he had to encounter in the Council and in the other constituted orders of + the State. + </p> + <p> + On the 4th of May 1801 he brought forward, for the first time officially, + in the Council of State the question of the establishment of the Legion of + Honour, which on the 19th May 1802 was proclaimed a law of the State. The + opposition to this measure was very great, and all the power of the First + Consul, the force of his arguments, and the immense influence of his + position, could procure him no more than 14 votes out of 24. The same + feeling was displayed at the Tribunate; where the measure only passed by a + vote of 56 to 38. The balance was about the same in the Legislative Body, + where the votes were 166 to 110. It follows, then, that out of the 394 + voters in those three separate bodies a majority only of 78 was obtained. + Surprised at so feeble a majority, the First Consul said in the evening, + "Ah! I see very clearly the prejudices are still too strong. You were + right; I should have waited. It was not a thing of such urgency. But then, + it must be owned, the speakers for the measure defended it badly. The + strong minority has not judged me fairly."— "Be calm," rejoined I: + "without doubt it would have been better to wait; but the thing is done, + and you will soon find that the taste for these distinctions is not near + gone by. It is a taste which belongs to the nature of man. You may expect + some extraordinary circumstances from this creation—you will soon + see them." + </p> + <p> + In April 1802 the First Consul left no stone unturned to get himself + declared Consul for life. It is perhaps at this epoch of his career that + he most brought into play those principles of duplicity and dissimulation + which are commonly called Machiavellian. Never were trickery, falsehood, + cunning, and affected moderation put into play with more talent or + success. + </p> + <p> + In the month of March hereditary succession and a dynasty were in + everybody's mouths. Lucien was the most violent propagator of these ideas, + and he pursued his vocation of apostle with constancy and address. It has + already been mentioned that, by his brother's confession; he published in + 1800 a pamphlet enforcing the same ideas; which work Bonaparte afterwards + condemned as a premature development of his projects. M. de Talleyrand, + whose ideas could not be otherwise than favourable to the monarchical form + of government, was ready to enter into explanations with the Cabinets of + Europe on the subject. The words which now constantly resounded in every + ear were "stability and order," under cloak of which the downfall of the + people's right was to be concealed. At the same time Bonaparte, with the + view of disparaging the real friends of constitutional liberty, always + called them ideologues, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I have classed all these people under the denomination of + Ideologues, which, besides, is what specially and literally fits + them,—searchers after ideas (ideas generally empty). They have + been made more ridiculous than even I expected by this application, + a correct one, of the term ideologue to them. The phrase has been + successful, I believe, because it was mine (Napoleon in Iung's + Lucien, tome ii. p, 293). Napoleon welcomed every attack on this + description of sage. Much pleased with a discourse by Royer + Collard, he said to Talleyrand, "Do you know, Monsieur is Grand + Electeur, that a new and serious philosophy is rising in my + university, which may do us great honour and disembarrass us + completely of the ideologues, slaying them on the spot by + reasoning?" It is with something of the same satisfaction that + Renan, writing of 1898, says that the finer dreams had been + disastrous when brought into the domain of facts, and that human + concerns only began to improve when the ideologues ceased to meddle + with them (Souvenirs, p. 122).]— +</pre> + <p> + or terrorists. Madame Bonaparte opposed with fortitude the influence of + counsels which she believed fatal to her husband. He indeed spoke rarely, + and seldom confidentially, with her on politics or public affairs. "Mind + your distaff or your needle," was with him a common phrase. The + individuals who applied themselves with most perseverance in support of + the hereditary question were Lucien, Roederer, Regnault de St. Jean + d'Angély, and Fontanel. Their efforts were aided by the conclusion of + peace with England, which, by re-establishing general tranquillity for a + time, afforded the First Consul an opportunity of forwarding any plan. + </p> + <p> + While the First Consul aspired to the throne of France, his brothers, + especially Lucien, affected a ridiculous pride and pretension. Take an + almost incredible example of which I was witness. On Sunday, the 9th of + May, Lucien came to see Madame Bonaparte, who said to him, "Why did you + not come to dinner last Monday?"—"Because there was no place marked + for me: the brothers of Napoleon ought to have the first place after him."— + "What am I to understand by that?" answered Madame Bonaparte. "If you are + the brother of Bonaparte, recollect what you were. At my house all places + are the same. Eugène world never have committed such a folly." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[On such points there was constant trouble with the Bonapartist + family, as will be seen in Madame de Rémusat's Memoirs. For an + instance, in 1812, where Joseph insisted on his mother taking + precedence of Josephine at a dinner in his house, when Napoleon + settled the matter by seizing Josephine's arm and leading her in + first, to the consternation of the party. But Napoleon, right in + this case, had his own ideas on such points, The place of the + Princess Elisa, the eldest of his sisters, had been put below that + of Caroline, Queen of Naples. Elisa was then only princess of + Lucca. The Emperor suddenly rose, and by a shift to the right + placed the Princess Elisa above the Queen. 'Now,' said he, 'do not + forget that in the imperial family I am the only King.' (Iung's + Lucien, tome ii. p. 251), This rule he seems to have adhered to, + for when he and his brothers went in the same carriage to the Champ + de Mai in 1815, Jerome, titular King of Westphalia, had to take the + front seat, while his elder brother, Lucien, only bearing the Roman + title of Prince de Canino, sat on one of the seats of honour + alongside Napoleon. Jerome was disgusted, and grumbled at a King + having to give way to a mere Roman Prince, See Iung's Lucien, tome + ii. p, 190.]— +</pre> + <p> + At this period, when the Consulate for life was only in embryo, flattering + counsels poured in from all quarters, and tended to encourage the First + Consul in his design of grasping at absolute power. + </p> + <p> + Liberty rejected an unlimited power, and set bounds to the means he wished + and had to employ in order to gratify his excessive love of war and + conquest. "The present state of things, this Consulate of ten years," said + he to me, does not satisfy me; "I consider it calculated to excite + unceasing troubles." On the 7th of July 1801, he observed, "The question + whether France will be a Republic is still doubtful: it will be decided in + five or six years." It was clear that he thought this too long a term. + Whether he regarded France as his property, or considered himself as the + people's delegate and the defender of their rights, I am convinced the + First Consul wished the welfare of France; but then that welfare was in + his mind inseparable from absolute power. It was with pain I saw him + following this course. The friends of liberty, those who sincerely wished + to maintain a Government constitutionally free, allowed themselves to be + prevailed upon to consent to an extension of ten years of power beyond the + ten years originally granted by the constitution. They made this sacrifice + to glory and to that power which was its consequence; and they were far + from thinking they were lending their support to shameless intrigues. They + were firm, but for the moment only, and the nomination for life was + rejected by the Senate, who voted only ten years more power to Bonaparte, + who saw the vision of his ambition again adjourned. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul dissembled his displeasure with that profound art which, + when he could not do otherwise, he exercised to an extreme degree. To a + message of the Senate on the subject of that nomination he returned a calm + but evasive and equivocating answer, in which, nourishing his favourite + hope of obtaining more from the people than from the Senate, he declared + with hypocritical humility, "That he would submit to this new sacrifice if + the wish of the people demanded what the Senate authorised." Such was the + homage he paid to the sovereignty of the people, which was soon to be + trampled under his feet! + </p> + <p> + An extraordinary convocation of the Council of State took place on Monday, + the 10th of May. A communication was made to them, not merely of the + Senate's consultation, but also of the First Consul's adroit and insidious + reply. The Council regarded the first merely as a notification, and + proceeded to consider on what question the people should be consulted. Not + satisfied with granting to the First Consul ten years of prerogative, the + Council thought it best to strike the iron while it was hot, and not to + stop short in the middle of so pleasing a work. In fine, they decided that + the following question should be put to the people: "Shall the First + Consul be appointed for life, and shall he have the power of nominating + his successor?" The reports of the police had besides much influence on + the result of this discussion, for they one and all declared that the + whole of Paris demanded a Consul for life, with the right of naming a + successor. The decisions on these two questions were carried as it were by + storm. The appointment for life passed unanimously, and the right of + naming the successor by a majority. The First Consul, however, formally + declared that he condemned this second measure, which had not originated + with himself. On receiving the decision of the Council of State the First + Consul, to mask his plan for attaining absolute power, thought it + advisable to appear to reject a part of what was offered him. He therefore + cancelled that clause which proposed to give him the power of appointing a + successor, and which had been carried by a small majority. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0045" id="link2HCH0045"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + General Bernadotte pacifies La vendee and suppresses a mutiny at + Tours—Bonaparte's injustice towards him—A premeditated scene— + Advice given to Bernadotte, and Bonaparte disappointed—The First + Consul's residence at St. Cloud—His rehearsals for the Empire— + His contempt of mankind—Mr. Fox and Bonaparte—Information of plans + of assassination—A military dinner given by Bonaparte—Moreau not + of the party—Effect of the 'Senates-consultes' on the Consulate for + life—Journey to Plombieres—Previous scene between Lucien and + Josephine—Theatrical representations at Neuilly and Malmaison— + Loss of a watch, and honesty rewarded—Canova at St. Cloud— + Bonaparte's reluctance to stand for a model. +</pre> + <p> + Having arrived at nearly the middle of the career which I have undertaken + to trace, before I advance farther I must go back for a few moments, as I + have already frequently done, in order to introduce some circumstances + which escaped my recollection, or which I purposely reserved, that I might + place them amongst facts analogous to them: Thus, for instance, I have + only referred in passing to a man who, since become a monarch, has not + ceased to honour me with his friendship, as will be seen in the course of + my Memoirs, since the part we have seen him play in the events of the 18th + Brumaire. This man, whom the inexplicable combination of events has raised + to a throne for the happiness of the people he is called to govern, is + Bernadotte. + </p> + <p> + It was evident that Bernadotte must necessarily fall into a kind of + disgrace for not having supported Bonaparte's projects at the period of + the overthrow of the Directory. The First Consul, however, did not dare to + avenge himself openly; but he watched for every opportunity to remove + Bernadotte from his presence, to place him in difficult situations, and to + entrust him with missions for which no precise instructions were given, in + the hope that Bernadotte would commit faults for which the First Consul + might make him wholly responsible. + </p> + <p> + At the commencement of the Consulate the deplorable war in La Vendée raged + in all its intensity. The organization of the Chouans was complete, and + this civil war caused Bonaparte much more uneasiness than that which he + was obliged to conduct on the Rhine and in Italy, because, from the + success of the Vendeans might arise a question respecting internal + government, the solution of which was likely to be contrary to Bonaparte's + views. The slightest success of the Vendeans spread alarm amongst the + holders of national property; and, besides, there was no hope of + reconciliation between France and England, her eternal and implacable + enemy, as long as the flame of insurrection remained unextinguished. + </p> + <p> + The task of terminating this unhappy struggle was obviously a difficult + one. Bonaparte therefore resolved to impose it on Bernadotte; but this + general's conciliatory disposition, his chivalrous manners, his tendency + to indulgence, and a happy mixture of prudence and firmness, made him + succeed where others would have failed. He finally established good order + and submission to the laws. + </p> + <p> + Some time after the pacification of La Vendée a rebellious disposition + manifested itself at Tours amongst the soldiers of a regiment stationed + there. The men refused to march until they received their arrears of pay. + Bernadotte, as commander-in-chief of the army of the west, without being + alarmed at the disturbance, ordered the fifty-second demi-brigade— + the one in question—to be drawn up in the square of Tours, where, at + the very head of the corps, the leaders of the mutiny were by his orders + arrested without any resistance being offered. Carnot who was then + Minister of War, made a report to the First Consul on this affair, which, + but for the firmness of Bernadotte, might have been attended with + disagreeable results. Carnet's report contained a plain statement of the + facts, and of General Bernadotte's conduct. Bonaparte was, however, + desirous to find in it some pretext for blaming him, and made me write + these words on the margin of the report: "General Bernadotte did not act + discreetly in adopting such severe measures against the fifty-second + demi-brigade, he not having the means, if he had been unsuccessful, of + re-establishing order in a town the garrison of which was not strong + enough to subdue the mutineers." + </p> + <p> + A few days after, the First Consul having learned that the result of this + affair was quite different from that which he affected to dread, and being + convinced that by Bernadotte's firmness alone order had been restored, he + found himself in some measure constrained to write to the General, and he + dictated the following letter to me: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + PARIS, 11th Vendemiaire. Year XI. + + CITIZEN-GENERAL—I have read with interest the account of what you + did to re-establish order in the fifty-second demi-brigade, and + also the report of General Liebert, dated the 5th Vendemiaire. + Tell that officer that the Government is satisfied with his conduct. + His promotion from the rank of Colonel to that of General of brigade + is confirmed. I wish that brave officer to come to Paris. He has + afforded an example of firmness and energy which does honour to a + soldier. + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + Thus in the same affair Bonaparte, in a few days, from the spontaneous + expression of blame dictated by hate, was reduced to the necessity of + declaring his approbation, which he did, as may be seen, with studied + coldness, and even taking pains to make his praises apply to Colonel + Liebert, and not to the general-in-chief. + </p> + <p> + Time only served to augment Bonaparte's dislike of Bernadotte. It might be + said that the farther he advanced in his rapid march towards absolute + power the more animosity he cherished against the individual who had + refused to aid his first steps in his adventurous career. At the same time + the persons about Bonaparte who practised the art of flattering failed not + to multiply reports and insinuations against Bernadotte. I recollect one + day, when there was to be a grand public levee, seeing Bonaparte so much + out of temper that I asked him the cause of it. "I can bear it no longer," + he replied impetuously. "I have resolved to have a scene with Bernadotte + to-day. He will probably be here. I will open the fire, let what will come + of it. He may do what he pleases. We shall see! It is time there should be + an end of this." + </p> + <p> + I had never before observed the First Consul so violently irritated. He + was in a terrible passion, and I dreaded the moment when the levee was to + open. When he left me to go down to the salon I availed myself of the + opportunity to get there before him, which I could easily do, as the salon + was not twenty steps from the cabinet. By good luck Bernadotte was the + first person I saw. He was standing in the recess of a window which looked + on the square of the Carrousel. To cross the salon and reach the General + was the work of a moment. "General!" said I, "trust me and retire!—I + have good reasons for advising it!" Bernadotte, seeing my extreme anxiety, + and aware of the sincere sentiments of esteem end friendship which I + entertained for him, consented to retire, and I regarded this as a + triumph; for, knowing Bernadotte's frankness of character and his nice + sense of honour, I was quite certain that he would not submit to the harsh + observations which Bonaparte intended to address to him. My stratagem had + all the success I could desire. The First Consul suspected nothing, and + remarked only one thing, which was that his victim was absent. When the + levee was over he said to me, "What do you think of it, Bourrienne?—-Bernadotte + did not come."—"So much the better for him, General," was my reply. + Nothing further happened. The First Consul on returning from Josephine + found me in the cabinet, and consequently could suspect nothing, and my + communication with Bernadotte did not occupy five minutes. Bernadotte + always expressed himself much gratified with the proof of friendship I + gave him at this delicate conjuncture. The fact is, that from a + disposition of my mind, which I could not myself account for, the more + Bonaparte'a unjust hatred of Bernadotte increased the more sympathy and + admiration I felt for the noble character of the latter. + </p> + <p> + The event in question occurred in the spring of 1802. It was at this + period that Bonaparte first occupied St. Cloud, which he was much pleased + with, because he found himself more at liberty there than at the + Tuileries; which palace is really only a prison for royalty, as there a + sovereign cannot even take the air at a window without immediately being + the object of the curiosity of the public, who collect in large crowds. At + St. Cloud, on the contrary, Bonaparte could walk out from his cabinet and + prolong his promenade without being annoyed by petitioners. One of his + first steps was to repair the cross road leading from St. Cloud to + Malmaison, between which places Bonaparte rode in a quarter of an hour. + This proximity to the country, which he liked, made staying at St. Cloud + yet pleasanter to him. It was at St. Cloud that the First Consul made, if + I may so express it, his first rehearsals of the grand drama of the + Empire. It was there he began to introduce, in external forms, the habits + and etiquette which brought to mind the ceremonies of sovereignty. He soon + perceived the influence which pomp of ceremony, brilliancy of appearance, + and richness of costume, exercise over the mass of mankind. "Men," he + remarked to me a this period, "well deserve the contempt I feel for them. + I have only to put some gold lace on the coats of my virtuous republicans + and they immediately become just what I wish them." + </p> + <p> + I remember one day, after one of his frequent sallies of contempt for + human kind, I observed to him that although baubles might excite vulgar + admiration, there were some distinguished men who did not permit + themselves to be fascinated by their allurements; and I mentioned the + celebrated Fox by way of example, who, previous to the conclusion of the + peace of Amiens, visited Paris, where he was remarked for his extreme + simplicity. The First Consul said, "Ah! you are right with respect to him. + Mr. Fox is a truly great man, and pleases me much." + </p> + <p> + In fact, Bonaparte always received Mr. Fox's visits with the greatest + satisfaction; and after every conversation they had together he never + failed to express to me the pleasure which he experienced in discoursing + with a man every way worthy of the great celebrity he had attained. He + considered him a very superior man, and wished he might have to treat with + him in his future negotiations with England. It may be supposed that Mr. + Fox, on his part, never forgot the terms of intimacy, I may say of + confidence, on which he had been with the First Consul. In fact, he on + several occasions informed him in time of war of the plots formed against + his life. Less could not be expected from a man of so noble a character. I + can likewise affirm, having more than once been in possession of proofs of + the fact, that the English Government constantly rejected with indignation + all such projects. I do not mean those which had for their object the + overthrow of the Consular or Imperial Government, but all plans of + assassination and secret attacks on the person of Bonaparte, whether First + Consul or Emperor. I will here request the indulgence of the reader whilst + I relate a circumstance which occurred a year before Mr. Fox's journey to + Paris; but as it refers to Moreau, I believe that the transposition will + be pardoned more easily than the omission. + </p> + <p> + During the summer 1801 the First Consul took a fancy to give a grand + military dinner at a restaurateur's. The restaurateur he favoured with his + company was Veri, whose establishment was situated on the terrace of the + Feuillans with an entrance into the garden of the Tuileries. Bonaparte did + not send an invitation to Moreau, whom I met by chance that day in the + following manner:—The ceremony of the dinner at Veri's leaving me at + liberty to dispose of my time, I availed myself of it to go and dine at a + restaurateur's named Rose, who then enjoyed great celebrity amongst the + distinguished gastronomes. I dined in company with M. Carbonnet, a friend + of Moreau's family, and two or three other persons. Whilst we were at + table in the rotunda we were informed by the waiter who attended on us + that General Moreau and his wife, with Lacuee and two other military men, + were in an adjoining apartment. Suchet, who had dined at Veri's, where he + said everything was prodigiously dull, on rising from the table joined + Moreau's party. These details we learned from M. Carbonnet, who left us + for a few moments to see the General and Madame Moreau. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's affectation in not inviting Moreau at the moment when the + latter had returned a conqueror from the army of the Rhine, and at the + same time the affectation of Moreau in going publicly the same day to dine + at another restaurateur's, afforded ground for the supposition that the + coolness which existed between them would soon be converted into enmity. + The people of Paris naturally thought that the conqueror of Marengo might, + without any degradation, have given the conqueror of Hohenlinden a seat at + his table. + </p> + <p> + By the commencement of the year 1802 the Republic had ceased to be + anything else than a fiction, or an historical recollection. All that + remained of it was a deceptive inscription on the gates of the Palace. + Even at the time of his installation at the Tuileries, Bonaparte had + caused the two trees of liberty which were planted in the court to be cut + down; thus removing the outward emblems before he destroyed the reality. + But the moment the Senatorial decisions of the 2d and 4th of August were + published it was evident to the dullest perceptions that the power of the + First Consul wanted nothing but a name. + </p> + <p> + After these 'Consultes' Bonaparte readily accustomed himself to regard the + principal authorities of the State merely as necessary instruments for the + exercise of his power. Interested advisers then crowded round him. It was + seriously proposed that he should restore the ancient titles, as being + more in harmony with the new power which the people had confided to him + than the republican forms. He was still of opinion, however, according to + his phrase, that "the pear was not yet ripe," and would not hear this + project spoken of for a moment. "All this," he said to me one day, "will + come in good time; but you must see, Bourrienne, that it is necessary I + should, in the first place, assume a title, from which the others that I + will give to everybody will naturally take their origin. The greatest + difficulty is surmounted. There is no longer any person to deceive. + Everybody sees as clear as day that it is only one step which separates + the throne from the Consulate for life. However, we must be cautious. + There are some troublesome fellows in the Tribunate, but I will take care + of them." + </p> + <p> + Whilst these serious questions agitated men's minds the greater part of + the residents at Malmaison took a trip to Plombieres. Josephine, + Bonaparte's mother, Madame Beauharnais-Lavallette, Hortense, and General + Rapp, were of this party. It pleased the fancy of the jocund company to + address to me a bulletin of the pleasant and unpleasant occurrences of the + journey. I insert this letter merely as a proof of the intimacy which + existed between the writers and myself. It follows, precisely as I have + preserved it, with the exception of the blots, for which it will be seen + they apologised. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + AN ACCOUNT OF THE JOURNEY TO PLOMBIERES. + To the Inhabitants of Malmaison. +</pre> + <p> + The whole party left Malmaison in tears, which brought on such dreadful + headaches that all the amiable persons were quite overcome by the idea of + the journey. Madame Bonaparte, mere, supported the fatigues of this + memorable day with the greatest courage; but Madame Bonaparte, Consulesse, + did not show any. The two young ladies who sat in the dormouse, + Mademoiselle Hortense and Madame Lavallette, were rival candidates for a + bottle of Eau de Cologne; and every now and then the amiable M. Rapp made + the carriage stop for the comfort of his poor little sick heart, which + overflowed with bile: in fine, he was obliged to take to bed on arriving + at Epernay, while the rest of the amiable party tried to drown their + sorrows in champagne. The second day was more fortunate on the score of + health and spirits, but provisions were wanting, and great were the + sufferings of the stomach. The travellers lived on the hope of a good + supper at Toul; but despair was at its height when, on arriving there, + they found only a wretched inn, and nothing in it. We saw some odd-looking + folks there, which indemnified us a little for spinach dressed in + lamp-oil, and red asparagus fried with curdled milk. Who would not have + been amused to see the Malmaison gourmands seated at a table so shockingly + served! + </p> + <p> + In no record of history is there to be found a day passed in distress so + dreadful as that on which we arrived at Plombieres. On departing from Toul + we intended to breakfast at Nancy, for every stomach had been empty for + two days; but the civil and military authorities came out to meet us, and + prevented us from executing our plan. We continued our route, wasting + away, so that you might, see us growing thinner every moment. To complete + our misfortune, the dormouse, which seemed to have taken a fancy to embark + on the Moselle for Metz, barely escaped an overturn. But at Plombieres we + have been well compensated for this unlucky journey, for on our arrival we + were received with all kinds of rejoicings. The town was illuminated, the + cannon fired, and the faces of handsome women at all the windows give us + reason to hope that we shall bear our absence from Malmaison with the less + regret. + </p> + <p> + With the exception of some anecdotes, which we reserve for chit-chat on + our return, you have here a correct account of our journey, which we, the + undersigned, hereby certify. + </p> + <p> + JOSEPHINE BONAPARTE. BEAUHARNAIS-LAPALLETTE. HORTENSE BEAUHARNAIS. RAPP. + BONAPARTE, mere. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +The company ask pardon for the blots. + 21st Messidor. +</pre> + <p> + It is requested that the person who receives this journal will show it to + all who take an interest in the fair travellers. + </p> + <p> + This journey to Plombieres was preceded by a scene which I should abstain + from describing if I had not undertaken to relate the truth respecting the + family of the First Consul. Two or three days before her departure Madame + Bonaparte sent for me. I obeyed the summons, and found her in tears. "What + a man-what a man is that Lucien!" she exclaimed in accents of grief. "If + you knew, my friend, the shameful proposals he has dared to make to me! + 'You are going to the waters,' said he; 'you must get a child by some + other person since you cannot have one by him.' Imagine the indignation + with which I received such advice. 'Well,' he continued, 'if you do not + wish it, or cannot help it, Bonaparte must get a child by another woman, + and you must adopt it, for it is necessary to secure an hereditary + successor. It is for your interest; you must know that.'— 'What, + sir!' I replied, 'do you imagine the nation will suffer a bastard to + govern it? Lucien! Lucien! you would ruin your brother! This is dreadful! + Wretched should I be, were any one to suppose me capable of listening, + without horror, to your infamous proposal! Your ideas are poisonous; your + language horrible!'—'Well, Madame,' retorted he, 'all I can say to + that is, that I am really sorry for you!'" + </p> + <p> + The amiable Josephine was sobbing whilst she described this scene to me, + and I was not insensible to the indignation which she felt. The truth is, + that at that period Lucien, though constantly affecting to despise power + for himself, was incessantly labouring to concentrate it in the hands of + his brother; and he considered three things necessary to the success of + his views, namely, hereditary succession, divorce, and the Imperial + Government. + </p> + <p> + Lucien had a delightful house near Neuilly. Some days before the + deplorable scene which I have related he invited Bonaparte and all the + inmates at Malmaison to witness a theatrical representation. 'Alzire' was + the piece performed. Elise played Alzire, and Lucien, Zamore. The warmth + of their declarations, the energetic expression of their gestures, the too + faithful nudity of costume, disgusted most of the spectators, and + Bonaparte more than any other. When the play was over he was quite + indignant. "It is a scandal," he said to me in an angry tone; "I ought not + to suffer such indecencies—I will give Lucien to understand that I + will have no more of it." When his brother had resumed his own dress, and + came into the salon, he addressed him publicly, and gave him to understand + that he must for the future desist from such representations. When we + returned to Malmaison; he again spoke of what had passed with + dissatisfaction. "What!" said he, "when I am endeavouring to restore + purity of manners, my brother and sister must needs exhibit themselves + upon the boards almost in a state of nudity! It is an insult!" + </p> + <p> + Lucien had a strong predilection for theatrical exhibitions, to which he + attached great importance. The fact is, he declaimed in a superior style, + and might have competed with the best professional actors. It was said + that the turban of Orosmane, the costume of America, the Roman toga, or + the robe of the high priest of Jerusalem, all became him equally well; and + I believe that this was the exact truth. Theatrical representations were + not confined to Neuilly. We had our theatre and our company of actors at + Malmaison; but there everything was conducted with the greatest decorum; + and now that I have got behind the scenes, I will not quit them until I + have let the reader into the secrets of our drama. + </p> + <p> + By the direction of the First Consul a very pretty little theatre was + built at Malmaison. Our usual actors were Eugène BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense, + Madame Murat, Lauriston, M. Didelot, one of the prefects of the Palace, + some other individuals belonging to the First Consul's household, and + myself. Freed from the cares of government, which we confined as much as + possible to the Tuileries, we were a very happy colony at Malmaison; and, + besides, we were young, and what is there to which youth does not add + charms? The pieces which the First Consul most liked to see us perform + were, 'Le Barbier de Seville' and 'Defiance et Malice'. In Le Barbier + Lauriston played the part of Count Almaviva; Hortense, Rosins; Eugène, + Basil; Didelot, Figaro; I, Bartholo; and Isabey, l'Aveille. Our other + stock pieces were, Projets de Mariage, La Gageltre, the Dapit Anloureux, + in which I played the part of the valet; and L'Impromptu de Campagne, in + which I enacted the Baron, having for my Baroness the young and handsome + Caroline Murat. + </p> + <p> + Hortense's acting was perfection, Caroline was middling, Eugène played + very well, Lauriston was rather heavy, Didelot passable, and I may venture + to assert, without vanity, that I was not quite the worst of the company. + If we were not good actors it was not for want of good instruction and + good advice. Talma and Michot came to direct us, and made us rehearse + before them, sometimes altogether and sometimes separately. How many + lessons have I received from Michot whilst walking in the beautiful park + of Malmaison! And may I be excused for saying, that I now experience + pleasure in looking back upon these trifles, which are matters of + importance when one is young, and which contrasted so singularly with the + great theatre on which we did not represent fictitious characters? We had, + to adopt theatrical language, a good supply of property. Bonaparte + presented each of us with a collection of dramas very well bound; and, as + the patron of the company, he provided us with rich and elegant dresses. + </p> + <p> + —[While Bourrienne, belonging to the Malmaison company, considered + that the acting at Neuilly was indecent, Lucien, who refused to act at + Malmaison, naturally thought the Malmaison troupe was dull. "Hortense and + Caroline filled the principal parts. They were very commonplace. In this + they followed the unfortunate Marie Antoinette and her companions. Louis + XVI., not naturally polite, when seeing them act, had said that it was + royally badly acted" (see Madame Campan's Life of Marie Antoinette, tome + i. p. 299). "The First Consul said of his troupe that it was sovereignly + badly acted . . . Murat, Lannes, and even Caroline ranted. Elisa, who, + having been educated at Saint Cyr, spoke purely and without accent, + refused to act. Janot acted well the drunken parts, and even the others he + undertook. The rest were decidedly bad. Worse than bad—ridiculous" + (Iung's Lucien's, tome ii. p. 256). Rival actors are not fair critics. Let + us hear Madame Junot (tome ii. p. 103). "The cleverest of our company was + M. de Bourrienne. He played the more dignified characters in real + perfection, and his talent was the more pleasing as it was not the result + of study, but of a perfect comprehension of his part." And she goes on to + say that even the best professional actors might have learnt from him in + some parts. The audience was not a pleasant one to face. It was the First + Consul's habit to invite forty persons to dinner, and a hundred and fifty + for the evening, and consequently to hear, criticise, and banter us + without mercy" (Memoirs of Duchesse d'Abrantes, tome ii. p. 108).]— + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte took great pleasure in our performances. He liked to see plays + acted by persons with whom he was familiar. Sometimes he complimented us + on our exertions. Although I was as much amused with the thing as others, + I was more than once obliged to remind him that my occupations left me but + little time to learn my parts. Then he would assume his coaxing manner and + say, "Come, do not vex me! You have such a memory! You know that it amuses + me. You see that these performances render Malmaison gay and animated; + Josephine takes much pleasure in them. Rise earlier in the morning.—In + fact, I sleep too much; is not that the cafe—Come, Bourrienne, do + oblige me. You make me laugh so heartily! Do not deprive me of this + pleasure. I have not over much amusement, as you well know."—"All, + truly! I would not deprive you of any pleasure. I am delighted to be able + to contribute to your amusement." After a conversation of this sort I + could not do less than set about studying my part. + </p> + <p> + At this period, during summer, I had half the Sunday to myself. I was, + however, obliged to devote a portion of this precious leisure to pleasing + Bonaparte by studying a new part as a surprise for him. Occasionally, + however, I passed the time at Ruel. I recollect that one day, when I had + hurried there from Malmaison, I lost a beautiful watch made by Breguet. It + was four o'clock in the afternoon, and the road was that day thronged with + people. I made my loss publicly known by means of the crier of Ruel. An + hour after, as I was sitting down to table, a young lad belonging to the + village brought me my watch. He had found it on the high road in a wheel + rut. I was pleased with the probity of this young man, and rewarded both + him and his father, who accompanied him. I reiterated the circumstance the + same evening to the First Consul, who was so struck with this instance of + honesty that he directed me to procure information respecting the young + man and his family. I learned that they were honest peasants. Bonaparte + gave employment to three brothers of this family; and, what was most + difficult to persuade him to, he exempted the young man who brought me the + watch from the conscription. + </p> + <p> + When a fact of this nature reached Bonaparte's ear it was seldom that he + did not give the principal actor in it some proof of his satisfaction. Two + qualities predominated in his character—kindness and impatience. + Impatience, when he was under its influence, got the better of him; it was + then impossible for him to control himself. I had a remarkable proof of it + about this very period. + </p> + <p> + Canova having arrived in Paris came to St. Cloud to model the figure of + the First Consul, of whom he was about to make a colossal statue. This + great artist came often, in the hope of getting his model to stand in the + proper attitude; but Bonaparte was so tired, disgusted, and fretted by the + process, that he very seldom put himself in the required attitude, and + then only for a short time. Bonaparte notwithstanding had the highest + regard for Canova. Whenever he was announced the First Consul sent me to + keep him company until he was at leisure to give him a sitting; but he + would shrug up his shoulders and say, "More modeling! Good Heavens, how + vexatious!" Canova expressed great displeasure at not being able to study + his model as he wished to do, and the little anxiety of Bonaparte on the + subject damped the ardour of his imagination. Everybody agrees in saying + that he has not succeeded in the work, and I have explained the reason. + The Duke of Wellington afterwards possessed this colossal statue, which + was about twice his own height. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0046" id="link2HCH0046"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bonaparte's principle as to the change of Ministers—Fouché—His + influence with the First Consul—Fouché's dismissal—The departments + of Police and Justice united under Regnier—Madame Bonaparte's + regret for the dismissal of Fouché—Family scenes—Madame Louis + Bonaparte's pregnancy—False and infamous reports to Josephine— + Legitimacy and a bastard—Raederer reproached by Josephine—Her + visit to Ruel—Long conversation with her—Assertion at St. Helena + respecting a great political fraud. +</pre> + <p> + It is a principle particularly applicable to absolute governments that a + prince should change his ministers as seldom as possible, and never except + upon serious grounds. Bonaparte acted on this principle when First Consul, + and also when he became Emperor. He often allowed unjust causes to + influence him, but he never dismissed a Minister without cause; indeed, he + more than once, without any reason, retained Ministers longer than he + ought to have done in the situations in which he had placed them. + Bonaparte's tenacity in this respect, in some instances, produced very + opposite results. For instance, it afforded M. Gaudin' time to establish a + degree of order in the administration of Finance which before his time had + never existed; and on the other hand, it enabled M. Decres to reduce the + Ministry of Marine to an unparalleled state of confusion. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte saw nothing in men but helps and obstacles. On the 18th Brumaire + Fouché was a help. The First Consul feared that he would become an + obstacle; it was necessary, therefore, to think of dismissing him. + Bonaparte's most sincere friends had from the beginning been opposed to + Fouché's having any share in the Government. But their disinterested + advice produced no other result than their own disgrace, so influential a + person had Fouché become. How could it be otherwise? Fouché was identified + with the Republic by the death of the King, for which he had voted; with + the Reign of Terror by his sanguinary missions to Lyons and Nevers; with + the Consulate by his real though perhaps exaggerated services; with + Bonaparte by the charm with which he might be said to have fascinated him; + with Josephine by the enmity of the First Consul's brothers. Who would + believe it? Fouché ranked the enemies of the Revolution amongst his + warmest partisans. They overwhelmed him with eulogy, to the disparagement + even of the Head of the State, because the cunning Minister, practising an + interested indulgence, set himself up as the protector of individuals + belonging to classes which, when he was proconsul, he had attacked in the + mass. Director of public opinion, and having in his hands the means at his + pleasure of inspiring fear or of entangling by inducements, it was all in + his favour that he had already directed this opinion. The machinery he set + in motion was so calculated that the police was rather the police of + Fouché than that of the Minister of the General Police. Throughout Paris, + and indeed throughout all France, Fouché obtained credit for extraordinary + ability; and the popular opinion was correct in this respect, namely, that + no man ever displayed such ability in making it be supposed that he really + possessed talent. Fouché's secret in this particular is the whole secret + of the greater part of those persons who are called statesmen. + </p> + <p> + Be this as it may, the First Consul did not behold with pleasure the + factitious influence of which Fouché had possessed himself. For some time + past, to the repugnance which at bottom he had felt towards Fouché, were + added other causes of discontent. In consequence of having been deceived + by secret reports and correspondence Bonaparte began to shrug up his + shoulders with an expression of regret when he received them, and said, + "Would you believe, Bourrienne, that I have been imposed on by these + things? All such denunciations are useless—scandalous. All the + reports from prefects and the police, all the intercepted letters, are a + tissue of absurdities and lies. I desire to have no more of them." He said + so, but he still received them. However, Fouché's dismissal was resolved + upon. But though Bonaparte wished to get rid of him, still, under the + influence of the charm, he dared not proceed against him without the + greatest caution. He first resolved upon the suppression of the office of + Minister of Police in order to disguise the motive for the removal of the + Minister. The First Consul told Fouché that this suppression, which he + spoke of as being yet remote, was calculated more than anything else to + give strength to the Government, since it would afford a proof of the + security and internal tranquillity of France. Overpowered by the arguments + with which Bonaparte supported his proposition, Fouché could urge no good + reasons in opposition to it, but contented himself with recommending that + the execution of the design, which was good in intention, should, however, + be postponed for two years. Bonaparte appeared to listen favourably to + Fouché's recommendation, who, as avaricious for money as Bonaparte of + glory, consoled himself by thinking that for these two years the + administration of the gaming tables would still be for him a Pactolus + flowing with gold. For Fouché, already the possessor of an immense + fortune, always dreamed of increasing it, though he himself did not know + how to enjoy it. With him the ambition of enlarging the bounds of his + estate of Pont-Carre was not less felt than with the First Consul the + ambition of extending the frontier of France. + </p> + <p> + Not only did the First Consul not like Fouché, but it is perfectly true + that at this time the police wearied and annoyed him. Several times he + told me he looked on it as dangerous, especially for the possessor of + power. In a Government without the liberty of the press he was quite + right. The very services which the police had rendered to the First Consul + were of a nature to alarm him, for whoever had conspired against the + Directory in favour of the Consulate might also conspire against the + Consulate in favour of any other Government. It is needless to say that I + only allude to the political police, and not to the municipal police, + which is indispensable for large towns, and which has the honourable + mission of watching over the health and safety of the citizens. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, as has been stated, had been Minister of Police since the 18th + Brumaire. Everybody who was acquainted with, the First Consul's character + was unable to explain the ascendency which he had suffered Fouché to + acquire over him, and of which Bonaparte himself was really impatient. He + saw in Fouché a centre around which all the interests of the Revolution + concentrated themselves, and at this he felt indignant; but, subject to a + species of magnetism, he could not break the charm which enthralled him. + When he spoke of Fouché in his absence his language was warm, bitter, and + hostile. When Fouché was present, Bonaparte's tone was softened, unless + some public scene was to be acted like that which occurred after the + attempt of the 3d Nivôse. + </p> + <p> + The suppression of the Ministry of Police being determined on, Bonaparte + did not choose to delay the execution of his design, as he had pretended + to think necessary. On the evening of the 12th of September we went to + Mortfontaine. We passed the next day, which was Monday, at that place, and + it was there, far removed from Fouché, and urged by the combined + persuasions of Joseph and Lucien, that the First Consul signed the decree + of suppression. The next morning we returned to Paris. Fouché came to + Malmaison, where we were, in the regular execution of his duties. The + First Consul transacted business with him as usual without daring to tell + him of his dismissal, and afterwards sent Cambacérès to inform him of it. + After this act, respecting which he had hesitated so long, Bonaparte still + endeavoured to modify his rigour. Having appointed Fouché a Senator, he + said in the letter which he wrote to the Senate to notify the appointment: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Fouché, as Minister of Police, in times of difficulty, has by his + talent, his activity, and his attachment to the Government done all + that circumstances required of him. Placed in the bosom of the + Senate, if events should again call for a Minister of Police the + Government cannot find one more worthy of its confidence." +</pre> + <p> + From this moment the departments of Justice and Police united were + confided to the hands of Regnier.' Bonaparte's aversion for Fouché + strangely blinded him with respect to the capabilities of his successor. + Besides, how could the administration of justice, which rests on fixed, + rigid, and unchangeable bases, proceed hand in hand with another + administration placed on the quicksand of instantaneous decisions, and + surrounded by stratagems and deceptions? Justice should never have + anything to do with secret police, unless it be to condemn it. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[M. Abrial, Minister of Justice, was called to the Senate at the + same time as Fouché. Understanding that the assimilation of the two + men was more a disgrace to Abrial than the mere loss of the + Ministry, the First Consul said to M. Abrial: "In uniting the + Ministry of Police to that of Justice I could not retain you in the + Ministry, you are too upright a man to manage the police." Not a + flattering speech for Regnier.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + What could be expected from Regnier, charged as he was with incompatible + functions? What, under such circumstances, could have been expected even + from a man gifted with great talents? Such was the exact history of + Fouché's disgrace. No person was more afflicted at it than Madame + Bonaparte, who only learned the news when it was announced to the public. + Josephine, on all occasions, defended Fouché against her husband's + sallies. She believed that he was the only one of his Ministers who told + him the truth. She had such a high opinion of the way in which Fouché + managed the police that the first time I was alone with her after our + return from Mortfontaine she said to me, "My dear Bourrienne; speak openly + to me; will Napoleon know all about the plots from the police of Moncey, + Duroc, Junot, and of Davoust? You know better than I do that these are + only wretched spies. Has not Savary also eventually got his police? How + all this alarms me. They take away all my supports, and surround me only + with enemies."—"To justify your regrets we should be sure that + Fouché has never been in agreement with Lucien in favour of the divorce."—"Oh, + I do not believe that. Bonaparte does not like him, and he would have been + certain to tell me of it when I spoke favourably to him of Fouché. You + will see that his brothers will end by bringing him into their plan." + </p> + <p> + I have already spoken of Josephine's troubles, and of the bad conduct of + Joseph, but more particularly of Lucien, towards her; I will therefore + describe here, as connected with the disgrace of Fouché, whom Madame + Bonaparte regretted as a support, some scenes which occurred about this + period at Malmaison. Having been the confidant of both parties, and an + involuntary actor in those scenes, now that twenty-seven years have passed + since they occurred what motive can induce me to disguise the truth in any + respect? + </p> + <p> + Madame Louis Bonaparte was enceinte. Josephine, although she tenderly + loved her children, did not seem to behold the approaching event which the + situation of her daughter indicated with the interest natural to the heart + of a mother. She had long been aware of the calumnious reports circulated + respecting the supposed connection between Hortense and the First Consul, + and that base accusation cost her many tears. Poor Josephine paid dearly + for the splendour of her station! As I knew how devoid of foundation these + atrocious reports were, I endeavoured to console her by telling her what + was true, that I was exerting all my efforts to demonstrate their infamy + and falsehood. Bonaparte, however, dazzled by the affection which was + manifested towards him from all quarters, aggravated the sorrow of his + wife by a silly vanity. He endeavoured to persuade her that these reports + had their origin only in the wish of the public that he should have a + child, so that these seeming consolations offered by self-love to + Josephine's grief gave force to existing conjugal alarms, and the fear of + divorce returned with all its horrors. Under the foolish illusion of his + vanity Bonaparte imagined that France was desirous of being governed even + by a bastard if supposed to be a child of his,—a singular mode truly + of founding a new legitimacy! + </p> + <p> + Josephine, whose susceptibility appears to me even now excusable, well + knew my sentiments on the subject of Bonaparte's founding a dynasty, and + she had not forgotten my conduct when two years before the question had + been agitated on the occasion of Louis XVIII.'s letters to the First + Consul. I remember that one day, after the publication of the parallel of + Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte, Josephine having entered our cabinet + without being announced, which she sometimes did when from the good humour + exhibited at breakfast she reckoned upon its continuance, approached + Bonaparte softly, seated herself on his knee, passed her hand gently + through his hair and over his face, and thinking the moment favourable, + said to him in a burst of tenderness, "I entreat of you, Bonaparte, do not + make yourself a King! It is that wretch Lucien who urges you to it. Do not + listen to him!" Bonaparte replied, without anger, and even smiling as he + pronounced the last words, "You are mad, my poor Josephine. It is your old + dowagers of the Faubourg St. Germain, your Rochefoucaulds, who tell you + all these fables!... Come now, you interrupt me—leave me alone." + </p> + <p> + What Bonaparte said that day good-naturedly to his wife I have often heard + him declare seriously. I have been present at five or six altercations on + the subject. That there existed, too, an enmity connected with this + question between the family of BEAUHARNAIS and the family of Bonaparte + cannot be denied. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, as I have stated, was in the interest of Josephine, and Lucien was + the most bitter of her enemies. One day Raederer inveighed with so much + violence against Fouché in the presence of Madame Bonaparte that she + replied with extreme warmth, "The real enemies of Bonaparte are those who + feed him with notions of hereditary descent, of a dynasty, of divorce, and + of marriage!" Josephine could not check this exclamation, as she knew that + Roederer encouraged those ideas, which he spread abroad by Lucien's + direction. I recollect one day when she had been to see us at our little + house at Ruel: as I walked with her along the high road to her carriage, + which she had sent forward, I acknowledged too unreservedly my fears on + account of the ambition of Bonaparte, and of the perfidious advice of his + brothers. "Madame," said I, "if we cannot succeed in dissuading the + General from making himself a King, I dread the future for his sake. If + ever he re-establishes royalty he will in all probability labour for the + Bourbons, and enable them one day to re-ascend the throne which he shall + erect. No one, doubtless, without passing for a fool, can pretend to say + with certainty what series of chances and events such a proceeding will + produce; but common sense alone is sufficient to convince any one that + unfavourable chances must long be dreaded. The ancient system being + re-established, the occupation of the throne will then be only a family + question, and not a question of government between liberty and despotic + power. Why should not France, if it ceases to be free, prefer the race of + her ancient kings? You surely know it. You had not been married two years + when, on returning from Italy, your husband told me that he aspired to + royalty. Now he is Consul for life. Would he but resolve to stop there! He + already possesses everything but an empty title. No sovereign in Europe + has so much power as he has. I am sorry for it, Madame, but I really + believe that, in spite of yourself, you will be made Queen or Empress." + </p> + <p> + Madame Bonaparte had allowed me to speak without interruption, but when I + pronounced the words Queen and Empress she exclaimed, "My God! Bourrienne, + such ambition is far from my thoughts. That I may always continue the wife + of the First Consul is all I desire. Say to him all that you have said to + me. Try and prevent him from making himself King."—"Madame," I + replied, "times are greatly altered. The wisest men, the strongest minds, + have resolutely and courageously opposed his tendency to the hereditary + system. But advice is now useless. He would not listen to me. In all + discussions on the subject he adheres inflexibly to the view he has taken. + If he be seriously opposed his anger knows no bounds; his language is + harsh and abrupt, his tone imperious, and his authority bears down all + before him."—"Yet, Bourrienne, he has so much confidence in you that + of you should try once more!"—"Madame, I assure you he will not + listen to me. Besides, what could I add to the remarks I made upon his + receiving the letters of Louis XVIII., when I fearlessly represented to + him that being without children he would have no one to whom to bequeath + the throne—that, doubtless, from the opinion which he entertained of + his brothers, he could not desire to erect it for them?" Here Josephine + again interrupted me by exclaiming, "My kind friend, when you spoke of + children did he say anything to you? Did he talk of a divorce?"—"Not + a word, Madame, I assure you."—"If they do not urge him to it, I do + not believe he will resolve to do such a thing. You know how he likes + Eugène, and Eugène behaves so well to him. How different is Lucien. It is + that wretch Lucien, to whom Bonaparte listens too much, and of whom, + however, he always speaks ill to me."—"I do not know, Madame, what + Lucien says to his brother except when he chooses to tell me, because + Lucien always avoids having a witness of his interviews with your husband, + but I can assure you that for two years I have not heard the word + 'divorce' from the General's mouth."—"I always reckon on you, my + dear Bourrienne; to turn him away from it; as you did at that time."—"I + do not believe he is thinking of it, but if it recurs to him, consider, + Madame, that it will be now from very different motives: He is now + entirely given up to the interests of his policy and his ambition, which + dominate every other feeling in him. There will not now be any question of + scandal, or of a trial before a court, but of an act of authority which + complaisant laws will justify and which the Church perhaps will sanction."—"That's + true. You are right. Good God! how unhappy I am." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[When Bourrienne complains of not knowing what passed between + Lucien and Napoleon, we can turn to Lucien's account of Bourrienne, + apparently about this very time. "After a stormy interview with + Napoleon," says Lucien, "I at once went into the cabinet where + Bourrienne was working, and found that unbearable busybody of a + secretary, whose star had already paled more than once, which made + him more prying than ever, quite upset by the time the First Consul + had taken to come out of his bath. He must, or at least might, have + heard some noise, for enough had been made. Seeing that he wanted + to know the cause from me, I took up a newspaper to avoid being + bored by his conversation" (Iung's Lucien, tome ii. p.156)]— +</pre> + <p> + Such was the nature of one of the conversations I had with Madame + Bonaparte on a subject to which she often recurred. It may not perhaps be + uninteresting to endeavour to compare with this what Napoleon said at St. + Helena, speaking of his first wife. According to the Memorial Napoleon + there stated that when Josephine was at last constrained to renounce all + hope of having a child, she often let fall allusions to a great political + fraud, and at length openly proposed it to him. I make no doubt Bonaparte + made use of words to this effect, but I do not believe the assertion. I + recollect one day that Bonaparte, on entering our cabinet, where I was + already seated, exclaimed in a transport of joy impossible for me to + describe, "Well, Bourrienne, my wife is at last enceinte!" I sincerely + congratulated him, more, I own, out of courtesy than from any hope of + seeing him made a father by Josephine, for I well remembered that + Corvisart, who had given medicines to Madame Bonaparte, had nevertheless + assured me that he expected no result from them. Medicine was really the + only political fraud to which Josephine had recourse; and in her situation + what other woman would not have done as much? Here, then, the husband and + the wife are in contradiction, which is nothing uncommon. But on which + side is truth? I have no hesitation in referring it to Josephine. There is + indeed an immense difference between the statements of a women—trusting + her fears and her hopes to the sole confidant of her family secrets, and + the tardy declaration of a man who, after seeing the vast edifice of his + ambition leveled with the dust, is only anxious, in his compulsory + retreat, to preserve intact and spotless the other great edifice of his + glory. Bonaparte should have recollected that Caesar did not like the idea + of his wife being even suspected. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0047" id="link2HCH0047"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Citizen Fesch created Cardinal Fesch—Arts and industry—Exhibition + in the Louvre—Aspect of Paris in 1802—The Medicean Venus and the + Velletrian Pallas—Signs of general prosperity—Rise of the funds— + Irresponsible Ministers—The Bourbons—The military Government— + Annoying familiarity of Lannes—Plan laid for his disgrace— + Indignation of Lannes—His embassy to Portugal—The delayed + despatch—Bonaparte's rage—I resign my situation—Duroc— + I breakfast with Bonaparte—Duroc's intercession—Temporary + reconciliation. +</pre> + <p> + Citizen Fesch, who, when we were forced to stop at Ajaccio on our return + from Egypt, discounted at rather a high rate the General-in-Chief's + Egyptian sequins, became again the Abbe Fesch, as soon as Bonaparte by his + Consular authority re-erected the altars which the Revolution had + overthrown. On the 15th of August 1802 he was consecrated Bishop, and the + following year received the Cardinal's hat. Thus Bonaparte took advantage + of one of the members of his family being in orders to elevate him to the + highest dignities of the Church. He afterwards gave Cardinal Fesch the + Archbishopric of Lyons, of which place he was long the titular. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Like Cambacérès the Cardinal was a bit of a gourmet, and on one + occasion had invited a large party of clerical magnates to dinner. + By a coincidence two turbots of singular beauty arrived as presents + to his Eminence on the very morning of the feast. To serve both + would have appeared ridiculous, but the Cardinal was most anxious to + have the credit of both. He imparted his embarrassment to his chef: + + "'Be of good faith, your Eminence,' was the reply, 'both shall appear + and enjoy the reception so justly their due.' The dinner was + served: one of the turbots relieved the soup. Delight was on every + face—it was the moment of the 'eprouvette positive'. The 'maitre + a'hotel' advances; two attendants raise the turbot and carry him off + to cut him up; but one of them loses his equilibrium: the attendants + and the turbot roll together on the floor. At this sad sight the + assembled Cardinals became as pale as death, and a solemn silence + reigned in the 'conclave'—it was the moment of the 'eprouvette + negative'; but the 'maitre a'hotel' suddenly turns to one of the + attendants, Bring another turbot,' said he, with the most perfect + coolness. The second appeared, and the eprouvette positive was + gloriously renewed." (Hayward's Art of Dining, P. 65.)]— +</pre> + <p> + The First Consul prided himself a good deal on his triumph, at least in + appearance, over the scruples which the persons who surrounded him had + manifested against the re-establishment of worship. He read with much + self-satisfaction the reports made to him, in which it was stated that the + churches were well frequented: Indeed, throughout the year 1802, all his + attention was directed to the reformation of manners, which had become + more dissolute under the Directory than even during the Reign of Terror. + </p> + <p> + In his march of usurpation the First Consul let slip no opportunity of + endeavouring to obtain at the same time the admiration of the multitude + and the approbation of judicious men. He was very fond of the arts, and + was sensible that the promotion of industry ought to be the peculiar care + of the head of the Government. It must, however, at the same time be owned + that he rendered the influence of his protection null and void by the + continual violations he committed on that liberty which is the animating + principle of all improvement. + </p> + <p> + During the supplementary days of the year X., that is to say, about the + beginning of the autumn of 1802, there was held at the Louvre an + exhibition of the products of industry. The First Consul visited the + exhibition, and as even at that period he had begun to attribute every + good result to himself, he seemed proud of the high degree of perfection + the manufacturing arts had attained in France. He was, above all, + delighted with the admiration this exhibition excited among the numerous + foreigners who resorted to Paris during the peace. + </p> + <p> + In fact, throughout the year 1802 the capital presented an interesting and + animating-spectacle. The appetite for luxury and pleasure had insinuated + itself into manners—which were no longer republican, and the vast + number of Russians and English who drove about everywhere with brilliant + equipages contributed not a little to this metamorphosis. All Paris + flocked to the Carrousel on review days, and regarded with eyes of delight + the unusual sight of rich foreign liveries and emblazoned carriages. The + parties at the Tuileries were brilliant and numerous, and nothing was + wanting but the name of levees. Count Markoff, who succeeded M. de + Kalitscheff as Russian ambassador; the Marquis de Lucchesini, the Prussian + ambassador; and Lord Whitworth, the Minister from England, made numerous + presentations of their countrymen to the First Consul, who was well + pleased that the Court he was forming should have examples set by foreign + courtiers. Never since the meeting of the States-General had the theatres + been so frequented, or fetes so magnificent; and never since that period + had Paris presented so cheering an aspect. The First Consul, on his part, + spared no exertion to render the capital more and more worthy the + admiration of foreigners. The statue of the Venus de Medicis, which had + been robbed from the gallery of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, now decorated + the gallery of the Louvre, and near it was placed that of the Velletrian + Pallas, a more legitimate acquisition, since it was the result of the + researches of some French engineers at Velletri. Everywhere an air of + prosperity was perceptible, and Bonaparte proudly put in his claim to be + regarded as the author of it all. With what heartfelt satisfaction did he + likewise cast his eye upon what he called the grand thermometer of + opinion, the price of the funds! For if he saw them doubled in value in + consequence of the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, rising as they did at + that period from seven to sixteen francs, this value was even more than + tripled after the vote of Consulship for life and the 'Senates-consulte' + of the 4th of August,—when they rose to fifty-two francs. + </p> + <p> + While Paris presented so satisfactory an aspect the departments were in a + state of perfect tranquillity; and foreign affairs had every appearance of + security. The Court of the Vatican, which since the Concordat may be said + to have become devoted to the First Consul, gave, under all circumstances, + examples of submission to the wishes of France. The Vatican was the first + Court which recognised the erection of Tuscany into the Kingdom of + Etruria, and the formation of the Helvetic, Cisalpine, and Batavian + Republics. Prussia soon followed the example of the Pope, which was + successively imitated by the other powers of Europe. + </p> + <p> + The whole of these new states, realms, or republics were under the + immediate influence of France. The Isle of Elba, which Napoleon's first + abdication afterwards rendered so famous, and Piedmont, divided into six + departments, were also united to France, still called it Republic. + Everything now seemed to concur in securing his accession to absolute + power. We were now at peace with all the world, and every circumstance + tended to place in the hands of the First Consul that absolute power which + indeed was the only kind of government he was capable of forming any + conception of. Indeed, one of the characteristic signs of Napoleon's + government, even under the Consular system, left no doubt as to his real + intentions. Had he wished to found a free Government it is evident that he + world have made the Ministers responsible to the country, whereas he took + care that there should be no responsibility but to himself. He viewed + them, in fact, in the light of instruments which he might break as he + pleased. I found this single index sufficient to disclose all his future + designs. In order to make the irresponsibility of his Ministers to the + public perfectly clear, he had all the acts of his Government signed + merely by M. Maret, Secretary of State. Thus the Consulship for life was + nothing but an Empire in disguise, the usufruct of which could not long + satisfy the First Consul's ambition. His brothers influenced him, and it + was resolved to found a new dynasty. + </p> + <p> + It was not in the interior of France that difficulties were likely first + to arise on Bonaparte's carrying his designs into effect, but there was + some reason to apprehend that foreign powers, after recognising and + treating with the Consular Government, might display a different feeling, + and entertain scruples with regard to a Government which had resumed its + monarchical form. The question regarding the Bourbons was in some measure + kept in the background as long as France remained a Republic, but the + re-establishment of the throne naturally called to recollection the family + which had occupied it for so many ages. Bonaparte fully felt the delicacy + of his position, but he knew how to face obstacles, and had been + accustomed to overcome them: he, however, always proceeded cautiously, as + when obstacles induced him to defer the period of the Consulship for life. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte laboured to establish in France not only an absolute government, + but, what is still worse, a military one. He considered a decree signed by + his hand possessed of a magic virtue capable of transforming his generals + into able diplomatists, and so he sent them on embassies, as if to show + the Sovereigns to whom they were accredited that he soon meant to take + their thrones by assault. The appointment of Lannes to the Court of Lisbon + originated from causes which probably will be read with some interest, + since they serve to place Bonaparte's character in, its true light, and to + point out, at the same time, the means he disdained not to resort to, if + he wished to banish his most faithful friends when their presence was no + longer agreeable to him. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had ceased to address Lannes in the second person singular; but + that general continued the familiarity of thee and thou in speaking to + Napoleon. It is hardly possible to conceive how much this annoyed the + First Consul. Aware of the unceremonious candour of his old comrade, whose + daring spirit he knew would prompt him to go as great lengths in civil + affairs as on the field of battle, Bonaparte, on the great occasion of the + 18th Brumaire, fearing his reproaches, had given him the command of Paris + in order to ensure his absence from St. Cloud. + </p> + <p> + After that time, notwithstanding the continually growing greatness of the + First Consul, which, as it increased, daily exacted more and more + deference, Lannes still preserved his freedom of speech, and was the only + one who dared to treat Bonaparte as a comrade, and tell him the truth + without ceremony. This was enough to determine Napoleon to rid himself of + the presence of Lannes. But under what pretext was the absence of the + conqueror of Montebello to be procured? It was necessary to conjure up an + excuse; and in the truly diabolical machination resorted to for that + purpose, Bonaparte brought into play that crafty disposition for which he + was so remarkable. + </p> + <p> + Lannes, who never looked forward to the morrow, was as careless of his + money as of his blood. Poor officers and soldiers partook largely of his + liberality. Thus he had no fortune, but plenty of debts when he wanted + money, and this was not seldom, he used to come, as if it were a mere + matter of course, to ask it of the First Consul, who, I must confess, + never refused him. Bonaparte, though he well knew the general's + circumstances, said to him one day, "My friend, you should attend a little + more to appearances. You must have your establishment suitable to your + rank. There is the Hotel de Noailles—why don't you take it, and + furnish it in proper style?" Lannes, whose own candour prevented him from + suspecting the artful designs of others, followed the advice of the First + Consul. The Hotel de Noailles was taken and superbly fitted up. Odiot + supplied a service of plate valued at 200,000 francs. + </p> + <p> + General Lannes having thus conformed to the wishes of Bonaparte came to + him and requested 400,000 francs, the amount of the expense incurred, as + it were, by his order. "But," said the First Consul, "I have no money."—"You + have no money! What the devil am I to do, then?" + </p> + <p> + "But is there none in the Guard's chest? Take what you require, and we + will settle it, hereafter." + </p> + <p> + Mistrusting nothing, Lannes went to the treasurer of the Guards, who made + some objections at first to the advance required, but who soon yielded on + learning that the demand was made with the consent of the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + Within twenty-four hours after Lannes had obtained the 400,000 francs the + treasurer received from the head commissary an order to balance his + accounts. The receipt for the 400,000 francs advanced to Lannes, was not + acknowledged as a voucher. In vain the treasurer alleged the authority of + the First Consul for the transaction. Napoleon's memory had suddenly + failed him; he had entirely forgotten all about it. In a word, it was + incumbent on Lannes to refund the 400,000 francs to the Guards' chest; + and, as I have already said, he had no property on earth, but debts in + abundance. He repaired to General Lefebre, who loved him as his son, and + to him he related all that had passed. "Simpleton," said Lefebvre, "why + did you not come to me? Why did you go and get into debt with that ——-? + Well, here are the 400,000 francs; take them to him, and let him go to the + devil!" + </p> + <p> + Lannes hastened to the First Consul. "What!"—he exclaimed, "is it + possible you can be guilty of such baseness as this? To treat me in such a + manner! To lay such a foul snare for me after all that I have done for + you; after all the blood I have shed to promote your ambition! Is this the + recompense you had in store for me? You forget the 13th Vendemiaire, to + the success of which I contributed more than you! You forget Millesimo: I + was colonel before you! For whom did I fight at Bassano? You were witness + of what I did at Lodi and at Governolo, where I was wounded; and yet you + play me such a trick as this! But for me, Paris would have revolted on the + 18th Brumaire. But for me, you would have lost the battle of Marengo. I + alone, yes, I alone, passed the Po, at Montebello, with my whole division. + You gave the credit of that to Berthier, who was not there; and this is my + reward—humiliation. This cannot, this shall not be. I will——" + Bonaparte, pale with anger, listened without stirring, and Lannes was on + the point of challenging him when Junot, who heard the uproar, hastily + entered. The unexpected presence of this general somewhat reassured the + First Consul, and at the same time calmed, in some degree, the fury of + Lannes. "Well," said Bonaparte, "go to Lisbon. You will get money there; + and when you return you will not want any one to pay your debts for you." + Thus was Bonaparte's object gained. Lannes set out for Lisbon, and never + afterwards annoyed the First Consul by his familiarities, for on his + return he ceased to address him with thee and thou. + </p> + <p> + Having described Bonaparte's ill-treatment of Lannes I may here subjoin a + statement of the circumstances which led to a rupture between the First + Consul and me. So many false stories have been circulated on the subject + that I am anxious to relate the facts as they really were. + </p> + <p> + Nine months had now passed since I had tendered my resignation to the + First Consul. The business of my office had become too great for me, and + my health was so much endangered by over-application that my physician, M. + Corvisart, who had for a long time impressed upon me the necessity of + relaxation, now formally warned me that I should not long hold out under + the fatigue I underwent. Corvisart had no doubt spoken to the same effect + to the First Consul, for the latter said to me one day, in a tone which + betrayed but little feeling, "Why, Corvisart says you have not a year to + live." This was certainly no very welcome compliment in the mouth of an + old college friend, yet I must confess that the doctor risked little by + the prediction. + </p> + <p> + I had resolved, in fact, to follow the advice of Corvisart; my family were + urgent in their entreaties that I would do so, but I always put off the + decisive step. I was loath to give up a friendship which had subsisted so + long, and which had been only once disturbed: on that occasion when Joseph + thought proper to play the spy upon me at the table of Fouché. I + remembered also the reception I had met with from the conqueror of Italy; + and I experienced, moreover, no slight pain at the thought of quitting one + from whom I had received so many proofs of confidence, and to whom I had + been attached from early boyhood. These considerations constantly + triumphed over the disgust to which I was subjected by a number of + circumstances, and by the increasing vexations occasioned by the conflict + between my private sentiments and the nature of the duties I had to + perform. + </p> + <p> + I was thus kept in a state of perplexity, from which some unforeseen + circumstance alone could extricate me. Such a circumstance at length + occurred, and the following is the history of my first rupture with + Napoleon: + </p> + <p> + On the 27th of February 1802, at ten at night, Bonaparte dictated to me a + despatch of considerable importance and urgency, for M. de Talleyrand, + requesting the Minister for Foreign Affairs to come to the Tuileries next + morning at an appointed hour. According to custom, I put the letter into + the hands of the office messenger that it might be forwarded to its + destination. + </p> + <p> + This was Saturday. The following day, Sunday, M. de Talleyrand came as if + for an audience about mid-day. The First Consul immediately began to + confer with him on the subject of the letter sent the previous evening, + and was astonished to learn that the Minister had not received it until + the morning. He immediately rang for the messenger, and ordered me to be + sent for. Being in a very bad humour, he pulled the bell with so much fury + that he struck his hand violently against the angle of the chimney-piece. + I hurried to his presence. "Why," he said, addressing me hastily, "why was + not my letter delivered yesterday evening?"—"I do not know: I put it + at once into the hands of the person whose duty it was to see that it was + sent."—"Go and find the cause of the delay, and come back quickly." + Having rapidly made my inquiries, I returned to the cabinet. "Well?" said + the First Consul, whose irritation seemed to have increased. "Well, + General, it is not the fault of anybody, M. de Talleyrand was not to be + found, either at the office or at his own residence, or at the houses of + any of his friends where he was thought likely to be." Not knowing with + whom to be angry, restrained by the coolness of M. de Talleyrand, yet at + the same time ready to burst with rage, Bonaparte rose from his seat, and + proceeding to the hall, called the messenger and questioned him sharply. + The man, disconcerted by the anger of the First Consul, hesitated in his + replies, and gave confused answers. Bonaparte returned to his cabinet + still more irritated than he had left it. + </p> + <p> + I had followed him to the hall, and on my way back to the cabinet I + attempted to soothe him, and I begged him not to be thus discomposed by a + circumstance which, after all, was of no great moment. I do not know + whether his anger was increased by the sight of the blood which flowed + from his hand, and which he was every moment looking at; but however that + might be, a transport of furious passion, such as I had never before + witnessed, seized him; and as I was about to enter the cabinet after him + he threw back the door with so much violence that, had I been two or three + inches nearer him, it must infallibly have struck me in the face. He + accompanied this action, which was almost convulsive, with an appellation, + not to be borne; he exclaimed before M. de Talleyrand, "Leave me alone; + you are a fool." At an insult so atrocious I confess that the anger which + had already mastered the First Consul suddenly seized on me. I thrust the + door forward with as much impetuosity as he had used in throwing it back, + and, scarcely knowing what I said, exclaimed, "You are a hundredfold a + greater fool than I am!" I then banged the door and went upstairs to my + apartment, which was situated over the cabinet. + </p> + <p> + I was as far from expecting as from wishing such an occasion of separating + from the First Consul. But what was done could not be undone; and + therefore, without taking time for reflection, and still under the + influence of the anger that had got the better of me, I penned the + following positive resignation: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +GENERAL—The state of my health no longer permits me to continue in your +service. I therefore beg you to accept my resignation. + BOURRIENNE. +</pre> + <p> + Some moments after this note was written I saw Bonaparte's saddle-horses + brought up to the entrance of the Palace. It was Sunday morning, and, + contrary to his usual custom on that day, he was going to ride out. + </p> + <p> + Duroc accompanied him. He was no sooner done than I, went down into his + cabinet, and placed my letter on his table. On returning at four o'clock + with Duroc Bonaparte read my letter. "Ah! ah!" said he, before opening it, + "a letter from Bourrienne." And he almost immediately added, for the note + was speedily perused, "He is in the sulks.—Accepted." I had left the + Tuileries at the moment he returned, but Duroc sent to me where I was + dining the following billet: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +The First Consul desires me, my dear Bourrienne, to inform you that he +accepts your resignation, and to request that you will give me the +necessary information respecting your papers.—Yours, + DUROC. +</pre> + <p> + P.S.:—I will call on you presently. + </p> + <p> + Duroc came to me at eight o'clock the same evening. The First Consul was + in his cabinet when we entered it. I immediately commenced giving my + intended successor the necessary explanations to enable him to enter upon + his new duties. Piqued at finding that I did not speak to him, and at the + coolness with which I instructed Duroc, Bonaparte said to me in a harsh + tone, "Come, I have had enough of this! Leave me." I stepped down from the + ladder on which I had mounted for the purpose of pointing out to Duroc the + places in which the various papers were deposited and hastily withdrew. I + too had quite enough of it! + </p> + <p> + I remained two more days at the Tuileries until I had suited myself with + lodgings. On Monday I went down into the cabinet of the First Consul to + take my leave of him. We conversed together for a long time, and very + amicably. He told me he was very sorry I was going to leave him, and that + he would do all he could for me. I pointed out several places to him; at + last I mentioned the Tribunate. "That will not do for you," he said; "the + members are a set of babblers and phrasemongers, whom I mean to get rid + of. All the troubles of States proceed from such debatings. I am tired of + them." He continued to talk in a strain which left me in no doubt as to + his uneasiness about the Tribunate, which, in fact, reckoned among its + members many men of great talent and excellent character. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In 1802 the First Consul made a reduction of fifty members of the + Tribunate, and subsequently the whole body was suppressed. + —Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + The following day, Tuesday, the First Consul asked me to breakfast with + him. After breakfast, while he was conversing with some other person, + Madame Bonaparte and Hortense pressed me to make advances towards + obtaining a re-instalment in my office, appealing to me on the score of + the friendship and kindness they had always shown me. They told me that I + had been in the wrong, and that I had forgotten myself. I answered that I + considered the evil beyond remedy; and that, besides, I had really need of + repose. The First Consul then called me to him, and conversed a + considerable time with me, renewing his protestations of goodwill towards + me. + </p> + <p> + At five o'clock I was going downstairs to quit the Tuileries for good when + I was met by the office messenger, who told me that the First Consul + wished to see me. Duroc; who was in the room leading to the cabinet, + stopped me as I passed, and said, "He wishes you to remain. I beg of you + not to refuse; do me this favour. I have assured him that I am incapable + of filling your office. It does not suit my habits; and besides, to tell + you the truth, the business is too irksome for me." I proceeded to the + cabinet without replying to Duroc. The First Consul came up to me smiling, + and pulling me by the ear, as he did when he was in the best of humours, + said to me, "Are you still in the sulks?" and leading me to my usual seat + he added, "Come, sit down." + </p> + <p> + Only those who knew Bonaparte can judge of my situation at that moment. He + had at times, and when he chose, a charm in his manners which it was quite + impossible to resist. I could offer no opposition, and I resumed my usual + office and my accustomed labours. Five minutes afterwards it was announced + that dinner was on table. "You will dine with me?" he said. "I cannot; I + am expected at the place where I was going when Duroc called me back. It + is an engagement that I cannot break."—"Well, I have nothing to say, + then. But give me your word that you will be here at eight o'clock."—"I + promise you." Thus I became again the private secretary of the First + Consul, and I believed in the sincerity of our reconciliation. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0048" id="link2HCH0048"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII. + </h2> + + 1802-1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Concordat and the Legion of Honour—The Council of State and the + Tribunate—Discussion on the word 'subjects'—Chenier—Chabot de + l'Allier's proposition to the Tribunate—The marked proof of + national gratitude—Bonaparte's duplicity and self-command—Reply to + the 'Senatus-consulte'—The people consulted—Consular decree— + The most, or the least—M. de Vanblanc's speech—Bonaparte's reply— + The address of the Tribunate—Hopes and predictions thwarted. +</pre> + <p> + It may truly be said that history affords no example of an empire founded + like that of France, created in all its parts under the cloak of a + republic. Without any shock, and in the short space of four years, there + arose above the ruins of the short-lived Republic a Government more + absolute than ever was Louis XIV.'s. This extraordinary change is to be + assigned to many causes; and I had the opportunity of observing the + influence which the determined will of one man exercised over his + fellow-men. + </p> + <p> + The great object which Bonaparte had at heart was to legitimate his + usurpations by institutions. The Concordat had reconciled him with the + Court of Rome; the numerous erasures from the emigrant list gathered round + him a large body of the old nobility; and the Legion of Honour, though at + first but badly received, soon became a general object of ambition. Peace, + too, had lent her aid in consolidating the First Consul's power by + affording him leisure to engage in measures of internal prosperity. + </p> + <p> + The Council of State, of which Bonaparte had made me a member, but which + my other occupations did not allow me to attend, was the soul of the + Consular Government. Bonaparte felt much interest in the discussions of + that body, because it was composed of the most eminent men in the + different branches of administration; and though the majority evinced a + ready compliance with his wishes, yet that disposition was often far from + being unanimous. In the Council of State the projects of the Government + were discussed from the first with freedom and sincerity, and when once + adopted they were transmitted to the Tribunate, and to the Legislative + Body. This latter body might be considered as a supreme Legislative + Tribunal, before which the Tribunes pleaded as the advocates of the + people, and the Councillors of State, whose business it was to support the + law projects, as the advocates of the Government. This will at once + explain the cause of the First Consul's animosity towards the Tribunate, + and will show to what the Constitution was reduced when that body was + dissolved by a sudden and arbitrary decision. + </p> + <p> + During the Consulate the Council of State was not only a body politic + collectively, but each individual member might be invested with special + power; as, for example, when the First Consul sent Councillors of State on + missions to each of the military divisions where there was a Court of + Appeal, the instructions given them by the First Consul were extensive, + and might be said to be unlimited. They were directed to examine all the + branches of the administration, so that their reports collected and + compared together presented a perfect description of the state of France. + But this measure, though excellent in itself, proved fatal to the State. + The reports never conveyed the truth to the First Consul, or at least if + they did, it was in such a disguised form as to be scarcely recognisable; + for the Councillors well knew that the best way to pay their court to + Bonaparte was not to describe public feeling as it really was, but as he + wished it to be. Thus the reports of the councillors of State only + furnished fresh arguments in favour of his ambition. + </p> + <p> + I must, however, observe that in the discussions of the Council of State + Bonaparte was not at all averse to the free expression of opinion. He, + indeed, often encouraged it; for although fully resolved to do only what + he pleased, he wished to gain information; indeed, it is scarcely + conceivable how, in the short space of two years, Bonaparte adapted his + mind so completely to civil and legislative affairs. But he could not + endure in the Tribunate the liberty of opinion which he tolerated in the + Council; and for this reason—that the sittings of the Tribunate were + public, while those of the Council of State were secret, and publicity was + what he dreaded above all things. He was very well pleased when he had to + transmit to the Legislative Body or to the Tribunate any proposed law of + trifling importance, and he used then to say that he had thrown them a + bone to gnaw. + </p> + <p> + Among the subjects submitted to the consideration of the Council and the + Tribunate was one which gave rise to a singular discussion, the ground of + which was a particular word, inserted in the third article of the treaty + of Russia with France. This word seemed to convey a prophetic allusion to + the future condition of the French people, or rather an anticipated + designation of what they afterwards became. The treaty spoke of "the + subjects of the two Governments." This term applied to those who still + considered themselves citizens, and was highly offensive to the Tribunate. + Chenier most loudly remonstrated against the introduction of this word + into the dictionary of the new Government. He said that the armies of + France had shed their blood that the French people might be citizens and + not subjects. Chenier's arguments, however, had no effect on the decision + of the Tribunate, and only served to irritate the First Consul. The treaty + was adopted almost unanimously, there being only fourteen dissentient + voices, and the proportion of black balls in the Legislative Body was even + less. + </p> + <p> + Though this discussion passed off almost unnoticed, yet it greatly + displeased the First Consul, who expressed his dissatisfaction in the + evening. "What is it," said he, "these babblers want? They wish to be + citizens—why did they not know how to continue so? My government + must treat on an equal footing with Russia. I should appear a mere puppet + in the eyes of foreign Courts were I to yield to the stupid demands of the + Tribunate.. Those fellows tease me so that I have a great mind to end + matters at once with them." I endeavoured to soothe his anger, and + observed, that one precipitate act might injure him. "You are right," he + continued; "but stay a little, they shall lose nothing by waiting." + </p> + <p> + The Tribunate pleased Bonaparte better in the great question of the + Consulate for life, because he had taken the precaution of removing such + members as were most opposed to the encroachments of his ambition. The + Tribunate resolved that a marked proof of the national gratitude should be + offered to the First Consul, and the resolution was transmitted to the + Senate. Not a single voice was raised against this proposition, which + emanated from Chabot de l'Allier, the President of the Tribunate. When the + First Consul came back to his cabinet after receiving the deputation of + the Tribunate he was very cheerful, and said to me, "Bourrienne, it is a + blank cheque that the Tribunate has just offered me; I shall know how to + fill it up. That is my business." + </p> + <p> + The Tribunate having adopted the indefinite proposition of offering to the + First Consul a marked proof of the national gratitude, it now only + remained to determine what that proof should be. Bonaparte knew well what + he wanted, but he did not like to name it in any positive way. Though in + his fits of impatience, caused by the lingering proceedings of the + Legislative Body and the indecision of some of its members, he often + talked of mounting on horseback and drawing his sword, yet he so far + controlled himself as to confine violence to his conversations with his + intimate friends. He wished it to be thought that he himself was yielding + to compulsion; that he was far from wishing to usurp permanent power + contrary to the Constitution; and that if he deprived France of liberty it + was all for her good, and out of mere love for her. Such deep-laid + duplicity could never have been conceived and maintained in any common + mind; but Bonaparte's was not a mind of the ordinary cast. It must have + required extraordinary self-command to have restrained so long as he did + that daring spirit which was so natural to him, and which was rather the + result of his temperament than his character. For my part, I confess that + I always admired him more for what he had the fortitude not to do than for + the boldest exploits he ever performed. + </p> + <p> + In conformity with the usual form, the proposition of the Tribunate was + transmitted to the Senate. From that time the Senators on whom Bonaparte + most relied were frequent in their visits to the Tuileries. In the + preparatory conferences which preceded the regular discussions in the + Senate it has been ascertained that the majority was not willing that the + marked proof of gratitude should be the Consulate for life; it was + therefore agreed that the reporter should limit his demand to a temporary + prolongation of the dignity of First Consul in favour of Bonaparte. The + reporter, M. de Lacepede, acted accordingly, and limited the prolongation + to ten years, commencing from the expiration of the ten years granted by + the Constitution. I forget which of the Senators first proposed the + Consulate for life; but I well recollect that Cambacérès used all his + endeavours to induce those members of the Senate whom he thought he could + influence to agree to that proposition. Whether from flattery or + conviction I know not, but the Second Consul held out to his colleague, or + rather his master, the hope of complete success. Bonaparte on hearing him + shook his head with an air of doubt, but afterwards said to me, "They will + perhaps make some wry faces, but they must come to it at last!" + </p> + <p> + It was proposed in the Senate that the proposition of the Consulate for + life should take the priority of that of the decennial prolongation; but + this was not agreed to; and the latter proposition being adopted, the + other, of course, could not be discussed. + </p> + <p> + There was something very curious in the 'Senatus-consulte' published on + the occasion. It spoke in the name of the French people, and stated that, + "in testimony of their gratitude to the Consuls of the Republic," the + Consular reign was prolonged for ten years; but that the prolongation was + limited to the First Consul only. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, though much dissatisfied with the decision of the Senate, + disguised his displeasure in ambiguous language. When Tronchet, then + President of the Senate, read to him, in a solemn audience, at the head of + the deputation, the 'Senatus-consulte' determining the prorogation, he + said in reply that he could not be certain of the confidence of the people + unless his continuance in the Consulship were sanctioned by their + suffrages. "The interests of my glory and happiness," added he, "would + seem to have marked the close of my public life at the moment when the + peace of the world is proclaimed. But the glory and the happiness of the + citizen must yield to the interests of the State and wishes of the public. + You, Senators, conceive that I owe to the people another sacrifice. I will + make it if the voice of the people commands what your suffrage + authorises." + </p> + <p> + The true meaning of these words was not understood by everybody, and was + only manifest to those who were initiated in the secret of Bonaparte's + designs. He did not accept the offer of the Senate, because he wished for + something more. The question was to be renewed and to be decided by the + people only; and since the people had the right to refuse what the Senate + offered, they possessed, for the same reason, the right to give what the + Senate did not offer. + </p> + <p> + The moment now arrived for consulting the Council of State as to the mode + to be adopted for invoking and collecting the suffrages of the people. For + this purpose an extraordinary meeting of the Council of State was summoned + on the 10th of May. Bonaparte wished to keep himself aloof from all + ostensible influence; but his two colleagues laboured for him more + zealously than he could have worked for himself, and they were warmly + supported by several members of the Council. A strong majority were of + opinion that Bonaparte should not only be invested with the Consulship for + life, but that he should be empowered to nominate his successor. But he, + still faithful to his plan, affected to venerate the sovereignty of the + people, which he held in horror, and he promulgated the following decree, + which was the first explanation of his reply to the Senate. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Consuls of the Republic, considering that the resolution of the + First Consul is an homage rendered to the sovereignty of the People, + and that the People, when consulted on their dearest interests, will + not go beyond the limits of those interests, decree as follows:— + First, that the French people shall be consulted on the question + whether Napoleon Bonaparte is to be made Consul for life, etc. +</pre> + <p> + The other articles merely regulated the mode of collecting the votes. + </p> + <p> + This decree shows the policy of the First Consul in a new point of view, + and displays his art in its fullest extent. He had just refused the less + for the sake of getting the greater; and now he had contrived to get the + offer of the greater to show off his moderation by accepting only the + less. The Council of State sanctioned the proposition for conferring on + the First Consul the right of nominating his successor, and, of his own + accord, the First Consul declined this. Accordingly the Second Consul, + when he, the next day, presented the decree to the Council of State, did + not fail to eulogise this extreme moderation, which banished even the + shadow of suspicion of any ambitious after-thought. Thus the Senate found + itself out-manoeuvred, and the decree of the Consuls was transmitted at + once to the Legislative Body and to the Tribunate. + </p> + <p> + In the Legislative Body, M. de Vaublanc was distinguished among all the + deputies who applauded the conduct of the Government; and it was he who + delivered the apologetic harangue of the deputation of the Legislative + Body to the First Consul. After having addressed the Government + collectively he ended by addressing the First Consul individually—a + sort of compliment which had not hitherto been put in practice, and which + was far from displeasing him who was its object. As M. de Vaublanc's + speech had been communicated beforehand to the First Consul, the latter + prepared a reply to it which sufficiently showed how much it had gratified + him. Besides the flattering distinction which separated him from the + Government, the plenitude of praise was not tempered by anything like + advice or comment. It was not so with the address of the Tribunate. After + the compliments which the occasion demanded, a series of hopes were + expressed for the future, which formed a curious contrast with the events + which actually ensued. The Tribunate, said the address, required no + guarantee, because Bonaparte's elevated and generous sentiments would + never permit him to depart from those principles which brought about the + Revolution and founded the Republic;—he loved real glory too well + ever to stain that which he had acquired by the abuse of power;—the + nation which he was called to govern was free and generous he would + respect and consolidate her liberty; he would distinguish his real + friends, who spoke truth to him, from flatterers who might seek to deceive + him. In short, Bonaparte would surround himself with the men who, having + made the Revolution, were interested in supporting it. + </p> + <p> + To these and many other fine things the Consul replied, "This testimony of + the affection of the Tribunate is gratifying to the Government. The union + of all bodies of the State is a guarantee of the stability and happiness + of the nation. The efforts of the Government will be constantly directed + to the interests of the people, from whom all power is derived, and whose + welfare all good men have at heart." + </p> + <p> + So much for the artifice of governments and the credulity of subjects! It + is certain that, from the moment Bonaparte gained his point in submitting + the question of the Consulate for life to the decision of the people, + there was no longer a doubt of the result being in his favour. This was + evident, not only on account of the influential means which a government + always has at its command, and of which its agents extend the + ramifications from the centre to the extremities, but because the + proposition was in accordance with the wishes of the majority. The + Republicans were rather shy in avowing principles with which people were + now disenchanted;—the partisans of a monarchy without distinction of + family saw their hopes almost realised in the Consulate for life; the + recollection of the Bourbons still lived in some hearts faithful to + misfortune but the great mass were for the First Consul, and his external + acts in the new step he had taken towards the throne had been so + cautiously disguised as to induce a belief in his sincerity. If I and a + few others were witness to his accomplished artifice and secret ambition, + France beheld only his glory, and gratefully enjoyed the blessings of + peace which he had obtained for her. The suffrages of the people speedily + realised the hopes of the First Consul, and thus was founded the CONSULATE + FOR LIFE. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0049" id="link2HCH0049"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIV + </h2> + + 1802-1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Departure for Malmaison—Unexpected question relative to the + Bourbons—Distinction between two opposition parties—New intrigues + of Lucien—Camille Jordan's pamphlet seized—Vituperation against + the liberty of the press—Revisal of the Constitution—New + 'Senatus-consulte—Deputation from the Senate—Audience of the + Diplomatic Body—Josephine's melancholy—The discontented—Secret + meetings—Fouché and the police agents—The Code Napoleon— + Bonaparte's regular attendance at the Council of State—His + knowledge of mankind, and the science of government—Napoleon's + first sovereign act—His visit to the Senate—The Consular + procession—Polite etiquette—The Senate and the Council of State— + Complaints against Lucien—The deaf and dumb assembly—Creation of + senatorships. +</pre> + <p> + When nothing was wanting to secure the Consulate for life but the votes of + the people, which there was no doubt of obtaining, the First Consul set + off to spend a few days at Malmaison. + </p> + <p> + On the day of our arrival, as soon as dinner was ended, Bonaparte said to + me, "Bourrienne, let us go and take a walk." It was the middle of May, so + that the evenings were long. We went into the park: he was very grave, and + we walked for several minutes without his uttering a syllable. Wishing to + break silence in a way that would be agreeable to him, I alluded to the + facility with which he had nullified the last 'Senatus-consulte'. He + scarcely seemed to hear me, so completely was his mind absorbed in the + subject on which he was meditating. At length, suddenly recovering from + his abstraction, he said, "Bourrienne, do you think that the pretender to + the crown of France would renounce his claims if I were to offer him a + good indemnity, or even a province in Italy?" Surprised at this abrupt + question on a subject which I was far from thinking of, I replied that I + did not think the pretender would relinquish his claims; that it was very + unlikely the Bourbons would return to France as long as he, Bonaparte, + should continue at the head of the Government, though they would look + forward to their ultimate return as probable. "How so?" inquired he. "For + a very simple reason, General. Do you not see every day that your agents + conceal the truth from you, and flatter you in your wishes, for the + purpose of ingratiating themselves in your favour? are you not angry when + at length the truth reaches your ear?"—"And what then?"—"why, + General, it must be just the same with the agents of Louis XVIII. in + France. It is in the course of things, in the nature of man, that they + should feed the Bourbons with hopes of a possible return, were it only to + induce a belief in their own talent and utility."—"That is very + true! You are quite right; but I am not afraid. However, something might + perhaps be done—we shall see." Here the subject dropped, and our + conversation turned on the Consulate for life, and Bonaparte spoke in + unusually mild terms of the persons who had opposed the proposition. I was + a little surprised at this, and could not help reminding him of the + different way in which he had spoken of those who opposed his accession to + the Consulate. "There is nothing extraordinary in that," said he. "Worthy + men may be attached to the Republic as I have made it. It is a mere + question of form. I have nothing to say against that; but at the time of + my accession to the Consulate it was very different. Then, none but + Jacobins, terrorists, and rogues resisted my endeavours to rescue France + from the infamy into which the Directory had plunged her. But now I + cherish no ill-will against those who have opposed me." + </p> + <p> + During the intervals between the acts of the different bodies of the + State, and the collection of the votes, Lucien renewed his intrigues, or + rather prosecuted them with renewed activity, for the purpose of getting + the question of hereditary succession included in the votes. Many prefects + transmitted to M. Chaptal anonymous circulars which had been sent to them: + all stated the ill effect produced by these circulars, which had been + addressed to the principal individuals of their departments. Lucien was + the originator of all this, though I cannot positively say whether his + brother connived with him, as in the case of the pamphlet to which I have + already alluded. I believe, however, that Bonaparte was not entirely a + stranger to the business; for the circulars were written by Raederer at + the instigation of Lucien, and Raederer was at that time in favour at the + Tuileries. I recollect Bonaparte speaking to me one day very angrily about + a pamphlet which had just, been published by Camille Jordan on the subject + of the national vote on the Consulate for life. Camille Jordan did not + withhold his vote, but gave it in favour of the First Consul; and instead + of requiring preliminary conditions, he contented himself, like the + Tribunate, with enumerating all the guarantees which he expected the + honour of the First Consul would grant. Among these guarantees were the + cessation of arbitrary imprisonments, the responsibility of the agents of + Government, and the independence of the judges. But all these demands were + mere peccadilloes in comparison with Camille Jordan's great crime of + demanding the liberty of the press. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul had looked through the fatal pamphlet, and lavished + invectives upon its author. "How!" exclaimed he, "am I never to have done + with these fire brands?—These babblers, who think that politics may + be shown on a printed page like the world on a map? Truly, I know not what + things will come to if I let this go on. Camille Jordan, whom I received + so well at Lyons, to think that he should—ask for the liberty of the + press! Were I to accede to this I might as well pack up at once and go and + live on a farm a hundred leagues from Paris." Bonaparte's first act in + favour of the liberty of the press was to order the seizure of the + pamphlet in which Camille Jordan had extolled the advantages of that + measure. Publicity, either by words or writing, was Bonaparte's horror. + Hence his aversion to public speakers and writers. + </p> + <p> + Camille Jordan was not the only person who made unavailing efforts to + arrest Bonaparte in the first steps of his ambition. There were yet in + France many men who, though they had hailed with enthusiasm the dawn of + the French Revolution, had subsequently been disgusted by its crimes, and + who still dreamed of the possibility of founding a truly Constitutional + Government in France. Even in the Senate there were some men indignant at + the usual compliance of that body, and who spoke of the necessity of + subjecting the Constitution to a revisal, in order to render it + conformable to the Consulate for life. + </p> + <p> + The project of revising the Constitution was by no means unsatisfactory to + Bonaparte. It afforded him an opportunity of holding out fresh glimmerings + of liberty to those who were too shortsighted to see into the future. He + was pretty certain that there could be no change but to his advantage. Had + any one talked to him of the wishes of the nation he would have replied, + "3,577,259 citizens have voted. Of these how many were for me? 3,368,185. + Compare the difference! There is but one vote in forty-five against me. I + must obey the will of the people!" To this he would not have failed to + add, "Whose are the votes opposed to me? Those of ideologists, Jacobins, + and peculators under the Directory." To such arguments what could have + been answered? It must not be supposed that I am putting these words into + Bonaparte's mouth. They fell from him oftener than once. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the state of the votes was ascertained the Senate conceived + itself under the necessity of repairing the only fault it had committed in + the eyes of the First Consul, and solemnly presented him with a new + 'Senatus-consulte', and a decree couched in the following terms: + </p> + <p> + ARTICLE I. The French people nominate and the Senate proclaim Napoleon + Bonaparte Consul for life. + </p> + <p> + ARTICLE II. A statue representing Peace, holding in one hand the laurel of + victory, and in the other the decree of the senate, shall commemorate to + posterity the gratitude of the Nation. + </p> + <p> + ARTICLE III. The Senate will convey to the First Consul the expression of + the confidence, the love, and the admiration of the French people. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte replied to the deputation from the Senate, in the presence of + the Diplomatic Body, whose audience had been appointed for that day in + order that the ambassadors might be enabled to make known to their + respective Courts that Europe reckoned one King more. In his reply he did + not fail to introduce the high-sounding words "liberty and equality." He + commenced thus: "A citizen's life belongs to his country. The French + people wish that mine should be entirely devoted to their service. I + obey." + </p> + <p> + On the day this ceremony took place, besides the audience of the + Diplomatic Body there was an extraordinary assemblage of general officers + and public functionaries. The principal apartments of the Tuileries's + presented the appearance of a fete. This gaiety formed a striking contrast + with the melancholy of Josephine, who felt that every step of the First + Consul towards the throne removed him farther from her. + </p> + <p> + She had to receive a party that evening, and though greatly depressed in + spirits she did the honours with her usual grace. + </p> + <p> + Let a Government be what it may, it can never satisfy everyone. At the + establishment of the Consulate for life, those who were averse to that + change formed but a feeble minority. But still they met, debated, + corresponded, and dreamed of the possibility of overthrowing the Consular + Government. + </p> + <p> + During the first six months of the year 1802 there were meetings of the + discontented, which Fouché, who was then Minister of the Police, knew and + would not condescend to notice; but, on the contrary, all the inferior + agents of the police contended for a prey which was easily seized, and, + with the view of magnifying their services, represented these secret + meetings as the effect of a vast plot against the Government. Bonaparte, + whenever he spoke to me on the subject, expressed himself weary of the + efforts which were made to give importance to trifles; and yet he received + the reports of the police agents as if he thought them of consequence. + This was because he thought Fouché badly informed, and he was glad to find + him at fault; but when he sent for the Minister of Police the latter told + him that all the reports he had received were not worth a moment's + attention. He told the First Consul all, and even a great deal more than + had been revealed to him, mentioning at the same time how and from whom + Bonaparte had received his information. + </p> + <p> + But these petty police details did not divert the First Consul's attention + from the great object he had in view. Since March 1802 he had attended the + sittings of the Council of State with remarkable regularity. Even while we + were at the Luxembourg he busied himself in drawing up a new code of laws + to supersede the incomplete collection of revolutionary laws, and to + substitute order for the sort of anarchy which prevailed in the + legislation. The man who were most distinguished for legal knowledge had + cooperated in this laborious task, the result of which was the code first + distinguished by the name of the Civil Code, and afterwards called the + Code Napoleon. The labours of this important undertaking being completed, + a committee was appointed for the presentation of the code. This + committee, of which Cambacérès was the president, was composed of MM. + Portalis, Merlin de Douai, and Tronchet. During all the time the + discussions were pending, instead of assembling as usual three times a + week, the Council of State assembled every day, and the sittings, which on + ordinary occasions only lasted two or three hours, were often prolonged to + five or six. The First Consul took such interest in these discussions + that, to have an opportunity of conversing upon them in the evening, he + frequently invited several members of the Council to dine with him. It was + during these conversations that I most admired the inconceivable + versatility of Bonaparte's genius, or rather, that superior instinct which + enabled him to comprehend at a glance, and in their proper point of view, + legislative questions to which he might have been supposed a stranger. + Possessing as he did, in a supreme degree, the knowledge of mankind, ideas + important to the science of government flashed upon his mind like sudden + inspirations. + </p> + <p> + Some time after his nomination to the Consulate for life, anxious to + perform a sovereign act, he went for the first time to preside at the + Senate. Availing myself that day of a few leisure moments I went out to + see the Consular procession. It was truly royal. The First Consul had + given orders that the military should-be ranged in the streets through + which he had to pass. On his first arrival at the Tuileries, Napoleon had + the soldiers of the Guard ranged in a single line in the interior of the + court, but he now ordered that the line should be doubled, and should + extend from the gate of the Tuileries to that of the Luxembourg. Assuming + a privilege which old etiquette had confined exclusively to the Kings of + France, Bonaparte now for the first time rode in a carriage drawn by eight + horses. A considerable number of carriages followed that of the First + Consul, which was surrounded by generals and aides de camp on horseback. + Louis XIV. going to hold a bed of justice at the Parliament of Paris never + displayed greater pomp than did Bonaparte in this visit to the Senate. He + appeared in all the parade of royalty; and ten Senators came to meet him + at the foot of the staircase of the Luxembourg. + </p> + <p> + The object of the First Consul's visit to the Senate was the presentation + of five plans of 'Senatus-consultes'. The other two Consuls were present + at the ceremony, which took place about the middle of August. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte returned in the same style in which he went, accompanied by M. + Lebrun, Cambacérès remaining at the Senate, of which he was President. The + five 'Senatus-consultes' were adopted, but a restriction was made in that + which concerned the forms of the Senate. It was proposed that when the + Consuls visited the Senate they should be received by a deputation of ten + members at the foot of the staircase, as the First Consul had that day + been received; but Bonaparte's brothers Joseph and Lucien opposed this, + and prevented the proposition from being adopted, observing that the + Second and Third Consuls being members of the Senate could not be received + with such honours by their colleagues. This little scene of political + courtesy, which was got up beforehand, was very well acted. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's visit to the Senate gave rise to a change of rank in the + hierarchy of the different authorities composing the Government. Hitherto + the Council of State had ranked higher in public opinion; but the Senate, + on the occasion of its late deputation to the Tuileries, had for the first + time, received the honour of precedency. This had greatly displeased some + of the Councillors of State, but Bonaparte did not care for that. He + instinctively saw that the Senate would do what he wished more readily + than the other constituted bodies, and he determined to augment its rights + and prerogatives even at the expense of the rights of the Legislative + Body. These encroachments of one power upon another, authorised by the + First Consul, gave rise to reports of changes in ministerial arrangements. + It was rumoured in Paris that the number of the ministers was to be + reduced to three, and that Lucien, Joseph, and M. de Talleyrand were to + divide among them the different portfolios. Lucien helped to circulate + these reports, and this increased the First Consul's dissatisfaction at + his conduct. The letters from Madrid, which were filled with complaints + against him, together with some scandalous adventures, known in Paris, + such as his running away with the wife of a 'limonadier', exceedingly + annoyed Bonaparte, who found his own family more difficult to govern than + France. + </p> + <p> + France, indeed, yielded with admirable facility to the yoke which, the + First Consul wished to impose on her. How artfully did he undo all that + the Revolution had done, never neglecting any means of attaining his + object! He loved to compare the opinions of those whom he called the + Jacobins with the opinions of the men of 1789; and even them he found too + liberal. He felt the ridicule which was attached to the mute character of + the Legislative Body, which he called his deaf and dumb assembly. But as + that ridicule was favourable to him he took care to preserve the assembly + as it was, and to turn it into ridicule whenever he spoke of it. In + general, Bonaparte's judgment must not be confounded with his actions. His + accurate mind enabled him to appreciate all that was good; but the + necessity of his situation enabled him to judge with equal shrewdness what + was useful to himself. + </p> + <p> + What I have just said of the Senate affords me an opportunity of + correcting an error which has frequently been circulated in the chit-chat + of Paris. It has erroneously been said of some persons that they refused + to become members of the Senate, and among the number have been mentioned + M. Ducis, M. de La Fayette, and the Marechal de Rochambeau. The truth is, + that no such refusals were ever made. The following fact, however, may + have contributed to raise these reports and give them credibility. + Bonaparte used frequently to say to persons in his salon and in his + cabinet; "You should be a Senator—a man like you should be a + Senator." But these complimentary words did not amount to a nomination. To + enter the Senate certain legal forms were to be observed. It was necessary + to be presented by the Senate, and after that presentation no one ever + refused to become a member of the body, to which Bonaparte gave additional + importance by the creation of "Senatoreries."—[Districts presided + over by a Senator.]—This creation took place in the beginning of + 1803. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0050" id="link2HCH0050"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XV + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The intoxication of great men—Unlucky zeal—MM. Maret, Champagny, + and Savary—M. de Talleyrand's real services—Postponement of the + execution of orders—Fouché and the Revolution—The Royalist + committee—The charter first planned during the Consulate—Mission + to Coblentz—Influence of the Royalists upon Josephine—The statue + and the pedestal—Madame de Genlis' romance of Madame de la + Valliere—The Legion of Honour and the carnations—Influence of the + Faubourg St. Germain—Inconsiderate step taken by Bonaparte—Louis + XVIII's indignation—Prudent advice of the Abbe Andre—Letter from + Louis XVIII. to Bonaparte—Council held at Neuilly—The letter + delivered—Indifference of Bonaparte, and satisfaction of the + Royalists. +</pre> + <p> + Perhaps one of the happiest ideas that ever were expressed was that of the + Athenian who said, "I appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober." The + drunkenness here alluded to is not of that kind which degrades a man to + the level of a brute, but that intoxication which is occasioned by + success, and which produces in the heads of the ambitious a sort of + cerebral congestion. Ordinary men are not subject to this excitement, and + can scarcely form an idea of it. But it is nevertheless true that the + fumes of glory and ambition occasionally derange the strongest heads; and + Bonaparte, in all the vigour of his genius, was often subject to + aberrations of judgment; for though his imagination never failed him, his + judgment was frequently at fault. + </p> + <p> + This fact may serve to explain, and perhaps even to excuse the faults with + which the First Consul has been most seriously reproached. The activity of + his mind seldom admitted of an interval between the conception and the + execution of a design; but when he reflected coolly on the first impulses + of his imperious will, his judgment discarded what was erroneous. Thus the + blind obedience, which, like an epidemic disease, infected almost all who + surrounded Bonaparte, was productive of the most fatal effects. The best + way to serve the First Consul was never to listen to the suggestions of + his first ideas, except on the field of battle, where his conceptions were + as happy as they were rapid. Thus, for example, MM. Maret, de Champagny, + and Savary evinced a ready obedience to Bonaparte's wishes, which often + proved very unfortunate, though doubtless dictated by the best intentions + on their part. To this fatal zeal may be attributed a great portion of the + mischief which Bonaparte committed. When the mischief was done, and past + remedy, Bonaparte deeply regretted it. How often have I heard him say that + Maret was animated by an unlucky zeal! This was the expression he made use + of. + </p> + <p> + M. de Talleyrand was almost the only one among the ministers who did not + flatter Bonaparte, and who really served both the First Consul and the + Emperor. When Bonaparte said to M. de Talleyrand, "Write so and so, and + send it off by a special courier," that minister was never in a hurry to + obey the order, because he knew the character of the First Consul well + enough to distinguish between what his passion dictated and what his + reason would approve: in short, he appealed from Philip drunk to Philip + sober. When it happened that M. de Talleyrand suspended the execution of + an order, Bonaparte never evinced the least displeasure. When, the day + after he had received any hasty and angry order, M. de Talleyrand + presented himself to the First Consul, the latter would say, "Well, did + you send off the courier?"—"No," the minister would reply, "I took + care not to do so before I showed you my letter." Then the First Consul + would usually add, "Upon second thoughts I think it would be best not to + send it." This was the way to deal with Bonaparte. When M. de Talleyrand + postponed sending off despatches, or when I myself have delayed the + execution of an order which I knew had been dictated by anger, and had + emanated neither from his heart nor his understanding, I have heard him + say a hundred times, "It was right, quite right. You understand me: + Talleyrand understands me also. This is the way to serve me: the others do + not leave me time for reflection: they are too precipitate." Fouché also + was one of those who did not on all occasions blindly obey Bonaparte's + commands. His other ministers, on the other hand, when told to send off a + courier the next morning, would have more probably sent him off the same + evening. This was from zeal, but was not the First Consul right in saying + that such zeal was unfortunate? + </p> + <p> + Of Talleyrand and Fouché, in their connections with the First Consul, it + might be said that the one represented the Constituent Assembly, with a + slight perfume of the old regime, and the other the Convention in all its + brutality. Bonaparte regarded Fouché as a complete personification of the + Revolution. With him, therefore, Fouché's influence was merely the + influence of the Revolution. That great event was one of those which had + made the most forcible impression on Bonaparte's ardent mind, and he + imagined he still beheld it in a visible form as long as Fouché continued + at the head of his police. I am now of opinion that Bonaparte was in some + degree misled as to the value of Fouché's services as a minister. No doubt + the circumstance of Fouché being in office conciliated those of the + Revolutionary party who were his friends. But Fouché cherished an undue + partiality for them, because he knew that it was through them he held his + place. He was like one of the old Condottieri, who were made friends of + lest they should become enemies, and who owed all their power to the + soldiers enrolled under their banners. + </p> + <p> + Such was Fouché, and Bonaparte perfectly understood his situation. He kept + the chief in his service until he could find an opportunity of disbanding + his undisciplined followers. But there was one circumstance which + confirmed his reliance on Fouché. He who had voted the death of the King + of France, and had influenced the minds of those who had voted with him, + offered Bonaparte the best guarantee against the attempts of the Royalists + for raising up in favour of the Bourbons the throne which the First Consul + himself had determined to ascend. Thus, for different reasons, Bonaparte + and Fouché had common interests against the House of Bourbon, and the + master's ambition derived encouragement from the supposed terror of the + servant. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul was aware of the existence in Paris of a Royalist + committee, formed for the purpose of corresponding with Louis XVIII. This + committee consisted of men who must not be confounded with those wretched + intriguers who were of no service to their employers, and were not + unfrequently in the pay of both Bonaparte and the Bourbons. The Royalist + committee, properly so called, was a very different thing. It consisted of + men professing rational principles of liberty, such as the Marquis de + Clermont Gallerande, the Abbe de Montesqieu, M. Becquet, and M. Royer + Collard. This committee had been of long standing; the respectable + individuals whose names I have just quoted acted upon a system hostile to + the despotism of Bonaparte, and favourable to what they conceived to be + the interests of France. Knowing the superior wisdom of Louis XVIII., and + the opinions which he had avowed and maintained in the Assembly of the + Notables, they wished to separate that Prince from the emigrants, and to + point him out to the nation as a suitable head of a reasonable + Constitutional Government. Bonaparte, whom I have often heard speak on the + subject, dreaded nothing so much as these ideas of liberty, in conjunction + with a monarchy. He regarded them as reveries, called the members of the + committee idle dreamers, but nevertheless feared the triumph of their + ideas. He confessed to me that it was to counteract the possible influence + of the Royalist committee that he showed himself so indulgent to those of + the emigrants whose monarchical prejudices he knew were incompatible with + liberal opinions. By the presence of emigrants who acknowledged nothing + short of absolute power, he thought he might paralyse the influence of the + Royalists of the interior; he therefore granted all such emigrants + permission to return. + </p> + <p> + About this time I recollect having read a document, which had been signed, + purporting to be a declaration of the principles of Louis XVIII. It was + signed by M. d'Andre, who bore evidence to its authenticity. The + principles contained in the declaration were in almost all points + conformable to the principles which formed the basis of the charter. Even + so early as 1792, and consequently previous to the fatal 21st of January, + Louis XVI., who knew the opinions of M. de Clermont Gallerande, sent him + on a mission to Coblentz to inform the Princes from him, and the Queen, + that they would be ruined by their emigration. I am accurately informed, + and I state this fact with the utmost confidence. I can also add with + equal certainty that the circumstance was mentioned by M. de Clermont + Gallerande in his Memoirs, and that the passage relative to his mission to + Coblentz was cancelled before the manuscript was sent to press. + </p> + <p> + During the Consular Government the object of the Royalist committee was to + seduce rather than to conspire. It was round Madame Bonaparte in + particular that their batteries were raised, and they did not prove + ineffectual. The female friends of Josephine filled her mind with ideas of + the splendour and distinction she would enjoy if the powerful hand which + had chained the Revolution should raise up the subverted throne. I must + confess that I was myself, unconsciously, an accomplice of the friends of + the throne; for what they wished for the interest of the Bourbons I then + ardently wished for the interest of Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + While endeavours were thus made to gain over Madame Bonaparte to the + interest of the royal family, brilliant offers were held out for the + purpose of dazzling the First Consul. It was wished to retemper for him + the sword of the constable Duguesclin; and it was hoped that a statue + erected to his honour would at once attest to posterity his spotless glory + and the gratitude of the Bourbons. But when these offers reached the ears + of Bonaparte he treated them with indifference, and placed no faith in + their sincerity. Conversing on the subject one day with M. de La Fayette + he said, "They offer me a statue, but I must look to the pedestal. They + may make it my prison." I did not hear Bonaparte utter these words; but + they were reported to me from a source, the authenticity of which may be + relied on. + </p> + <p> + About this time, when so much was said in the Royalist circles and in the + Faubourg St. Germain, of which the Hotel de Luynes was the headquarters, + about the possible return of the Bourbons, the publication of a popular + book contributed not a little to direct the attention of the public to the + most brilliant period of the reign of Louis XIV. The book was the + historical romance of Madame de la Valloire, by Madame de Genlis, who had + recently returned to France. Bonaparte read it, and I have since + understood that he was very well pleased with it, but he said nothing to + me about it. It was not until some time after that he complained of the + effect which was produced in Paris by this publication, and especially by + engravings representing scenes in the life of Louis XIV., and which were + exhibited in the shop-windows. The police received orders to suppress + these prints; and the order was implicitly obeyed; but it was not Fouché's + police. Fouché saw the absurdity of interfering with trifles. I recollect + that immediately after the creation of the Legion of Honour, it being + summer, the young men of Paris indulged in the whim of wearing a carnation + in a button-hole, which at a distance had rather a deceptive effect. + Bonaparte took this very seriously. He sent for Fouché, and desired him to + arrest those who presumed thus to turn the new order into ridicule. Fouché + merely replied that he would wait till the autumn; and the First Consul + understood that trifles were often rendered matters of importance by being + honoured with too much attention. + </p> + <p> + But though Bonaparte was piqued at the interest excited by the engravings + of Madame de Genlis' romance he manifested no displeasure against that + celebrated woman, who had been recommended to him by MM. de Fontanes and + Fievee and who addressed several letters to him. As this sort of + correspondence did not come within the routine of my business I did not + see the letters; but I heard from Madame Bonaparte that they contained a + prodigious number of proper names, and I have reason to believe that they + contributed not a little to magnify, in the eyes of the First Consul, the + importance of the Faubourg St. Germain, which, in spite of all his + courage, was a scarecrow to him. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte regarded the Faubourg St. Germain as representing the whole mass + of Royalist opinion; and he saw clearly that the numerous erasures from + the emigrant list had necessarily increased dissatisfaction among the + Royalists, since the property of the emigrants had not been restored to + its old possessors, even in those cases in which it had not been sold. It + was the fashion in a certain class to ridicule the unpolished manners of + the great men of the Republic compared with the manners of the nobility of + the old Court. The wives of certain generals had several times committed + themselves by their awkwardness. In many circles there was an affectation + of treating with contempt what are called the parvenus; those people who, + to use M. de Talleyrand's expression, do not know how to walk upon a + carpet. All this gave rise to complaints against the Faubourg St. Germain; + while, on the other hand, Bonaparte's brothers spared no endeavours to + irritate him against everything that was calculated to revive the + recollection of the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + Such were Bonaparte's feelings, and such was the state of society during + the year 1802. The fear of the Bourbons must indeed have had a powerful + influence on the First Consul before he could have been induced to take a + step which may justly be regarded as the most inconsiderate of his whole + life. After suffering seven months to elapse without answering the first + letter of Louis XVIII., after at length answering his second letter in the + tone of a King addressing a subject, he went so far as to write to Louis, + proposing that he should renounce the throne of his ancestors in his, + Bonaparte's, favour, and offering him as a reward for this renunciation a + principality in Italy, or a considerable revenue for himself and his + family. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Napoleon seems to have always known, as with Cromwell and the + Stuarts, that if his dynasty failed the Bourbons must succeed him. + "I remember," says Metternich, "Napoleon said to me, 'Do you know + why Louis XVIII. is not now sitting opposite to you? It is only + because it is I who am sitting here. No other person could maintain + his position; and if ever I disappear in consequence of a + catastrophe no one but a Bourbon could sit here.'" (Metternich, tome + i. p. 248). Farther, he said to Metternich, "The King overthrown, + the Republic was master of the soil of France. It is that which I + have replaced. The old throne of France is buried under its + rubbish. I had to found a new one. The Bourbons could not reign + over this creation. My strength lies in my fortune. I am new, like + the Empire; there is, therefore, a perfect homogeneity between the + Empire and myself."—"However," says Metternich, "I have often + thought that Napoleon, by talking in this way, merely sought to + study the opinion of others, or to confuse it, and the direct + advance which he made to Louis XVIII., in 1804 seemed to confirm + this suspicion. Speaking to me one day of this advance he said, + 'Monsieur's reply was grand; it was full of fine traditions. There + is something in legitimate rights which appeals to more than the + mere mind. If Monsieur had consulted his mind only he would have + arranged with me, and I should have made for him a magnificent + future'" (Metternich, tome i, p. 276). According to Iung's Lucien + (tome ii. p. 421), the letter written and signed by Napoleon, but + never sent, another draft being substituted, is still in the French + archives. Metternich speaks of Napoleon making a direct advance to + Louis XVIII. in 1804. According to Colonel Iung (Lucien Bonaparte, + tome ii. pp. 4211-426) the attempt was made through the King of + Prussia in 1802, the final answer of Louis being made on the 28th + February 1803, as given in the text, but with a postscript of his + nephew in addition, "With the permission of the King, my uncle, I + adhere with heart and soul to the contents of this note. + "(signed) LOUIS ANTOINE, Duc d'Angouleme." + + The reader will remark that there is no great interval between this + letter and the final break with the Bourbons by the death of the Duc + d'Enghien. At this time, according to Savory (tome iii. p. 241), + some of the Bourbons were receiving French pensions. The Prince de + Conti, the Duchesse de Bourbon, and the Duchesse d'Orleans, when + sent out of France by the Directory, were given pensions of from + 20,000 to 26,000 francs each. They lived in Catalonia. When the + French troops entered Spain in 1808 General Canclaux, a friend of + the Prince de Conti, brought to the notice of Napoleon that the + tiresome formalities insisted on by the pestilent clerks of all + nations were observed towards these regal personages. Gaudin, the + Minister of Finance, apparently on his own initiative, drew up a + decree increasing the pensions to 80,000 francs, and doing away with + the formalities. "The Emperor signed at once, thanking the Minister + of Finance." The reader, remembering the position of the French + Princes then, should compare this action of Napoleon with the + failure of the Bourbons in 1814 to pay the sums promised to + Napoleon, notwithstanding the strong remonstrances made at Vienna to + Talleyrand by Alexander and Lord Castlereagh. See Talleyrand's + Correspondence with Louis XVIII., tome ii. pp. 27, 28; or French + edition, pp. 285, 288.]— +</pre> + <p> + The reader will recollect the curious question which the First Consul put + to me on the subject of the Bourbons when we were walking in the park of + Malmaison. To the reply which I made to him on that occasion I attribute + the secrecy he observed towards me respecting the letter just alluded to. + I am indeed inclined to regard that letter as the result of one of his + private conferences with Lucien; but I know nothing positive on the + subject, and merely mention this as a conjecture. However, I had an + opportunity of ascertaining the curious circumstances which took place at + Mittau, when Bonaparte's letter was delivered to Louis XVIII. + </p> + <p> + That Prince was already much irritated against Bonaparte by his delay in + answering his first letter, and also by the tenor of his tardy reply; but + on reading the First Consul's second letter the dethroned King immediately + sat down and traced a few lines forcibly expressing his indignation at + such a proposition. The note, hastily written by Louis XVIII. in the first + impulse of irritation, bore little resemblance to the dignified and + elegant letter which Bonaparte received, and which I shall presently lay + before the reader. This latter epistle closed very happily with the + beautiful device of Francis I., "All is lost but honour." But the first + letter was stamped with a more chivalrous tone of indignation. The + indignant sovereign wrote it with his hand supported on the hilt of his + sword; but the Abbe Andre, in whom Louis XVIII. reposed great confidence, + saw the note, and succeeded, not without some difficulty, in soothing the + anger of the King, and prevailing on him to write the following letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I do not confound M. Bonaparte with those who have preceded him. + I esteem his courage and his military talents. I am grateful for + some acts of his government; for the benefits which are conferred on + my people will always be prized by me. + + But he errs in supposing that he can induce me to renounce my + rights; so far from that, he would confirm them, if they could + possibly be doubtful, by the step he has now taken. + + I am ignorant of the designs of Heaven respecting me and my + subjects; but I know the obligations which God has imposed upon me. + As a Christian, I will fulfil my duties to my last breath—as the + son of St. Louis, I would, like him, respect myself even in chains— + as the successor of Francis I., I say with him—'Tout est perdu 'hors + l'honneur'. + + MITTAU, 1802. LOUIS. +</pre> + <p> + Louis XVIII.'s letter having reached Paris, the Royalist committee + assembled, and were not a little embarrassed as to what should be done. + The meeting took place at Neuilly. After a long deliberation it was + suggested that the delivery of the letter should be entrusted to the Third + Consul, with whom the Abby de Montesqieu had kept up acquaintance since + the time of the Constituent Assembly. This suggestion was adopted. The + recollections of the commencement of his career, under Chancellor Maupeou, + had always caused M. Lebrun to be ranked in a distinct class by the + Royalists. For my part, I always looked upon him as a very honest man, a + warm advocate of equality, and anxious that it should be protected even by + despotism, which suited the views of the First Consul very well. The Abbe + de Montesquiou accordingly waited upon M. Lebrun, who undertook to deliver + the letter. Bonaparte received it with an air of indifference; but whether + that indifference were real or affected, I am to this day unable to + determine. He said very little to me about the ill success of the + negotiation with Louis XVIII. On this subject he dreaded, above all, the + interference of his brothers, who created around him a sort of commotion + which he knew was not without its influence, and which on several + occasions had excited his anger. + </p> + <p> + The letter of Louis XVIII. is certainly conceived in a tone of dignity + which cannot be too highly admired; and it may be said that Bonaparte on + this occasion rendered a real service to Louis by affording him the + opportunity of presenting to the world one of the finest pages in the + history of a dethroned King. This letter, the contents of which were known + in some circles of Paris, was the object of general approbation to those + who preserved the recollection of the Bourbons, and above all, to the + Royalist committee. The members of that committee, proud of the noble + spirit evinced by the unfortunate monarch, whose return they were + generously labouring to effect, replied to him by a sort of manifesto, to + which time has imparted interest, since subsequent events have fulfilled + the predictions it contained. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0051" id="link2HCH0051"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVI + </h2> + + 1802. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The day after my disgrace—Renewal of my duties—Bonaparte's + affected regard for me—Offer of an assistant—M. de Meneval—My + second rupture with Bonaparte—The Duc de Rovigo's account of it— + Letter from M. de Barbe Marbois—Real causes of my separation from + the First Consul—Postscript to the letter of M. de Barbe Marbois— + The black cabinet—Inspection of letters dining the Consulate— + I retire to St. Cloud—Communications from M. de Meneval—A week's + conflict between friendship and pride—My formal dismissal—Petty + revenge—My request to visit England—Monosyllabic answer—Wrong + suspicion—Burial of my papers—Communication from Duroc—My letter + to the First Consul—The truth acknowledged. +</pre> + <p> + I shall now return to the circumstances which followed my first disgrace, + of which I have already spoken. The day after that on which I had resumed + my functions I went as usual to awaken the First Consul at seven in the + morning. He treated me just the same as if nothing had happened between + us; and on my part I behaved to him just as usual, though I really + regretted being obliged to resume labours which I found too oppressive for + me. When Bonaparte came down into his cabinet he spoke to me of his plans + with his usual confidence, and I saw, from the number of letters lying in + the basket, that during the few days my functions had been suspended + Bonaparte had not overcome his disinclination to peruse this kind of + correspondence. At the period of this first rupture and reconciliation the + question of the Consulate for life was yet unsettled. It was not decided + until the 2d of August, and the circumstances to which I am about to refer + happened at the end of February. + </p> + <p> + I was now restored to my former footing of intimacy with the First Consul, + at least for a time; but I soon perceived that, after the scene which M. + de Talleyrand had witnessed, my duties in the Tuileries were merely + provisional, and might be shortened or prolonged according to + circumstances. I saw at the very first moment that Bonaparte had + sacrificed his wounded pride to the necessity (for such I may, without any + vanity, call it) of employing my services. The forced preference he + granted to me arose from the fact of his being unable to find any one able + to supply my place; for Duroc, as I have already said, showed a + disinclination to the business. I did not remain long in the dark + respecting the new situation in which I stood. I was evidently still under + quarantine; but the period of my quitting the port was undetermined. + </p> + <p> + A short time after our reconciliation the First Consul said to me, in a + cajoling tone of which I was not the dupe, "My dear Bourrienne, you cannot + do everything. Business increases, and will continue to increase. You know + what Corvisart says. You have a family; therefore it is right you should + take care of your health. You must not kill yourself with work; therefore + some one must be got to assist you. Joseph tells me that he can recommend + a secretary, one of whom he speaks very highly. He shall be under your + direction; he can make out your copies, and do all that can consistently + be required of him. This, I think, will be a great relief to you."—"I + ask for nothing better," replied I, "than to have the assistance of some + one who, after becoming acquainted with the business, may, some time or + other, succeed me." Joseph sent M. de Meneval, a young man who, to a good + education, added the recommendations of industry and prudence. I had every + reason to be satisfied with him. + </p> + <p> + It was now that Napoleon employed all those devices and caresses which + always succeeded so well with him, and which yet again gained the day, to + put an end to the inconvenience caused to him by my retirement, and to + retain me. Here I call every one who knew me as witnesses that nothing + could equal my grief and despair to find myself obliged to again begin my + troublesome work. My health had suffered much from it. Corvisart was a + clever counsellor, but it was only during the night that I could carry out + his advice. To resume my duties was to renounce all hope of rest, and even + of health. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[There is considerable truth in this statement about the effect on + his health. His successor, Meneval, without the same amount of + work, broke down and had to receive assistance (Meneval, tome i. p. + 149).]— +</pre> + <p> + I soon perceived the First Consul's anxiety to make M. de Meneval + acquainted with the routine of business, and accustomed to his manner. + Bonaparte had never pardoned me for having presumed to quit him after he + had attained so high a degree of power; he was only waiting for an + opportunity to punish me, and he seized upon an unfortunate circumstance + as an excuse for that separation which I had previously wished to bring + about. + </p> + <p> + I will explain this circumstance, which ought to have obtained for me the + consolation and assistance of the First Consul rather than the forfeiture + of his favour. My rupture with him has been the subject of various + misstatements, all of which I shall not take the trouble to correct; I + will merely notice what I have read in the Memoirs of the Duc de Rovigo, + in which it is stated that I was accused of peculation. M. de Rovigo thus + expresses himself: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Ever since the First Consul was invested with the supreme power his + life had been a continued scene of personal exertion. He had for + his private secretary M. de Bourrienne, a friend and companion of + his youth, whom he now made the sharer of all his labours. He + frequently sent for him in the dead of the night, and particularly + insisted upon his attending him every morning at seven. Bourrienne + was punctual in his attendance with the public papers, which he had + previously glanced over. The First Consul almost invariably read + their contents himself; he then despatched some business, and sat + down to table just as the clock struck nine. His breakfast, which + lasted six minutes, was no sooner over than he returned to his + cabinet, only left it for dinner, and resumed his close occupation + immediately after, until ten at night, which was his usual hour for + retiring to rest. + + Bourrienne was gifted with a most wonderful memory; he could speak + and write many languages, and would make his pen follow as fast as + words were uttered. He possessed many other advantages; he was well + acquainted with the administrative departments, was versed in the + law of nations, and possessed a zeal and activity which rendered his + services quite indispensable to the First Consul. I have known the + several grounds upon which the unlimited confidence placed in him by + his chief rested, but am unable to speak with equal assurance of the + errors which occasioned his losing that confidence. + + Bourrienne had many enemies; some were owing to his personal + character, a greater number to the situation which he held. + Others were jealous of the credit he enjoyed with the Head of the + Government; others, again, discontented at his not making that + credit subservient to their personal advantage. Some even imputed + to him the want of success that had attended their claims. It was + impossible to bring any charge against him on the score of + deficiency of talent or of indiscreet conduct; his personal habits + were watched—it was ascertained that he engaged in financial + speculations. An imputation could easily be founded on this + circumstance. Peculation was accordingly laid to his charge. + + This was touching the most tender ground, for the First Consul held + nothing in greater abhorrence than unlawful gains. A solitary + voice, however, would have failed in an attempt to defame the + character of a man for whom he had so long felt esteem and + affection; other voices, therefore, were brought to bear against + him. Whether the accusations were well founded or otherwise, it is + beyond a doubt that all means were resorted to for bringing them to + the knowledge of the First Consul. + + The most effectual course that suggested itself was the opening a + correspondence either with the accused party direct, or with those + with whom it was felt indispensable to bring him into contact; this + correspondence was carried on in a mysterious manner, and related to + the financial operations that had formed the grounds of a charge + against him.—Thus it is that, on more than one occasion, the very + channels intended for conveying truth to the knowledge of a + sovereign have been made available to the purpose of communicating + false intelligence to him. To give an instance. + + Under the reign of Louis XV., and even under the Regency, the Post + Office was organized into a system of minute inspection, which did + not indeed extend to every letter, but was exercised over all such + as afforded grounds for suspicion. They were opened, and, when it + was not deemed safe to suppress them, copies were taken, and they + were returned to their proper channel without the least delay. Any + individual denouncing another may, by the help of such an + establishment, give great weight to his denunciation. It is + sufficient for his purpose that he should throw into the Post Office + any letter so worded as to confirm the impression which it is his + object to convey. The worthiest man may thus be committed by a + letter which he has never read, or the purport of which is wholly + unintelligible to him. + + I am speaking from personal experience. It once happened that a + letter addressed to myself, relating to an alleged fact which had + never occurred, was opened. A copy of the letter so opened was also + forwarded to me, as it concerned the duties which I had to perform + at that time; but I was already in possession of the original, + transmitted through the ordinary channel. Summoned to reply to the + questions to which such productions had given rise, I took that + opportunity of pointing out the danger that would accrue from + placing a blind reliance upon intelligence derived from so hazardous + a source. Accordingly, little importance was afterwards attached to + this means of information; but the system was in operation at the + period when M. de Bourrienne was disgraced; his enemies took care to + avail themselves of it; they blackened his character with M. de + Barbe Marbois, who added to their accusations all the weight of his + unblemished character. The opinion entertained by this rigid public + functionary, and many other circumstances, induced the First Consul + to part with his secretary (tome i. p. 418). +</pre> + <p> + Peculation is the crime of those who make a fraudulent use of the public + money. But as it was not in my power to meddle with the public money, no + part of which passed through my hands, I am at loss to conceive how I can + be charged with peculation! The Duc de Rovigo is not the author, but + merely the echo, of this calumny; but the accusation to which his Memoirs + gave currency afforded M. de Barbe Marbois an opportunity of adding one + more to the many proofs he has given of his love of justice. + </p> + <p> + I had seen nothing of the Memoirs of the Duc de Rovigo except their + announcement in the journals, when a letter from M. de Barbe Marbois was + transmitted to me from my family. It was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SIR—My attention has been called to the enclosed article in a + recent publication. The assertion it contains is not true, and I + conceive it to be a duty both to you and myself to declare that I + then was, and still am, ignorant of the causes of the separation in + question:—I am, etc. + (Signed) MARBOIS +</pre> + <p> + I need say no more in my justification. This unsolicited testimony of M. + de Marbois is a sufficient contradiction to the charge of peculation which + has been raised against me in the absence of correct information + respecting the real causes of my rupture with the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + M. le Duc de Rovigo also observes that my enemies were numerous. My + concealed adversaries were indeed all those who were interested that the + sovereign should not have about him, as his confidential companion, a man + devoted to his glory and not to his vanity. In expressing his + dissatisfaction with one of his ministers Bonaparte had said, in the + presence of several individuals, among whom was M. Maret, "If I could find + a second Bourrienne I would get rid of you all." This was sufficient to + raise against me the hatred of all who envied the confidence of which I + was in possession. + </p> + <p> + The failure of a firm in Paris in which I had invested a considerable sum + of money afforded an opportunity for envy and malignity to irritate the + First Consul against me. Bonaparte, who had not yet forgiven me for + wishing to leave him, at length determined to sacrifice my services to a + new fit of ill-humour. + </p> + <p> + A mercantile house, then one of the most respectable in Patna, had among + its speculations undertaken some army contracts. With the knowledge of + Berthier, with whom, indeed, the house had treated, I had invested some + money in this business. Unfortunately the principals were, unknown to me, + engaged in dangerous speculations in the Funds, which in a short time so + involved them as to occasion their failure for a heavy amount. This caused + a rumour that a slight fall of the Funds, which took place at that period, + was occasioned by the bankruptcy; and the First Consul, who never could + understand the nature of the Funds, gave credit to the report. He was made + to believe that the business of the Stock Exchange was ruined. It was + insinuated that I was accused of taking advantage of my situation to + produce variations in the Funds, though I was so unfortunate as to lose + not only my investment in the bankrupt house, but also a sum of money for + which I had become bound, by way of surety, to assist the house in + increasing its business. I incurred the violent displeasure of the First + Consul, who declared to me that he no longer required my services. I + might, perhaps have cooled his irritation by reminding him that he could + not blame me for purchasing an interest in a contract, since he himself + had stipulated for a gratuity of 1,500,000 francs for his brother Joseph + out of the contract for victualling the navy. But I saw that for some time + past M. de Meneval had begun to supersede me, and the First Consul only + wanted such an opportunity as this for coming to a rupture with me. + </p> + <p> + Such is a true statement of the circumstances which led to my separation + from Bonaparte. I defy any one to adduce a single fact in support of the + charge of peculation, or any transaction of the kind; I fear no + investigation of my conduct. When in the service of Bonaparte I caused + many appointments to be made, and many names to be erased from the + emigrant list before the 'Senatus-consulte' of the 6th Floréal, year X.; + but I never counted upon gratitude, experience having taught me that it + was an empty word. + </p> + <p> + The Duc de Rovigo attributed my disgrace to certain intercepted letters + which injured me in the eyes of the First Consul. I did not know this at + the time, and though I was pretty well aware of the machinations of + Bonaparte's adulators, almost all of whom were my enemies, yet I did not + contemplate such an act of baseness. But a spontaneous letter from M. de + Barbe Marbois at length opened my eyes, and left little doubt on the + subject. The following is the postscript to that noble peer's letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I recollect that one Wednesday the First Consul, while presiding at + a Council of Ministers at St. Cloud, opened a note, and, without + informing us what it contained, hastily left the Board, apparently + much agitated. In a few minutes he returned and told us that your + functions had ceased. +</pre> + <p> + Whether the sudden displeasure of the First Consul was excited by a false + representation of my concern in the transaction which proved so + unfortunate to me, or whether Bonaparte merely made that a pretence for + carrying into execution a resolution which I am convinced had been + previously adopted, I shall not stop to determine; but the Duc de Rovigo + having mentioned the violation of the secrecy of letters in my case, I + shall take the opportunity of stating some particulars on that subject. + </p> + <p> + Before I wrote these Memoirs the existence in the Post Office of the + cabinet, which had obtained the epithet of black, had been denounced in + the chamber of deputies, and the answer was, that it no longer existed, + which of course amounted to an admission that it had existed. I may + therefore, without indiscretion, state what I know respecting it. + </p> + <p> + The "black cabinet" was established in the reign of Louis XV., merely for + the purpose of prying into the scandalous gossip of the Court and the + capital. The existence of this cabinet soon became generally known to + every one. The numerous postmasters who succeeded each other, especially + in latter times, the still more numerous Post Office clerks, and that + portion of the public who are ever on the watch for what is held up as + scandalous, soon banished all the secrecy of the affair, and none but + fools were taken in by it. All who did not wish to be committed by their + correspondence chose better channels of communication than the Post; but + those who wanted to ruin an enemy or benefit a friend long continued to + avail themselves of the black cabinet, which, at first intended merely to + amuse a monarch's idle hours, soon became a medium of intrigue, dangerous + from the abuse that might be made of it. + </p> + <p> + Every morning, for three years, I used to peruse the portfolio containing + the bulletins of the black cabinet, and I frankly confess that I never + could discover any real cause for the public indignation against it, + except inasmuch as it proved the channel of vile intrigue. Out of 30,000 + letters, which daily left Paris to be distributed through France and all + parts of the world, ten or twelve, at most, were copied, and often only a + few lines of them. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte at first proposed to send complete copies of intercepted letters + to the ministers whom their contents might concern; but a few observations + from me induced him to direct that only the important passages should be + extracted and sent. I made these extracts, and transmitted them to their + destinations, accompanied by the following words: "The First Consul + directs me to inform you that he has just received the following + information," etc. Whence the information came was left to be guessed at. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul daily received through this channel about a dozen + pretended letters, the writers of which described their enemies as + opponents of the Government, or their friends as models of obedience and + fidelity to the constituted authorities. But the secret purpose of this + vile correspondence was soon discovered, and Bonaparte gave orders that no + more of it should be copied. I, however, suffered from it at the time of + my disgrace, and was well-nigh falling a victim to it at a subsequent + period. + </p> + <p> + The letter mentioned by M. de Marbois, and which was the occasion of this + digression on the violation of private correspondence, derived importance + from the circumstance that Wednesday, the 20th of October, when Bonaparte + received it, was the day on which I left the Consular palace. + </p> + <p> + I retired to a house which Bonaparte had advised me to purchase at St. + Cloud, and for the fitting up and furnishing of which he had promised to + pay. We shall see how he kept this promise! I immediately sent to direct + Landoire, the messenger of Bonaparte's cabinet, to place all letters sent + to me in the First Consul's portfolio, because many intended for him came + under cover for me. In consequence of this message I received the + following letter from M. de Meneval: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MY DEAR BOURRIENNE—I cannot believe that the First Consul would + wish that your letters should be presented to him. I presume you + allude only to those which may concern him, and which come addressed + under cover to you. The First Consul has written to citizens + Lavallette and Mollien directing them to address their packets to + him. I cannot allow Landoire to obey the order you sent. + + The First Consul yesterday evening evinced great regret. He + repeatedly said, "How miserable I am! I have known that man since + he was seven years old." I cannot but believe that he will + reconsider his unfortunate decision. I have intimated to him that + the burden of the business is too much for me, and that he must be + extremely at a loss for the services of one to whom he was so much + accustomed, and whose situation, I am confident, nobody else can + satisfactorily fill. He went to bed very low-spirited. I am, etc. + (Signed) MENEVAL. + + 19 Vendemiaire, an X. + (21st October 1802.) +</pre> + <p> + Next day I received another letter from M. Meneval as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I send you your letters. The First Consul prefers that you should + break them open, and send here those which are intended for him. I + enclose some German papers, which he begs you to translate. + + Madame Bonaparte is much interested in your behalf; and I can assure + you that no one more heartily desires than the First Consul himself + to see you again at your old post, for which it would be difficult + to find a successor equal to you, either as regards fidelity or + fitness. I do not relinquish the hope of seeing you here again. +</pre> + <p> + A whole week passed away in conflicts between the First Consul's + friendship and pride. The least desire he manifested to recall me was + opposed by his flatterers. On the fifth day of our separation he directed + me to come to him. He received me with the greatest kindness, and after + having good-humouredly told me that I often expressed myself with too much + freedom—a fault I was never solicitous to correct—he added: "I + regret your absence much. You were very useful to me. You are neither too + noble nor too plebeian, neither too aristocratic nor too Jacobinical. You + are discreet and laborious. You understand me better than any one else; + and, between ourselves be it said, we ought to consider this a sort of + Court. Look at Duroc, Bessières, Maret. However, I am very much inclined + to take you back; but by so doing I should confirm the report that I + cannot do without you." + </p> + <p> + Madame Bonaparte informed me that she had heard persons to whom Bonaparte + expressed a desire to recall me observe, "What would you do? People will + say you cannot do without him. You have got rid of him now; therefore + think no more about him: and as for the English newspapers, he gave them + more importance than they really deserved: you will no longer be troubled + with them." This will bring to mind a scene—which occurred at + Malmaison on the receipt of some intelligence in the 'London Gazette'. + </p> + <p> + I am convinced that if Bonaparte had been left to himself he would have + recalled me, and this conviction is warranted by the interval which + elapsed between his determination to part with me and the formal + announcement of my dismissal. Our rupture took place on the 20th of + October, and on the 8th of November following the First Consul sent me the + following letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZEN BOURRIENNE, MINISTER OF STATE—I am satisfied with the + services which you have rendered me during the time you have been + with me; but henceforth they are no longer necessary. I wish you to + relinquish, from this time, the functions and title of my private + secretary. I shall seize an early opportunity of providing for you + in a way suited to your activity and talents, and conducive to the + public service. + (Signed)BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + If any proof of the First Consul's malignity were wanting it would be + furnished by the following fact:—A few days after the receipt of the + letter which announced my dismissal I received a note from Duroc; but, to + afford an idea of the petty revenge of him who caused it to be written, it + will be necessary first to relate a few preceding circumstances. + </p> + <p> + When, with the view of preserving a little freedom, I declined the offer + of apartments which Madame Bonaparte had prepared at Malmaison for myself + and my family, I purchased a small house at Ruel: the First Consul had + given orders for the furnishing of this house, as well as one which I + possessed in Paris. From the manner in which the orders were given I had + not the slightest doubt but that Bonaparte intended to make me a present + of the furniture. However, when I left his service he applied to have it + returned. As at first I paid no attention to his demand, as far as it + concerned the furniture at Ruel, he directed Duroc to write the following + letter to me: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The First Consul, my dear Bourrienne, has just ordered me to send + him this evening the keys of your residence in Paris, from which the + furniture is not to be removed. + + He also directs me to put into a warehouse whatever furniture you + may have at Ruel or elsewhere which you have obtained from + Government. + + I beg of you to send me an answer, so as to assist me in the + execution of these orders. You promised me to have everything + settled before the First Consul's return. I must excuse myself in + the best way I can. + (Signed) DUROC. + + 24 Brumaire, an X. + (15th November 1802.) +</pre> + <p> + Believing myself to be master of my own actions, I had formed the design + of visiting England, whither I was called by some private business. + However, I was fully aware of the peculiarity of my situation, and I was + resolved to take no step that should in any way justify a reproach. + </p> + <p> + On the 11th of January I therefore wrote to Duroc: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My affairs require my presence in England for some time. I beg of + you, my dear Duroc, to mention my intended journey to the First + Consul, as I do not wish to do anything inconsistent with his views. + I would rather sacrifice my own interest than displease him. I rely + on your friendship for an early answer to this, for uncertainty + would be fatal to me in many respects. +</pre> + <p> + The answer, which speedily arrived, was as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MY DEAR BOURRIENNE—I have presented to the First Consul the letter + I just received from you. He read it, and said, "No!" + + That is the only answer I can give you. (Signed) DUROC. +</pre> + <p> + This monosyllable was expressive. It proved to me that Bonaparte was + conscious how ill he had treated me; and, suspecting that I was actuated + by the desire of vengeance, he was afraid of my going to England, lest I + should there take advantage of that liberty of the press which he had so + effectually put down in France. He probably imagined that my object was to + publish statements which would more effectually have enlightened the + public respecting his government and designs than all the scandalous + anecdotes, atrocious calumnies, and ridiculous fabrications of Pelletier, + the editor of the 'Ambigu'. But Bonaparte was much deceived in this + supposition; and if there can remain any doubt on that subject, it will be + removed on referring to the date of these Memoirs, and observing the time + at which I consented to publish them. + </p> + <p> + I was not deceived as to the reasons of Bonaparte's unceremonious refusal + of my application; and as I well knew his inquisitorial character, I + thought it prudent to conceal my notes. I acted differently from Camoens. + He contended with the sea to preserve his manuscripts; I made the earth + the depository of mine. I carefully enclosed my most valuable notes and + papers in a tin box, which I buried under ground. A yellow tinge, the + commencement of decay, has in some places almost obliterated the writing. + </p> + <p> + It will be seen in the sequel that my precaution was not useless, and that + I was right in anticipating the persecution of Bonaparte, provoked by the + malice of my enemies. On the 20th of April Duroc sent me the following + note: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I beg, my dear Bourrienne, that you will come to St. Cloud this + morning. I have something to tell you on the part of the First + Consul. + (Signed) DUROC. +</pre> + <p> + This note caused me much anxiety. I could not doubt but that my enemies + had invented some new calumny; but I must say that I did not expect such + baseness as I experienced. + </p> + <p> + As soon as Duroc had made me acquainted with the business which the First + Consul had directed him to communicate, I wrote on the spot the subjoined + letter to Bonaparte: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + At General Duroc's desire I have this moment waited upon him, and he + informs me that you have received notice that a deficit of 100,000 + francs has been discovered in the Treasury of the Navy, which you + require me to refund this day at noon. + + Citizen First Consul, I know not what this means! I am utterly + ignorant of the matter. I solemnly declare to you that this charge + is a most infamous calumny. It is one more to be added to the + number of those malicious charges which have been invented for the + purpose of destroying any influence I might possess with you. + + I am in General Duroc's apartment, where I await your orders. +</pre> + <p> + Duroc carried my note to the First Consul as soon as it was written. He + speedily returned. "All's right!" said he. "He has directed me to say it + was entirely a mistake!—that he is now convinced he was deceived! + that he is sorry for the business, and hopes no more will be said about + it." + </p> + <p> + The base flatterers who surrounded Bonaparte wished him to renew his + Egyptian extortions upon me; but they should have recollected that the + fusillade employed in Egypt for the purpose of raising money was no longer + the fashion in France, and that the days were gone by when it was the + custom to 'grease the wheels of the revolutionary car.' + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0052" id="link2HCH0052"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVII. + </h2> + + 1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The First Consul's presentiments respecting the duration of peace— + England's uneasiness at the prosperity of France—Bonaparte's real + wish for war—Concourse of foreigners in Paris—Bad faith of + England—Bonaparte and Lord Whitworth—Relative position of France + and England-Bonaparte's journey to the seaboard departments— + Breakfast at Compiegne—Father Berton—Irritation excited by the + presence of Bouquet—Father Berton's derangement and death—Rapp + ordered to send for me—Order countermanded. +</pre> + <p> + The First Consul never anticipated a long peace with England. He wished + for peace merely because, knowing it to be ardently desired by the people, + after ten years of war he thought it would increase his popularity and + afford him the opportunity of laying the foundation of his government. + Peace was as necessary to enable him to conquer the throne of France as + war was essential to secure it, and to enlarge its base at the expense of + the other thrones of Europe. This was the secret of the peace of Amiens, + and of the rupture which so suddenly followed, though that rupture + certainly took place sooner than the First Consul wished. On the great + questions of peace and war Bonaparte entertained elevated ideas; but in + discussions on the subject he always declared himself in favour of war. + When told of the necessities of the people, of the advantages of peace, + its influence on trade, the arts, national industry, and every branch of + public prosperity, he did not attempt to deny the argument; indeed, he + concurred in it; but he remarked, that all those advantages were only + conditional, so long as England was able to throw the weight of her navy + into the scale of the world, and to exercise the influence of her gold in + all the Cabinets of Europe. Peace must be broken; since it was evident + that England was determined to break it. Why not anticipate her? Why allow + her to have all the advantages of the first step? We must astonish Europe! + We must thwart the policy of the Continent! We must strike a great and + unexpected blow. Thus reasoned the First Consul, and every one may judge + whether his actions agreed with his sentiments. + </p> + <p> + The conduct of England too well justified the foresight of Bonaparte's + policy; or rather England, by neglecting to execute her treaties, played + into Bonaparte's hand, favoured his love for war, and justified the prompt + declaration of hostilities in the eyes of the French nation, whom he + wished to persuade that if peace were broken it would be against his + wishes. England was already at work with the powerful machinery of her + subsidies, and the veil beneath which she attempted to conceal her + negotiations was still sufficiently transparent for the lynx eye of the + First Consul. It was in the midst of peace that all those plots were + hatched, while millions who had no knowledge of their existence were + securely looking forward to uninterrupted repose. + </p> + <p> + Since the Revolution Paris had never presented such a spectacle as during + the winter of 1802-3. At that time the concourse of foreigners in the + French capital was immense. Everything wore the appearance of + satisfaction, and the external signs of public prosperity. The visible + regeneration in French society exceedingly annoyed the British Ministry. + The English who flocked to the Continent discovered France to be very + different from what she was described to be by the English papers. This + caused serious alarm on the other side of the Channel, and the English + Government endeavoured by unjust complaints to divert attention from just + dissatisfaction, which its own secret intrigues excited. The King of + England sent a message to Parliament, in which he spoke of armaments + preparing in the ports of France, and of the necessity of adopting + precautions against meditated aggressions. This instance of bad faith + highly irritated the First Consul, who one day, in a fit of displeasure, + thus addressed Lord Whitworth in the salon, where all the foreign + Ambassadors were assembled: + </p> + <p> + "What is the meaning of this? Are you then tired of peace? Must Europe + again be deluged with blood? Preparations for war indeed! Do you think to + overawe us by this? You shall see that France may be conquered, perhaps + destroyed, but never intimidated—never!" + </p> + <p> + The English Ambassador was astounded at this unexpected sally, to which he + made no reply. He contented himself with writing to his Government an + account of an interview in which the First Consul had so far forgotten + himself,-whether purposely or not I do not pretend to say. + </p> + <p> + That England wished for war there could be no doubt. She occupied Malta, + it is true, but she had promised to give it up, though she never had any + intention of doing so. She was to have evacuated Egypt, yet there she + still remained; the Cape of Good Hope was to have been surrendered, but + she still retained possession of it. England had signed, at Amiens, a + peace which she had no intention of maintaining. She knew the hatred of + the Cabinets of Europe towards France, and she was sure, by her intrigues + and subsidies, of arming them on her side whenever her plans reached + maturity. She saw France powerful and influential in Europe, and she knew + the ambitious views of the First Consul, who, indeed, had taken little + pains to conceal them. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, who had reckoned on a longer duration of the peace of + Amiens, found himself at the rupture of the treaty in an embarrassing + situation. The numerous grants of furloughs, the deplorable condition of + the cavalry, and the temporary absence of artillery, in consequence of a + project for refounding all the field-pieces, caused much anxiety to + Bonaparte. He had recourse to the conscription to fill up the deficiencies + of the army; and the project of refounding the artillery was abandoned. + Supplies of money were obtained from the large towns, and Hanover, which + was soon after occupied, furnished abundance of good horses for mounting + the cavalry. + </p> + <p> + War had now become inevitable; and as soon as it was declared the First + Consul set out to visit Belgium and the seaboard departments to ascertain + the best means of resisting the anticipated attacks of the English. In + passing through Compiegne he received a visit from Father Berton, formerly + principal of the military school of Brienne. He was then rector of the + school of arts at Compiegne, a situation in which he had been placed by + Bonaparte. I learned the particulars of this visit through Josephine. + Father Berton, whose primitive simplicity of manner was unchanged since + the time when he held us under the authority of his ferule, came to invite + Bonaparte and Josephine to breakfast with him, which invitation was + accepted. Father Berton had at that time living with him one of our old + comrades of Brienne, named Bouquet; but he expressly forbade him to show + himself to Bonaparte or any one of his suite, because Bouquet, who had + been a commissary at headquarters in Italy, was in disgrace with the First + Consul. Bouquet promised to observe Father Berton's injunctions, but was + far from keeping his promise. As soon as he saw Bonaparte's carriage drive + up, he ran to the door and gallantly handed out Josephine. Josephine, as + she took his hand, said, "Bouquet,—you have ruined yourself!" + Bonaparte, indignant at what he considered an unwarrantable familiarity, + gave way to one of his uncontrollable fits of passion, and as soon as he + entered the room where the breakfast was laid, he seated himself, and then + said to his wife in an imperious tone, "Josephine, sit there!" He then + commenced breakfast, without telling Father Becton to sit down, although a + third plate had been laid for him. Father Becton stood behind his old + pupil's chair apparently confounded at his violence. The scene produced + such an effect on the old man that he became incapable of discharging his + duties at Compiegne. He retired to Rheims, and his intellect soon after + became deranged. I do not pretend to say whether this alienation of mind + was caused by the occurrence I have just related, and the account of which + I received from Josephine. She was deeply afflicted at what had passed. + Father Berton died insane. What I heard from Josephine was afterwards + confirmed by the brother of Father Becton. The fact is, that in proportion + as Bonaparte acquired power he was the more annoyed at the familiarity of + old companions; and, indeed, I must confess that their familiarity often + appeared very ridiculous. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul's visit to the northern coast took place towards the end + of the year 1803, at which time the English attacked the Dutch settlements + of Surinam, Demerara, and Essequibo, and a convention of neutrality was + concluded between France, Spain, and Portugal. Rapp accompanied the First + Consul, who attentively inspected the preparations making for a descent on + England, which it was never his intention to effect, as will be shortly + shown. + </p> + <p> + On the First Consul's return I learned from Rapp that I had been spoken of + during the journey, and in the following way:—Bonaparte, being at + Boulogne, wanted some information which no one there could give, him. + Vexed at receiving no satisfactory answer to his inquiries he called Rapp, + and said, "Do you know, Rapp, where Bourrienne is?"—"General, he is + in Paris."—"Write to him to come here immediately, and send off one + of my couriers with the letter." The rumour of the First Consul's sudden + recollection of me spread like lightning, and the time required to write + the letter and despatch the courier was more than sufficient for the + efforts of those whom my return was calculated to alarm. Artful + representations soon checked these spontaneous symptoms of a return to + former feelings and habits. When Rapp carried to the First Consul the + letter he had been directed to write the order was countermanded. However, + Rapp advised me not to leave Paris, or if I did, to mention the place + where I might be found, so that Duroc might have it in his power to seize + on any favourable circumstance without delay. I was well aware of the + friendship of both Rapp and Duroc, and they could as confidently rely on + mine. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0053" id="link2HCH0053"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVIII. + </h2> + + 1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Vast works undertaken—The French and the Roman soldiers—Itinerary + of Bonaparte's journeys to the coast—Twelve hours on horseback— + Discussions in Council—Opposition of Truguet—Bonaparte'a opinion + on the point under discussion—Two divisions of the world—Europe a + province—Bonaparte's jealousy of the dignity of France—The + Englishman in the dockyard of Brest—Public audience at the + Tuilleries—The First Consul's remarks upon England—His wish to + enjoy the good opinion of the English people—Ball at Malmaison— + Lines on Hortense's dancing—Singular motive for giving the ball. +</pre> + <p> + At the time of the rupture with England Bonaparte was, as I have + mentioned, quite unprepared in most branches of the service; yet + everything was created as if by magic, and he seemed to impart to others a + share of his own incredible activity. It is inconceivable how many things + had been undertaken and executed since the rupture of the peace. The north + coast of France presented the appearance of one vast arsenal; for + Bonaparte on this occasion employed his troops like Roman soldiers, and + made the tools of the artisan succeed to the arms of the warrior. + </p> + <p> + On his frequent journeys to the coast Bonaparte usually set off at night, + and on the following morning arrived at the post office of Chantilly, + where he breakfasted. Rapp, whom I often saw when he was in Paris, talked + incessantly of these journeys, for he almost always accompanied the First + Consul, and it would have been well had he always been surrounded by such + men. In the evening the First Consul supped at Abbeville, and arrived + early next day at the bridge of Brique. "It would require constitutions of + iron to go through what we do," said Rapp. "We no sooner alight from the + carriage than we mount on horseback, and sometimes remain in our saddles + for ten or twelve hours successively. The First Consul inspects and + examines everything, often talks with the soldiers. How he is beloved by + them! When shall we pay a visit to London with those brave fellows?" + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding these continual journeys the First Consul never neglected + any of the business of government, and was frequently present at the + deliberations of the Council. I was still with him when the question as to + the manner in which the treaties of peace should be concluded came under + the consideration of the Council. Some members, among whom Truguet was + conspicuous, were of opinion that, conformably with an article of the + Constitution, the treaties should be proposed by the Head of the + Government, submitted to the Legislative Body, and after being agreed to + promulgated as part of the laws. Bonaparte thought differently. I was + entirely of his opinion, and he said to me, "It is for the mere pleasure + of opposition that they appeal to the Constitution, for if the + Constitution says so it is absurd. There are some things which cannot + become the subject of discussion in a public assembly; for instance, if I + treat with Austria, and my Ambassador agrees to certain conditions, can + those conditions be rejected by the Legislative Body? It is a monstrous + absurdity! Things would be brought to a fine pass in this way! Lucchesini + and Markow would give dinners every day like Cambacérès; scatter their + money about, buy men who are to be sold, and thus cause our propositions + to be rejected. This would be a fine way to manage matters!" + </p> + <p> + When Bonaparte, according to his custom, talked to me in the evening of + what had passed in the Council, his language was always composed of a + singular mixture of quotations from antiquity, historical references, and + his own ideas. He talked about the Romans, and I remember when Mr. Fox was + at Paris that he tried to distinguish himself before that Foreign + Minister, whom he greatly esteemed. In his enlarged way of viewing the + world Bonaparte divided it into two large states, the East and the West: + "What matters," he would often say, "that two countries are separated by + rivers or mountains, that they speak different languages? With very slight + shades of variety France, Spain, England, Italy, and Germany, have the + same manners and customs, the same religion, and the same dress. In them a + man can only marry one wife; slavery is not allowed; and these are the + great distinctions which divide the civilised inhabitants of the globe. + With the exception of Turkey, Europe is merely a province of the world, + and our warfare is but civil strife. There is also another way of dividing + nations, namely, by land and water." Then he would touch on all the + European interests, speak of Russia, whose alliance he wished for, and of + England, the mistress of the seas. He usually ended by alluding to what + was then his favourite scheme—an expedition to India. + </p> + <p> + When from these general topics Bonaparte descended to the particular + interests of France, he still spoke like a sovereign; and I may truly say + that he showed himself more jealous than any sovereign ever was of the + dignity of France, of which he already considered himself the sole + representative. Having learned that a captain of the English navy had + visited the dockyard of Brest passing himself off as a merchant, whose + passport he had borrowed, he flew into a rage because no one had ventured + to arrest him.—[see James' Naval History for an account of Sir + Sidney Smith's daring exploit.]—Nothing was lost on Bonaparte, and + he made use of this fact to prove to the Council of State the necessity of + increasing the number of commissary-generals of police. At a meeting of + the Council he said, "If there had been a commissary of police at Brest he + would have arrested the English captain and sent him at once to Paris. As + he was acting the part of a spy I would have had him shot as such. No + Englishman, not even a nobleman, or the English Ambassador, should be + admitted into our dockyards. I will soon regulate all this." He afterwards + said to me, "There are plenty of wretches who are selling me every day to + the English without my being subjected to English spying." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[During the short and hollow peace of Amiens Bonaparte sent over + to England as consuls and vice-consuls, a number of engineers and + military men, who were instructed to make plans of all the harbours + and coasts of the United Kingdom. They worked in secrecy, yet not + so secretly but that they were soon suspected: the facts were + proved, and they were sent out of the country without ceremony.— + Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + He had on one occasion said before an assemblage of generals, senators, + and high officers of State, who were at an audience of the Diplomatic + Body, "The English think that I am afraid of war, but I am not." And here + the truth escaped him, in spite of himself. "My power will lose nothing by + war. In a very short time I can have 2,000,000 of men at my disposal. What + has been the result of the first war? The union of Belgium and Piedmont to + France. This is greatly to our advantage; it will consolidate our system. + France shall not be restrained by foreign fetters. England has manifestly + violated the treaties! It would be better to render homage to the King of + England, and crown him King of France at Paris, than to submit to the + insolent caprices of the English Government. If, for the sake of + preserving peace, at most for only two months longer, I should yield on a + single point, the English would become the more treacherous and insolent, + and would enact the more in proportion as we yield. But they little know + me! Were we to yield to England now, she would next prohibit our + navigation in certain parts of the world. She would insist on the + surrender of our ships. I know not what she would not demand; but I am not + the man to brook such indignities. Since England wishes for war she shall + have it, and that speedily!" + </p> + <p> + On the same day Bonaparte said a great deal more about the treachery of + England. The gross calumnies to which he was exposed in the London + newspapers powerfully contributed to increase his natural hatred of the + liberty of the press; and he was much astonished that such attacks could + be made upon him by English subjects when he was at peace with the English + Government. + </p> + <p> + I had one day a singular proof of the importance which Bonaparte attached + to the opinion of the English people respecting any misconduct that was + attributed to him. What I am about to state will afford another example of + Bonaparte's disposition to employ petty and roundabout means to gain his + ends. He gave a ball at Malmaison when Hortense was in the seventh month + of her pregnancy. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This refers to the first son of Louis and of Hortense, Napoleon + Charles, the intended successor of Napoleon, who was born 1802, died + 1807, elder brother of Napoleon III.]— +</pre> + <p> + I have already mentioned that he disliked to see women in that situation, + and above all could not endure to see them dance. Yet, in spite of this + antipathy, he himself asked Hortense to dance at the ball at Malmaison. + She at first declined, but Bonaparte was exceedingly importunate, and said + to her in a tone of good-humoured persuasion, "Do, I beg of you; I + particularly wish to see you dance. Come, stand up, to oblige me." + Hortense at last consented. The motive for this extraordinary request I + will now explain. + </p> + <p> + On the day after the ball one of the newspapers contained some verses on + Hortense's dancing. She was exceedingly annoyed at this, and when the + paper arrived at Malmaison she expressed, displeasure at it. Even allowing + for all the facility of our newspaper wits, she was nevertheless at a loss + to understand how the lines could have been written and printed respecting + a circumstance which only occurred the night before. Bonaparte smiled, and + gave her no distinct answer. When Hortense knew that I was alone in the + cabinet she came in and asked me to explain the matter; and seeing no + reason to conceal the truth, I told her that the lines had been written by + Bonaparte's direction before the ball took place. I added, what indeed was + the fact, that the ball had been prepared for the verses, and that it was + only for the appropriateness of their application that the First Consul + had pressed her to dance. He adopted this strange contrivance for + contradicting an article which appeared in an English journal announcing + that Hortense was delivered. Bonaparte was highly indignant at that + premature announcement, which he clearly saw was made for the sole purpose + of giving credit to the scandalous rumours of his imputed connection with + Hortense. Such were the petty machinations which not unfrequently found + their place in a mind in which the grandest schemes were revolving. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0054" id="link2HCH0054"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIX. + </h2> + + 1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Mr. Pitt—Motive of his going out of office—Error of the English + Government—Pretended regard for the Bourbons—Violation of the + treaty of Amiens—Reciprocal accusations—Malta—Lord Whitworth's + departure—Rome and Carthage—Secret satisfaction of Bonaparte— + Message to the Senate, the Legislative Body, and the Tribunate— + The King of England's renunciation of the title of King of France— + Complaints of the English Government—French agents in British ports + —Views of France upon Turkey—Observation made by Bonaparte to the + Legislative Body—Its false interpretation—Conquest of Hanover— + The Duke of Cambridge caricatured—The King of England and the + Elector of Hanover—First address to the clergy—Use of the word + "Monsieur"—The Republican weeks and months. +</pre> + <p> + One of the circumstances which foretold the brief duration of the peace of + Amiens was, that Mr. Pitt was out of office at the time of its conclusion. + I mentioned this to Bonaparte, and I immediately perceived by his hasty + "What do you say?" that my observation had been heard—but not liked. + It did not, however, require any extraordinary shrewdness to see the true + motive of Mr. Pitt's retirement. That distinguished statesman conceived + that a truce under the name of a peace was indispensable for England; but, + intending to resume the war with France more fiercely than ever, he for a + while retired from office, and left to others the task of arranging the + peace; but his intention was to mark his return to the ministry by the + renewal of the implacable hatred he had vowed against France. Still, I + have always thought that the conclusion of peace, however necessary to + England, was an error of the Cabinet of London. England alone had never + before acknowledged any of the governments which had risen up in France + since the Revolution; and as the past could not be blotted out, a future + war, however successful to England, could not take from Bonaparte's + Government the immense weight it had acquired by an interval of peace. + Besides, by the mere fact of the conclusion of the treaty England proved + to all Europe that the restoration of the Bourbons was merely a pretext, + and she defaced that page of her history which might have shown that she + was actuated by nobler and more generous sentiments than mere hatred of + France. It is very certain that the condescension of England in treating + with the First Consul had the effect of rallying round him a great many + partisans of the Bourbons, whose hopes entirely depended on the + continuance of war between Great Britain and France. This opened the eyes + of the greater number, namely, those who could not see below the surface, + and were not previously aware that the demonstrations of friendship so + liberally made to the Bourbons by the European Cabinets, and especially by + England, were merely false pretences, assumed for the purpose of + disguising, beneath the semblance of honourable motives, their wish to + injure France, and to oppose her rapidly increasing power. + </p> + <p> + When the misunderstanding took place, France and England might have + mutually reproached each other, but justice was apparently on the side of + France. It was evident that England, by refusing to evacuate Malta, was + guilty of a palpable infraction of the treaty of Amiens, while England + could only institute against France what in the French law language is + called a suit or process of tendency. But it must be confessed that this + tendency on the part of France to augment her territory was very evident, + for the Consular decrees made conquests more promptly than the sword. The + union of Piedmont with France had changed the state of Europe. This union, + it is true, was effected previously to the treaty of Amiens; but it was + not so with the states of Parma and Piacenza, Bonaparte having by his sole + authority constituted himself the heir of the Grand Duke, recently + deceased. It may therefore be easily imagined how great was England's + uneasiness at the internal prosperity of France and the insatiable + ambition of her ruler; but it is no less certain that, with respect to + Malta, England acted with decidedly bad faith; and this bad faith appeared + in its worst light from the following circumstance:—It had been + stipulated that England should withdraw her troops from Malta three months + after the signing of the treaty, yet more than a year had elapsed, and the + troops were still there. The order of Malta was to be restored as it + formerly was; that is to say, it was to be a sovereign and independent + order, under the protection of the Holy See. The three Cabinets of Vienna, + Berlin, and St. Petersburg were to guarantee the execution of the treaty + of Amiens. The English Ambassador, to excuse the evasions of his + Government, pretended that the Russian Cabinet concurred with England in + the delayed fulfilment of the conditions of the treaty; but at the very + moment he was making that excuse a courier arrived from the Cabinet of St. + Petersburg bearing despatches completely, at variance with the assertion + of Lord Whitworth. His lordship left Paris on the night of the 12th May + 1803, and the English Government, unsolicited, sent passports to the + French embassy in London. The news of this sudden rupture made the English + console fall four per cent., but did not immediately produce such a + retrograde effect on the French funds, which were then quoted at + fifty-five francs;—a very high point, when it is recollected that + they were at seven or eight francs on the eve of the 18th Brumaire. + </p> + <p> + In this state of things France proposed to the English Government to admit + of the mediation of Russia; but as England had declared war in order to + repair the error she committed in concluding peace, the proposition was of + course rejected. Thus the public gave the First Consul credit for great + moderation and a sincere wish for peace. Thus arose between England and + France a contest resembling those furious wars which marked the reigns of + King John and Charles VII. Our beaux esprits drew splendid comparisons + between the existing state of things and the ancient rivalry of Carthage + and Rome, and sapiently concluded that, as Carthage fell, England must do + so likewise. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was at St. Cloud when Lord Whitworth left Paris. A fortnight was + spent in useless attempts to renew negotiations. War, therefore, was the + only alternative. Before he made his final preparations the First Consul + addressed a message to the Senate, the Legislative Body, and the + Tribunate. In this message he mentioned the recall of the English + Ambassador, the breaking out of hostilities, the unexpected message of the + King of England to his Parliament, and the armaments which immediately + ensued in the British ports. "In vain," he said, "had France tried every + means to induce England to abide by the treaty. She had repelled every + overture, and increased the insolence of her demands. France," he added, + "will not submit to menaces, but will combat for the faith of treaties, + and the honour of the French name, confidently trusting that the result of + the contest will be such as she has a right to expect from the justice of + her cause and the courage of her people." + </p> + <p> + This message was dignified, and free from that vein of boasting in which + Bonaparte so frequently indulged. The reply of the Senate was accompanied + by a vote of a ship of the line, to be paid for out of the Senatorial + salaries. With his usual address Bonaparte, in acting for himself, spoke + in the name of the people, just as he did in the question of the Consulate + for life. But what he then did for his own interests turned to the future + interests of the Bourbons. The very treaty which had just been broken off + gave rise to a curious observation. Bonaparte, though not yet a sovereign, + peremptorily required the King of England to renounce the empty title of + King of France, which was kept up as if to imply that old pretensions were + not yet renounced. The proposition was acceded to, and to this + circumstance was owing the disappearance of the title of King of France + from among the titles of the King of England, when the treaty of Paris was + concluded on the return of the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + The first grievance complained of by England was the prohibition of + English merchandise, which had been more rigid since the peace than during + the war. The avowal of Great Britain on this point might well have enabled + her to dispense with any other subject of complaint; for the truth is, she + was alarmed at the aspect of our internal prosperity, and at the impulse + given to our manufactures. The English Government had hoped to obtain from + the First Consul such a commercial treaty as would have proved a + death-blow to our rising trade; but Bonaparte opposed this, and from the + very circumstance of his refusal he might easily have foreseen the rupture + at which he affected to be surprised. What I state I felt at the time, + when I read with great interest all the documents relative to this great + dispute between the two rival nations, which eleven years afterwards was + decided before the walls of Paris. + </p> + <p> + It was evidently disappointment in regard to a commercial treaty which + created the animosity of the English Government, as that circumstance was + alluded to, by way of reproach, in the King of England's declaration. In + that document it was complained that France had sent a number of persona + into the ports of Great Britain and Ireland in the character of commercial + agents, which character, and the privileges belonging to it, they could + only have acquired by a commercial treaty. Such was, in my opinion, the + real cause of the complaints of England; but as it would have seemed too + absurd to make it the ground of a declaration of war, she enumerated other + grievances, viz., the union of Piedmont and of the states of Parma and + Piacenza with France, and the continuance of the French troops in Holland. + A great deal was said about the views and projects of France with respect + to Turkey, and this complaint originated in General Sebastiani's mission + to Egypt. On that point I can take upon me to say that the English + Government was not misinformed. Bonaparte too frequently spoke to me of + his ideas respecting the East, and his project of attacking the English + power in India, to leave any doubt of his ever having renounced them. The + result of all the reproaches which the two Governments addressed to each + other was, that neither acted with good faith. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, in a communication to the Legislative Body on the state + of France and on her foreign relations; had said, "England, single-handed, + cannot cope with France." This sufficed to irritate the susceptibility of + English pride, and the British Cabinet affected to regard it as a threat. + However, it was no such thing. When Bonaparte threatened, his words were + infinitely more energetic. The passage above cited was merely an assurance + to France; and if we only look at the past efforts and sacrifices made by + England to stir up enemies to France on the Continent, we may be justified + in supposing that her anger at Bonaparte's declaration arose from a + conviction of its truth. Singly opposed to France, England could doubtless + have done her much harm, especially by assailing the scattered remnants of + her navy; but she could have done nothing against France on the Continent. + The two powers, unaided by allies, might have continued long at war + without any considerable acts of hostility. + </p> + <p> + The first effect of the declaration of war by England was the invasion of + Hanover by the French troops under General Mortier. The telegraphic + despatch by which this news was communicated to Paris was as laconic as + correct, and contained, in a few words, the complete history of the + expedition. It ran as follows: "The French are masters of the Electorate + of Hanover, and the enemy's army are made prisoners of war." A day or two + after the shop windows of the print-sellers were filled with caricatures + on the English, and particularly on the Duke of Cambridge. I recollect + seeing one in which the Duke was represented reviewing his troops mounted + on a crab. I mention these trifles because, as I was then living entirely + at leisure, in the Rue Hauteville, I used frequently to take a stroll on + the Boulevards, where I was sometimes much amused with these prints; and I + could not help remarking, that in large cities such trifles have more + influence on the public mind than is usually supposed. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul thought the taking of the prisoners in Hanover a good + opportunity to exchange them for those taken from us by the English navy. + A proposition to this effect was accordingly made; but the English Cabinet + was of opinion that, though the King of England was also Elector of + Hanover, yet there was no identity between the two Governments, of both + which George III. was the head. In consequence of this subtle distinction + the proposition for the exchange of prisoners fell to the ground. At this + period nothing could exceed the animosity of the two Governments towards + each other, and Bonaparte, on the declaration of war, marked his + indignation by an act which no consideration can justify; I allude to the + order for the arrest of all the English in France—a truly barbarious + measure; for; can anything be more cruel and unjust than to visit + individuals with the vengeance due to the Government whose subjects they + may happen to be? But Bonaparte, when under the influence of anger, was + never troubled by scruples. + </p> + <p> + I must here notice the fulfilment of a remark Bonaparte often made, use of + to me during the Consulate. "You shall see, Bourrienne," he would say, + "what use I will make of the priests." + </p> + <p> + War being declared, the First Consul, in imitation of the most Christian + kings of olden times, recommended the success of his arms to the prayers + of the faithful through the medium of the clergy. To this end he addressed + a circular letter, written in royal style, to the Cardinals, Archbishops, + and Bishops of France. + </p> + <p> + It was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MONSIEUR—The motives of the present war are known throughout + Europe. The bad faith of the King of England, who has violated his + treaties by refusing to restore Malta to the order of St. John of + Jerusalem, and attacked our merchant vessels without a previous + declaration of war, together with the necessity of a just defence, + forced us to have recourse to arms. I therefore wish you to order + prayers to be offered up, in order to obtain the benediction of + Heaven on our enterprises. The proofs I have received of your zeal + for the public service give me an assurance of your readiness to + conform with my wishes. + + Given at St. Cloud, 18 Prairial, an XI. (7th June 1803). + + (Signed) BONAPARTE. +</pre> + <p> + This letter was remarkable in more than one respect. It astonished most of + his old brothers-in-arms, who turned it into ridicule; observing that + Bonaparte needed no praying to enable him to conquer Italy twice over. The + First Consul, however, let them laugh on, and steadily followed the line + he had traced out. His letter was admirably calculated to please the Court + of Rome, which he wished should consider him in the light of another elder + son of the Church. The letter was, moreover, remarkable for the use of the + word "Monsieur," which the First Consul now employed for the first time in + an act destined for publicity. This circumstance would seem to indicate + that he considered Republican designations incompatible with the forms due + to the clergy: the clergy were especially interested in the restoration of + monarchy. It may, perhaps, be thought that I dwell too much on trifles; + but I lived long enough in Bonaparte's confidence to know the importance + he attached to trifles. The First Consul restored the old names of the + days of the week, while he allowed the names of the months, as set down in + the Republican calendar, to remain. He commenced by ordering the Moniteur + to be dated "Saturday," such a day of "Messidor." "See," said he one day, + "was there ever such an inconsistency? We shall be laughed at! But I will + do away with the Messidor. I will efface all the inventions of the + Jacobins." + </p> + <p> + The clergy did not disappoint the expectations of the First Consul. They + owed him much already, and hoped for still more from him. The letter to + the Bishops, etc., was the signal for a number of circulars full of + eulogies on Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + These compliments were far from displeasing to the First Consul, who had + no objection to flattery though he despised those who meanly made + themselves the medium of conveying it to him. Duroc once told me that they + had all great difficulty in preserving their gravity when the cure of a + parish in Abbeville addressed Bonaparte one day while he was on his + journey to the coast. "Religion," said the worthy cure, with pompous + solemnity, "owes to you all that it is, we owe to you all that we are; and + I, too, owe to you all that I am." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Not so fulsome as some of the terms used a year later when + Napoleon was made Emperor. "I am what I am," was placed over a seat + prepared for the Emperor. One phrase, "God made Napoleon and then + rested," drew from Narbonne the sneer that it would have been better + if the Deity had rested sooner. "Bonaparte," says Joseph de + Maistre, "has had himself described in his papers as the 'Messenger + of God.' Nothing more true. Bonaparte comes straight from heaven, + like a thunderbolt." (Saints-Benve, Caureries, tome iv. p. 203.)] +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0055" id="link2HCH0055"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XX. + </h2> + + 1803. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Presentation of Prince Borghese to Bonaparte—Departure for Belgium + Revival of a royal custom—The swans of Amiens—Change of formula + in the acts of Government—Company of performers in Bonaparte's + suite—Revival of old customs—Division of the institute into four + classes—Science and literature—Bonaparte's hatred of literary men + —Ducis—Bernardin de Saint-Pierre—Chenier and Lemercier— + Explanation of Bonaparte's aversion to literature—Lalande and his + dictionary—Education in the hands of Government—M. de Roquelaure, + Archbishop of Malines. +</pre> + <p> + In the month of April 1803 Prince Borghese, who was destined one day to + become Bonaparte's brother-in-law by marrying the widow of Leclerc, was + introduced to the First Consul by Cardinal Caprara. + </p> + <p> + About the end of June Bonaparte proceeded, with Josephine, on his journey + to Belgium and the seaboard departments. Many curious circumstances were + connected with this journey, of which I was informed by Duroc after the + First Consul's return. Bonaparte left Paris on the 24th of June, and + although it was not for upwards of a year afterwards that his brow was + encircled with the imperial-diadem, everything connected with the journey + had an imperial air. It was formerly the custom, when the Kings of France + entered the ancient capital of Picardy, for the town of Amiens to offer + them in homage some beautiful swans. Care was taken to revive this custom, + which pleased Bonaparte greatly, because it was treating him like a King. + The swans were accepted, and sent to Paris to be placed in the basin of + the Tuileries, in order to show the Parisians the royal homage which the + First Consul received when absent from the capital. + </p> + <p> + It was also during this journey that Bonaparte began to date his decrees + from the places through which he passed. He had hitherto left a great + number of signatures in Paris, in order that he might be present, as it + were, even during his absence, by the acts of his Government. Hitherto + public acts had been signed in the name of the Consuls of the Republic. + Instead of this formula, he substituted the name of the Government of the + Republic. By means of this variation, unimportant as it might appear, the + Government was always in the place where the First Consul happened to be. + The two other Consuls were now mere nullities, even in appearance. The + decrees of the Government, which Cambacérès signed during the campaign of + Marengo, were now issued from all the towns of France and Belgium which + the First Consul visited during his six weeks' journey. Having thus + centred the sole authority of the Republic in himself, the performers of + the theatre of the Republic became, by a natural consequence, his; and it + was quite natural that they should travel in his suite, to entertain the + inhabitants of the towns in which he stopped by their performances. But + this was not all. He encouraged the renewal of a host of ancient customs. + He sanctioned the revival of the festival of Joan of Arc at Orleans, and + he divided the Institute into four classes, with the intention of + recalling the recollection of the old academies, the names of which, + however, he rejected, in spite of the wishes and intrigues of Suard and + the Abby Morellet, who had gained over Lucien upon this point. + </p> + <p> + However, the First Consul did not give to the classes of the Institute the + rank which they formerly possessed as academies. He placed the class of + sciences in the first rank, and the old French Academy in the second rank. + It must be acknowledged that, considering the state of literature and + science at that period, the First Consul did not make a wrong estimate of + their importance. + </p> + <p> + Although the literature of France could boast of many men of great talent, + such as La Harpe, who died during the Consulate, Ducis, Bernardin de + Saint-Pierre, Chenier, and Lemercier, yet they could not be compared with + Lagrange, Laplace, Monge, Fourcroy, Berthollet, and Cuvier, whose labours + have so prodigiously extended the limits of human knowledge. No one, + therefore, could murmur at seeing the class of sciences in the Institute + take precedence of its elder sister. Besides, the First Consul was not + sorry to show, by this arrangement, the slight estimation in which he held + literary men. When he spoke to me respecting them he called them mere + manufacturers of phrases. He could not pardon them for excelling him in a + pursuit in which he had no claim to distinction. I never knew a man more + insensible than Bonaparte to the beauties of poetry or prose. A certain + degree of vagueness, which was combined with his energy of mind, led him + to admire the dreams of Ossian, and his decided character found itself, as + it were, represented in the elevated thoughts of Corneille. Hence his + almost exclusive predilection for these two authors. With this exception, + the finest works in our literature were in his opinion merely arrangements + of sonorous words, void of sense, and calculated only for the ear. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's contempt, or, more properly speaking, his dislike of + literature, displayed itself particularly in the feeling he cherished + towards some men of distinguished literary talent. He hated Chenier, and + Ducis still more. He could not forgive Chenier for the Republican + principles which pervaded his tragedies; and Ducis excited in him; as if + instinctively, an involuntary hatred. Ducis, on his part, was not backward + in returning the Consul's animosity, and I remember his writing some + verses which were inexcusably violent, and overstepped all the bounds of + truth. Bonaparte was so singular a composition of good and bad that to + describe him as he was under one or other of these aspects would serve for + panegyric or satire without any departure from truth. Bonaparte was very + fond of Bernardin Saint-Pierre's romance of 'Paul and Virginia', which he + had read in his boyhood. I remember that he one day tried to read 'Les + etudes de la Nature', but at the expiration of a quarter of an hour he + threw down the book, exclaiming, "How can any one read such silly stuff. + It is insipid and vapid; there is nothing in it. These are the dreams of a + visionary! What is nature? The thing is vague and unmeaning. Men and + passions are the subjects to write about—there is something there + for study. These fellows are good for nothing under any government. I + will, however, give them pensions, because I ought to do so, as Head of + the State. They occupy and amuse the idle. I will make Lagrange a Senator—he + has a head." + </p> + <p> + Although Bonaparte spoke so disdainfully of literary men it must not be + taken for granted that he treated them ill. On the contrary, all those who + visited at Malmaison were the objects of his attention, and even flattery. + M. Lemercier was one of those who came most frequently, and whom Bonaparte + received with the greatest pleasure. Bonaparte treated M. Lemercier with + great kindness; but he did not like him. His character as a literary man + and poet, joined to a polished frankness, and a mild but inflexible spirit + of republicanism, amply sufficed to explain Bonaparte's dislike. He feared + M. Lemercier and his pen; and, as happened more than once, he played the + part of a parasite by flattering the writer. M. Lemercier was the only man + I knew who refused the cross of the Legion of Honour. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's general dislike of literary men was less the result of + prejudice than circumstances. In order to appreciate or even to read + literary works time is requisite, and time was so precious to him that he + would have wished, as one may say, to shorten a straight line. He liked + only those writers who directed their attention to positive and precise + things, which excluded all thoughts of government and censures on + administration. He looked with a jealous eye on political economists and + lawyers; in short, as all persons who in any way whatever meddled with + legislation and moral improvements. His hatred of discussions on those + subjects was strongly displayed on the occasion of the classification of + the Institute. Whilst he permitted the reassembling of a literary class, + to the number of forty, as formerly, he suppressed the class of moral and + political science. Such was his predilection for things of immediate and + certain utility that even in the sciences he favoured only such as applied + to terrestrial objects. He never treated Lalande with so much distinction + as Monge and Lagrange. Astronomical discoveries could not add directly to + his own greatness; and, besides, he could never forgive Lalande for having + wished to include him in a dictionary of atheists precisely at the moment + when he was opening negotiations with the court of Rome. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte wished to be the sole centre of a world which he believed he was + called to govern. With this view he never relaxed in his constant + endeavour to concentrate the whole powers of the State in the hands of its + Chief. His conduct upon the subject of the revival of public instruction + affords evidence of this fact. He wished to establish 6000 bursaries, to + be paid by Government, and to be exclusively at his disposal, so that thus + possessing the monopoly of education, he could have parcelled it out only + to the children of those who were blindly devoted to him. This was what + the First Consul called the revival of public instruction. During the + period of my closest intimacy with him he often spoke to me on this + subject, and listened patiently to my observations. I remember that one of + his chief arguments was this: "What is it that distinguishes men? + Education—is it not? Well, if the children of nobles be admitted + into the academies, they will be as well educated as the children of the + revolution, who compose the strength of my government. Ultimately they + will enter into my regiments as officers, and will naturally come in + competition with those whom they regard as the plunderers of their + families. I do not wish that!" + </p> + <p> + My recollections have caused me to wander from the journey of the First + Consul and Madame Bonaparte to the seabord departments and Belgium. I + have, however, little to add to what I have already stated on the subject. + I merely remember that Bonaparte's military suite, and Lauriston and Rapp + in particular, when speaking to me about the journey, could not conceal + some marks of discontent on account of the great respect which Bonaparte + had shown the clergy, and particularly to M. de Roquelaure, the Archbishop + of Malines (or Mechlin). That prelate, who was a shrewd man, and had the + reputation of having been in his youth more addicted to the habits of the + world than to those of the cloister, had become an ecclesiastical + courtier. He went to Antwerp to pay his homage to the First Consul, upon + whom he heaped the most extravagant praises. Afterwards, addressing Madame + Bonaparte, he told her that she was united to the First Consul by the + sacred bonds of a holy alliance. In this harangue, in which unction was + singularly blended with gallantry, surely it was a departure from + ecclesiastical propriety to speak of sacred bonds and holy alliance when + every one knew that those bonds and that alliance existed only by a civil + contract. Perhaps M. de Roquelaure merely had recourse to what casuists + call a pious fraud in order to engage the married couple to do that which + he congratulated them on having already done. Be this as it may, it is + certain that this honeyed language gained M. de Roquelaure the Consul's + favour, and in a short time after he was appointed to the second class of + the Institute. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0056" id="link2HCH0056"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXI. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Temple—The intrigues of Europe—Prelude to the Continental + system—Bombardment of Granville—My conversation with the First + Consul on the projected invasion of England—Fauche Borel—Moreau + and Pichegru—Fouché's manoeuvres—The Abbe David and Lajolais— + Fouché's visit to St. Cloud—Regnier outwitted by Fouché— + My interview with the First Consul—His indignation at the reports + respecting Hortense—Contradiction of these calumnies—The brothers + Faucher—Their execution—The First Consul's levee—My conversation + with Duroc—Conspiracy of Georges, Moreau, and Pichegru—Moreau + averse to the restoration of the Bourbons—Bouvet de Lozier's + attempted suicide—Arrest of Moreau—Declaration of MM. de Polignac + and de Riviere—Connivance of the police—Arrest of M. Carbonnet and + his nephew. +</pre> + <p> + The time was passed when Bonaparte, just raised to the Consulate, only + proceeded to the Temple to release the victims of the "Loi des suspects" + by his sole and immediate authority. This state prison was now to be + filled by the orders of his police. All the intrigues of Europe were in + motion. Emissaries came daily from England, who, if they could not + penetrate into the interior of France, remained in the towns near the + frontiers, where they established correspondence, and published pamphlets, + which they sent to Paris by post, in the form of letters. + </p> + <p> + The First Consul, on the other hand, gave way, without reserve, to the + natural irritation which that power had excited by her declaration of war. + He knew that the most effective war he could carry on against England + would be a war against her trade. + </p> + <p> + As a prelude to that piece of madness, known by the name of the + Continental system, the First Consul adopted every possible preventive + measure against the introduction of English merchandise. Bonaparte's + irritation against the English was not without a cause. The intelligence + which reached Paris from the north of France was not very consolatory. The + English fleets not only blockaded the French ports, but were acting on the + offensive, and had bombarded Granville. The mayor of the town did his + duty, but his colleagues, more prudent, acted differently. In the height + of his displeasure Bonaparte issued a decree, by which he bestowed a scarf + of honour on Letourneur, the mayor, and dismissed his colleagues from + office as cowards unworthy of trust. The terms of this decree were rather + severe, but they were certainly justified by the conduct of those who had + abandoned their posts at a critical moment. + </p> + <p> + I come now to the subject of the invasion of England, and what the First + Consul said to me respecting it. I have stated that Bonaparte never had + any idea of realising the pretended project of a descent on England. The + truth of this assertion will appear from a conversation which I had with + him after he returned from his journey to the north. In this conversation + he repeated what he had often before mentioned to me in reference to the + projects and possible steps to which fortune might compel him to resort. + </p> + <p> + The peace of Amiens had been broken about seven months when, on the 15th + of December 1803, the First Consul sent for me to the Tuileries. His + incomprehensible behaviour to me was fresh in my mind; and as it was + upwards of a year since I had seen him, I confess I did not feel quite at + ease when I received the summons. He was perfectly aware that I possessed + documents and data for writing his history which would describe facts + correctly, and destroy the illusions with which his flatterers constantly, + entertained the public. I have already stated that at that period I had no + intention of the kind; but those who laboured constantly to incense him + against me might have suggested apprehensions on the subject. At all + events the fact is, that when he sent for me I took the precaution of + providing myself with a night-cap, conceiving it to be very likely that I + should be sent to sleep at Vincennes. On the day appointed for the + interview Rapp was on duty. I did not conceal from him my opinion as to + the possible result of my visit. "You need not be afraid," said Rapp; "the + First Consul merely wishes to talk with you." He then announced me. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte came into the grand salon where I awaited him, and addressing me + in the most good-humoured way said, "What do the gossips say of my + preparations for the invasion of England?"—"There is a great + difference of opinion on the subject, General," I replied. "Everyone + speaks according to his own views. Suchet, for instance, who comes to see + me very often, has no doubt that it will take place, and hopes to give you + on the occasion fresh proofs of his gratitude and fidelity."—"But + Suchet tells me that you do not believe it will be attempted."—"That + is true, I certainly do not."—"Why?"—"Because you told me at + Antwerp, five years ago, that you would not risk France on the cast of a + die—that the adventure was too hazardous—and circumstances + have not altered since that time."—"You are right. Those who look + forward to the invasion of England are blockheads. They do not see the + affair in its true light. I can, doubtless, land in England with 100,000 + men. A great battle will be fought, which I shall gain; but I must reckon + upon 30,000 men killed, wounded, and prisoners. If I march on London, a + second battle must be fought. I will suppose myself again victorious; but + what should I do in London with an army diminished three-fourths and + without the hope of reinforcements? It would be madness. Until our navy + acquires superiority it is useless to think of such a project. The great + assemblage of troops in the north has another object. My Government must + be the first in the world, or it must fall." Bonaparte then evidently + wished it to be supposed that he entertained the design of invading + England in order to divert the attention of Europe to that direction. + </p> + <p> + From Dunkirk the First Consul proceeded to Antwerp, where also he had + assembled experienced men to ascertain their opinions respecting the + surest way of attempting a landing, the project of which was merely a + pretence. The employment of large ships of war, after many discussions, + abandoned in favour of a flotilla. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[At this period a caricature (by Gillray) appeared in London. + which was sent to Paris, and strictly sought after by the police. + One of the copies was shown to the First Consul, who was highly + indignant at it. The French fleet was represented by a number of + nut-shells. An English sailor, seated on a rock, was quietly + smoking his pipe, the whiffs of which were throwing the whole + squadron into disorder.—Bourrienne. Gillray's caricatures should + be at the reader's side during the perusal of this work, also + English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I., by J. Ashton Chatto: + and Windus, 1884.]— +</pre> + <p> + After visiting Belgium, and giving directions there, the First Consul + returned from Brussels to Paris by way of Maestricht, Liege, and Soissons. + </p> + <p> + Before my visit to the Tuileries, and even before the rupture of the peace + of Amiens, certain intriguing speculators, whose extravagant zeal was not + less fatal to the cause of the Bourbons than was the blind subserviency of + his unprincipled adherents to the First Consul, had taken part in some + underhand manoeuvres which could have no favourable result. Amongst these + great contrivers of petty machinations the well-known Fauche Borel, the + bookseller of Neufchatel, had long been conspicuous. Fauche Borel, whose + object was to create a stir, and who wished nothing better than to be + noticed and paid, failed not to come to France as soon as the peace of + Amiens afforded him the opportunity. I was at that time still with + Bonaparte, who was aware of all these little plots, but who felt no + personal anxiety on the subject, leaving to his police the care of + watching their authors. + </p> + <p> + The object of Fauche Borel's mission was to bring about a reconciliation + between Moreau and Pichegru. The latter general, who was banished on the + 18th Fructidor 4th (September 1797), had not obtained the First Consul's + permission to return to France. He lived in England, where he awaited a + favourable opportunity for putting his old projects into execution. Moreau + was in Paris, but no longer appeared at the levees or parties of the First + Consul, and the enmity of both generals against Bonaparte, openly avowed + on the part of Pichegru; and still disguised by Moreau, was a secret to + nobody. But as everything was prosperous with Bonaparte he evinced + contempt rather than fear of the two generals. His apprehensions were, + indeed, tolerably allayed by the absence of the one and the character of + the other. Moreau's name had greater weight with the army than that of + Pichegru; and those who were plotting the overthrow of the Consular + Government knew that that measure could not be attempted with any chance + of success without the assistance of Moreau. The moment was inopportune; + but, being initiated in some secrets of the British Cabinet, they knew + that the peace was but a truce, and they determined to profit by that + truce to effect a reconciliation which might afterwards secure a community + of interests. Moreau and Pichegru had not been friends since Moreau sent + to the Directory the papers seized in M. de Klinglin's carriage, which + placed Pichegru's treason in so clear a light. Since that period + Pichegru's name possessed no influence over the minds of the soldiers, + amongst whom he had very few partisans, whilst the name of Moreau was dear + to all who had conquered under his command. + </p> + <p> + Fauche Borel's design was to compromise Moreau without bringing him to any + decisive step. Moreau's natural indolence, and perhaps it may be said his + good sense, induced him to adopt the maxim that it was necessary to let + men and things take their course; for temporizing policy is often as + useful in politics as in war. Besides, Moreau was a sincere Republican; + and if his habit of indecision had permitted him to adopt any resolution, + it is quite certain that he would not then have assisted in the + reestablishment of the Bourbons, as Pichegru wished. + </p> + <p> + What I have stated is an indispensable introduction to the knowledge of + plots of more importance which preceded the great event that marked the + close of the Consulship: I allude to the conspiracy of Georges, Cadoudal, + Moreau, and Pichegru, and that indelible stain on the character of + Napoleon,—the death of the Duc d'Enghien. Different opinions have + been expressed concerning Georges' conspiracy. I shall not contradict any + of them. I will relate what I learned and what I saw, in order to throw + some light on that horrible affair. I am far from believing what I have + read in many works, that it was planned by the police in order to pave the + First Consul's way to the throne. I think that it was contrived by those + who were really interested in it, and encouraged by Fouché in order to + prepare his return to office. + </p> + <p> + To corroborate my opinion respecting Fouché's conduct and his manoeuvres I + must remind the reader that about the close of 1803 some persons conceived + the project of reconciling Moreau and Pichegru. Fouché, who was then out + of the Ministry, caused Moreau to be visited by men of his own party, and + who were induced, perhaps unconsciously, by Fouché's art, to influence and + irritate the general's mind. It was at first intended that the Abbe David, + the mutual friend of Moreau and Pichegru, should undertake to effect their + reconciliation; but he, being arrested and confined in the Temple, was + succeeded by a man named Lajolais, whom every circumstance proves to have + been employed by Fouché. He proceeded to London, and, having prevailed on + Pichegru and his friends to return to France, he set off to announce their + arrival and arrange everything for their reception and destruction. + Moreau's discontent was the sole foundation of this intrigue. I remember + that one day, about the end of January 1804, I called on Fouché, who + informed me that he had been at St. Cloud, where he had had a long + conversation with the First Consul on the situation of affairs. Bonaparte + told him that he was satisfied with the existing police, and hinted that + it was only to make himself of consequence that he had given a false + colouring to the picture. Fouché asked him what he would say if he told + him that Georges and Pichegru had been for some time in Paris carrying on + the conspiracy of which he had received information. The First Consul, + apparently delighted at what he conceived to be Fouché's mistake, said, + with an air of contempt, "You are well informed, truly! Regnier has just + received a letter from London stating that Pichegru dined three days ago + at Kingston with one of the King of England's ministers." + </p> + <p> + As Fouché, however, persisted in his assertion, the First Consul sent to + Paris for the Grand Judge, Regnier, who showed Fouché the letter he had + received. The First Consul triumphed at first to see Fouché at fault; but + the latter so clearly proved that Georges and Pichegru were actually in + Paris that Regnier began to fear he had been misled by his agents, whom + his rival paid better than he did. The First Consul, convinced that his + old minister knew more than his new one, dismissed Regnier, and remained a + long time in consultation with Fouché, who on that occasion said nothing + about his reinstatement for fear of exciting suspicion. He only requested + that the management of the business might be entrusted to Real, with + orders to obey whatever instructions he might receive from him. I will + return hereafter to the arrest of Moreau and the other persons accused, + and will now subjoin the account of a long interview which I had with + Bonaparte in the midst of these important events. + </p> + <p> + On the 8th of March 1804, some time after the arrest but before the trial + of General Moreau, I had an audience of the First Consul, which was + unsought on my part. Bonaparte, after putting several unimportant + questions to me as to what I was doing, what I expected he should do for + me, and assuring me that he would bear me in mind, gave a sudden turn to + the conversation, and said, "By the by, the report of my connection with + Hortense is still kept up: the most abominable rumours have been spread as + to her first child. I thought at the time that these reports had only been + admitted by the public in consequence of the great desire that I should + not be childless. Since you and I separated have you heard them repeated?"—"Yes, + General, oftentimes; and I confess I could not have believed that this + calumny would have existed so long."—"It is truly frightful to think + of! You know the truth—you have seen all—heard all—nothing + could have passed without your knowledge; you were in her full confidence + during the time of her attachment to Duroc. I therefore expect, if you + should ever write anything about me, that you will clear me from this + infamous imputation. I would not have it accompany my name to posterity. I + trust in you. You have never given credit to the horrid accusation?"—"No, + General, never." Napoleon then entered into a number of details on the + previous life of Hortense; on the way in which she conducted herself, and + on the turn which her marriage had taken. "It has not turned out," he + said, "as I wished: the union has not been a happy one. I am sorry for it, + not only because both are dear to me, but because the circumstance + countenances the infamous reports that are current among the idle as to my + intimacy with her." He concluded the conversation with these words:—"Bourrienne, + I sometimes think of recalling you; but as there is no good pretext for so + doing, the world would say that I have need of you, and I wish it to be + known that I stand in need of nobody." He again said a few words about + Hortense. I answered that it would fully coincide with my conviction of + the truth to do what he desired, and that I would do it; but that + suppressing the false reports did not depend on me. + </p> + <p> + Hortense, in fact, while she was Mademoiselle BEAUHARNAIS, regarded + Napoleon with respectful awe. She trembled when she spoke to him, and + never dared to ask him a favour. When she had anything to solicit she + applied to me; and if I experienced any difficulty in obtaining for her + what she sought, I mentioned her as the person for whom I pleaded. "The + little simpleton!" Napoleon would say, "why does she not ask me herself: + is the girl afraid of me?" Napoleon never cherished for her any feeling + but paternal tenderness. He loved her after his marriage with her mother + as he would have loved his own child. During three years I was a witness + to all their most private actions, and I declare that I never saw or heard + anything that could furnish the least ground for suspicion, or that + afforded the slightest trace of the existence of a culpable intimacy. This + calumny must be classed among those with which malice delights to blacken + the characters of men more brilliant than their fellows, and which are so + readily adopted by the light-minded and unreflecting. I freely declare + that did I entertain the smallest doubt with regard to this odious charge, + of the existence of which I was well aware before Napoleon spoke to me on + the subject, I would candidly avow it. He is no more: and let his memory + be accompanied only by that, be it good or bad, which really belongs to + it. Let not this reproach be one of those charged against him by the + impartial historian. I must say, in concluding this delicate subject, that + the principles of Napoleon on points of this kind were rigid in the utmost + degree, and that a connection of the nature of that charged against him + was neither in accordance with his morals nor his tastes. + </p> + <p> + I cannot tell whether what followed was a portion of his premeditated + conversation with me, or whether it was the result of the satisfaction he + had derived from ascertaining my perfect conviction of the purity of his + conduct with regard to Hortense, and being assured that I would express + that conviction. Be this as it may, as I was going out at the door he + called me back, saying, "Oh! I have forgotten something." I returned. + "Bourrienne," said he, "do you still keep up your acquaintance with the + Fauchers?"—"Yes, General; I see them frequently."—"You are + wrong."— "Why should I not? They are clever, well-educated men, and + exceedingly pleasant company, especially Caesar. I derive great pleasure + from their society; and then they are almost the only persons whose + friendship has continued faithful to me since I left you. You know people + do not care for those who can render them no service."—"Maret will + not see the Fauchers."—"That may be, General; but it is nothing to + me; and you must recollect that as it was through him I was introduced to + them at the Tuileries, I think he ought to inform me of his reasons for + dropping their acquaintance."—"I tell you again he has closed his + door against them. Do you the same; I advise you." As I did not seem + disposed to follow this advice without some plausible reason, the First + Consul added, "You must know, then, that I learn from Caesar all that + passes in your house. You do not speak very ill of me yourself, nor does + any one venture to do so in your presence. You play your rubber and go to + bed. But no sooner are you gone than your wife, who never liked me, and + most of those who visit at your house, indulge in the most violent attacks + upon me. I receive a bulletin from Caesar Faucher every day when he visits + at your house; this is the way in which he requites you for your kindness, + and for the asylum you afforded his brother.—[Constantine Rancher + had been condemned in contumacy for the forgery of a public document.—Bourrienne.]—But + enough; you see I know all—farewell;" and he left me. + </p> + <p> + The grave having closed over these two brothers,—[The Fauchers were + twin brothers, distinguished in the war of the Revolution, and made + brigadier-generals at the same time on the field of battle. After the Cent + Jours they refused to recognise the Bourbons, and were shot by sentence of + court-martial at Bordeaux. (Bouillet)]—I shall merely state that + they wrote me a letter the evening preceding their execution, in which + they begged me to forgive their conduct towards me. The following is an + extract from this letter: + </p> + <p> + In our dungeon we hear our sentence of death being cried in the streets. + To-morrow we shall walk to the scaffold; but we will meet death with such + calmness and courage as shall make our executioners blush. We are sixty + years old, therefore our lives will only be shortened by a brief space. + During our lives we have shared in common, illness, grief, pleasure, + danger, and good fortune. We both entered the world on the same day, and + on the same day we shall both depart from it. As to you, sir.... + </p> + <p> + I suppress what relates to myself. + </p> + <p> + The hour of the grand levee arrived just as the singular interview which I + have described terminated. I remained a short time to look at this + phantasmagoria. Duroc was there. As soon as he saw me he came up, and + taking me into the recess of a window told me that Moreau's guilt was + evident, and that he was about to be put on his trial. I made some + observations on the subject, and in particular asked whether there were + sufficient proofs of his guilt to justify his condemnation? "They should + be cautious," said I; "it is no joke to accuse the conqueror of + Hohenlinden." Duroc's answer satisfied me that he at least had no doubt on + the subject. "Besides," added he, "when such a general as Moreau has been + between two gendarmes he is lost, and is good for nothing more. He will + only inspire pity." In vain I tried to refute this assertion so entirely + contrary to facts, and to convince Duroc that Moreau would never be + damaged by calling him "brigand," as was the phrase then, without proofs. + Duroc persisted in his opinion. As if a political crime ever sullied the + honour of any one! The result has proved that I judged rightly. + </p> + <p> + No person possessing the least degree of intelligence will be convinced + that the conspiracy of Moreau, Georges, Pichegru, and the other persons + accused would ever have occurred but for the secret connivance of Fouché's + police. + </p> + <p> + Moreau never for a moment desired the restoration of the Bourbons. I was + too well acquainted with M. Carbonnet, his most intimate friend, to be + ignorant of his private sentiments. It was therefore quite impossible that + he could entertain the same views as Georges, the Polignacs, Riviera, and + others; and they had no intention of committing any overt acts. These + latter persons had come to the Continent solely to investigate the actual + state of affairs, in order to inform the Princes of the House of Bourbon + with certainty how far they might depend on the foolish hopes constantly + held out to them by paltry agents, who were always ready to advance their + own interests at the expense of truth. These agents did indeed conspire, + but it was against the Treasury of London, to which they looked for pay. + </p> + <p> + Without entering into all the details of that great trial I will relate + some facts which may assist in eliciting the truth from a chaos of + intrigue and falsehood. + </p> + <p> + Most of the conspirators had been lodged either in the Temple or La Force, + and one of them, Bouvet de Lozier, who was confined in the Temple, + attempted to hang himself. He made use of his cravat to effect his + purpose, and had nearly succeeded, when a turnkey by chance entered and + found him at the point of death. When he was recovered he acknowledged + that though he had the courage to meet death, he was unable to endure the + interrogatories of his trial, and that he had determined to kill himself, + lest he might be induced to make a confession. He did in fact confess, and + it was on the day after this occurred that Moreau was arrested, while on + his way from his country-seat of Grosbois to Paris. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, through the medium of his agents, had given Pichegru, Georges, and + some other partisans of royalty, to understand that they might depend on + Moreau, who, it was said, was quite prepared. It is certain that Moreau + informed Pichegru that he (Pichegru) had been deceived, and that he had + never been spoken to on the subject. Russillon declared on the trial that + on the 14th of March the Polignacs said to some one, "Everything is going + wrong—they do not understand each other. Moreau does not keep his + word. We have been deceived." M. de Riviera declared that he soon became + convinced they had been deceived, and was about to return to England when + he was arrested. It is certain that the principal conspirators obtained + positive information which confirmed their suspicions. They learned + Moreau's declaration from Pichegru. Many of the accused declared that they + soon discovered they had been deceived; and the greater part of them were + about to quit Paris, when they were all arrested, almost at one and the + same moment. Georges was going into La Vendée when he was betrayed by the + man who, with the connivance of the police, had escorted him ever since + his departure from London, and who had protected him from any interruption + on the part of the police so long as it was only necessary to know where + he was, or what he was about. Georges had been in Paris seven months + before it was considered that the proper moment had arrived for arresting + him. + </p> + <p> + The almost simultaneous arrest of the conspirators proves clearly that the + police knew perfectly well where they could lay their hands upon them. + </p> + <p> + When Pichegru was required to sign his examination he refused. He said it + was unnecessary; that, knowing all the secret machinery of the police, he + suspected that by some chemical process they would erase all the writing + except the signature, and afterwards fill up the paper with statements + which he had never made. His refusal to sign the interrogatory, he added, + would not prevent him from repeating before a court of justice the truth + which he had stated in answer to the questions proposed to him. Fear was + entertained of the disclosures he might make respecting his connection + with Moreau, whose destruction was sought for, and also with respect to + the means employed by the agents of Fouché to urge the conspirators to + effect a change which they desired. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 15th of February I heard of Moreau's arrest, and + early next morning I proceeded straight to the Rue St. Pierre, where M. + Carbonnet resided with his nephew. I was anxious to hear from him the + particulars of the general's arrest. What was my surprise! I had hardly + time to address myself to the porter before he informed me that M. + Carbonnet and his nephew were both arrested. "I advise you, sir," added + the man, "to retire without more ado, for I can assure you that the + persons who visit M. Carbonnet are watched."—"Is he still at home?" + said I. "Yes, Sir; they are examining his papers."—"Then," said I, + "I will go up." M. Carbonnet, of whose friendship I had reason to be + proud, and whose memory will ever be dear to me, was more distressed by + the arrest of his nephew and Moreau than by his own. His nephew was, + however, liberated after a few hours. M. Carbonnet's papers were sealed + up, and he was placed in solitary confinement at St. Pelagic. + </p> + <p> + Thus the police, who previously knew nothing, were suddenly informed of + all. In spite of the numerous police agents scattered over France, it was + only discovered by the declarations of Bouvet de Lozier that three + successive landings had been effected, and that a fourth was expected, + which, however, did not take place, because General Savary was despatched + by the First Consul with orders to seize the persons whose arrival was + looked for. There cannot be a more convincing proof of the fidelity of the + agents of the police to their old chief, and their combined determination + of trifling with their new one, + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0057" id="link2HCH0057"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXII. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The events of 1804—Death of the Duc d'Enghien—Napoleon's arguments + at St. Helena—Comparison of dates—Possibility of my having saved + the Duc d'Enghien's life—Advice given to the Duc d'Enghien—Sir + Charles Stuart—Delay of the Austrian Cabinet—Pichegru and the + mysterious being—M. Massias—The historians of St. Helena— + Bonaparte's threats against the emigrants and M. Cobentzel— + Singular adventure of Davoust's secretary—The quartermaster— + The brigand of La Vendée. +</pre> + <p> + In order to form a just idea of the events which succeeded each other so + rapidly at the commencement of 1804 it is necessary to consider them both + separately and connectedly. It must be borne in mind that all Bonaparte's + machinations tended to one object, the foundation of the French Empire in + his favour; and it is also essential to consider how the situation of the + emigrants, in reference to the First Consul, had changed since the + declaration of war. As long as Bonaparte continued at peace the cause of + the Bourbons had no support in foreign Cabinets, and the emigrants had no + alternative but to yield to circumstances; but on the breaking out of a + new war all was changed. The cause of the Bourbons became that of the + powers at war with France; and as many causes concurred to unite the + emigrants abroad with those who had returned but half satisfied, there was + reason to fear something from their revolt, in combination with the powers + arrayed against Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + Such was the state of things with regard to the emigrants when the leaders + and accomplices of Georges' conspiracy were arrested at the very beginning + of 1804. The assassination of the Duc d'Enghien + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d'Enghien (1772-1804), son of + the Duc de Bourbon, and grandson of the Prince de Condé, served + against France in the army of Condé. When this force was disbanded + he stayed at Ettenheim on account of a love affair with the + Princesse Charlotte de Rohan-Rochefort. Arrested in the territory + of Baden, he was taken to Vincennes, and after trial by + court-martial shot in the moat, 21st May 1804. With him + practically ended the house of Bourbon-Condé as his grandfather + died in 1818, leaving only the Duc de Bourbon, and the Princesee + Louise Adelaide, Abbesse de Remiremont, who died in 1824.]— +</pre> + <p> + took place on the 21st of March; on the 30th of April appeared the + proposition of the Tribunate to found a Government in France under the + authority of one individual; on the 18th of May came the + 'Senatus-consulte', naming Napoleon Bonaparte EMPEROR, and lastly, on the + 10th. of June, the sentence of condemnation on Georges and his + accomplices. Thus the shedding of the blood of a Bourbon, and the placing + of the crown of France on the head of a soldier of fortune were two acts + interpolated in the sanguinary drama of Georges' conspiracy. It must be + remembered, too, that during the period of these events we were at war + with England, and on the point of seeing Austria and the Colossus of the + north form a coalition against the new Emperor. + </p> + <p> + I will now state all I know relative to the death of the Duc d'Enghien. + That unfortunate Prince, who was at Ettenheim, in consequence of a love + affair, had no communication whatever with those who were concocting a + plot in the interior. Machiavelli says that when the author of a crime + cannot be discovered we should seek for those to whose advantage it turns. + In the present case Machiavelli's advice will find an easy application, + since the Duke's death could be advantageous only to Bonaparte, who + considered it indispensable to his accession to the crown of France. The + motives may be explained, but can they be justified? How could it ever be + said that the Duc d'Enghien perished as a presumed accomplice in the + conspiracy of Georges? + </p> + <p> + Moreau was arrested on the 15th of February 1804, at which time the + existence of the conspiracy was known. Pichegru and Georges were also + arrested in February, and the Duc d'Enghien not till the 15th of March. + Now if the Prince had really been concerned in the plot, if even he had a + knowledge of it, would he have remained at Ettenheim for nearly a month + after the arrest of his presumed accomplices, intelligence of which he + might have obtained in the space of three days? Certainly not. So ignorant + was he of that conspiracy that when informed at Ettenheim of the affair he + doubted it, declaring that if it were true his father and grandfather + would have made him acquainted with it. Would so long an interval have + been suffered to elapse before he was arrested? Alas! cruel experience has + shown that that step would have been taken in a few hours. + </p> + <p> + The sentence of death against Georges and his accomplices was not + pronounced till the 10th of June 1804, and the Duc d'Enghien was shot on + the 21st of March, before the trials were even commenced. How is this + precipitation to be explained? If, as Napoleon has declared, the young + Bourbon was an accomplice in the crime, why was he not arrested at the + time the others were? Why was he not tried along with them, on the ground + of his being an actual accomplice; or of being compromised, by + communications with them; or, in short, because his answers might have + thrown light on that mysterious affair? How was it that the name of the + illustrious accused was not once mentioned in the course of that awful + trial? + </p> + <p> + It can scarcely be conceived that Napoleon could say at St. Helena, + "Either they contrived to implicate the unfortunate Prince in their + project, and so pronounced his doom, or, by omitting to inform him of what + was going on, allowed him imprudently to slumber on the brink of a + precipice; for he was only a stone's cast from the frontier when they were + about to strike the great blow in the name and for the interest of his + family." + </p> + <p> + This reasoning is not merely absurd, it is atrocious. If the Duke was + implicated by the confession of his accomplices, he should have been + arrested and tried along with them. Justice required this. If he was not + so implicated, where is the proof of his guilt? Because some individuals, + without his knowledge, plotted to commit a crime in the name of his family + he was to be shot! Because he was 130 leagues from the scene of the plot, + and had no connection with it, he was to die! Such arguments cannot fail + to inspire horror. It is absolutely impossible any reasonable person can + regard the Duc d'Enghien as an accomplice of Cadoudal; and Napoleon basely + imposed on his contemporaries and posterity by inventing such falsehoods, + and investing them with the authority of his name. + </p> + <p> + Had I been then in the First Consul's intimacy I may aver, with as much + confidence as pride, that the blood of the Duc d'Enghien would not have + imprinted an indelible stain on the glory of Bonaparte. In this terrible + matter I could have done what no one but me could even attempt, and this + on account of my position, which no one else has since held with + Bonaparte. I quite admit that he would have preferred others to me, and + that he would have had more friendship for them than for me, supposing + friendship to be compatible with the character of Bonaparte, but I knew + him better than any one else. Besides, among those who surrounded him I + alone could have permitted myself some return to our former familiarity on + account of our intimacy of childhood. Certainly, in a matter which + permanently touched the glory of Bonaparte, I should not have been + restrained by the fear of some transitory fit of anger, and the reader has + seen that I did not dread disgrace. Why should I have dreaded it? I had + neither portfolio, nor office, nor salary, for, as I have said, I was only + with Bonaparte as a friend, and we had, as it were, a common purse. I feel + a conviction that it would have been very possible for me to have + dissuaded Bonaparte from his fatal design, inasmuch as I positively know + that his object, after the termination of the peace, was merely to + frighten the emigrants, in order to drive them from Ettenheim, where great + numbers, like the Duc d'Enghien, had sought refuge. His anger was + particularly directed against a Baroness de Reith and a Baroness + d'Ettengein, who had loudly vituperated him, and distributed numerous + libels on the left bank of the Rhine. At that period Bonaparte had as + little design against the Duc d'Enghien's life as against that of any + other emigrant. He was more inclined to frighten than to harm him, and + certainly his first intention was not to arrest the Prince, but, as I have + said, to frighten the 'emigres', and to drive them to a distance. I must, + however, admit that when Bonaparte spoke to Rapp and Duroc of the + emigrants on the other side of the Rhine he expressed himself with much + irritability: so much so, indeed, that M. de Talleyrand, dreading its + effects for the Duc d'Enghien, warned that Prince, through the medium of a + lady to whom he was attached, of his danger, and advised him to proceed to + a greater distance from the frontier. On receiving this notice the Prince + resolved to rejoin his grandfather, which he could not do but by passing + through the Austrian territory. Should any doubt exist as to these facts + it may be added that Sir Charles Stuart wrote to M. de Cobentzel to + solicit a passport for the Duc d'Enghien; and it was solely owing to the + delay of the Austrian Cabinet that time was afforded for the First Consul + to order the arrest of the unfortunate Prince as soon as he had formed the + horrible resolution of shedding the blood of a Bourbon. This resolution + could have originated only with himself, for who would have dared to + suggest it to him? The fact is, Bonaparte knew not what he did. His fever + of ambition amounted to delirium; and he knew not how he was losing + himself in public opinion because he did not know that opinion, to gain + which he would have made every sacrifice. + </p> + <p> + When Cambacérès (who, with a slight reservation, had voted the death of + Louis XVI.) warmly opposed in the Council the Duc d'Enghien's arrest, the + First Consul observed to him, "Methinks, Sir, you have grown very chary of + Bourbon blood!" + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the Duc d'Enghien was at Ettenheim, indulging in hope rather + than plotting conspiracies. It is well known that an individual made an + offer to the Prince de Condé to assassinate the First Consul, but the + Prince indignantly rejected the proposition, and nobly refused to recover + the rights of the Bourbons at the price of such a crime. The individual + above-mentioned was afterwards discovered to be an agent of the Paris + police, who had been commissioned to draw the Princes into a plot which + would have ruined them, for public feeling revolts at assassination under + any circumstances. + </p> + <p> + It has been alleged that Louis XVIII.'s refusal to treat with Bonaparte + led to the fatal catastrophe of the Duc d'Enghien's death. The first + correspondence between Louis XVIII. and the First Consul, which has been + given in these Memoirs, clearly proves the contrary. It is certainly + probable that Louis XVIII.'s refusal to renounce his rights should have + irritated Bonaparte. But it was rather late to take his revenge two years + after, and that too on a Prince totally ignorant of those overtures. It is + needless to comment on such absurdities. It is equally unnecessary to + speak of the mysterious being who often appeared at meetings in the + Faubourg St. Germain, and who was afterwards discovered to be Pichegru. + </p> + <p> + A further light is thrown on this melancholy catastrophe by a conversation + Napoleon had, a few days after his elevation to the imperial throne, with + M. Masaias, the French Minister at the Court of the Grand Duke of Baden. + This conversation took place at Aix-la-Chapelle. After some remarks on the + intrigues of the emigrants Bonaparte observed, "You ought at least to have + prevented the plots which the Duc d'Enghien was hatching at Ettenheim."—"Sire, + I am too old to learn to tell a falsehood. Believe me, on this subject + your Majesty's ear has been abused."—"Do you not think, then, that + had the conspiracy of Georges and Pichegru proved successful, the Prince + would have passed the Rhine, and have come post to Paris?" + </p> + <p> + M. Massias, from whom I had these particulars, added, "At this last + question of the Emperor I hung down my head and was silent, for I saw he + did not wish to hear the truth." + </p> + <p> + Now let us consider, with that attention which the importance of the + subject demands, what has been said by the historians of St. Helena. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon said to his companions in exile that "the Duc d'Enghien's death + must be attributed either to an excess of zeal for him (Napoleon), to + private views, or to mysterious intrigues. He had been blindly urged on; + he was, if he might say so, taken by surprise. The measure was + precipitated, and the result predetermined." + </p> + <p> + This he might have said; but if he did so express himself, how are we to + reconcile such a declaration with the statement of O'Meara? How give + credit to assertions so very opposite? + </p> + <p> + Napoleon said to M. de Las Casas: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "One day when alone, I recollect it well, I was taking my coffee, + half seated on the table at which I had just dined, when suddenly + information was brought to me that a new conspiracy had been + discovered. I was warmly urged to put an end to these enormities; + they represented to me that it was time at last to give a lesson to + those who had been day after day conspiring against my life; that + this end could only be attained by shedding the blood of one of + them; and that the Duc d'Enghien, who might now be convicted of + forming part of this new conspiracy, and taken in the very act, + should be that one. It was added that he had been seen at + Strasburg; that it was even believed that he had been in Paris; and + that the plan was that he should enter France by the east at the + moment of the explosion, whilst the Duc de Berri was disembarking in + the west. I should tell you," observed the Emperor, "that I did not + even know precisely who the Duc d'Enghien was (the Revolution having + taken place when I was yet a very young man, and I having never been + at Court), and that I was quite in the dark as to where he was at + that moment. Having been informed on those points I exclaimed that + if such were the case the Duke ought to be arrested, and that orders + should be given to that effect. Everything had been foreseen and + prepared; the different orders were already drawn up, nothing + remained to be done but to sign them, and the fate of the young + Prince was thus decided." +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon next asserts that in the Duke's arrest and condemnation all the + usual forms were strictly observed. But he has also declared that the + death of that unfortunate Prince will be an eternal reproach to those who, + carried away by a criminal zeal, waited not for their Sovereign's orders + to execute the sentence of the court-martial. He would, perhaps, have + allowed the Prince to live; but yet he said, "It is true I wished to make + an example which should deter." + </p> + <p> + It has been said that the Duc d'Enghien addressed a letter to Napoleon, + which was not delivered till after the execution. This is false and + absurd! How could that Prince write to Bonaparte to offer him his services + and to solicit the command of an army? His interrogatory makes no mention + of this letter, and is in direct opposition to the sentiments which that + letter would attribute to him. The truth is, no such letter ever existed. + The individual who was with the Prince declared he never wrote it. It will + never be believed that any one would have presumed to withhold from + Bonaparte a letter on which depended the fate of so august a victim. + </p> + <p> + In his declarations to his companions in exile Napoleon endeavoured either + to free himself of this crime or to justify it. His fear or his + susceptibility was such, that in discoursing with strangers he merely + said, that had he known of the Prince's letter, which was not delivered to + him.—God knows why!—until after he had breathed his last, he + would have pardoned him. But at a subsequent date he traced, with his own + hand, his last thoughts, which he supposed would be consecrated in the + minds of his contemporaries, and of posterity. Napoleon, touching on the + subject which he felt would be one of the most important attached to his + memory, said that if the thing were to do again he would act as he then + did. How does this declaration tally with his avowal, that if he had + received the Prince's letter he should have lived? This is irreconcilable. + But if we compare all that Napoleon said at St. Helena, and which has been + transmitted to us by his faithful followers; if we consider his + contradictions when speaking of the Duc d'Enghien's death to strangers, to + his friends, to the public, or to posterity, the question ceases to be + doubtful. Bonaparte wished to strike a blow which would terrify his + enemies. Fancying that the Duc de Berri was ready to land in France, he + despatched his aide de camp Savary, in disguise, attended by gendarmes, to + watch the Duke's landing at Biville, near Dieppe. This turned out a + fruitless mission. The Duke was warned in time not to attempt the useless + and dangerous enterprise, and Bonaparte, enraged to see one prey escape + him, pounced upon another. It is well known that Bonaparte often, and in + the presence even of persons whom he conceived to have maintained + relations with the partisans of the Bourbons at Paris, expressed himself + thus: "I will put an end to these conspiracies. If any of the emigrants + conspire they shall be shot. I have been told that Cobentzel harbours some + of them. I do not believe this; but if it be true, Cobentzel shall be + arrested and shot along with them. I will let the Bourbons know I am not + to be trifled with." The above statement of facts accounts for the + suppositions respecting the probable influence of the Jacobins in this + affair. It has been said, not without some appearance of reason, that to + get the Jacobins to help him to ascend the throne Bonaparte consented to + sacrifice a victim of the blood royal, as the only pledge capable of + ensuring them against the return of the proscribed family. Be this as it + may, there are no possible means of relieving Bonaparte from his share of + guilt in the death of the Duc d'Enghien. + </p> + <p> + To the above facts, which came within my own knowledge, I may add the + following curious story, which was related to me by an individual who + himself heard it from the secretary of General Davoust. + </p> + <p> + Davoust was commanding a division in the camp of Boulogne, and his + secretary when proceeding thither to join him met in the diligence a man + who seemed to be absorbed in affliction. This man during the whole journey + never once broke silence but by some deep sighs, which he had not power to + repress. General Davoust's secretary observed him with curiosity and + interest, but did not venture to intrude upon his grief by any + conversation. The concourse of travellers from Paris to the camp was, + however, at that time very great, and the inn at which the diligence + stopped in the evening was so crowded that it was impossible to assign a + chamber to each traveller. Two, therefore, were put into one room, and it + so happened that the secretary was lodged with his mysterious travelling + companion. + </p> + <p> + When they were alone he addressed him in a torso of interest which + banished all appearance of intrusion. He inquired whether the cause of his + grief was of a nature to admit of any alleviation, and offered to render + him any assistance in his power. "Sir," replied the stranger, "I am much + obliged for the sympathy you express for me—I want nothing. There is + no possible consolation for me. My affliction can end only with my life. + You shall judge for yourself, for the interest you seem to take in my + misfortune fully justifies my confidence. I was quartermaster in the + select gendarmerie, and formed part of a detachment which was ordered to + Vincennes. I passed the night there under arms, and at daybreak was + ordered down to the moat with six men. An execution was to take place. The + prisoner was brought out, and I gave the word to fire. The man fell, and + after the execution I learned that we had shot the Duc d'Enghien. Judge of + my horror! . . . I knew the prisoner only by the name of the brigand of La + Vendée! . . . I could no longer remain in the service—I obtained my + discharge, and am about to retire to my family. Would that I had done so + sooner!" The above has been related to me and other persons by Davoust's + secretary, whom I shall not name. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0058" id="link2HCH0058"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIII. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + General Ordener's mission—Arrest of the Duc d'Enghien—Horrible + night-scene—-Harrel's account of the death of the Prince—Order for + digging the grave—The foster-sister of the Duc d'Enghien—Reading + the sentence—The lantern—General Savary—The faithful dog and the + police—My visit to Malmaison—Josephine's grief— + The Duc d'Enghien's portrait and lock of hair—Savary's emotion— + M. de Chateaubriand's resignation—M. de Chateaubriand's connection + with Bonaparte—Madame Bacciocchi and M. de Fontanes—Cardinal Fesch + —Dedication of the second edition of the 'Genie du Christianisme' + —M. de Chateaubriand's visit to the First Consul on the morning of + the Duc d'Enghien's death—Consequences of the Duc d'Enghien's + death—Change of opinion in the provinces—The Gentry of the + Chateaus—Effect of the Duc d'Enghien's death on foreign Courts— + Remarkable words of Mr. Pitt—Louis XVIII. sends back the insignia + of the Golden Fleece to the King of Spain. +</pre> + <p> + I will now narrate more fully the sanguinary scene which took place at + Vincennes. General Ordener, commanding the mounted grenadiers of the + Guard, received orders from the War Minister to proceed to the Rhine, to + give instructions to the chiefs of the gendarmerie of New Brissac, which + was placed at his disposal. General Ordener sent a detachment of + gendarmerie to Ettenheim, where the Duc d'Enghien was arrested on the 15th + of March. He was immediately conducted to the citadel of Strasburg, where + he remained till the 18th, to give time for the arrival of orders from + Paris. These orders were given rapidly, and executed promptly, for the + carriage which conveyed the unfortunate Prince arrived at the barrier at + eleven o'clock on the morning of the 20th, where it remained for five + hours, and afterwards proceeded by the exterior boulevards on the road to + Vincennes, where it arrived at night. Every scene of this horrible drama + was acted under the veil of night: the sun did not even shine upon its + tragical close. The soldiers received orders to proceed to Vincennes at + night. It was at night that the fatal gates of the fortress were closed + upon the Prince. At night the Council assembled and tried him, or rather + condemned him without trial. When the clock struck six in the morning the + orders were given to fire, and the Prince ceased to exist. + </p> + <p> + Here a reflection occurs to me. Supposing one were inclined to admit that + the Council held on the 10th of March had some connection with the Duc + d'Enghien's arrest, yet as no Council was held from the time of the Duke's + arrival at the barrier to the moment of his execution, it could only be + Bonaparte himself who issued the orders which were too punctually obeyed. + When the dreadful intelligence of the Duc d'Enghien's death was spread in + Paris it excited a feeling of consternation which recalled the + recollection of the Reign of Terror. Could Bonaparte have seen the gloom + which pervaded Paris, and compared it with the joy which prevailed on the + day when he returned victorious from the field of Marengo, he would have + felt that he had tarnished his glory by a stain which could never be + effaced. + </p> + <p> + About half-past twelve on the 22d of March I was informed that some one + wished to speak with me. It was Harrel. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Harrel, who had been unemployed till the plot of Arena and + Ceracchi on the 18th Vendemiairean IX (10th October 1800) which he + had feigned to join, and had then revealed to the police (see ante), + had been made Governor of Vincennes.]— +</pre> + <p> + I will relate word for word what he communicated to me. Harrel probably + thought that he was bound in gratitude to acquaint me with these details; + but he owed me no gratitude, for it was much against my will that he had + encouraged the conspiracy of Ceracchi, and received the reward of his + treachery in that crime. The following is Harrel's statement:— + </p> + <p> + "On the evening of the day before yesterday, when the Prince arrived, I + was asked whether I had a room to lodge a prisoner in; I replied, No—that + there were only my apartments and the Council-chamber. I was told to + prepare instantly a room in which a prisoner could sleep who was to arrive + that evening. I was also desired to dig a pit in the courtyard. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This fact must be noted. Harrel is told to dig a trench before + the sentence. Thus it was known that they had come to kill the Duc + d'Enghien. How can this be answered? Can it possibly be supposed + that anyone, whoever it was, would have dared to give each an order + in anticipation if the order had not been the carrying out of a + formal command of Bonaparte? That is incredible.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + "I replied that that could not be easily done, as the courtyard was paved. + The moat was then fixed upon, and there the pit was dug. The Prince + arrived at seven o'clock in the evening; he was perishing with cold and + hunger. He did not appear dispirited. He said he wanted something to eat, + and to go to bed afterwards. His apartment not being yet sufficiently + aired, I took him into my own, and sent into the village for some + refreshment. The Prince sat down to table, and invited me to eat with him. + He then asked me a number of questions respecting Vincennes—what was + going on there, and other particulars. He told me that he had been brought + up in the neighbourhood of the castle, and spoke to me with great freedom + and kindness. 'What do they want with me?' he said. 'What do they mean to + do with me?' But these questions betrayed no uneasiness or anxiety. My + wife, who was ill, was lying in the same room in an alcove, closed by a + railing. She heard, without being perceived, all our conversation, and she + was exceedingly agitated, for she recognised the Prince, whose + foster-sister she was, and whose family had given her a pension before the + Revolution. + </p> + <p> + "The Prince hastened to bed, but before he could have fallen asleep the + judges sent to request his presence in the Council-chamber. I was not + present at his examination; but when it was concluded he returned to his + chamber, and when they came to read his sentence to him he was in a + profound sleep. In a few moments after he was led out for execution. He + had so little suspicion of the fate that awaited him that on descending + the staircase leading to the moat he asked where they were taking him. He + received no answer. I went before the Prince with a lantern. Feeling the + cold air which came up the staircase he pressed my arm and said, 'Are they + going to put me into a dungeon?'" + </p> + <p> + The rest is known. I can yet see Harrel shuddering while thinking of this + action of the Prince's. + </p> + <p> + Much has been said about a lantern which it is pretended was attached to + one of the Duc d'Enghien's button-holes. This is a pure invention. Captain + Dautancourt, whose sight was not very good, took the lantern out of + Harrel's hand to read the sentence to the victim, who had been condemned + with as little regard to judicial forms as to justice. This circumstance + probably gave rise to the story about the lantern to which I have just + alluded. The fatal event took place at six o'clock on the morning of the + 21st of March, and it was then daylight. + </p> + <p> + General Savary did not dare to delay the execution of the sentence, + although the Prince urgently demanded to have an interview with the First + Consul. Had Bonaparte seen the prince there can be little doubt but that + he would have saved his life. Savary, however, thought himself bound to + sacrifice his own opinions to the powerful faction which then controlled + the First Consul; and whilst he thought he was serving his master, he was + in fact only serving the faction to which, I must say, he did not belong. + The truth is, that General Savary can only be reproached for not having + taken upon himself to suspend the execution, which very probably would not + have taken place had it been suspended. He was merely an instrument, and + regret on his part would, perhaps, have told more in his favour than his + vain efforts to justify Bonaparte. I have just said that if there had been + any suspension there would have been no execution; and I think this is + almost proved by the uncertainty which must have existed in the mind of + the First Consul. If he had made up his mind all the measures would have + been taken in advance, and if they had been, the carriage of the Duke + would certainly not have been kept for five hours at the barriers. + Besides, it is certain that the first intention was to take the Prince to + the prison of the Temple. + </p> + <p> + From all that I have stated, and particularly from the non-suspension of + the execution, it appears to me as clear as day that General Savary had + received a formal order from Bonaparte for the Duc d'Enghien's death, and + also a formal order that it should be so managed as to make it impossible + to speak to Bonaparte again on the subject until all should be over. Can + there be a more evident, a more direct proof of this than the digging of + the grave beforehand? I have repeated Harrel's story just as he related it + to me. He told it me without solicitation, and he could not invent a + circumstance of this nature. + </p> + <p> + General Savary was not in the moat during the execution, but on the bank, + from whence he could easily see all that passed. Another circumstance + connected with the Duc d'Enghien's death has been mentioned, which is + true. The Prince had a little dog; this faithful animal returned + incessantly to the fatal spot in the moat. There are few who have not seen + that spot. Who has not made a pilgrimage to Vincennes and dropped a tear + where the victim fell? The fidelity of the poor dog excited so much + interest that the police prevented any one from visiting the fatal spot, + and the dog was no longer heard to howl over his master's grave. + </p> + <p> + I promised to state the truth respecting the death of the Duc d'Enghien, + and I have done so, though it has cost me some pain. Harrel's narrative, + and the shocking circumstance of the grave being dug beforehand, left me + no opportunity of cherishing any doubts I might have wished to entertain; + and everything which followed confirmed the view I then took of the + subject. When Harrel left me on the 22d I determined to go to Malmaison to + see Madame Bonaparte, knowing, from her sentiments towards the House of + Bourbon, that she would be in the greatest affliction. I had previously + sent to know whether it would be convenient for her to see me, a + precaution I had never before observed, but which I conceived to be proper + upon that occasion. On my arrival I was immediately introduced to her + boudoir, where she was alone with Hortense and Madame de Rémusat. They + were all deeply afflicted. "Bourrienne," exclaimed Josephine, as soon as + she perceived me, "what a dreadful event! Did you but know the state of + mind Bonaparte is in! He avoids, he dreads the presence of every one! Who + could have suggested to him such an act as this?" I then acquainted + Josephine with the particulars which I had received from Harrel. "What + barbarity!" she resumed. "But no reproach can rest upon me, for I did + everything to dissuade him from this dreadful project. He did not confide + the secret to me, but I guessed it, and he acknowledged all. How harshly + he repelled my entreaties! I clung to him! I threw myself at his feet! + 'Meddle with what concerns you!' he exclaimed angrily. 'This is not + women's business! Leave me!' And he repulsed me with a violence which he + had never displayed since our first interview after your return from + Egypt. Heavens! what will become of us?" + </p> + <p> + I could say nothing to calm affliction and alarm in which I participated, + for to my grief for the death of the Duc d'Enghien was added my regret + that Bonaparte should be capable of such a crime. "What," said Josephine, + "can be thought of this in Paris? He must be the object of universal, + imprecation, for even here his flatterers appear astounded when they are + out of his presence. How wretched we have been since yesterday; and + he!.... You know what he is when he is dissatisfied with himself. No one + dare speak to him, and all is mournful around us. What a commission he + gave to Savary! You know I do not like the general, because he is one of + those whose flatteries will contribute to ruin Bonaparte. Well! I pitied + Savary when he came yesterday to fulfil a commission which the Duc + d'Enghien had entrusted to him. Here," added Josephine, "is his portrait + and a lock of his hair, which he has requested me to transmit to one who + was dear to him. Savary almost shed tears when he described to me the last + moments of the Duke; then, endeavouring to resume his self-possession, he + said: 'It is in vain to try to be indifferent, Madame! It is impossible to + witness the death of such a man unmoved!'" + </p> + <p> + Josephine afterwards informed me of the only act of courage which occurred + at this period—namely, the resignation which M. de Chateaubriand had + sent to Bonaparte. She admired his conduct greatly, and said: "What a pity + he is not surrounded by men of this description! It would be the means of + preventing all the errors into which he is led by the constant approbation + of those about him." Josephine thanked me for my attention in coming to + see her at such an unhappy juncture; and I confess that it required all + the regard I cherished for her to induce me to do so, for at that moment I + should not have wished to see the First Consul, since the evil was + irreparable. On the evening of that day nothing was spoken of but the + transaction of the 21st of March, and the noble conduct of M. de + Chateaubriand. As the name of that celebrated man is for ever written in + characters of honour in the history of that period, I think I may with + propriety relate here what I know respecting his previous connection with + Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + I do not recollect the precise date of M. de Chateaubriand's return to + France; I only know that it was about the year 1800, for we were, I think, + still at the Luxembourg: However, I recollect perfectly that Bonaparte + began to conceive prejudices against him; and when I one day expressed my + surprise to the First Consul that M. de Chateaubriand's name did not + appear on any of the lists which he had ordered to be presented to him for + filling up vacant places, he said: "He has been mentioned to me, but I + replied in a way to check all hopes of his obtaining any appointment. He + has notions of liberty and independence which will not suit my system. I + would rather have him my enemy than my forced friend. At all events, he + must wait awhile; I may, perhaps, try him first in a secondary place, and, + if he does well, I may advance him." + </p> + <p> + The above is, word for word, what Bonaparte said the first time I + conversed with him about M. de Chateaubriand. The publication of 'Atala' + and the 'Genie du Christianisme' suddenly gave Chateaubriand celebrity, + and attracted the attention of the First Consul. Bonaparte who then + meditated the restoration of religious worship: in France, found himself + wonderfully supported by the publication of a book which excited the + highest interest, and whose superior merit led the public mind to the + consideration of religious topics. I remember Madame Bacciocchi coming one + day to visit her brother with a little volume in her hand; it was 'Atala'. + She presented it to the First Consul, and begged he would read it. "What, + more romances!" exclaimed he. "Do you think I have time to read all your + fooleries?" He, however, took the book from his sister and laid it down on + my desk. Madame Bacciocchi then solicited the erasure of M. de + Chateaubriand's name from the list of emigrants. "Oh! oh!" said Bonaparte, + "it is Chateaubriand's book, is it? I will read it, then. Bourrienne, + write to Fouché to erase his name from the list." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, at that time paid so little attention to what was doing in the + literary world that he was not aware of Chateaubriand being the author of + 'Atala'. It was on the recommendation of M. de Fontanel that Madame + Bacciocchi tried this experiment, which was attended by complete success. + The First Consul read 'Atala', and was much pleased with it. On the + publication of the 'Genie du Christianisme' some time after, his first + prejudices were wholly removed. Among the persons about him there were + many who dreaded to see a man of de Chateaubriand's talent approach the + First Consul, who knew how to appreciate superior merit when it did not + exite his envy. + </p> + <p> + Our relations with the Court of the Vatican being renewed, and Cardinal + Fesch appointed Ambassador to the Holy See, Bonaparte conceived the idea + of making M. de Chateaubriand first secretary to the Embassy, thinking + that the author of the 'Genie du Christianisme' was peculiarly fitted to + make up for his uncle's deficiency of talent in the capital of the + Christian world, which was destined to become the second city of the + Empire. + </p> + <p> + It was not a little extraordinary to let a man, previously, a stranger to + diplomatic business; stepping over all the intermediate degrees; and being + at once invested with the functions of first secretary to an important + Embassy. I oftener than once heard the First Consul congratulate himself + on having made the appointment. I knew, though Bonaparte was not aware of + the circumstance at the time, that Chateaubriand at first refused the + situation, and that he was only induced to accept it by the entreaties of + the head of the clergy, particularly of the Abby Emery, a man of great + influence. They represented to the author of the 'Genie du Christianisme' + that it was necessary he should accompany the uncle of the First Consul to + Rome; and M. de Chateaubriand accordingly resolved to do so. + </p> + <p> + However, clouds, gathered; I do not know from what cause, between the + ambassador and his secretary. All I know is, that on Bonaparte being + informed of the circumstance he took the part of the Cardinal, and the + friends of M. de Chateaubriand expected to see him soon deprived of his + appointment, when, to the great astonishment of every one, the secretary + to the Roman Embassy, far from being disgraced, was raised by the First + Consul to the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary to the Valais, with leave + to travel in Switzerland and Italy, together with the promise of the first + vacant Embassy. + </p> + <p> + This favour excited a considerable sensation at the Tuileries; but as it + was known to be the will and pleasure of the First Consul all expression + of opinion on the subject was confined to a few quiet murmurs that + Bonaparte had done for the name of Chateaubriand what, in fact, he had + done only on account of his talent. It was during the continuance of this + favour that the second edition of the 'Genie du Christianisme' was + dedicated to the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + M. de Chateaubriand returned to France previously to entering on the + fulfilment of his new mission. He remained for some months in Paris, and + on the day appointed for his departure he went to take leave of the First + Consul. By a singular chance it happened to be the fatal morning of the + 21st of March, and consequently only a few hours after the Duc d'Enghien + had been shot. It is unnecessary to observe that M. de Chateaubriand was + ignorant of the fatal event. However, on his return home he said to his + friends that he had remarked a singular change in the appearance of the + First Consul, and that there was a sort of sinister expression in his + countenance. Bonaparte saw his new minister amidst the crowd who attended + the audience, and several times seemed inclined to step forward to speak + to him, but as often turned away, and did not approach him the whole + morning. A few hours after, when M. de Chateaubriand mentioned his + observations to some of his friends; he was made acquainted with the cause + of that agitation which, in spite of all his strength of mind and + self-command, Bonaparte could not disguise. + </p> + <p> + M. de Chateaubriand instantly resigned his appointment of Minister + Plenipotentiary to the Valais. For several days his friends were much + alarmed for his safety, and they called every morning early to ascertain + whether he had not been carried off during the night. Their fears were not + without foundation. I must confess that I, who knew Bonaparte well, was + somewhat surprised that no serious consequence attended the anger he + manifested on receiving the resignation of the man who had dedicated his + work to him. In fact, there was good reason for apprehension, and it was + not without considerable difficulty that Elisa succeeded in averting the + threatened storm. From this time began a state of hostility between + Bonaparte and Chateaubriand which only terminated at the Restoration. + </p> + <p> + I am persuaded, from my knowledge of Bonaparte's character, that though he + retained implacable resentment against a returned emigrant who had dared + to censure his conduct in so positive a manner, yet, his first burst of + anger being soothed, that which was the cause of hatred was at the same + time the ground of esteem. Bonaparte's animosity was, I confess, very + natural, for he could not disguise from himself the real meaning of a + resignation made under such circumstances. It said plainly, "You have + committed a crime, and I will not serve your Government, which is stained + with the blood of a Bourbon!" I can therefore very well imagine that + Bonaparte could never pardon the only man who dared to give him such a + lesson in the midst of the plenitude of his power. But, as I have often + had occasion to remark, there was no unison between Bonaparte's feelings + and his judgment. + </p> + <p> + I find a fresh proof of this in the following passage, which he dictated + to M. de Montholon at St. Helena (Memoires, tome iv. p 248). "If," said + he, "the royal confidence had not been placed in men whose minds were + unstrung by too important circumstances, or who, renegade to their + country, saw no safety or glory for their master's throne except under the + yoke of the Holy Alliance; if the Duc de Richelieu, whose ambition was to + deliver his country from the presence of foreign bayonets; if + Chateaubriand, who had just rendered valuable services at Ghent; if they + had had the direction of affairs, France would have emerged from these two + great national crises powerful and redoubtable. Chateaubriand had received + from Nature the sacred fire-his works show it! His style is not that of + Racine but of a prophet. Only he could have said with impunity in the + chamber of peers, 'that the redingote and cocked hat of Napoleon, put on a + stick on the coast of Brest, would make all Europe run to arms.'" + </p> + <p> + The immediate consequences of the Duc d'Enghien's death were not confined + to the general consternation which that unjustifiable stroke of state + policy produced in the capital. The news spread rapidly through the + provinces and foreign countries, and was everywhere accompanied by + astonishment and sorrow. There is in the departments a separate class of + society, possessing great influence, and constituted entirely of persons + usually called the "Gentry of the Chateaux," who may be said to form the + provincial Faubourg St. Germain, and who were overwhelmed by the news. The + opinion of the Gentry of the Chateaux was not hitherto unfavourable to the + First Consul, for the law of hostages which he repealed had been felt very + severely by them. With the exception of some families accustomed to + consider themselves, in relation to the whole world, what they were only + within the circle of a couple of leagues; that is to say, illustrious + personages, all the inhabitants of the provinces, though they might retain + some attachment to the ancient order of things, had viewed with + satisfaction the substitution of the Consular for the Directorial + government, and entertained no personal dislike to the First Consul. Among + the Chateaux, more than anywhere else, it had always been the custom to + cherish Utopian ideas respecting the management of public affairs, and to + criticise the acts of the Government. It is well known that at this time + there was not in all France a single old mansion surmounted by its two + weathercocks which had not a systems of policy peculiar to itself, and in + which the question whether the First Consul would play the part of + Cromwell or Monk was not frequently canvassed. In those innocent + controversies the little news which the Paris papers were allowed to + publish was freely discussed, and a confidential letter from Paris + sometimes furnished food for the conversation of a whole week. + </p> + <p> + While I was with Bonaparte he often talked to me about the life in the + Chateaux, which he considered as the happiest for men with sufficient + income and exempt from ambition. He knew and could appreciate this sort of + life, for he often told me the period of his life which he remembered. + with the greatest pleasure was that which he had passed in a Chateau of + the family of Boulat du Colombier near Valence. Bonaparte set great value + on the opinion of the Chateaux, because while living in the country he had + observed the moral influence which their inhabitants exercise over their + neighbourhood. He had succeeded to a great degree in conciliating them, + but the news of the death of the Duc d'Enghien alienated from him minds + which were still wavering, and even those which had already declared in + his favour. That act of tyranny dissolved the charm which had created hope + from his government and awakened affections which had as yet only + slumbered. Those to whom this event was almost indifferent also joined in + condemning it; for there are certain aristocratic ideas which are always + fashionable in a certain class of society. Thus for different causes this + atrocity gave a retrograde direction to public opinion, which had + previously been favourably disposed to Bonaparte throughout the whole of + France. + </p> + <p> + The consequences were not less important, and might have been disastrous + with respect to foreign Courts. I learned, through a channel which does + not permit me to entertain any doubt of the correctness of my information, + that as soon as the Emperor Alexander received the news it became clear + that England might conceive a well-founded hope of forming a new coalition + against France. Alexander openly expressed his indignation. I also learned + with equal certainty that when Mr. Pitt was informed of the death of the + French Prince he said, "Bonaparte has now done himself more mischief than + we have done him since the last declaration of war." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The remark made on this murder by the astute cold-blooded Fouché + is well known. He said, "It was worse than a crime—it was a + blunder!"—Editor of 1836 Edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + Pitt was not the man to feel much concern for the death of any one; but he + understood and seized all the advantages afforded to him by this great + error of policy committed by the most formidable enemy of England. In all + the Treasury journals published in London Bonaparte was never spoken of + under any other name than that of the "assassin of the Duc d'Enghien." The + inert policy of the Cabinet of Vienna prevented the manifestation of its + displeasure by remonstrances, or by any outward act. At Berlin, in + consequence of the neighbourhood of the French troops in Hanover, the + commiseration for the death of the Duc d'Enghien was also confined to the + King's cabinet, and more particularly to the salons of the Queen of + Prussia; but it is certain that that transaction almost everywhere changed + the disposition of sovereigns towards the First Consul, and that if it did + not cause, it at least hastened the success of the negotiations which + England was secretly carrying on with Austria and Prussia. Every Prince of + Germany was offended by the violation of the Grand Duke of Baden's + territory, and the death of a Prince could not fail everywhere to irritate + that kind of sympathy of blood and of race which had hitherto always + influenced the crowned heads and sovereign families of Europe; for it was + felt as an injury to all of them. + </p> + <p> + When Louis XVIII. learned the death of the Duc d'Enghien he wrote to the + King of Spain, returning him the insignia of the Order of the Golden + Fleece (which had also been conferred on Bonaparte), with the accompanying + letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SIRE, MONSIEUR, AND DEAR COUSIN—It is with regret that I send back + to you the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece which his + Majesty, your father, of glorious memory conferred upon me. There + can be nothing in common between me and the great criminal whom + audacity and fortune have placed on my throne, since he has had the + barbarity to stain himself with the blood of a Bourbon, the Duc + d'Enghien. + + Religion might make me pardon an assassin, but the tyrant of my + people must always be my enemy. + + In the present age it is more glorious to merit a sceptre than to + possess one. + + Providence, for incomprehensible reasons, may condemn me to end my + days in exile, but neither my contemporaries nor posterity shall + ever have to say, that in the period of adversity I showed my self + unworthy of occupying the throne of my ancestors. + LOUIS +</pre> + <p> + The death of the Duc d'Enghien was a horrible episode in the proceedings + of the great trial which was then preparing, and which was speedily + followed by the accession of Bonaparte to the Imperial dignity. It was not + one of the least remarkable anomalies of the epoch to see the judgment by + which criminal enterprises against the Republic were condemned pronounced + in the name of the Emperor who had so evidently destroyed that Republic. + This anomaly certainly was not removed by the subtlety, by the aid of + which he at first declared himself Emperor of the Republic, as a + preliminary to his proclaiming himself Emperor of the French. Setting + aside the means, it must be acknowledged that it is impossible not to + admire the genius of Bonaparte, his tenacity in advancing towards his + object, and that adroit employment of suppleness and audacity which made + him sometimes dare fortune, sometimes avoid difficulties which he found + insurmountable, to arrive, not merely at the throne of Louis XVI., but at + the reconstructed throne of Charlemagne. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0059" id="link2HCH0059"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIV. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Pichegru betrayed—His arrest—His conduct to his old aide de camp— + Account of Pichegru's family, and his education at Brienne— + Permission to visit M. Carbonnet—The prisoners in the Temple— + Absurd application of the word "brigand"—Moreau and the state of + public opinion respecting him—Pichegru's firmness—Pichegru + strangled in prison—Public opinion at the time—Report on the death + of Pichegru. +</pre> + <p> + I shall now proceed to relate what I knew at the time and what I have + since learnt of the different phases of the trial of Georges, Pichegru, + Moreau and the other persons accused of conspiracy,—a trial to all + the proceedings of which I closely attended. From those proceedings I was + convinced that Moreau was no conspirator, but at the same time I must + confess that it is very probable the First Consul might believe that he + had been engaged in the plot, and I am also of opinion that the real + conspirators believed Moreau to be their accomplice and their chief; for + the object of the machinations of the police agents was to create a + foundation for such a belief, it being important to the success of their + scheme. + </p> + <p> + It has been stated that Moreau was arrested on the day after the + confessions made by Bouvet de Lozier; Pichegru was taken by means of the + most infamous treachery that a man can be guilty of. The official police + had at last ascertained that he was in Paris, but they could not learn the + place of his concealment. The police agents had in vain exerted all their + efforts to discover him, when an old friend, who had given him his last + asylum, offered to deliver him up for 100,000 crowns. This infamous fellow + gave an exact description of the chamber which Pichegru occupied in the + Rue de Chabanais, and in consequence of his information Comminges, + commissary of police, proceeded thither, accompanied by some determined + men. Precautions were necessary, because it was known that Pichegru was a + man of prodigious bodily strength, and that besides, as he possessed the + means of defence, he would not allow himself to be taken without making a + desperate resistance. The police entered his chamber by using false keys, + which the man who had sold him had the baseness to get made for them. A + light was burning on his night table. The party of police, directed by + Comminges, overturned the table, extinguished the light, and threw + themselves on the general, who struggled with all his strength, and cried + out loudly. They were obliged to bind him, and in this state the conqueror + of Holland was removed to the Temple, out of which he was destined never + to come alive. + </p> + <p> + It must be owned that Pichegru was far from exciting the same interest as + Moreau. The public, and more especially the army, never pardoned him for + his negotiations with the Prince de Condé prior to the 18th Fructidor. + However, I became acquainted with a trait respecting him while he was in + Paris which I think does him much honour. A son of M. Lagrenee, formerly + director of the French Academy at Rome, had been one of Pichegru's aides + de camp. This young man, though he had obtained the rank of captain, + resigned on the banishment of his general, and resumed the pencil, which + he had lad aside for the sword. Pichegru, while he was concealed in Paris; + visited his former aide de camp, who insisted upon giving him an asylum; + but Pichegru positively refused to accept M. Lagrenee's offer, being + determined not to commit a man who had already given him so strong a proof + of friendship. I learned this fact by a singular coincidence. At this + period Madame de Bourrienne wished to have a portrait of one of our + children; she was recommended to M. Lagrenee, and he related the + circumstance to her. + </p> + <p> + It was on the night of the 22d of February that Pichegru was arrested in + the manner I have described. The deceitful friend who gave him up was + named Le Blanc, and he went to settle at Hamburg with the reward of his + treachery, I had entirely lost sight of Pichegru since we left Brienne, + for Pichegru was also a pupil of that establishment; but, being older than + either Bonaparte or I, he was already a tutor when we were only scholars, + and I very well recollect that it was he who examined Bonaparte in the + four first rules of arithmetic. + </p> + <p> + Pichegru belonged to an agricultural family of Franche-Comte. He had a + relation, a minim,' in that country. The minim, who had the charge of + educating the pupils of the Military School of Brienne, being very poor, + and their poverty not enabling them to hold out much inducement to other + persons to assist them, they applied to the minims of Franche-Comte. In + consequence of this application Pichegru's relation, and some other + minims, repaired to Brienne. An aunt of Pichegru, who was a sister of the + order of charity, accompanied them, and the care of the infirmary was + entrusted to her. This good woman took her nephew to Brienne with her, and + he was educated at the school gratuitously. As soon as his age permitted, + Pichegru was made a tutor; but all, his ambition was to become a minim. He + was, however, dissuaded from that pursuit by his relation, and he adopted + the military profession. There is this further remarkable circumstance in + the youth of Pichegru, that, though he was older by several years than + Bonaparte, they were both made lieutenants of artillery at the same time. + What a difference in their destiny! While the one was preparing to ascend + a throne the other was a solitary prisoner in the dungeon of the Temple. + </p> + <p> + I had no motive to induce me to visit either the Temple or La Force, but I + received at the time circumstantial details of what was passing in those + prisons, particularly in the former; I went, however, frequently to St. + Pelagie, where M. Carbonnet was confined. As soon as I knew that he was + lodged in that prison I set about getting an admission from Real, who + smoothed all difficulties. M. Carbonnet was detained two months in + solitary confinement. He was several times examined, but the + interrogatories produced no result, and, notwithstanding the desire to + implicate him in consequence of the known intimacy between him and Moreau, + it was at last found impossible to put him on trial with the other parties + accused. + </p> + <p> + The Temple had more terrors than St. Pelagie, but not for the prisoners + who were committed to it, for none of those illustrious victims of police + machination displayed any weakness, with the exception of Bouvet de + Lozier, who, being sensible of his weakness, wished to prevent its + consequences by death. The public, however, kept their attention riveted + on the prison in which Moreau was confined. I have already mentioned that + Pichegru was conveyed thither on the night of the 22d of February; a + fortnight later Georges was arrested, and committed to the same prison. + </p> + <p> + Either Real or Desmarets, and sometimes both together, repaired to the + Temple to examine the prisoners. In vain the police endeavoured to direct + public odium against the prisoners by placarding lists of their names + through the whole of Paris, even before they were arrested. In those lists + they were styled "brigands," and at the head of "the brigands," the name + of General Moreau shone conspicuously. An absurdity without a parallel. + The effect produced was totally opposite to that calculated on; for, as no + person could connect the idea of a brigand with that of a general who was + the object of public esteem, it was naturally concluded that those whose + names were placarded along with his were no more brigands than he. + </p> + <p> + Public opinion was decidedly in favour of Moreau, and every one was + indignant at seeing him described as a brigand. Far from believing him + guilty, he was regarded as a victim fastened on because his reputation + embarrassed Bonaparte; for Moreau had always been looked up to as capable + of opposing the accomplishment of the First Consul's ambitious views. The + whole crime of Moreau was his having numerous partisans among those who + still clung to the phantom of the Republic, and that crime was + unpardonable in the eyes of the First Consul, who for two years had ruled + the destinies of France as sovereign master. What means were not employed + to mislead the opinion of the public respecting Moreau? The police + published pamphlets of all sorts, and the Comte de Montgaillard was + brought from Lyons to draw up a libel implicating him with Pichegru and + the exiled Princes. But nothing that was done produced the effect + proposed. + </p> + <p> + The weak character of Moreau is known. In fact, he allowed himself to be + circumvented by a few intriguers, who endeavoured to derive advantage from + the influence of his name. But he was so decidedly opposed to the + reestablishment of the ancient system that he replied to one of the agents + who addressed' him, "I cannot put myself at the head of any movement for + the Bourbons, and such an attempt would not succeed. If Pichegru act on + another principle—and even in that case I have told him that the + Consuls and the Governor of Paris must disappear—I believe that I + have a party strong enough in the Senate to obtain possession of + authority, and I will immediately make use of it to protect his friends; + public opinion will then dictate what may be fit to be done, but I will + promise nothing in writing." Admitting these words attributed to Moreau to + be true, they prove that he was dissatisfied with the Consular Government, + and that he wished a change; but there is a great difference between a + conditional wish and a conspiracy. + </p> + <p> + The commander of the principal guard of the Temple was General Savory, and + he had reinforced that guard by his select gendarmerie. The prisoners did + not dare to communicate one with another for fear of mutual injury, but + all evinced a courage which created no little alarm as to the consequences + of the trial. Neither offers nor threats produced any confessions in the + course of the interrogatories. Pichegru, in particular, displayed an + extraordinary firmness, and Real one day, on leaving the chamber where he + had been examining him, said aloud in the presence of several persons, + "What a man that Pichegru is!" + </p> + <p> + Forty days elapsed after the arrest of General Pichegru when, on the + morning of the 6th of April, he was found dead in the chamber he occupied + in the Temple. Pichegru had undergone ten examinations; but he had made no + confessions, and no person was committed by his replies. + </p> + <p> + All his declarations, however, gave reason to believe that he would speak + out, and that too in a lofty and energetic manner during the progress of + the trial. "When I am before my judges," said he, "my language shall be + conformable to truth and the interests of my country." What would that + language have been? Without doubt there was no wish that it should be + heard. Pichegru would have kept his promise, for he was distinguished for + his firmness of character above everything, even above his qualities as a + soldier; differing in this respect from Moreau, who allowed himself to be + guided by his wife and mother-in-law, both of whom displayed ridiculous + pretensions in their visits to Madame Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + The day on which Real spoke before several persons of Pichegru in the way + I have related was the day of his last examination. I afterwards learned, + from a source on which I can rely, that during his examination Pichegru, + though careful to say nothing which could affect the other prisoners, + showed no disposition to be tender of him who had sought and resolved his + death, but evinced a firm resolution to unveil before the public the + odious machinery of the plot into which the police had drawn him. He also + declared that he and his companions had no longer any object but to + consider of the means of leaving Paris, with the view of escaping from the + snares laid for them when their arrest took place. He declared that they + had all of them given up the idea of overturning the power of Bonaparte, a + scheme into which they had been enticed by shameful intrigues. I am + convinced the dread excited by his manifestation of a resolution to speak + out with the most rigid candour hastened the death of Pichegru. M. Real, + who is still living, knows better than any one else what were Pichegru's + declarations, as he interrogated him. I know not whether that gentleman + will think fit, either at the present or some future period, to raise the + veil of mystery which hangs over these events, but of this I am sure, he + will be unable to deny anything I advance. There is evidence almost + amounting to demonstration that Pichegru was strangled in prison, and + consequently all idea of suicide must be rejected as inadmissible. Have I + positive and substantive proof of what I assert? I have not; but the + concurrence of facts and the weight of probabilities do not leave me in + possession of the doubts I should wish to entertain on that tragic event. + Besides, there exists a certain popular instinct, which is rarely at + fault, and it must be in the recollection of many, not only that the + general opinion favoured the notion of Pichegru's assassination, but that + the pains taken to give that opinion another direction, by the affected + exhibition of the body, only served to strengthen it. He who spontaneously + says, I have not committed such or such a crime, at least admits there is + room for suspecting his guilt. + </p> + <p> + The truth is, the tide of opinion never set in with such force against + Bonaparte as during the trial of Moreau; nor was the popular sentiment in + error on the subject of the death of Pichegru, who was clearly strangled + in the Temple by secret agents. The authors, the actors, and the witnesses + of the horrible prison scenes of the period are the only persons capable + of removing the doubts which still hang over the death of Pichegru; but I + must nevertheless contend that the preceding circumstances, the general + belief at the time, and even probability, are in contradiction with any + idea of suicide on the part of Pichegru. His death was considered + necessary, and this necessity was its real cause. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0060" id="link2HCH0060"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXV. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Arrest of Georges—The fruiterer's daughter of the Rue de La + Montagne—St. Genevieve—Louis Bonaparte's visit to the Temple— + General Lauriston—Arrest of Villeneuve and Barco—Villeneuve + wounded—Moreau during his imprisonment—Preparations for leaving + the Temple—Remarkable change in Georges—Addresses and + congratulations—Speech of the First Consul forgotten—Secret + negotiations with the Senate—Official proposition of Bonaparte's + elevation to the Empire—Sitting of the Council of State— + Interference of Bonaparte—Individual votes—Seven against twenty— + His subjects and his people—Appropriateness of the title of + Emperor—Communications between Bonaparte and the Senate—Bonaparte + first called Sire by Cambacérès—First letter signed by Napoleon as + Emperor—Grand levee at the Tuileries—Napoleon's address to the + Imperial Guard—Organic 'Senatus-consulte'—Revival of old formulas + and titles—The Republicanism of Lucien—The Spanish Princess— + Lucien's clandestine marriage—Bonaparte's influence on the German + Princes—Intrigues of England—Drake at Munich—Project for + overthrowing Bonaparte's Government—Circular from the Minister for + Foreign Affairs to the members of the Diplomatic Body—Answers to + that circular. +</pre> + <p> + Georges was arrested about seven o'clock, on the evening of the 9th of + March, with another conspirator, whose name, I think, was Leridan. Georges + was stopped in a cabriolet on the Place de l'Odeon, whither he had no + doubt been directed by the police agent, who was constantly about him. In + not seizing him at his lodgings, the object, probably, was to give more + publicity to his arrest, and to produce an effect upon the minds of the + multitude. This calculation cost the life of one man, and had well-nigh + sacrificed the lives of two, for Georges, who constantly carried arms + about him, first shot dead the police officer who seized the horse's + reins, and wounded another who advanced to arrest him is the cabriolet. + Besides his pistols there was found upon him a poniard of English + manufacture. + </p> + <p> + Georges lodged with a woman named Lemoine, who kept a fruiterer's shop in + the Rue de la Montagne St. Genevieve, and on the evening of the 9th of + March he had just left his lodging to go, it was said, to a perfumer's + named Caron. It is difficult to suppose that the circumstance of the + police being on the spot was the mere effect of chance. The fruiterer's + daughter was putting into the cabriolet a parcel belonging to Georges at + the moment of his arrest. Georges, seeing the officers advance to seize + him, desired the girl to get out of the way, fearing lest he should shoot + her when he fired on the officers. She ran into a neighbouring house, + taking the parcel along with her. The police, it may readily be supposed, + were soon after her. The master of the house in which she had taken + refuge, curious to know what the parcel contained, had opened it, and + discovered, among other things, a bag containing 1000 Dutch sovereigns, + from which he acknowledged he had abstracted a considerable sum. He and + his wife, as well as the fruiterer's daughter, were all arrested; as to + Georges, he was taken that same evening to the Temple, where he remained + until his removal to the Conciergerie when the trial commenced. + </p> + <p> + During the whole of the legal proceedings Georges and the other important + prisoners were kept in solitary confinement. Immediately on Pichegru's + death the prisoners were informed of the circumstance. As they were all + acquainted with the general, and none believed the fact of his reported + suicide, it may easily be conceived what consternation and horror the + tragical event excited among them. I learned, and I was sorry to hear of + it, that Louis Bonaparte, who was an excellent man, and, beyond all + comparison, the best of the family, had the cruel curiosity to see Georges + in his prison a few days after the death of Pichegru, and when the + sensation of horror excited by that event in the interior of the Temple + was at its height, Louis repaired to the prison, accompanied by a + brilliant escort of staff-officers, and General Savary introduced him to + the prisoners. When Louis arrived, Georges was lying on his bed with his + hands strongly bound by manacles. Lauriston, who accompanied Louis, + related to me some of the particulars of this visit, which, in spite of + his sincere devotedness to the first Consul, he assured me had been very + painful to him. + </p> + <p> + After the arrest of Georges there were still some individuals marked out + as accomplices in the conspiracy who had found means to elude the search + of the police. The persons last arrested were, I think, Villeneuve, one of + the principal confidants of Georges, Burban Malabre, who went by the name + of Barco, and Charles d'Hozier. They were not taken till five days after + the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. The famous Commissioner Comminges, + accompanied by an inspector and a detachment of gendarmes d'Elite, found + Villeneuve and Burban Malabre in the house of a man named Dubuisson, in + the Rue Jean Robert. + </p> + <p> + This Dubuisson and his wife had sheltered some of the principal persons + proscribed by the police. The Messieurs de Polignac and M. de Riviere had + lodged with them. When the police came to arrest Villeneuve and Burban + Malabre the people with whom they lodged declared that they had gone away + in the morning. The officers, however, searched the house, and discovered + a secret door within a closet. They called, and receiving no answer, the + gendarmerie had recourse to one of those expedients which were, + unfortunately, too familiar to them. They fired a pistol through the door. + Villeneuve, who went by the name of Joyau, was wounded in the arm, which + obliged him and his companion to come from the place of their concealment, + and they were then made prisoners. + </p> + <p> + Moreau was not treated with the degree of rigour observed towards the + other prisoners. Indeed, it would not have been safe so to treat him, for + even in his prison he received the homage and respect of all the military, + not excepting even those who were his guards. Many of these soldiers had + served under him, and it could not be forgotten how much he was beloved by + the troops he had commanded. He did not possess that irresistible charm + which in Bonaparte excited attachment, but his mildness of temper and + excellent character inspired love and respect. It was the general opinion + in Paris that a single word from Moreau to the soldiers in whose custody + he was placed would in a moment have converted the gaoler-guard into a + guard of honour, ready to execute all that might be required for the + safety of the conqueror of Hohenlinden. Perhaps the respect with which he + was treated and the indulgence of daily seeing his wife and child were but + artful calculations for keeping him within the limits of his usual + character. Besides, Moreau was so confident of the injustice of the charge + brought against him that he was calm and resigned, and showed no + disposition to rouse the anger of an enemy who would have been happy to + have some real accusation against him. To these causes combined I always + attributed the resignation; and I may say the indifference, of Moreau + while he was in prison and on his trial. + </p> + <p> + When the legal preparations for the trial were ended the prisoners of the + Temple were permitted to communicate with each other, and, viewing their + fate with that indifference which youth, misfortune, and courage inspired, + they amused themselves with some of those games which usually serve for + boyish recreation. While they were thus engaged the order arrived for + their removal to the Conciergerie. The firmness of all remained unshaken, + and they made their preparations for departure as if they were going about + any ordinary business. This fortitude was particularly remarkable in + Georges, in whose manner a change had taken place which was remarked by + all his companions in misfortune. + </p> + <p> + For some time past the agents of Government throughout France had been + instructed to solicit the First Consul to grant for the people what the + people did not want, but what Bonaparte wished to take while he appeared + to yield to the general will, namely, unlimited sovereign authority, free + from any subterfuge of denomination. The opportunity of the great + conspiracy just discovered, and in which Bonaparte had not incurred a + moment's danger, as he did at the time of the infernal machine, was not + suffered to escape; that opportunity was, on the contrary, eagerly seized + by the authorities of every rank, civil, ecclesiastical, and military, and + a torrent of addresses, congratulations, and thanksgivings inundated the + Tuileries. Most of the authors of these addressee did not confine + themselves to mere congratulations; they entreated Bonaparte to + consolidate his work, the true meaning of which was that it was time he + should make himself Emperor and establish hereditary succession. Those who + on other occasions had shown an officious readiness to execute Bonaparte's + commands did not now fear to risk his displeasure by opposing the opinion + he had expressed in the Council of State on the discussion of the question + of the Consulate for life. Bonaparte then said, "Hereditary succession is + absurd. It is irreconcilable with the principle of the sovereignty of the + people, and impossible in France." + </p> + <p> + In this scene of the grand drama Bonaparte played his part with his + accustomed talent, keeping himself in the background and leaving to others + the task of preparing the catastrophe. The Senate, who took the lead in + the way of insinuation, did not fail, while congratulating the First + Consul on his escape from the plots of foreigners, or, as they were + officially styled, the daggers of England, to conjure him not to delay the + completion of his work. Six days after the death of the Duc d'Enghien the + Senate first expressed this wish. Either because Bonaparte began to repent + of a useless crime, and felt the ill effect it must produce on the public + mind, or because he found the language of the Senate somewhat vague, he + left the address nearly a month unanswered, and then only replied by the + request that the intention of the address might be more completely + expressed. These negotiations between the Senate and the Head of the + Government were not immediately published. Bonaparte did not like + publicity except for what had arrived at a result; but to attain the + result which was the object of his ambition it was necessary that the + project which he was maturing should be introduced in the Tribunate, and + the tribune Curee had the honour to be the first to propose officially, on + the 30th of April 1804, the conversion of the Consular Republic into an + Empire, and the elevation of Bonaparte to the title of Emperor; with the + rights of hereditary succession. + </p> + <p> + If any doubts could exist respecting the complaisant part which Curee + acted on this occasion one circumstance would suffice to remove them; that + is, that ten days before the development of his proposition Bonaparte had + caused the question of founding the Empire and establishing hereditary + succession in his family to be secretly discussed in the Council of State. + I learned from one of the Councillors of State all that passed on that + occasion, and I may remark that Cambacérès showed himself particularly + eager in the Council of State, as well as afterwards in the Senate, to + become the exalted subject of him who had been his first colleague in the + Consulate. + </p> + <p> + About the middle of April, the Council of State being assembled as for an + ordinary sitting, the First Consul, who was frequently present at the + sittings, did not appear. Cambacérès arrived and took the Presidency in + his quality of Second Consul, and it was remarked that his air was more + solemn than usual, though he at all times affected gravity. + </p> + <p> + The partisans of hereditary succession were the majority, and resolved to + present an address to the First Consul. Those of the Councillors who + opposed this determined on their part to send a counter-address; and to + avoid this clashing of opinions Bonaparte signified his wish that each + member of the Council should send him his opinion individually, with his + signature affixed. By a singular accident it happened to be Berlier's task + to present to the First Consul the separate opinions of the Council. Out + of the twenty-seven Councillors present only seven opposed the question. + Bonaparte received them all most graciously, and told them, among other + things, that he wished for hereditary power only for the benefit of + France; that the citizens would never be his subjects, and that the French + people would never be his people. Such were the preliminaries to the + official proposition of Curee to the Tribunate, and upon reflection it was + decided that, as all opposition would be useless and perhaps dangerous to + the opposing party, the minority should join the majority. This was + accordingly done. + </p> + <p> + The Tribunate having adopted the proposition of Curee, there was no longer + any motive for concealing the overtures of the Senate. Its address to the + First Consul was therefore published forty days after its date: the pear + was then ripe. This period is so important that I must not omit putting + together the most remarkable facts which either came within my own + observation, or which I have learned since respecting the foundation of + the Empire. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte had a long time before spoken to me of the title of Emperor as + being the most appropriate for the new sovereignty which he wished to + found in France. This, he observed, was not restoring the old system + entirely, and he dwelt much on its being the title which Caesar had borne. + He often said, "One may be the Emperor of a republic, but not the King of + a republic, those two terms are incongruous." + </p> + <p> + In its first address the Senate had taken as a test the documents it had + received from the Government in relation to the intrigues of Drake, who + had been sent from England to Munich. That text afforded the opportunity + for a vague expression of what the Senate termed the necessities of + France. To give greater solemnity to the affair the Senate proceeded in a + body to the Tuileries, and one thing which gave a peculiar character to + the preconcerted advances of the Senate was that Cambacérès, the Second + Consul, fulfilled his functions of President on this occasion, and + delivered the address to the First Consul. + </p> + <p> + However, the First Consul thought the address of the Senate, which, I have + been informed, was drawn up by Francois de Neufchateau, was not expressed + with sufficient clearness; he therefore, after suffering a little interval + to elapse, sent a message to the Senate signed by himself, in which he + said, "Your address has been the object of my earnest consideration." And + though the address contained no mention of hereditary succession, he + added, "You consider the hereditary succession of the supreme magistracy + necessary to defend the French people against the plots of our enemies and + the agitation arising from rival ambition. At the same time several of our + institutions appear to you to require improvement so as to ensure the + triumph of equality and public liberty, and to offer to the nation and the + Government the double guarantee they require." From the subsequent + passages of the message it will be sufficient to extract the following: + "We have been constantly guided by this great truth: that the sovereignty + dwells with the French people, and that it is for their interest, + happiness, and glory that the Supreme Magistracy, the Senate, the Council + of State, the Legislative Body, the Electoral Colleges, and the different + branches of the Government, are and must be instituted." The omission of + the Tribunate in this enumeration is somewhat remarkable. It announced a + promise which was speedily realised. + </p> + <p> + The will of Bonaparte being thus expressed in his message to the—Senate, + that body, which was created to preserve the institutions consecrated by + the Constitution of the year VIII., had no alternative but to submit to + the intentions manifested by the First Consul. The reply to the message + was, therefore, merely a counterpart of the message itself. It positively + declared that hereditary government was essential to the happiness, the + glory, and the prosperity of France, and that that government could be + confided only to Bonaparte and his family. While the Senate so + complaisantly played its part in this well-get-up piece, yet, the better + to impose on the credulity of the multitude, its reply, like Bonaparte's + message, resounded with the words liberty and equality. Indeed, it was + impudently asserted in that reply that Bonaparte's accession to hereditary + power would be a certain guarantee for the liberty of the press, a liberty + which Bonaparte held in the greatest horror, and without which all other + liberty is but a vain illusion. + </p> + <p> + By this reply of the Senate the most important step was performed. There + now remained merely ceremonies to regulate and formulas to fill up. These + various arrangements occasioned a delay of a fortnight. On the 18th of May + the First Consul was greeted for the first time by the appellation of Sire + by his former colleague, Cambacérès, who at the head of the Senate went to + present to Bonaparte the organic 'Senatus-consulte' containing the + foundation of the Empire. Napoleon was at St. Cloud, whither the Senate + proceeded in state. After the speech of Cambacérès, in which the old + designation of Majesty was for the first time revived, the EMPEROR + replied:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + All that can contribute to the welfare of the country is essentially + connected with my happiness. I accept the title which you believe + to be conducive to the glory of the nation. I submit to the + sanction of the people the law of hereditary succession. I hope + that France will never repent the honours she may confer on my + family. At all events, my spirit will not be with my posterity when + they cease to merit the confidence and love of the great nation. +</pre> + <p> + Cambacérès next went to congratulate the Empress, and then was realised to + Josephine the prediction which I had made to her three years before at + Malmaison. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In the original motion as prepared by Curee, the Imperial dignity + was to be declared hereditary in the family of Napoleon. Previous to + being formerly read before the Tribunate, the First Consul sent for + the document, and when it was returned it was found that the word + family was altered to descendants. Fabre, the President of the + Tribunate, who received the altered document from Maret, seeing the + effect the alteration would have on the brothers of Napoleon, and + finding that Maret affected to crest the change as immaterial, took + on himself to restore the original form, and in that shape it was + read by the unconscious Curee to the Tribunals. On this curious, + passage see Miot de Melito, tome ii, p. 179. As finally settled the + descent of the crown in default of Napoleon's children was limited + to Joseph and Louis and their descendants, but the power of adoption + was given to Napoleon. The draft of the 'Senates-consulte' was + heard by the Council of State in silence, and Napoleon tried in vain + to get even the most talkative of the members now to speak. The + Senate were not unanimous in rendering the 'Senatus-consulte'. The + three votes given against it were said to have been Gregoire, the + former constitutional Bishop of Blois, Carat, who as Minister of + Justice had read to Louis XVI. the sentence of death, and + Lanjuinais, one of the very few survivors of the Girondists, Thiers + says there was only one dissentient voice. For the fury of the + brothers of Napoleon, who saw the destruction of all their ambitions + hopes in any measure for the descent of the crown except in the + family, see Miot, tome ii. p.. 172, where Joseph is described as + cursing the ambition of his brother, and desiring his death as a + benefit for France and his family.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte's first act as Emperor, on the very day of his elevation to the + Imperial throne, was the nomination of Joseph to the dignity of Grand + Elector, with the title of Imperial Highness. Louis was raised to the + dignity of Constable, with the same title, and Cambacérès and Lebrun were + created Arch-Chancellor and Arch-Treasurer of the Empire. On the same day + Bonaparte wrote the following letter to Cambacérès, the first which he + signed as Emperor, and merely with the name of Napoleon:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + CITIZEN CONSUL CAMBACERES—Your title has changed; but your + functions and my confidence remain the same. In the high dignity + with which you are now invested you will continue to manifest, as + you have hitherto done in that of Consul, that wisdom and that + distinguished talent which entitle you to so important a share in + all the good which I may have effected. I have, therefore, only to + desire the continuance of the sentiments you cherish towards the + State and me. + + Given at the Palace of St. Cloud, 28th Floréal, an XII. + (18th May 1804). + (Signed) NAPOLEON. + + By the Emperor. + H. B. MARET. +</pre> + <p> + I have quoted this first letter of the Emperor because it is + characteristic of Bonaparte's art in managing transitions. It was to the + Citizen Consul that the Emperor addressed himself, and it was dated + according to the Republican calendar. That calendar, together with the + delusive inscription on the coin, were all that now remained of the + Republic. Next day the Emperor came to Paris to hold a grand levee at the + Tuileries, for he was not the man to postpone the gratification that + vanity derived from his new dignity and title. The assembly was more + numerous and brilliant than on any former occasion. Bessières having + addressed the Emperor on the part of the Guards, the Emperor replied in + the following terms: "I know the sentiments the Guards cherish towards me. + I repose perfect confidence in their courage and fidelity. I constantly + see, with renewed pleasure, companions in arms who have escaped so many + dangers, and are covered with so many honourable wounds. I experience a + sentiment of satisfaction when I look at the Guards, and think that there + has not, for the last fifteen years, in any of the four quarters of the + world, been a battle in which some of them have not taken part." + </p> + <p> + On the same day all the generals and colonels in Paris were presented to + the Emperor by Louis Bonaparte, who had already begun to exercise his + functions of Constable. In a few days everything assumed a new aspect; but + in spite of the admiration which was openly expressed the Parisians + secretly ridiculed the new courtiers. This greatly displeased Bonaparte, + who was very charitably informed of it in order to check his prepossession + in favour of the men of the old Court, such as the Comte de Segur, and at + a later period Comte Louis de Narbonne. + </p> + <p> + To give all possible solemnity to his accession Napoleon ordered that the + Senate itself should proclaim in Paris the organic 'Senates-consulte', + which entirely changed the Constitution of the State. By one of those + anomalies which I have frequently had occasion to remark, the Emperor + fixed for this ceremony Sunday, the 30th Floral. That day was a festival + in all Paris, while the unfortunate prisoners were languishing in the + dungeons of the Temple. + </p> + <p> + On the day after Bonaparte's accession the old formulae were restored. The + Emperor determined that the French Princes and Princesses should receive + the title of Imperial Highness; that his sisters should take the same + title; that the grand dignitaries of the Empire should be called Serene + Highnesses; that the Princes and titularies of the grand dignitaries + should be addressed by the title of Monseigneur; that M. Maret, the + Secretary of State, should have the rank of Minister; that the ministers + should retain the title of Excellency, to which should be added that of + Monseigneur in the petitions addressed to them; and that the title of + Excellency should be given to the President of the Senate. + </p> + <p> + At the same time Napoleon appointed the first Marshals of the Empire, and + determined that they should be called Monsieur le Marechal when addressed + verbally, and Monseigneur in writing. The following are the names of these + sons of the Republic transformed into props of the Empire: Berthier, + Murat, Moncey, Jourdan, Massena, Augereau, Bernadotte, Soult, Brune, + Lannes, Mortier, Ney, Davoust, and Besaieres. The title of Marshal of the + Empire was also granted to the generals Kellerman, Lefebvre, Perignon, and + Serrurier, as having served as commander-in-chief. + </p> + <p> + The reader cannot have failed to observe that the name of Lucien has not + been mentioned among the individuals of Bonaparte's family on whom + dignities were conferred. The fact is, the two brothers were no longer on + good terms with each other. Not, as it has been alleged, because Lucien + wished to play the part of a Republican, but because he would not submit + to the imperious will of Napoleon in a circumstance in which the latter + counted on his brother's docility to serve the interests of his policy. In + the conferences which preceded the great change in the form of government + it was not Lucien but Joseph who, probably for the sake of sounding + opinion, affected an opposition, which was by some mistaken for + Republicanism. With regard to Lucien, as he had really rendered great + services to Napoleon on the 19th Brumaire at St. Cloud, and as he himself + exaggerated the value of those services, he saw no reward worthy of his + ambition but a throne independent of his brother. It is certain that when + at Madrid he had aspired to win the good graces of a Spanish Infanta, and + on that subject reports were circulated with which I have nothing to do, + because I never had any opportunity of ascertaining their truth. All I + know is that, Lucien's first wife being dead, Bonaparte, wished him to + marry a German Princess, by way of forming the first great alliance in the + family. Lucien, however, refused to comply with Napoleon's wishes, and he + secretly married the wife of an agent, named, I believe, Joubertou, who + for the sake of convenience was sent to the West Indies, where he: died + shortly after. When Bonaparte heard of this marriage from the priest by + whom it had been clandestinely performed, he fell into a furious passion, + and resolved not to confer on Lucien the title of French Prince, on + account of what he termed his unequal match. Lucien, therefore, obtained + no other dignity than that of Senator. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[According to Lucien himself, Napoleon wished him to marry the + Queen of Etruria Maria-Louise, daughter of Charles IV. of Spain, who + had married, 1795 Louie de Bourbon, Prince of Parma, son of the Duke + of Parma, to whom Napoleon had given Tuscany in 1801 as the Kingdom + of, Etruria. Her husband had died in May 1808, and she governed in + the name of her son. Lucien, whose first wife, Anne Christine + Boyer, had died in 1801, had married his second wife, Alexandrine + Laurence de Bleschamps, who had married, but who had divorced, a M. + Jonberthon. When Lucien had been ambassador in Spain in 1801, + charged among other things with obtaining Elba, the Queen, he says, + wished Napoleon should marry an Infanta,—Donna Isabella, her + youngest daughter, afterwards Queen of Naples, an overture to which + Napoleon seems not to have made any answer. As for Lucien, he + objected to his brother that the Queen was ugly, and laughed at + Napoleon's representations as to her being "propre": but at last he + acknowledged his marriage with Madame Jouberthon. This made a + complete break between the brothers, and on hearing of the execution + of the Duc d'Enghien, Lucien said to his wife, "Alexandrine, let us + go; he has tasted blood." He went to Italy, and in 1810 tried to go + to the United States. Taken prisoner by the English, he was + detained first at Malta, and then in England, at Ludlow Castle and + at Thorngrove, till 1814, when he went to Rome. The Pope, who ever + showed a kindly feeling towards the Bonapartes, made the + ex-"Brutus" Bonaparte Prince de Canino and Duc de Musignano. + In 1815 he joined Napoleon and on the final fall of the Empire + he was interned at Rome till the death of his brother.]— +</pre> + <p> + Jerome, who pursued an opposite line of conduct, was afterwards made a + King. As to Lucien's Republicanism, it did not survive the 18th Brumaire, + and he was always a warm partisan of hereditary succession. + </p> + <p> + But I pass on to relate what I know respecting the almost incredible + influence which, on the foundation of the Empire, Bonaparte exercised over + the powers which did not yet dare to declare war against him. I studied + Bonaparte's policy closely, and I came to this conclusion on the subject, + that he was governed by ambition, by the passion of dominion, and that no + relations, on a footing of equality, between himself and any other power, + could be of long duration. The other States of Europe had only to choose + one of two things—submission or war. As to secondary States, they + might thenceforth be considered as fiefs of the French Government; and as + they could not resist, Bonaparte easily accustomed them to bend to his + yoke. Can there be a stronger proof of this arbitrary influence than what + occurred at Carlsruhe, after the violation of the territory of Baden, by + the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien? Far from venturing to make any + observation on that violation, so contrary to the rights of nations, the + Grand Duke of Baden was obliged to publish, in his own State, a decree + evidently dictated by Bonaparte. The decree stated, that many individuals + formerly belonging to the army of Condé having come to the neighbourhood + of Carlsruhe, his Electoral Highness had felt it his duty to direct that + no individual coming from Condé's army, nor indeed any French emigrant, + should, unless he had permission previously to the place, make a longer + sojourn than was allowed to foreign travellers. Such was already the + influence which Bonaparte exercised over Germany, whose Princes, to use an + expression which he employed in a later decree, were crushed by the grand + measures of the Empire. + </p> + <p> + But to be just, without however justifying Bonaparte, I must acknowledge + that the intrigues which England fomented in all parts of the Continent + were calculated to excite his natural irritability to the utmost degree. + The agents of England were spread over the whole of Europe, and they + varied the rumours which they were commissioned to circulate, according to + the chances of credit which the different places afforded. Their reports + were generally false; but credulity gave ear to them, and speculators + endeavoured, each according to his interest, to give them support. The + headquarters of all this plotting was Munich, where Drake, who was sent + from England, had the supreme direction. His correspondence, which was + seized by the French Government, was at first placed amongst the documents + to be produced on the trial of Georges, Moreau, and the other prisoners; + but in the course of the preliminary proceedings the Grand Judge received + directions to detach them, and make them the subject of a special report + to the First Consul, in order that their publication beforehand might + influence public opinion, and render it unfavourable to those who were + doomed to be sacrificed. The instructions given by Drake to his agents + render it impossible to doubt that England wished to overthrow the + Government of Bonaparte. Drake wrote as follows to a man who was appointed + to travel through France:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The principal object of your journey being the overthrow of the + existing Government, one of the means of effecting it is to acquire + a knowledge of the enemy's plans. For this purpose it is of the + highest importance to begin, in the first place, by establishing + communications with persons who may be depended upon in the + different Government offices in order to obtain exact information of + all plans with respect to foreign or internal affairs. The + knowledge of these plans will supply the best means of defeating + them; and failure is the way to bring the Government into complete + discredit—the first and most important step towards the end + proposed. Try to gain over trustworthy agents in the different + Government departments. Endeavour, also, to learn what passes in + the secret committee, which is supposed to be established at St + Cloud, and composed of the friends of the First Consul. Be careful + to furnish information of the various projects which Bonaparte may + entertain relative to Turkey and Ireland. Likewise send + intelligence respecting the movements of troops, respecting vessels + and ship-building, and all military preparations. +</pre> + <p> + Drake, in his instructions, also recommended that the subversion of + Bonaparte's Government should, for the time, be the only object in view, + and that nothing should be said about the King's intentions until certain + information could be obtained respecting his views; but most of his + letters and instructions were anterior to 1804. The whole bearing of the + seized documents proved what Bonaparte could not be ignorant of, namely, + that England was his constant enemy; but after examining them, I was of + opinion that they contained nothing which could justify the belief that + the Government of Great Britain authorised any attempt at assassination. + </p> + <p> + When the First Consul received the report of the Grand Judge relative to + Drake's plots' against his Government he transmitted a copy of it to the + Senate, and it was in reply to this communication that the Senate made + those first overtures which Bonaparte thought vague, but which, + nevertheless, led to the formation of the Empire. Notwithstanding this + important circumstance, I have not hitherto mentioned Drake, because his + intrigues for Bonaparte's overthrow appeared to me to be more immediately + connected with the preliminaries of the trial of Georges and Moreau, which + I shall notice in my next chapter. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[These were not plots for assassination. Bonaparte, in the same + way, had his secret agents in every country of Europe, without + excepting England. Alison (chap. xxxvii. par. 89) says on this + matter of Drake that, though the English agents were certainly + attempting a counter-revolution, they had no idea of encouraging the + assassination of Napoleon, while "England was no match for the + French police agents in a transaction of this description, for the + publication of Regular revealed the mortifying fact that the whole + correspondence both of Drake and Spencer Smith had been regularly + transmitted, as fast as it took place, to the police of Paris, and + that their principal corresponded in that city, M. Mehu de la + Tonche, was himself an agent of the police, employed to tempt the + British envoys into this perilous enterprise."]— +</pre> + <p> + At the same time that Bonaparte communicated to the Senate the report of + the Grand Judge, the Minister for Foreign Affairs addressed the following + circular letter to the members of the Diplomatic Body: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The First Consul has commanded me to forward to your Excellency a + copy of a report which has been presented to him, respecting a + conspiracy formed in France by Mr. Drake, his Britannic Majesty's + Minister at the Court of Munich, which, by its object as well as its + date, is evidently connected with the infamous plot now in the + course of investigation. + + The printed copy of Mr. Drake's letters and authentic documents is + annexed to the report. The originals will be immediately sent, by + order of the First Consul, to the Elector of Bavaria. + + Such a prostitution of the most honourable function which can be + intrusted to a man is unexampled in the history of civilised + nations. It will astonish and afflict Europe as an unheard of + crime, which hitherto the most perverse Governments have not dared + to meditate. The First Consul is too well acquainted with + sentiments of the Diplomatic Body accredited to him not to be fully + convinced that every one of its members will behold, with profound + regret, the profanation of the sacred character of Ambassador, + basely transformed into a minister of plots, snares, and corruption. +</pre> + <p> + All the ambassadors, ministers, plenipotentiaries, envoys, ordinary or + extraordinary, whatever might be their denomination, addressed answers to + the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in which they expressed horror and + indignation at the conduct of England and Drake's machinations. These + answers were returned only five days after the Duc d'Enghien's death; and + here one cannot help admiring the adroitness of Bonaparte, who thus + compelled all the representatives of the European Governments to give + official testimonies of regard for his person and Government. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0061" id="link2HCH0061"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXYI. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Trial of Moreau, Georges, and others—Public interest excited by + Moreau—Arraignment of the prisoners—Moreau's letter to Bonaparte— + Violence of the President of the Court towards the prisoners— + Lajolais and Rolland—Examinations intended to criminate Moreau— + Remarkable observations—Speech written by M. Garat—Bonaparte's + opinion of Garat's eloquence—General Lecourbe and Moreau's son— + Respect shown to Moreau by the military—Different sentiments + excited by Georges and Moreau—Thoriot and 'Tui-roi'—Georges' + answers to the interrogatories—He refuses an offer of pardon— + Coster St. Victor—Napoleon and an actress—Captain Wright— + M. de Riviere and the medal of the Comte d'Artois—Generous struggle + between MM. de Polignac—Sentence on the prisoners—Bonaparte's + remark—Pardons and executions. +</pre> + <p> + On the 28th of May, about ten days after Napoleon had been declared + Emperor, the trials of Moreau and others commenced. No similar event that + has since occurred can convey an idea of the fermentation which then + prevailed in Paris. The indignation excited by Moreau's arrest was openly + manifested, and braved the observation of the police. Endeavours had been + successfully made to mislead public opinion with respect to Georges and + some others among the accused, who were looked upon as assassins in the + pay of England, at least by that numerous portion of the public who lent + implicit faith to declarations presented to them as official. But the case + was different with regard to those individuals who were particularly the + objects of public interest,—viz. MM. de Polignac, de Riviere, + Charles d'Hozier, and, above all, Moreau. The name of Moreau towered above + all the rest, and with respect to him the Government found itself not a + little perplexed. It was necessary on the one hand to surround him with a + guard sufficiently imposing, to repress the eagerness of the people and of + his friends, and yet on the other hand care was required that this guard + should not be so strong as to admit of the possibility of making it a + rallying-point, should the voice of a chief so honoured by the army appeal + to it for defence. A rising of the populace in favour of Moreau was + considered as a very possible event,—some hoped for it, others + dreaded it. When I reflect on the state of feeling which then prevailed, I + am certain that a movement in his favour would infallibly have taken place + had judges more complying than even those who presided at the trial + condemned Moreau to capital punishment. + </p> + <p> + It is impossible to form an idea of the crowd that choked up the avenues + of the Palace of Justice on the day the trials commenced. This crowd + continued during the twelve days the proceedings lasted, and was + exceedingly great on the day the sentence was pronounced. Persons of the + highest class were anxious to be present. + </p> + <p> + I was one of the first in the Hall, being determined to watch the course + of these solemn proceedings. The Court being assembled, the President + ordered the prisoners to be brought in. They entered in a file, and ranged + themselves on the benches each between two gendarmes. They appeared + composed and collected, and resignation was depicted on the countenances + of all except Bouvet de Lozier, who did not dare to raise his eyes to his + companions in misfortune, whom his weakness, rather than his will, had + betrayed. I did not recognise him until the President proceeded to call + over the prisoners, and to put the usual questions respecting their names, + professions, and places of abode. Of the forty-nine prisoners, among whom + were several females, only two were personally known to me; namely, + Moreau, whose presence on the prisoner's bench seemed to wring every + heart, and Georges, whom I had seen at the Tuileries in the First Consul's + cabinet. + </p> + <p> + The first sitting of the Court was occupied with the reading of the act of + accusation or indictment, and the voices of the ushers, commanding + silence, could scarce suppress the buzz which pervaded the Court at the + mention of Moreau's name. All eyes were turned towards the conqueror of + Hohenlinden, and while the Procureur Imperial read over the long + indictment and invoked the vengeance of the law on an attempt against the + head of the Republic, it was easy to perceive how he tortured his + ingenuity to fasten apparent guilt on the laurels of Moreau. The good + sense of the public discerned proofs of his innocence in the very + circumstances brought forward against him. I shall never forget the effect + produced—so contrary to what was anticipated by the prosecutors—by + the reading of a letter addressed by Moreau from his prison in the Temple + to the First Consul, when the judges appointed to interrogate him sought + to make his past conduct the subject of accusation, on account of M. de + Klinglin's papers having fallen into his hands. He was reproached with + having too long delayed transmitting these documents to the Directory; and + it was curious to see the Emperor Napoleon become the avenger of pretended + offences committed against the Directory which he had overthrown. + </p> + <p> + In the letter here alluded to Moreau said to Bonaparte, then First Consul— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "In the short campaign of the year V. (from the 20th to the 23d of + March 1797) we took the papers belonging to the staff of the enemy's + army, and a number of documents were brought to me which General + Desaix, then wounded, amused himself by perusing. It appeared from + this correspondence that General Pichegru had maintained + communications with the French Princes. This discovery was very + painful, and particularly to me, and we agreed to say nothing of the + matter. Pichegru, as a member of the Legislative Body, could do but + little to injure the public cause, since peace was established. I + nevertheless took every precaution for protecting the army against + the ill effects of a system of espionage. . . . The events of + the 18th Fructidor occasioned so much anxiety that two officers, who + knew of the existence of the correspondence, prevailed on me to + communicate it to the Government. . . . I felt that, as a + public functionary, I could no longer remain silent. . . . + During the two last campaigns in Germany, and since the peace, + distant overtures have been made to me, with the view of drawing me + into connection with the French Princes. This appeared so absurd + that I took no notice of these overtures. As to the present + conspiracy, I can assure you I have been far from taking any share + in it. I repeat to you, General, that whatever proposition to that + effect was made me, I rejected it, and regarded it as the height of + madness. When it was represented to me that the invasion of England + would offer a favourable opportunity for effecting a change in the + French Government, I invariably answered that the Senate was the + authority to which the whole of France would naturally cling in the + time of trouble, and that I would be the first to place myself under + its orders. To such overtures made to a private individual, who + wished to preserve no connection either with the army, of whom + nine-tenths have served under me, or any constituted authority, the + only possible answer was a refusal. Betrayal of confidence I + disdained. Such a step, which is always base, becomes doubly odious + when the treachery is committed against those to whom we owe + gratitude, or have been bound by old friendship. + + "This, General, is all I have to tell you respecting my relations + with Pichegru, and it must convince you that very false and hasty + inferences have been drawn from conduct which, though perhaps + imprudent, was far from being criminal." +</pre> + <p> + Moreau fulfilled his duty as a public functionary by communicating to the + Directory the papers which unfolded a plot against the Government, and + which the chances of war had thrown into his hands. He fulfilled his duty + as a man of honour by not voluntarily incurring the infamy which can never + be wiped from the character of an informer. Bonaparte in Moreau's + situation would have acted the same part, for I never knew a man express + stronger indignation than himself against informers, until he began to + consider everything a virtue which served his ambition, and everything a + crime which opposed it. + </p> + <p> + The two facts which most forcibly obtruded themselves on my attention + during the trial were the inveterate violence of the President of the + Court towards the prisoners and the innocence of Moreau. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It is strange that Bourrienne does not acknowledge that he was + charged by Napoleon with the duty of attending this trial of Moreau, + and of sending in a daily report of the proceedings.]— +</pre> + <p> + But, in spite of the most insidious examinations which can be conceived, + Moreau never once fell into the least contradiction. If my memory fail me + not, it was on the fourth day that he was examined by Thuriot, one of the + judges. The result, clear as day to all present, was, that Moreau was a + total stranger to all the plots, all the intrigues which had been set on + foot in London. In fact, during the whole course of the trial, to which I + listened with as much attention as interest, I did not discover the shadow + of a circumstance which could in the least commit him, or which had the + least reference to him. Scarcely one of the hundred and thirty-nine + witnesses who were heard for the prosecution knew him, and he himself + declared on the fourth sitting, which took place on the 31st of May, that + there was not an individual among the accused whom he knew,—not one + whom he had ever seen. In the course of the long proceedings, + notwithstanding the manifest efforts of Thuriot to extort false admissions + and force contradictions, no fact of any consequence was elicited to the + prejudice of Moreau. His appearance was as calm as his conscience; and as + he sat on the bench he had the appearance of one led by curiosity to be + present at this interesting trial, rather than of an accused person, to + whom the proceedings might end in condemnation and death. But for the fall + of Moreau in the ranks of the enemy,—but for the foreign cockade + which disgraced the cap of the conqueror of Hohenlinden, his complete + innocence would long since have been put beyond doubt, and it would have + been acknowledged that the most infamous machinations were employed for + his destruction. It is evident that Lajolais, who had passed from London + to Paris, and from Paris to London, had been acting the part of an + intriguer rather than of a conspirator; and that the object of his + missions was not so much to reconcile Moreau and Pichegru as to make + Pichegru the instrument of implicating Moreau. Those who supposed Lajolais + to be in the pay of the British Government were egregiously imposed on. + Lajolais was only in the pay of the secret police; he was condemned to + death, as was expected, but he received his pardon, as was agreed upon. + Here was one of the disclosures which Pichegru might have made; hence the + necessity of getting him out of the way before the trial. As to the + evidence of the man named Rolland, it was clear to everybody that Moreau + was right when he said to the President, "In my opinion, Rolland is either + a creature of the police, or he has given his evidence under the influence + of fear." Rolland made two declarations the first contained nothing at + all; the second was in answer to the following observations: "You see you + stand in a terrible situation; you must either be held to be an accomplice + in the conspiracy, or you must be taken as evidence. If you say nothing, + you will be considered in the light of an accomplice; if you confess, you + will be saved." This single circumstance may serve to give an idea of the + way the trials were conducted so as to criminate Moreau. On his part the + general repelled the attacks, of which he was the object, with calm + composure and modest confidence, though flashes of just indignation would + occasionally burst from him. I recollect the effect he produced upon the + Court and the auditors at one of the sittings, when the President had + accused him of the design of making himself Dictator. He exclaimed, "I + Dictator! What, make myself Dictator at the head of the partisans of the + Bourbons! Point out my partisans! My partisans would naturally be the + soldiers of France, of whom I have commanded nine-tenths, and saved more + than fifty thousand. These are the partisans I should look to! All my + aides de camp, all the officers of my acquaintance, have been arrested; + not the shadow of a suspicion could be found against any of them, and they + have been set at liberty. Why, then, attribute to me the madness of aiming + to get myself made Dictator by the aid of the adherents of the old French + Princes, of persons who have fought in their cause since 1792? You allege + that these men, in the space of four-and-twenty hours, formed the project + of raising me to the Dictatorship! It is madness to think of it! My + fortune and my pay have been alluded to; I began the world with nothing; I + might have had by this time fifty millions; I have merely a house and a + bit of ground; as to my pay, it is forty thousand francs. Surely that sum + will not be compared with my services." + </p> + <p> + During the trial Moreau delivered a defence, which I knew had been written + by his friend Garat, whose eloquence I well remember was always disliked + by Bonaparte. Of this I had a proof on the occasion of a grand ceremony + which took place in the Place des Victoires, on laying the first stone of + a monument which was to have been erected to the memory of Desaix, but + which was never executed. The First Consul returned home in very + ill-humour, and said to me, "Bourrienne, what a brute that Garat is! What + a stringer of words! I have been obliged to listen to him for + three-quarters of an hour. There are people who never know when to hold + their tongues!" + </p> + <p> + Whatever might be the character of Garat's eloquence or Bonaparte's + opinion of it, his conduct was noble on the occasion of Moreau's trial; + for he might be sure Bonaparte would bear him a grudge for lending the aid + of his pen to the only man whose military glory, though not equal to that + of the First Consul, might entitle him to be looked upon as his rival in + fame. At one of the sittings a circumstance occurred which produced an + almost electrical effect. I think I still see General Lecourbe, the worthy + friend of Moreau, entering unexpectedly into the Court, leading a little + boy. Raising the child in his arms, he exclaimed aloud, and with + considerable emotion, "Soldiers, behold the son of your general!" + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This action of Lecourbe, together with the part played in this + trial by his brother, one of the judges, was most unfortunate, not + only for Lecourbe but for France, which consequently lost the + services of its best general of mountain warfare. His campaigns of + Switzerland in 1799 on the St. Gothard against Suwarrow are well + known. Naturally disgraced for the part he took with Moreau, he was + not again employed till the Cent Jours, when he did good service, + although he had disapproved of the defection of Ney from the + Royalist cause. He died in 1816; his brother, the judge, had a most + furious reception from Napoleon, who called him a prevaricating + judge, and dismissed him from his office (Rémusat, tome ii. p. + 8).]— +</pre> + <p> + At this unexpected movement all the military present spontaneously rose + and presented arms; while a murmur of approbation from the spectators + applauded the act. It is certain that had Moreau at that moment said but + one word, such was the enthusiasm in his favour, the tribunal would have + been broken up and the prisoners liberated. Moreau, however, was silent, + and indeed appeared the only unconcerned person in Court. Throughout the + whole course of the trial Moreau inspired so much respect that when he was + asked a question and rose to reply the gendarmes appointed to guard him + rose at the same time and stood uncovered while he spoke. + </p> + <p> + Georges was far from exciting the interest inspired by Moreau. He was an + object of curiosity rather than of interest. The difference of their + previous conduct was in itself sufficient to occasion a great contrast in + their situation before the Court. Moreau was full of confidence and + Georges full of resignation. The latter regarded his fate with a fierce + kind of resolution. He occasionally resumed the caustic tone which he + seemed to have renounced when he harangued his associates before their + departure from the Temple. With the most sarcastic bitterness he alluded + to the name and vote of Thuriot, one of the most violent of the judges, + often terming him 'Tue-roi'; + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Thuriot and the President Hemart both voted for the death of the + King. Merlin, the imperial Procureur-General, was one of the + regicides.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + and after pronouncing his name, or being forced to reply to his + interrogatories, he would ask for a glass of brandy to wash his mouth. + </p> + <p> + Georges had the manners and bearing of a rude soldier; but under his + coarse exterior he concealed the soul of a hero. When the witnesses of his + arrest had answered the questions of the President Hemart, this judge + turned towards the accused, and inquired whether he had anything to say in + reply.—"No."—"Do you admit the facts?"—"Yes." Here + Georges busied himself in looking over the papers which lay before him, + when Hemart warned him to desist, and attend to the questions. The + following dialogue then commenced. "Do you confess having been arrested in + the place designated by the witness?"—"I do not know the name of the + place."—"Do you confess having been arrested?"—"Yes."—"Did + you twice fire a pistol?"—"Yes."—"Did you kill a man?"—"Indeed + I do not know."— "Had you a poniard?"—"Yes."—"And two + pistols?"—"Yes."—"Who was in company with you?"—"I do + not know the person."—"Where did you lodge in Paris?"—"Nowhere."—"At + the time of your arrest did you not reside in the house of a fruiterer in + the Rue de la Montagne St. Genevieve?"— "At the time of my arrest I + was in a cabriolet. I lodged nowhere."— "Where did you sleep on the + evening of your arrest?"—"Nowhere."—"What were you doing in + Paris?"—"I was walking about."—"Whom have you seen in Paris?"—"I + shall name no one; I know no one." + </p> + <p> + From this short specimen of the manner in which Georges replied to the + questions of the President we may judge of his unshaken firmness during + the proceedings. In all that concerned himself he was perfectly open; but + in regard to whatever tended to endanger his associates he maintained the + most obstinate silence, notwithstanding every attempt to overcome his + firmness. + </p> + <p> + That I was not the only one who justly appreciated the noble character of + Georges is rendered evident by the following circumstance. Having + accompanied M. Carbonnet to the police, where he went to demand his + papers, on the day of his removal to St. Pelagic, we were obliged to await + the return of M. Real, who was absent. M. Desmarets and several other + persons were also in attendance. M. Real had been at the Conciergerie, + where he had seen Georges Cadoudal, and on his entrance observed to M. + Desmarets and the others, sufficiently loud to be distinctly heard by M. + Carbonnet and myself, "I have had an interview with Georges who is an + extraordinary man. I told him that I was disposed to offer him a pardon if + he would promise to renounce the conspiracy and accept of employment under + Government. But to my arguments and persuasions he only replied, 'My + comrades followed me to France, and I shall follow them, to death.'" In + this he kept his word. + </p> + <p> + Were we to judge these memorable proceedings from the official documents + published in the Moniteur and other journals of that period, we should + form a very erroneous opinion. Those falsities were even the object of a + very serious complaint on the part of Cosier St. Victor, one of the + accused. + </p> + <p> + After the speech of M. Gauthier, the advocate of Coster St. Victor, the + President inquired of the accused whether he had anything further to say + in his defence, to which he replied, "I have only to add that the + witnesses necessary to my exculpation have not yet appeared. I must + besides express my surprise at the means which have been employed to lead + astray public opinion, and to load with infamy not only the accused but + also their intrepid defenders. I have read with pain in the journals of + to-day that the proceedings—" Here the President interrupting, + observed that "these were circumstances foreign to the case."—"Not + in the least," replied Cosier St. Victor; "on the contrary, they bear very + materially on the cause, since mangling and misrepresenting our defence is + a practice assuredly calculated to ruin us in the estimation of the + public. In the journals of to-day the speech of M. Gauthier is shamefully + garbled, and I should be deficient in gratitude were I not here to bear + testimony to the zeal and courage which he has displayed in my defence. I + protest against the puerilities and absurdities which have been put into + his mouth, and I entreat him not to relax in his generous efforts. It is + not on his account that I make this observation; he does not require it at + my hands; it is for 'myself, it is for the accused, whom such arts tend to + injure in the estimation of the public." + </p> + <p> + Coster St. Victor had something chivalrous in his language and manners + which spoke greatly in his favour; he conveyed no bad idea of one of the + Fiesco conspirators, or of those leaders of the Fronds who intermingled + gallantry with their politics. + </p> + <p> + An anecdote to this effect was current about the period of the trial. + Coster St. Victor, it is related, being unable any longer to find a secure + asylum in Paris, sought refuge for a single night in the house of a + beautiful actress, formerly in the good graces of the First Consul; and it + is added that Bonaparte, on the same night, having secretly arrived on a + visit to the lady, found himself unexpectedly in the presence of Coster + St. Victor, who might have taken his life; but that only an interchange of + courtesy took place betwixt the rival gallants. + </p> + <p> + This ridiculous story was doubtless intended to throw additional odium on + the First Consul, if Cosier St. Victor should be condemned and not obtain + a pardon, in which case malignity would not fail to attribute his + execution to the vengeance of a jealous lover. + </p> + <p> + I should blush to relate such stories, equally destitute of probability + and truth, had they not obtained some credit at the time. Whilst I was + with Bonaparte he never went abroad during the night; and it was not + surely at a moment when the saying of Fouché, "The air is full of + poniards," was fully explained that he would have risked such nocturnal + adventures. + </p> + <p> + Wright was heard in the sixth sitting, on the 2d of June, as the hundred + and thirty-fourth witness in support of the prosecution. He, however, + refused to answer any interrogatories put to him, declaring that, as a + prisoner of war, he considered himself only amenable to his own + Government. + </p> + <p> + The Procureur-General requested the President to order the examinations of + Captain Wright on the 21st of May' and at a later period to be read over + to him; which being done, the witness replied, that it was omitted to be + stated that on these occasions the questions had been accompanied with the + threat of transferring him to a military tribunal, in order to be shot, if + he did not betray the secrets of his country. + </p> + <p> + In the course of the trial the most lively interest was felt for MM. de + Polignac— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The eldest of the Polignacs, Armand (1771-1847), condemned to + death, had that penalty remitted, but was imprisoned in Ham till + permitted to escape m 1813. He became Duc de Richelieu in 1817. + His younger brother, Jules (1780-1847) was also imprisoned and + escaped. In 1814 he was one of the first to display the white flag + in Paris. In 1829 he became Minister of Charles X. and was + responsible for the ordinances which cost his master his throne in + 1830. Imprisoned, nominally for life, he was released in 1836, and + after passing some time in England returned to France. The + remission of the sentence of death on Prince Armand was obtained by + the Empress Josephine. Time after time, urged on by Madame de + Rémusat, she implored mercy from Napoleon, who at last consented to + see the wife of the Prince. Unlike the Bourbon Louis XVIII., who + could see Madame de Lavalette only to refuse the wretched woman's + prayer for her husband, for Napoleon to grant the interview was to + concede the pardon. The Prince escaped death, and his wife who had + obtained the interview by applying to Madame de Rémusat, when she + met her benefactress in the times of the Restoration, displayed a + really grand forgetfulness of what had passed (see Rémusat, tome ii. + chap. i.).]— +</pre> + <p> + Charles d'Hozier, and de Riviere. So short a period had elapsed since the + proscription of the nobility that, independently of every feeling of + humanity, it was certainly impolitic to exhibit before the public the + heirs of an illustrious name, endowed with that devoted heroism which + could not fail to extort admiration even from those who condemned their + opinions and principles. + </p> + <p> + The prisoners were all young, and their situation create universal + sympathy. The greatest number of them disdained to have recourse to a + denial, and seemed less anxious for the preservation of their own lives + than for the honour of the cause in which they had embarked, not with the + view of assassination, as had been demonstrated, but for the purpose of + ascertaining the true state of the public feeling, which had been + represented by some factious intriguers as favourable to the Bourbons. + Even when the sword of the law was suspended over their heads the faithful + adherents of the Bourbons displayed on every occasion their attachment and + fidelity to the royal cause. I recollect that the Court was dissolved in + tears when the President adduced as a proof of the guilt of M. de Riviere + his having worn a medal of the Comte d'Artois, which the prisoner + requested to examine; and, on its being handed to him by an officer, M. de + Riviere pressed it to his lips and his heart, then returning it, he said + that he only wished to render homage to the Prince whom he loved. + </p> + <p> + The Court was still more deeply affected on witnessing the generous + fraternal struggle which took place during the last sitting between the + two De Polignacs. The emotion was general when the eldest of the brothers, + after having observed that his always going out alone and during the day + did not look like a conspirator anxious for concealment, added these + remarkable words which will remain indelibly engraven on my memory: "I + have now only one wish, which is that, as the sword is suspended over our + heads, and threatens to cut short the existence of several of the accused, + you would, in consideration of his youth if not of his innocence, spare my + brother, and shower down upon me the whole weight of your vengeance." It + was during the last sitting but one, on Friday the 8th of June, that M. + Armand de Polignac made the above affecting appeal in favour of his + brother. The following day, before the fatal sentence was pronounced, M. + Jules de Polignac addressed the judges, saying, "I was so deeply affected + yesterday, while my brother was speaking, as not fully to have attended to + what I read in my own defence: but being now perfectly tranquil, I + entreat, gentlemen, that you will not regard what he urged in my behalf. I + repeat, on the contrary, and with most justice, if one of us must fall a + sacrifice, if there be yet time, save him, restore him to the tears of his + wife; I have no tie like him, I can meet death unappalled;—too young + to have tasted the pleasures of the world, I cannot regret their loss."—"No, + no," exclaimed his brother, "you are still in the outset of your career; + it is I who ought to fall." + </p> + <p> + At eight in the morning the members of the Tribunal withdrew to the + council-chamber. Since the commencement of the proceedings the crowd, far + from diminishing, seemed each day to increase; this morning it was + immense, and, though the sentence was not expected to be pronounced till a + late hour, no one quitted the Court for fear of not being able to find a + place when the Tribunal should resume its sitting. + </p> + <p> + Sentence of death was passed upon Georges Caudoudal, Bouvet de Lozier, + Rusillon, Rochelle, Armand de Polignac, Charles d'Hozier, De Riviere, + Louis Ducorps, Picot, Lajolais, Roger, Coster St. Victor, Deville, + Gaillard, Joyaub, Burban; Lemercier, Jean Cadudol, Lelan, and Merille; + while Lies de Polignac, Leridant, General Moreau,—[General Moreau's + sentence was remitted, and he was allowed to go to America.]—Rolland, + and Hisay were only condemned to two years' imprisonment. + </p> + <p> + This decree was heard with consternation by the assembly, and soon spread + throughout Paris. I may well affirm it to have been a day of public + mourning; even though it was Sunday every place of amusement was nearly + deserted. To the horror inspired by a sentence of death passed so + wantonly, and of which the greater number of the victims belonged to the + most distinguished class of society, was joined the ridicule inspired by + the condemnation of Moreau; of the absurdity of which no one seemed more + sensible than Bonaparte himself, and respecting which he expressed himself + in the most pointed terms. I am persuaded that every one who narrowly + watched the proceedings of this celebrated trial must have been convinced + that all means were resorted to in order that Moreau, once accused, should + not appear entirely free from guilt. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte is reported to have said, "Gentlemen, I have no control over + your proceedings; it is your duty strictly to examine the evidence before + presenting a report to me. But when it has once the sanction of your + signatures, woe to you if an innocent man be condemned." This remark is in + strict conformity with his usual language, and bears a striking similarity + to the conversation I held with him on the following Thursday; but though + this language might be appropriate from the lips of a sovereign whose + ministers are responsible, it appears but a lame excuse in the mouth of + Bonaparte, the possessor of absolute power. + </p> + <p> + The condemned busied themselves in endeavouring to procure a repeal of + their sentence, the greatest number of them yielded in this respect to the + entreaties of their friends, who lost no time in taking the steps + requisite to obtain the pardon of those in whom they were most interested. + Moreau at first also determined to appeal; but he relinquished his purpose + before the Court of Cessation commenced its sittings. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the decree of the special Tribunal was delivered, Murat, + Governor of Paris, and brother-in-law to the Emperor, sought his presence + and conjured him in the most urgent manner to pardon all the criminals, + observing that such an act of clemency would redound greatly to his honour + in the opinion of France and all Europe, that it would be said the Emperor + pardoned the attempt against the life of the First Consul, that this act + of mercy would shed more glory over the commencement of his reign than any + security which could accrue from the execution of the prisoners. Such was + the conduct of Murat; but he did not solicit, as has been reported, the + pardon of any one in particular. + </p> + <p> + Those who obtained the imperial pardon were Bouvet de Lozier, who expected + it from the disclosures he had made; Rusillon, de Riviere, Rochelle, + Armand de Polignac, d'Hozier, Lajolais, who had beforehand received a + promise to that effect, and Armand Gaillard. + </p> + <p> + The other ill-fated victims of a sanguinary police underwent their + sentence on the 25th of June, two days after the promulgation of the + pardon of their associates. + </p> + <p> + Their courage and resignation never forsook them even for a moment, and + Georges, knowing that it was rumoured he had obtained a pardon, entreated + that he might die the first, in order that his companions in their last + moments might be assured he had not survived them. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0062" id="link2HCH0062"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVII. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Clavier and Hemart—Singular Proposal of Corvisart-M. Desmaisons— + Project of influencing the judges—Visit to the Tuileries—Rapp in + attendance—Long conversation with the Emperor—His opinion on the + trial of Moreau—English assassins and Mr. Fox—Complaints against + the English Government—Bonaparte and Lacuee—Affectionate + behaviour—Arrest of Pichegru—Method employed by the First Consul + to discover his presence in Paris—Character of Moreau—Measures of + Bonaparte regarding him—Lauriston sent to the Temple—Silence + respecting the Duc d'Enghien—Napoleon's opinion of Moreau and + Georges—Admiration of Georges—Offers of employment and dismissal— + Recital of former vexations—Audience of the Empress—Melancholy + forebodings—What Bonaparte said concerning himself—Marks of + kindness. +</pre> + <p> + The judges composing the Tribunal which condemned Moreau were not all like + Thuriot and Hemart. History has recorded an honourable contrast to the + general meanness of the period in the reply given by M. Clavier, when + urged by Hemart to vote for the condemnation of Moreau. "Ah, Monsieur, if + we condemn him, how shall we be able to acquit ourselves?" I have, + besides, the best reason for asserting that the judges were tampered with, + from, a circumstance which occurred to myself. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte knew that I was intimately connected with M. Desmaisons, one of + the members of the Tribunal, and brother in-law to Corvisart; he also knew + that Desmaisons was inclined to believe in Moreau's innocence, and + favourable to his acquittal. During the progress of the trial Corvisart + arrived at my house one morning at a very early hour, in a state of such + evident embarrassment that, before he had time to utter a word, I said to + him, "What is the matter? Have you heard any bad news?" + </p> + <p> + "No," replied Corvisart, "but I came by the Emperor's order. He wishes you + to see my brother-in-law. 'He is,' said he to me, 'the senior judge, and a + man of considerable eminence; his opinion will carry with it great weight, + and I know that he is favourable to Moreau; he is in the wrong. Visit + Bourrienne, said the Emperor, and concert with him respecting the best + method of convincing Desmaisons of his error, for I repeat he is wrong, he + is deceived.' This is the mission with which I am entrusted." + </p> + <p> + "How," said I, with thorough astonishment, "how came you to be employed in + this affair? Could you believe for one moment that I would tamper with a + magistrate in order to induce him to exercise an unjust rigour?" + </p> + <p> + "No, rest assured," replied Corvisart, "I merely visited you this morning + in obedience to the order of the Emperor; but I knew beforehand in what + manner you would regard the proposition with which I was charged. I knew + your opinions and your character too well to entertain the smallest doubt + in this respect, and I was convinced that I ran no risk in becoming the + bearer of a commission which would be attended with no effect. Besides, + had I refused to obey the Emperor, it would have proved prejudicial to + your interest, and confirmed him in the opinion that you were favourable + to the acquittal of Moreau. For myself," added Corvisart, "it is needless + to affirm that I have no intention of attempting to influence the opinion + of my brother-in-law; and if I had, you know him sufficiently well to be + convinced in what light he would regard such a proceeding." + </p> + <p> + Such were the object and result of Corvisart's visit, and I am thence led + to believe that similar attempts must have been made to influence other + members of the Tribunal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["The judges had been pressed and acted on in a thousand ways by + the hangers on of the Palace and especially by Real, the natural + intermediary between justice and the Government. Ambition, + servility, fear, every motive capable of influencing them, had been + used: even their humane scruples were employed" (Lanfrey tome iii. + p. 193, who goes on to say that the judges were urged to sentence + Moreau to death in order that the Emperor might fully pardon him).] +</pre> + <p> + But however this may be, prudence led me to discontinue visiting M. + Desmaisons, with whom I was in habits of the strictest friendship. + </p> + <p> + About this period I paid a visit which occupies an important place in my + recollections. On the 14th of June 1804, four days after the condemnation + of Georges and his accomplices, I received a summons to attend the Emperor + at St. Cloud. It was Thursday, and as I thought on the great events and + tragic scenes about to be acted, I was rather uneasy respecting his + intentions. + </p> + <p> + But I was fortunate enough to find my friend Rapp in waiting, who said to + me as I entered, "Be not alarmed; he is in the best of humours at present, + and wishes to have some conversation with you." + </p> + <p> + Rapp then announced me to the Emperor, and I was immediately admitted to + his presence. After pinching my ear and asking his usual questions, such + as, "What does the world say? How are your children? What are you about? + etc.," he said to me, "By the by, have you attended the proceedings + against Moreau?"—"Yes, Sire, I have not been absent during one of + the sittings."—"Well, Bourrienne, are you of the opinion that Moreau + is innocent?"—"Yes, Sire; at least I am certain that nothing has + come out in the course of the trial tending to criminate him; I am even + surprised how he came to be implicated in this conspiracy, since nothing + has appeared against him which has the most remote connexion with the + affair."—"I know your opinion on this subject; Duroc related to me + the conversation you held with him at the Tuileries; experience has shown + that you were correct; but how could I act otherwise? You know that Bouvet + de Lozier hanged himself in prison, and was only saved by accident. Real + hurried to the Temple in order to interrogate him, and in his first + confessions he criminated Moreau, affirming that he had held repeated + conferences with Pichegru. Real immediately reported to me this fact, and + proposed that Moreau should be arrested, since the rumours against him + seemed to be well founded; he had previously made the same proposition. I + at first refused my sanction to this measure; but after the charge made + against him by Bouvet de Lozier, how could I act otherwise than I did? + Could I suffer such open conspiracies against the Government? Could I + doubt the truth of Bouvet de Lozier's declaration, under the circumstances + in which it was made? Could I foresee that he would deny his first + declaration when brought before the Court? There was a chain of + circumstances which human sagacity could not penetrate, and I consented to + the arrest of Moreau when it was proved that he was in league with + Pichegru. Has not England sent assassins?"—"Sire," said I, "permit + me to call to your recollection the conversation you had in my presence + with Mr. Fox, after which you said to me, 'Bourrienne, I am very happy at + having heard from the mouth of a man of honour that the British Government + is incapable of seeking my life; I always wish to esteem my enemies."—"Bah! + you are a fool! Parbleu! I did not say that the English Minister sent over + an assassin, and that he said to him, 'Here is gold and a poniard; go and + kill the First Consul.' No, I did not believe that; but it cannot be + denied that all those foreign conspirators against my Government were + serving England, and receiving pay from that power. Have I agents in + London to disturb the Government of Great Britain? I have waged with it + honourable warfare; I have not attempted to awaken a remembrance of the + Stuarts amongst their old partisans. Is not Wright, who landed Georges and + his accomplices at Dieppe, a captain in the British navy? But rest assured + that, with the exception of a few babblers, whom I can easily silence, the + hearts of the French people are with me; everywhere public opinion has + been declared in my favour, so that I have nothing to apprehend from + giving the greatest publicity to these plots, and bringing the accused to + a solemn trial. The greater number of those gentlemen wished me to bring + the prisoners before a military commission, that summary judgment might be + obtained; but I refused my consent to this measure. It might have been + said that I dreaded public opinion; and I fear it not. People may talk as + much as they please, well and good, I am not obliged to hear them; but I + do not like those who are attached to my person to blame what I have + done." + </p> + <p> + As I could not wholly conceal an involuntary emotion, in which the Emperor + saw something more than mere surprise, he paused, took me by the ear, and, + smiling in the most affectionate manner, said, "I had no reference to you + in what I said, but I have to complain of Lacuee. Could you believe that + during the trial he went about clamouring in behalf of Moreau? He, my aide + de camp—a man who owes everything to me! As for you, I have said + that you acted very well in this affair."—"I know not, Sire, what + has either been done or said by Lacuee,—whom I have not seen for a + long time; what I said to Duroc is what history teaches in every page."—"By + the by," resumed the Emperor, after a short silence, "do you know that it + was I myself who discovered that Pichegru was in Paris. Everyone said to + me, Pichegru is in Paris; Fouché, Real, harped on the same string, but + could give me no proof of their assertion. 'What a fool you are,' said I + to Real, when in an instant you may ascertain the fact. Pichegru has a + brother, an aged ecclesiastic, who resides in Paris; let his dwelling be + searched, and should he be absent, it will warrant a suspicion that + Pichegru is here; if, on the contrary, his brother should be at home, let + him be arrested: he is a simple-minded man, and in the first moments of + agitation will betray the truth. Everything happened as I had foreseen, + for no sooner was he arrested than, without waiting to be questioned, he + inquired if it was a crime to have received his brother into his house. + Thus every doubt was removed, and a miscreant in the house in which + Pichegru lodged betrayed him to the police. What horrid degradation to + betray a friend for the sake of gold." + </p> + <p> + Then reverting to Moreau, the Emperor talked a great deal respecting that + general. "Moreau," he said, "possesses many good qualities; his bravery is + undoubted; but he has more courage than energy; he is indolent and + effeminate. When with the army he lived like a pasha; he smoked, was + almost constantly in bed, and gave himself up to the pleasures of the + table. His dispositions are naturally good; but he is too indolent for + study; he does not read, and since he has been tied to his wife's + apronstrings is fit for nothing. He sees only with the eyes of his wife + and her mother, who have had a hand in all these late plots; and then, + Bourrienne, is it not very strange that it was by my advice that he + entered into this union? I was told that Mademoiselle Hulot was a creole, + and I believed that he would find in her a second Josephine; how greatly + was I mistaken! It is these women who have estranged us from each other, + and I regret that he should have acted so unworthily. You must remember my + observing to you more than two years ago that Moreau would one day run his + head against the gate of the Tuileries; that he has done so was no fault + of mine, for you know how much I did to secure his attachment. You cannot + have forgotten the reception I gave him at Malmaison. On the 18th Brumaire + I conferred on him the charge of the Luxembourg, and in that situation he + fully justified my choice. But since that period he has behaved towards me + with the utmost ingratitude—entered into all the silly cabala + against me, blamed all my measures, and turned into ridicule the Legion of + Honour. Have not some of the intriguers put it into his head that I regard + him with jealousy? You must be aware of that. You must also know as well + as I how anxious the members of the Directory were to exalt the reputation + of Moreau. Alarmed at my success in Italy, they wished to have in the + armies a general to serve as a counterpoise to my renown. I have ascended + the throne and he is the inmate of a prison! You are aware of the + incessant clamouring raised against me by the whole family, at which I + confess I was very much displeased; coming from those whom I had treated + so well! Had he attached himself to me, I would doubtless have conferred + on him the title of First Marshal of the Empire; but what could I do? He + constantly depreciated my campaigns and my government. From discontent to + revolt there is frequently only one step, especially when a man of a weak + character becomes the tool of popular clubs; and therefore when I was + first informed that Moreau was implicated in the conspiracy of Georges I + believed him to be guilty, but hesitated to issue an order for his arrest + till I had taken the opinion of my Council. The members having assembled, + I ordered the different documents to be laid before them, with an + injunction to examine them with the utmost care, since they related to an + affair of importance, and I urged them candidly to inform me whether, in + their opinion, any of the charges against Moreau were sufficiently strong + to endanger his life. The fools! their reply was in the affirmative; I + believe they were even unanimous! Then I had no alternative but to suffer + the proceedings to take their course. It is unnecessary to affirm to you, + Bourrienne, that Moreau never should have perished on a scaffold! Most + assuredly I would have pardoned him; but with the sentence of death + hanging over his head he could no longer have proved dangerous; and his + name would have ceased to be a rallying-point for disaffected Republicans + or imbecile Royalists. Had the Council expressed any doubts respecting his + guilt I would have intimated to him that the suspicions against him were + so strong as to render any further connection between us impossible; and + that the best course he could pursue would be to leave France for three + years, under the pretext of visiting some of the places rendered + celebrated during the late wars; but that if he preferred a diplomatic + mission I would make a suitable provision for his expenses; and the great + innovator, Time, might effect great changes during the period of his + absence. But my foolish Council affirmed to me that his guilt, as a + principal, being evident, it was absolutely necessary to bring him to + trial; and now his sentence is only that of a pickpocket. What think you I + ought to do? Detain him? He might still prove a rallying-point. No. Let + him sell his property and quit? Can I confine him in the Temple? It is + full enough without him. Still, if this had been the only great error they + had led me to commit—" + </p> + <p> + "Sire, how greatly you have been deceived." + </p> + <p> + "Oh yes, I have been so; but I cannot see everything with my own eyes." + </p> + <p> + At this part of our conversation, of which I have suppressed my own share + as much as possible, I conceived that the last words of Bonaparte alluded + to the death of the Duc d'Enghien; and I fancied he was about to mention + that event but he again spoke of Moreau. + </p> + <p> + "He is very much mistaken," resumed the Emperor, "if he conceives I bore + any ill-will towards him. After his arrest I sent Lauriston to the Temple, + whom I chose because he was of an amiable and conciliating disposition; I + charged him to tell Moreau to confess he had only seen Pichegru, and I + would cause the proceedings against him to be suspended. Instead of + receiving this act of generosity as he ought to have done, he replied to + it with great haughtiness, so much was he elated that Pichegru had not + been arrested; he afterwards, however, lowered his tone. He wrote to me a + letter of excuse respecting his anterior conduct, which I caused to be + produced on the trial. He was the author of his own ruin; besides, it + would have required men of a different stamp from Moreau to conspire + against me. Amoung, the conspirators, for example, was an individual whose + fate I regret; this Georges in my hands might have achieved great things. + I can duly appreciate the firmness of character he displayed, and to which + I could have given a proper direction. I caused Real to intimate to him + that, if he would attach himself to me, not only should he be pardoned, + but that I would give him the command of a regiment. Perhaps I might even + have made him my aide de camp. Complaints would have been made, but, + parbleu, I should not have cared. Georges refused all my offers; he was as + inflexible as iron. What could I do? he underwent his fate, for he was a + dangerous man; circumstances rendered his death a matter of necessity. + Examples of severity were called for, when England was pouring into France + the whole offscouring of the emigration; but patience, patience! I have a + long arm, and shall be able to reach them, when necessary. Moreau regarded + Georges merely as a ruffian—I viewed him in a different light. You + may remember the conversation I had with him at the Tuileries—you + and Rapp were in an adjoining cabinet. I tried in vain to influence him—some + of his associates were affected at the mention of country and of glory; he + alone stood cold and unmoved. I addressed myself to his feelings, but in + vain; he was insensible to everything I said. At that period Georges + appeared to me little ambitious of power; his whole wishes seemed to + centre in commanding the Vendeans. It was not till I had exhausted every + means of conciliation that I assumed the tone and language of the first + magistrate. I dismissed him with a strong injunction to live retired—to + be peaceable and obedient—not to misinterpret the motives of my + conduct towards himself—nor attribute to weakness what was merely + the result of moderation and strength. 'Rest assured,' I added, 'and + repeat to your associates, that while I hold the reins of authority there + will be neither chance nor salvation for those who dare to conspire + against me: How he conformed to this injunction the event has shown. Real + told me that when Moreau and Georges found themselves in the presence of + Pichegru they could not come to any understanding, because Georges would + not act against the Bourbons. Well, he had a plan, but Moreau had none; he + merely wished for my overthrow, without having formed any ulterior views + whatever. This showed that he was destitute of even common sense. Apropos, + Bourrienne, have you seen Corvisart?"—"Yes, Sire."—"Well!" "He + delivered to me the message with which you entrusted him."—"And + Desmaisons!—I wager that you have not spoken to him in conformity to + my wishes."—"Sire, the estimation in which I hold Desmaisons + deterred me from a course so injurious to him; for in what other light + could he have considered what I should have said to him? I have never + visited at his house since the commencement of the trial."—"Well! + well! Be prudent and discreet, I shall not forget you." He then waved a + very gracious salute with his hand, and withdrew into his cabinet. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor had detained me more than an hour. On leaving the + audience-chamber I passed through the outer salon, where a number of + individuals were waiting; and I perceived that an observance of etiquette + was fast gaining ground, though the Emperor had not yet adopted the + admirable institution of Court Chamberlains. + </p> + <p> + I cannot deny that I was much gratified with my reception; besides I was + beginning to be weary of an inactive life, and was anxious to obtain a + place, of which I stood in great need, from the losses I had sustained and + the unjust resumption which Bonaparte had made of his gifts. Being + desirous to speak of Napoleon with the strictest impartiality, I prefer + drawing my conclusions from those actions in which I had no personal + concern. I shall therefore only relate here, even before giving an account + of my visit to the Empress on leaving the audience-chamber, the former + conduct of Napoleon towards myself and Madame de Bourrienne, which will + justify the momentary alarm with which I was seized when summoned to the + Tuileries, and the satisfaction I felt at my reception. I had a proof of + what Rapp said of the Emperor being in good-humour, and was flattered by + the confidential manner in which he spoke to me concerning some of the + great political secrets of his Government. On seeing me come out Rapp + observed, "You have had a long audience."—"Yes, not amiss;" and this + circumstance procured for me a courtly salutation from all persons waiting + in the antechamber.' + </p> + <p> + I shall now relate how I spent the two preceding years. The month after I + tendered my resignation to the First Consul, and which he refused to + accept, the house at St. Cloud belonging to Madame Deville was offered to + me; it was that in which the Duc d'Angouleme and the Duc de Berri were + inoculated. I visited this mansion, thinking it might be suitable for my + family; but, notwithstanding the beauty of its situation, it seemed far + too splendid either for my taste or my fortune. Except the outer walls, it + was in a very dilapidated state, and would require numerous and expensive + repairs. Josephine, being informed that Madame de Bourrienne had set her + face against the purchase, expressed a wish to see the mansion, and + accompanied us for that purpose. She was so much delighted with it that + she blamed my wife for starting any objections to my becoming, its + possessor. "With regard to the expense," Josephine replied to her, "ah, we + shall arrange that." On our return to Malmaison she spoke of it in such + high terms that Bonaparte said to me, "Why don't you purchase it, + Bourrienne, since the price is so reasonable?" + </p> + <p> + The house was accordingly purchased. An outlay of 20,000 francs was + immediately required to render it habitable. Furniture was also necessary + for this large mansion, and orders for it were accordingly given. But no + sooner were repairs begun than everything crumbled to pieces, which + rendered many additional expenses necessary. + </p> + <p> + About this period Bonaparte hurried forward the works at St. Cloud, to + which place he immediately removed. My services being constantly required, + I found it so fatiguing to go twice or thrice a day from Ruel to St. Cloud + that I took possession of my new mansion, though it was still filled with + workmen. Scarcely eight days had elapsed from this period when Bonaparte + intimated that he no longer had occasion for my services. When my wife + went to take leave Napoleon spoke to her in a flattering manner of my good + qualities, my merit, and the utility of my labours, saying that he was + himself the most unfortunate of the three, and that my loss could never be + replaced. He then added, "I shall be absent for a month, but Bourrienne + may be quite easy; let him remain in retirement, and on my return I shall + reward his services, should I even create a place on purpose for him." + </p> + <p> + Madame de Bourrienne then requested leave to retain the apartments + appropriated to her in the Tuileries till after her accouchement, which + was not far distant, to which he replied, "You may keep them as long as + you please; for it will be some time before I again reside in Paris." + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte set out on his journey, and shortly afterwards I went with my + family to visit Madame de Coubertin, my cousin-german, who received us + with her usual kindness. We passed the time of the First Consul's absence + at her country seat, and only returned to St. Cloud on the day Bonaparte + was expected. + </p> + <p> + Scarcely a quarter of an hour had elapsed after his arrival when I + received an intimation to give up, in twenty-four hours, the apartments in + the Tuileries, which he had promised my wife should retain till after her + confinement. He reclaimed at the same time the furniture of Ruel, which he + presented to me two years before, when I purchased that small house on + purpose to be near him. + </p> + <p> + I addressed several memorials to him on this subject, stating that I had + replaced the worn-out furniture with new and superior articles; but this + he wholly disregarded, compelling me to give up everything, even to the + greatest trifle. It may be right to say that on his return the Emperor + found his table covered with information respecting my conduct in Paris, + though I had not held the smallest communication with any one in the + capital, nor once entered it during his absence. + </p> + <p> + After my departure for Hamburg, Bonaparte took possession of my stables + and coach-house, which he filled with horses. Even the very avenues and + walks were converted into stabling. A handsome house at the entrance to + the park was also appropriated to similar purposes; in fact, he spared + nothing. Everything was done in the true military style; I neither had + previous intimation of the proceedings nor received any remuneration for + my loss. The Emperor seemed to regard the property as his own; but though + he all but ordered me to make the purchase, he did not furnish the money + that was paid for it. In this way it was occupied for more than four + years. + </p> + <p> + The recollection of those arbitrary and vexatious proceedings on the part + of Bonaparte has led me farther than I intended. I shall therefore return + to the imperial residence of St. Cloud. On leaving the audience-chamber, + as already stated, I repaired to the apartments of the Empress, who, + knowing that I was in the Palace, had intimated her wishes for my + attendance. No command could have been more agreeable to me, for every one + was certain of a gracious reception from Josephine. I do not recollect + which of the ladies in waiting was in attendance when my name was + announced; but she immediately retired, and left me alone with Josephine. + Her recent elevation had not changed the usual amenity of her disposition. + After some conversation respecting the change in her situation, I gave her + an account of what had passed between the Emperor and myself. + </p> + <p> + I faithfully related all that he had said of Moreau, observing that at one + moment I imagined he was about to speak of the Duc d'Enghien, when he + suddenly reverted to what he had been saying, and never made the slightest + allusion to the subject. + </p> + <p> + Madame Bonaparte replied to me, "Napoleon has spoken the truth respecting + Moreau. He was grossly deceived by those who believed they could best pay + their court to him by calumniating that general. His silence on the + subject of the Duc d'Enghien does not surprise me; he says as little + respecting it as possible, and always in a vague manner, and with manifest + repugnance. When you see Bonaparte again be silent on the subject, and + should chance bring it forward, avoid every expression in the smallest + degree indicative of reproach; he would not suffer it; you would ruin + yourself for ever in his estimation, and the evil is, alas! without + remedy. When you came to Malmaison I told you that I had vainly + endeavoured to turn him from his fatal purpose, and how he had treated me. + Since then he has experienced but little internal satisfaction; it is only + in the presence of his courtiers that he affects a calm and tranquil + deportment; but I perceive his sufferings are the greater from thus + endeavouring to conceal them. By the by, I forgot to mention that he knew + of the visit you paid me on the day after the catastrophe. I dreaded that + your enemies, the greater number of whom are also mine, might have + misrepresented that interview; but, fortunately, he paid little attention + to it. He merely said, 'So you have seen Bourrienne? Does he sulk at me? + Nevertheless I must do something for him.' He has again spoken in the same + strain, and repeated nearly the same expressions three days ago; and since + he has commanded your presence to-day, I have not a doubt but he has + something in view for your advantage."—"May I presume to inquire + what it is?"—"I do not yet know; but I would recommend to you, in + the meantime, to be more strictly on your guard than ever; he is so + suspicious, and so well informed of all that is done or said respecting + himself. I have suffered so much since I last saw you; never can I forget + the unkind manner in which he rejected my entreaties! For several days I + laboured under a depression of spirits which greatly irritated him, + because he clearly saw whence it proceeded. I am not dazzled by the title + of Empress; I dread some evil will result from this step to him, to my + children, and to myself. The miscreants ought to be satisfied; see to what + they have driven us! This death embitters every moment of my life. I need + not say to you, Bourrienne, that I speak this in confidence."—"You + cannot doubt my prudence."—"No, certainly not, Bourrienne. I do not + doubt it. My confidence in you is unbounded. Rest assured that I shall + never forget what you have done for me, under various circumstances, and + the devotedness you evinced to me on your return from Egypt.—Adieu, + my friend. Let me see you soon again." + </p> + <p> + It was on the 14th of June 1804 that I had this audience of the Emperor, + and afterwards attended the Empress. + </p> + <p> + On my return home I spent three hours in making notes of all that was said + to me by these two personages; and the substance of these notes I have now + given to the reader. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0063" id="link2HCH0063"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVIII. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Curious disclosures of Fouché—Remarkable words of Bonaparte + respecting the protest of Louis XVIII—Secret document inserted in + the Moniteur—Announcement from Bonaparte to Regnier—Fouché + appointed Minister of Police—Error of Regnier respecting the + conspiracy of Georges—Undeserved praise bestowed on Fouché— + Indication of the return of the Bourbons—Variation between the + words and conduct of Bonaparte—The iron crown—Celebration of the + 14th of July—Church festivals and loss of time—Grand ceremonial at + the Invalides—Recollections of the 18th Brumaire—New oath of the + Legion of Honour—General enthusiasm—Departure for Boulogne—Visits + to Josephine at St. Cloud and Malmaison—Josephine and Madame de + Rémusat—Pardons granted by the Emperor—Anniversary of the 14th of + July—Departure for the camp of Boulogne—General error respecting + Napoleon's designs—Caesar's Tower—Distribution of the crosses of + the Legion of Honour—The military throne—Bonaparte's charlatanism + —Intrepidity of two English sailors—The decennial prizes and the + Polytechnic School—Meeting of the Emperor and Empress—First + negotiation with the Holy Sea—The Prefect of Arras and Comte Louis + de Narbonne—Change in the French Ministry. +</pre> + <p> + Louis XVIII., being at Warsaw when he was informed of the elevation of + Napoleon to the Imperial dignity, addressed to the sovereigns of Europe a + protest against that usurpation of his throne. Fouché, being the first who + heard of this protest, immediately communicated the circumstance to the + Emperor, observing that doubtless the copies would be multiplied and + distributed amongst the enemies of his Government, in the Faubourg St. + Germain, which might produce the worst effects, and that he therefore + deemed it his duty to inform him that orders might be given to Regnier and + Real to keep a strict watch over those engaged in distributing this + document. + </p> + <p> + "You may judge of my surprise," added Fouché, "you who know so well that + formerly the very mention of the Bourbons rendered Bonaparte furious, + when, after perusing the protest, he returned it to me, saying, 'Ah, ah, + so the Comte de Lille makes his protest! Well, well, all in good time. I + hold my right by the voice of the French nation, and while I wear a sword + I will maintain it! The Bourbons ought to know that I do not fear them; + let them, therefore, leave me in tranquillity. Did you say that the fools + of the Faubourg St. Germain would multiply the copies of this protest of + Comte de Lille? well, they shall read it at their ease. Send it to the + Moniteur, Fouché; and let it be inserted to-morrow morning.'" This passed + on the 30th of June, and the next day the protest of Louis XVIII. did + actually appear in that paper. + </p> + <p> + Fouché was wholly indifferent respecting the circulation of this protest; + he merely wished to show the Emperor that he was better informed of + passing events than Regnier, and to afford Napoleon another proof of the + inexperience and inability of the Grand Judge in police; and Fouché was + not long in receiving the reward which he expected from this step. In + fact, ten days after the publication of the protest, the Emperor announced + to Regnier the re-establishment of the Ministry of General Police. + </p> + <p> + The formula, I Pray God to have you in His holy keeping, with which the + letter to Regnier closed, was another step of Napoleon in the knowledge of + ancient usages, with which he was not sufficiently familiar when he wrote + Cambacérès on the day succeeding his elevation to the Imperial throne; at + the same time it must be confessed that this formula assorted awkwardly + with the month of "Messidor," and the "twelfth year of the Republic!" + </p> + <p> + The errors which Regnier had committed in the affair of Georges were the + cause which determined Bonaparte to re-establish the Ministry of Police, + and to bestow it on a man who had created a belief in the necessity of + that measure, by a monstrous accumulation of plots and intrigues. I am + also certain that the Emperor was swayed by the probability of a war + breaking out, which would force him to leave France; and that he + considered Fouché as the most proper person to maintain the public + tranquillity during his absence, and detect any cabala that might be + formed in favour of the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + At this period, when Bonaparte had given the finishing blow to the + Republic, which had only been a shadow since the 19th Brumaire, it was not + difficult to foresee that the Bourbons would one day remount the throne of + their ancestors; and this presentiment was not, perhaps, without its + influence in rendering the majority greater in favour of the foundation of + the Empire than for the establishment of a Consulate for life. The + reestablishment of the throne was a most important step in favour of the + Bourbons, for that was the thing most difficult to be done. But Bonaparte + undertook the task; and, as if by the aid of a magic rod, the ancient + order of things was restored in the twinkling of an eye. The distinctions + of rank—orders—titles, the noblesse—decorations—all + the baubles of vanity—in short, all the burlesque tattooing which + the vulgar regard as an indispensable attribute of royalty, reappeared in + an instant. The question no longer regarded the form of government, but + the individual who should be placed at its head. By restoring the ancient + order of things, the Republicans had themselves decided the question, and + it could no longer be doubted that when an occasion presented itself the + majority of the nation would prefer the ancient royal family, to whom + France owed her civilisation, her greatness, and her power, and who had + exalted her to such a high degree of glory and prosperity. + </p> + <p> + It was not one of the least singular traits in Napoleon's character that + during the first year of his reign he retained the fete of the 14th of + July. It was not indeed strictly a Republican fate, but it recalled the + recollection of two great popular triumphs,—the taking of the + Bastille and the first Federation. This year the 14th of July fell on a + Saturday, and the Emperor ordered its celebration to be delayed till the + following day, because it was Sunday; which was in conformity with the + sentiments he delivered respecting the Concordat. "What renders me," he + said, "most hostile to the re-establishment of the Catholic worship is the + number of festivals formerly observed. A saint's day is a day of + indolence, and I wish not for that; the people must labour in order to + live. I consent to four holidays in the year, but no more; if the + gentlemen from Rome are not satisfied with this, they may take their + departure." + </p> + <p> + The loss of time seemed to him so great a calamity that he seldom failed + to order an indispensable solemnity to be held on the succeeding holiday. + Thus he postponed the Corpus Christi to the following Sunday. + </p> + <p> + On Sunday, the 15th of July 1804, the Emperor appeared for the first time + before the Parisians surrounded by all the pomp of royalty. The members of + the Legion of Honour, then in Paris, took the oath prescribed by the new + Constitution, and on this occasion the Emperor and Empress appeared + attended for the first time by a separate and numerous retinue. + </p> + <p> + The carriages in the train of the Empress crossed the garden of the + Tuileries, hitherto exclusively appropriated to the public; then followed + the cavalcade of the Emperor, who appeared on horseback, surrounded by his + principal generals, whom he had created Marshals of the Empire. M. de + Segur, who held the office of Grand Master of Ceremonies, had the + direction of the ceremonial to be observed on this occasion, and with, the + Governor received the Emperor on the threshold of the Hotel des Invalides. + They conducted the Empress to a tribune prepared for her reception, + opposite the Imperial throne which Napoleon alone occupied, to the right + of the altar. I was present at this ceremony, notwithstanding the + repugnance I have to such brilliant exhibitions; but as Duroc had two days + before presented me with tickets, I deemed it prudent to attend on the + occasion, lest the keen eye of Bonaparte should have remarked my absence + if Duroc had acted by his order. + </p> + <p> + I spent about an hour contemplating the proud and sometimes almost + ludicrous demeanour of the new grandees of the Empire; I marked the + manoeuvring of the clergy, who, with Cardinal Belloy at their head, + proceeded to receive the Emperor on his entrance into the church. What a + singular train of ideas was called up to my mind when I beheld my former + comrade at the school of Brienne seated upon an elevated throne, + surrounded by his brilliant staff, the great dignitaries of his Empire—his + Ministers and Marshals! I involuntarily recurred to the 19th Brumaire, and + all this splendid scene vanished; when I thought of Bonaparte stammering + to such a degree that I was obliged to pull the skirt of his coat to + induce him to withdraw. + </p> + <p> + It was neither a feeling of animosity nor of jealousy which called up such + reflections; at no period of our career would I have exchanged my + situation for his; but whoever can reflect, whoever has witnessed the + unexpected elevation of a former equal, may perhaps be able to conceive + the strange thoughts that assailed my mind, for the first time, on this + occasion. + </p> + <p> + When the religious part of the ceremony terminated, the church assumed, in + some measure, the appearance of a profane temple. The congregation + displayed more devotion to the Emperor than towards the God of the + Christians,—more enthusiasm than fervour. The mass had been heard + with little attention; but when M. de Lacepede, Grand Chancellor of the + Legion of Honour, after pronouncing a flattering discourse, finished the + call of the Grand Officers of the Legion, Bonaparte covered, as did the + ancient kings of France when they held a bed of justice. A profound + silence, a sort of religious awe, then reigned throughout the assembly, + and Napoleon, who did not now stammer as in the Council of the Five + Hundred, said in a firm voice: + </p> + <p> + "Commanders, officers, legionaries, citizens, soldiers; swear upon your + honour to devote yourselves to the service of the Empire—to the + preservation of the integrity of the French territory—to the defence + of the Emperor, of the laws of the Republic, and of the property which + they have made sacred—to combat by all the means which justice, + reason, and the laws authorise every attempt to reestablish the feudal + system; in short, swear to concur with all your might in maintaining + liberty and equality, which are the bases of all our institutions. Do you + swear?" + </p> + <p> + Each member of the Legion of Honour exclaimed, "I swear;" adding, "Vive + l'Empereur!" with an enthusiasm it is impossible to describe, and in which + all present joined. + </p> + <p> + What, after all, was this new oath? It only differed from that taken by + the Legion of Honour, under the Consulate, in putting the defence of the + Emperor before that of the laws of the Republic; and this was not merely a + form. It was, besides, sufficiently laughable and somewhat audacious, to + make them swear to support equality at the moment so many titles and + monarchical distinctions had been re-established. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th of July, three days after this ceremony, the Emperor left + Paris to visit the camp at Boulogne. He was not accompanied by the Empress + on this journey, which was merely to examine the progress of the military + operations. Availing myself of the invitation Josephine had given me, I + presented myself at St. Cloud a few days after the departure of Napoleon; + as she did not expect my visit, I found her surrounded by four or five of + the ladies in waiting, occupied in examining some of the elegant + productions of the famous Leroi and Madame Despeaux; for amidst the host + of painful feelings experienced by Josephine she was too much of a woman + not to devote some attention to the toilet. + </p> + <p> + On my introduction they were discussing the serious question of the + costume to be worn by the Empress on her journey to Belgium to meet + Napoleon at the Palace of Lacken, near Brussels. Notwithstanding those + discussions respecting the form of hats, the colour and shape of dresses, + etc., Josephine received me in her usual gracious manner. But not being + able to converse with me, she said, without giving it an appearance of + invitation but in a manner sufficiently evident to be understood, that she + intended to pass the following morning at Malmaison. + </p> + <p> + I shortened my visit, and at noon next day repaired to that delightful + abode, which always created in my mind deep emotion. Not an alley, not a + grove but teemed with interesting recollections; all recalled to me the + period when I was the confidant of Bonaparte. But the time was past when + he minutely calculated how much a residence at Malmaison would cost, and + concluded by saying that an income of 30,000 livres would be necessary. + </p> + <p> + When I arrived Madame Bonaparte was in the garden with Madame de Rémusat, + who was her favourite from the similarity of disposition which existed + between them. + </p> + <p> + Madame de Rémusat was the daughter of the Minister Vergennes, and sister + to Madame de Nansouty, whom I had sometimes seen with Josephine, but not + so frequently as her elder sister. I found the ladies in the avenue which + leads to Ruel, and saluted Josephine by inquiring respecting the health of + Her Majesty. Never can I forget the tone in which she replied: "Ah! + Bourrienne, I entreat that you will suffer me, at least here, to forget + that I am an Empress." As she had not a thought concealed from Madame de + Rémusat except some domestic vexations, of which probably I was the only + confidant, we conversed with the same freedom as if alone, and it is easy + to define that the subject of our discourse regarded Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + After having spoken of her intended journey to Belgium, Josephine said to + me, "What a pity, Bourrienne, that the past cannot be recalled! He + departed in the happiest disposition: he has bestowed some pardons and I + am satisfied that but for those accursed politics he would have pardoned a + far greater number. I would have said much more, but I endeavoured to + conceal my chagrin because the slightest contradiction only renders him + the more obstinate. Now, when in the midst of his army, he will forget + everything. How much have I been afflicted that I was not able to obtain a + favourable answer to all the petitions which were addressed to me. That + good Madame de Monteason came from Romainville to St. Cloud to solicit the + pardon of MM. de Riviere and de Polignac; we succeeded in gaining an + audience for Madame de Polignac; . . . how beautiful she is! Bonaparte was + greatly affected on beholding her; he said to her, 'Madame, since it was + only my life your husband menaced, I may pardon him.' You know Napoleon, + Bourrienne; you know that he is not naturally cruel; it is his counsellors + and flatterers who have induced him to commit so many villainous actions. + Rapp has behaved extremely well; he went to the Emperor, and would not + leave him till he had obtained the pardon of another of the condemned, + whose name I do not recollect. How much these Polignacs have interested + me! There will be then at least some families who will owe him gratitude! + Strive, if it be possible, to throw a veil over the past; I am + sufficiently miserable in my anticipations of the future. Rest assured, my + dear Bourrienne, that I shall not fail to exert myself during our stay in + Belgium in your behalf, and inform you of the result. Adieu!" + </p> + <p> + During the festival in celebration of the 14th of July, which I have + already alluded to, the Emperor before leaving the Hotel des Invalides had + announced that he would go in person to distribute the decorations of the + Legion of Honour to the army assembled in the camp of Boulogne. He was not + long before he fulfilled his promise. He left St. Cloud on the 18th and + travelled with such rapidity that the next morning, whilst every one was + busy with preparations for his reception, he was already at that port, in + the midst of the labourers, examining the works. He seemed to multiply + himself by his inconceivable activity, and one might say that he was + present everywhere. + </p> + <p> + At the Emperor's departure it was generally believed at Paris that the + distribution of the crosses at the camp of Boulogne was only a pretext, + and that Bonaparte had at length gone to carry into execution the project + of an invasion of England, which every body supposed he contemplated. It + was, indeed, a pretext. The Emperor wished to excite more and more the + enthusiasm of the army—to show himself to the military invested in + his new dignity, to be present at some grand manoeuvres, and dispose the + army to obey the first signal he might give. How indeed, on beholding such + great preparations, so many transports created, as it were, by + enchantment, could any one have supposed that he did not really intend to + attempt a descent on England? People almost fancied him already in London; + it was known that all the army corps echelloned on the coast from Maples + to Ostend were ready to embark. Napoleon's arrival in the midst of his + troops inspired them, if possible, with a new impulse. The French ports on + the Channel had for a long period been converted into dockyards and + arsenals, where works were carried on with that inconceivable activity + which Napoleon knew so well how to inspire. An almost incredible degree of + emulation prevailed amongst the commanders of the different camps, and it + descended from rank to rank to the common soldiers and even to the + labourers. + </p> + <p> + As every one was eager to take advantage of the slightest effects of + chance, and exercised his ingenuity in converting them into prognostics of + good fortune for the Emperor, those who had access to him did not fail to + call his attention to some remains of a Roman camp which had been + discovered at the Tour d'Ordre, where the Emperor's tent was pitched. This + was considered an evident proof that the French Caesar occupied the camp + which the Roman Caesar had formerly constructed to menace Great Britain. + To give additional force to this allusion, the Tour d'Ordre resumed the + name of Caesar's Tower. Some medals of William the Conqueror, found in + another spot, where, perhaps, they had been buried for the purpose of + being dug up, could not fail to satisfy the most incredulous that Napoleon + must conquer England. + </p> + <p> + It was not far from Caesar's Tower that 80,000 men of the camps of + Boulogne and Montreuil, under the command of Marshal Soult, were assembled + in a vast plain to witness the distribution of the crosses of the Legion + of Honour impressed with the Imperial effigy. This plain, which I saw with + Bonaparte in our first journey to the coast, before our departure to + Egypt, was circular and hollow; and in the centre was a little hill. This + hill formed the Imperial throne of Bonaparte in the midst of his soldiers. + There he stationed himself with his staff and around this centre of glory + the regiments were drawn up in lines and looked like so many diverging + rays. From this throne, which had been erected by the hand of nature, + Bonaparte delivered in a loud voice the same form of oath which he had + pronounced at the Hotel des Invalides a few days before. It was the signal + for a general burst of enthusiasm, and Rapp, alluding to this ceremony, + told me that he never saw the Emperor appear more pleased. How could he be + otherwise? Fortune then seemed obedient to his wishes. A storm came on + during this brilliant day, and it was apprehended that part of the + flotilla would have suffered. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte quitted the hill from which he had distributed the crosses and + proceeded to the port to direct what measures should be taken, when upon + his arrival the storm— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The following description of the incident when Napoleon nearly + occasioned the destruction of the Boulogne flotilla was forwarded to + the 'Revue Politique et Litteraire' from a private memoir. The + writer, who was an eye-witness, says— + + One morning, when the Emperor was mounting his horse, he announced + that he intended to hold a review of his naval forces, and gave the + order that the vessels which lay in the harbour should alter their + positions, as the review was to be held on the open sea. He started + on his usual ride, giving orders that everything should be arranged + on his return, the time of which he indicated. His wish was + communicated to Admiral Bruix, who responded with imperturbable + coolness that he was very sorry, but that the review could not take + place that day. Consequently not a vessel was moved. On his return + back from his ride the Emperor asked whether all was ready. He was + told what the Admiral had said. Twice the answer had to be repeated + to him before he could realise its nature, and then, violently + stamping his foot on the ground, he sent for the Admiral. The + Emperor met him halfway. With eyes burning with rage, he exclaimed + in an excited voice, "Why have my orders not been executed?" With + respectful firmness Admiral Bruix replied, "Sire, a terrible storm + is brewing. Your Majesty may convince yourself of it; would you + without need expose the lives of so many men?" The heaviness of the + atmosphere and the sound of thunder in the distance more than + justified the fears of the Admiral. "Sir, said the Emperor, getting + more and more irritated, "I have given the orders once more; why + have they not been executed? The consequences concern me alone. + Obey!" 'Sire, I will not obey,' replied the Admiral. "You are + insolent!" And the Emperor, who still held his riding-whip in his + hand, advanced towards the admiral with a threatening gesture. + Admiral Bruix stepped back and put his hand on the sheath of his + sword and said, growing very pale, "sire, take care!" The whole + suite stood paralysed with fear. The Emperor remained motionless + for some time, his hand lifted up, his eyes fixed on the Admiral, + who still retained his menacing attitude. At last the Emperor threw + his whip on the floor. M. Bruix took his hand off his sword, and + with uncovered head awaited in silence the result of the painful + scene. Rear-Admiral Magon was then ordered to see that the + Emperor's orders were instantly executed. "As for you, sir," said + the Emperor, fixing his eyes on Admiral Bruix, you leave Boulogne + within twenty-four hours and depart for Holland. Go!" M. Magon + ordered the fatal movement of the fleet on which the Emperor had + insisted. The first arrangements had scarcely been made when the + sea became very high. The black sky was pierced by lightning, the + thunder rolled and every moment the line of vessels was broken by + the wind, and shortly after, that which the Admiral had foreseen + came to pass, and the most frightful storm dispersed the vessels in + each a way that it seamed impossible to save them. With bent head, + arms crossed, and a sorrowful look in his face, the Emperor walked + up and down on the beach, when suddenly the most terrible cries were + heard. More than twenty gunboats filled with soldiers and sailors + were being driven towards the shore, and the unfortunate men were + vainly fighting against the furious waves, calling for help which + nobody could give them. Deeply touched by the spectacle and the + heart-rending cries and lamentations of the multitude which had + assembled on the beach, the Emperor, seeing his generals and + officers tremble with horror, attempted to set an example of + devotion, and, in spite of all efforts to keep him back, he threw + himself into a boat, saying, "Let me go! let me go! they must be + brought out of this." In a moment the boat was filled with water. + The waves poured over it again and again, and the Emperor was + drenched. One wave larger than the others almost threw him + overboard and his hat was carried sway. Inspired by so much + courage, officers, soldiers, seamen, and citizens tried to succour + the drowning, some in boats, some swimming. But, alas! only a small + number could be saved of the unfortunate men. The following day + more than 200 bodies were thrown ashore, and with them the hat of + the conqueror of Marengo. That sad day was one of desolation for + Boulogne and for the camp. The Emperor groaned under the burden of + an accident which he had to attribute solely to his own obstinacy. + Agents were despatched to all parts of the town to subdue with gold + the murmurs which were ready to break out into a tumult.]— +</pre> + <p> + —ceased as if by enchantment. The flotilla entered the port safe and + sound and he went back to the camp, where the sports and amusements + prepared for the soldiers commenced, and in the evening the brilliant + fireworks which were let off rose in a luminous column, which was + distinctly seen from the English coast.—[It appears that Napoleon + was so well able to cover up this fiasco that not even Bourrienne ever + heard the true story. D.W.] + </p> + <p> + When he reviewed the troops he asked the officers, and often the soldiers, + in what battles they had been engaged, and to those who had received + serious wounds he gave the cross. Here, I think, I may appropriately + mention a singular piece of charlatanism to which the Emperor had + recourse, and which powerfully contributed to augment the enthusiasm of + his troops. He would say to one of his aides de camp, "Ascertain from the + colonel of such a regiment whether he has in his corps a man who has + served in the campaigns of Italy or the campaigns of Egypt. Ascertain his + name, where he was born, the particulars of his family, and what he has + done. Learn his number in the ranks, and to what company he belongs, and + furnish me with the information." + </p> + <p> + On the day of the review Bonaparte, at a single glance, could perceive the + man who had been described to him. He would go up to him as if he + recognised him, address him by his name, and say, "Oh! so you are here! + You are a brave fellow—I saw you at Aboukir—how is your old + father? What! have you not got the Cross? Stay, I will give it you." Then + the delighted soldiers would say to each other, "You see the Emperor knows + us all; he knows our families; he knows where we have served." What a + stimulus was this to soldiers, whom he succeeded in persuading that they + would all some time or other become Marshals of the Empire! + </p> + <p> + Lauriston told me, amongst other anecdotes relating to Napoleon's sojourn + at the camp at Boulogne, a remarkable instance of intrepidity on the part + of two English sailors. These men had been prisoners at Verdun, which was + the most considerable depot of English prisoners in France at the rupture + of the peace of Amiens. They effected their escape from Verdun, and + arrived at Boulogne without having been discovered on the road, + notwithstanding the vigilance with which all the English were watched. + They remained at Boulogne for some time, destitute of money, and without + being able to effect their escape. They had no hope of getting aboard a + boat, on account of the strict watch that was kept upon vessels of every + kind. These two sailors made a boat of little pieces of wood, which they + put together as well as they could, having no other tools than their + knives. They covered it with a piece of sail-cloth. It was only three or + four feet wide, and not much longer, and was so light that a man could + easily carry it on his shoulders,—so powerful a passion is the love + of home and liberty! Sure of being shot if they were discovered, almost + equally sure of being drowned if they effected their escape, they, + nevertheless, resolved to attempt crossing the Channel in their fragile + skiff. Perceiving an English frigate within sight of the coast, they + pushed off and endeavoured to reach her. They had not gone a hundred + toises from the shore when they were perceived by the custom-house + officers, who set out in pursuit of them, and brought them back again. The + news of this adventure spread through the camp, where the extraordinary + courage of the two sailors was the subject of general remark. The + circumstance reached the Emperor's ears. He wished to see the men, and + they were conducted to his presence, along with their little boat. + Napoleon, whose imagination was struck by everything extraordinary, could + not conceal his surprise at so bold a project, undertaken with such feeble + means of execution. "Is it really true," said the Emperor to them, "that + you thought of crossing the sea in this?"—"Sire," said they, "if you + doubt it, give us leave to go, and you shall see us depart."—"I + will. You are bold and enterprising men—I admire courage wherever I + meet it. But you shall not hazard your lives. You are at liberty; and more + than that, I will cause you to be put on board an English ship. When you + return to London tell how I esteem brave men, even when they are my + enemies." Rapp, who with Lauriaton, Duroc, and many others were present at + this scene, were not a little astonished at the Emperor's generosity. If + the men had not been brought before him, they would have been shot as + spies, instead of which they obtained their liberty, and Napoleon gave + several pieces of gold to each. This circumstance was one of those which + made the strongest impression on Napoleon, and he recollected it when at + St. Helena, in one of his conversations with M. de Las Casas. + </p> + <p> + No man was ever so fond of contrasts as Bonaparte. He liked, above + everything, to direct the affairs of war whilst seated in his easy chair, + in the cabinet of St. Cloud, and to dictate in the camp his decrees + relative to civil administration. Thus, at the camp of Boulogne, he + founded the decennial premiums, the first distribution of which he + intended should take place five years afterwards, on the anniversary of + the 18th Brumaire, which was an innocent compliment to the date of the + foundation of the Consular Republic. This measure also seemed to promise + to the Republican calendar a longevity which it did not attain. All these + little circumstances passed unobserved; but Bonaparte had so often + developed to me his theory of the art of deceiving mankind that I knew + their true value. It was likewise at the camp of Boulogne that, by a + decree emanating from his individual will, he destroyed the noblest + institution of the Republic, the Polytechnic School, by converting it into + a purely military academy. He knew that in that sanctuary of high study a + Republican spirit was fostered; and whilst I was with him he had often + told me it was necessary that all schools, colleges, and establishments + for public instruction should be subject to military discipline. I + frequently endeavoured to controvert this idea, but without success. + </p> + <p> + It was arranged that Josephine and the Emperor should meet in Belgium. He + proceeded thither from the camp of Boulogne, to the astonishment of those + who believed that the moment for the invasion of England had at length + arrived. He joined the Empress at the Palace of Lacken, which the Emperor + had ordered to be repaired and newly furnished with great magnificence. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor continued his journey by the towns bordering on the Rhine. He + stopped first in the town of Charlemagne, passed through the three + bishoprics, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[There are two or three little circumstances in connection with + this journey that seem worth inserting here: + + Mademoiselle Avrillion was the 'femme de chambre' of Josephine, and + was constantly about her person from the time of the first + Consulship to the death of the Empress in 1814. In all such matters + as we shall quote from them, her memoirs seem worthy of credit. + According to Mademoiselle, the Empress during her stay at Aix-la- + Chapelle, drank the waters with much eagerness and some hope. As + the theatre there was only supplied with some German singers who + were not to Josephine's taste, she had part of a French operatic + company sent to her from Paris. The amiable creole had always a + most royal disregard of expense. When Bonaparte joined her, he + renewed his old custom of visiting his wife now and then at her + toilet, and according to Mademoiselle Avrillion, he took great + interest in the subject of her dressing. She says, "It was a most + extraordinary thing for us to see the man whose head was filled with + such vast affairs enter into the most minute details of the female + toilet and of what dresses, what robes, and what jewels the Empress + should wear on such and such an occasion. One day he daubed her + dress with ink because he did not like it, and wanted her to put on + another. Whenever he looked into her wardrobe he was sure to throw + everything topsy-turvy." + + This characteristic anecdote perfectly agrees with what we have + heard from other persons. When the Neapolitan Princess di——- was + at the Tuileries as 'dame d'honneur' to Bonaparte's sister Caroline + Murat, then Queen of Naples, on the grand occasion of the marriage + with Maria Louisa, the, Princess, to her astonishment, saw the + Emperor go up to a lady of the Court and address her thus: "This is + the same gown you wore the day before yesterday! What's the meaning + of this, madame? This is not right, madame!" + + Josephine never gave him a similar cause of complaint, but even when + he was Emperor she often made him murmur at the profusion of her + expenditure under this head. The next anecdote will give some idea + of the quantity of dresses which she wore for a day or so, and then + gave away to her attendants, who appear to have carried on a very + active trade in them. + + "While we were at Mayence the Palace was literally besieged by Jews, + who continually brought manufactured and other goods to show to the + followers of the Court; and we had the greatest difficulty to avoid + buying them. At last they proposed that we should barter with them; + and when Her Majesty had given us dresses that were far too rich for + us to wear ourselves, we exchanged them with the Jews for + piecegoods. The robes we thus bartered did not long remain in the + hands of the Jews, and there must have been a great demand for them + among the belles of Mayence, for I remember a ball there at which + the Empress might have seen all the ladies of a quadrille party + dressed in her cast-off clothes.—I even saw German Princesses + wearing them" (Memoires de Mademoiselle Avrillion).] +</pre> + <p> + —on his way Cologne and Coblentz, which the emigration had rendered + so famous, and arrived at Mayence, where his sojourn was distinguished by + the first attempt at negotiation with the Holy See, in order to induce the + Pope to come to France to crown the new Emperor, and consolidate his power + by supporting it with the sanction of the Church. This journey of Napoleon + occupied three months, and he did not return to St. Cloud till October. + Amongst the flattering addresses which the Emperor received in the course + of his journey I cannot pass over unnoticed the speech of M. de la Chaise, + Prefect of Arras, who said, "God made Bonaparte, and then rested." This + occasioned Comte Louis de Narbonne, who was not yet attached to the + Imperial system, to remark "That it would have been well had God rested a + little sooner." + </p> + <p> + During the Emperor's absence a partial change took place in the Ministry. + M. de Champagny succeeded M. Chaptal as Minister of the Interior. At the + camp of Boulogne the pacific Joseph found himself, by his brother's wish, + transformed into a warrior, and placed in command of a regiment of + dragoons, which was a subject of laughter with a great number of generals. + I recollect that one day Lannes, speaking to me of the circumstance in his + usual downright and energetic way, said, "He had better not place him + under my orders, for upon the first fault I will put the scamp under + arrest." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0064" id="link2HCH0064"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIX. + </h2> + + 1804. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + England deceived by Napoleon—Admirals Missiessy and Villeneuve— + Command given to Lauriston—Napoleon's opinion of Madame de Stael— + Her letters to Napoleon—Her enthusiasm converted into hatred— + Bonaparte's opinion of the power of the Church—The Pope's arrival + at Fontainebleau—Napoleon's first interview with Pius VII.— + The Pope and the Emperor on a footing of equality—Honours rendered + to the Pope—His apartments at the Tuileries—His visit to the + Imperial printing office—Paternal rebuke—Effect produced in + England by the Pope's presence in Paris—Preparations for Napoleon's + coronation—Votes in favour of hereditary succession—Convocation of + the Legislative Body—The presidents of cantons—Anecdote related by + Michot the actor—Comparisons—Influence of the Coronation on the + trade of Paris—The insignia of Napoleon and the insignia of + Charlemagne—The Pope's mule—Anecdote of the notary Raguideau— + Distribution of eagles in the Champ de Mars—Remarkable coincidence. +</pre> + <p> + England was never so much deceived by Bonaparte as during the period of + the encampment at Boulogne. The English really believed that an invasion + was intended, and the Government exhausted itself in efforts for raising + men and money to guard against the danger of being taken by surprise. + Such, indeed, is the advantage always possessed by the assailant. He can + choose the point on which he thinks it most convenient to act, while the + party which stands on the defence, and is afraid of being attacked, is + compelled to be prepared in every point. However, Napoleon, who was then + in the full vigour of his genius and activity, had always his eyes fixed + on objects remote from those which surrounded him, and which seemed to + absorb his whole attention. Thus, during the journey of which I have + spoken, the ostensible object of which was the organisation of the + departments on the Rhine, he despatched two squadrons from Rochefort and + Boulogne, one commanded by Missiessy, the other by Villeneuve—I + shall not enter into any details about those squadrons; I shall merely + mention with respect to them that, while the Emperor was still in Belgium, + Lauriston paid me a sudden and unexpected visit. He was on his way to + Toulon to take command of the troops which were to be embarked on + Villeneuve's squadron, and he was not much pleased with the service to + which he had been appointed. + </p> + <p> + Lauriston's visit was a piece of good fortune for me. We were always on + friendly terms, and I received much information from him, particularly + with respect to the manner in which the Emperor spent his time. "You can + have no idea," said he, "how much the Emperor does, and the sort of + enthusiasm which his presence excites in the army. But his anger at the + contractors is greater than ever, and he has been very severe with some of + them." These words of Lauriaton did not at all surprise me, for I well + knew Napoleon's dislike to contractors, and all men who had mercantile + transactions with the army. I have often heard him say that they were a + curse and a leprosy to nations; that whatever power he might attain, he + never would grant honours to any of them, and that of all aristocracies, + theirs was to him the most insupportable. After his accession to the + Empire the contractors were no longer the important persons they had been + under the Directory, or even during the two first years of the Consulate. + Bonaparte sometimes acted with them as he had before done with the Beya of + Egypt, when he drew from them forced contributions. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Lauriston, one of Napoleon's aides de camp, who was with him at + the Military School of Paris, and who had been commissioned in the + artillery at the same time as Napoleon, considered that he should + have had the post of Grand Ecuyer which Caulaincourt had obtained. + He had complained angrily to the Emperor, and after a stormy + interview was ordered to join the fleet of Villeneuve—In + consequence he was at Trafalgar. On his return after Austerlitz + his temporary disgrace was forgotten, and he was sent as governor to + Venice. He became marshal under the Restoration.]— +</pre> + <p> + I recollect another somewhat curious circumstance respecting the visit of + Lauriston, who had left the Emperor and Empress at Aix-la-Chapelle. + Lauriston was the best educated of the aides de camp, and Napoleon often + conversed with him on such literary works as he chose to notice. "He sent + for me one day," said Lauriston, "when I was on duty at the Palace of + Lacken, and spoke to me of the decennial prizes, and the tragedy of + 'Carion de Nisas', and a novel by Madame de Stael, which he had just read, + but which I had not seen, and was therefore rather embarrassed in replying + to him. Respecting Madame de Stael and her Delphine, he said some + remarkable things. 'I do not like women,' he observed, 'who make men of + themselves, any more than I like effeminate men. There is a proper part + for every one to play in the world. What does all this flight of + imagination mean? What is the result of it? Nothing. It is all sentimental + metaphysics and disorder of the mind. I cannot endure that woman; for one + reason, that I cannot bear women who make a set at me, and God knows how + often she has tried to cajole me!'" + </p> + <p> + The words of Lauriston brought to my recollection the conversations I had + often had with Bonaparte respecting Madame de Stael, of whose advances + made to the First Consul, and even to the General of the Army of Italy, I + had frequently been witness. Bonaparte knew nothing at first of Madame de + Stael but that she was the daughter of M. Necker, a man for whom, as I + have already shown, he had very little esteem. Madame de Stael had not + been introduced to him, and knew nothing more of him than what fame had + published respecting the young conqueror of Italy, when she addressed to + him letters full of enthusiasm. Bonaparte read some passages of them to + me, and, laughing, said, "What do you think, Bourrienne, of these + extravagances. This woman is mad." I recollect that in one of her letters + Madame de Stael, among other things, told him that they certainly were + created for each other—that it was in consequence of an error in + human institutions that the quiet and gentle Josephine was united to his + fate—that nature seemed to have destined for the adoration of a hero + such as he, a soul of fire like her own. These extravagances disgusted + Bonaparte to a degree which I cannot describe. When he had finished + reading these fine epistles he used to throw them into the fire, or tear + them with marked ill-humour, and would say, "Well, here is a woman who + pretends to genius—a maker of sentiments, and she presumes to + compare herself to Josephine! Bourrienne, I shall not reply to such + letters." + </p> + <p> + I had, however, the opportunity of seeing what the perseverance of a woman + of talent can effect. Notwithstanding Bonaparte's prejudices against + Madame de Stael, which he never abandoned, she succeeded in getting + herself introduced to him; and if anything could have disgusted him with + flattery it would have been the admiration, or, to speak more properly, + the worship, which she paid him; for she used to compare him to a god + descended on earth,—a kind of comparison which the clergy, I + thought, had reserved for their own use. But, unfortunately, to please + Madame de Stael it would have been necessary that her god had been Plutua; + for behind her eulogies lay a claim for two millions, which M. Necker + considered still due to him on account of his good and worthy services. + However, Bonaparte said on this occasion that whatever value he might set + on the suffrage of Madame de Stael, he did not think fit to pay so dear + for it with the money of the State. The conversion of Madame de Stael's + enthusiasm into hatred is well known, as are also the petty vexations, + unworthy of himself, with which the Emperor harassed her in her retreat at + Coppet. + </p> + <p> + Lauriston had arrived at Paris, where he made but a short stay, some days + before Caffarelli, who was sent on a mission to Rome to sound the Papal + Court, and to induce the Holy Father to come to Paris to consecrate + Bonaparte at his coronation. I have already described the nature of + Bonaparte's ideas on religion. His notions on the subject seemed to amount + to a sort of vague feeling rather than to any belief founded on + reflection. Nevertheless, he had a high opinion of the power of the + Church; but not because he considered it dangerous to Governments, + particularly to his own. Napoleon never could have conceived how it was + possible that a sovereign wearing a crown and a sword could have the + meanness to kneel to a Pope, or to humble his sceptre before the keys of + St. Peter. His spirit was too great to admit of such a thought. On the + contrary, he regarded the alliance between the Church and his power as a + happy means of influencing the opinions of the people, and as an + additional tie which was to attach them to a Government rendered + legitimate by the solemn sanction of the Papal authority. Bonaparte was + not deceived. In this, as well as in many other things, the perspicacity + of his genius enabled him to comprehend all the importance of a + consecration bestowed on him by the Pope; more especially as Louis XVIII., + without subjects, without territory, and wearing only an illusory crown, + had not received that sacred unction by which the descendants of Hugh + Capet become the eldest sons of the Church. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the Emperor was informed of the success of Caffarelli's + mission, and that the Pope, in compliance with his desire, was about to + repair to Paris to confirm in his hands the sceptre of Charlemagne, + nothing was thought of but preparations for that great event, which had + been preceded by the recognition of Napoleon as Emperor of the French on + the part of all the States of Europe, with the exception of England. + </p> + <p> + On the conclusion of the Concordat Bonaparte said to me, "I shall let the + Republican generals exclaim as much as they like against the Mass. I know + what I am about; I am working for posterity." He was now gathering the + fruits of his Concordat. He ordered that the Pope should be everywhere + treated in his journey through the French territory with the highest + distinction, and he proceeded to Fontainebleau to receive his Holiness. + This afforded an opportunity for Bonaparte to re-establish the example of + those journeys of the old Court, during which changes of ministers used + formerly to be made. The Palace of Fontainebleau, now become Imperial, + like all the old royal chateaux, had been newly furnished with a luxury + and taste corresponding to the progress of modern art. The Emperor was + proceeding on the road to Nemours when courtiers informed him of the + approach of Pius VII. Bonaparte's object was to avoid the ceremony which + had been previously settled. He had therefore made the pretext of going on + a hunting-party, and was in the way as it were by chance when the Pope's + carriage was arriving. He alighted from horseback, and the Pope came out + of his carriage. Rapp was with the Emperor, and I think I yet hear him + describing, in his original manner and with his German accent, this grand + interview, upon which, however, he for his part looked with very little + respect. Rapp, in fact, was among the number of those who, notwithstanding + his attachment to the Emperor, preserved independence of character, and he + knew he had no reason to dissemble with me. "Fancy to yourself," said he, + "the amusing comedy that was played." After the Emperor and the Pope had + well embraced they went into the same carriage; and, in order that they + might be upon a footing of equality, they were to enter at the same time + by opposite doors. All that was settled; but at breakfast the Emperor had + calculated how he should manage, without appearing to assume anything, to + get on the righthand side of the Pope, and everything turned out as he + wished. "As to the Pope," said Rapp, "I must own that I never saw a man + with a finer countenance or more respectable appearance than Pius VII." + </p> + <p> + After the conference between the Pope and the Emperor at Fontainebleau, + Pius VII. set off for Paris first. On the road the same honours were paid + to him as to the Emperor. Apartments were prepared for him in the Pavilion + de Flore in the Tuileries, and his bedchamber was arranged and furnished + in the same manner as his chamber in the Palace of Monte-Cavallo, his + usual residence in Rome. The Pope's presence in Paris was so extraordinary + a circumstance that it was scarcely believed, though it had some time + before been talked of. What, indeed, could be more singular than to see + the Head of the Church in a capital where four years previously the altars + had been overturned, and the few faithful who remained had been obliged to + exercise their worship in secret! + </p> + <p> + The Pope became the object of public respect and general curiosity. I was + exceedingly anxious to see him, and my wish was gratified on the day when + he went to visit the Imperial printing office, then situated where the + Bank of France now is. + </p> + <p> + A pamphlet, dedicated to the Pope, containing the "Pater Noster," in one + hundred and fifty different languages, was struck off in the presence of + his Holiness. During this visit to the printing office an ill-bred young + man kept his hat on in the Pope's presence. Several persons, indignant at + this indecorum, advanced to take off the young man's hat. A little + confusion arose, and the Pope, observing the cause of it, stepped up to + the young man and said to him, in a tone of kindness truly patriarchal, + "Young man, uncover, that I may give thee my blessing. An old man's + blessing never yet harmed any one." This little incident deeply affected + all who witnessed it. The countenance and figure of Pope Pius VII. + commanded respect. David's admirable portrait is a living likeness of him. + </p> + <p> + The Pope's arrival at Paris produced a great sensation in London, greater + indeed there than anywhere else, notwithstanding the separation of the + English Church from the Church of Rome. The English Ministry now spared no + endeavours to influence public opinion by the circulation of libels + against Bonaparte. The Cabinet of London found a twofold advantage in + encouraging this system, which not merely excited irritation against the + powerful enemy of England, but diverted from the British Government the + clamour which some of its measures were calculated to create. Bonaparte's + indignation against England was roused to the utmost extreme, and in truth + this indignation was in some degree a national feeling in France. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon had heard of the success of Caffarelli's negotiations previous to + his return to Paris, after his journey to the Rhine. On arriving at St. + Cloud he lost no time in ordering the preparations for his coronation. + Everything aided the fulfilment of his wishes. On 28th November the Pope + arrived at Paris, and two days after, viz. on the 1st of December, the + Senate presented to the Emperor the votes of the people for the + establishment of hereditary succession in his family: for as it was + pretended that the assumption of the title of Emperor was no way + prejudicial to the Republic, the question of hereditary succession only + had been proposed for public sanction. Sixty thousand registers had been + opened in different parts of France,—at the offices of the + ministers, the prefects, the mayors of the communes, notaries, solicitors, + etc. France at that time contained 108 departments, and there were + 3,574,898 voters. Of these only 2569 voted against hereditary succession. + Bonaparte ordered a list of the persons who had voted against the question + to be sent to him, and he often consulted it. They proved to be not + Royalist, but for the most part staunch Republicans. To my knowledge many + Royalists abstained from voting at all, not wishing to commit themselves + uselessly, and still less to give their suffrages to the author of the Duc + d'Enghien's death. For my part, I gave my vote in favour of hereditary + succession in Bonaparte's family; my situation, as may well be imagined, + did not allow me to do otherwise. + </p> + <p> + Since the month of October the Legislative Body had been convoked to + attend the Emperor's coronation. Many deputies arrived, and with them a + swarm of those presidents of cantons who occupied a conspicuous place in + the annals of ridicule at the close of the year 1804. They became the + objects of all sorts of witticisms and jests. The obligation of wearing + swords made their appearance very grotesque. As many droll, stories were + told of them as were ten years afterwards related of those who were styled + the voltigeurs of Louis XIV. One of these anecdotes was so exceedingly + ludicrous that, though it was probably a mere invention, yet I cannot + refrain from relating it. A certain number of these presidents were one + day selected to be presented to the Pope; and as most of them were very + poor they found it necessary to combine economy with the etiquette + necessary to be observed under the new order of things. To save the + expense of hiring carriages they therefore proceeded to the Pavilion de + Flore on foot, taking the precaution of putting on gaiters to preserve + their white silk stockings from the mud which covered the streets, for it + was then the month of December. On arriving at the Tuileries one of the + party put his gaiters into his pocket. It happened that the Pope delivered + such an affecting address that all present were moved to tears, and the + unfortunate president who had disposed of his gaiters in the way just + mentioned drew them out instead of his handkerchief and smeared his face + over with mud. The Pope is said to have been much amused at this mistake. + If this anecdote should be thought too puerile to be repeated here, I may + observe that it afforded no small merriment to Bonaparte, who made Michot + the actor relate it to the Empress at Paris one evening after a Court + performance. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon had now attained the avowed object of his ambition; but his + ambition receded before him like a boundless horizon. On the 1st of + December; the day on which the Senate presented to the Emperor the result + of the votes for hereditary succession, Francois de Neufchateau delivered + an address to him, in which there was no want of adulatory expressions. As + President of the Senate he had had some practice in that style of + speechmaking; and he only substituted the eulogy of the Monarchical + Government for that of the Republican Government 'a sempre bene', as the + Italians say. + </p> + <p> + If I wished to make comparisons I could here indulge in some curious ones. + Is it not extraordinary that Fontainebleau should have witnessed, at the + interval of nearly ten years, Napoleon's first interview with the Pope, + and his last farewell to his army, and that the Senate, who had previously + given such ready support to Bonaparte, should in 1814 have pronounced his + abdication at Fontainebleau. + </p> + <p> + The preparations for the Coronation proved very advantageous to the + trading classes of Paris. Great numbers of foreigners and people from the + provinces visited the capital, and the return of luxury and the revival of + old customs gave occupation to a variety of tradespeople who could get no + employment under the Directory or Consulate, such as saddlers, + carriage-makers, lacemen, embroiderers, and others. By these positive + interests were created more partisans of the Empire than by opinion and + reflection; and it is but just to say that trade had not been so active + for a dozen years before. The Imperial crown jewels were exhibited to the + public at Biennais the jeweller's. The crown was of a light form, and, + with its leaves of gold, it less resembled the crown of France than the + antique crown of the Caesars. These things were afterwards placed in the + public treasury, together with the imperial insignia of Charlemagne, which + Bonaparte had ordered to be brought from Aix-la-Chapelle. But while + Bonaparte was thus priding himself in his crown and his imagined + resemblance to Charlemagne, Mr. Pitt, lately recalled to the Ministry, was + concluding at Stockholm a treaty with Sweden, and agreeing to pay a + subsidy to that power to enable it to maintain hostilities against France. + This treaty was concluded on the 3d of December, the day after the + Coronation. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The details of the preparation for the Coronation caused many + stormy scenes between Napoleon and his family. The Princesses, his + sisters and sisters-in-law, were especially shocked at having to + carry the train of the Imperial mantle of Josephine, and even when + Josephine was actually moving from the altar to the throne the + Princesses evinced their reluctance so plainly that Josephine could + not advance and an altercation took place which had to be stopped by + Napoleon himself. Joseph was quite willing himself give up + appearing in a mantle with a train, but he wished to prevent his + wife bearing the mantle of the Empress; and he opposed his brother + on so many points that Napoleon ended by calling on him to either + give up his position and retire from all politics, or else to fully + accept the imperial regime. How the economical Camberceres used up + the ermine he could not wear will be seen in Junot tome iii. p. + 196. Josephine herself was in the greatest anxiety as to whether + the wish of the Bonaparte family that she should be divorced would + carry the day with her husband. When she had gained her cause for + the time and after the Pope had engaged to crown her, she seems to + have most cleverly managed to get the Pope informed that she was + only united to Napoleon by a civil marriage. The Pope insisted on + a religious marriage. Napoleon was angry, but could not recede, and + the religions rite was performed by Cardinal Fesch the day, or two + days, before the Coronation. The certificate of the marriage was + carefully guarded from Napoleon by Josephine, and even placed beyond + his reach at the time of the divorce. Such at least seems to be the + most probable account of this mysterious and doubtful matter. + + The fact that Cardinal Fesch maintained that the religious rite had + been duly performed, thirteen of the Cardinals (not, however + including Fesch) were so convinced of the legality of the marriage + that they refused to appear at the ceremony of marriage with Marie + Louise, thus drawing down the wrath of the Emperor, and becoming the + "Cardinals Noirs," from being forbidden; to wear their own robes, + seems to leave no doubt that the religious rite had been performed. + The marriage was only pronounced to be invalid in 1809 by the local + canonical bodies, not by the authority of the pope.]— +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be expected that I should enter into a detail of the ceremony + which took place on the 2d of December. The glitter of gold, the waving + plumes, and richly-caparisoned horses of the Imperial procession; the mule + which preceded the Pope's cortege, and occasioned so much merriment to the + Parisians, have already been described over and over again. I may, + however, relate an anecdote connected with the Coronation, told me by + Josephine, and which is exceedingly characteristic of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + When Bonaparte was paying his addresses to Madame de BEAUHARNAIS, neither + the one nor the other kept a carriage; and therefore Bonaparte frequently + accompanied her when she walked out. One day they went together to the + notary Raguideau, one of the shortest men I think I ever saw in my life, + Madame de Beauharnais placed great confidence, in him, and went there on + purpose to acquaint him of her intention to marry the young general of + artillery,—the protege of Barras. Josephine went alone into, the + notary's cabinet, while Bonaparte waited for her in an adjoining room. The + door of Raguideau's cabinet did not shut close, and Bonaparte plainly + heard him dissuading Madame de Beauharnais from her projected marriage. + "You are going to take a very wrong step," said he, "and you will be sorry + for it, Can you be so mad as to marry a young man who has nothing but his + cloak and his sword?" Bonaparte, Josephine told me, had never mentioned + this to her, and she never supposed that he had heard what fell from + Raguideau. "Only think, Bourrienne," continued she, "what was my + astonishment when, dressed in the Imperial robes on the Coronation day, he + desired that Raguideau might be sent for, saying that he wished to see him + immediately; and when Raguideau appeared; he said to him, 'Well, sir! have + I nothing but my cloak and my sword now?'" + </p> + <p> + Though Bonaparte had related to me almost all the circumstances of his + life, as they occurred to his memory, he never once mentioned this affair + of Raguideau, which he only seemed to have suddenly recollected on his + Coronation day. + </p> + <p> + The day after the Coronation all the troops in Paris were assembled in the + Champ de Mars the Imperial eagles might be distributed to each regiment, + in lieu of the national flags. I had stayed away from the Coronation in + the church of Notre Dame, but I wished to see the military fete in the + Champ de Mars because I took real pleasure in seeing Bonaparte amongst his + soldiers. A throne was erected in front of the Military School, which, + though now transformed into a barrack, must have recalled, to Bonaparte's + mind some singular recollections of his boyhood. At a given signal all the + columns closed and approached the throne. Then Bonaparte, rising, gave + orders for the distribution of the eagles, and delivered the following + address to the deputations of the different corps of the army: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Soldiers, Soldiers! behold your colours. These eagles will always + be your rallying-point! They will always be where your Emperor may + think them necessary for the defence of his throne and of his + people. Swear to sacrifice your lives to defend them, and by your + courage to keep them constantly in the path of victory.—Swear!" +</pre> + <p> + It would be impossible to describe the acclamations which followed this + address; there is something so seductive in popular enthusiasm that even + indifferent persons cannot help yielding to its influence. And yet the + least reflection would have shown how shamefully Napoleon forswore the + declaration he made to the Senate, when the organic 'Senatus-consulte' for + the foundation of the Empire was presented to him at St: Cloud: On that + occasion he said; "The French people shall never be MY people!" And yet + the day after his Coronation his eagles were to be carried wherever they + might be necessary for the defence of his people. + </p> + <p> + By a singular coincidence, while on the 2d of December 1804 Bonaparte was + receiving from the head of the Church the Imperial crown of France, Louis + XVIII., who was then at Colmar, prompted as it were by an inexplicable + presentiment, drew up and signed a declaration to the French people, in + which he declared that he then, swore never to break the sacred bond which + united his destiny to theirs, never to renounce the inheritance of his + ancestors, or to relinquish his rights. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0065" id="link2HCH0065"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXX. + </h2> + + 1805 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary at Hamburg—My interview + with Bonaparte at Malmaison—Bonaparte's designs respecting Italy— + His wish to revisit Brienne—Instructions for my residence in + Hamburg—Regeneration of European society—Bonaparte's plan of + making himself the oldest sovereign in Europe—Amedee Jaubert's + mission—Commission from the Emperor to the Empress—My conversation + with Madame Bonaparte. +</pre> + <p> + I must now mention an event which concerns myself personally, namely, my + appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary, to the Dukes of Brunswick and + Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and to the Hanse towns. + </p> + <p> + This appointment took place on the 22d of March 1806. Josephine, who had + kindly promised to apprise me of what the Emperor intended to do for me, + as soon as she herself should know his intentions, sent a messenger to + acquaint me with my appointment, and to tell me that the Emperor wished to + see me. I had not visited Josephine since her departure for Belgium. The + pomp and ceremonies of the Coronation had, I may say, dazzled me, and + deterred me from presenting myself at the Imperial Palace, where I should + have been annoyed by the etiquette which had been observed since the + Coronation. I cannot describe what a disagreeable impression this parade + always produced on me. I could not all at once forget the time when I used + without ceremony to go into Bonaparte's chamber and wake him at the + appointed hour. As to Bonaparte I had not seen him since he sent for me + after the condemnation of Georges, when I saw that my candour relative to + Moreau was not displeasing to him. Moreau had since quitted France without + Napoleon's subjecting him to the application of the odious law which has + only been repealed since the return of the Bourbons, and by virtue of + which he was condemned to the confiscation of his property. Moreau sold + his estate of Gros Bois to Berthier, and proceeded to Cadiz, whence he + embarked for America. I shall not again have occasion to speak of him + until the period of the intrigues into which he was drawn by the same + influence which ruined him in France. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the day when I received the kind message from Josephine + I had an official invitation to proceed the next day to Malmaison, where + the Emperor then was. I was much pleased at the idea of seeing him there + rather than at the Tuileries, or even at St. Cloud. Our former intimacy at + Malmaison made me feel more at my ease respecting an interview of which my + knowledge of Bonaparte's character led me to entertain some apprehension. + Was I to be received by my old comrade of Brienne, or by His Imperial + Majesty? I was received by my old college companion. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival at Malmaison I was ushered into the tentroom leading to the + library. How I was astonished at the good-natured familiarity with which + he received me! This extraordinary man displayed, if I may employ the + term, a coquetry towards me which surprised me, notwithstanding my past + knowledge of his character. He came up to me with a smile on his lips, + took my hand (which he had never done since he was Consul), pressed it + affectionately, and it was impossible that I could look upon him as the + Emperor of France and the future King of Italy. Yet I was too well aware + of his fits of pride to allow his familiarity to lead me beyond the bounds + of affectionate respect. "My dear Bourrienne," said he, "can you suppose + that the elevated rank I have attained has altered my feelings towards + you? No. I do not attach importance to the glitter of Imperial pomp; all + that is meant for the people; but I must still be valued according to my + deserts. I have been very well satisfied with your services, and I have + appointed you to a situation where I shall have occasion for them. I know + that I can rely upon you." He then asked with great warmth of friendship + what I was about, and inquired after my family, etc. In short, I never saw + him display less reserve or more familiarity and unaffected simplicity; + which he did the more readily, perhaps, because his greatness was now + incontestable. + </p> + <p> + "You know," added Napoleon, "that I set out in a week for Italy. I shall + make myself King; but that is only a stepping-stone. I have greater + designs respecting Italy. + </p> + <p> + "It must be a kingdom comprising all the Transalpine States, from Venice + to the Maritime Alps. The union of Italy with France can only be + temporary; but it is necessary, in order to accustom the nations of Italy + to live under common laws. The Genoese, the Piedmontese, the Venetians, + the Milanese, the inhabitants of Tuscany, the Romans, and the Neapolitans, + hate each other. None of them will acknowledge the superiority of the + other, and yet Rome is, from the recollections connected with it, the + natural capital of Italy. To make it so, however, it is necessary that the + power of the Pope should be confined within limits purely spiritual. I + cannot now think of this; but I will reflect upon it hereafter. At present + I have only vague ideas on the subject, but they will be matured in time, + and then all depends on circumstances. What was it told me, when we were + walking like two idle fellows, as we were, in the streets of Paris, that I + should one day be master of France—my wish—merely a vague + wish. Circumstances have done the rest. It is therefore wise to look into + the future, and that I do. With respect to Italy, as it will be impossible + with one effort to unite her so as to form a single power, subject to + uniform laws, I will begin by making her French. All these little States + will insensibly become accustomed to the same laws, and when manners shall + be assimilated and enmities extinguished, then there will be an Italy, and + I will give her independence. But for that I must have twenty years, and + who can count on the future? Bourrienne, I feel pleasure in telling you + all this. It was locked up in my mind. With you I think aloud." + </p> + <p> + I do not believe that I have altered two words of what Bonaparte said to + me respecting Italy, so perfect, I may now say without vanity, was my + memory then, and so confirmed was my habit of fixing in it all that he + said to me. After having informed me of his vague projects Bonaparte, with + one of those transitions so common to him, said, "By the by, Bourrienne, I + have something to tell you. Madame de Brienne has begged that I will pass + through Brienne, and I promised that I will. I will not conceal from you + that I shall feel great pleasure in again beholding the spot which for six + years was the scene of our boyish sports and studies." Taking advantage of + the Emperor's good humour I ventured to tell him what happiness it would + give me if it were possible that I could share with him the revival of all + recollections which were mutually dear to us. But Napoleon, after a + moment's pause, said with extreme kindness, "Hark ye, Bourrienne, in your + situation and mine this cannot be. It is more than two years since we + parted. What would be said of so sudden a reconciliation? I tell you + frankly that I have regretted you, and the circumstances in which I have + frequently been placed have often made me wish to recall you. At Boulogne + I was quite resolved upon it. Rapp, perhaps, has informed you of it. He + liked you, and he assured me that he would be delighted at your return. + But if upon reflection I changed my mind it was because, as I have often + told you, I will not have it said that I stand in need of any one. No. Go + to Hamburg. I have formed some projects respecting Germany in which you + can be useful to me. It is there I will give a mortal blow to England. I + will deprive her of the Continent,—besides, I have some ideas not + yet matured which extend much farther. There is not sufficient unanimity + amongst the nations of Europe. European society must be regenerated—a + superior power must control the other powers, and compel them to live in + peace with each other; and France is well situated for that purpose. For + details you will receive instructions from Talleyrand; but I recommend + you, above all things, to keep a strict watch on the emigrants. Woe to + them if they become too dangerous! I know that there are still agitators,—among + them all the 'Marquis de Versailles', the courtiers of the old school. But + they are moths who will burn themselves in the candle. You have been an + emigrant yourself, Bourrienne; you feel a partiality for them, and you + know that I have allowed upwards of two hundred of them to return upon + your recommendation. But the case is altered. Those who are abroad are + hardened. They do not wish to return home. Watch them closely. That is the + only particular direction I give you. You are to be Minister from France + to Hamburg; but your place will be an independent one; besides your + correspondence with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, I authorise you to + write to me personally, whenever you have anything particular to + communicate. You will likewise correspond with Fouché." + </p> + <p> + Here the Emperor remained silent for a moment, and I was preparing to + retire, but he detained me, saying in the kindest manner, "What, are you + going already, Bourrienne? Are you in a hurry? Let us chat a little + longer. God knows, when we may see each other again!" Then after two or + three moments' silence he said, "The more I reflect on our situation, on + our former intimacy, and our subsequent separation, the more I see the + necessity of your going to Hamburg. Go, then, my dear fellow, I advise + you. Trust me. When do you think of setting out?" "In May."—"In May? + . . . Ah, I shall be in Milan then, for I wish to stop at Turin. I like + the Piedmontese; they are the best soldiers in Italy."—"Sire, the + King of Italy will be the junior of the Emperor of France!" + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I alluded to a conversation which I had with Napoleon when we + first went to the Tuileries. He spoke to me about his projects of + royalty, and I stated the difficulties which I thought he would + experience in getting himself acknowledged by the old reigning + families of Europe. "If it comes to that," he replied. "I will + dethrone them all, and then I shall be the oldest sovereign among + them."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + —"Ah! so you recollect what I said one day at the Tuileries; but, my + dear fellow, I have yet a devilish long way to go before I gain my point."—"At + the rate, Sire, at which you are going you will not be long in reaching + it."—"Longer than you imagine. I see all the obstacles in my way; + but they do not alarm me. England is everywhere, and the struggle is + between her and me. I see how it will be. The whole of Europe will be our + instruments; sometimes serving one, sometimes the other, but at bottom the + dispute is wholly between England and France. + </p> + <p> + "A propos," said the Emperor, changing the subject, for all who knew him + are aware that this 'a propos' was his favourite, and, indeed, his only + mode of transition; a propos, Bourrienne, you surely must have heard of + the departure of Jaubert, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Amedee Jaubart had been with Napoleon in Egypt, and was appointed + to the cabinet of the Consul as secretary interpreter of Oriental + languages. He was sent on several missions to the East, and brought + back, is 1818, goats from Thibet, naturalising in France the + manufacture of cashmeres. He became a peer of France under the + Monarchy of July.]— +</pre> + <p> + and his mission. What is said on the subject?"—"Sire, I have only + heard it slightly alluded to. His father, however, to whom he said nothing + respecting the object of his journey, knowing I was intimate with Jaubert, + came to me to ascertain whether I could allay his anxiety respecting a + journey of the duration of which he could form no idea. The precipitate + departure of his son had filled him with apprehension I told him the + truth, viz., that Jaubert had said no more to me on the subject than to + him."—"Then you do not know where he is gone?"—"I beg your + pardon, Sire; I know very well."—"How, the devil!" said Bonaparte, + suddenly turning on me a look of astonishment. "No one, I, declare, has + ever told me; but I guessed it. Having received a letter from Jaubert + dated Leipsic, I recollected what your Majesty had often told me of your + views respecting Persia and India. I have not forgotten our conversation + in Egypt, nor the great projects which you enfolded to me to relieve the + solitude and sometimes the weariness of the cabinet of Cairo. Besides, I + long since knew your opinion of Amedee, of his fidelity, his ability, and + his courage. I felt convinced, therefore, that he had a mission to the + Shah of Persia."—"You guessed right; but I beg of you, Bourrienne, + say nothing of this to any person whatever. Secrecy on this point is of + great importance. The English would do him an ill turn, for they are well + aware that my views are directed against their possessions and their + influence in the East."—"I think, Sire, that my answer to Amedee's + worthy father is a sufficient guarantee for my discretion. Besides, it was + a mere supposition on my part, and I could have stated nothing with + certainty before your Majesty had the kindness to inform me of the fact. + Instead of going to Hamburg, if your Majesty pleases, I will join Jaubert, + accompany him to Persia, and undertake half his mission."— "How! + would you go with him?"—"Yes, Sire; I am much attached to him. He is + an excellent man, and I am sure that he would not be sorry to have me with + him."—"But . . . Stop, Bourrienne, . . . this, perhaps, would not be + a bad idea. You know a little of the East. You are accustomed to the + climate. You could assist Jaubert. . . . But. . . . No! Daubert must be + already far off—I, fear you could not overtake him. And besides you + have a numerous family. You will be more useful to me in Germany. All + things considered, go to Hamburg—you know the country, and, what is + better you speak the language." + </p> + <p> + I could see that Bonaparte still had something to say to me. As we were + walking up and down the room he stopped; and looking at me with an + expression of sadness, he said, "Bourrienne, you must, before I proceed to + Italy, do me a service. You sometimes visit my wife, and it is right; it + is fit you should. You have been too long one of the family not to + continue your friendship with her. Go to her. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This employment of Bourrienne to remonstrate with Josephine is a + complete answer to the charge sometimes made that Napoleon, while + scolding, really encouraged the foolish expenses of his wife, as + keeping her under his control. Josephine was incorrigible. "On the + very day of her death," says Madame de Rémusat "she wished to put on + a very pretty dressing-gown because she thought the Emperor of + Russia would perhaps come to see her. She died all covered with + ribbons and rose-colored satin." "One would not, sure, be frightful + when one's dead!" As for Josephine's great fault—her failure to + give Napoleon an heir—he did not always wish for one. In 1802, on + his brother Jerome jokingly advising Josephine to give the Consul a + little Caesar. Napoleon broke out, "Yea, that he may end in the + same manner as that of Alexander? Believe me, Messieurs, that at + the present time it is better not to have children: I mean when one + is condemned to rule nations." The fate of the King of Rome shows + that the exclamation was only too true!]— +</pre> + <p> + "Endeavour once more to make her sensible of her mad extravagance. Every + day I discover new instances of it, and it distresses me. When I speak to + her—on the subject I am vexed; I get angry—she weeps. I + forgive her, I pay her bills—she makes fair promises; but the same + thing occurs over and over again. If she had only borne me a child! It is + the torment of my life not to have a child. I plainly perceive that my + power will never be firmly established until I have one. If I die without + an heir, not one of my brothers is capable of supplying my place. All is + begun, but nothing is ended. God knows what will happen! Go and see + Josephine, and do not forget my injunctions.." + </p> + <p> + Then he resumed the gaiety which he had exhibited at intervals during our + conversation, far clouds driven by the wind do not traverse the horizon + with such rapidity as different ideas and sensations succeeded each other + in Napoleon's mind. He dismissed me with his usual nod of the head, and + seeing him in such good humour I said on departing, "well, Sire, you are + going to hear the old bell of Brienne. I have no doubt it will please you + better than the bells of Ruel." He replied, "That's true—you are + right. Adieu!" + </p> + <p> + Such are my recollections of this conversation, which lasted for more than + an hour and a half. We walked about all the time, for Bonaparte was + indefatigable in audiences of this sort, and would, I believe, have walked + and talked for a whole day without being aware of it. I left him, and, + according to his desire, went to see Madame Bonaparte, which indeed I had + intended to do before he requested it. + </p> + <p> + I found Josephine with Madame de la Rochefoucauld, who had long been in + her suite, and who a short time before had obtained the title of lady of + honour to the Empress. Madame de la Rochefoucauld was a very amiable + woman, of mild disposition, and was a favourite with Josephine. When I + told the Empress that I had just left the Emperor, she, thinking that I + would not speak freely before a third person, made a sign to Madame de la + Rochefoucauld to retire. I had no trouble in introducing the conversation + on the subject concerning which Napoleon had directed me to speak to + Josephine, for; after the interchange of a few indifferent remarks, she + herself told me of a violent scene, which had occurred between her and the + Emperor two days before. "When I wrote to you yesterday," said she, "to + announce your appointment, and to tell you that Bonaparte would recall + you, I hoped that you would come to see me on quitting him, but I did not + think that he would have sent for you so soon. Ah! how I wish that you + were still with him, Bourrienne; you could make him hear reason. I know + not who takes pleasure in bearing tales to him; but really I think there + are persons busy everywhere in finding out my debts, and telling him of + them." + </p> + <p> + These complaints, so gently uttered by Josephine rendered less difficult + the preparatory mission with which I commenced the exercise of my + diplomatic functions. I acquainted Madame Bonaparte with all that the + Emperor had said to me. I reminded her of the affair of the 1,200,000 + francs which we had settled with half that sum. I even dropped some + allusions to the promises she had made. + </p> + <p> + "How can I help it?" Said she. "Is it my fault?" Josephine uttered these + words in a tone of sincerity which was at once affecting and ludicrous. + "All sorts of beautiful things are brought to me," she continued; "they + are praised up; I buy them—I am not asked for the money, and all of + a sudden, when I have got none, they come upon me with demands for + payment. This reaches Napoleon's ears, and he gets angry. When I have + money, Bourrienne you know how I employ it. I give it principally to the + unfortunate who solicit my assistance, and to poor emigrants. But I will + try to be more economical in future. Tell him so if you see him again, But + is it not my duty to bestow as much in charity as I can?"—"Yes, + Madame; but permit me to say that nothing requires greater discernment + than the distribution of charity. If you had always sat upon a throne you + might have always supposed that your bounty always fall into the hands of + the deserving; but you cannot be ignorant that it oftener falls to the lot + of intrigue than to the meritorious needy. I cannot disguise from you that + the Emperor was very earnest when he spoke on this subject; and he desired + me to tell you so."—"Did he reproach me with nothing else?"—"No + Madame. You know the influence you have over him with respect to + everything but what relates to politics. Allow a faithful and sincere + friend to prevail upon you seriously not to vex him on this point."—"Bourrienne, + I give you my word. Adieu! my friend." + </p> + <p> + In communicating to Josephine what the Emperor had said to me I took care + not to touch a chord which would have awakened feelings far more painful + to her than even the Emperor's harsh reproof on account of her + extravagance. Poor Josephine! how I should have afflicted her had I + uttered a word of Bonaparte's regret at not having a child. She always had + a presentiment of the fate that one day awaited her. Besides, Josephine + told the truth in assuring me that it was not her fault that, she spent as + she did; at least all the time I was with both of them, order and economy + were no more compatible with her than moderation and—patience with + Napoleon. The sight of the least waste put him beside himself, and that + was a sensation his wife hardly ever spared him. He saw with irritation + the eagerness of his family to gain riches; the more he gave, the more + insatiable they appeared, with the exception of Louis, whose inclinations + were always upright, and his tastes moderate. As for the other members of + his family, they annoyed him so much by their importunity that one day he + said, "Really to listen to them it would be thought that I had wasted the + heritage of our father." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0066" id="link2HCH0066"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXI. + </h2> + + 1805 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Napoleon and Voltaire—Demands of the Holy See—Coolness between the + pope and the Emperor—Napoleon's departure for Italy—Last interview + between the Pope and the Emperor at Turin—Alessandria—The field of + Marengo—The last Doge of Genoa—Bonaparte's arrival at Milan—Union + of Genoa to the French Empire—Error in the Memorial of St. Helen— + Bonaparte and Madam Grassini—Symptoms of dissatisfaction on the + part of Austria and Russia—Napoleon's departure from Milan— + Monument to commemorate the battle of Marengo—Napoleon's arrival in + Paris and departure for Boulogne—Unfortunate result of a naval + engagement—My visit to Fouché's country seat—Sieyès, Barras, the + Bourbons, and Bonaparte—Observations respecting Josephine. +</pre> + <p> + Voltaire says that it is very well to kiss the feet of Popes provided + their hands are tied. Notwithstanding the slight estimation in which + Bonaparte held Voltaire, he probably, without being aware of this + irreverent satire, put it into practice. The Court of Rome gave him the + opportunity of doing so shortly after his Coronation. The Pope, or rather + the Cardinals, his advisers' conceiving that so great an instance of + complaisance as the journey of His Holiness to Paris ought not to go for + nothing; demanded a compensation, which, had they been better acquainted + with Bonaparte's character and policy, they would never have dreamed of + soliciting. The Holy see demanded the restitution of Avignon, Bologna, and + some parts of the Italian territory which had formerly been subject to the + Pope's dominion. It may be imagined how such demands were received by + Napoleon, particularly after he had obtained all he wanted from the Pope. + It was, it must be confessed, a great mistake of the Court of Rome, whose + policy is usually so artful and adroit, not to make this demand till after + the Coronation. Had it been made the condition of the Pope's journey to + France perhaps Bonaparte would have consented to give up, not Avignon, + certainly, but the Italian territories, with the intention of taking them + back again. Be this as it may, these tardy claims, which were peremptorily + rejected, created an extreme coolness between Napoleon and Pius VII. The + public did not immediately perceive it, but there is in the public an + instinct of reason which the most able politicians never can impose upon; + and all eyes were opened when it was known that the Pope, after having + crowned Napoleon as Emperor of France, refused to crown him as sovereign + of the regenerated kingdom of Italy. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon left Paris on the 1st of April to take possession of the Iron + Crown at Milan. The Pope remained some time longer in the French capital. + The prolonged presence of His Holiness was not without its influence on + the religious feelings of the people, so great was the respect inspired by + the benign countenance and mild manners of the Pope. When the period of + his persecutions arrived it would have been well for Bonaparte had Pius + VII. never been seen in Paris, for it was impossible to view in any other + light than as a victim the man whose truly evangelic meekness had been + duly appreciated. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte did not evince great impatience to seize the Crown of Italy, + which he well knew could not escape him. He stayed a considerable time at + Turin, where he resided in the Stupinis Palace, which may be called the + St. Cloud of the Kings of Sardinia. The Emperor cajoled the Piedmontese. + General Menou, who was made Governor of Piedmont, remained there till + Napoleon founded the general government of the Transalpine departments in + favour of his brother-in-law, the Prince Borghese, of whom he would have, + found it difficult to make anything else than a Roman Prince. Napoleon was + still at Turin when the Pope passed through that city on his return to + Rome. Napoleon had a final interview with His Holiness to whom he now + affected to show the greatest personal deference. From Turin Bonaparte + proceeded to Alessandria, where he commenced those immense works on which + such vast sums were expended. He had many times spoken to me of his + projects respecting Alessandria, as I have already observed, all his great + measures as Emperor were merely the execution of projects conceived at a + time when his future elevation could have been only a dream of the + imagination. He one day said to Berthier, in my presence, during our + sojurn at Milan after the battle of Marengo, "With Alessandria in my + possession I should always be master of Italy. It might be made the + strongest fortress in the world; it is capable of containing a garrison of + 40,000 men, with provisions for six months. Should insurrection take + place, should Austria send a formidable force here, the French troops + might retire to Alessandria, and stand a six months' siege. Six months + would be more than sufficient, wherever I might be, to enable me to fall + upon Italy, rout the Austrians, and raise the siege of Alessandria!" + </p> + <p> + As he was so near the field of Marengo the Emperor did not fail to visit + it, and to add to this solemnity he reviewed on the field all the corps of + French troops which were in Italy. Rapp told me afterwards that the + Emperor had taken with him from Paris the dress and the hat which he wore + on the day of that memorable battle, with the intention of wearing them on + the field where it was fought. He afterwards proceeded by the way of Casal + to Milan. + </p> + <p> + There the most brilliant reception he had yet experienced awaited him. His + sojourn at Milan was not distinguished by outward demonstrations of + enthusiasm alone. M. Durszzo, the last Doge of Genoa, added another gem to + the Crown of Italy by supplicating the Emperor in the name of the + Republic, of which he was the representative, to permit Genoa to exchange + her independence for the honour of becoming a department of France. This + offer, as may be guessed, was merely a plan contrived beforehand. It was + accepted with an air of protecting kindness, and at the same moment that + the country of Andrea Doria was effaced from the list of nations its last + Doge was included among the number of French Senators. Genoa, which + formerly prided herself in her surname, the Superb, became the chief + station of the twenty-seventh military division. The Emperor went to take + possession of the city in person, and slept in the Doria Palace, in the + bed where Charles V. had lain. He left M. le Brun at Genoa as + Governor-General. + </p> + <p> + At Milan the Emperor occupied the Palace of Monza. The old Iron Crown of + the Kings of Lombardy was brought from the dust in which it had been + buried, and the new Coronation took place in the cathedral at Milan, the + largest in Italy, with the exception of St. Peter's at Rome. Napoleon + received the crown from the hands of the Archbishop of Milan, and placed + it on his head, exclaiming, "Dieu me l'a donnee, gare a qui la touche." + This became the motto of the Order of the Iron Crown, which the Emperor + founded in commemoration of his being crowned King of Italy. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon was crowned in the month of May 1805: and here I cannot avoid + correcting some gross and inconceivable errors into which Napoleon must + have voluntarily fallen at St. Helena. The Memorial states "that the + celebrated singer Madame Grasaini attracted his attention at the time of + the Coronation." Napoleon alleges that Madame Grassini on that occasion + said to him, "When I was in the prime of my beauty and talent all I wished + was that you would bestow a single look upon me. That wish was not + fulfilled, and now you notice me when I am no longer worthy your + attention." + </p> + <p> + I confess I am at a loss to conceive what could induce Napoleon to invent + such a story. He might have recollected his acquaintance with Madame + Grassini at Milan before the battle of Marengo. It was in 1800, and not in + 1805, that I was first introduced to her, and I know that I several times + took tea with her and Bonaparte in the General's apartments I remember + also another circumstance, which is, that on the night when I awoke + Bonaparte to announce to him the capitulation of Genoa, Madame Grassini + also awoke. Napoleon was charmed with Madame Grasaini's delicious voice, + and if his imperious duties had permitted it he would have listened with + ecstasy to her singing for hours together. Whilst Napoleon was at Milan, + priding himself on his double sovereignty, some schemes were set on foot + at Vienna and St. Petersburg which I shall hereafter have occasion to + notice. The Emperor, indeed, gave cause for just complaint by the fact of + annexing Genoa to the Empire within four months after his solemn + declaration to the Legislative Body, in which he pledged himself in the + face of France and Europe not to seek any aggrandisement of territory. The + pretext of a voluntary offer on the part of Genoa was too absurd to + deceive any one. The rapid progress of Napoleon's ambition could not + escape the observation of the Cabinet of Vienna, which began to allow + increased symptoms of hostility. The change which was effected in the form + of the Government of the Cisalpine Republic was likewise an act calculated + to excite remonstrance on the part of all the powers who were not entirely + subject to the yoke of France. He disguised the taking of Genoa under the + name of a gift, and the possession of Italy under the appearance of a mere + change of denomination. Notwithstanding these flagrant outrages the + exclusive apologists of Napoleon have always asserted that he did not wish + for war, and he himself maintained that assertion at St. Helena. It is + said that he was always attacked, and hence a conclusion is drawn in + favour of his love of peace. I acknowledge Bonaparte would never have + fired a single musket-shot if all the powers of Europe had submitted to be + pillaged by him one after the other without opposition. It was in fact + declaring war against them to place them under the necessity of breaking a + peace, during the continuance of which he was augmenting his power, and + gratifying his ambition, as if in defiance of Europe. In this way Napoleon + commenced all the wars in which he was engaged, with the exception of that + which followed the peace of Marengo, and which terminated in Moreau's + triumph at Hohenlinden. As there was no liberty of the press in France he + found it easy to deceive the nation. He was in fact attacked, and thus he + enjoyed the pleasure of undertaking his great military expeditions without + being responsible in the event of failure. + </p> + <p> + During the Emperor's stay in the capital of the new kingdom of Italy he + received the first intelligence of the dissatisfaction of Austria and + Russia. That dissatisfaction was not of recent date. When I entered on my + functions at Hamburg I learned some curious details (which I will relate + in their proper place) respecting the secret negotiations which had been + carried on for a considerable time previously to the commencement of + hostilities. Even Prussia was no stranger to the dissatisfaction of + Austria and Russia; I do not mean the King, but the Cabinet of Berlin, + which was then under the control of Chancellor Hardenberg; for the King of + Prussia had always personally declared himself in favour of the exact + observance of treaties, even when their conditions were not honourable. Be + that as it may, the Cabinet of Berlin, although dissatisfied in 1806 with + the rapid progress of Napoleon's ambition, was nevertheless constrained to + conceal its discontent, owing to the presence of the French troops in + Hanover. + </p> + <p> + On returning from Milan the Emperor ordered the erection, of a monument on + the Great St. Bernard in commemoration of the victory of Marengo. M. Denon + who accompanied Napoleon, told me that he made a useless search to + discover the body of Desaix, which Bonaparte wished to be buried beneath + the monument and that it was at length found by General Savary. It is + therefore certain that the ashes of the brave Desaix repose on the summit + of the Alps. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor arrived in Paris about the end of June and instantly set off + for the camp at Boulogne. It was now once more believed that the project + of invading England would be accomplished. This idea obtained the greater + credit because Bonaparte caused some experiments for embarkation to be + made, in his presence. These experiments, however, led to no result. About + this period a fatal event but too effectually contributed to strengthen + the opinion of the inferiority of our navy. A French squadron consisting + of fifteen ships, fell in with the English fleet commanded by Admiral + Calder, who had only nine vessels under his command, and in an engagement, + which there was every reason to expect would terminate in our favour, we + had the misfortune to lose two ships. The invasion of England was as + little the object of this as of the previous journey to Boulogne; all + Napoleon had in view was to stimulate the enthusiasm of the troops, and to + hold out those threats against England when conceived necessary for + diverting attention from the real motive of his hostile preparations, + which was to invade Germany and repulse the Russian troops, who had begun + their march towards Austria. Such was the true object of Napoleons last + journey to Boulogne. + </p> + <p> + I had been some time at Hamburg when these events took place, and it was + curious to observe the effect they produced. But I must not forget one + circumstance in which I am personally concerned, and which brings me back + to the time when I was in Paris. My new title of Minister Plenipotentiary + obliged me to see a little more of society than during the period when + prudence required me to live as it were in retirement. I had received + sincere congratulations from Duroc, Rape, and Lauriston, the three friends + who had shown the greatest readiness to serve my interests with the + Emperor; and I had frequent occasion to see M. Talleyrand, as my functions + belonged to his department. The Emperor, on my farewell audience, having + informed me that I was to correspond directly with the Minister of the + General Police, I called on Fouché, who invited me to spend some days at + his estate of Pont-Carre. I accepted the invitation because I wanted to + confer with him, and I spent Sunday and Monday, the 28th and 29th of + April, at Pont-Carre. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, like the Emperor, frequently revealed what he intended to conceal; + but he had such a reputation for cunning that this sort of indiscretion + was attended by no inconvenience to him. He was supposed to be such a + constant dissembler that those who did not know him well looked upon the + truth when he spoke it merely as an artful snare laid to entrap them. I, + however, knew that celebrated person too well to confound his cunning with + his indiscretion. The best way to get out of him more than he was aware of + was to let him talk on without interruption. There were very few visitors + at Pont-Carre, and during the two days I spent there I had several + conversations with Fouché. He told me a great deal about the events of + 1804, and he congratulated himself on having advised Napoleon to declare + himself Emperor—"I have no preference," says Fouché, "for one form + of government more than another. Forms signify nothing. The first object + of the Revolution was not the overthrow of the Bourbons, but merely the + reform of abuses and the destruction of prejudices. However, when it was + discovered that Louis XVI. had neither firmness to refuse what he did not + wish to grant, nor good faith to grant what his weakness had led him to + promise, it was evident that the Bourbons could no longer reign over + France and things were carried to such a length that we were under the + necessity of condemning Louis XVI. and resorting to energetic measures. + You know all that passed up to the 18th Brumaire, and after. We all + perceived that a Republic could not exist in France; the question, + therefore, was to ensure the perpetual removal of the Bourbons; and I + believed the only means for so doing was to transfer the inheritance of + their throne to another family. Some time before the 18th Brumaire I had a + conversation with Sieyès and Barras, in which it was proposed, in case of + the Directory being threatened, to recall the Duke of Orleans; and I could + see very well that Barras favoured that suggestion, although he alluded to + it merely as a report that was circulated about, and recommended me to pay + attention to it. Sieyès said nothing, and I settled the question by + observing, that if any such thing had been agitated I must have been + informed of it through the reports of my agents. I added, that the + restoration of the throne to a collateral branch of the Bourbons would be + an impolitic act, and would but temporarily change the position of those + who had brought about the Revolution. I rendered an account of this + interview with Barras to General Bonaparte the first time I had an + opportunity of conversing with him after your return from Egypt. I sounded + him; and I was perfectly convinced that in the state of decrepitude into + which the Directory had fallen he was just the man we wanted. I therefore + adopted such measures with the police as tended to promote his elevation + to the First Magistracy. He soon showed himself ungrateful, and instead of + giving me all his confidence he tried to outwit me. He put into the hands + of a number of persons various matters of police which were worse than + useless. Most of their agents, who were my creatures, obeyed my + instructions in their reports; and it often happened that the First Consul + thought he had discovered, through the medium of others, information that + came from me, and of the falsehood of which I easily convinced him. I + confess I was at fault on the 3d Nivoise; but are there any human means of + preventing two men, who have no accomplices, from bringing a plot to + execution? You saw the First Consul on his return from the opera; you + heard all his declamations. I felt assured that the infernal machine was + the work of the Royalists. I told the Emperor this, and he was, I am sure, + convinced of it; but he, nevertheless, proscribes a number of men on the + mere pretence of their old opinions. Do you suppose I am ignorant of what + he said of me and of my vote at the National Convention? Most assuredly it + ill becomes him to reproach the Conventionists. It was that vote which + placed the crown upon his head. But for the situation in which we were + placed by that event, which circumstances had rendered inevitable, what + should we have cared for the chance of seeing the Bourbons return? You + must have remarked that the Republicans, who were not Conventionists, were + in general more averse than we to the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, + as, for example, Bernadotte and Moreau. I know positively that Moreau was + averse to the Consulate; and that it was only from irresolution that he + accepted the custody of the Directory. I know also that he excused himself + to his prisoners for the duty which had devolved upon him. They themselves + told me this." + </p> + <p> + Fouché entered further into many details respecting his conduct, and the + motives which had urged him to do what he did in favour of the First + Consul. My memory does not enable me to report all he told me, but I + distinctly recollect that the impression made on my mind by what fell from + him was, that he had acted merely with a view to his own interests. He did + not conceal his satisfaction at having outwitted Regnier, and obliged + Bonaparte to recall him, that he set in motion every spring calculated to + unite the conspirators, or rather to convert the discontented into + conspirators, is evident from the following remarks which fell from him: + "With the information I possessed, had I remained in office it is probable + that I might have prevented the conspiracy, but Bonaparte would still have + had to fear the rivalry of Moreau. He would not have been Emperor; and we + should still have had to dread the return of the Bourbons, of which, thank + God, there is now no fear." + </p> + <p> + During my stay at Pont-Carry I said but little to Fouché about my long + audience with the Emperor. However, I thought I might inform him that I + was authorised to correspond directly with his Majesty. I thought it + useless to conceal this fact, since he would soon learn it through his + agents. I also said a few words about Bonaparte's regret at not having + children. My object was to learn Fouché's opinion on this subject, and it + was not without a feeling of indignation that I heard him say, "It is to + be hoped the Empress will soon die. Her death will remove many + difficulties. Sooner or later he must take a wife who will bear him a + child; for as long as he has no direct heir there is every chance that his + death will be the signal for a Revolution. His brothers are perfectly + incapable of filling his place, and a new party would rise up in favour of + the Bourbons; which must be prevented above all things. At present they + are not dangerous, though they still have active and devoted agents. + Altona is full of them, and you will be surrounded by them. I beg of you + to keep a watchful eye upon them, and render me a strict account of all + their movements, and even of their most trivial actions. As they have + recourse to all sorts of disguises, you cannot be too vigilant; therefore + it will be advisable, in the first place, to establish a good system of + espionage; but have a care of the spies who serve both sides, for they + swarm in Germany." + </p> + <p> + This is all I recollect of my conversations with Fouché at Pont-Carre. I + returned to Paris to make preparations for my journey to Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0067" id="link2HCH0067"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXII. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Capitulation of Sublingen—Preparations for war—Utility of + commercial information—My instructions—Inspection of the emigrants + and the journals—A pamphlet by Kotzebue—Offers from the Emperor of + Russia to Moreau—Portrait of Gustavus Adolphus by one of his + ministers—Fouché's denunciations—Duels at Hamburg—M. de Gimel + —The Hamburg Correspondent—Letter from Bernadotte. +</pre> + <p> + I left Paris on the 20th of May 1805. On the 5th of June following I + delivered my credentials to the Senate of Hamburg, which was represented + by the Syndic Doormann and the Senator Schutte. M. Reinhart, my + predecessor, left Hamburg on the 12th of June. + </p> + <p> + The reigning Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Brunswick, to whom I had + announced my arrival as accredited Minister to them, wrote me letters + recognising me in that character. General Walmoden had just signed the + capitulation of Sublingen with Marshal Mortier, who had the command in + Hanover. The English Government refused to ratify this, because it + stipulated that the troops should be prisoners of war. Bonaparte had two + motives for relaxing this hard condition. He wished to keep Hanover as a + compensation for Malta, and to assure the means of embarrassing and + attacking Prussia, which he now began to distrust. By advancing upon + Prussia he would secure his left, so that when convenient he might march + northward. Mortier, therefore, received orders to reduce the conditions of + the capitulation to the surrender of the arms, baggage, artillery, and + horses. England, which was making great efforts to resist the invasion + with which she thought herself threatened, expended considerable sums for + the transport of the troops from Hanover to England. Her precipitation was + indescribable, and she paid the most exorbitant charges for the hire of + ships. Several houses in Hamburg made fortunes on this occasion. + Experience has long since proved that it is not at their source that + secret transactions are most readily known. The intelligence of an event + frequently resounds at a distance, while the event itself is almost + entirely unknown in the place of its occurrence. The direct influence of + political events on commercial speculations renders merchants exceedingly + attentive to what is going on. All who are engaged in commercial pursuits + form a corporation united by the strongest of all bonds, common interest; + and commercial correspondence frequently presents a fertile field for + observation, and affords much valuable information, which often escapes + the inquiries of Government agents. + </p> + <p> + I resolved to form a connection with some of the mercantile houses which + maintained extensive and frequent communications with the Northern States. + I knew that by obtaining their confidence I might gain a knowledge of all + that was going on in Russia, Sweden, England, and Austria. Among the + subjects upon which it was desirable to obtain information I included + negotations, treaties, military measures—such as recruiting troops + beyond the amount settled for the peace establishment, movements of + troops, the formation of camps and magazines, financial operations, the + fitting-out of ships, and many other things, which, though not important + in themselves, frequently lead to the knowledge of what is important. + </p> + <p> + I was not inclined to place reliance on all public reports and gossiping + stories circulated on the Exchange without close investigation; for I + wished to avoid transmitting home as truths what might frequently be mere + stock-jobbing inventions. I was instructed to keep watch on the emigrants, + who were exceedingly numerous in Hamburg and its neighbourhood, + Mecklenburg, Hanover, Brunswick, and Holstein; but I must observe that my + inspection was to extend only to those who were known to be actually + engaged in intrigues and plots. + </p> + <p> + I was also to keep watch on the state of the public mind, and on the + journals which frequently give it a wrong direction, and to point out + those articles in the journals which I thought censurable. At first I + merely made verbal representations and complaints, but I could not always + confine myself to this course. I received such distinct and positive + orders that, in spite of myself, inspection was speedily converted into + oppression. Complaints against the journals filled one-fourth of my + despatches. + </p> + <p> + As the Emperor wished to be made acquainted with all that was printed + against him, I sent to Paris, in May 1805, and consequently a very few + days after my arrival in Hamburg, a pamphlet by the celebrated Kotzebue, + entitled 'Recollections of my Journey to Naples and Rome'. This + publication, which was printed at Berlin, was full of indecorous attacks + and odious allusions on the Emperor. + </p> + <p> + I was informed at that time, through a certain channel, that the Emperor + Alexander had solicited General Moreau to enter his service, and take the + command of the Russian infantry. He offered him 12,000 roubles to defray + his travelling expenses. At a subsequent period Moreau unfortunately + accepted these offers, and died in the enemy's ranks. + </p> + <p> + On the 27th of June M. Bouligny arrived at Hamburg. He was appointed to + supersede M. d'Ocariz at Stockholm. The latter minister had left Hamburg + on the 11th of June for Constantinople, where he did not expect to stay + three months. I had several long conversations with him before his + departure, and he did not appear to be satisfied with his destination. We + frequently spoke of the King of Sweden, whose conduct M. d'Ocariz blamed. + He was, he said, a young madman, who, without reflecting on the change of + time and circumstances, wished to play the part of Gustavus Adolphus, to + whom he bore no resemblance but in name. M. d'Ocariz spoke of the King of + Sweden's camp in a tone of derision. That Prince had returned to the King + of Prussia the cordon of the Black Eagle because the order had been given + to the First Consul. I understood that Frederick William was very much + offended at this proceeding, which was as indecorous and absurd as the + return of the Golden Fleece by Louis XVII. to the King of Spain was + dignified and proper. Gustavus Adolphus was brave, enterprising, and + chivalrous, but inconsiderate and irascible. He called Bonaparte Monsieur + Napoleon. His follies and reverses in Hanover were without doubt the cause + of his abdication. On the 31st of October 1805 he published a declaration + of war against France in language highly insulting to the Emperor. + </p> + <p> + Fouché overwhelmed me with letters. If I had attended to all his + instructions I should have left nobody unmolested. He asked me for + information respecting a man named Lazoret, of the department of Gard, a + girl, named Rosine Zimbenni, having informed the police that he had been + killed in a duel at Hamburg. I replied that I knew but of four Frenchmen + who had been killed in that way; one, named Clement, was killed by + Tarasson; a second, named Duparc, killed by Lezardi; a third, named + Sadremont, killed by Revel; and a fourth, whose name I did not know, + killed by Lafond. This latter had just arrived at Hamburg when he was + killed, but he was not the man sought for. + </p> + <p> + Lafond was a native of Brabant, and had served in the British army. He + insulted the Frenchman because he wore the national cockade—A duel + was the consequence, and the offended party fell. M. Reinhart, my + predecessor wished to punish Lafond, but the Austrian Minister having + claimed him as the subject of his sovereign, he was not molested. Lafond + took refuge in Antwerp, where he became a player. + </p> + <p> + During the first months which succeeded my arrival in Hamburg I received + orders for the arrest of many persons, almost all of whom were designated + as dangerous and ill disposed men. When I was convinced that the + accusation was groundless I postponed the arrest. The matter was then + forgotten, and nobody complained. + </p> + <p> + A title, or a rank in foreign service, was a safeguard against the Paris + inquisition. Of this the following is an instance. Count Gimel, of whom I + shall hereafter have occasion to speak more at length, set out about this + time for Carlsbad. Count Grote the Prussian Minister, frequently spoke to + me of him. On my expressing apprehension that M. de Gimel might be + arrested, as there was a strong prejudice against him, M. Grote replied, + "Oh! there is no fear of that. He will return to Hamburg with the rauk of + an English colonel." + </p> + <p> + On the 17th of July there appeared in the Correspondent an article + exceedingly insulting to France. It had been inserted by order of Baron + Novozilzow, who was at Berlin, and who had become very hostile to France, + though it was said he had been sent from St. Petersburg on a specific + mission to Napoleon. The article in question was transmitted from Berlin + by an extraordinary courier, and Novozilzow in his note to the Senate said + it might be stated that the article was inserted at the request of His + Britannic Majesty. The Russian Minister at Berlin, M. Alopaeus, despatched + also an 'estafette' to the Russian charge d'affaires at Hamburg, with + orders to apply for the insertion of the article, which accordingly + appeared. In obedience to the Emperor's instructions, I complained of it, + and the Senate replied that it never opposed the insertion of an official + note sent by any Government; that insults would redound against those from + whom they came; that the reply of the French Government would be + published; and that the Senate had never deviated from this mode of + proceeding. + </p> + <p> + I observed to the Senate that I did not understand why the Correspondent + should make itself the trumpet of M. Novozilzow; to which the Syndic + replied, that two great powers, which might do them much harm, had + required the insertion of the article, and that it could not be refused. + </p> + <p> + The hatred felt by the foreign Princes, which the death of the Duc + d'Enghien had considerably increased; gave encouragement to the + publication of everything hostile to Napoleon. This was candidly avowed to + me by the Ministers and foreigners of rank whom I saw in Hamburg. The King + of Sweden was most violent in manifesting the indignation which was + generally excited by the death of the Duc d'Enghien. M. Wetterstadt, who + had succeeded M. La Gerbielske in the Cabinet of Stockholm, sent to the + Swedish Minister at Hamburg a long letter exceedingly insulting to + Napoleon. It was in reply to an article inserted in the 'Moniteur' + respecting the return of the Black Eagle to the King of Prussia. M. + Peyron, the Swedish Minister at Hamburg, who was very far from approving + all that his master did, transmitted to Stockholm some very energetic + remarks on the ill effect which would be produced by the insertion of the + article in the 'Correspondent'. The article was then a little modified, + and M. Peyron received formal orders to get it inserted. However; on my + representations the Senate agreed to suppress it, and it did not appear. + </p> + <p> + Marshal Bernadotte, who had the command of the French troops in Hanover, + kept up a friendly correspondence with me unconnected with the duties of + our respective functions. + </p> + <p> + On the occupation of Hanover Mr. Taylor, the English Minister at Cassel, + was obliged to leave that place; but he soon returned in spite of the + opposition of France. On this subject the marshal furnished me with the + following particulars: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have just received, my dear Bourrienne, information which leaves + no doubt of what has taken place at Cassel with respect to Mr. + Taylor. That Minister has been received in spite of the + representations of M. Bignon, which, however, had previously been + merely verbal. I know that the Elector wrote to London to request + that Mr. Taylor should not return. In answer to this the English + Government sent him back. Our Minister has done everything he could + to obtain his dismissal; but the pecuniary interests of the Elector + have triumphed over every other consideration. He would not risk + quarrelling with the Court from which he expects to receive more + than 12,000,000 francs. The British Government has been written to + a second time, but without effect. The Elector himself, in a + private letter, has requested the King of England to recall Mr. + Taylor, but it is very probable that the Cabinet of London will + evade this request. + + Under these circumstances our troops have approached nearer to + Cassel. Hitherto the whole district of Gottingen had been exempt + from quartering troops. New arrangements, tendered necessary by the + scarcity of forage, have obliged me to send a squadron of 'chasseurs + de cheval' to Munden, a little town four leagues from Cassel. This + movement excited some alarm in the Elector, who expressed a wish to + see things restored to the same footing as before. He has requested + M. Bignon to write to me, and to assure me again that he will be + delighted to become acquainted with me at the waters of Nemidorff, + where he intends to spend some time. But on this subject I shall + not alter the determination I have already mentioned to you. + —Yours, etc., + (Signed) BERNADOTTE. + STADE, 10th Thermidor (29th July, 1805). +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0068" id="link2HCH0068"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIII. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Treaty of alliance between England and Russia—Certainty of an + approaching war—M. Forshmann, the Russian Minister—Duroc's mission + to Berlin—New project of the King of Sweden—Secret mission to the + Baltic—Animosity against France—Fall of the exchange between + Hamburg and Paris—Destruction of the first Austrian army—Taking of + Ulm—The Emperor's displeasure at the remark of a soldier—Battle of + Trafalgar—Duroc's position at the Court of Prussia—Armaments in + Russia—Libel upon Napoleon in the Hamburg 'Corespondent'— + Embarrassment of the Syndic and Burgomaster of Hamburg—The conduct + of the Russian Minister censured by the Swedish and English + Ministers. +</pre> + <p> + At the beginning of August 1805 a treaty of alliance between Russia and + England was spoken of. Some persons of consequence, who had the means of + knowing all that was going on in the political world, had read this + treaty, the principal points of which were communicated to me. + </p> + <p> + Article 1st stated that the object of the alliance was to restore the + balance of Europe. By art. 2d the Emperor of Russia was to place 36,000 + men at the disposal of England. Art. 3d stipulated that neither of the two + powers would consent to treat with France, nor to lay down arms until the + King of Sardinia should either be restored to his dominions or receive an + equivalent indemnity in the northeast of Italy. By art. 4th Malta was to + be evacuated by the English, and occupied by the Russians. By art. 5th the + two powers were to guarantee the independence of the Republic of the + Ionian Isles, and England was to pledge herself to assist Russia in her + war against Persia. If this plan of a treaty, of the existence of which I + was informed on unquestionable authority, had been brought to any result + it is impossible to calculate what might have been its consequences. + </p> + <p> + At that time an immediate Continental war was confidently expected by + every person in the north of Europe; and it is very certain that, had not + Napoleon taken the hint in time and renounced his absurd schemes at + Boulogne, France would have stood in a dangerous situation. + </p> + <p> + M. Forshmann, the Russian charge d'affaires, was intriguing to excite the + north of Europe against France. He repeatedly received orders to obtain + the insertion of irritating articles in the 'Correspondent'. He was an + active, intriguing, and spiteful little man, and a declared enemy of + France; but fortunately his stupidity and vanity rendered him less + dangerous than he wished to be. He was universally detested, and he would + have lost all credit but that the extensive trade carried on between + Russia and Hamburg forced the inhabitants and magistrates of that city to + bear with a man who might have done them, individually, considerable + injury. + </p> + <p> + The recollection of Duroc's successful mission to Berlin during the + Consulate induced Napoleon to believe that that general might appease the + King of Prussia, who complained seriously of the violation of the + territory of Anspach, which Bernadotte, in consequence of the orders he + received, had not been able to respect. Duroc remained about six weeks in + Berlin. + </p> + <p> + The following letter from Duroc will show that the facility of passing + through Hesse seemed to excuse the second violation of the Prussian + territory; but there was a great difference between a petty Prince of + Hesse and the King of Prussia. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I send you, my dear Bourrienne, two despatches, which I have + received for you. M. de Talleyrand, who sends them, desires me to + request that you will transmit General Victor's by a sure + conveyance. + + I do not yet know whether I shall stay long in Berlin. By the last + accounts I received the Emperor is still in Paris, and numerous + forces are assembling on the Rhine. The hopes of peace are + vanishing every day, and Austria does everything to promote war. + + I have received accounts from Marshal Bernadotte. He has effected + his passage through Hesse. Marshal Bernadotte was much pleased with + the courtesy he experienced from the Elector. +</pre> + <p> + The junction of the corps commanded by Bernadotte with the army of the + Emperor was very important, and Napoleon therefore directed the Marshal to + come up with him as speedily as possible, and by the shortest road. It was + necessary he should arrive in time for the battle of Austerlitz. Gustavus, + King of Sweden, who was always engaged in some enterprise, wished to raise + an army composed of Swedes, Prussians, and English; and certainly a + vigorous attack in the north would have prevented Bernadotte from quitting + the banks of the Elbe and the Weser, and reinforcing the Grand Army which + was marching on Vienna. But the King of Sweden's coalition produced no + other result than the siege of the little fortress of Hameln. + </p> + <p> + Prussia would not come to a rupture with France, the King of Sweden was + abandoned, and Bonaparte's resentment against him increased. This abortive + project of Gustavus contributed not a little to alienate the affections of + his subjects, who feared that they might be the victims of the revenge + excited by the extravagant plans of their King, and the insults he had + heaped upon Napoleon, particularly since the death of the Duc d'Enghien. + </p> + <p> + On the 13th of September 1805 I received a letter from the Minister of + Police soliciting information about Swedish Pomerania. + </p> + <p> + Astonished at not obtaining from the commercial Consuls at Lübeck and + Stettin any accounts of the movements of the Russians, I had sent to those + ports, four days before the receipt of the Police Minister's letter, a + confidential agent, to observe the Baltic: though we were only 64 leagues + from Stralsund the most uncertain and contradictory accounts came to hand. + It was, however, certain that a landing of the Russians was expected at + Stralsund, or at Travemtinde, the port of Lübeck, at the mouth of the + little river Trave. I was positively informed that Russia had freighted a + considerable number of vessels for those ports. + </p> + <p> + The hatred of the French continued to increase in the north of Europe. + About the end of September there appeared at Kiel, in Denmark, a libellous + pamphlet, which was bought and read with inconceivable avidity. This + pamphlet, which was very ably written, was the production of some fanatic + who openly preached a crusade against France. The author regarded the + blood of millions of men as a trifling sacrifice for the great object of + humiliating France and bringing her back to the limits of the old + monarchy. This pamphlet was circulated extensively in the German + departments united to France, in Holland, and in Switzerland. The number + of incendiary publications which everywhere abounded indicated but too + plainly that if the nations of the north should be driven back towards the + Arctic regions they would in their turn repulse their conquerors towards + the south; and no man of common sense could doubt that if the French + eagles were planted in foreign capitals, foreign standards would one day + wave over Paris. + </p> + <p> + On the 30th of September 1805 I received, by an 'estafette', intelligence + of the landing at Stralsund of 6000 Swedes, who had arrived from Stockholm + in two ships of war. + </p> + <p> + About the end of September the Hamburg exchange on Paris fell alarmingly. + The loss was twenty per cent. The fall stopped at seventeen below par. The + speculation for this fall of the exchange had been made with equal + imprudence and animosity by the house of Osy and Company. + </p> + <p> + The head of that house, a Dutch emigrant, who had been settled at Hamburg + about six years, seized every opportunity of manifesting his hatred of + France. An agent of that rich house at Rotterdam was also very hostile to + us, a circumstance which shows that if many persons sacrifice their + political opinions to their interests there are others who endanger their + interests for the triumph of their opinions. + </p> + <p> + On the 23d of October 1805 I received official intelligence of the total + destruction of the first Austrian army: General Barbou, who was in + Hanover, also informed me of that event in the following terms: "The first + Austrian army has ceased to exist." He alluded to the brilliant affair of + Ulm. I immediately despatched twelve estafettes to different parts; among + other places to Stralsund and Husum. I thought that these prodigies, which + must have been almost incredible to those who were unacquainted with + Napoleon's military genius, might arrest the progress of the Russian + troops, and produces some change in the movements of the enemy's forces. A + second edition of the 'Correspondent' was published with this + intelligence, and 6000 copies were sold at four times the usual price. + </p> + <p> + I need not detain the reader with the details of the capitulation of Ulm, + which have already been published, but I may relate the following + anecdote, which is not generally known. A French general passing before + the ranks of his men said to them, "Well, comrades, we have prisoners + enough here."—"yes indeed," replied one of the soldiers, "we never + saw so many . . . collected together before." It was stated at the time, + and I believe it, that the Emperor was much displeased when he heard of + this, and remarked that it was "atrocious to insult brave men to whom the + fate of arms had proved unfavourable." + </p> + <p> + In reading the history of this period we find that in whatever place + Napoleon happened to be, there was the central point of action. The + affairs of Europe were arranged at his headquarters in the same manner as + if he had been in Paris. Everything depended on his good or bad fortune. + Espionage, seduction, false promises, exactions,—all were put in + force to promote the success of his projects; but his despotism, which + excited dissatisfaction in France, and his continual aggressions, which + threatened the independence of foreign States, rendered him more and more + unpopular everywhere. + </p> + <p> + The battle of Trafalgar took place while Napoleon was marching on Vienna, + and on the day after the capitulation of Ulm. The southern coast of Spain + then witnessed an engagement between thirty-one French and about an equal + number of English ships, and in spite of this equality of force the French + fleet was destroyed.—[The actual forces present were 27 English + ships of the line and 38 Franco-Spanish ships of the line; see James' + Naval History, vol. iii. p. 459.] + </p> + <p> + This great battle afforded another proof of our naval inferiority. Admires + Calder first gave us the lesson which Nelson completed, but which cost the + latter his life. According to the reports which Duroc transmitted to me, + courage gave momentary hope to the French; but they were at length forced + to yield to the superior naval tactics of the enemy. The battle of + Trafalgar paralysed our naval force, and banished all hope of any attempt + against England. + </p> + <p> + The favour which the King, of Prussia had shown to Duroc was withdrawn + when his Majesty received intelligence of the march of Bernadotte's troops + through the Margravate of Anspach. All accounts concurred respecting the + just umbrage which that violation of territory occasioned to the King of + Prussia. The agents whom I had in that quarter overwhelmed me with reports + of the excesses committed by the French in passing through the Margravate. + A letter I received from Duroc contains the following remarks on this + subject: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The corps of Marshal Bernadotte has passed through Anapach and by + some misunderstanding this has been regarded at Berlin as an insult + to the King, a violence committed upon his neutrality. How can it + be supposed, especially under present circumstances, that the + Emperor could have any intention of insulting or committing violence + upon his friend? Besides, the reports have been exaggerated, and + have been made by persons who wish to favour our enemies rather than + us. However, I am perfectly aware that Marshal Bernadotte's 70,000 + men are not 70,000 virgins. Be this as it may, the business might + have been fatal, and will, at all events, be very injurious to us. + Laforeat and I are treated very harshly, though we do not deserve + it. All the idle stories that have been got up here must have + reached you. Probably Prussia will not forget that France was, and + still may be, the only power interested in her glory and + aggrandisement. +</pre> + <p> + At the end of October the King of Prussia, far from thinking of war, but + in case of its occurrence wishing to check its disasters as far as + possible, proposed to establish a line of neutrality. This was the first + idea of the Confederation of the North. Duroc, fearing lest the Russians + should enter Hamburg, advised me, as a friend, to adopt precautions. But I + was on the spot; I knew all the movement the little detached corps, and I + was under no apprehension. + </p> + <p> + The editor of the Hamburg 'Correspondent' sent me every evening a proof of + the number which was to appear next day,—a favour which was granted + only to the French Minister. On the 20th of November I received the proof + as usual, and saw nothing objectionable in it. How great, therefore, was + my astonishment when next morning I read in the same journal an article + personally insulting to the Emperor, and in which the legitimate + sovereigns of Europe were called upon to undertake a crusade against the + usurper etc. I immediately sent for M. Doormann, first Syndic of the + Senate of Hamburg. When he appeared his mortified look sufficiently + informed me that he knew what I had to say to him. I reproached him + sharply, and asked him how, after all I had told him of the Emperor's + susceptibility, he could permit the insertion of such an article. I + observed to him that this indecorous diatribe had no official character, + since it had no signature; and that, therefore, he had acted in direct + opposition to a decree of the Senate, which prohibited the insertion in + the journals of any articles which were not signed. I told him plainly + that his imprudence might be attended with serious consequences. M. + Doormann did not attempt to justify himaelt but merely explained to me how + the thing had happened. + </p> + <p> + On the 20th of November, in the evening, M. Forshmann, the Russian charge + d'affaires who had in the course of the day arrived from the Russian + headquarters presented to the editor of the Correspondent the article in + question. The editor, after reading the article, which he thought + exceedingly indecorous, observed to M. Forshmann that his paper was + already made up, which was the fact, for I had seen a proof. M. Forshmann, + however, insisted on the insertion of the article. The editor then told + him that he could not admit it without the approbation of the Syndic + Censor. M. Forshmann immediately waited upon M. Doormann, and when the + latter begged that he would not insist on the insertion of the article, M. + Forshmann produced a letter written in French, which, among other things, + contained the following: "You will get the enclosed article inserted in + the Correspondent without suffering a single word to be altered. Should + the censor refuse, you must apply to the directing Burgomaster, and, in + case of his refusal, to General Tolstoy, who will devise some means of + rendering the Senate more complying, and forcing it to observe an + impartial deference." + </p> + <p> + M. Doorman, thinking he could not take upon himself to allow the insertion + of the article, went, accompanied by M. Forshmann, to wait upon M. Von + Graffen, the directing Burgomaster. MM. Doorman and Von Graffen earnestly + pointed out the impropriety of inserting the article; but M. Forshmann + referred to his order, and added that the compliance of the Senate on this + point was the only means of avoiding great mischief. The Burgomaster and + the Syndic, finding themselves thus forced to admit the article, entreated + that the following passage at least might be suppressed: "I know a certain + chief, who, in defiance of all laws divine and human,—in contempt of + the hatred he inspires in Europe, as well as among those whom he has + reduced to be his subjects, keeps possession of a usurped throne by + violence and crime. His insatiable ambition would subject all Europe to + his rule. But the time is come for avenging the rights of nations . . . ." + M. Forshmann again referred to his orders, and with some degree of + violence insisted on the insertion of the article in its complete form. + The Burgomaster then authorised the editor of the Correspondent to print + the article that night, and M. Forshmann, having obtained that authority, + carried the article to the office at half-past eleven o'clock. + </p> + <p> + Such was the account given me by M. Doormann. I observed that I did not + understand how the imaginary apprehension of any violence on the part of + Russia should have induced him to admit so insolent an attack upon the + most powerful sovereign in Europe, whose arms would soon dictate laws to + Germany. The Syndic did not dissemble his fear of the Emperor's + resentment, while at the same time he expressed a hope that the Emperor + would take into consideration the extreme difficulty of a small power + maintaining neutrality in the extraordinary circumstances in which Hamburg + was placed, and that the articles might be said to have been presented + almost at the point of the Cossacks' spears. M. Doormann added that a + refusal, which world have brought Russian troops to Hamburg, might have + been attended by very unpleasant consequences to me, and might have + committed the Senate in a very different way. I begged of him, once for + all, to set aside in these affairs all consideration of my personal + danger: and the Syndic, after a conversation of more than two hours, + departed more uneasy in his mind than when he arrived, and conjuring me to + give a faithful report of the facts as they had happened. + </p> + <p> + M. Doormann was a very worthy man, and I gave a favourable representation + of his excuses and of the readiness which he had always evinced to keep + out of the Correspondent articles hostile to France; as, for example, the + commencement of a proclamation of the Emperor of Germany to his subjects, + and a complete proclamation of the King of Sweden. As it happened, the + good Syndic escaped with nothing worse than a fright; I was myself + astonished at the success of my intercession. I learned from the Minister + for Foreign Affairs that the Emperor was furiously indignant on reading + the article, in which the French army was outraged as well as he. Indeed, + he paid but little attention to insults directed against himself + personally. Their eternal repetition had inured him to them; but at the + idea of his army being insulted he was violently enraged, and uttered the + most terrible threats. + </p> + <p> + It is worthy of remark that the Swedish and English Ministers, as soon as + they read the article, waited upon the editor of the Correspondent, and + expressed their astonishment that such a libel should have been published. + "Victorious armies," said they, "should be answered by cannonballs and not + by insults as gross as they are ridiculous." This opinion was shared by + all the foreigners at that time in Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0069" id="link2HCH0069"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIV. + </h2> + + 1805 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Difficulties of my situation at Hamburg—Toil and responsibility— + Supervision of the emigrants—Foreign Ministers—Journals—Packet + from Strasburg—Bonaparte fond of narrating Giulio, an extempore + recitation of a story composed by the Emperor. +</pre> + <p> + The brief detail I have given in the two or three preceding chapters of + the events which occurred previously to and during the campaign of + Austerlitz, with the letters of Duroc and Bernadotte, may afford the + reader some idea of my situation during the early part of my residence in + Hamburg. Events succeeded each other with such incredible rapidity as to + render my labour excessive. My occupations were different, but not less + laborious, than those which I formerly performed when near the Emperor; + and, besides, I was now loaded with a responsibility which did not attach + to me as the private secretary of General Bonaparte and the First Consul. + I had, in fact, to maintain a constant watch over the emigrants in Altona, + which was no easy matter—to correspond daily with the Minister for + Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Police—to confer with the + foreign Ministers accredited at Hamburg—to maintain active relations + with the commanders of the French army—to interrogate my secret + agents, and keep a strict surveillance over their proceedings; it was, + besides, necessary to be unceasingly on the watch for scurrilous articles + against Napoleon in the Hamburg 'Corespondent'. I shall frequently have + occasion to speak of all these things, and especially of the most marked + emigrants, in a manner less irregular, because what I have hitherto said + may, in some sort, be considered merely as a summary of all the facts + relating to the occurrences which daily passed before my eyes. + </p> + <p> + In the midst of these multifarious and weighty occupations I received a + packet with the Strasburg postmark at the time the Empress was in that + city. This packet had not the usual form of a diplomatic despatch, and the + superscription announced that it came from the residence of Josephine. My + readers, I venture to presume, will not experience less gratification than + I did on a perusal of its contents, which will be found at the end of this + chapter; but before satisfying the curiosity to which I have perhaps given + birth, I may here relate that one of the peculiarities of Bonaparte was a + fondness of extempore narration; and it appears he had not discontinued + the practice even after he became Emperor. + </p> + <p> + In fact, Bonaparte, during the first year after his elevation to the + Imperial throne, usually passed those evenings in the apartments of the + Empress which he could steal from public business. Throwing himself on a + sofa, he would remain absorbed in gloomy silence, which no one dared to + interrupt. Sometimes, however, on the contrary, he would give the reins to + his vivid imagination and his love of the marvelous, or, to speak more + correctly, his desire to produce effect, which was perhaps one of his + strongest passions, and would relate little romances, which were always of + a fearful description and in unison with the natural turn of his ideas. + During those recitals the ladies-in-waiting were always present, to one of + whom I am indebted for the following story, which she had written nearly + in the words of Napoleon. "Never," said this lady in her letter to me, + "did the Emperor appear more extraordinary. Led away by the subject, he + paced the salon with hasty strides; the intonations of his voice varied + according to the characters of the personages he brought on the scene; he + seemed to multiply himself in order to play the different parts, and no + person needed to feign the terror which he really inspired, and which he + loved to see depicted in the countenances of those who surrounded him." In + this tale I have made no alterations, as can be attested by those who, to + my knowledge, have a copy of it. It is curious to compare the impassioned + portions of it with the style of Napoleon in some of the letters addressed + to Josephine. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0079" id="link2H_4_0079"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="front3 (88K)" src="images/front3.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + VOLUME III. — 1805-1814 + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc010 (81K)" src="images/pc010.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc070 (77K)" src="images/pc070.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc086 (93K)" src="images/pc086.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc104 (157K)" src="images/pc104.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc122 (84K)" src="images/pc122.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc194 (86K)" src="images/pc194.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc228 (65K)" src="images/pc228.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc242 (92K)" src="images/pc242.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc274 (85K)" src="images/pc274.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pc452 (221K)" src="images/pc452.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <a name="linklink2HCH0070" id="link2HCH0070"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Abolition of the Republican calendar—Warlike preparations in + Austria—Plan for re-organizing the National Guard—Napoleon in + Strasburg—General Mack—Proclamation—Captain Bernard's + reconnoitering mission—The Emperor's pretended anger and real + satisfaction—Information respecting Ragusa communicated by Bernard + —Rapid and deserved promotion—General Bernard's + retirement to the United States of America. +</pre> + <p> + I had been three months at Hamburg when I learned that the Emperor had at + last resolved to abolish the only remaining memorial of the Republic, + namely, the revolutionary calendar. That calendar was indeed an absurd + innovation, for the new denominations of the months were not applicable in + all places, even in France; the corn of Provence did not wait to be opened + by the sun of the month of Messidor. On the 9th of September a + 'Senates-consulte' decreed that on the 1st of January following the months + and days should resume their own names. I read with much interest + Laplace's report to the Senate, and must confess I was very glad to see + the Gregorian calendar again acknowledged by law, as it had already been + acknowledged in fact. Frenchmen in foreign countries experienced + particular inconvenience from the adoption of a system different from all + the rest of the world. + </p> + <p> + A few days after the revival of the old calendar the Emperor departed for + the army. When at Hamburg it may well be supposed that I was anxious to + obtain news, and I received plenty from the interior of Germany and from + some friends in Paris. This correspondence enables me to present to my + readers a comprehensive and accurate picture of the state of public + affairs up to the time when Napoleon took the field. I have already + mentioned how artfully he always made it appear that he was anxious for + peace, and that he was always the party attacked; his, conduct previous to + the first conquest of Vienna affords a striking example of this artifice. + It was pretty evident that the transformation of the Cisalpine Republic + into the kingdom of Italy, and the union of Genoa to France were + infractions of treaties; yet the Emperor, nevertheless, pretended that all + the infractions were committed by Austria. The truth is, that Austria was + raising levies as secretly as possible, and collecting her troops on the + frontiers of Bavaria. An Austrian corps even penetrated into some + provinces of the Electorate; all this afforded Napoleon a pretext for + going to the aid of his allies. + </p> + <p> + In the memorable sitting preceding his departure the Emperor presented a + project of a 'Senatus-consulte' relative to the re-organisation of the + National Guard. The Minister for Foreign Affairs read an explanation of + the reciprocal conduct of France and Austria since the peace of Luneville, + in which the offences of France were concealed with wonderful skill. + Before the sitting broke up the Emperor addressed the members, stating + that he was about to leave the capital to place himself at the head of the + army to afford prompt succour to his allies, and defend the dearest + interests of his people. He boasted of his wish to preserve peace, which + Austria and Russia, as he alleged, had, through the influence of England, + been induced to disturb. + </p> + <p> + This address produced a very powerful impression in Hamburg. For my part, + I recognised in it Napoleon's usual boasting strain; but on this occasion + events seemed bent on justifying it. The Emperor may certainly have + performed more scientific campaigns than that of Austerlitz, but never any + more glorious in results. Everything seemed to partake of the marvellous, + and I have often thought of the secret joy which Bonaparte must have felt + on seeing himself at last an the point of commencing a great war in + Germany, for which he had so often expressed an ardent desire. He + proceeded first to Strasburg, whither Josephine accompanied him. + </p> + <p> + All the reports that I received agreed with the statements of my private + correspondence in describing the incredible enthusiasm which prevailed in + the army on learning that it was to march into Germany. For the first time + Napoleon had recourse to an expeditious mode of transport, and 20,000 + carriages conveyed his army, as if by enchantment, from the shores of the + Channel to the banks of the Rhine. The idea of an active campaign fired + the ambition of the junior part of the army. All dreamed of glory, and of + speedy promotion, and all hoped to distinguish themselves before the eyes + of a chief who was idolised by his troops. Thus during his short stay at + Strasburg the Emperor might with reason prophesy the success which crowned + his efforts under the walls of Vienna. + </p> + <p> + Rapp, who accompanied him, informed me that on leaving Strasburg he + observed, in the presence of several persons, "It will be said that I made + Mack's plan of campaign for him. The Caudine Forks are at Ulm." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This allusion to the Caudine Forks was always in Napoleon's mouth + when he saw an enemy's army concentrated on a point, and foresaw its + defeat—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Experience proved that Bonaparte was not deceived; but I ought on this + occasion to contradict a calumnious report circulated at that time, and + since maliciously repeated. It has been said that there existed an + understanding between Mack and Bonaparte, and that the general was bought + over to deliver up the gates of Ulm. I have received positive proof that + this assertion is a scandalous falsehood; and the only thing that could + give it weight was Napoleon's intercession after the campaign that Mack + might not be put on his trial. In this intercession Napoleon was actuated + only by humanity. + </p> + <p> + On taking the field Napoleon placed himself at the head of the Bavarians, + with whom be opposed the enemy's army before the arrival of his own + troops. As soon as they were assembled he published the following + proclamation, which still further excited the ardour of the troops. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SOLDIERS—The war of the third coalition is commenced. The Austrian + army has passed the Inn, violated treaties, attacked and driven our + ally from his capital. You yourselves have been obliged to hasten, + by forced marches, to the defence of our frontiers. But you have + now passed the Rhine; and we will not stop till we have secured the + independence of the Germanic body, succoured our allies, and humbled + the pride of our unjust assailants. We will not again make peace + without a sufficient guarantee! Our generosity shall not again + wrong our policy. Soldiers, your Emperor is among you! You are but + the advanced guard of the great people. If it be necessary they + will all rise at my call to confound and dissolve this new league, + which has been created by the malice and the gold of England. + But, soldiers, we shall have forced marches to make, fatigues and + privations of every kind to endure. Still, whatever obstacles may + be opposed to us, we will conquer them; and we will never rest until + we have planted our eagles on the territory of our enemies! +</pre> + <p> + In the confidential notes of his diplomatic agents, in his speeches, and + in his proclamations, Napoleon always described himself as the attacked + party, and perhaps his very earnestness in so doing sufficed to reveal the + truth to all those who had learned to read his thoughts differently from + what his words expressed them. + </p> + <p> + At the commencement of the campaign of Austerlitz a circumstance occurred + from which is to be dated the fortune of a very meritorious man. While the + Emperor was at Strasburg he asked General Marescot, the commander-in-chief + of the engineers, whether he could recommend from his corps a brave, + prudent, and intelligent young officer, capable of being entrusted with an + important reconnoitering mission. The officer selected by General Marescot + was a captain in the engineers, named Bernard, who had been educated in + the Polytechnic School. He set off on his mission, advanced almost to + Vienna, and returned to the headquarters of the Emperor at the + capitulation of Ulm. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte interrogated him himself, and was well satisfied with his + replies; but, not content with answering verbally the questions put by + Napoleon, Captain Bernard had drawn up a report of what he observed, and + the different routes which might be taken. Among other things he observed + that it would be a great advantage to direct the whole army upon Vienna, + without regard to the fortified places; for that, once master of the + capital of Austria, the Emperor might dictate laws to all the Austrian + monarchy. "I was present," said Rapp to me, "at this young officer's + interview with the Emperor. After reading the report, would you believe + that the Emperor flew into a furious passion? 'How!' cried he, 'you are + very bold, very presumptuous! A young officer to take the liberty of + tracing out a plan of campaign for me! Begone, and await my orders.'" + </p> + <p> + This, and some other circumstances which I shall have to add respecting + Captain Bernard, completely reveal Napoleon's character. Rapp told me that + as soon as the young officer had left the Emperor all at once changed his + tone. "That," said he, "is a clever young man; he has taken a proper view + of things. I shall not expose him to the chance of being shot. Perhaps I + shall sometime want his services. Tell Berthier to despatch an order for + his departure for Elyria." + </p> + <p> + This order was despatched, and Captain Bernard, who, like his comrades, + was ardently looking forward to the approaching campaign, regarded as a + punishment what was, on the Emperor's part, a precaution to preserve a + young man whose merit he appreciated. At the close of the campaign, when + the Emperor promoted those officers who had distinguished themselves, + Bernard, who was thought to be in disgrace, was not included in Berthier's + list among the captains of engineers whom he recommended to the rank of + chef de bataillon; but Napoleon himself inscribed Bernard's name before + all the rest. However, the Emperor forgot him for some time; and it was + only an accidental circumstance that brought him to his recollection. I + never had any personal acquaintance with Bernard, but I learned from Rapp, + how he afterwards became his colleague as aide de camp to the Emperor; a + circumstance which I shall now relate, though it refers to a later period. + </p> + <p> + Before the Emperor left Paris for the campaign of 1812 he wished to gain + precise information respecting Ragusa and Elyria. He sent for Marmont, but + was not satisfied with his answers. He then interrogated several other + generals, but the result of his inquiries always was, "This is all very + well; but it is not what I want. I do not know Ragusa." He then sent for + General Dejean, who had succeeded M. de Marescot as first inspector of the + Engineers. + </p> + <p> + "Have you any one among your officers," he asked, "who is well acquainted + with Ragusa?" Dejean, after a little reflection, replied, "Sire, there is + a chef de bataillon who has been a long time forgotten, but who knows + Elyria perfectly."—"What's his name?"—"Bernard."—"Ah! + stop . . . Bernard! I remember that name. Where is he?"—"At Antwerp, + Sire, employed on the fortifications."—"Let a telegraphic despatch + be immediately, transmitted,—[by semaphore arms.]—desiring him + to mount his horse and come with all speed to Paris." + </p> + <p> + The promptitude with which the Emperor's orders were always executed is + well known. A few days after Captain Bernard was in the Emperor's cabinet + in Paris. Napoleon received him very graciously. The first thing he said + was, "Talk to me about Ragusa." This was a favourite mode of interrogation + with him in similar cases, and I have heard him say that it was a sure way + of drawing out all that a man had observed in any country that he had + visited. Be that as it may, he was perfectly satisfied with M. Bernard's + information respecting Elyria; and when the chef de bataillon had finished + speaking Napoleon said, "Colonel Bernard, I am now acquainted with + Ragusa." The Emperor afterwards conversed familiarly with him, entered + into details respecting the system of fortification adopted at Antwerp, + referred to the plan of the works, criticised it, and showed how he would, + if he besieged the town, render the means of defence unavailing. The new + Colonel explained so well how he would defend the town against the + Emperor's attack that Bonaparte was delighted, and immediately bestowed + upon, the young officer a mark of distinction which, as far as I know, he + never granted but upon that single occasion. The Emperor was going to + preside at the Council of State, and desired Colonel Bernard to accompany + him, and many times during the sittings be asked him for his opinion upon + the points which were under discussion. On leaving the Council Napoleon + said, "Bernard, you are in future my aide de camp." After the campaign he + was made General of Brigade, soon after General of Division, and now he is + acknowledged to be one of the ablest engineer officers in existence. + Clarke's silly conduct deprived France of this distinguished man, who + refused the brilliant offers of several sovereigns of Europe for the sake + of retiring to the United States of America, where he commands the + Engineers, and has constructed fortifications on the coast of the Floridas + which are considered by engineers to be masterpieces of military art. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0071" id="link2HCH0071"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Rapidity of Napoleon's victories—Murat at Wertingen—Conquest of + Ney's duchy—The French army before Ulm—The Prince of Liechtenstein + at the Imperial headquarters—His interview with Napoleon described + by Rapp—Capitulation of Ulm signed by Berthier and Mack—Napoleon + before and after a victory—His address to the captive generals— + The Emperor's proclamation—Ten thousand prisoners taken by Murat— + Battle of Caldiero in Italy—Letter from Duroc—Attempts to retard + the Emperor's progress—Fruitless mission of M. de Giulay—The first + French eagles taken by the Russians—Bold adventure of Lannes and + Murat—The French enter Vienna—Savary's mission to the Emperor + Alexander. +</pre> + <p> + To convey an idea of the brilliant campaign of 1805 from an abstract of + the reports and letters I received at Hamburg I should, like the + almanac-makers, be obliged to note down a victory for every day. Was not + the rapidity of the Emperor's first operations a thing hitherto + unprecedented? He departed from Paris on the 24th of September, and + hostilities commenced on the 2d of October. On the 6th and 7th the French + passed the Danube, and turned the enemy's army. On the 8th Murat, at the + battle of Wertingen, on the Danube, took 2000 Austrian prisoners, amongst + whom, besides other general officers, was Count Auffemberg. Next day the + Austrians fell back upon Gunsburg, retreating before our victorious + legions, who, pursuing their triumphal course, entered Augsburg on the + 10th, and Munich on the 12th. When I received my despatches I could have + fancied I was reading a fabulous narrative. Two days after the French + entered Munich—that is to say, on the 14th—an Austrian corps + of 6000 men surrendered to Marshal Soult at Memingen, whilst Ney + conquered, sword in hand, his future Duchy of Elchingen. Finally, on the + 17th of October, came the famous capitulation of General Mack at Ulm,' and + on the same day hostilities commenced in Italy between the French and + Austrians, the former commanded by Massena and the latter by Prince + Charles. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Prince Maurice Liechtenstein was sent by General Mack as a flag + of truce to the Imperial headquarters before Ulm. He was, according + to custom, led blindfold on horseback. Rapp, who was present, + together with several of Napoleon's aides de camp, afterwards spoke + to me of the Prince's interview with the Emperor. I think he told + me that Berthier was present likewise. "Picture to yourself," said + Rapp, "the astonishment, or rather confusion, of the poor Prince + when the bandage was removed from his eyes. He knew nothing of what + had been going on, and did not even suspect that the Emperor had yet + joined the army. When he understood that he was in the presence of + Napoleon he could not suppress an exclamation of surprise, which did + not escape the Emperor, and he ingenuously acknowledged that General + Mack had no idea he was before the walls of Ulm." Prince + Liechtenstein proposed to capitulate on condition that the garrison + of Ulm should be allowed to return into Austria. This proposal, in + the situation in which the garrison stood, Rapp said, made the + Emperor smile. "How can you expect," said Napoleon, "that I can + accede to such a proposition? What shall I gain by it? Eight days. + In eight days you will be in my power without any condition. Do you + suppose I am not acquainted with everything? . . You expect the + Russians? . . . At the nearest they are in Bohemia. Were I to + allow you to march out, what security can I have that you will not + join them, and afterwards fight against me? Your generals have + deceived me often enough, and I will no longer be duped. At Marengo + I was weak enough to allow the troops of Melas to march out of + Alessandria. He promised to treat for peace. What happened? Two + months after Moreau had to fight with the garrison of Alessandria. + Besides, this war is not an ordinary war. After the conduct of your + Government I am not bound to keep any terms with it. I have no + faith in its promises. You have attacked me. If I should agree to + what you ask, Mack would pledge his word, I know. But, even relying + on his good faith, would be he able to keep his promise? As far as + regards himself—yes; but as regards his army—no. If the Archduke + Ferdinand were still with you I could rely upon his word, because he + would be responsible for the conditions, and he would not disgrace + himself; but I know he has quitted Ulm and passed the Danube. I + know how to reach him, however." + + Rapp said it was impossible to imagine the embarrassment of Prince + Liechtenstein whilst the Emperor was speaking. He, however, + somewhat regained his self-possession, and observed that, unless the + conditions which he proposed were granted the army would not + capitulate. "If that be the case," said Napoleon. "you may as well + go back to Mack, for I will never grant such conditions. Are you + jesting with me? Stay; here is the capitulation of Memingen—show + it to your General—let him surrender on the same conditions—I will + consent to no others. Your officers may return to Austria, but the + soldiers must be prisoners. Tell him to be speedy, for I have no + time to lose. The more he delays the worse he will render his own + condition and yours. To-morrow I shall have here the corps to which + Memingen capitulated, and then we shall see what is to be done. + Make Mack clearly understand that he has no alternative but to + conform to my will." + + The imperious tones which Napoleon employed towards his enemies + almost always succeeded, and it produced the accustomed effect upon + Mack. On the same day that Prince Liechtenstein had been at our + headquarters Mack wrote to the Emperor, stating that he would not + have treated with any other on such terms; but that he yielded to + the ascendency of Napoleon's fortune; and on the following day + Berthier was sent into Ulm, from whence he returned with the + capitulation signed. Thus Napoleon was not mistaken respecting the + Caudine Forks of the Austrian army. The garrison of Ulm marched out + with what are called the honours of war, and were led prisoners into + France.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon, who was so violently irritated by any obstacle which opposed + him, and who treated with so much hauteur everybody who ventured to resist + his inflexible will, was no longer the same man when, as a conqueror, he + received the vanquished generals at Ulm. He condoled with them on their + misfortune; and this, I can affirm, was not the result of a feeling of + pride concealed beneath a feigned generosity. Although he profited by + their defeat he pitied them sincerely. How frequently has he observed to + me, "How much to be pitied is a general on the day after a lost battle." + He had himself experienced this misfortune when he was obliged to raise + the siege of St. Jean d'Acre. At that moment he would, I believe, have + strangled Djezzar; but if Djezzar had surrendered, he would have treated + him with the same attention which he showed to Mack and the other generals + of the garrison of Ulm. These generals were seventeen in number, and among + them was Prince Liechtenstein. There were also General Klenau (Baron de + Giulay), who had acquired considerable military reputation in the + preceding wars, and General Fresnel, who stood in a more critical + situation than his companions in misfortune, for he was a Frenchman, and + an emigrant. + </p> + <p> + Rapp told me that it was really painful to see these generals. They bowed + respectfully to the Emperor, having Mack at their head. They preserved a + mournful silence, and Napoleon was the first to speak, which he did in the + following terms: "Gentlemen, I feel sorry that such brave men as you are + should be the victims of the follies of a Cabinet which cherishes insane + projects, and which does not hesitate to commit the dignity of the + Austrian nation by trafficking with the services of its generals. Your + names are known to me—they are honourably known wherever you have + fought. Examine the conduct of those who have committed you. What could be + more iniquitous than to attack me without a declaration of war? Is it not + criminal to bring foreign invasion upon a country? Is it not betraying + Europe to introduce Asiatic barbarities into her disputes? If good policy + had been followed the Aulic Council, instead of attacking me, would have + sought my alliance in order to drive back the Russians to the north. The + alliance which your Cabinet has formed will appear monstrous in history. + It is the alliance of dogs, shepherds, and wolves against sheep—such + a scheme could never have been planned in the mind of a statesman. It is + fortunate for you that I have not been defeated in the unjust struggle to + which I have been provoked; if I had, the Cabinet of Vienna would have + soon perceived its error, for which, perhaps, it will yet one day pay + dearly." + </p> + <p> + What a change fifteen days of success, crowned by the capture of Ulm, had + made in affairs! At Hamburg I knew through my agents to what a degree of + folly the hopes of Napoleon's enemies had risen before he began the + campaign. The security of the Cabinet of Vienna was really inexplicable; + not only did they not dream of the series of victories which made Napoleon + master of all the Austrian monarchy, but the assistants of Drake and all + the intriguers of that sort treated France already as a conquered country, + and disposed of some of our provinces. In the excess of their folly, to + only give one instance, they promised the town of Lyons to the King of + Sardinia, to recompense him for the temporary occupation of Piedmont. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In the treaties and declarations (see Martens and Thiers, tome v. + p. 355) there is rather a tendency to sell the skin of the bear + before killing him.]— +</pre> + <p> + While Napoleon flattered his prisoners at the expense of their Government + he wished to express satisfaction at the conduct of his own army, and with + this view he published a remarkable proclamation, which in some measure + presented an abstract of all that had taken place since the opening of the + campaign. + </p> + <p> + This proclamation was as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SOLDIERS OF THE GRAND ARMY—In a fortnight we have finished an + entire campaign. What we proposed to do has been done. We have + driven the Austrian troops from Bavaria, and restored our ally to + the sovereignty of his dominions. + + That army, which, with equal presumption and imprudence, marched + upon our frontiers, is annihilated. + + But what does this signify to England? She has gained her object. + We are no longer at Boulogne, and her subsidy will be neither more + nor less. + + Of a hundred thousand men who composed that army, sixty thousand are + prisoners. They will replace our conscripts in the labours of + agriculture. + + Two hundred pieces of cannon, the whole park of artillery, ninety + flags, and all their generals are in our power. Fifteen thousand + men only have escaped. + + Soldiers! I announced to you the result of a great battle; but, + thanks to the ill-devised schemes of the enemy, I was enabled to + secure the wished-for result without incurring any danger, and, what + is unexampled in the history of nations, that result has been gained + at the sacrifice of scarcely fifteen hundred men killed and wounded. + + Soldiers! this success is due to your unlimited confidence in your + Emperor, to your patience in enduring fatigues and privations of + every kind, and to your singular courage and intrepidity. + + But we will not stop here. You are impatient to commence another + campaign! + + The Russian army, which English gold has brought from the + extremities of the universe, shall experience the same fate as that + which we have just defeated. + + In the conflict in which we are about to engage the honour of the + French infantry is especially concerned. We shall now see another + decision of the question which has already been determined in + Switzerland and Holland; namely, whether the French infantry is the + first or the second in Europe. + + Among the Russians there are no generals in contending against whom + I can acquire any glory. All I wish is to obtain the victory with + the least possible bloodshed. My soldiers are, my children. +</pre> + <p> + This proclamation always appeared to me a masterpiece of military + eloquence. While he lavished praises on his troops, he excited their + emulation by hinting that the Russians were capable of disputing with them + the first rank among the infantry of Europe, and he concluded his address + by calling them his children. + </p> + <p> + The second campaign, to which Napoleon alleged they so eagerly looked + forward, speedily ensued, and hostilities were carried on with a degree of + vigour which fired the enthusiasm of the army. Heaven knows what accounts + were circulated of the Russians, who, as Bonaparte solemnly stated in his + proclamation, had come from the extremity of the world. They were + represented as half-naked savages, pillaging, destroying and burning + wherever they went. It was even asserted that they were cannibals, and had + been seen to eat children. In short, at that period was introduced the + denomination of northern barbarians which has since been so generally + applied to the Russians. Two days after the capitulation of Ulm Murat + obtained the capitulation of Trochtelfingen from General Yarneck, and made + 10,000 prisoners, so that, without counting killed and wounded, the + Austrian army had sustained a diminution of 50,000 men after a campaign of + twenty days. On the 27th of October the French army crossed the Inn, and + thus penetrated into the Austrian territory. Salzburg and Brannan were + immediately taken. The army of Italy, under the command of Massena, was + also obtaining great advantages. On the 30th of October, that is to say, + the very day on which the Grand Army took the above-mentioned fortresses, + the army of Italy, having crossed the Adige, fought a sanguinary battle at + Caldiero, and took 5000 Austrian prisoners. + </p> + <p> + In the extraordinary campaign, which has been distinguished by the name of + "the Campaign of Austerlitz," the exploits of our troops succeeded each + other with the rapidity of thought. I confess I was equally astonished and + delighted when I received a note from Duroc, sent by an extraordinary + courier, and commencing laconically with the words, "We are in Vienna; the + Emperor is well." + </p> + <p> + Duroc's letter was dated the 13th November, and the words, "We are in + Vienna," seemed to me the result of a dream. The capital of Austria, which + from time immemorial had not been occupied by foreigners—the city + which Sobieski had saved from Ottoman violence, had become the prey of the + Imperial eagle of France, which, after a lapse of three centuries, avenged + the humiliations formerly imposed upon Francis I. by the 'Aquila Grifagna' + of Charles V. Duroc had left the Emperor before the camp of Boulogne was + raised; his mission to Berlin being terminated, he rejoined the Emperor at + Lintz. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[As soon as Bonaparte became Emperor he constituted himself the + avenger of all the insults given to the sovereigns, whom he styled + his predecessors. All that related to the honour of France was + sacred to him. Thus he removed the column of Rosbach from the + Prussian territory.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Before I noticed the singular mission of M. Haugwitz to the Emperor + Napoleon, and the result of that mission, which circumstances rendered + diametrically the reverse of its object, I will relate what came to my + knowledge respecting some other negotiations on the part of Austria, the + evident intent of which was to retard Napoleon's progress, and thereby to + dupe him. M. de Giulay, one of the generals included in the capitulation + of Ulm, had returned home to acquaint his sovereign with the disastrous + event. He did not conceal, either from the Emperor Francis or the Cabinet + of Vienna, the destruction of the Austrian army, and the impossibility of + arresting the rapid advance of the French. M. de Giulay was sent with a + flag of truce to the headquarters of Napoleon, to assure him of the + pacific intentions of the Emperor of Austria, and to solicit an armistice. + The snare was too clumsy not to be immediately discovered by so crafty a + man as Napoleon. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Metternich (tome ii. p. 346, compare French edition, tome ii. + p. 287) says, "Let us hold always the sword in one hand and the + olive branch in the other; always ready to negotiate, but only + negotiating while advancing." Here is Napoleons system.]— +</pre> + <p> + He had always pretended a love for peace, though he was overjoyed at the + idea of continuing a war so successfully commenced, and he directed + General Giulay to assure the Emperor of Austria that he was not less + anxious for peace than he, and that he was ready to treat for it, but + without suspending the course of his operations. Bonaparte, indeed, could + not, without a degree of imprudence of which he was incapable, consent to + an armistice; for M. de Giulay, though entrusted with powers from Austria, + had received none from Russia. Russia, therefore, might disavow the + armistice and arrive in time to defend Vienna, the occupation of which was + so important to the French army. The Russians, indeed, were advancing to + oppose us, and the corps of our army, commanded by Mortier on the left + bank of the Danube, experienced in the first engagement a check at + Dirnstein, which not a little vexed the Emperor. This was the first + reverse of fortune we had sustained throughout the campaign. It was + trivial, to be sure, but the capture by the Russians of three French + eagles, the first that had fallen into the hands of the enemy, was very + mortifying to Napoleon, and caused him to prolong for some days his staff + at St. Folten, where he then was. + </p> + <p> + The rapid occupation of Vienna was due to the successful temerity of + Lannes and Murat, two men alike distinguished for courage and daring + spirit. A bold artifice of these generals prevented the destruction of the + Thabor bridge at Vienna, without which our army would have experienced + considerable difficulty in penetrating into the Austrian capital. This act + of courage and presence of mind, which had so great an influence on the + events of the campaign, was described to me by Lannes, who told the story + with an air of gaiety, unaccompanied by any self-complacency, and seemed + rather pleased with the trick played upon the Austrians than proud of the + brilliant action which had been performed. Bold enterprises were so + natural to Lannes that he was frequently the only person who saw nothing + extraordinary in his own exploits. Alas! what men were sacrificed to + Napoleon's ambition! + </p> + <p> + The following is the story of the Bridge of Thabor as I heard it from + Lannes:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I was one day walking with Murat, on the right bank of the + Danube, and we observed on the left bank, which was occupied by the + Austrians, some works going on, the evident object of which was to + blow up the bridge on the approach of our troops. The fools had the + impudence to make these preparations under our very noses; but we + gave them a good lesson. Having arranged our plan, we returned to + give orders, and I entrusted the command of my column of grenadiers + to an officer on whose courage and intelligence I could rely. I + then returned to the bridge, accompanied by Murat and two or three + other officers. We advanced, unconcernedly, and entered into + conversation with the commander of a post in the middle of the + bridge. We spoke to him about an armistice which was to be speedily + concluded: While conversing with the Austrian officers we contrived + to make them turn their eyes towards the left bank, and then, + agreeably to the orders we had given, my column of grenadiers + advanced on the bridge. The Austrian cannoneers, on the left bank, + seeing their officers in the midst of us, did not dare to fire, and + my column advanced at a quick step. Murat and I, at the head of it, + gained the left bank. All the combustibles prepared for blowing up + the bridge were thrown into the river, and my men took possession of + the batteries erected for the defence of the bridge head. The poor + devils of Austrian officers were perfectly astounded when I told + them they were my prisoners.]— +</pre> + <p> + Such, as well as I can recollect, was the account given by Lannes, who + laughed immoderately in describing the consternation of the Austrian + officers when they discovered the trick that had been played upon them. + When Lannes performed this exploit he had little idea of the important + consequences which would attend, it. He had not only secured to the + remainder of the French army a sure and easy entrance to Vienna, but, + without being aware of it, he created an insurmountable impediment to the + junction of the Russian army with the Austrian corps, commanded by Prince + Charles, who, being pressed by Massena, hastily advanced into the heart of + the Hereditary States, where he fully expected a great battle would take + place. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the corps of Murat and Lannes had taken possession of Vienna + the Emperor ordered all the divisions of the army to march upon that + capital. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The story to told in much the same way in Theirs (tome vi, p. + 260), Rupp (p. 57), and Savory (tome ii. p. 162), but as Erreurs + (tome i. p. 814) points out, Bourrienne makes an odd mistake in + believing the Thabor Bridge gave the French access to Vienna. The + capital is on the right bank, and was already in their power. The + possession of the bridge enabled them to pass over to the left bank, + and to advance towards Austerlitz before the Archduke Charles, + coming from Italy, could make his junction with the allied army. + See plan 48 of Thiers' Atlas, or 58 of Alison's. The immediate + result of the success of this rather doubtful artifice would have + been the destruction of the corps of Kutusoff; but Murat in his turn + was deceived by Bagration into belief in an armistice. In fact, + both sides at this time fell into curious errors.]— +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon established his headquarters at Schoenbrunn, where he planned his + operations for compelling the corps of Prince Charles to retire to + Hungary, and also for advancing his own forces to meet the Russians. Murat + and Lannes always commanded the advanced guard during the forced marches + ordered by Napoleon, which were executed in a way truly miraculous. + </p> + <p> + To keep up the appearance of wishing to conclude peace as soon as + reasonable propositions should be made to him, Napoleon sent for his + Minister for foreign Affairs, who speedily arrived at Vienna, and General + Savary was sent on a mission to the Emperor Alexander. The details of this + mission I have learned only from the account of it given by the Duc de + Rovigo in his apologetic Memoirs. In spite of the Duke's eagerness to + induce a belief in Napoleon's pacific disposition, the very facts on which + he supports his argument lead to the contrary conclusion. Napoleon wished + to dictate his conditions before the issue of a battle the success of + which might appear doubtful to the young Emperor of Russia, and these + conditions were such as he might impose when victory should be declared in + favour of our eagles. It must be clear to every reflecting person that by + always proposing what he knew could not be honourably acceded to, he kept + up the appearance of being a pacificator, while at the same time he + ensured to himself the pleasure of carrying on the war. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0072" id="link2HCH0072"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My functions at Hamburg—The King of Sweden at Stralsund— + My bulletin describing the situation of the Russian armies—Duroc's + recall from Berlin—General Dumouriez—Recruiting of the English in + Hanover—The daughter of M. de Marbeof and Napoleon—Treachery of + the King of Naples—The Sun of Austerlitz—Prince Dolgiorouki + Rapp's account of the battle of Austerlitz—Gerard's picture— + Eugène's marriage. +</pre> + <p> + I must now relate how, in conformity with my instructions, I was employed + in Hamburg in aiding the success of the French army. I had sent an agent + to observe the Russian troops, which were advancing by forced marches to + the banks of the Elbe. This agent transmitted to me from Gadbusch an + account of the routes taken by the different columns. It was then supposed + that they would march upon Holland by the way of Bremen and Oldenburg. On + the receipt of thus intelligence the Electorate of Hanover was evacuated + by the French, and General Barbou, who had commanded there concentrated + his forces in Hamelin. + </p> + <p> + On the 2d of November 1805 the King of Sweden arrived at Stralsund. I + immediately intimated to our Government that this circumstance would + probably give a new turn to the operations of the combined army, for + hitherto the uncertainty of its movements and the successive counter- + orders afforded no possibility of ascertaining any determined plan. The + intention seemed to be, that all the Swedo-Russian troops should cross the + Elbe at the same point; viz., Lauenburg, six miles from Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + There was not on the 5th of November a single Russian on the southern bank + of the Elbe. + </p> + <p> + The first column of the grand Russian army passed through Warsaw on the + 1st of November, and on the 2d the Grand-Duke Constantine was expected + with the Guards. This column, which amounted to 6000 men, was the first + that passed through Prussian Poland. + </p> + <p> + At this time we momentarily expected to see the Hanoverian army landed on + the banks of the Weser or the Elbe, augmented by some thousands of + English. Their design apparently was either to attack Holland, or to + attempt some operation on the rear of our Grand Army. + </p> + <p> + The French Government was very anxious to receive accurate accounts of the + march of the Swedo-Russian troops through Hanover, and of the Russian army + through Poland. My agents at Warsaw and Stralsund, who were exceedingly + active and intelligent, enabled me to send off a bulletin describing the + state of Hanover, the movements of the Russians and Swedes, together with + information of the arrival of English troops in the Elbe, and a statement + of the force of the combined army in Hanover, which consisted of 15,000 + Russians, 8000 Swedes, and 12,000 English; making in all 35,000 men. + </p> + <p> + It was probably on account of this bulletin that Napoleon expressed to + Duroc his satisfaction with my services. The Emperor on recalling Duroc + from Berlin did not manifest the least apprehension respecting Prussia. + Duroc wrote to me the following letter on the occasion of his recall: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MY DEAR BOURRIENNE—The Emperor having thought my services necessary + to the army has recalled me. I yesterday had a farewell audience of + the King and Queen, who treated me very graciously. His Majesty + presented me with his portrait set in diamonds. The Emperor + Alexander will probably depart to morrow, and the Archduke Anthony + vary speedily. We cannot but hope that their presence here will + facilitate a good understanding. + (Signed) DUROC. +</pre> + <p> + Whenever foreign armies were opposing France the hopes of the emigrants + revived. They falsely imagined that the powers coalesced against Napoleon + were labouring in their cause; and many of them entered the Russian and + Austrian armies. Of this number was General Dumouriez. I received + information that he had landed at Stade on the 21st of November; but + whither he intended to proceed was not known. A man named St. Martin, + whose wife lived with Dumouriez, and who had accompanied the general from + England to Stade, came to Hamburg, where he observed great precautions for + concealment, and bought two carriages, which were immediately forwarded to + Stade. St, Martin himself immediately proceeded to the latter place. I was + blamed for not having arrested this man; but he had a commission attesting + that he was in the English service, and, as I have before mentioned; a + foreign commission was a safeguard; and the only one which could not be + violated in Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + In December 1805 the English recruiting in Hanover was kept up without + interruption, and attended with extraordinary success. Sometimes a hundred + men were raised in a day. The misery prevailing in Germany, which had been + ravaged by the war, the hatred against the French, and the high bounty + that was offered enabled the English to procure as many men as they + wished. + </p> + <p> + The King of Sweden, meditating on the stir he should make in Hanover, took + with him a camp printing-press to publish the bulletins of the grand + Swedish army.—The first of these bulletins announced to Europe that + his Swedish Majesty was about to leave Stralsund; and that his army would + take up its position partly between Nelsen and Haarburg, and partly + between Domitz and the frontiers of Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + Among the anecdotes of Napoleon connected with this campaign I find in my + notes the following, which was related to me by Rapp. Some days before his + entrance into Vienna Napoleon, who was riding on horseback along the road, + dressed in his usual uniform of the chasseurs of the Guard, met an open + carriage, in which were seated a lady and a priest. The lady was in tears, + and Napoleon could not refrain from stopping to ask her what was the cause + of her distress. "Sir," she replied, for she did not know the Emperor, "I + have been pillaged at my estate, two leagues from hence, by a party of + soldiers, who have murdered my gardener. I am going to seek your Emperor, + who knows my family, to whom he was once under great obligations."—"What + is your name?" inquired Napoleon.—"De Bunny," replied the lady. "I + am the daughter of M de Marbeuf, formerly Governor of Corsica."—"Madame," + exclaimed Napoleon, "I am the Emperor. I am delighted to have the + opportunity of serving you."—"You cannot conceive," continued Rapp, + "the attention which the Emperor showed Madame de Bunny. He consoled her, + pitied her, almost apologised for the misfortune she had sustained. 'Will + you have the goodness, Madame,' said he, 'to go and wait for me at my + head-quarters? I will join you speedily; every member of M. de Marbeuf's + family has a claim on my respect.' The Emperor immediately gave her a + picquet of chasseurs of his guard to escort her. He saw her again during + the day, when he loaded her with attentions, and liberally indemnified her + for the losses she had sustained." + </p> + <p> + For some time previous to the battle of Austerlitz the different corps of + the army intersected every part of Germany and Italy, all tending towards + Vienna as a central point. At the beginning of November the corps + commanded by Marshal Bernadotte arrived at Saltzburg at the moment when + the Emperor had advanced his headquarters to Braunau, where there were + numerous magazines of artillery and a vast quantity of provisions of every + kind. The junction of the corps commanded by Bernadotte in Hanover with + the Grand Army was a point of such high importance that Bonaparte had + directed the Marshal to come up with him as speedily as possible, and to + take the shortest road. This order obliged Bernadotte to pass through the + territory of the two Margravates. + </p> + <p> + At that time we were at peace with Naples. In September the Emperor had + concluded with Ferdinand IV. a treaty of neutrality. This treaty enabled + Carra St. Cyr, who occupied Naples, to evacuate that city and to join + Massena in Upper Italy; both reached the Grand Army on the 28th of + November. But no sooner had the troops commanded by Carra St. Cyr quitted + the Neapolitan territory than the King of Naples, influenced by his + Ministers, and above all by Queen Caroline, broke the treaty of + neutrality, ordered hostile preparations against France, opened his ports + to the enemies of the Emperor, and received into his States 12,000 + Russians and 8000 English. It was on the receipt of this news that + Bonaparte, in one of his most violent bulletins, styled the Queen of + Naples a second Fredegonda. The victory of Austerlitz having given + powerful support to his threats, the fall of Naples was decided, and + shortly after his brother Joseph was seated on the Neapolitan throne. + </p> + <p> + At length came the grand day when, to use Napoleon's expression, the Sun + of Austerlitz rose. All our forces were concentrated on one point, at + about 40 leagues beyond Vienna. There remained nothing but the wreck of + the Austrian army, the corps of Prince Charles being by scientific + manoeuvres kept at a distance from the line of operations; but the + Russians alone were superior to us in numbers, and their army was almost + entirely composed of fresh troops. The most extraordinary illusion + prevailed in the enemy's camp. The north of Europe has its Gascons as well + as the south of France, and the junior portion of the Russian army at this + period assumed an absurd braggadocio tone. On the very eve of the battle + the Emperor Alexander sent one of his aides de camp, Prince Dolgorouki, as + a flag of truce to Napoleon. The Prince could not repress his + self-sufficiency even in the presence of the Emperor, and Rapp informed me + that on dismissing him the Emperor said, "If you were on 'the heights of + Montmartre,' I would answer such impertinence only by cannon-balls." This + observation was very remarkable, inasmuch as subsequent events rendered it + a prophecy. + </p> + <p> + As to the battle itself, I can describe it almost as well as if I had + witnessed it, for some time after I had the pleasure of seeing my friend + Rapp, who was sent an a mission to Prussia. He gave me the following + account: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "When we arrived at Austerlitz the Russians were not aware of the + scientific plans which the Emperor had laid for drawing them upon + the ground he had marked out; and seeing our advanced guards fall + back before theirs they already considered themselves conquerors. + They supposed that their Guard alone would secure an easy triumph. + But the action commenced, and they experienced an energetic + resistance on all points. At one o'clock the victory was yet + uncertain, for they fought admirably. They wished to make a last + effort by directing close masses against our centre. Their Imperial + Guard deployed; their artillery, cavalry, and infantry marched upon + a bridge which they attacked, and this movement, which was concealed + by the rising and falling of the ground, was not observed by + Napoleon. I was at that moment near the Emperor, awaiting his + orders. We heard a well-maintained firing of musketry. The + Russians were repulsing one of our brigades. The Emperor ordered me + to take some of the Mamelukes, two squadrons of chasseurs, and one + of grenadiers of the Guard, and to go and reconnoitre the state of + things. I set off at full gallop, and soon discovered the disaster. + The Russian cavalry had penetrated our squares, and was sabring our + men. I perceived in the distance some masses of cavalry and + infantry; which formed the reserve of the Russians. At that moment + the enemy advanced to meet us, bringing with him four pieces of + artillery, and ranged himself in order of battle. I had the brave + Morland on my left, and General D'Allemagne on my right. 'Forward, + my lads!' exclaimed I to my troop. 'See how your brothers and + friends are being cut to pieces. Avenge them! avenge our flag! + Forward!' These few words roused my men. We advanced as swiftly as + our horses could carry us upon the artillery, which was taken. The + enemy's cavalry, which awaited us firmly, was repulsed by the same + shock, and fled in disorder, galloping as we did over the wrecks of + our squares. The Russians rallied but a squadron of horse + grenadiers came up to reinforce me, and thus enabled me to hold + ground against the reserves of the Russian Guard. We charged again, + and this charge was terrible. The brave Morland was killed by my + side. It was downright butchery. We were opposed man to man, and + were so mingled together that the infantry of neither one nor the + other side could venture to fire for fear of killing its own men. + At length the intrepidity of our troops overcame every obstacle, and + the Russians fled in disorder, in sight of the two Emperors of + Russia and Austria, who had stationed themselves on a height in + order to witness the battle. They saw a desperate one," said Rapp, + "and I trust they were satisfied. For my part, my dear friend, I + never spent so glorious a day. What a reception the Emperor gave me + when I returned to inform him that we had won the battle! My sword + was broken, and a wound which I received on my head was bleeding + copiously, so that I was covered with blood! He made me a General + of Division. The Russians did not return to the charge; we had + taken all their cannon and baggage, and Prince Repnin was among the + prisoners." +</pre> + <p> + Thus it was that Rapp related to me this famous battle of which he was the + hero, as Kellerman had been the hero of Marengo. What now remains of + Austerlitz? The recollection, the glory, and the magnificent picture of + Gerard, the idea of which was suggested to the Emperor by the sight of + Rapp with the blood streaming from his wound. + </p> + <p> + I cannot forbear relating here a few particulars which I learned from Rapp + respecting his mission after the cure of his wound; and the marriage of + Prince Eugène to the Princess Augusta of Bavaria. The friendship which + Rapp cherished for me was of the most sincere kind. During my disgrace he + did not even conceal it from Napoleon; and whoever knows anything of the + Emperor's Court will acknowledge that that was a greater mark of courage + than the carrying of a redoubt or making the most brilliant charge of + cavalry. Rapp possessed courage of every kind, an excellent heart, and a + downright frankness, which for a time brought him into disgrace with + Napoleon. The only thing for which Rapp could be reproached was his + extreme prejudice against the nobility, which I am convinced was the sole + reason why he was not created a Duke. The Emperor made him a Count because + he wished that all his aides de camp should have titles. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "He had been a fortnight at Schoenbrunn," said Rapp to me, "and I had + not yet resumed my duties, when the Emperor sent for me. He asked + me whether I was able to travel, and on my replying in the + affirmative, he said, 'Go then, and give an account of the battle of + Austerlitz to Marmont, and vex him for not having been at it.' I set + off, and in conformity with the instructions I had received from the + Emperor I proceeded to Gratz, where I found Marmont, who was indeed + deeply mortified at not having had a share in the great battle. + I told him, as the Emperor had directed me, that the negotiations + were commenced, but that nothing was yet concluded, and that + therefore, at all events, he must hold himself in readiness. I + ascertained the situation of his army in Styria, and the amount of + the enemy's force before him: The Emperor wished him to send a + number of spies into Hungary, and to transmit to him a detailed + report from their communications. I next proceeded to Laybach, + where I found Massena at the head of the eighth corps, and I + informed him that the Emperor wished him to march in all haste upon + Vienna, in case he should hear of the rupture of the negotiations. + I continued the itinerary marked out for me until I reached Venice, + and thence till I met the troops of Carra St. Cyr, who had received + orders to march back upon Naples as soon as the Emperor heard of the + treachery of the King of Naples and the landing of the English and + Russians. Having fulfilled these different missions I proceeded to + Klagenfurth, where I saw Marshal Ney, and I afterwards rejoined the + Emperor at Munich. There I had the pleasure of finding our friends + assembled, and among them Josephine, still as affable and amiable as + ever. How delighted I was when, an my arrival, I learned that the + Emperor had adopted Eugène. I was present at his marriage with the + Princess Augusta of Bavaria. As to me, you know I am not very fond + of fetes, and the Emperor might have dispensed with my performing + the duties of Chamberlain; Eugène had no idea of what was going on + when the Emperor sent to desire his presence at Munich with all + possible speed. He, too, remains unchanged; he is still our old + comrade. At first he was not much pleased with the idea of a + political marriage; but when he saw his bride he was quite + enchanted; and no wonder, for I assure you she is a very charming + woman." +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0073" id="link2HCH0073"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> + + 1805. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Depreciation of the Bank paper—Ouvrard—His great discretion— + Bonaparte's opinion of the rich—Ouvrard's imprisonment—His + partnership with the King of Spain—His connection with Waalenberghe + and Desprez—Bonaparte's return to Paris after the campaign of + Vienna—Hasty dismissal of M. Barbe Marbois. +</pre> + <p> + At the moment when the Emperor had reason to hope that the news of his + extraordinary success would animate public spirit he was informed that + considerable disquietude prevailed, and that the Bank of France was + assailed by demands for the payment of its paper, which had fallen, more + than 5 per cent. I was not ignorant of the cause of this decline. I had + been made acquainted, through the commercial correspondence between + Hamburg and Paris, with a great financial operation, planned by M. + Ouvrard, in consequence of which he was to obtain piastres from Spanish + America at a price much below the real value; and I had learned that he + was obliged to support this enterprise by the funds which he and his + partners previously employed in victualling the forces. A fresh investment + of capital was therefore necessary for this service, which, when on a + large scale, requires extensive advances, and the tardy payment of the + Treasury at that period was well known. + </p> + <p> + I was well acquainted with M. Ouvrard, and in what I am about to say I do + not think there will be found anything offensive or disagreeable to him. I + observed the greater number of the facts to which I shall refer in their + origin, and the rest I learned from M. Ouvrard himself, who, when he + visited Hamburg in 1808, communicated to me a variety of details + respecting his immense transaction with the King of Spain. Among other + things I recollect he told me that before the 18th Brumaire he was + possessed of 60,000,000, without owing a franc to any person. + </p> + <p> + This celebrated financier has been the object of great public attention. + The prodigious variations of fortune which he has experienced, the + activity of his life, the immense commercial operations in which he has + been engaged; the extent and the boldness of his enterprises, render it + necessary, in forming a judgment of M. Ouvrard, to examine his conduct + with due care and deliberation. The son of a stationer, who was able + merely through his own resources to play so remarkable a part, could be no + ordinary man. It may be said of M. Ouvrard what Beaumarchais said of + himself, that his life was really a combat. I have known him long, and I + saw much of him in his relations with Josephine. He always appeared to me + to possess great knowledge of the world, accompanied by honourable + principles, and a high degree of generosity, which added greatly to the + value of his prudence and discretion. No human power, no consideration, + not even the ingratitude of those whom he had obliged, could induce him to + disclose any sacrifice which he had made at the time when, under the + Directory, the public revenue may be said to have been always at the + disposal of the highest bidder, and when no business could be brought to a + conclusion except by him who set about it with his hands full of money. To + this security, with which M. Ouvrard impressed all official persons who + rendered him services, I attribute the facility with which he obtained the + direction of the numerous enterprises in which he engaged, and which + produced so many changes in his fortune. The discretion of M. Ouvrard was + not quite agreeable to the First Consul, who found it impossible to + extract from him the information he wanted. He tried every method to + obtain from him the names of persons to whom he had given those kind of + subsidies which in vulgar language are called sops in the pan, and by + ladies pin money. Often have I seen Bonaparte resort to every possible + contrivance to gain his object. He would sometimes endeavour to alarm M. + Ouvrard by menaces, and at other times to flatter him by promises, but he + was in no instance successful. + </p> + <p> + While we were at the Luxembourg, on, as I recollect, the 25th of January + 1800, Bonaparte said to me during breakfast, "Bourrienne, my resolution is + taken. I shall have Ouvrard arrested."—"General, have you proofs + against him?"—"Proofs, indeed! He is a money-dealer, a monopoliser; + we must make him disgorge. All the contractors, the provision agents, are + rogues. How have they made their fortunes? At the expense of the country, + to be sure. I will not suffer such doings. They possess millions, they + roll in an insolent luxury, while my soldiers have neither bread nor + shoes! I will have no more of that! I intend to speak on the business + to-day in the Council, and we shall see what can be done." + </p> + <p> + I waited with impatience for his return from the Council to know what had + passed. "Well, General?" said I "The order is given." On hearing this I + became anxious about the fate of M. Ouvrard, who was thus to be treated + more like a subject of the Grand Turk than a citizen of the Republic; but + I soon learned that the order had not been executed because he could not + be found. + </p> + <p> + Next day I learned that a person, whom I shall not name, who was present + at the Council, and who probably was under obligations to Ouvrard, wrote + him a note in pencil to inform him of the vote for his arrest carried by + the First Consul. This individual stepped out for a moment and despatched + his servant with the note to Ouvrard. Having thus escaped the writ of + arrest, Ouvrard, after a few days had passed over, reappeared, and + surrendered himself prisoner. Bonaparte was at first furious on learning + that he had got out of the way; but on hearing that Ouvrard had + surrendered himself he said to me, "The fool! he does not know what is + awaiting him! He wishes to make the public believe that he has nothing to + fear; that his hands are clean. But he is playing a bad game; he will gain + nothing in that way with me. All talking is nonsense. You may be sure, + Bourrienne, that when a man has so much money he cannot have got it + honestly, and then all those fellows are dangerous with their fortunes. In + times of revolution no man ought to have more than 3,000,000 francs, and + that is a great deal too much." + </p> + <p> + Before going to prison Ouvrard took care to secure against all the + searches of the police any of his papers which might have committed + persons with whom he had dealings; and I believe that there were + individuals connected with the police itself who had good reason for not + regretting the opportunity which M. Ouvrard had taken for exercising this + precaution. Seals, however, were put upon his papers; but on examining + them none of the information Bonaparte so much desired to obtain was + found. Nevertheless on one point his curiosity was satisfied, for on + looking over the documents he found from some of them that Madame + Bonaparte had been borrowing money from Ouvrard. + </p> + <p> + As Ouvrard had a great number of friends they bestirred themselves to get + some person of influence to speak to the First Consul in his favour. But + this was a commission no one was willing to undertake; because, prejudiced + as Bonaparte was, the least hint of the kind would have appeared to him to + be dictated by private interest. Berthier was very earnestly urged to + interfere, but he replied, "That is impossible. He would say that it was + underhand work to get money for Madame Visconti." + </p> + <p> + I do not recollect to what circumstance Ouvrard was indebted for his + liberty, but it is certain that his captivity did not last long. Sometime + after he had left his prison Bonaparte asked him for 12,000,000, which M. + Ouvrard refused. + </p> + <p> + On his accession to the Consulate Bonaparte found M. Ouvrard contractor + for supplying the Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Massaredo. + This business introduced him to a correspondence with the famous Godoy, + Prince of the Peace. The contract lasted three years, and M. Ouvrard + gained by it a net profit of 15,000,000. The money was payable in + piastres, at the rate of 3 francs and some centimes each, though the + piastre was really worth 5 francs 40 centimes. But to recover it at this + value it was necessary for M. Ouvrard to go and get the money in Mexico. + This he was much inclined to do, but he apprehended some obstacle on the + part of the First Consul, and, notwithstanding his habitual shrewdness, he + became the victim of his over-precaution. On his application M. de + Talleyrand undertook to ask the First Consul for authority to give him a + passport. I was in the cabinet at the time, and I think I still hear the + dry and decided "No," which was all the answer M. de Talleyrand obtained. + When we were alone the First Consul said to me, "Do you not see, + Bourrienne, this Ouvrard must have made a good thing of his business with + the Prince of the Peace? But the fool! Why did he get Talleyrand to ask me + for a passport? That is the very thing that raised my suspicion. Why did + he not apply for a passport as every one else does? Have I the giving of + them? He is an ass; so much the worse for him." + </p> + <p> + I was sorry for Ouvrard's disappointment, and I own none the less so + because he had intimated his willingness to give me a share in the + business he was to transact its Spain; and which was likely to be very + profitable. His brother went to Mexico in his stead. + </p> + <p> + In 1802 a dreadful scarcity afflicted France. M. Ouvrard took upon + himself, in concert with Wanlerberghe, the task of importing foreign grain + to prevent the troubles which might otherwise have been expected. In + payment of the grain the foreign houses who sent it drew upon Ouvrard and + Wanlerberghe for 26,000,000 francs in Treasury bills, which, according to + the agreement with the Government, were to be paid. But when the bills of + the foreign houses became due there was no money in the Treasury, and + payment was refused. After six months had elapsed payment was offered, but + on condition that the Government should retain half the profit of the + commission! This Ouvrard and Wanlerberghe refused, upon which the Treasury + thought it most economical to pay nothing, and the debt remained + unsettled. Notwithstanding this transaction Ouvrard and Wanlerberghe + engaged to victual the navy, which they supplied for six years and three + months. After the completion of these different services the debt due to + them amounted to 68,000,000. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of the long delay of, payment by the Treasury the + disbursements for supplies of grain amounted at least to more than + 40,000,000; and the difficulties which arose had a serious effect on the + credit of the principal dealers with those persons who supplied them. The + discredit spread and gradually reached the Treasury, the embarrassments of + which augmented with the general alarm. Ouvrard, Wanlerberghe, and Seguin + were the persons whose capital and credit rendered them most capable of + relieving the Treasury, and they agreed to advance for that purpose + 102,000,000, in return for which they were allowed bonds of the + Receivers-General to the amount of 150,000,000. M. Desprez undertook to be + the medium through which the 102,000,000 were to be paid into the + Treasury, and the three partners transferred the bands to him. + </p> + <p> + Spain had concluded a treaty with France, by which she was bound to pay a + subsidy of 72,000,000 francs, and 32,000,000 had become due without any + payment being made: It was thought advisable that Ouvrard should be sent + to Madrid to obtain a settlement, but he was afraid that his business in + Paris would suffer during his absence, and especially the transaction in + which he was engaged with Desprez. The Treasury satisfied him on this + point by agreeing to sanction the bargain with Desprez, and Ouvrard + proceeded to Madrid. It was on this occasion he entered into the immense + speculation for trading with Spanish America. + </p> + <p> + Spain wished to pay the 32,000,000 which were due to France as soon as + possible, but her coffers were empty, and goodwill does not ensure + ability; besides, in addition to the distress of the Government, there was + a dreadful famine in Spain. In this state of things Ouvrard proposed to + the Spanish Government to pay the debt due to France, to import a supply + of corn, and to advance funds for the relief of the Spanish Treasury. For + this he required two conditions. (1.) The exclusive right of trading with + America. (2.) The right of bringing from America on his own account all + the specie belonging to the Crown, with the power of making loans + guaranteed and payable by the Spanish Treasuries. + </p> + <p> + About the end of July 1805 the embarrassment which sometime before had + begun to be felt in the finances of Europe was alarmingly augmented. Under + these circumstances it was obviously the interest of Ouvrard to procure + payment as soon as possible of the 32,000,000 which he had advanced for + Spain to the French Treasury. He therefore redoubled his efforts to bring + his negotiation to a favourable issue, and at last succeeded in getting a + deed of partnership between himself and Charles IV. which contained the + following stipulation:—"Ouvrard and Company are authorised to + introduce into the ports of the New World every kind of merchandise and + production necessary for the consumption of those countries, and to export + from the Spanish Colonies, during the continuance of the war with England; + all the productions and all specie derivable from them." This treaty was + only to be in force during the war with England, and it was stipulated + that the profits arising from the transactions of the Company should be + equally divided between Charles IV. and the rest of the Company; that is + to say, one-half to the King and the other half to his partners. + </p> + <p> + The consequences of this extraordinary partnership between a King and a + private individual remain to be stated. On the signing of the deed Ouvrard + received drafts from the Treasury of Madrid to the extent of 52,500,000 + piastres; making 262,500,000 francs; but the piastres were to be brought + from America, while the terms of the treaty required that the urgent wants + of the Spanish Government should be immediately supplied, and, above all, + the progress of the famine checked. To accomplish this object fresh + advances to an enormous amount were necessary, for M. Ouvrard had to begin + by furnishing 2,000,000 of quintals of grain at the rate of 26 francs the + quintal. Besides all this, before he could realise a profit and be + reimbursed for the advances he had made to the Treasury of Paris, he had + to get the piastres conveyed from America to Europe. After some difficulty + the English Government consented to facilitate the execution of the + transaction by furnishing four frigates for the conveyance of the + piastres. + </p> + <p> + Ouvrard had scarcely completed the outline of his extraordinary enterprise + when the Emperor suddenly broke up his camp at Boulogne to march to + Germany. It will readily be conceived that Ouvrard's interests then + imperatively required his presence at Madrid; but he was recalled to Paris + by the Minister of the Treasury, who wished to adjust his accounts. The + Emperor wanted money for the war on which he was entering, and to procure + it for the Treasury Ouvrard was sent to Amsterdam to negotiate with the + House of Hope. He succeeded, and Mr. David Parish became the Company's + agent. + </p> + <p> + Having concluded this business Ouvrard returned in all haste to Madrid; + but in the midst of the most flattering hopes and most gigantic + enterprises he suddenly found himself threatened with a dreadful crisis. + M. Desprez, as has been stated, had, with the concurrence of the Treasury, + been allowed to take upon himself all the risk of executing the treaty, by + which 150,000,000 were to be advanced for the year 1804, and 400,000,000 + for the year 1805. Under the circumstances which had arisen the Minister + of the Treasury considered himself entitled to call upon Ouvrard to place + at his disposal 10,000,000 of the piastres which he had received from + Spain. The Minister at the same time informed him that he had made + arrangements on the faith of this advance, which he thought could not be + refused at so urgent a moment. + </p> + <p> + The embarrassment of the Treasury, and the well-known integrity of the + Minister, M. de Barbe Marbois, induced Ouvrard to remit the 10,000,000 + piastres. But a few days after he had forwarded the money a Commissioner + of the Treasury arrived at Madrid with a ministerial despatch, in which + Ouvrard was requested to deliver to the Commissioner all the assets he + could command, and to return immediately to Paris. + </p> + <p> + The Treasury was then in the greatest difficulty, and a general alarm + prevailed. This serious financial distress was occasioned by the following + circumstances. The Treasury had, by a circular, notified to the + Receivers-General that Desprez was the holder of their bonds. They were + also authorised to transmit to him all their disposable funds, to be + placed to their credit in an account current. Perhaps the giving of this + authority was a great error; but, be that as it may, Desprez, encouraged + by the complaisance of the Treasury, desired the Receivers-General to + transmit to him all the sums they could procure for payment of interest + under 8 per cent., promising to allow them a higher rate of interest. As + the credit of the house of Desprez stood high, it may be easily conceived + that on such conditions the Receivers-General, who were besides secured by + the authority of the Treasury, would enter eagerly into the proposed plan. + In short, the Receivers-General soon transmitted very considerable sums. + Chests of money arrived daily from every point of France. Intoxicated by + this success, Desprez engaged in speculations which in his situation were + extremely imprudent. He lent more than 50,000,000 to the merchants of + Paris, which left him no command of specie. Being obliged to raise money, + he deposited with the Bank the bonds of the Receivers-General which had + been consigned to him, but which were already discharged by the sums + transmitted to their credit in the account current. The Bank, wishing to + be reimbursed for the money advanced to Desprez, applied to the + Receivers-General whose bonds were held an security. This proceeding had + become necessary on the part of the Bank, as Desprez, instead of making + his payments in specie, sent in his acceptances. The Directors of the + Bank, who conducted that establishment with great integrity and + discretion, began to be alarmed, and required Desprez to explain the state + of his affairs. The suspicions of the Directors became daily stronger, and + were soon shared by the public. At last the Bank was obliged to stop + payment, and its notes were soon at a discount of 12 per cent. + </p> + <p> + The Minister of the Treasury, dismayed, as well may be supposed, at such a + state of things during the Emperor's absence, convoked a Council, at which + Joseph Bonaparte presided, and to which Desprez and Wanlerberghe were + summoned. Ouvrard being informed of this financial convulsion made all + possible haste from Madrid, and on his arrival at Paris sought assistance + from Amsterdam. Hope's house offered to take 15,000,000 piastres at the + rate of 3 francs 75 centimes each. Ouvrard having engaged to pay the + Spanish Government only 3 francs, would very willingly have parted with + them at that rate, but his hasty departure from Madrid, and the financial + events at Paris, affected his relations with the Spanish Treasury, and + rendered it impossible for him to afford any support to the Treasury of + France; thus the alarm continued, until the news of the battle of + Austerlitz and the consequent hope of peace tranquillised the public mind. + The bankruptcy of Desprez was dreadful; it was followed by the failure of + many houses, the credit of which was previously undoubted. + </p> + <p> + To temper the exultation which victory was calculated to excite, the news + of the desperate situation of the Treasury and the Bank reached the + Emperor on the day after the battle of Austerlitz. The alarming accounts + which he received hastened his return to France; and on the very evening + on which he arrived in Paris he pronounced, while ascending the stairs of + the Tuileries, the dismissal of M. de Barbs Marbois. This Minister had + made numerous enemies by the strict discharge of his duty, and yet, + notwithstanding his rigid probity, he sunk under the accusation of having + endangered the safety of the State by weakness of character. At this + period even Madame de Stael said, in a party where the firmness of M. + Barbs Marbois was the topic of conversation—"What, he inflexible? He + is only a reed bronzed!" But whatever may be the opinion entertained of + the character of this Minister, it is certain that Napoleon's rage against + him was unbounded. Such was the financial catastrophe which occurred + during the campaign of Vienna; but all was not over with Ouvrard, and in + so great a confusion of affairs it was not to be expected that the + Imperial hand, which was not always the hand of justice, should not make + itself somewhere felt. + </p> + <p> + In the course of the month of February 1806 the Emperor issued two + decrees, in which he declared Ouvrard, Wanlerberghe, and Michel, + contractors for the service of 1804, and Desprez their agent, debtors to + the amount of 87,000,000, which they had misapplied in private + speculations, and in transactions with Spain "for their personal + interests." Who would not suppose from this phrase that Napoleon had taken + no part whatever in the great financial operation between Spain and South + America? He was, however, intimately acquainted with it, and was himself + really and personally interested. But whenever any enterprise was + unsuccessful he always wished to deny all connection with it. Possessed of + title-deeds made up by himself—that is to say, his own decrees—the + Emperor seized all the piastres and other property belonging to the + Company, and derived from the transaction great pecuniary advantage,—though + such advantage never could be regarded by a sovereign as any compensation + for the dreadful state into which the public credit had been brought. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0074" id="link2HCH0074"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V + </h2> + + 1805-1806. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Declaration of Louis XVIII.—Dumouriez watched—News of a spy— + Remarkable trait of courage and presence of mind—Necessity of + vigilance at Hamburg—The King of Sweden—His bulletins—Doctor Gall + —Prussia covets Hamburg—Projects on Holland—Negotiations for + peace—Mr. Fox at the head of the British Cabinet—Intended + assassination of Napoleon—Propositions made through Lord Yarmouth + —Proposed protection of the Hanse towns—Their state— + Aggrandisement of the Imperial family—Neither peace nor war— + Sebastiani's mission to Constantinople—Lord Lauderdale at Paris, + and failure of the negotiations—Austria despoiled—Emigrant + pensions—Dumouriez's intrigues—Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin— + Loizeau. +</pre> + <p> + I have been somewhat diffuse respecting the vast enterprises of M. + Ouvrard, and on the disastrous state of the finances during the campaign + of Vienna. Now, if I may so express myself, I shall return to the Minister + Plenipotentiary's cabinet, where several curious transactions occurred. + The facts will not always be given in a connected series, because there + was no more relation between the reports which I received on a great + variety of subjects than there is in the pleading of the barristers who + succeed each other in a court of justice. + </p> + <p> + On the 2d of January 1806 I learned that many houses in Hamburg had + received by post packets, each containing four copies of a declaration of + Louis XVIII. Dumouriez had his carriage filled with copies of this + declaration when he passed through Brunswick; and in that small town alone + more than 3000 were distributed. The size of this declaration rendered its + transmission by post very easy, even in France. + </p> + <p> + All my letters from the Minister recommended that I should keep a strict + watch over the motions of Dumouriez; but his name was now as seldom + mentioned as if he had ceased to exist. The part he acted seemed to be + limited to disseminating pamphlets more or less insignificant. + </p> + <p> + It is difficult to conceive the great courage and presence of mind + sometimes found in men so degraded as are the wretches who fill the office + of spies. I had an agent amongst the Swedo-Russians, named Chefneux, whom + I had always found extremely clever and correct. Having for a long time + received no intelligence from him I became very anxious,—an anxiety + which was not without foundation. He had, in fact, been arrested at + Lauenburg, and conducted, bound, tied hand and foot, by some Cossacks to + Luneburg. There was found on him a bulletin which he was about to transmit + to me, and he only escaped certain death by having in his possession a + letter of recommendation from a Hamburg merchant well known to M. + Alopaeus, the Russian Minister in that city. This precaution, which I had + taken before he set out, saved his life. M. Alopaeus replied to the + merchant that, in consequence of his recommendation the spy should be sent + back safe and sound, but that another time neither the recommended nor the + recommender should escape so easily. Notwithstanding this, Chefneux would + certainly have paid with his head for the dangerous business in which he + was embarked but for the inconceivable coolness he displayed under the + most trying circumstances. Though the bulletin which was found upon him + was addressed to M. Schramm, merchant, they strongly suspected that it was + intended for me. They demanded of the prisoner whether he knew me; to + which he boldly replied that he had never seen me. They endeavoured, by + every possible means, to extort a confession from him, but without + success. His repeated denials, joined to the name of M. Schramm, created + doubts in the minds of his interrogators; they hesitated lest they should + condemn an innocent man. They, however, resolved to make a last effort to + discover the truth, and Chefneux, condemned to be shot, was conducted to + the plain of Luneburg. His eyes were bandaged, and he heard the command of + preparation given to the platoon, which was to fire upon him; at that + moment a man approaching him whispered in his ear, in a tone of friendship + and compassion, "They are going to fire; but I am your friend; only + acknowledge that you know M. de Bourrienne and you are safe."—"No," + replied Chefneux in a firm tone; "if I said so I should tell a falsehood." + Immediately the bandage was removed from his eyes, and he was set at + liberty. It would be difficult to cite a more extraordinary instance of + presence of mind. + </p> + <p> + Much as I execrate the system of espionage I am nevertheless compelled to + admit that the Emperor was under the necessity of maintaining the most + unremitting vigilance amidst the intrigues which were going forward in the + neighbourhood of Hamburg, especially when the English, Swedes, and + Russians were in arms, and there were the strongest grounds for suspecting + the sincerity of Prussia. + </p> + <p> + On the 5th of January 1806 the King of Sweden arrived before the gates of + Hamburg. The Senate of that city, surrounded on all sides by English, + Swedish, and Russian troops, determined to send a deputation to + congratulate the Swedish monarch, who, however, hesitated so long about + receiving this homage that fears were entertained lest his refusal should + be followed by some act of aggression. At length, however, the deputies + were admitted, and they returned sufficiently well satisfied with their + reception. + </p> + <p> + The King of Sweden then officially declared, "That all the arrangements + entered into with relation to Hanover had no reference to hint, as the + Swedish army was under the immediate command of its august sovereign." + </p> + <p> + The King, with his 6000 men, seemed inclined to play the part of the + restorer of Germany, and to make himself the Don Quixote of the treaty of + Westphalia. He threatened the Senate of Hamburg with the whole weight of + his anger, because on my application the colours which used to be + suspended over the door of the house for receiving Austrian recruits had + been removed. The poor Senate of Hamburg was kept in constant alarm by so + dangerous a neighbour. + </p> + <p> + The King of Sweden had his headquarters at Boetzenburg, on the northern + bank of the Elbe. In order to amuse himself he sent for Dr. Gall, who was + at Hamburg, where he delivered lectures on his system of phrenology, which + was rejected in the beginning by false science and prejudice, and + afterwards adopted in consequence of arguments, in my opinion, + unanswerable. I had the pleasure of living some time with Dr. Gall, and I + owe to the intimacy which subsisted between us the honour he conferred on + me by the dedication of one of his works. I said to him, when he departed + for the headquarters of the King of Sweden, "My dear doctor, you will + certainly discover the bump of vanity." The truth is, that had the doctor + at that period been permitted to examine the heads of the sovereigns of + Europe they would have afforded very curious craniological studies. + </p> + <p> + It was not the King of Sweden alone who gave uneasiness to Hamburg; the + King of Prussia threatened to seize upon that city, and his Minister + publicly declared that it would very soon belong to his master. The + Hamburgers were deeply afflicted at this threat; in fact, next to the loss + of their independence, their greatest misfortune would have been to fall + under the dominion of Prussia, as the niggardly fiscal system of the + Prussian Government at that time would have proved extremely detrimental + to a commercial city. Hanover, being evacuated by the French troops, had + become a kind of recruiting mart for the British army, where every man who + presented himself was enrolled, to complete the Hanoverian legion which + was then about to be embodied. The English scattered gold by handfuls. One + hundred and fifty carriages, each with six horses, were employed in this + service, which confirmed me in the belief I had previously entertained, + that the English were to join with the Russians in an expedition against + Holland. The aim of the Anglo-Russians was to make a diversion which might + disconcert the movements of the French armies in Germany, the allies being + at that time unacquainted with the peace concluded at Presburg. Not a + moment was therefore to be lost in uniting the whole of our disposable + force for the defence of Holland; but it is not of this expedition that I + mean to speak at present. I only mention it to afford some idea of our + situation at Hamburg, surrounded, as we then were, by Swedish, English, + and Russian troops. At this period the Russian Minister at Hamburg, M. + Forshmann, became completely insane; his conduct had been more injurious + than advantageous to his Government. He was replaced by M. Alopcous, the + Russian Minister at Berlin; and they could not have exchanged a fool for a + more judicious and able diplomatist. + </p> + <p> + I often received from the Minister of Marine letters said packets to + transmit to the Isle of France,(Mauritius) of which the Emperor was + extremely anxious to retain possession; and I had much trouble in finding + any vessels prepared for that colony by which I could forward the + Minister's communications. The death of Pitt and the appointment of Fox as + his successor had created a hope of peace. It was universally known that + Mr. Fox, in succeeding to his office, did not inherit the furious hatred + of the deceased Minister against France and her Emperor. There moreover + existed between Napoleon and Mr. Fox a reciprocal esteem, and the latter + had shown himself really disposed to treat. The possibility of concluding + a peace had always been maintained by that statesman when he was in + opposition to Mr. Pitt; and Bonaparte himself might have been induced, + from the high esteem he felt for Mr. Fox, to make concessions from which + he would before have recoiled. But there were two obstacles, I may say + almost insurmountable ones. The first was the conviction on the part of + England that any peace which might be made would only be a truce, and that + Bonaparte would never seriously relinquish his desire of universal + dominion. On the other side, it was believed that Napoleon had formed the + design of invading England. Had he been able to do so it would have been + less with the view of striking a blow at her commerce and destroying her + maritime power, than of annihilating the liberty of the press, which he + had extinguished in his own dominions. The spectacle of a free people, + separated only by six leagues of sea, was, according to him, a seductive + example to the French, especially to those among them who bent unwillingly + under his yoke. + </p> + <p> + At an early period of Mr. Fox's ministry a Frenchman made the proposition + to him of assassinating the Emperor, of which information was immediately + transmitted to M. de Talleyrand. In this despatch the Minister said that, + though the laws of England did not authorise the permanent detention of + any individual not convicted of a crime, he had on this occasion taken it + on himself to secure the miscreant till such time as the French Government + could be put on its guard against his attempts. Mr. Fox said in his letter + that he had at first done this individual "the honour to take him for a + spy," a phrase which sufficiently indicated the disgust with which the + British Minister viewed him. + </p> + <p> + This information was the key which opened the door to new negotiations. M. + de Talleyrand was ordered to express, in reply to the communication of Mr. + Fox, that the Emperor was sensibly affected at the index it afforded of + the principles by which the British Cabinet was actuated. Napoleon did not + limit himself to this diplomatic courtesy; he deemed it a favourable + occasion to create a belief that he was actuated by a sincere love of + peace. He summoned to Paris Lord Yarmouth, one of the most distinguished + amongst the English who had been so unjustly detained prisoners at Verdun + on the rupture of the peace of Amiens. He gave his lordship instructions + to propose to the British Government a new form of negotiations, offering + to guarantee to England the Cape of Good Hope and Malta. Some have been + inclined from this concession to praise the moderation of Bonaparte; + others to blame him for offering to resign these two places, as if the + Cape and Malta could be put in competition with the title of Emperor, the + foundation of the Kingdom of Italy, the acquisition of Genoa and of all + the Venetian States, the dethronement of the King of Naples and the gift + of his kingdom to Joseph, and finally, the new partition of Germany. These + transactions, of which Bonaparte said not a word, and from which he + certainly had no intention of departing, were all long after the treaty of + Amiens. + </p> + <p> + Every day brought with it fresh proofs of insatiable ambition. In fact, + Napoleon longed to obtain possession of the Hanse Towns. I was, however, + in the first place, merely charged to make overtures to the Senates of + each of these towns, and to point out the advantages they would derive + from the protection of Napoleon in exchange for the small sacrifice of + 6,000,000 francs in his favour. I had on this subject numerous conferences + with the magistrates: they thought the sum too great, representing, to me + that the city was not so rich as formerly, because their commerce had been + much curtailed by the war; in short, the Senate declared that, with the + utmost goodwill, their circumstances would not permit them to accept the + "generous proposal" of the Emperor. + </p> + <p> + I was myself, indeed, at a loss to conceive how the absurdity of employing + me to make such a proposition was overlooked, for I had, really no + advantage to offer in return to the Hanse Towns. Against whom did + Bonaparte propose to protect them? The truth is, Napoleon then wished to + seize these towns by direct aggression, which, however, he was not able to + accomplish until four years afterwards. + </p> + <p> + During five years I witnessed the commercial importance of these cities, + and especially of Hamburg. Its geographical situation, on a great river + navigable by large vessels to the city, thirty leagues from the mouth of + the Elbe; the complete independence it enjoyed; its municipal regulations + and paternal government, were a few amongst the many causes which had + raised Hamburg to its enviable height of prosperity. What, in fact, was + the population of these remnants of the grand Hanseatic League of the + Middle Ages? The population of Hamburg when I was there amounted to + 90,000, and that of its small surrounding territory to 25,000. Bremen had + 36,000 inhabitants, and 9000 in its territory; the city of Lübeck, which + is smaller and its territory a little more extensive than that of Bremen, + contained a population of 24,000 souls within and 16,000 without the + walls. Thus the total population of the Hanse Towns amounted to only + 200,000 individuals; and yet this handful of men carried on an extensive + commerce, and their ships ploughed every sea, from the shores of India to + the frozen regions of Greenland. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor arrived at Paris towards the end of January 1806. Having + created kings in Germany he deemed the moment favourable for surrounding + his throne with new princes. It was at this period that he created Murat, + Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg; Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte-Corvo; M. de + Talleyrand, Duke of Benevento; and his two former colleagues, Cambacérès + and Lebrun, Dukes of Parma and Piacenza. He also gave to his sister + Pauline, a short time after her second marriage with the Prince Borghese, + the title of Duchess of Guastalla. Strange events! who could then have + foreseen that the duchy of Cambacérès would become the refuge of a + Princess of Austria, the widowed wife of Napoleon Bonaparte? In the midst + of the prosperity of the Imperial family, when the eldest of the Emperor's + brothers had ascended the throne of Naples, when Holland was on the eve of + being offered to Louis, and Jerome had exchanged his legitimate wife for + the illegitimate throne of Westphalia, the Imperial pillow was still far + from being free from anxiety. Hostilities did not actually exist with the + Continental powers; but this momentary state of repose lacked the + tranquillity of peace. France was at war with Russia and England, and the + aspect of the Continent presented great uncertainty, while the treaty of + Vienna had only been executed in part. In the meantime Napoleon turned his + eyes towards the East. General Sebastiani was sent to Constantinople. The + measures be pursued and his judicious conduct justified the choice of the + Emperor. He was adroit and conciliating, and peace with Turkey was the + result of his mission. The negotiations with England did not terminate so + happily, although, after the first overtures made to Lord Yarmouth, the + Earl of Lauderdale had been sent to Paris by Mr. Fox. In fact, these + negotiations wholly failed. The Emperor had drawn enormous sums from + Austria, without counting the vases, statues, and pictures. With which he + decorated the Louvre, and the bronze with which he clothed the column of + the Place Vendome,—in my opinion the finest monument of his reign + and the most beautiful one in Paris. As Austria was exhausted all the + contributions imposed on her could not be paid in cash, and they gave the + Emperor bills in payment. I received one for about 7,000,000 on Hamburg on + account of the stipulations of the treaty of Presburg. + </p> + <p> + The affairs of the Bourbon Princes became more and more unfavourable, and + their finances, as well as their chances of success, were so much + diminished that about this period it was notified to the emigrants in + Brunswick that the pretender (Louis XVIII.) had no longer the means of + continuing their pensions. This produced great consternation amongst those + emigrants, many of whom had no other means of existence; and + notwithstanding their devotion to the cause of royalty they found a + pension very useful in strengthening their zeal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[When Louis XVIII. returned to France, and Fouché was his Minister + of Police, the King asked Fouché whether during his (the King's) + exile, had not set spies over him, and who they were. Fouché + hesitated to reply, but the King insisting he said: "If your Majesty + presses for an answer, it was the Duc de Blacas to whom this matter + was confided."—"And how much did you pay him?" said the King. + "Deux cents mille livres de rents, Sire."—"Ah, so!" said the King, + "then he has played fair; we went halves."—Henry Greville's Diary, + p. 430.]— +</pre> + <p> + Amongst those emigrants was one whose name will occupy a certain place in + history; I mean Dumouriez, of whom I have already spoken, and who had for + some time employed himself in distributing pamphlets. He was then at + Stralsund; and it was believed that the King of Sweden would give him a + command. The vagrant life of this general, who ran everywhere hegging + employment from the enemies of his country without being able to obtain + it, subjected him to general ridicule; in fact, he was everywhere + despised. + </p> + <p> + To determine the difficulties which had arisen with regard to Holland, + which Dumouriez dreamed of conquering with an imaginary army, and being + discontented besides with the Dutch for not rigorously excluding English + vessels from their ports, the Emperor constituted the Batavian territory a + kingdom under his brother Louis. When I notified to the States of the + circle of Lower Saxony the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the throne of + Holland, and the nomination of Cardinal Fesch as coadjutor and successor + of the Arch-chancellor of the Germanic Empire, along with their official + communications, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was the only member of + the circle who forebore to reply, and I understood he had applied to the + Court of Russia to know "whether" and "how" he should reply. At the same + time he made known to the Emperor the marriage of his daughter, the + Princess Charlotte Frederica, with Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark. + </p> + <p> + At this period it would have been difficult to foresee the way in which + this union would terminate. The Prince was young and handsome, and of an + amiable disposition, which seemed to indicate that he would prove a good + husband. As for the Princess, she was as beautiful as love; but she was + heedless and giddy; in fact, she was a spoiled child. She adored her + husband, and during several years their union proved happy. I had the + honour of knowing them at the period when the Duke of Mecklenburg, with + his family, sought refuge at Altona. Before leaving that town the Duchess + of Mecklenburg, a Princess of Saxony, paid a visit to Madame de Bourrienne + and loaded her with civilities. This Princess was perfectly amiable, and + was therefore generally regretted when, two years afterwards, death + snatched her from her family. Before leaving Altona the Duke of + Mecklenburg gave some parties by way of bidding adieu to Holstein, where + he had been so kindly received; and I can never forget the distinguished + reception and many kindnesses Madame de Bourrienne and myself received + from that illustrious family. + </p> + <p> + It consisted of the hereditary Prince, so distinguished by his talents and + acquirements (he was at that time the widower of a Grand Duchess of + Russia, a sister of the Emperor Alexander), of Prince Gustavus, so amiable + and graceful, and of Princess Charlotte and her husband, the Prince Royal + of Denmark. + </p> + <p> + This happy couple were far from foreseeing that in two years they would be + separated for ever. The Princess was at this period in all the splendour + of her beauty; several fetes were given on her account on the banks of the + Elbe, at which the Prince always opened the ball with Madame de + Bourrienne. Notwithstanding her amiability the Princess Charlotte was no + favourite at the Danish Court. Intrigues were formed against her. I know + not whether any foundation existed for the calumnies spread to her + disadvantage, but the Court dames accused her of great levity of conduct, + which, true or false, obliged her husband to separate from her; and at the + commencement of 1809 he sent her to Altona, attended by a chamberlain and + a maid of honour. On her arrival she was in despair; hers was not a silent + grief, for she related her story to every one. This unfortunate woman + really attracted pity, as she shed tears for her son, three years of age, + whom she was doomed never again to behold. But her natural levity + returned; she did not always maintain the reserve suitable to her rank, + and some months afterwards was sent into Jutland, where I believe she + still lives. + </p> + <p> + The enemies of the French Government did not confine themselves to writing + and publishing invectives against it. More than one wretch was ready to + employ daggers against the Emperor. Among this number was a man named + Louis Loizeau, recently arrived from London. He repaired to Altona, there + to enjoy the singular privilege which that city afforded of sheltering all + the ruffians, thieves, and bankrupts who fled from the justice of their + own Governments. On the 17th of July Loizeau presented himself to Comte de + Gimel, who resided at Altona, as the agent of the Comte de Lille. He + offered to repair to Paris and assassinate the Emperor. Comte de Gimel + rejected the proposal with indignation; and replied, that if he had no + other means of serving the Bourbons than cowardly assassination he might + go elsewhere and find confederates. This fact, which was communicated to + me by a friend of M. de Gimel, determined me to arrest Loizeau. Not being + warranted, however, to take this step at Altona, I employed a trusty agent + to keep watch, and draw him into a quarrel the moment he should appear on + the Hamburg side of a public walk which divides that city from Altona, and + deliver him up to the nearest Hamburg guard-house. Loizeau fell into the + snare; but finding that he was about to be conducted from the guardhouse + to the prison of Hamburg, and that it was at my request he had been + arrested, he hastily unloosed his cravat, and tore with his teeth the + papers it contained, part of which he swallowed. He also endeavoured to + tear some other papers which were concealed under his arm, but was + prevented by the guard. Furious at this disappointment, he violently + resisted the five soldiers who had him in custody, and was not secured + until he had been slightly wounded. His first exclamation on entering + prison was, "I am undone!" Loizeau was removed to Paris, and, though I am + ignorant of the ultimate fate of this wretch, I am pretty certain that + Fouché would take effectual means to prevent him from doing any further + mischief. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0075" id="link2HCH0075"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> + + 1806. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Menaces of Prussia—Offer for restoring Hanover to England—Insolent + ultimatum—Commencement of hostilities between France and Prussia— + Battle of Auerstadt—Death of the Duke of Brunswick—Bernadotte in + Hamburg—Davonet and Bernadotte—The Swedes at Lübeck—Major Amiel— + Service rendered to the English Minister at Hamburg—My appointment + of Minister for the King of Naples—New regulation of the German + post-office—The Confederation of the North—Devices of the Hanse + Towns—Occupation of Hamburg in the name of the Emperor—Decree of + Berlin—The military governors of Hamburg—Brune, Michaud, and + Bernadotte. +</pre> + <p> + The moment now approached when war was about to be renewed in Germany, and + in proportion as the hopes of peace diminished Prussia redoubled her + threats, which were inspired by the recollection of the deeds of the great + Frederick. The idea of peace was hateful to Prussia. Her measures, which + till now had been sufficiently moderate, suddenly assumed a menacing + aspect on learning that the Minister of the King of England had declared + in Parliament that France had consented to the restitution of Hanover. The + French Ministry intimated to the Prussian Government that this was a + preliminary step towards a general peace, and that a large indemnity would + be granted in return. But the King of Prussia, who was well informed, and + convinced that the House of Hanover clung to this ancient domain, which + gave to England a certain preponderance in Germany, considered himself + trifled with, and determined on war. + </p> + <p> + Under these circumstances Lord Lauderdale was recalled from Paris by his + Government. War continued with England, and was about to commence with + Prussia. The Cabinet of Berlin sent an ultimatum which could scarcely be + regarded in any other light than a defiance, and from the well-known + character of Napoleon we may judge of his irritation at this ultimatum. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The severity with which Bonaparte treated the press may be + inferred from the case of Palm the publisher. In 1808 Johann + Phillip Palm, of Nuremberg, was shot by Napoleon's order for issuing + a pamphlet against the rule of the French in Germany.]— +</pre> + <p> + The Emperor, after his stay of eight months in Paris passed in abortive + negotiations for peace, set out on the 25th of September for the Rhine. + </p> + <p> + Hostilities commenced on the 10th of October 1806 between France and + Prussia, and I demanded of the Senate that a stop should be put to the + Prussians recruiting. The news of a great victory gained by the Emperor + over the Prussians on the 14th of October reached Hamburg on the 19th, + brought by some fugitives, who gave such exaggerated accounts of the loss + of the French army that it was not until the arrival of the official + despatches on the 28th of October that we knew whether to mourn or to + rejoice at the victory of Jena. + </p> + <p> + The Duke of Brunswick, who was dangerously wounded at the battle of + Auerstadt, arrived on the 29th of October at Altona.—[This Prince + was in the seventy-second year of his age, and extremely infirm.]—His + entrance into that city afforded a striking example of the vicissitudes of + fortune. That Prince entered Altona on a wretched litter, borne by ten + men, without officers, without domestics, followed by a troop of vagabonds + and children, who were drawn together by curiosity. He was lodged in a + wretched inn, and so much worn out by fatigue and the pain of his eyes + that on the day after his arrival a report of his death very generally + prevailed. Doctor Unzer was immediately sent for to attend the unfortunate + Duke, who, during the few days that he survived his wounds, saw no one + else except his wife, who arrived on the 1st of November. He expired on + the 10th of the same month. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[For the mistimed but rather pathetic belief of the old dying Duke + in the courtesy with which he and his States would be treated by the + French, see Beugnot, tome 1. p. 80: "I feel sure that there is a + courier of the Emperor's on the road to know how I am."]— +</pre> + <p> + At this juncture Bernadotte returned to Hamburg. I asked him how I was to + account for his conduct while he was with Davoust, who had left Nuremberg + to attack the Prussian army; and whether it was true that he had refused + to march with that general, and afterwards to aid him when he attacked the + Prussians on the Weimar road. "The letters I received," observed I, "state + that you took no part in the battle of Auerstadt; that I did not believe, + but I suppose you saw the bulletin which I received a little after the + battle, and which stated that Bonaparte said at Nuremberg, in the presence + of several officers, 'Were I to bring him before a court-martial he would + be shot. I shall say nothing to him about it, but I will take care he + shall know what I think of his behaviour. He has too keen a sense of + honour not to be aware that he acted disgracefully."—"I think him + very likely," rejoined Bernadotte, "to have made these observations. He + hates me because he knows I do not like him; but let him speak to me and + he shall have his answer. If I am a Gascon, he is a greater one. I might + have felt piqued at receiving something like orders from Davoust, but I + did my duty." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The complaints of Bernadotte's conduct on the 14th of October + 1806. when he gave no assistance to Davoust in repulsing the main + body of the Prussians at Aneratadt, are well known. Jomini says + that Davoust proposed to Bernadotte to march with him, and even + offered him the command of the two corps. Bernadotte refused, and + marched away to Dornburg, where he was of no use, "his obstinacy, + difficult to explain, nearly compromised both Davoust and the + success of the battle;" See also Thiers (tome vii. p. 172), who + attributes Bernadotte's conduct to a profound aversion for Davoust + conceived on the most frivolous grounds. Bernadotte had frequently + given cause of complaint to Napoleon in the two campaigns of 1806 + and 1806. In the movement on Vienna Napoleon considered he showed + want of activity and of zeal. These complaints seem to have been + made in good faith, for in a letter to Bernadotte's brother-in-law, + Joseph, Napoleon suggests that health may have been the causes (Du + Cases, tome i. p. 322). Bernadotte was equally unfortunate in + putting in his appearance too late at Eylan (see Duc de Rovigo's + Memoirs, tome ii. p. 48), and also incurred the displeasure of + Napoleon at Wagram (see later on).]— +</pre> + <p> + In the beginning of November the Swedes entered Lübeck; but on the 8th of + that month the town was taken by assault, and the Swedes, as well as the + rest of the corps which had escaped from Jena, were made prisoners. + </p> + <p> + A troop of Prussians had advanced within four leagues of Hamburg, and that + town had already prepared for a vigorous resistance, in case they should + attempt an entrance, when Major Amiel attacked them at Zollenspieker and + made some prisoners. Hamburg was, however, threatened with another danger, + for Major Amiel expressed his intention of entering with all his + prisoners, notwithstanding the acknowledged neutrality of the town. Amiel + was a partisan leader in the true sense of the word; he fought rather on + his own account than with the intention of contributing to the success of + the operations of the army. His troop did not consist of more than forty + men, but that was more than sufficient to spread terror and devastation in + the surrounding villages. He was a bold fellow, and when, with his handful + of men, he threw himself upon Hamburg, the worthy inhabitants thought he + had 20,000 troops with him. He had pillaged every place through which he + passed, and brought with him 300 prisoners, and a great many horses he had + taken on his road. It was night when he presented himself at the gates of + the city, which he entered alone, having left his men and booty at the + last village. He proceeded to the French Embassy. I was not there at the + time, but I was sent for, and about seven o'clock in the evening I had my + first interview with the Major. He was the very, beau ideal of a bandit, + and would have been an admirable model for a painter. I was not at all + surprised to hear that on his arrival his wild appearance and huge + mustachios had excited some degree of terror among those who were in the + salon. He described his exploits on the march, and did not disguise his + intention of bringing his troops into Hamburg next day. He talked of the + Bank and of pillage. I tried for some time to divert him from this idea, + but without effect, and at length said to him, "Sir, you know that this is + not the way the Emperor wishes to be served. During the seven years that I + have been about him, I have invariably heard him express his indignation + against those who aggravate the misery which war naturally brings in her + train. It is the express wish of the Emperor that no damage, no violence + whatever, shall be committed on the city or territory of Hamburg." These + few words produced a stronger effect than any entreaties I could have + used, for the mere name of the Emperor made even the boldest tremble, and + Major Amiel next thought of selling his booty. The Senate were so + frightened at the prospect of having Amiel quartered upon them that to get + rid of him they determined to purchase his booty at once, and even + furnished him with guards for his prisoners. I did not learn till some + time afterwards that among the horses Major Amiel had seized upon the road + were those of the Countess Walmoden. Had I known this fact at the time I + should certainly have taken care to have had them restored to her. Madame + Walmoden was then a refugee at Hamburg, and between her and my family a + close intimacy existed. On the very day, I believe, of the Major's + departure the Senate wrote me a letter of thanks for the protection I + afforded the town. + </p> + <p> + Before the commencement of the Prussian campaign, while anxiety was + entertained respecting the designs of the Cabinet of Berlin, my task was + not an easy one. I exerted all my efforts to acquaint the French + Government with what was passing on the Spree. I announced the first + intelligence of an unexpected movement which had taken place among the + Prussian troops cantoned in the neighbourhood of Hamburg. They suddenly + evacuated Lauenburg, Platzburg, Haarburg, Stade, Twisenfelth, and + Cuxhaven. This extraordinary movement gave rise to a multitude of + surmises. I was not wrong when I informed the French Government that, + according to every probability, Prussia was about to declare hostilities + against France, and to enter into an alliance with England. + </p> + <p> + I much regretted that my situation did not allow me more frequent + opportunities of meeting Mr. Thornton, the English Minister to the circle + of Lower Saxony. However; I saw him sometimes, and had on two different + occasions the opportunity of rendering him some service. Mr. Thornton had + requested me to execute a little private business for him, the success of + which depended on the Emperor. I made the necessary communication to the + Minister for Foreign Affairs, adding in my letter that Mr. Thornton's + conduct towards the French who had come in any way in contact with him had + ever been just and liberal, and that I should receive great pleasure in + being able to announce to him the success of his application. His request + was granted. + </p> + <p> + On another occasion Mr. Thornton applied to me for my services, and I had + once more the pleasure of rendering them. He wished to procure some + information respecting an Englishman named Baker, who had gone to + Terracina, in the Campagna di Roma, for the benefit of sea-bathing. He was + there arrested, without any cause assigned, by order of the commandant of + the French troops in Terracina. The family of Mr. Baker, not having heard + from him for some months, became very uneasy respecting him, for they had + not the least idea of his arrest. His relations applied to Mr. Thornton, + and that gentleman, notwithstanding the circumstances which, as I have + stated, prevented our frequent intercourse, hesitated not a moment in + requesting me to furnish him with some information respecting his + countryman. I lost no time in writing to M. Alquier, our Ambassador at + Rome, and soon enabled Mr. Thornton to ease the apprehension of Mr. + Baker's friends. + </p> + <p> + I had every opportunity of knowing what was passing in Italy, for I had + just been invested with a new dignity. As the new King of Naples, Joseph, + had no Minister in Lower Saxony, he wished that I should discharge the + function of Minister Plenipotentiary for Naples. His Ministers accordingly + received orders to correspond with me upon all business connected with his + government and his subjects. The relations between Hamburg and Naples were + nearly nil, and my new office made no great addition to my labours. + </p> + <p> + I experienced, however, a little more difficulty in combining all the + post-offices of Hamburg in the office of the Grand Duchy of Berg, thus + detaching them from the offices of Latour and Taxis, so named after the + German family who for a length of time had had the possession of them, and + who were devoted to Austria. + </p> + <p> + After some days of negotiation I obtained the suppression of these + offices, and their union with the postoffice of the Grand Duc de Berg + (Murat), who thus received letters from Italy, Hungary, Germany, Poland, + part of Russia, and the letters from England for these countries. + </p> + <p> + The affair of the post-offices gained for me the approbation of Napoleon. + He expressed his satisfaction through the medium of a letter I received + from Duroc, who at the same time recommended me to continue informing the + Emperor of all that was doing in Germany with relation to the plans of the + Confederation of the North. I therefore despatched to the Minister for + Foreign Affairs a detailed letter, announcing that Baron Grote, the + Prussian Minister at Hamburg, had set off on a visit to Bremen and Lübeck. + Among those who accompanied him on this excursion was a person wholly + devoted to me; and I knew that Baron Grote's object was to offer to these + towns verbal propositions for their union with the Confederation of the + North, which the King of Prussia wished to form as a counterpoise to the + Confederation of the Rhine, just created by Napoleon. Baron Grote observed + the strictest secrecy in all his movements. He showed, in confidence, to + those to whom he addressed himself, a letter from M. Haugwitz, the + Minister of the King of Prussia, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In July 1806, after Austerlitz, Napoleon had formed the + "Confederation du Rhin." to include the smaller States of Germany, + who threw off all connection with the German Empire, and formed a + Confederation furnishing a considerable army. ]— + + —[The Emperor of Germany, Francis IL, had already in 1804, on + Napoleon taking the title of Emperor, declared himself Hereditary + Emperor of Austria. After the formation of the Rhenish + Confederation and Napoleon's refusal to acknowledge the German + Empire any longer, he released the States of the Holy Roman Empire + from their allegiance, declared the Empire dissolved, and contented + himself with the title of Emperor of Austria, as Francis I.]— +</pre> + <p> + who endeavoured to point out to the Hanse Towns how much the Confederation + of the North would turn to their advantage, it being the only means of + preserving their liberty, by establishing a formidable power. However, to + the first communication only an evasive answer was returned. M. Van + Sienen, the Syndic of Hamburg, was commissioned by the Senate to inform + the Prussian Minister that the affair required the concurrence of the + burghers, and that before he could submit it to them it would be necessary + to know its basis and conditions. Meanwhile the Syndic Doormann proceeded + to Lübeck, where there was also a deputy from Bremen. The project of the + Confederation, however, never came to anything. + </p> + <p> + I scrupulously discharged the duties of my functions, but I confess I + often found it difficult to execute the orders I received, and more than + once I took it upon myself to modify their severity. I loved the frank and + generous character of the Hamburgers, and I could not help pity the fate + of the Hanse Towns, heretofore so happy, and from which Bonaparte had + exacted such immense sacrifices. + </p> + <p> + On the principal gate of the Hanse Towns is inscribed the following motto, + well expressing the pacific spirit of the people: 'Da nobis pacem, Domine, + in diebus nostris'. The paternal and elected government, which did + everything to secure the happiness of these towns, was led to believe that + the sacrifices imposed on them would be recompensed by the preservation of + their neutrality. No distrust was entertained, and hope was kept alive by + the assurances given by Napoleon. He published in the Moniteur that the + Hanse Towns could not be included in any particular Confederation. He thus + strangled in its birth the Confederation of the North, to which those + feeble States would otherwise have been obliged to consent. When in 1806 + Napoleon marched against Prussia, he detached Marshal Mortier from the + Grand Army when it had passed the Rhine, and directed him to invade the + Electorate of Hesse, and march on Hamburg. On the 19th of November the + latter town was occupied by the French army in the name of the Emperor, + amidst the utmost order and tranquillity. + </p> + <p> + I must acknowledge that I was under much apprehension as to this event. At + the intelligence of the approach of the French army consternation was + great and universal in Hamburg, which was anxious to maintain its + neutrality unimpaired. At the urgent request of the magistrates of the + city I assumed functions more than diplomatic, and became, in some + respects, the first magistrate of the town. I went to meet Marshal Mortier + to endeavour to dissuade him from entering. I thought I should by this + means better serve the interests of France than by favouring the + occupation of a neutral town by our troops. But all my remonstrances were + useless. Marshal Mortier had received formal orders from the Emperor. + </p> + <p> + No preparations having been made at Hamburg for the reception of Marshal + Mortier, he quartered himself and his whole staff upon me. The few troops + he had with him were disposed of in my courtyard, so that the residence of + a Minister of peace was all at once converted into headquarters. This + state of things continued until a house was got ready for the Marshal. + </p> + <p> + Marshal Mortier had to make very rigorous exactions, but my + representations suspended for a while Napoleon's orders for taking + possession of the Bank of Hamburg. I am here bound to bear testimony to + the Marshal's honourable principles and integrity of character. The + representations which I had sent to Marshal Mortier were transmitted by + the latter to the Emperor at Berlin; and Mortier stated that he had + suspended the execution of the orders until he should receive others. The + Emperor approved of this. It was, indeed, a happy event for France and for + Europe, even more so than for Hamburg. Those who suggested to the Emperor + the idea of pillaging that fine establishment must have been profoundly + ignorant of its importance. They thought only of the 90,000,000 of marks + banco deposited in its cellars. + </p> + <p> + By the famous decree of Berlin, dated 21st November 1806, Mortier was + compelled to order the seizure of all English merchandise in the Hanse + Towns, but he enforced the decree only so far as to preserve the + appearance of having obeyed his orders. + </p> + <p> + Mortier, on leaving Hamburg for Mecklenburg, was succeeded by General + Michaud, who in his turn was succeeded by Marshal Brune in the beginning + of 1807. I am very glad to take the present opportunity of correcting the + misconceptions which arose through the execution of certain acts of + Imperial tyranny. The truth is, Marshal Brune, during his government, + constantly endeavoured to moderate, as far as he could, the severity of + the orders he received. Bernadotte became Governor of Hamburg when the + battle of Jena rendered Napoleon master of Prussia and the north of + Germany. + </p> + <p> + The Prince of Ponte-Corvo lightened, as far as possible, the unjust + burdens and vexations to which that unfortunate town was subject. He never + refused his assistance to any measures which I adopted to oppose a system + of ruin and persecution. He often protected Hamburg against exorbitant + exactions, The Hanse Towns revived a little under his government, which + continued longer than that of Mortier, Michaud, and Brune. The memory of + Bernadotte will always be dear to the Hamburgers; and his name will never + be pronounced without gratitude. His attention was especially directed to + moderate the rigour of the custom-houses; and perhaps the effect which his + conduct produced on public opinion may be considered as having, in some + measure, led to the decision which, four years after, made him Hereditary + Prince of Sweden. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0076" id="link2HCH0076"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. + </h2> + + 1806. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Ukase of the Emperor of Russia—Duroc's mission to Weimar— + Napoleon's views defeated—Triumphs of the French armies—Letters + from Murat—False report respecting Murat—Resemblance between + Moreau and M. Billand—Generous conduct of Napoleon—His interview + with Madame Hatzfeld at Berlin—Letter from Bonaparte to Josephine— + Blücher my prisoner—His character—His confidence in the future + fate of Germany—Prince Paul of Wurtemberg taken prisoner—His wish + to enter the French service—Distinguished emigrants at Altona— + Deputation of the Senate to the Emperor at Berlin—The German + Princes at Altona—Fauche-Boiel and the Comte de Gimel. +</pre> + <p> + In September 1806 it became very manifest that, as soon as war should + break out between France and Prussia, Russia would not be slow in forming + an alliance with the latter power. Peace had, however, been reestablished + between Napoleon and Alexander by virtue of a treaty just signed at Paris. + By that treaty Russia was to evacuate the Bouches du Cattaro,—[The + Bouches do Cattaro, on the eastern coast of the Adriatic, had formed part + of the Dalmatian possessions of Venice.]—a condition with which she + was in no hurry to comply. I received a number of the Court Gazette of St. + Petersburg, containing a ukase of the Emperor of Russia, in which + Alexander pointed out the danger which again menaced Europe, showed the + necessity of adopting precautions for general tranquillity and the + security of his own Empire, and declared his determination of not only + completing but augmenting his army. He therefore ordered a levy of four + men out of every 500 inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + Before the commencement of hostilities Duroc was sent to the King of + Prussia with the view of discovering whether there was any possibility of + renewing negotiations; but affairs were already too much embarrassed. All + Duroc's endeavours were in vain, and perhaps it was no longer in the power + of the King of Prussia to avoid war with France. Besides, he had just + grounds of offence against the Emperor. Although the latter had given him + Hanover in exchange for the two Margravates, he had, nevertheless, offered + to England the restoration of that province as one of the terms of the + negotiations commenced with Mr. Fox. This underhand work was not unknown + to the Berlin Cabinet, and Napoleon's duplicity rendered Duroc's mission + useless. At this time the King of Prussia was at Weimar. + </p> + <p> + Victory everywhere favoured the French arms. Prince Hohenlohe, who + commanded a corps of the Prussian army, was forced to capitulate at + Prentzlau. After this capitulation General Blücher took the command of the + remains of the corps, to which he joined the troops whose absence from + Prentzlau exempted them from the capitulation. These corps, added to those + which Blücher had at Auerstadt, were then almost the only ramparts of the + Prussian monarchy. Soult and Bernadotte received orders from Murat to + pursue Blücher, who was using all his efforts to draw from Berlin the + forces of those two generals. Blücher marched in the direction of Lübeck. + </p> + <p> + General Murat pursued the wreck of the Prussian army which had escaped + from Saxony by Magdeburg. Blücher was driven upon Lübeck. It was very + important to the army at Berlin that this numerous corps should be + destroyed, commanded as it was by a skillful and brave general, who drew + from the centre of the military operations numerous troops, with which he + might throw himself into Hanover, or Hesse, or even Holland, and by + joining the English troops harass the rear of the Grand Army. The Grand + Duke of Berg explained to me his plans and expectations, and soon after + announced their fulfilment in several letters which contained, among other + things, the particulars of the taking of Lübeck. + </p> + <p> + In two of these letters Murat, who was probably deceived by his agents, or + by some intriguer, informed me that General Moreau had passed through + Paris on the 12th of October, and had arrived in Hamburg on the 28th of + October. The proof which Murat possessed of this circumstance was a letter + of Fauche-Borel, which he had intercepted. I recollect a curious + circumstance which serves to show the necessity of mistrusting the vague + intelligence furnished to persons in authority. A fortnight before I + received Murat's first letter a person informed me that General Moreau was + in Hamburg. I gave no credit to this intelligence, yet I endeavoured to + ascertain whether it had any foundation, but without effect. Two days + later I was assured that an individual had met General Moreau, that he had + spoken to him, that he knew him well from having served under him—together + with various other circumstances, the truth of which there appeared no + reason to doubt. I immediately sent for the individual in question, who + told me that he knew Moreau, that he had met him, that the General had + inquired of him the way to the Jungfersteige (a promenade at Hamburg), + that he had pointed it out to him, and then said, "Have I not the honour + to speak to General Moreau?" upon which the General answered, "Yes, but + say nothing about having seen me; I am here incognito." All this appeared + to me so absurd that, pretending not to know Moreau, I asked the person to + describe him to me. He described a person bearing little resemblance to + Moreau, and added that he wore a braided French coat and the national + cockade in his hat. I instantly perceived the whole was a mere scheme for + getting a little money. I sent the fellow about his business. In a quarter + of an hour after I had got rid of him M. la Chevardiere called on me, and + introduced M. Billaud, the French Consul at Stettin. This gentleman wore a + braided coat and the national cockade in his hat. He was the hero of the + story I had heard from the informer. A slight personal resemblance between + the Consul and the General had caused several persons to mistake them for + each other. + </p> + <p> + During the Prussian campaign nothing was talked of throughout Germany but + Napoleon's generous conduct with respect to Prince Hatzfeld. I was + fortunate enough to obtain a copy of a letter which the Emperor wrote to + Josephine on the subject, and which I shall presently lay before the + reader. In conformity with the inquisitorial system which too frequently + characterised the Emperor's government, and which he extended to every + country of which he had military possession, the first thing done on + entering a town was to take possession of the post-office, and then, + Heaven knows how little respect was shown to the privacy of + correspondence. Among the letters thus seized at Berlin and delivered to + Napoleon was one addressed to the King of Prussia by Prince Hatzfeld, who + had imprudently remained in the Prussian capital. In this letter the + Prince gave his Sovereign an account of all that had occurred in Berlin + since he had been compelled to quit at; and at the same time he informed + him of the force and situation of the corps of the French army. The + Emperor, after reading this letter, ordered that the Prince should be + arrested, and tried by a court-martial on the charge of being a spy. + </p> + <p> + The Court was summoned, and little doubt could be entertained as to its + decision when Madame Hatzfeld repaired to Duroc, who on such occasions was + always happy when he could facilitate communication with the Emperor. On + that day Napoleon had been at a review. Duroc knew Madame Hatzfeld, whom + he had several times seen on his visits to Berlin. When Napoleon returned + from the review he was astonished to see Duroc at the palace at that hour, + and inquired whether he had brought any news. Duroc answered in the + affirmative, and followed the Emperor into his Cabinet, where he soon + introduced Madame Hatzfeld. The remainder of the scene is described in + Napoleon's letter. It may easily be perceived that this letter is an + answer to one from Josephine reproaching him for the manner in which he + spoke of women, and very probably of the beautiful and unfortunate Queen + of Prussia, respecting whom he had expressed himself with too little + respect in one of his bulletins. The following is Napoleon's letter:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have received your letter, in which you seem to reproach me for + speaking ill of women. It is true that I dislike female intriguers + above all things. I am used to kind, gentle, and conciliatory + women. I love them, and if they have spoiled me it is not my fault, + but yours. However, you will see that I have done an act of + kindness to one deserving woman. I allude to Madame de Hatzfeld. + When I showed her her husband's letter she stood weeping, and in a + tone of mingled grief and ingenuousness said, "It is indeed his + writing!" This went to my heart, and I said, "Well, madame, throw + the letter into the fire, and then I shall have no proof against + your husband." She burned the letter, and was restored to + happiness. Her husband now is safe: two hours later, and he would + have been lost. You see, therefore, that I like women who are + simple, gentle, and amiable; because they alone resemble you. + + November 6, 1806, 9 o'clock P.M. +</pre> + <p> + When Marshal Bernadotte had driven Blücher into Lübeck and made him + prisoner, he sent to inform me of the circumstance; but I was far from, + expecting that the prisoner would be confided to my charge. Such, however, + was the case. After his capitulation he was sent to Hamburg, where he had + the whole city for his prison. + </p> + <p> + I was curious to become acquainted with this celebrated man, and I saw him + very frequently. I found that he was an enthusiastic Prussian patriot—a + brave man, enterprising even to rashness, of limited education, and almost + to an incredible degree devoted to pleasure, of which he took an ample + share while he remained in Hamburg. He sat an enormous time at table, and, + notwithstanding his exclusive patriotism, he rendered full justice to the + wines of France. His passion for women was unbounded, and one of his most + favourite sources of amusement was the gaming-table, at which he spent a + considerable portion of his time. Blücher was of an extremely gay + disposition; and considered merely as a companion he was very agreeable. + The original style of his conversation pleased me much. His confidence in + the deliverance of Germany remained unshaken in spite of the disasters of + the Prussian army. He often said to me, "I place great reliance on the + public spirit of Germany—on the enthusiasm which prevails in our + universities. The events of war are daily changing, and even defeats con + tribute to nourish in a people sentiments of honour and national glory. + You may depend upon it that when a whole nation is determined to shake off + a humiliating yoke it will succeed. There is no doubt but we shall end by + having a landwehr very different from any militia to which the subdued + spirit of the French people could give birth. England will always lend us + the support of her navy and her subsidies, and we will renew alliances + with Russia and Austria. I can pledge myself to the truth of a fact of + which I have certain knowledge, and you may rely upon it; namely, that + none of the allied powers engaged in the present war entertain views of + territorial aggrandisement. All they unanimously desire is to put an end + to the system of aggrandisement which your Emperor has established and + acts upon with such alarming rapidity. In our first war against France, at + the commencement of your Revolution, we fought for questions respecting + the rights of sovereigns, for which, I assure you, I care very little; but + now the case is altered, the whole population of Prussia makes common + cause with its Government. The people fight in defence of their homes, and + reverses destroy our armies without changing the spirit of the nation. I + rely confidently on the future because I foresee that fortune will not + always favour your Emperor. It is impossible; but the time will come when + all Europe, humbled by his exactions, and impatient of his depredations, + will rise up against him. The more he enslaves nations, the more terrible + will be the reaction when they break their chains. It cannot be denied + that he is tormented with an insatiable desire of acquiring new + territories. To the war of 1805 against Austria and Russia the present war + has almost immediately succeeded. We have fallen. Prussia is occupied; but + Russia still remains undefeated. I cannot foresee what will be the + termination of the war; but, admitting that the issue should be favourable + to you, it will end only to break out again speedily. If we continue firm, + France, exhausted by her conquests, must in the end fall. You may be + certain of it. You wish for peace. Recommend it! By so doing You will give + strong proofs of love for your country." + </p> + <p> + In this strain Blücher constantly spoke to me; and as I never thought it + right to play the part of the public functionary in the drawing-room I + replied to him with the reserve necessary in my situation. I could not + tell him how much my anticipations frequently coincided with his; but I + never hesitated to express to him how much I wished to see a reasonable + peace concluded. + </p> + <p> + Blücher's arrival at Hamburg was preceded by that of Prince Paul of + Wutrtemberg, the second son of one of the two kings created by Napoleon, + whose crowns were not yet a year old. This young Prince, who was imbued + with the ideas of liberty and independence which then prevailed in + Germany, had taken a headlong step. He had quitted Stuttgart to serve in + the Prussian campaign without having asked his father's permission, which + inconsiderate proceeding might have drawn Napoleon's anger upon the King + of Wurtemberg. The King of Prussia advanced Prince Paul to the rank of + general, but he was taken prisoner at the very commencement of + hostilities. Prince Paul was not, as has been erroneously stated, + conducted to Stuttgart by a captain of gendarmerie. He came to Hamburg, + where I received many visits from him. He did not yet possess very + definite ideas as to what he wished; for after he was made prisoner he + expressed to me his strong desire to enter the French service, and often + asked me to solicit for him an interview with the Emperor. He obtained + this interview, and remained for a long time in Paris, where I know he has + frequently resided since the Restoration. + </p> + <p> + The individuals whom I had to observe in Hamburg gave me much less trouble + than our neighbours at Altona. The number of the latter had considerably + augmented, since the events of the war had compelled a great number of + emigrants who had taken refuge at Munster to leave that town. They all + proceeded to Altona. Conquered countries became as dangerous to them as + the land which they had forsaken. The most distinguished amongst the + individuals assembled at Altona were Vicomte de Sesmaisons, the Bailly + d'Hautefeuille, the Duchess of Luxembourg, the Marquis de Bonnard, the Duc + d'Aumont (then Duc de Villequier), the wife of Marshal de Brogue and her + daughter, Cardinal de Montmorency, Madame de Cosse, her two daughters and + her son (and a priest), and the Bishop of Boulogne. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte stayed long enough at Berlin to permit of the arrival of a + deputation from the French Senate to congratulate him on his first + triumphs. I learned that in this instance the Senatorial deputation, + departing from its accustomed complaisance, ventured not to confine itself + to compliments and felicitations, but went so far as to interfere with the + Emperor's plan of the campaign, to speak of the danger that might be + incurred and finally to express a desire to in passing the Oder, see peace + concluded. Napoleon received this communication with a very bad grace. He + thought the Senators very bold to meddle with his affairs, treated the + conscript fathers of France as if they had been inconsiderate youths, + protested, according to custom, his sincere love of peace, and told the + deputation that it was Prussia, backed by Russia, and not he, who wished + for war! + </p> + <p> + All the German Princes who had taken part against Napoleon fled to Altona + after the battle of Jena with as much precipitation as the emigrants + themselves. The Hereditary Prince of Weimar, the Duchess of Holstein, + Prince Belmonte-Pignatelli, and a multitude of other persons distinguished + for rank and fortune, arrived there almost simultaneously. Among the + persons who took refuge in Altona were some intriguers, of whom + Fauche-Borel was one. I remember receiving a report respecting a violent + altercation which Fauche had the audacity to enter into with Comte de + Gimel because he could not extort money from the Count in payment of his + intrigues. Comte de Gimel had only funds for the payment of pensions, and, + besides, he had too much sense to suppose there was any utility in the + stupid pamphlets of Fauche-Borel, and therefore he dismissed him with a + refusal. Fauche was insolent, which compelled Comte de Gimel to send him + about his business as he deserved. This circumstance, which was first + communicated to me in a report, has since been confirmed by a person who + witnessed the scene. Fauche-Borel merely passed through Hamburg, and + embarked for London on board the same ship which took Lord Morpeth back to + England. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Louis Fauche-Borel (1762-1829), a Swiss who devoted himself to + the cause of the Royalists. As Louis stepped on the shore of France + in 1814, Fauche-Borel was ready to assist him from the boat, and was + met with the gracious remark that he was always at hand when a + service was required. His services were however left unrewarded]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0077" id="link2HCH0077"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. + </h2> + + 1806. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Alarm of the city of Hamburg—The French at Bergdorf—Favourable + orders issued by Bernadotte—Extortions in Prussia—False + endorsements—Exactions of the Dutch—Napoleon's concern for his + wounded troops—Duroc's mission to the King of Prussia—Rejection of + the Emperor's demands—My negotiations at Hamburg—Displeasure of + the King of Sweden—M. Netzel and M. Wetteratedt. +</pre> + <p> + At this critical moment Hamburg was menaced on all sides; the French even + occupied a portion of its territory. The French troops, fortunately for + the country, were attached to the corps commanded by the Prince de + Ponte-Corvo. This military occupation alarmed the town of Hamburg, to + which, indeed, it proved very injurious. I wrote to Marshal Bernadotte on + the subject. The grounds on which the Senate appealed for the evacuation + of their territory were such that Bernadotte could not but acknowledge + their justice. The prolonged stay of the French troops in the bailiwick of + Bergdorf, which had all the appearance of an occupation, might have led to + the confiscation of all Hamburg property in England, to the laying an + embargo on the vessels of the Republic, and consequently to the ruin of a + great part of the trade of France and Holland, which was carried on under + the flag of Hamburg. There was no longer any motive for occupying the + bailiwick of Bergdorf when there were no Prussians in that quarter. It + would have been an absurd misfortune that eighty men stationed in that + bailiwick should, for the sake of a few louis and a few ells of English + cloth, have occasioned the confiscation of Hamburg, French, and Dutch + property to the amount of 80,000,000 francs. + </p> + <p> + Marshal Bernadotte replied to me on the 16th of November, and said, "I + hasten to inform you that I have given orders for the evacuation of the + bailiwick of Bergdorf and all the Hamburg territory. If you could obtain + from the Senate of Hamburg, by the 19th of this month, two or three + thousand pairs of shoes, you would oblige me greatly. They shall be paid + for in goods or in money." + </p> + <p> + I obtained what Bernadotte required from the Senate, who knew his + integrity, while they were aware that that quality was not the + characteristic of all who commanded the French armies! What extortions + took place during the occupation of Prussia! I will mention one of the + means which, amongst others, was employed at Berlin to procure money. + Bills of exchange were drawn, on which endorsements were forged, and these + bills were presented to the bankers on whom they were purported to be + drawn. One day some of these forged bills to a large amount were presented + to Messrs. Mathiesen and Silleine of Hamburg, who, knowing the endorsement + to be forged, refused to cash them. The persons who presented the bills + carried their impudence so far as to send for the gendarmes, but the + bankers persisted in their refusal. I was informed of this almost + incredible scene, which had drawn together a great number of people. + Indignant at such audacious robbery, I instantly proceeded to the spot and + sent away the gendarmes, telling them it was not their duty to protect + robbers, and that it was my business to listen to any just claims which + might be advanced. Under Clarke's government at Berlin the inhabitants + were subjected to all kinds of oppression and exaction. Amidst these + exactions and infamous proceedings, which are not the indispensable + consequences of war, the Dutch generals distinguished themselves by a + degree of rapacity which brought to mind the period of the French + Republican peculations in Italy. It certainly was not their new King who + set the example of this conduct. His moderation was well known, and it was + as much the result of his disposition as of his honest principles. Louis + Bonaparte, who was a King in spite of himself, afforded an example of all + that a good man could suffer upon a usurped throne. + </p> + <p> + When the King of Prussia found himself defeated at every point he bitterly + repented having undertaken a war which had delivered his States into + Napoleon's power in less time than that in which Austria had fallen the + preceding year. He wrote to the Emperor, soliciting a suspension of + hostilities. Rapp was present when Napoleon received the King of Prussia's + letter. "It is too late," said he; "but, no matter, I wish to stop the + effusion of blood; I am ready to agree to anything which is not + prejudicial to the honour or interests of the nation." Then calling Duroc, + he gave him orders to visit the wounded, and see that they wanted for + nothing. He added, "Visit every man on my behalf; give them all the + consolation of which they stand in need; afterwards find the King of + Prussia, and if he offers reasonable proposals let me know them." + </p> + <p> + Negotiations were commenced, but Napoleon's conditions were of a nature + which was considered inadmissible. Prussia still hoped for assistance from + the Russian forces. Besides, the Emperor's demands extended to England, + who at that moment had no reason to accede to the pretensions of France. + The Emperor wished England to restore to France the colonies which she had + captured since the commencement of the war, that Russia should restore to + the Porte Moldavia and Wallachia, which she then occupied; in short, he + acted upon the advice which some tragedy-king gives to his ambassador: + "Demand everything, that you may obtain nothing." The Emperor's demands + were, in fact, so extravagant that it was scarcely possible he himself + could entertain the hope of their being accepted. Negotiations, + alternately resumed and abandoned, were carried on with coldness on both + sides until the moment when England prevailed on Russia to join Prussia + against France; they then altogether ceased: and it was for the sake of + appearing to wish for their renewal, on bases still more favourable to + France, that Napoleon sent Duroc to the King of Prussia. Duroc found the + King at Osterode, on the other side of the Vistula. The only answer he + received from His Majesty was, "The time is passed;" which was very much + like Napoleon's observation; "It is too late." + </p> + <p> + Whilst Duroc was on his mission to the King of Prussia I was myself + negotiating at Hamburg. Bonaparte was very anxious to detach Sweden from + the coalition, and to terminate the war with her by a separate treaty. + Sweden, indeed, was likely to be very useful to him if Prussia, Russia, + and England should collect a considerable mass of troops in the north. + Denmark was already with us, and by gaining over Sweden also the union of + those two powers might create a diversion, and give serious alarm to the + coalition, which would be obliged to concentrate its principal force to + oppose the attack of the grand army in Poland. The opinions of M. Peyron, + the Swedish Minister at Hamburg, were decidedly opposed to the war in + which his sovereign was engaged with France. I was sorry that this + gentleman left Hamburg upon leave of absence for a year just at the moment + I received my instructions from the Emperor upon this subject. M. Peyron + was succeeded by M. Netzel, and I soon had the pleasure of perceiving that + his opinions corresponded in every respect with those of his predecessor. + </p> + <p> + As soon as he arrived M. Netzel sought an interview to speak to me on the + subject of the Swedes, who had been taken prisoners on the Drave. He + entreated me to allow the officers to return to Sweden on their parole. I + was anxious to get Netzel's demand acceded to, and availed myself of that + opportunity to lead him gradually to the subject of my instructions. I had + good reason to be satisfied with the manner in which he received my first + overtures. I said nothing to him of the justice of which he was not + previously convinced. I saw he understood that his sovereign would have + everything to gain by a reconciliation with France, and he told me that + all Sweden demanded peace. Thus encouraged, I told him frankly that I was + instructed to treat with him. M. Netzel assured me that M. de Wetterstedt, + the King of Sweden's private secretary, with whom he was intimate, and + from whom he showed me several letters, was of the same opinion on the + subject as himself. He added, that he had permission to correspond with + the King, and that he would; write the same evening to his sovereign and + M.. de Wetterstedt to acquaint them with our conversation. + </p> + <p> + It will be perceived, from what I have stated, that no negotiation was + ever commenced under more favourable auspices; but who could foresee what + turn the King of Sweden would take? That unlucky Prince took M. Netzel's + letter in very ill part, and M. de Wetterstedt himself received peremptory + orders to acquaint M. Netzel with his sovereign's displeasure at his + having presumed to visit a French Minster, and, above all, to enter into a + political conversation with him, although it was nothing more than + conversation. The King did not confine himself to reproaches; M. Netzel + came in great distress to inform me he had received orders to quit Hamburg + immediately, without even awaiting the arrival of his successor. He + regarded his disgrace as complete. I had the pleasure of seeing M. Netzel + again in 1809 at Hamburg, where he was on a mission from King Charles + XIII. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0078" id="link2HCH0078"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX. + </h2> + + 1806 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Continental system—General indignation excited by it—Sale of + licences by the French Government—Custom-house system at Hamburg— + My letter to the Emperor—Cause of the rupture with Russia— + Bernadotte's visit to me—Trial by court-martial for the purchase of + a sugar-loaf—Davoust and the captain "rapporteur"—Influence of the + Continental system on Napoleon's fall. +</pre> + <p> + I have a few remarks to make on the famous Continental system, which was a + subject of such engrossing interest. I had, perhaps, better opportunities + than any other person of observing the fraud and estimating the fatal + consequences of this system. It took its rise during the war in 1806, and + was brought into existence by a decree; dated from Berlin. The project was + conceived by weak counsellors, who; perceiving the Emperor's just + indignation at the duplicity of England, her repugnance to enter, into + negotiations with him, and her constant endeavours to raise enemies + against France, prevailed upon him to issue the decree, which I could only + regard as an act of madness and tyranny. It was not a decree, but fleets, + that were wanting. Without a navy it was ridiculous to declare the British + Isles in a state of blockade, whilst the English fleets were in fact + blockading all the French ports. This declaration was, however, made in + the Berlin Decree. This is what was called the Continental system! which, + in plain terms, was nothing but a system of fraud and pillage. + </p> + <p> + One can now scarcely conceive how Europe could for a single day endure + that fiscal tyranny which extorted exorbitant prices for articles which + the habits of three centuries had rendered indispensable to the poor as + well as to the rich. So little of truth is there in the pretence that this + system had for its sole and exclusive object to prevent the sale of + English goods, that licences for their disposal were procured at a high + price by whoever was rich enough to pay for them. The number and quality + of the articles exported from France were extravagantly exaggerated. It + was, indeed, necessary to take out some of the articles is compliance with + the Emperor's wishes, but they were only thrown into the sea. And yet no + one had the honesty to tell the Emperor that England sold on the continent + but bought scarcely anything. The speculation in licences was carried to a + scandalous extent only to enrich a few, and to satisfy the short-sighted + views of the contrivers of the system. + </p> + <p> + This system proves what is written in the annals of the human heart and + mind, that the cupidity of the one is insatiable, and the errors of the + other incorrigible. Of this I will cite an example, though it refers to a + period posterior to the origin of the Continental system. In Hamburg, in + 1811, under Davoust's government, a poor man had well-nigh been shot for + having introduced into the department of the Elbe a small loaf of sugar + for the use of his family, while at the same moment Napoleon was perhaps + signing a licence for the importation of a million of sugar-loaves. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[In this same year (1811) Murat, as King of Naples, not only + winked at the infringement of the Continental system, but almost + openly broke the law himself. His troops in Calabria and all round + his immense line sea coast, carried on an active trade with Sicilian + and English smugglers. This was so much the case that an officer + never set out from Naples to join, without, being, requested by his + wife, his relations or friends, to bring them some English muslins, + some sugar and coffee, together with a few needles, pen-knives, and + razors. Some of the Neapolitan officers embarked in really large + commercial operations, going shares with the custom house people who + were there to enforce the law, and making their soldiers load and + unload the contraband vessels. The Comte de ——-, a French officer + on Murat's staff, was very noble, but very poor, and excessively + extravagant. After making several vain efforts to set him up in the + world, the King told him one day he would give him the command of + the troops round the Gulf of Salerno; adding that the devil was in + it if he could not make a fortune in such a capital smuggling + district, in a couple of years.—The Count took the hint, and did + make a fortune.—Editor 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + Smuggling on a small scale was punished with death, whilst the Government + themselves carried it on extensively. The same cause filled the Treasury + with money, and the prisons with victims: + </p> + <p> + The custom-house laws of this period, which waged open war against + rhubarb, and armed the coasts of the Continent against the introduction of + senna, did not save the Continental system from destruction. Ridicule + attended the installation of the odious prevotal courts. The president of + the Prevotal Court at Hamburg, who was a Frenchman, delivered an address, + in which he endeavoured to prove that in the time of the Ptolemies there + had existed extraordinary fiscal tribunals, and that it was to those Egypt + owed her prosperity. Terror was thus introduced by the most absurd folly. + The ordinary customhouse officers, formerly so much abhorred in Hamburg, + declared with reason that they would soon be regretted, and than the + difference between them and the prevotal courts would soon be felt. + Bonaparte's counsellors led him to commit the folly of requiring that a + ship which had obtained a licence should export merchandise equivalent to + that of the colonial produce to be imported under the authority of the + licence. What was the consequence? The speculators bought at a low price + old stores of silk-which change of fashion had made completely unsaleable, + and as those articles were prohibited in England they were thrown into the + sea without their loss being felt. The profits of the speculation made + ample amends for the sacrifice. The Continental system was worthy only of + the ages of ignorance and barbarism, and had it been admissible in theory, + was impracticable in application. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Sydney Smith was struck with the, ridiculous side of the war of + tariffs: "We are told that the Continent is to be reconquered by the + want of rhubarb and plums." (Essays of Sydney Smith, p. 533, edition + of 1861).]— +</pre> + <p> + It cannot be sufficiently stigmatised. They were not the friends of the + Emperor who recommended a system calculated to rouse the indignation of + Europe, and which could not fail to create reaction. To tyrannize over the + human species, and to exact uniform admiration and submission, is to + require an impossibility. It would seem that fate, which had still some + splendid triumphs in store for Bonaparte, intended to prepare beforehand + the causes which were to deprive him of all his triumphs at once, and + plunge him into reverses even greater than the good fortune which had + favoured his elevation. + </p> + <p> + The prohibition of trade, the habitual severity in the execution of this + odious system, made it operate like a Continental impost. I will give a + proof of this, and I state nothing but what came under my own observation. + The fiscal regulations were very rigidly enforced at Hamburg, and along + the two lines of Cuxhaven and Travemunde. M. Eudel, the director of that + department, performed his duty with zeal and disinterestedness. I feel + gratified in rendering him this tribute. Enormous quantities of English + merchandise and colonial produce were accumulated at Holstein, where they + almost all arrived by way of Kiel and Hudsum, and were smuggled over the + line at the expense of a premium of 33 and 40 per cent. Convinced of this + fact by a thousand proofs, and weary of the vexations of the preventive + system, I took upon myself to lay my opinions on the subject before the + Emperor. He had given me permission to write to him personally, without + any intermediate agency, upon everything that I might consider essential + to his service. I sent an extraordinary courier to Fontainebleau, where he + then was, and in my despatch I informed him that, notwithstanding his + preventive guard, every prohibited article was smuggled in because the + profits on the sale in Germany, Poland, Italy, and even France, into which + the contrabrand goods found their way, were too considerable not to induce + persons to incur all risks to obtain them. I advised him, at the very time + he was about to unite the Hanse Towns to the French Empire, to permit + merchandise to be imported subject to a duty of 33 per cent., which was + about equal to the amount of the premium for insurance. The Emperor + adopted my advice without hesitation, and in 1811 the regulation produced + a revenue of upwards of 60,000,000 francs in Hamburg alone. + </p> + <p> + This system, however, embroiled us with Sweden and Russia, who could not + endure that Napoleon should enact a strict blockade from them, whilst he + was himself distributing licences in abundance. Bernadotte, on his way to + Sweden, passed through Hamburg in October 1810. He stayed with me three + days, during which time he scarcely saw any person but myself. He asked my + opinion as to what he should do in regard to the Continental system. I did + not hesitate to declare to him, not as a French Minister, but as a private + individual to his friend, that in his place, at the head of a poor nation, + which could only subsist by the exchange of its territorial productions + with England, I would open my ports, and give the Swedes gratuitously that + general licence which Bonaparte sold in detail to intrigue and cupidity. + </p> + <p> + The Berlin decree could not fail to cause a reaction against the Emperor's + fortune by raising up whole nations against him. The hurling of twenty + kings from their thrones would have excited less hatred than this contempt + for the wants of nations. This profound ignorance of the maxims of + political economy caused general privation and misery, which in their turn + occasioned general hostility. The system could only succeed in the + impossible event of all the powers of Europe honestly endeavouring to + carry it into effect. A single free port would have destroyed it. In order + to ensure its complete success it was necessary to conquer and occupy all + countries, and never to evacuate them. As a means of ruining England it + was contemptible. It was necessary that all Europe should be compelled by + force of arms to join this absurd coalition, and that the same force + should be constantly employed to maintain it. Was this possible? The + captain "rapporteur" of a court-martial allowed a poor peasant to escape + the punishment due to the offence of having bought a loaf of sugar beyond + the custom-house barrier. This officer was some time afterwards at a + dinner given by Marshal Davoust; the latter said to him, "You have a very + scrupulous conscience, sir; go to headquarters and you will find an order + there for you." This order sent him eighty leagues from Hamburg. It is + necessary to have witnessed, as I have, the numberless vexations and + miseries occasioned by the unfortunate Continental system to understand + the mischief its authors did in Europe, and how much that mischief + contributed to Napoleon's fall. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The so-called Continental system was framed by Napoleon in + revenge for the English very extended system of blockades, after + Trafalgar had put it out of his power to attempt to keep the seas. + By these decrees all ports occupied by the French were closed to the + English, and all English goods were to be destroyed wherever found + in any country occupied by the French. All States under French + influence had to adopt this system. It must be remembered that + Napoleon eventually held or enforced his system on all the + coastlines of Europe, except that of Spain and Turkey; but as + Bourrienne shows the plan of giving licences to break his own system + was too lucrative to be resisted by him, or, still more, by his + officers. For the working of the system in the occupied lands, + Laffite the banker told Savary it was a grand idea, but + impracticable (Savary, tome v. p. 110). The Emperor Alexander is + reported to have said, after visiting England in 1814, that he + believed the system would have reduced England if it had lasted + another year. The English, who claimed the right of blockading any + coast with but little regard to the effectiveness of the blockade, + retaliated by orders in Council, the chief of which are dated 7th + January 1807, and 11th November 1807, by which no ships of any power + were allowed to trade between any French ports, or the ports of any + country closed to England. Whatever the real merits of the system, + and although it was the cause of war between the United States and + England, its execution did most to damage France and Napoleon, and + to band all Europe against it. It is curious that even in 1831 a + treaty had to be made to settle the claims of the United States on + France for unjust seizures under these decrees.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0079" id="link2HCH0079"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. + </h2> + + 1806-1807. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + New system of war—Winter quarters—The Emperor's Proclamation— + Necessity of marching to meet the Russians—Distress in the Hanse + Towns—Order for 50,000 cloaks—Seizure of Russian corn and timber— + Murat's entrance into Warsaw—Re-establishment of Poland—Duroc's + accident—M. de Talleyrand's carriage stopped by the mud—Napoleon's + power of rousing the spirit of his troops—His mode of dictating— + The Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin—His visits to Hamburg—The Duke of + Weimar—His letter and present—Journey of the Hereditary Prince of + Denmark to Paris—Batter, the English spy—Traveling clerks—Louis + Bonaparte and the Berlin decree—Creation of the Kingdom of Saxony— + Veneration of Germany for the King of Saxony—The Emperor's + uncertainty respecting Poland—Fetes and reviews at Warsaw—The + French Government at the Emperor's head quarters—Ministerial + portfolios sent to Warsaw.—Military preparations during the month + of January—Difference of our situation daring the campaigns of + Vienna and Prussia—News received and sent—Conduct of the Cabinet + of Austria similar to that of the Cabinet of Berlin—Battle of + Eylau—Unjust accusation against Bernadotte—Death of General + d'Hautpoult—Te Deum chanted by the Russians—Gardanne's mission to + Persia +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte was not only beyond all comparison the greatest captain of + modern times, but he may be said to have wrought a complete change in the + art of war. Before his time the most able generals regulated the fighting + season by the almanac. It was customary in Europe to brave the cannon's + mouth only from the first fine days of spring to the last fine days of + autumn; and the months of rain, snow, and frost were passed in what were + called winter quarters. Pichegru, in Holland, had set the example of + indifference to temperature. At Austerlitz, too, Bonaparte had braved the + severity of winter; this answered his purpose well, and he adopted the + same course in 1806. His military genius and activity seemed to increase, + and, proud of his troops, he determined to commence a winter campaign in a + climate more rigorous than any in which he had yet fought. The men, + chained to his destiny, were now required to brave the northern blast, as + they had formerly braved the vertical sun of Egypt. Napoleon, who, above + all generals, was remarkable for the choice of his fields of battle, did + not wish to wait tranquilly until the Russian army, which was advancing + towards Germany, should come to measure its strength with him in the + plains of conquered Prussia; he resolved to march to meet it, and to reach + it before it should arose the Vistula; but before he left Berlin to + explore and conqueror, Poland and the confines of Russia; he addressed a + proclamation to his troops, in which he stated all that had hitherto been + achieved by the French army, and at the same time announced his future + intentions. It was especially advisable that he should march forward, for, + had he waited until the Russians had passed the Vistula, there could + probably have been no winter campaign, and he would have been obliged + either to take up miserable winter quarters between the Vistula and the + Oder, or to recross the Oder to combat the enemy in Prussia. Napoleon's + military genius and indefatigable activity served him admirably on this + occasion, and the proclamation just alluded to, which was dated from + Berlin before his departure from Charlottenburg; proves that he did not + act fortuitously, as he frequently did, but that his calculations were + well-made. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Before leaving the capital of Prussia Bonaparte stole from the + monument, of Frederick the Great his sword and military orders. He + also plundered the galleries of Berlin and Potsdam of their best + pictures and statues, thus continuing the system he had began is + Italy. All those things he sent to Paris as trophies of victory and + glory.—Editor of as 1836 edition.] +</pre> + <p> + A rapid and immense impulse given to great masses of men by the will of a + single individual may produce transient lustre and dazzle the eyes of the + multitude; but when, at a distance from the theatre of glory, we flee only + the melancholy results which have been produced. The genius of conquest + can only be regarded as the genius of destruction. What a sad picture was + often presented to my eyes! I was continually doomed to hear complaints of + the general distress, and to execute orders which augmented the immense + sacrifices already made by the city of Hamburg. Thus, for example, the + Emperor desired me to furnish him with 50,000 cloaks which I immediately + did. I felt the importance of such an order with the approach of winter, + and in a climate—the rigour of which our troops had not yet + encountered. I also received orders to seize at Lübeck (Which town, as I + have already stated, had been alternately taken and retaken try Blücher + and Bernadotte) 400,000 lasts of corn,—[A last weighs 2000 + kilogrammes]—and to send them to Magdeburg. This corn belonged to + Russia. Marshal Mortier, too, had seized some timber for building, which + also belonged to Russia; and which was estimated at 1,400,000 francs. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile our troops continued to advance with such rapidity that before + the end of November Murat arrived at Warsaw, at the head of the advanced + guard of the Grand Army, of which, he had the command. The Emperor's + headquarters, were then at Posen, and, he received deputations from all + parts soliciting the re-establishment and independence of the Kingdom of + Poland. + </p> + <p> + Rapp informed me that after receiving the deputation from Warsaw the + Emperor said to him, "I love the Poles; their enthusiastic character + pleases me; I should like to make them independent, but that is a + difficult matter. Austria, Russia, and Prussia have all had a slice of the + cake; when the match is once kindled who knows where, the conflagration + may stop? My first duty, is towards France, which I must not sacrifice to + Poland; we must refer this matter to the sovereign of all things—Time, + he will presently show us what we must do." Had Sulkowsky lived Napoleon + might have recollected what he had said to him in Egypt, and, in all + probability he would have raised up a power, the dismemberment of which; + towards the close of the last century, began to overturn the political + equilibrium which had subsisted in Europe since the peace of Westphalia in + 1648. + </p> + <p> + It was at the headquarters at Posen that Duroc rejoined the Emperor after + his mission to the King of Prussia. His carriage overturned on the way, + and he had the misfortune to break his collar-bone. All the letters I + received were nothing but a succession of complaints on the bad state of + the roads. Our troops were absolutely fighting in mud, and it was with + extreme difficulty that the artillery and caissons of the army could be + moved along. M. de Talleyrand had been summoned to headquarters by the + Emperor, in the expectation of treating for peace, and I was informed that + his carriage stuck in the mud and he was detained on his journey for + twelve hours. A soldier having asked one of the persons in M. de + Talleyrand's suite who the traveller was, was informed that he was the + Minister for Foreign Affairs. "Ah! bah!" said the soldier, "why does he + come with his diplomacy to such a devil of a country as this?" + </p> + <p> + The Emperor entered Warsaw on the 1st of January 1807. Most of the reports + which he had received previous to his entrance had concurred in describing + the dissatisfaction of the troops, who for some time had had to contend + with bad roads, bad weather, and all aorta of privations.' Bonaparte said + to the generals who informed him that the enthusiasm of his troops had + been succeeded by dejection and discontent, "Does their spirit fail them + when they come in sight of the enemy?"—"No, Sire."— "I knew + it; my troops are always the same." Then turning to Rapp he said, "I must + rouse them;" and he dictated the following proclamation: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SOLDIERS—It is a year this very hour since you were on the field of + Austerlitz, where the Russian battalions fled in disorder, or + surrendered up their arms to their conquerors. Next day proposals, + of peace were talked of; but they were deceptive. No sooner had the + Russians escaped, by perhaps, blamable generosity from the disasters + of the third coalition than they contrived a fourth. But the ally + on whose tactics they founded their principal hope was no more. His + capital, his fortresses; his magazines; his arsenals, 280 flags, and + 700 field-pieces have fallen into our power. The Oder, the Wartha, + the deserts of Poland, and the inclemency of the season have not for + a moment retarded your progress. You have braved all; surmounted + all; every obstacle has fled at your approach. The Russians have in + vain endeavoured to defend the capital of ancient and illustrious + Poland. The French eagle hovers over the Vistula. The brave and + unfortunate Poles, on beholding you, fancied they saw the legions of + Sobieski, returning from their memorable expedition. + + Soldiers, we will not lay down our arms until a general peace has + secured the power of our allies and restored to us our colonies and + our freedom of trade. We have gained on the Elbe and the Oder, + Pondicherry, our Indian establishments, the Cape of Good Hope, and + the Spanish colonies. Why should the Russians have the right of + opposing destiny and thwarting our just designs? They and we are + still the soldiers who fought at Austerlitz. +</pre> + <p> + Rapp thus describes the entrance of the French into Warsaw, and adds a few + anecdotes connected with that event: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "At length we entered the Polish capital. The King of Naples had + preceded us, and had driven the Russians from the city. Napoleon + was received with enthusiasm. The Poles thought that the moment of + their regeneration had arrived, and that their wishes were + fulfilled. It would be difficult to describe the joy thus evinced, + and the respect with which they treated us. The French troops, + however, were not quite so well pleased; they manifested the + greatest repugnance to crossing the Vistula. The idea of want and + bad weather had inspired them with the greatest aversion to Poland, + and they were inexhaustible, in their jokes on the country." +</pre> + <p> + When Bonaparte dictated his proclamations—and how many have I not + written from his dictation!—he was for the moment inspired, and he + evinced all the excitement which distinguishes the Italian improvisatori. + To follow him it was necessary to write with inconceivable rapidity. When + I have read over to him what he has dictated I have often known him to + smile triumphantly at the effect which he expected any particular phrase + would produce. In general his proclamations turned on three distinct + points—(1) Praising his soldiers for what they had done; (2) + pointing out to them what they had yet to do; and (3) abusing his enemies. + The proclamation to which I have just now alluded was circulated profusely + through Germany, and it is impossible to conceive the effect it produced. + on the whole army. The corps stationed in the rear burned too pass, by + forced marches, the space which still separated them from headquarters; + and those who were nearer the Emperor forgot their fatigues and privations + and were only anxious to encounter the enemy. They frequently could not + understand what Napoleon said in these proclamations; but no matter for + that, they would have followed him cheerfully barefooted and without + provisions. Such was the enthusiasm, or rather the fanaticism, which + Napoleon could inspire among his troops when he thought proper to rouse + them, as he termed it. + </p> + <p> + When, on a former occasion, I spoke of the Duke of, Mecklenburg-Schwerin + and his family, I forgot a circumstance respecting my intercourse with him + which now occurs to my memory. When, on his expulsion from his States, + after the battle of Jena, he took refuge in Altona, he requested, through + the medium of his Minister at Hamburg, Count von Plessen, that I would + give him permission occasionally to visit that city. This permission I + granted without hesitation; but the Duke observed no precaution in his + visits, and I made some friendly observations to him on the subject. I + knew the object of his visits. It was a secret connection in Hamburg; but + in consequence of my observations he removed the lady to Altona, and + assured me that he adopted that determination to avoid committing me. He + afterwards came very seldom to Hamburg; but as we were on the best + understanding with Denmark I frequently saw his daughter, and son-in-law, + who used to visit me at a house I had in Holstein, near Altona. + </p> + <p> + There I likewise saw, almost every day, the Duke of Weimar, an excellent + old man. I had the advantage of being on such terms of intimacy with him + that my house was in some measure his. He also had lost his States. I was + so happy as to contribute to their restitution, for my situation enabled + me to exercise some influence on the political indulgences or severities + of the Government. I entertained a sincere regard for the Duke of Weimar, + and I greatly regretted his departure. No sooner had he arrived in Berlin + than he wrote me a letter of, thanks, to which he added the present of a + diamond, in token of his grateful remembrance of me. The Duke of + Mecklenburg was not so fortunate as the Duke of Weimar, in spite of his + alliance with the reigning family of Denmark. He was obliged to remain at + Altona until the July following, for his States were restored only by the + Treaty of Tilsit. As soon as it was known that the Emperor had returns to + Paris the Duke's son, the Hereditary Prince, visited me in Hamburg, and + asked me whether I thought he could present himself to the Emperor, for + the purpose of expressing his own and his father's gratitude. He was a + very well-educated young man. He set out, accompanied by M. Oertzen and + Baron von Brandstaten. Some time afterwards I saw his name in the + Moniteur, in one of the lists of presentations to Napoleon, the collection + of which, during the Empire, might be regarded as a general register of + the nobility of Europe. + </p> + <p> + It is commonly said that we may accustom ourselves to anything, but to me + this remark is subject to an exception; for, in spite of the necessity to + which I was reduced of employing spies, I never could surmount the disgust + I felt at them, especially when I saw men destined to fill a respectable + rank in society degrade themselves to that infamous profession. It is + impossible to conceive the artifices to which these men resort to gain the + confidence of those whom they wish to betray. Of this the following + example just now occurs to my mind. + </p> + <p> + One of those wretches who are employed in certain circumstances, and by + all parties, came to offer his services to me. His name was Butler, and he + had been sent from England to the Continent as a spy upon the French + Government. He immediately came to me, complaining of pretended enemies + and unjust treatment. He told me he had the greatest wish to serve the + Emperor, and that he would make any sacrifice to prove his fidelity. The + real motive of his change of party was, as it is with all such men, merely + the hope of a higher reward. Most extraordinary were the schemes he + adopted to prevent his old employers from suspecting that he was serving + new ones. To me he continually repeated how happy he was to be revenged on + his enemies in London. He asked me to allow him to go to Paris to be + examined by the Minister of Police. The better to keep up the deception he + requested that on his arrival in Paris he might be confined in the Temple, + and that there might be inserted in the French journals an announcement in + the following terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "John Butler, commonly called Count Butler, has just been arrested + and sent to Paris under a good escort by the French Minister at + Hamburg." +</pre> + <p> + At the expiration of a few weeks Butler, having received his + instruction's, set out for London, but by way of precaution he said it + would be well to publish in the journals another announcement; which was + as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "John Butler, who has been arrested in Hamburg as an English agent, + and conveyed to Paris, is ordered to quit France and the territories + occupied by the French armies and their allies, and not to appear + there again until the general peace." +</pre> + <p> + In England Butler enjoyed the honours of French prosecution. He was + regarded as a victim who deserved all the confidence of the enemies of + France. He furnished Fouché with a considerable amount of information, and + he was fortunate enough to escape being hanged. + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding the pretended necessity of employing secret agents, + Bonaparte was unwilling that, even under that pretext, too many + communications should be established between France and England: Fouché, + nevertheless, actively directed the evolutions of his secret army. Ever + ready to seize on anything that could give importance to the police and + encourage the suspicions of the Emperor, Fouché wrote to me that the + government had received certain—information that many Frenchmen + traveling for commercial houses in France were at Manchester purchasing + articles of English manufacture. This was true; but how was it to be + prevented? These traveling clerks passed through Holland, where they + easily procured a passage to England. + </p> + <p> + Louis Bonaparte, conceiving that the King of Holland ought to sacrifice + the interests of his new subjects to the wishes of his brother, was at + first very lenient as to the disastrous Continental system. But at this + Napoleon soon manifested his displeasure, and about the end of the year + 1806 Louis was reduced to the necessity of ordering the strict observance + of the blockade. The facility with which the travelers of French + commercial houses passed from Holland to England gave rise to other alarms + on the part of the French Government. It was said that since Frenchmen + could so easily pass from the Continent to Great Britain, the agents of + the English Cabinet might, by the same means, find their way to the + Continent. Accordingly the consuls were directed to keep a watchful eye, + not only upon individuals who evidently came from England, but upon those + who might by any possibility come from that country. This plan was all + very well, but how was it to be put into execution? . . . The Continent + was, nevertheless, inundated with articles of English manufacture, for + this simple reason, that, however powerful may be the will of a sovereign, + it is still less powerful and less lasting than the wants of a people. The + Continental system reminded me of the law created by an ancient + legislator, who, for a crime which he conceived could not possibly be + committed, condemned the person who should be guilty of it to throw a bull + over Mount Taurus. + </p> + <p> + It is not my present design to trace a picture of the state of Europe at + the close of 1806. I will merely throw together a few facts which came to + my knowledge at the time, and which I find in my correspondence. I have + already mentioned that the Emperor arrived at Warsaw on the 1st of + January. During his stay at Posen he had, by virtue of a treaty concluded + with the Elector of Saxony, founded a new kingdom, and consequently + extended his power in Germany, by the annexation of the new Kingdom of + Saxony to the Confederation of the Rhine. By the terms of this treaty + Saxony, so justly famed for her cavalry, was to furnish the Emperor with a + contingent of 20,000 men and horses. + </p> + <p> + It was quite a new spectacle to the Princes of Germany, all accustomed to + old habits of etiquette, to see an upstart sovereign treat them as + subjects, and even oblige them to consider themselves as such. Those + famous Saxons, who had made Charlemagne tremble, threw themselves on the + protection of the Emperor; and the alliance of the head of the House of + Saxony was not a matter of indifference to Napoleon, for the new King was, + on account of his age, his tastes, and his character, more revered than + any other German Prince. + </p> + <p> + From the moment of Napoleon's arrival at Warsaw until the commencement of + hostilities against the Russians he was continually solicited to + reestablish the throne of Poland, and to restore its chivalrous + independence to the ancient empire of the Jagellons. A person who was at + that time in Warsaw told me that the Emperor was in the greatest + uncertainty as to what he should do respecting Poland. He was entreated to + reestablish that ancient and heroic kingdom; but he came to no decision, + preferring, according to custom, to submit to events, that he might appear + to command them. At Warsaw, indeed, the Emperor passed a great part of his + time in fetes and reviews, which, however, did not prevent him from + watching, with his eagle eye, every department of the public service, both + interior and exterior. He himself was in the capital of Poland, but his + vast influence was present everywhere. I heard Duroc say, when we were + conversing together about the campaign of Tilsit, that Napoleon's activity + and intelligence were never more conspicuously developed. + </p> + <p> + One very remarkable feature of the imperial wars was, that, with the + exception of the interior police, of which Fouché was the soul, the whole + government of France was at the headquarters of the Emperor. At Warsaw + Napoleon's attention was not only occupied with the affairs of his army, + but he directed the whole machinery of the French Government just the same + as if he had been in Paris. Daily estafettes, and frequently the useless + auditors of the Council of State, brought him reports more or less + correct, and curious disclosures which were frequently the invention of + the police. The portfolios of the Ministers arrived every week, with the + exception of those of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Minister of + the War Department; the former had first stopped at Mayence with the + Empress, but had been called on to Warsaw; and the latter, Clarke, was, + for the misfortune of Berlin, governor of that city. This state of things + lasted during the ten months of the Emperor's absence from Paris. Louis + XIV. said, "I am myself the State." Napoleon did not say this; but, in + fact, under his reign the Government of France was always at his + headquarters. This circumstance had well-nigh proved fatal to him, on the + occasion of the extraordinary conspiracy of Malet, with some points of + which I alone, perhaps, am thoroughly acquainted. The Emperor employed the + month of January in military preparations for the approaching attack of + the Russians, but at the same time he did not neglect the business of the + cabinet: with him nothing was suffered to linger in arrear. + </p> + <p> + While Napoleon was at Warsaw a battle was not the only thing to be thought + about; affairs were much more complicated than during the campaign of + Vienna. It was necessary, on the one hand, to observe Prussia, which was + occupied; and on the other to anticipate the Russians, whose movements + indicated that they were inclined to strike the first blow. In the + preceding campaign Austria, before the taking of Vienna, was engaged + alone. The case was different now: Austria had had only soldiers; and + Prussia, as Blücher declared to me, was beginning to have citizens. There + was no difficulty in returning from Vienna, but a great deal in returning + from Warsaw, in case of failure, notwithstanding the creation of the + Kingdom of Saxony, and the provisional government given to Prussia, and to + the other States of Germany which we had conquered. None of these + considerations escaped the penetration of Napoleon: nothing was omitted in + the notes, letters, and official correspondence which came to me from all + quarters. Receiving, as I did, accurate information from my own + correspondents of all that was passing in Germany, it often happened that + I transmitted to the Government the same news which it transmitted to me, + not supposing that I previously knew it. Thus, for example, I thought I + was apprising the Government of the arming of Austria, of which I received + information from headquarters a few days after. + </p> + <p> + During the Prussian campaign Austria played precisely the same waiting + game which Prussia had played clueing the campaign of Austria. As Prussia + had, before the battle of Austerlitz, awaited the success or defeat of the + French to decide whether she should remain neutral or declare herself + against France, so Austria, doubtless supposing that Russia would be more + fortunate as the ally of Prussia than she had been as her ally, assembled + a corps of 40,000 men in Bohemia. That corps was called an army of + observation; but the nature of these armies of observation is well known; + they belong to the class of armed neutralities, like the ingenious + invention of sanitary cordons. The fact is, that the 40,000 men assembled + in Bohemia were destined to aid and assist the Russians in case they + should be successful (and who can blame the Austrian Government for + wishing to wash away the shame of the Treaty of Presburg?). Napoleon had + not a moment to lose, but this activity required no spur; he had hastened + the battle of Austerlitz to anticipate Prussia, and he now found it + necessary to anticipate Russia in order to keep Austria in a state of + indecision. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor, therefore, left Warsaw about the end of January, and + immediately gave orders for engaging the Russian army in the beginning of + February; but, in spite of his desire of commencing the attack, he was + anticipated. On the 8th of February, at seven in the morning, he was + attacked by the Russians, who advanced during a terrible storm of snow, + which fell in large flakes. They approached Preussich-Eylau, where the + Emperor was, and the Imperial Guard stopped the Russian column. Nearly the + whole French army was engaged in that battle-one of the most sanguinary + ever fought in Europe. The corps commanded by Bernadotte was not engaged, + in the contest; it had been stationed on the left at Mohrungen, whence it + menaced Dantzic. The issue of the battle would have been very different + had the four, divisions of infantry and the two of cavalry composing + Bernadotte's corps arrived in time; but unfortunately the officer + instructed to convey orders to Bernadotte to march without delay on + Preussich-Eylau was taken by a body of Cossacks; Bernadotte, therefore, + did not arrive. Bonaparte, who always liked to throw blame on some one if + things did not turn out exactly as he wished, attributed the doubtful + success of the day to the absence of Bernadotte; in this he was right; but + to make his absence a reproach to that Marshal was a gross injustice. + Bernadotte was accused of not having been willing to march on + Preussich-Eylau, though, as it was alleged, General d'Hautpoult had + informed him of the necessity of his presence. But how can that fact be + ascertained, since General d'Hautpoult was killed on that same day? Who + can assure us that that General had been able to communicate with the + Marshal? + </p> + <p> + Those who knew Bonaparte, his cunning, and the artful advantage he would + sometimes take of words which he attributed to the dead, will easily solve + the enigma. The battle of Eylau was terrible. Night came on—Bernadotte's + corps was instantly, but in vain, expected; and after a great loss the + French army had the melancholy honour of passing the night on the field of + battle. Bernadotte at length arrived, but too late. He met the enemy, who + were retreating without the fear of being molested towards Konigsberg, the + only capital remaining to Prussia. The King of Prussia was then at Memel, + a small port on the Baltic, thirty leagues from Konigsberg. + </p> + <p> + After the battle of Eylau both sides remained stationary, and several days + elapsed without anything remarkable taking place. The offers of peace made + by the Emperor, with very little earnestness it is true, were disdainfully + rejected, as if a victory disputed with Napoleon was to be regarded as a + triumph. The battle of Eylau seemed to turn the heads of the Russians, who + chanted Te Deum on the occasion. But while the Emperor was making + preparations to advance, his diplomacy was taking effect in a distant + quarter, and raising up against Russia an old and formidable enemy. Turkey + declared war against her. This was a powerful diversion, and obliged + Russia to strip her western frontiers to secure a line of defence on the + south. + </p> + <p> + Some time after General Gardanne set out on the famous embassy to Persia; + for which the way had been paved by the success of the mission of my + friend, Amedee Jaubert. This embassy was not merely one of those pompous + legations such as Charlemagne, Louis XIV., and Louis XVI. received from + the Empress Irene, the King of Siam, and Tippoo Saib. It was connected + with ideas which Bonaparte had conceived at the very dawn of his power. It + was, indeed, the light from the East which fast enabled him to see his + greatness in perspective; and that light never ceased to fix his attention + and dazzle his imagination. I know well that Gardanne's embassy was at + first conceived on a much grander scale than that on which it was + executed. Napoleon had resolved to send to the Shah of Persia 4000 + infantry, commanded by chosen and experienced officers, 10,000 muskets, + and 50 pieces, of cannon; and I also know that orders were given for the + execution of this design. The avowed object of the Emperor was to enable + the Shah of Persia to make an important diversion, with 80,000 men, in, + the eastern provinces of Russia. But there was likewise another, an old + and constant object, which was always, uppermost in Napoleon's mind, + namely the wish to strike at England in the very heart of her Asiatic + possessions. Such was the principal motive of Gardanne's mission, but + circumstances did not permit the Emperor, to, give, it, all the importance + he desired. He contented himself with sending a few officers of engineers + and artillery, to Persia, who, on their arrival, were astonished at the + number of English they found there. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0080" id="link2HCH0080"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. + </h2> + + 1807 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Abuse of military power—Defence of diplomatic rights—Marshal Brune + —Army supplies—English cloth and leather—Arrest on a charge of + libel—Dispatch from M. Talleyrand—A page of Napoleon's glory— + Interview between the two Emperors at Tilsit,—Silesia restored to + the Queen of Prussia—Unfortunate situation in Prussia— + Impossibility of reestablishing Poland in 1807—Foundation of the + Kingdom of Westphalia—The Duchy of Warsaw and the King of Saxony. +</pre> + <p> + Meanwhile the internal affairs of the towns over which my diplomatic + jurisdiction extended soon gave me more employment than ever. The greatest + misfortune of the Empire was, perhaps, the abuse of the right arrogated by + the wearers of epaulettes. My situation gave me an opportunity of + observing all the odious character of a military government. Another in my + place could not have done all that I did. I say this confidently, for my + situation was a distinct and independent one, as Bonaparte had told me: + Being authorised to correspond directly with the Emperor; the military + chiefs feared, if they did not yield to my just representations, that I + would made private reports; this apprehension was wonderfully useful in + enabling me to maintain the rights of the towns, which had adopted me as + their first citizen. + </p> + <p> + A circumstance occurred in which I had to defend the rights of the + diplomatic and commercial agents against the pretensions of military + power. Marshal Brune during his government at Hamburg, went to Bremman. to + watch the strict execution of the illusive blockade against England. The + Marshal acting no doubt, in conformity with the instructions of Clarke, + then Minister of War and Governor of Berlin, wished to arrogate the right + of deciding on the captures made by our cruisers. + </p> + <p> + He attempted to prevent the Consul Lagau from selling the confiscated + ships in order to sell them himself. Of this M. Lagau complained to me. + The more I observed a disposition to encroach on the part of the military + authorities, the more I conceived it necessary to maintain the rights of + the consuls, and to favour their influence, without which they would have + lost their consideration. To the complaints of M. Lagau I replied, "That + to him alone belonged the right of deciding, in the first instance, on the + fate of the ships; that he could not be deprived of that right without + changing the law; that he was free to sell the confiscated Prussian ships; + that Marshall Brune was at Bremen only for the execution of the decree + respecting the blockade of England, and that he ought not to interfere in + business unconnected with that decree." Lagau showed this letter to Brune, + who then allowed him to do as he wished; but it was an affair of profit, + and the Marshal for a long time owed me a grudge. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte was exceedingly disinterested, but he loved to be talked about. + The more the Emperor endeavoured to throw accusations upon him, the more + he was anxious to give publicity to all his actions. He sent to me an + account of the brilliant affair of Braunsburg, in which a division of the + first corps had been particularly distinguished. Along with this narrative + he sent me a note in the following terms:—"I send you, my dear. + Minister, an account of the affair of Braunsburg. You will, perhaps, think + proper to publish it. In that case I shall be obliged by your getting it + inserted in the Hamburg journals," I did so. The injustice of the Emperor, + and the bad way in which he spoke of Bernadotte, obliged the latter,—for + the sake of his own credit, to make the truth known to the world. + </p> + <p> + I have already mentioned that I received an order from the Emperor to + supply 50,000 cloaks for the army. With this order, which was not the only + one I received of the same kind, some circumstances were connected which I + may take the present opportunity of explaining. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor gave me so many orders for army clothing that all that could + be supplied by the cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck would have been + insufficient for executing the commissions. I entered into a treaty with a + house in Hamburg, which I authorised, in spite of the Berlin decree, to + bring cloth and leather from England. Thus I procured these articles in a + sure and cheap way. Our troops might have perished of cold had the + Continental system and the absurd mass of inexecutable decrees relative to + English merchandise been observed. + </p> + <p> + The Director of the Customs at Hamburg got angry, but I held firm: my + cloths and my leather arrived; cloaks, coats; boots, all were promptly + made, and our soldiers thus were sheltered from the severity of the + season. To preserve peace with the Imperial Custom-house I wrote to M. + Collie, then Director-General, that M. Eudel having wished to put in + execution the law of the 10th Brumaire and complaints had been made on + every side. Marshal Brune asked for my opinion on this matter, and I gave + it to him. I declared to M. Collie that the full execution of the decree + of 31st October 1796 was impracticable, injurious to France, and to the + Hanseatic Towns, without doing harm to England. Indeed, what said article + 5 of this law? "All goods imported from foreign countries, whatever may be + their origin, are to be considered as coming from English manufacturers." + According to this article France was a foreign country for the Hanseatic + Towns, and none of the objects enumerated in this article ought to enter + Hamburg! But the town received from England a large quantity of fine + cloths, buttons; ironmongery, toys, china; and from France only clocks, + bronzes, jewellery, ribbons, bonnets, gauzes and gloves. "Let," said I to + M. Eudel, "the Paris Duane be asked what that town alone exports in + matters of this sort and it will be seen how important it is not to stop a + trade all the more profitable to France, as the workmanship forms the + greatest part of the price of the goods which make up this trade. What + would happen if the importation of these goods were absolutely prohibited + in Hamburg? The consignments would cease, and one of the most productive + sources of trade for France, and especially for Paris would be cut off." + </p> + <p> + At this time neither Hamburg nor its territory had any manufacture of + cloth. All woollen stuffs were prohibited, according to M. Eudel, and + still my duty was to furnish, and I had furnished, 50,000 cloaks for the + Grand Army. In compliance with a recent Imperial decree I had to have made + without delay 16,000 coats, 37,000 waistcoats, and the Emperor required of + me 200,000 pairs of boots, besides the 40,000 pairs I had sent in. Yet M. + Eudel said that tanned and worked leather ought not to enter Hamburg! If + such a ridiculous application of the law of 1796 had been made it would + have turned the decree of 21st November 1796 against France, without + fulfilling its object. + </p> + <p> + These reflections, to which I added other details, made the Government + conclude that I was right, and I traded with England to the great + advantage of the armies, which were well clothed and shod. What in the + world can be more ridiculous than commercial laws carried out to one's own + detriment? + </p> + <p> + At the beginning of 1807 my occupations at Hamburg were divided between + the furnishing of supplies for the army and the inspection of the + emigrants, whom Fouché pretended to dread in order to give greater + importance to his office. + </p> + <p> + I never let slip an opportunity of mitigating the rigour of Fouché's + orders, which, indeed, were sometimes so absurd that I did not attempt to + execute them. Of this an instance occurs to my recollection. A printer at + Hamburg had been arrested on the charge of having printed a libel in the + German language. The man was detained in prison because, very much to his + honour, he would not disclose the name of the writer of the pamphlet. I + sent for him and questioned him. He told me, with every appearance of + sincerity, that he had never but once seen the man who had brought him the + manuscript. I was convinced of the truth of what he said, and I gave an + order for his liberation. To avoid irritating the susceptibility of the + Minister of Police I wrote to him the following few lines:—"The + libel is the most miserable rhapsody imaginable. The author, probably with + the view of selling his pamphlet in Holstein, predicts that Denmark will + conquer every other nation and become the greatest kingdom in the world. + This alone will suffice to prove to you how little clanger there is in + rubbish written in the style of the Apocalypse." + </p> + <p> + After the battle of Eylau I received a despatch from M. de Talleyrand, to + which was added an account in French of that memorable battle, which was + more fatal to the conqueror than to the other party,—I cannot say + the conquered in speaking of the Russians, the more especially when I + recollect the precautions which were then taken throughout Germany to make + known the French before the Russian version. The Emperor was exceedingly + anxious that every one should view that event as he himself viewed it. + Other accounts than his might have produced an unfavourable impression in + the north. I therefore had orders to publish that account. I caused 2000 + copies of it to be issued, which were more than sufficient for circulation + in the Hanse Towns and their territories. + </p> + <p> + The reader will perhaps complain that I have been almost silent with + respect to the grand manoeuvres of the French army from the battle of + Eylau to that of Friedland, where, at all events, our success was + indisputable. There was no necessity for printing favourable versions of + that event, and, besides, its immense results were soon felt throughout + Europe. The interview at Tilsit is one of the culminating points of modern + history, and the waters of the Niemen reflected the image of Napoleon at + the height of his glory. The interview between the two Emperors at Tilsit, + and the melancholy situation of the King of Prussia, are generally known. + I was made acquainted with but few secret details relative to those + events, for Rapp had gone to Dantzic, and it was he who most readily + communicated to me all that the Emperor said and did, and all that was + passing around him.— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Savory gives the following account of the interview between + Napoleon and Alexander at Tilsit. + + "The Emperor Napoleon, whose courtesy was manifest in all his + actions, ordered a large raft to be floated in the middle of the + river, upon which was constructed a room well covered in and + elegantly decorated having two doors on opposite aides, each of + which opened into an antechamber. The work could not have been + better executed in Paris. The roof was surmounted by two + weathercocks: one displaying the eagle of Russia, and the other the + eagle of France. The two outer doors were also surmounted by the + eagles of the two countries. + + "The raft was precisely in the middle of the river, with the two + doors of the salon facing the two opposite banks. + + "The two sovereigns appeared on the banks of the river, and embarked + at the same moment But the Emperor Napoleon having a good boat, + manned by marines of the Guard, arrived first on the raft, entered + the room, and went to the opposite door, which he opened, and then + stationed himself on the edge of the raft to receive the Emperor + Alexander, who had not yet arrived, not having each good rowers as + the Emperor Napoleon. + + "The two Emperors met in the most amicable way, et least to all + appearance. They remained together for a considerable time, and + then took leave of each other with as friendly an air as that with + which they had met. + + "Next day the Emperor of Russia established himself at Tilsit with a + battalion of his Guard. Orders were given for evacuating that part + of the town where he and his battalion were to be quartered; and, + though we were very much pressed for room, no encroachment on the + space allotted to the Russians was thought of. + + "On the day the Emperor Alexander, entered Tilsit the whole army was + under arms. The Imperial Guard was drawn out in two lines of three + deep from the landing-place to the Emperor Napoleon's quarters, and + from thence to the quarters of the Emperor of Russia. A salute of + 100 guns was fired the moment Alexander stepped ashore on the spot + where the Emperor Napoleon was waiting to receive him. The latter + carried his attention to his visitor so far as to send from his + quarters the furniture for Alexander's bedchamber. Among the + articles sent was a camp-bed belonging to the Emperor, which he + presented to Alexander, who appeared much pleased with the gift. + + "This meeting; the first which history records of the same kind and + of equal importance, attracted visitors to Tilsit from 100 leagues + round. M. de Talleyrand arrived, and after the observance of the + usual ceremonies business began to be discussed." (Memoirs of the + Duc de Rovigo, tome iii. p. 117). + + "When," said Napoleon, "I was at Tilsit with the Emperor Alexander + and the King of Prussia, I was the most ignorant of the three in + military affairs. These two sovereigns, especially the King of + Prussia, were completely 'au fait' as to the number of buttons there + ought to be in front of a jacket, how many behind, and the manner in + which the skirts ought to be cut. Not a tailor in the army knew + better than King Frederick how many measures of cloth it took to + make a jacket. In fact," continued he laughing, "I was nobody in + comparison with them. They continually tormented me about matters + belonging to tailors, of which I was entirely ignorant, although, in + order not to affront them, I answered just as gravely as if the fate + of an army depended upon the cut of a jacket. When I went to see + the King of Prussia, instead of a library, I found that he had a + large room, like an arsenal, furnished with shelves and pegs; on + which were hung fifty or sixty jackets of different patterns. Every + day he changed his fashion and put on a different one. He attached + more importance to this than was necessary for the salvation of a + kingdom." (O'Meara's Napoleon in Exile.)]— +</pre> + <p> + I, however, learned one circumstance peculiarly worthy of remark which + occurred in the Emperor's apartments at Tilsit the first time he received + a visit from the King of Prussia. That unfortunate monarch, who was + accompanied by Queen Louisa, had taken refuge in a mill beyond the town. + This was his sole habitation, whilst the Emperors occupied the two + portions of the town, which is divided by the Niemen. The fact I am about + to relate reached me indirectly through the medium of an offices of the + Imperial Guard, who was on duty in Napoleon's apartments and was an + eye-witness of it. When the Emperor Alexander visited Napoleon they + continued for a long time in conversation on a balcony below, where as + immense crowd hailed their meeting with enthusiastic shouts. Napoleon + commenced the conversation, as he did the year preceding with the Emperor + of Austria, by speaking of the uncertain fate of war. Whilst they were + conversing the King of Prussia was announced. The King's emotion was + visible, and may easily be imagined; for as hostilities were suspended, + and his territory in possession of the French, his only hope was in the + generosity of the conqueror. Napoleon himself, it is said, appeared moved + by his situation, and invited him, together with the Queen, to dinner. On + sitting down to table Napoleon with great gallantry told the beautiful + Queen that he would restore to her Silesia, a province which she earnestly + wished should be retained in the new arrangements which were necessarily + about to take place. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Las Cases mentions that at the time of the treaty of Tilsit + Napoleon wrote to the Empress Josephine as follows: + + "'The Queen of Prussia is really a charming woman. She is fond of + coquetting with me; but do not be jealous: I am like oilcloth, along + which everything of this sort elides without penetrating. It would + cost me too dear to play the gallant' + + "On this subject an anecdote was related in the salon of Josephine. + It was said that the Queen of Prussia one day had a beautiful rose + in her hand, which the Emperor asked her to give him. The Queen + hesitated for a few moments, and then presented it to him, saying, + 'Why should I so readily grant what you request, while you remain + deaf to all my entreaties?' (She alluded to the fortress of + Magdeburg, which she had earnestly solicited)." (Memorial de St. + Helene).]— +</pre> + <p> + The treaty of peace concluded at Tilsit between France and Russia, on the + 7th of July, and ratified two days after, produced no less striking a + change in the geographical division of Europe than had been effected the + year preceding by the Treaty of Presburg. The treaty contained no + stipulation dishonourable to Russia, whose territory was preserved + inviolate; but how was Prussia treated? Some historians, for the vain + pleasure of flattering by posthumous praises the pretended moderation of + Napoleon, have almost reproached him for having suffered some remnants of + the monarchy of the great Frederick to survive. There is, nevertheless, a + point on which Napoleon has been wrongfully condemned, at least with + reference to the campaign of 1807. It has been said that he should at that + period have re-established the kingdom of Poland; and certainly there is + every reason to regret, for the interests of France and Europe, that it + was not re-established. But when a desire, even founded on reason, is not + carried into effect, should we conclude that the wished-for object ought + to be achieved in defiance of all obstacles? At that time, that is to say, + during the campaign of Tilsit, insurmountable obstacles existed. + </p> + <p> + If, however, by the Treaty of Tilsit, the throne of Poland was not + restored to serve as a barrier between old Europe and the Empire of the + Czars, Napoleon founded a Kingdom of Westphalia, which he gave to the + young 'ensigne de vaisseau' whom he had scolded as a schoolboy, and whom + he now made a King, that he might have another crowned prefect under his + control. The Kingdom of Westphalia was composed of the States of + Hesse-Cassel, of a part of the provinces taken from Prussia by the + moderation of the Emperor, and of the States of Paderborn, Fulda, + Brunswick, and a part of the Electorate of Hanover. Napoleon, at the same + time, though he did not like to do things by halves, to avoid touching the + Russian and Austrian provinces of old Poland, planted on the banks of the + Vistula the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which he gave to the King of Saxony, + with the intention of increasing or destroying it afterwards as he might + find convenient. Thus he allowed the Poles to hope better things for the + future, and ensured to himself partisans in the north should the chances + of fortune call him thither. Alexander, who was cajoled even more than his + father had been by what I may call the political coquetry of Napoleon, + consented to all these arrangements, acknowledged 'in globo' all the kings + crowned by the Emperor, and accepted some provinces which had belonged to + his despoiled ally, the King of Prussia, doubtless by way of consolation + for not having been able to get more restored to Prussia. The two Emperors + parted the best friends in the world; but the Continental system was still + in existence. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0081" id="link2HCH0081"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. + </h2> + + 1807. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Effect produced at Altona by the Treaty of Tilsit—The Duke of + Mecklenburg-Schwerin's departure from Hamburg—English squadron in + the Sound—Bombardment of Copenhagen—Perfidy of England—Remark of + Bonaparte to M. Lemercier—Prussia erased from the map—Napoleon's + return to Paris—Suppression of the Tribunate—Confiscation of + English merchandise—Nine millions gained to France—M. Caulaincourt + Ambassador to Russia—Repugnance of England to the intervention of + Russia—Affairs of Portugal—Junot appointed to command the army— + The Prince Regent's departure for the Brazils—The Code Napoleon— + Introduction of the French laws into Germany—Leniency of Hamburg + Juries—The stolen cloak and the Syndic Doormann. +</pre> + <p> + The Treaty of Tilsit, as soon as it was known at Altona, spread + consternation amongst the emigrants. As to the German Princes, who were + awaiting the issue of events either at Altolna or Hamburg, when they + learned that a definitive treaty of peace had been signed between France + and Russia, and that two days after the Treaty of Tilsit the Prussian + monarchy was placed at the mercy of Napoleon, every courier that arrived + threw them into indescribable agitation. It depended on the Emperor's will + whether they were to be or not to be. The Duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin + had not succeeded in getting himself re-established in his states, by an + exceptional decision, like the Duke of Weimar; but at length he obtained + the restitution of his territory at the request of the Emperor Alexander, + and on the 28th of July he quitted Hamburg to return to his Duchy. + </p> + <p> + The Danish charge d'affaires communicated to me about the same time an + official report from his Government. This report announced that on Monday, + the 3d of August, a squadron consisting of twelve ships of the line and + twelve frigates, commanded by Admiral Gambier, had passed the Sound. The + rest of the squadron was seen in the Categat. At the same time the English + troops which were in the island of Rugen had reembarked. We could not then + conceive what enterprise this considerable force had been sent upon. But + our uncertainty was soon at an end. M. Didelot, the French Ambassador at + Copenhagen, arrived at Hamburg, at nine o'clock in the evening of the 12th + of August. He had been fortunate enough to pass through the Great Belt, + though in sight of the English, without being stopped. I forwarded his + report to Paris by an extraordinary courier. + </p> + <p> + The English had sent 20,000 men and twenty-seven vessels into the Baltic; + Lord Cathcart commanded the troops. The coast of Zealand was blockaded by + ninety vessels. Mr. Jackson, who had been sent by England to negotiate + with Denmark, which she feared would be invaded by the French troops, + supported the propositions he was charged to offer to Denmark by a + reference to this powerful British force. Mr. Jackson's proposals had for + their object nothing less than to induce the King of Denmark to place in + the custody of England the whole of his ships and naval stores. They were, + it is true, to be kept in deposit, but the condition contained the words, + "until the conclusion of a general peace," which rendered the period of + their restoration uncertain. They were to be detained until such + precautions should be no longer necessary. A menace and its execution + followed close upon this demand. After a noble but useless resistance, and + a terrific bombardment, Copenhagen surrendered, and the Danish fleet was + destroyed. It would be difficult to find in history a more infamous and + revolting instance of the abuse of power against weakness. + </p> + <p> + Sometime after this event a pamphlet entitled "Germania" appeared, which I + translated and sent to the Emperor. It was eloquently written, and + expressed the indignation which the conduct of England had excited in the + author as in every one else. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["That expedition," said Napoleon at St. Helena, "showed great + energy on the part of your Ministers: but setting aside the + violation of the laws of, nations which you committed—for in fact + it was nothing but a robbery—I think that it was; injurious to your + interests, as it made the Danish nation irreconcilable enemies to + you, and in fact shut you out of the north for three years. When I + heard of it I said, I am glad of it, as it will embroil England + irrecoverably with the Northern Powers. The Danes being able to + join me with sixteen sail of the line was of but little consequence. + I had plenty of ships, and only wanted seamen, whom you did not + take, and whom I obtained afterwards, while by the expedition your + Ministers established their characters as faithless, and as persons + with whom no engagements, no laws were binding." (Voice from St. + Helena.)]— +</pre> + <p> + I have stated what were the principal consequences of the Treaty of + Tilsit; it is more than probable that if the bombardment of Copenhagen had + preceded the treaty the Emperor would have used Prussia even worse than he + did. He might have erased her from the list of nations; but he did not do + so, out of regard to the Emperor Alexander. The destruction of Prussia was + no new project with Bonaparte. I remember an observation of his to M. + Lemercier upon that subject when we first went to reside at Malmaison. M. + Lemercier had been reading to the First Consul some poem in which + Frederick the Great was spoken of. "You seem to admire him greatly," said + Bonaparte to M. Lemercier; "what do you find in him so astonishing? He is + not equal to Turenne."—"General," replied M. Lemercier, "it is not + merely the warrior that I esteem in Frederick; it is impossible to refrain + from admiring a man who was a philosopher even on the throne." To this the + First Consul replied, in a half ill-humoured tone, "Certainly, Lemercier; + but Frederick's philosophy shall not prevent me from erasing his kingdom + from the map of Europe." The kingdom of Frederick the Great was not, + however, obliterated from the map, because the Emperor of Russia would not + basely abandon a faithful ally who had incurred with him the chances of + fortune. Prussia then bitterly had to lament the tergiversations which had + prevented her from declaring herself against France during the campaign of + Austerlitz. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon returned to Paris about the end of July after an absence of ten + months, the longest he had yet made since he had been at the head of the + French Government, whether as Consul or Emperor. The interview at Tilsit, + the Emperor Alexander's friendship, which was spoken of everywhere in + terms of exaggeration, and the peace established on the Continent, + conferred on Napoleon a moral influence in public opinion which he had not + possessed since his coronation. Constant in his hatred of deliberative + assemblies, which he had often termed collections of babblers, + ideologists, and phrasemongers, Napoleon, on his return to Paris, + suppressed the Tribunate, which had been an annoyance to him ever since + the first day of his elevation. The Emperor, who was 'skillful above all + men in speculating on the favourable disposition of opinion, availed + himself at this conjuncture of the enthusiasm produced by his interview on + the Niemen. He therefore discarded from the fundamental institutions of + the government that which still retained the shadow of a popular + character. But it was necessary that he should possess a Senate merely to + vote men; a mute Legislative Body to vote money; that there should be no + opposition in the one and no criticism in the other; no control over him + of any description; the power of arbitrarily doing whatever he pleased; an + enslaved press;—this was what Napoleon wished, and this he obtained. + But the month of March 1814 resolved the question of absolute power! + </p> + <p> + In the midst of these great affairs, and while Napoleon was dreaming of + universal monarchy, I beheld in a less extensive sphere the inevitable + consequences of the ambition of a single man. Pillage and robbery were + carried on in all parts over which my diplomatic jurisdiction extended. + Rapine seemed to be legally authorised, and was perpetrated with such + fury, and at the same time with such ignorance, that the agents were + frequently unacquainted with the value of the articles which they seized. + Thus, for example, the Emperor ordered the seizure at Hamburg, Bremen, and + Lübeck of all English merchandise, whatever might be its nature or origin. + The Prince of Neufchatel (Berthier) wrote to me from the Emperor that I + must procure 10,000,000 francs from the Hanse Towns. M. Daru, the + Intendant-General, whose business it was to collect this sort of levy, + which Napoleon had learned to make in Egypt, wrote to urge me to obtain a + prompt and favourable decision. The unfortunate towns which I was thus + enjoined to oppress had already suffered sufficiently. I had obtained, by + means of negotiation, more than was demanded for the ransom of the English + merchandise, which had been seized according to order. Before I received + the letters of M. Darn and the Prince of Neufchatel I had obtained from + Hamburg 16,000,000 instead of 10,000,000, besides nearly 3,000,000 from + Bremen and Lübeck. Thus I furnished the Government with 9,000,000 more + than had been required, and yet I had so managed that those enormous + sacrifices were not overoppressive to those who made them. I fixed the + value of the English merchandise because I knew that the high price at + which it sold on the Continent would not only cover the proposed ransom + but also leave a considerable profit. Such was the singular effect of the + Continental system that when merchandise was confiscated, and when + afterwards the permission to sell it freely was given, the price fetched + at the sale was so large that the loss was covered, and even great + advantage gained. + </p> + <p> + Peace being concluded with Russia it was necessary to make choice of an + Ambassador, not only to maintain the new relations of amity between + Napoleon and Alexander, but likewise to urge on the promised intervention + of Russia with England,—to bring about reconciliation and peace + between the Cabinets of Paris and London. The Emperor confided this + mission to Caulaincourt, with respect to whom there existed an unfounded + prejudice relating to some circumstances which preceded the death of the + Duc d'Enghien. This unfortunate and unjust impression had preceded + Caulaincourt to St. Petersburg, and it was feared that he would not + experience the reception due to the French Ambassador and to his own + personal qualities. I knew at the time, from positive information, that + after a short explanation with Alexander that monarch retained no + suspicion unfavourable to our Ambassador, for whom he conceived and + maintained great esteem and friendship. + </p> + <p> + Caulaincourt's mission was not, in all respects, easy of fulfilment, for + the invincible repugnance and reiterated refusal of England to enter into + negotiations with France through the medium of Russia was one of the + remarkable circumstances of the period of which I am speaking. I knew + positively that England was determined never to allow Napoleon to possess + himself of the whole of the Continent,—a project which he indicated + too undisguisedly to admit of any doubt respecting it. For two years he + had indeed advanced with rapid strides; but England was not discouraged. + She was too well aware of the irritation of the sovereigns and the + discontent of the people not be certain that when she desired it, her + lever of gold would again raise up and arm the Continent against the + encroaching power of Napoleon. He, on his part, perceiving that all his + attempts were fruitless, and that England would listen to no proposals, + devised fresh plans for raising up new enemies against England. + </p> + <p> + It probably is not forgotten that in 1801 France compelled Portugal to + make common cause with her against England. In 1807 the Emperor did again + what the First Consul had done. By an inexplicable fatality Junot obtained + the command of the troops which were marching against Portugal. I say + against Portugal, for that was the fact, though France represented herself + as a protector to deliver Portugal from the influence of England. Be that + as it may, the choice which the Emperor made of a commander astonished + everybody. Was Junot, a compound of vanity and mediocrity, the fit man to + be entrusted with the command of an army in a distant country, and under + circumstances in which great political and military talents were + requisite? For my own part, knowing Junot's incapacity, I must acknowledge + that his appointment astonished me. I remember one day, when I was + speaking on the subject to Bernadotte, he showed me a letter he had + received from Paris, in which it was said that the Emperor had sent Junot + to Portugal only for the sake of depriving him of the government of Paris. + Junot annoyed Napoleon by his bad conduct, his folly, and his incredible + extravagance. He was alike devoid of dignity—either in feeling or + conduct. Thus Portugal was twice the place of exile selected by Consular + and Imperial caprice: first, when the First Consul wished to get rid of + the familiarity of Lannes; and next, when the Emperor grew weary of the + misconduct of a favourite. + </p> + <p> + The invasion of Portugal presented no difficulty. It was an armed + promenade and not a war; but how many events were connected with the + occupation of that country! The Prince Regent of Portugal, unwilling to + act dishonourably to England, to which he was allied by treaties; and + unable to oppose the whole power of Napoleon, embarked for Brazil, + declaring that all defence was useless. At the same time he recommended + his subjects to receive the French troops in a friendly manner, and said + that he consigned to Providence the consequences of an invasion which was + without a motive. He was answered in the Emperor's name that, Portugal + being the ally of England, we were only carrying on hostilities against, + the latter country by invading his dominions. + </p> + <p> + It was in the month of November that the code of French jurisprudence, + upon which the most learned legislators had indefatigably laboured, was + established as the law of the State, under the title of the Code Napoleon. + Doubtless this legislative monument will redound to Napoleon's honour in + history; but was it to be supposed that the same laws would be equally + applicable throughout so vast an extent as that comprised within the + French Empire? Impossible as this was, as soon as the Code Napoleon way + promulgated I received orders to establish it in the Hanse Towns. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This great code of Civil Law was drawn up under Napoleon's orders + and personal superintendence. Much had been prepared under the + Convention, and the chief merits of it were due to the labours of + such men as Tronchet; Partatis, Bigot de Preameneu, Maleville, + Cambacérès, etc. But it was debated under and by Napoleon, who took + a lively interest in it. It was first called the "Code Civil," but + is 1807 was named "Code Napoleon," or eventually "Les Cinq Codes de + Napoleon." When completed in 1810 it included five Codes—the Code + Civil, decreed March 1803; Code de Procedure Civile, decreed April + 1806; Code de Commerce, decreed September 1807; Code d'Instruction + Criminelle, decreed November 1808; and the Code Penal, decreed + February 1810. It had to be retained by the Bourbons, and its + principles have worked and are slowly working their way into the law + of every nation. Napoleon was justly proud of this work. The + Introduction of the Code into the conquered countries was, as + Bourrienne says, made too quickly. Puymaigre, who was employed in + the administration of Hamburg after Bourrienne left, says, "I shall + always remember the astonishment of the Hamburgers when they were + invaded by this cloud of French officials, who, under every form, + made researches is their houses, and who came to apply the + multiplied demands of the fiscal system. Like Proteus, the + administration could take any shape. To only speak of my + department, which certainly was not the least odious one, for it was + opposed to the habits of the Hamburgers and annoyed all the + industries, no idea can be formed of the despair of the inhabitants, + subjected to perpetual visits, and exposed to be charged with + contraventions of the law, of which they knew nothing. + + "Remembering their former laws, they used to offer to meet a charge + of fraud by the proof of their oath, and could not imagine that such + a guarantee could be repulsed. When they were independent they paid + almost nothing, and such was the national spirit, that in urgent + cases when money was wanted the senate taxed every citizen a certain + proportion of his income, the tenth or twentieth. A donator + presided over the recovery of this tax, which was done in a very + strange manner. A box, covered with a carpet, received the offering + of every citizen, without any person verifying the sum, and only on + the simple moral guarantee of the honesty of the debtor, who himself + judged the sum he ought to pay. When the receipt was finished the + senate always obtained more than it had calculated on." (Puymaigre, + pp, 181.)]— +</pre> + <p> + The long and frequent conversations I had on this subject with the + Senators and the most able lawyers of the country soon convinced me of the + immense difficulty I should have to encounter, and the danger of suddenly + altering habits and customs which had been firmly established by time. + </p> + <p> + The jury system gave tolerable satisfaction; but the severe punishments + assigned to certain offences by the Code were disapproved of. Hence + resulted the frequent and serious abuse of men being acquitted whose guilt + was evident to the jury, who pronounced them not guilty rather than + condemn them to a punishment which was thought too severe. Besides, their + leniency had another ground, which was, that the people being ignorant of + the new law were not aware of the penalties attached to particular + offences. I remember that a man who was accused of stealing a cloak at + Hamburg justified himself on the ground that he committed the offence in a + fit of intoxication. M. Von Einingen, one of the jury, insisted that the + prisoner was not guilty, because, as he said, the Syndic Doormann, when + dining with him one day, having drunk more wine than usual, took away his + cloak. This defence per Baccho was completely successful. An argument + founded on the similarity between the conduct of the Syndic and the + accused, could not but triumph, otherwise the little debauch of the former + would have been condemned in the person of the latter. This trial, which + terminated so whimsically, nevertheless proves that the best and the + gravest institutions may become objects of ridicule when suddenly + introduced into a country whose habits are not prepared to receive them. + </p> + <p> + The Romans very wisely reserved in the Capitol a place for the gods of the + nations they conquered. They wished to annex provinces and kingdoms to + their empire. Napoleon, on the contrary, wished to make his empire + encroach upon other states, and to realise the impossible Utopia of ten + different nations, all having different customs and languages, united into + a single State. Could justice, that safeguard of human rights, be duly + administered in the Hanse Towns when those towns were converted into + French departments? In these new departments many judges had been + appointed who did not understand a word of German, and who had no + knowledge of law. The presidents of the tribunals of Lilbeck, Stade, + Bremerlehe, and Minden were so utterly ignorant of the German language + that it was necessary to explain to them all the pleadings in the + council-chamber. Was it not absurd to establish such a judicial system, + and above all, to appoint such men in a country so important to France as + Hamburg and the Hanse Towns? Add to this the impertinence of some + favourites who were sent from Paris to serve official and legal + apprenticeships in the conquered provinces, and it may be easily conceived + what was the attachment of the people to Napoleon the Great. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0082" id="link2HCH0082"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII. + </h2> + + 1807-1808. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Disturbed state of Spain—Godoy, Prince of the Peace—Reciprocal + accusations between the King of Spain and his son—False promise of + Napoleon—Dissatisfaction occasioned by the presence of the French + troops—Abdication of Charles IV.—The Prince of the Peace made + prisoner—Murat at Madrid—Important news transmitted by a + commercial letter—Murat's ambition—His protection of Godoy— + Charles IV, denies his voluntary abdication—The crown of Spain + destined for Joseph—General disapprobation of Napoleon's conduct— + The Bourbon cause apparently lost—Louis XVIII. after his departure + from France—As Comte de Provence at Coblentz—He seeks refuge in + Turin and Verona—Death of Louis XVII—Louis XVIII. refused an + asylum in Austria, Saxony, and Prussia—His residence at Mittan and + Warsaw—Alexander and Louis XVIII—The King's departure from Milan + and arrival at Yarmouth—Determination of the King of England—M. + Lemercier's prophecy to Bonaparte—Fouché's inquiries respecting + Comte de Rechteren—Note from Josephine—New demands on the Hanse + Towns—Order to raise 3000 sailors in Hamburg. +</pre> + <p> + The disorders of Spain, which commenced about the close of the year 1807, + in a short time assumed a most complicated aspect. Though far from the + theatre of events I obtained an intimate knowledge of all the important + facts connected with the extraordinary transactions in the Peninsula. + However, as this point of history is one of the most generally, though I + cannot say the best, known, I shall omit in my notes and memoranda many + things which would be but repetitions to the reading portion of the + public. It is a remarkable fact that Bonaparte, who by turns cast his eyes + on all the States of Europe, never directed his attention to Spain as long + as his greatness was confined to mere projects. Whenever he spoke of his + future destiny he alluded to Italy, Germany, the East, and the destruction + of the English power; but never to Spain. Consequently, when he heard of + the first symptoms of disorder in the Peninsula he paid but little + attention to the business, and some time elapsed before he took any part + in events which subsequently had so great an influence on his fate. + </p> + <p> + Godoy reigned in Spain under the name of the imbecile Charles IV. He was + an object of execration to all who were not his creatures; and even those + whose fate depended upon him viewed him with the most profound contempt. + The hatred of a people is almost always the just reward of favourites. + What sentiments, therefore, must have been inspired by a man who, to the + knowledge of all Spain, owed the favour of the king only to the favours of + the queen! + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Manuel Godoy, originally a private in the guards, became the + paramour of Charles IV.'s Queen; then a grandee; and then the + supreme ruler of the State.—Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + Godoy's ascendancy over the royal family was boundless; his power was + absolute: the treasures, of America were at his command, and he made the + most infamous use of them. In short, he had made the Court of Madrid one + of those places to which the indignant muse of Juvenal conducts the mother + of Britanicus. There is no doubt that Godoy was one of the principal + causes of all the misfortunes which have overwhelmed Spain under so many + various forms. + </p> + <p> + The hatred of the Spaniards against the Prince of the Peace was general. + This hatred was shared by the Prince the Asturias,—[Afterwards + Ferdinand VII.]—who openly declared himself the enemy of Godoy. The + latter allied himself with France, from which he hoped to obtain powerful + protection against his enemies. This alliance gave rise to great + dissatisfaction in Spain, and caused France to be regarded with an + unfavourable eye. The Prince of the Asturias was encouraged and supported + by the complaints of the Spaniards, who wished to see the overthrow of + Godoy's power. Charles IV., on his part, regarded all opposition to the + Prince of the Peace as directed against himself, and in November 1807 he + accused his son of wishing to dethrone him. + </p> + <p> + The King of Spain did not confine himself to verbal complaints. He, or + rather the Prince of the Peace, acting in his name, arrested the warmest + partisans of the Prince of the Asturias. The latter, understanding the + sentiments of his father, wrote to Napoleon, soliciting his support. Thus + the father and son, at open war, were appealing one against another for + the support of him who wished only to get rid of them both, and to put one + of his brothers in their place, that he might have one junior more in the + college of European kings: but, as I have already mentioned, this new + ambition was not premeditated; and if he gave the throne of Spain to his + brother Joseph it was only on the refusal of his brother Louis (King of + Holland) to accept it. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor had promised to support Charles IV against his son; and, not + wishing to take part in these family quarrels, he had not answered the + first letters of the Prince of the Asturias. But finding that the + intrigues of Madrid were taking a serious turn, he commenced provisionally + by sending troops to Spain. This gave offence to the people, who were + averse to the interference of France. In the provinces through which the + French troops passed it was asked what was the object: of the invasion. + Some attributed it to the Prince of the Peace, others to the Prince of the + Asturias; but it excited general indignation, and troubles broke out at + Madrid accompanied by all the violence peculiar to the Spanish character. + </p> + <p> + In these fearful circumstances Godoy proposed that Charles IV. should + remove to Seville, where he would be the better enabled to visit the + factious with punishment. A proposition from Godoy to his master was, in + fact, a command, and Charles IV. accordingly resolved to depart. The + people now looked upon Godoy as a traitor. An insurrection broke out, the + palace was surrounded, and the Prince of the Peace was on the point of + being massacred in an upper apartment, where he had taken refuge. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[French troops had appeared in again some months before, on their + way to Portugal, the conquest of which country by Junot was to be + aided by Godoy and a Spanish force of 27,000 men, according to a + treaty (more disgraceful to the Court of Spain than to Bonaparte) + which had been ratified at Fontainebleau on the 27th of October + 1807. Charles IV. was little better than an idiot, and Godoy and + the French made him believe that Bonaparte world give part, or the + whole of Portugal, to Spain. At the time of Junot's march on Lisbon + a reserve of 40,000 French troops were assembled at Bayonne— + a pretty clear indication, though the factious infatuated Court of + Madrid would not see it, that Bonaparte intended to seize the whole + of the Peninsula.—Editor of 1838 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + One of the mob had the presence of mind to invoke in his favour the name + of the Prince of the Asturias: this saved his life. + </p> + <p> + Charles IV. did not preserve his crown; he was easily intimidated, and + advantage was taken of a moment of alarm to demand that abdication which + he had not spirit to refuse. He surrendered up his rights to his son, and + thus was overthrown the insolent power of the Prince of the Peace; the + favourite was made prisoner, and the Spaniards, who, like all ignorant + people, are easily excited, manifested their joy on the occasion with + barbarous enthusiasm. Meanwhile the unfortunate King, who had escaped from + imaginary rather than real dangers, and who was at first content with + having exchanged the right of reigning for the right of living, no sooner + found himself in safety than he changed, his mind. He wrote to the Emperor + protesting against his abdication, and appealed. to him as the arbiter of + his future fate. + </p> + <p> + During these internal dissensions the French army was continuing its march + towards the Pyrenees. Those barriers were speedily crossed, and Murat + entered Madrid in the beginning of April 1808. Before I received any + despatch from our Government I learned that Murat's presence in Madrid, + far from producing a good effect, had only increased the disorder. I + obtained this information from a merchant of Lübeck who came to Hamburg on + purpose to show me a letter he had received from his correspondent in + Madrid. In this letter Spain was said to be a prey which Murat wished to + appropriate to himself; and all that afterwards came to my knowledge + served only to prove the accuracy of the writer's information. It was + perfectly true that Murat wished to conquer Spain for himself, and it is + not astonishing that the inhabitants of Madrid should have understood his + designs, for he carried his indiscretion so far as openly to express his + wish to become King of Spain. The Emperor was informed of this, and gave + him to understand, in very significant terms, that the throne of Spain was + not destined for him, but that he should not be forgotten in the disposal + of other crowns. + </p> + <p> + However, Napoleon's remonstrances were not sufficient to restrain the + imprudence of Murat; and if he did not gain the crown of Spain for himself + he powerfully contributed to make Charles IV. lose it. That monarch, whom + old habits attached to the Prince of the Peace, solicited the Emperor to + liberate his favourite, alleging that he and his family would be content + to live in any place of security provided Godoy were with them. The + unfortunate Charles seemed to be thoroughly disgusted with greatness. + </p> + <p> + Both the King and Queen so earnestly implored Godoy's liberation that + Murat, whose vanity was flattered by these royal solicitations, took the + Prince of the Peace under his protection; but he at the same time declared + that, in spite of the abdication of Charles IV., he would acknowledge none + but that Prince as King of Spain until he should receive contrary orders + from the Emperor. This declaration placed Murat in formal opposition to + the Spanish people, who, through their hatred of Godoy, embraced the cause + of the heir of the throne; in whose favour Charles IV. had abdicated. + </p> + <p> + It has been remarked that Napoleon stood in a perplexing situation in this + conflict between the King and his son. This is not correct. King Charles, + though he afterwards said that his abdication had been forced from him by + violence and threats, had nevertheless tendered it. By this act Ferdinand + was King, but Charles declared it was done against his will, and he + retracted. The Emperor's recognition was wanting, and he, could give or + withhold it as he pleased. + </p> + <p> + In this state of things Napoleon arrived at Bayonne. Thither Ferdinand was + also invited to go, under pretence of arranging with the Emperor the + differences between his father and himself. It was some time before he + could form his determination, but at length his ill-advised friends + prevailed on him to set off, and he was caught in the snare. What happened + to him, as well as to his father, who repaired to Bayonne with his + inseparable friend the Prince of the Peace is well known. Napoleon, who + had undertaken to be arbiter between the father and son, thought the best + way of settling the difference was to give the disputed throne to his + brother Joseph, thus verifying the fable of the "Two Lawyers and the + Oyster." The insurrection in Madrid on the 2d of May accelerated the fate + of Ferdinand, who was accused of being the author of it; at least this + suspicion fell on his friends and adherents. + </p> + <p> + Charles IV., it was said, would not return to Spain, and solicited an + asylum in France. He signed a renunciation of his rights to the crown of + Spain, which renunciation was also signed by the Infantas. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon now issued a decree, appointing "his dearly beloved brother + Joseph Napoleon, King of Naples and Sicily, to the crowns of Spain and the + Indies." By a subsequent decree, 15th of July, he appointed "his + dearly-beloved cousin, Joachim Murat, Grand Duke of Berg, to the throne of + Naples and Sicily, which remained vacant by the accession of Joseph + Napoleon to the kingdoms of Spain and the Indies." Both these documents + are signed Napoleon, and countersigned by the Minister Secretary of State, + Maret. + </p> + <p> + The Prince Royal of Sweden, who was at Hamburg at this time, and the + Ministers of all the European power, loudly condemned the conduct of + Napoleon with respect to Spain. I cannot say whether or not M. de + Talleyrand advised the Emperor not to attempt the overthrow of a branch of + the house of Bourbon; his good sense and elevated views might certainly + have suggested that advice. But the general opinion was that, had he + retained the portfolio of foreign affairs, the Spanish revolution would + have terminated with more decorum and good faith than was exhibited in the + tragi-comedy acted at Madrid and Bayonne. + </p> + <p> + After the Treaty of Tilsit and the bonds of friendship which seemed likely + to produce a permanent union between the Emperors of France and Russia, + the cause of the Bourbons must have been considered irretrievably lost. + Indeed, their only hope consisted in the imprudence and folly of him who + had usurped their throne, and that hope they cherished. I will here relate + what I had the opportunity of learning respecting the conduct of Louis + XVIII. after his departure from France; this will naturally bring me to + the end of November 1807, at which time I read in the Abeille du Nord + published on the 9th of the same month, that the Comte de Lille and the + Duc d'Angouleme had set off for England. + </p> + <p> + The Comte de Provence, as Louis' title then went, left Paris on the 21st + of June 1791. He constantly expressed his wish of keeping as near as + possible to the frontiers of France. He at first took up his abode at + Coblentz, and I knew from good authority that all the emigrants did not + regard him with a favourable eye. They could not pardon the wise. + principles he had professed at a period when there was yet time to + prevent, by reasonable concession, the misfortunes which imprudent + irritation brought upon France. When the emigrants, after the campaign of + 1792, passed the Rhine, the Comte de Provence resided in the little town + of Ham on the Lippe, where he remained until he was persuaded that the + people of Toulon had called him to Provence. As he could not, of course, + pass through France, Monsieur repaired to the Court of his father-in-law, + the King of Sardinia, hoping to embark at Genoa, and from thence to reach + the coast of Provence. But the evacuation of Toulon, where the name of + Bonaparte was for the first time sounded by the breath of fame, having + taken place before he was able to leave Turin, Monsieur remained there + four months, at the expiration of which time his father-in-law intimated + to him the impossibility of his remaining longer in the Sardinian States. + He was afterwards permitted to reside at Verona, where he heard of Louis + XVI.'s death. After remaining two years in that city the Senate of Venice + forbade his presence in the Venetian States. Thus forced to quit Italy the + Comte repaired to the army of Condé. + </p> + <p> + The cold and timid policy of the Austrian Cabinet afforded no asylum to + the Comte de Provence, and he was obliged to pass through Germany; yet, as + Louis XVIII. repeated over and over again, ever since the Restoration, "He + never intended to shed French blood in Germany for the sake of serving + foreign interests." Monsieur had, indeed, too much penetration not to see + that his cause was a mere pretext for the powers at war with France. They + felt but little for the misfortunes of the Prince, and merely wished to + veil their ambition and their hatred of France under the false pretence of + zeal for the House of Bourbon. + </p> + <p> + When the Dauphin died, Louis XVIII. took the title of King of France, and + went to Prussia, where he obtained an asylum. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[His brother, Charles X., the youngest of the three grandsons of + Louis XV. (Louis XVI., Louis XVIII. Charles X.), the Comte + d'Artois, afterwards Charles X. emigrated in 1789, and went to + Turin and Mantas for 1789 and 1790. In 1791 and 1792 he lived at + Coblenta, Worms, Brussels, Vienna, and at Turin. From 1792 to 1812 + he lived at Ham on the Lippe at Westphalia at London, and for most + of the time at Holyrood, Edinburgh. During this time he visited + Russia and Germany, and showed himself on the coast of France. In + 1818 he went to Germany, and in 1814 entered France in rear of the + allies. In risking his person in the daring schemes of the + followers who were giving their lives for the cause of his family he + displayed a circumspection which was characterised by them with + natural warmth. + + "Sire, the cowardice of your brother has ruined all;" so Charette is + said to have written to Louis XVIII.]— +</pre> + <p> + But the pretender to the crown of France had not yet drained his cup of + misfortune. After the 18th Fructidor the Directory required the King of + Prussia to send away Louis XVIII., and the Cabinet of Berlin, it must be + granted, was not in a situation to oppose the desire of the French + Government, whose wishes were commands. In vain Louis XVIII. sought an + asylum in the King of Saxony's States. There only remained Russia that + durst offer a last refuge to the descendant of Louis XIV. Paul I., who was + always in extremes, and who at that time entertained a violent feeling of + hatred towards France, earnestly offered Louis XVIII., a residence at + Mittau. He treated him with the honours of a sovereign, and loaded him + with marks of attention and respect. Three years had scarcely passed when + Paul was seized with mad enthusiasm for the man who twelve years later, + ravaged his ancient capital, and Louis XVIII. found himself expelled from + that Prince's territory with a harshness equal to the kindness with which + he had at first been received. + </p> + <p> + It was during, his three, years' residence at Mittau that Louis XVIII., + who was then known by the title of Comte de Lille, wrote to the First + Consul those letters which have been referred to in these Memoirs. + Prussia, being again solicited, at length consented that Louis XVIII. + should reside at Warsaw; but on the accession of Napoleon to the Empire + the Prince quitted that residence in order to consult respecting his new + situation with the only sovereign who had not deserted him in his + misfortune, viz. the King of Sweden. They met at Colmar, and from that + city was dated the protest which I have already noticed. Louis XVIII. did + not stay long in the States of the King of Sweden. Russia was now on the + point of joining her eagles with those of Austria to oppose the new eagles + of imperial France. Alexander offered to the Comte de Lille the asylum + which Paul had granted to him and afterwards withdrawn. Louis XVIII. + accepted the offer, but after the peace of Tilsit, fearing lest Alexander + might imitate the second act of his father as well as the first, he + plainly saw that he must give up all intention of residing on the + Continent; and it was then that I read in the 'Abeille du Nord' the + article before alluded to. There is, however, one fact upon which I must + insist, because I know it to be true, viz. that it was of his own free + will that Louis XVIII. quitted Mittau; and if he was afraid that Alexander + would imitate his father's conduct that fear was without foundation. The + truth is, that Alexander was ignorant even of the King's intention to go + away until he heard from Baron von Driesen, Governor of Mittau, that he + had actually departed. Having now stated the truth on this point I have to + correct another error, if indeed it be only an error, into which some + writers have fallen. It has been falsely alleged that the King left Mittau + for the purpose of fomenting fresh troubles in France. The friends of + Louis XVIII., who advised him to leave Mittau, had great hopes from the + last war. They cherished still greater hopes from the new wars which + Bonaparte's ambition could not fail to excite, but they were not so + ill-informed respecting the internal condition of France as to expect that + disturbances would arise there, or even to believe in the possibility of + fomenting them. The pear was not yet ripe for Louis XVIII. + </p> + <p> + On the 29th of November the contents of a letter which had arrived from + London by way of Sweden were communicated to me. This letter was dated the + 3d of November, and contained some particulars respecting the Comte de + Lille's arrival in England. That Prince had arrived at Yarmouth on the + 31st of October 1807, and it was stated that the King was obliged to wait + some time in the port until certain difficulties respecting his landing + and the continuance of his journey should be removed. It moreover appeared + from this letter that the King of England thought proper to refuse the + Comte de Lille permission to go to London or its neighbourhood. The palace + of Holyrood in Edinburgh was assigned as his place of residence; and Mr. + Ross, secretary to Mr. Canning, conveyed the determination of the King of + England to Louis XVIII., at Yarmouth. + </p> + <p> + The precaution of the English Ministry in not permitting the refugee King + to go near London appeared to me remarkable, considering the relative + position of the Governments of France and England, and I regarded it as a + corroboration of what the Prince Wittgenstein had told me respecting Mr. + Canning's inclination for an amicable arrangement. But the moment was + approaching when the affairs of Spain were to raise an invincible obstacle + to peace, to complicate more than ever the interests of the powers of + Europe, and open to Napoleon that vast career of ambition which proved his + ruin. He did not allow the hopes of the emigrants to remain chimerical, + and the year 1814 witnessed the realization of the prophetic remark made + by M. Lemereier, in a conversation with Bonaparte a few days before the + foundation of the Empire: "If you get into the bed of the Bourbons, + General, you will not lie in it ten year." Napoleon occupied it for nine + years and nine months. + </p> + <p> + Fouché, the grand investigator of the secrets of Europe, did not fail, on + the first report of the agitations in Spain, to address to me question on + question respecting the Comte de Rechteren, the Spanish Minister at + Hamburg, who, however, had left that city, with the permission of his + Court, four months after I had entered on my functions. This was going + back very far to seek information respecting the affairs of the day. At + the very moment when I transmitted a reply to Fouché which was not + calculated to please him, because it afforded no ground for suspicion as + to the personal conduct of M. de Rechteren, I received from the amiable + Josephine a new mark of her remembrance. She sent me the following note: + </p> + <p> + "M. Milon, who is now in Hamburg, wishes me, my dear Bourrienne, to + request that you will use your interest in his favour. I feel the more + pleasure in making this request as it affords me an opportunity of + renewing the assurance of my regard for you." + </p> + <p> + Josephine's letter was dated from Fontainebleau, whither the Emperor used + to make journeys in imitation of the old Court of France. During these + excursions he sometimes partook of the pleasures of the chase, but merely + for the sake of reviving an old custom, for in that exercise he found as + little amusement as Montaigne did in the game of chess. + </p> + <p> + At Fontainebleau, as everywhere else, his mind was engaged with the means + of augmenting his greatness, but, unfortunately, the exactions he imposed + on distant countries were calculated to alienate the affections of the + people. Thus, for example, I received an order emanating from him, and + transmitted to me by M. Daru, the Intendant-General of the army, that the + pay of all the French troops stationed in the Hanse Towns should be + defrayed by these towns. I lamented the necessity of making such a + communication to the Senates of Bremen, Lübeck, and Hamburg; but my duty + compelled me to do so, and I had long been accustomed to fulfil duties + even more painful than this. I tried every possible means with the three + States, not collectively but separately, to induce them to comply with the + measure, in the hope that the assent of one would help me to obtain that + of the two others. But, as if they, had been all agreed, I only received + evasive expressions of regret. + </p> + <p> + Knowing as I did, and I may say better than any one else, the hopes and + designs of Bonaparte respecting the north of Germany, it was not without + pain, nor even without alarm, that I saw him doing everything calculated + to convert into enemies the inhabitants of a country which would always + have remained quiet had it only been permitted to preserve its neutrality. + Among the orders I received were often many which could only have been the + result of the profoundest ignorance. For example, I was one day directed + to press 3000 seamen in the Hanse Towns. Three thousand seamen out of a + population of 200,000! It was as absurd as to think of raising 500,000 + sailors in France. This project being impossible, it was of course not + executed; but I had some difficulty in persuading the Emperor that a sixth + of the number demanded was the utmost the Hanse Towns could supply. Five + hundred seamen were accordingly furnished, but to make up that number it + was necessary to include many men who were totally unfit for war service. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0083" id="link2HCH0083"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER—XIV. + </h2> + + 1808. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Departure of the Prince of Ponte-Corvo—Prediction and superstition + —Stoppage of letters addressed to the Spanish troops—La Romana and + Romanillos—Illegible notifications—Eagerness of the German Princes + to join the Confederation of the Rhine—Attack upon me on account of + M. Hue—Bernadotte's successor in Hamburg—Exactions and tyrannical + conduct of General Dupas—Disturbance in Hamburg—Plates broken in a + fit of rage—My letter to Bernadotte—His reply—Bernadotte's return + to Hamburg, and departure of Dupas for Lübeck—Noble conduct of the + 'aide de camp' Barrel. +</pre> + <p> + In the spring of 1808 a circumstance occurred which gave, me much + uneasiness; it was the departure of Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte-Corvo, who + received orders to repair to Copenhagen. He left Hamburg on the 8th of + March, as he was to reach his destination on the 14th of the same month. + The Danish charge d'affaires also received orders to join the Prince, and + discharge the functions of King's commissary. It was during his government + at Hamburg and his stay in Jutland that Bernadotte unconsciously paved his + way to the throne of Sweden. I recollect that he had also his presages and + his predestinations. In short, he believed in astrology, and I shall never + forget the serious tone in which he one day said to me, "Would you + believe, my dear friend, that it was predicted at Paris that I should be a + King, but that I must cross the sea to reach my throne?" I could not help + smiling with him at this weakness of mind, from which Bonaparte was not + far removed. It certainly was not any supernatural influence which + elevated Bernadotte to sovereign rank. That elevation was solely due to + his excellent character. He had no other talisman than the wisdom of his + government, and the promptitude which he always, showed to oppose unjust + measures. This it was that united all opinions in his favour. + </p> + <p> + The bad state of the roads in the north prolonged Bernadotte's journey one + day. He set out on the 8th of March; he was expected to arrive at + Copenhagen on the 14th, but did not reach there till the 15th. He arrived + precisely two hours before the death of Christian, King of Denmark, an + event with which he made me acquainted by letter written two days after + his arrival. + </p> + <p> + On the 6th of April following I received a second letter from Bernadotte, + in which he desired me to order the Grand Ducal postmaster to keep back + all letters addressed to the Spanish troops, who had been placed under his + command, and of which the corps of Romana formed part. The postmaster was + ordered to keep the letters until he received orders to forward them to + their destinations. Bernadotte considered this step indispensable, to + prevent the intrigues which he feared might be set on foot in order to + shake the fidelity of the Spaniards he commanded. I saw from his despatch + that he feared the plotting of Romanillos, who, however, was not a person + to cause much apprehension. Romanillos was as commonplace a man as could + well be conceived; and his speeches, as well as his writings, were too + innocent to create any influence on public opinion. + </p> + <p> + In addition to the functions with which the Emperor at first invested me, + I had to discharge the duties of French Consul-General at Hamburg, and in + that character I was obliged to present to the Minister for Foreign + Affairs a very singular request, viz. that the judicial notifications, + which as Consul-General I had to make known to the people of Hamburg, + might be written in a more legible hand. Many of these notifications had + been disregarded on account of the impossibility of reading them: With + respect to one of them it was declared that it was impossible to discover + whether the writing was German, French, or Chinese. + </p> + <p> + I shall not record all the acts of spoliation committed by second-rate + ambitious aspirants who hoped to come in for their share in the division + of the Continent: The Emperor's lieutenants regarded Europe as a + twelfthcake, but none of them ventured to dispute the best bit with + Napoleon. Long would be the litany were I to enregister all the fraud and + treachery which they committed, either to augment their fortunes or to win + the favour of the chief who wished to have kings for his subjects. The + fact is, that all the Princes of Germany displayed the greatest eagerness + to range themselves under the protection of Napoleon, by, joining the + Confederation of the Rhine. I received from those Princes several letters + which served to prove at once the influence of Napoleon in Germany and the + facility with which men bend beneath the yoke of a new power. I must say + that among the emigrants who remained faithful to their cause there were + some who evinced more firmness of character than the foreign Princes. I + may mention, for example, M. Hue, the 'valet de chambre' of Louis XVI. I + do not intend to deny the high regard I entertained for that faithful + servant of the martyred King; but the attentions which I congratulate + myself on having shown to an excellent man should not have subjected me to + false imputations. + </p> + <p> + I have read the following statement in a publication: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "M. Hue retired to Hamburg, where he passed nine, months in perfect + obscurity. He afterwards went to Holland, provided with a passport + from Bourrienne, who was Napoleon's Minister, though in disgrace, + and who, foreseeing what was to happen, sought to ingratiate himself + in the favour of the Bourbons." +</pre> + <p> + The above passage contains a falsehood in almost every line. M. Hue wished + to reside in Hamburg, but he did not wish to conceal himself. I invited + him to visit me, and assured him that he might remain in Hamburg without + apprehension, provided he acted prudently. He wished to go to Holland, and + I took upon myself to give him a passport. I left M. Hue in the free + management of his business, the nature of which I knew very well, and + which was very honourable; he was deputed to pay the pensions which Louis + XVIII. granted to the emigrants. As for myself, I had tendered my + resignation of private secretary to Bonaparte; and even admitting I was in + disgrace in that character, I was not so as Minister and Consul-General at + Hamburg. My situation, which was of little consequence at the time I was + appointed to it, was later on rendered exceedingly important by + circumstances. It was, in fact, a sort of watch-tower of the Government, + whence all the movements of northern Germany were observed; and during my + residence in the Hanse Towns I continually experienced the truth of what + Bonaparte said to me at my farewell audience—"Yours is a place + independent and apart." + </p> + <p> + It is absurd to say that the kindness I showed to M. Hue was an attempt to + ingratiate myself with the Bourbons. My attentions to him were dictated + solely by humanity, unaccompanied by any afterthought. Napoleon had given + me his confidence, and by mitigating the verity of his orders I served him + better than they who executed them in a way which could not fail to render + the French Government odious. If I am accused of extending every possible + indulgence to the unfortunate emigrants, I plead guilty; and, far from + wishing to defend myself against the charge, I consider it honourable to + me. But I defy any one of them to say that I betrayed in their favour the + interests with which I was entrusted. They who urged Bonaparte to usurp + the crown of France served, though perhaps unconsciously, the cause of the + Bourbons. I, on the contrary, used all my endeavours to dissuade him from + that measure, which I clearly saw must, in the end, lead to the + restoration, though I do not pretend that I was sufficiently clear-sighted + to guess that Napoleon's fall was so near at hand. The kindness I showed + to M. Hue and his companions in misfortune was prompted by humanity, and + not by mean speculation. As well might it be said that Bernadotte, who, + like myself, neglected no opportunity of softening the rigour of the + orders he was deputed to execute, was by this means working his way to the + throne of Sweden. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte had proceeded to Denmark to take the command of the Spanish and + French troops who had been removed from the Hanse Towns to occupy that + kingdom, which was then threatened by the English. His departure was a + great loss to me, for we had always agreed respecting the measures to be + adopted, and I felt his absence the more sensibly when I was enabled to + make a comparison between him and his successor. It is painful to me to + detail the misconduct of those who injured the French name in Germany, but + in fulfilment of the task I have undertaken, I am bound to tell the truth. + </p> + <p> + In April 1808 General Dupas came to take the command of Hamburg, but only + under the orders of Bernadotte, who retained the supreme command of the + French troops in the Hanse Towns. By the appointment of General Dupas the + Emperor cruelly thwarted the wishes and hopes of the inhabitants of Lower + Saxony. That General said of the people of Hamburg, "As long as I see + those . . . driving in their carriages I can get money from them." It is, + however, only just to add, that his dreadful exactions were not made on + his own account, but for the benefit of another man to whom he owed his + all, and to whom he had in some measure devoted his existence. + </p> + <p> + I will state some particulars respecting the way in which the generals who + commanded the French troops at Hamburg were maintained. The Senate of + Hamburg granted to the Marshals thirty friederichs a day for the expenses + of their table exclusive of the hotel in which they were lodged by the + city. The generals of division had only twenty friederichs. General Dupas + wished to be provided for on the same footing as the Marshals. The Senate + having, with reason, rejected this demand, Dupas required that he should + be daily served with a breakfast and a dinner of thirty covers. This was + an inconceivable burden, and Dupas cost the city more than any of his + predecessors. + </p> + <p> + I saw an account of his expenses, which during the twenty-one weeks he + remained at Hamburg amounted to 122,000 marks, or about 183,000 francs. + None but the most exquisite wines were drunk at the table of Dupas. Even + his servants were treated with champagne, and the choicest fruits were + brought from the fine hothouses of Berlin. The inhabitants were irritated + at this extravagance, and Dupas accordingly experienced the resistance of + the Senate. + </p> + <p> + Among other vexations there was one to which the people could not readily + submit. In Hamburg, which had formerly been a fortified town, the custom + was preserved of closing the gates at nightfall. On Sundays they were + closed three-quarters of an hour later, to avoid interrupting the + amusements of the people. + </p> + <p> + While General Dupas was Governor of Hamburg an event occurred which + occasioned considerable irritation in the public mind, and might have been + attended by fatal consequences. From some whim or other the General + ordered the gates to be closed at seven in the evening, and consequently + while it was broad daylight, for it was in the middle of spring; no + exception was made in favour of Sunday, and on that day a great number of + the inhabitants who had been walking in the outskirts of the city + presented themselves at the gate of Altona for admittance. To their + surprise they found the gate closed, though it was a greater thoroughfare + than any other gate in Hamburg. The number of persons, requiring + admittance increased, and a considerable crowd soon collected. After + useless entreaties had been addressed to the chief officer of the post the + people were determined to send to the Commandant for the keys. The + Commandant arrived, accompanied by the General. When they appeared it was + supposed they had come for the purpose of opening the gates, and they were + accordingly saluted with a general hurrah! which throughout almost all the + north is the usual cry for expressing popular satisfaction. General Dupas + not understanding the meaning of this hurrah! supposed it to be a signal + for sedition, and instead of ordering the gates to be opened he commanded + the military to fire upon the peaceful citizens, who only wanted to return + to their homes. Several persons were killed, and others more or less + seriously wounded. Fortunately, after this first discharge the fury of + Dupas was appeased; but still he persisted in keeping the gates closed at + night. Next day an order was posted about the city prohibiting the cry of + hurrah! under pain of a severe punishment. It was also forbidden that more + than three persona should collect together in the streets. Thus it was + that certain persons imposed the French yoke upon towns and provinces + which were previously happy. + </p> + <p> + Dupas was as much execrated in the Hanse Towns as Clarke had been in + Berlin when he was governor of that capital during the campaign of 1807. + Clarke had burdened the people of Berlin with every kind of oppression and + exaction. He, as well as many others, manifested a ready obedience in + executing the Imperial orders, however tyrannical they might be; and + Heaven knows what epithets invariably accompanied the name of Clarke when + pronounced by the lips of a Prussian. + </p> + <p> + Dupas seemed to have taken Clarke as his model. An artillery officer, who + was in Hamburg at the time of the disturbance I have just mentioned, told + me that it was he who was directed to place two pieces of light-artillery + before the gate of Altona. Having executed this order, he went to General + Dupas, whom he found in a furious fit of passion, breaking and destroying + everything within his reach. In the presence of the officer he broke more + than two dozen plates which were on the table before him: these plates, of + course, had cost him very little! + </p> + <p> + On the day after the disturbance which had so fatal a termination I wrote + to inform the Prince of Porte-Corvo of what had taken place; and in my + letter I solicited the suppression of an extraordinary tribunal which had + been created by General Dupas. He returned me an immediate answer, + complying with my request. His letter was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + I have received your letter, my dear Minister: it forcibly conveys + the expression of your right feeling, which revolts against + oppression, severity, and the abase of power. I entirely concur in + your view of the subject, and I am distressed whenever I see such + acts of injustice committed. On an examination of the events which + took place on the 19th it is impossible to deny that the officer who + ordered the gates to be closed so soon was in the wrong; and next, + it may be asked, why were not the gates opened instead of the + military being ordered to fire on the people? But, on the other + hand, did not the people evince decided obstinacy and + insubordination? were they not to blame in throwing stones at the + guard, forcing the palisades, and even refusing to listen to the + voice of the magistrates? It is melancholy that they should have + fallen into these excesses, from which, doubtless, they would have + refrained had they listened to the civil chiefs, who ought to be + their first directors. Finally, my dear Minister, the Senator who + distributed money at the gate of Altona to appease the multitude + would have done better had he advised them to wait patiently until + the gates were opened; and he might, I think, have gone to the + Commandant or the General to solicit that concession. + + Whenever an irritated mob resorts to violence there is no safety for + any one. The protecting power mast then exert its utmost authority + to stop mischief. The Senate of ancient Rome, so jealous of its + prerogatives, assigned to a Dictator, in times of trouble, the power + of life and death, and that magistrate knew no other code than his + own will and the axe of his lictors. The ordinary laws did not + resume their course until the people returned to submission. + + The event which took place in Hamburg produced a feeling of + agitation of which evil-disposed persons might take advantage to + stir up open insurrection. That feeling could only be repressed by + a severe tribunal, which, however, is no longer necessary. General + Dupas has, accordingly, received orders to dissolve it, and justice + will resume her usual course. + J. BERNADOTTE + DENSEL, 4th May, 1808. +</pre> + <p> + When Bernadotte returned to Hamburg he sent. Dupas to Lübeck. That city, + which was poorer than Hamburg, suffered cruelly from the visitation of + such a guest. + </p> + <p> + Dupas levied all his exactions in kind, and indignantly spurned every + offer of accepting money, the very idea of which, he said, shocked his + delicacy of feeling. But his demands became so extravagant that the city + of Lübeck was utterly unable to satisfy them. Besides his table, which was + provided in the same style of profusion as at Hamburg, he required to be + furnished with plate, linen, wood, and candles; in short, with the most + trivial articles of household consumption. + </p> + <p> + The Senate deputed to the incorruptible General Dupas M. Nolting, a + venerable old man, who mildly represented to him the abuses which were + everywhere committed in his name, and entreated that he would vouchsafe to + accept twenty Louis a day to defray the expenses of his table alone. At + this proposition General Dupes flew into a rage. To offer him money was an + insult not to be endured! He furiously drove the terrified Senator out of + the house, and at once ordered his 'aide de camp' Barrel to imprison him. + M. de Barrel, startled at this extraordinary order, ventured to + remonstrate with the General, but in vain; and, though against his heart, + he was obliged to obey. The aide de camp accordingly waited upon the + Senator Notting, and overcome by that feeling of respect which gray hairs + involuntarily inspire in youth, instead of arresting him, he besought the + old man not to leave his house until he should prevail on the General to + retract his orders. It was not till the following day that M. de Barrel + succeeded in getting these orders revoked—that is to say, he + obtained M. Notting's release from confinement; for Dupas would not be + satisfied until he heard that the Senator had suffered at least the + commencement of the punishment to which his capricious fury had doomed + him. + </p> + <p> + In spite of his parade of disinterestedness General Dupas yielded so far + as to accept the twenty Louis a day for the expense of his table which M. + Notting had offered him on the part of the Senate of Lübeck; but it was + not without murmurings, complaints, and menaces that he made this generous + concession; and he exclaimed more than once, "These fellows have portioned + out my allowance for me." Lübeck was not released from the presence of + General Dupes until the month of March 1809, when he was summoned to + command a division in the Emperor's new campaign against Austria. Strange + as it may appear, it is nevertheless the fact, that, oppressive as had + been his presence at Lübeck, the Hanse Towns soon had reason to regret + him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0084" id="link2HCH0084"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XV. + </h2> + + 1808. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Promulgation of the Code of Commerce—Conquests by Status-consulte— + Three events in one day—Recollections—Application of a line of + Voltaire—Creation of the Imperial nobility—Restoration of the + university—Aggrandisement of the kingdom of Italy at the expense of + Rome—Cardinal Caprara'a departure from Paris—The interview at + Erfurt. +</pre> + <p> + The year 1808 was fertile in remarkable events. Occupied as I was with my + own duties, I yet employed my leisure hours in observing the course of + those great acts by which Bonaparte seemed determined to mark every day of + his life. At the commencement of 1808 I received one of the first copies + of the Code of Commerce, promulgated on the 1st of January by the + Emperor's order. This code appeared to me an act of mockery; at least it + was extraordinary to publish a code respecting a subject which it was the + effect of all the Imperial decrees to destroy. What trade could possibly + exist under the Continental system, and the ruinous severity of the + customs? The line was already extended widely enough when, by a + 'Senatus-consulte', it was still further widened. The Emperor, to whom all + the Continent submitted, had recourse to no other formality for the + purpose of annexing to the Empire the towns of Kehl, Cassel near Mayence, + Wesel, and Flushing, with the territories depending on them. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A resolution of the senate, or a "Senatus-consulte" was the means + invented by Napoleon for altering the imperial Constitutions, and + even the extent of the Empire. By one of these, dated 21st January + 1808, the towns of Kehl, Cassel, and Wesel, with Flushing, all + already seized, were definitely united to France. The loss of + Wesel, which helonged to Murat's Grand Duchy of Berg, was a very + sore point with Murat.]— +</pre> + <p> + These conquests, gained by decrees and senatorial decisions, had at least + the advantage of being effected without bloodshed. All these things were + carefully communicated to me by the Ministers with whom I corresponded, + for my situation at Hamburg had acquired such importance that it was + necessary I should know everything. + </p> + <p> + At this period I observed among the news which I received from different + places a singular coincidence of dates, worthy of being noted by the + authors of ephemrides. On the same day-namely, the 1st of February Paris, + Lisbon, and Rome were the scenes of events of different kinds, but, as + they all happened on one day, affording a striking example of the rapidity + of movement which marked the reign of Bonaparte. At Paris the niece of + Josephine, Mademoiselle de Tascher, whom Napoleon had lately exalted to + the rank of Princess, was married to the reigning Prince of Ahremberg, + while at the same time Junot declared to Portugal that the house of + Braganza had ceased to reign, and French troops were, under the command of + General Miollis, occupying Rome. This occupation was the commencement of + prolonged struggles, during which Pins VII. expiated the condescension he + had shown in going to Paris to crown Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + Looking over my notes, I see it was the day after these three events + occurred that Bonaparte gave to his brother-in-law, Prince Borghese, the + Governorship-General of the departments beyond the Alps which he had just + founded; and of which he made the eighth Grand Dignitary of the Empire. + General Menou, whom I had not seen since Egypt, was obliged by this + appointment to leave Turin, where he had always remained. Bonaparte, not + wishing to permit him to come to Paris, sent Menou to preside over the + Junta of Tuscany, of which he soon afterwards made another + General-Governorship, which he entrusted to the care of his sister Elisa. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Prince Camille Philippe Louis Borghese (1755-1832), an Italian, + had married, 6th November 1808, Pauline Bonaparte, the sister of + Napoleon, and the widow of General Leclerc. He had been made Prince + and Duke of Guastalla when that duchy was given to his wife, 30th + Marsh 1806. He separated from his wife after a few years. Indeed + Pauline was impossible as a wife if half of the stories about her + are true. It was she who, finding that a lady was surprised at her + having sat naked while a statue of her was being modelled for + Canova, believed she had satisfactorily explained matters by saying, + "but there was a fire in the room."]— +</pre> + <p> + My correspondence relative to what passed in the south of France and of + Europe presented to me, if I may so express myself, merely an anecdotal + interest. Not so the news which came from the north. At Hamburg I was like + the sentinel of an advanced post, always on the alert. I frequently + informed the Government of what would take place before the event actually + happened. I was one of the first to hear of the plans of Russia relative + to Sweden. The courier whom I sent to Paris arrived there at the very + moment when Russia made the declaration of war. About the end of February + the Russian troops entered Swedish Finland, and occupied also the capital + of that province, which had at all times been coveted by the Russian + Government. It has been said that at the interview at Erfurt Bonaparte + consented to the usurpation of that province by Alexander in return for + the complaisance of the latter in acknowledging Joseph as King of Spain + and the Indies. + </p> + <p> + The removal of Joseph from the throne of Naples to the throne of Madrid + belongs, indeed, to that period respecting which I am now throwing + together a few recollections. Murat had succeeded Joseph at Naples, and + this accession of the brother-in-law of Napoleon to one of the thrones of + the House of Bourbon gave Bonaparte another junior in the college of + kings, of which he would have infallibly become the senior if he had gone + on as he began. + </p> + <p> + I will relate a little circumstance which now occurs to me respecting the + kings manufactured by Napoleon. I recollect that during the King of + Etruria's stay in Paris—the First Consul went with that Prince to + the Comedie Francaise, where Voltaire's 'OEdipus' was performed. This + piece, I may observe, Bonaparte liked better than anything Voltaire ever + wrote. I was in the theatre, but not in the First Consul's box, and I + observed, as all present must have done, the eagerness with which the + audience applied to Napoleon and the King of Etruria the line in which + Philoctetes says— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "J'ai fait des souverains et n'ai pas voulu l'etre." + + ["I have made sovereigns, but have not wished to be one myself."] +</pre> + <p> + The application was so marked that it could not fail to become the subject + of conversation between the First Consul and me. "You remarked it, + Bourrienne?" . . . "Yes, General." . . "The fools! . . . They shall see! + They shall see!" We did indeed see. Not content with making kings, + Bonaparte, when his brow was encircled by a double crown, after creating + princes at length realised the object he had long contemplated, namely, to + found a new nobility endowed with hereditary rights. It was at the + commencement of March 1808 that he accomplished this project; and I saw in + the 'Moniteur' a long list of princes, dukes, counts, barons, and knights + of the Empire; there were wanting only viscounts and marquises. + </p> + <p> + At the same time that Bonaparte was founding a new nobility he determined + to raise up the old edifice of the university, but on a new foundation. + The education of youth had always been one of his ruling ideas, and I had + an opportunity of observing how he was changed by the exercise of + sovereign power when I received at Hamburg the statutes of the new elder + daughter of the Emperor of the French, and compared them with the ideas + which Bonaparte, when General and First Consul, had often expressed to me + respecting the education which ought to be given youth. Though the sworn + enemy of everything like liberty, Bonaparte had at first conceived a vast + system of education, comprising above all the study of history, and those + positive sciences, such as geology and astronomy, which give the utmost + degree of development to the human mind. The Sovereign, however, shrunk + from the first ideas of the man of genius, and his university, confided to + the elegant suppleness of M. de Fontaines, was merely a school capable of + producing educated subjects but not enlightened men. + </p> + <p> + Before taking complete possession of Rome, and making it the second city + of the Empire, the vaunted moderation of Bonaparte was confined to + dismembering from it the legations of Ancona, Urbino, Macerata, and + Camerino, which were divided into three departments; and added to the + Kingdom of Italy. The patience of the Holy See could no longer hold out + against this act of violence, and Cardinal Caprara, who had remained in + Paris since the coronation, at last left that capital. Shortly afterwards + the Grand Duchies of Parma and Piacenza were united to the French Empire, + and annexed to the government of the departments beyond the Alps. These + transactions were coincident with the events in Spain and Bayonne before + mentioned. + </p> + <p> + After the snare laid at Bayonne the Emperor entered Paris on the 14th of + August, the eve of his birthday. Scarcely had he arrived in the capital + when he experienced fresh anxiety in consequence of the conduct of Russia, + which, as I have stated, had declared open war with Sweden, and did not + conceal the intention of seizing Finland. But Bonaparte, desirous of + actively carrying on the war in Spain, felt the necessity of removing his + troops from Prussia to the Pyrenees. He then hastened the interview at + Erfurt, where the two Emperors of France and Russia had agreed to meet. He + hoped that this interview would insure the tranquillity of the Continent, + while he should complete the subjection of Spain to the sceptre of Joseph. + That Prince had been proclaimed on the 8th of June; and on the 21st of the + same month he made his entry into Madrid, but having received, ten days + after, information of the disaster at Baylen, he was obliged to leave the + Spanish capital. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The important battle of Daylen, where the French, under General + Dupont, were beaten by the Spaniards, was fought on the 19th of July + 1808.]— +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte's wishes must at this time have been limited to the tranquillity + of the Continent, for the struggle between him and England was more + desperate than ever. England had just sent troops to Portugal under the + command of Sir Arthur Wellesley. There was no longer any hope of a + reconciliation with Great Britain: The interview at Erfurt having been + determined on, the Emperor, who had returned from Bayonne to Paris, again + left the capital about the end of September, and arrived at Metz without + stopping, except for the purpose of reviewing the regiments which were + echeloned on his route, and which were on their march from the Grand Army + to Spain. + </p> + <p> + I had heard some time previously of the interview which was about to take + place, and which was so memorable in the life of Napoleon. It excited so + much interest in Germany that the roads were covered with the equipages of + the Princes who were going to Erfurt to witness the meeting. The French + Emperor arrived there before Alexander, and went forward three leagues to + meet him. Napoleon was on horseback, Alexander in a carriage. They + embraced, it is said, in a manner expressive of the most cordial + friendship. This interview was witnessed by most of the sovereign Princes + of Germany. However, neither the King of Prussia nor the Emperor of + Austria was present. The latter sovereign sent a letter to Napoleon, of + which I obtained a copy. It was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SIRE, MY BROTHER,—My Ambassador in Paris informs me that your + Majesty is about to proceed to Erfurt to meet the Emperor Alexander. + I eagerly seize the opportunity of your approach to my frontier to + renew those testimonials of friendship and esteem which I have + pledged to you; and I send my Lieutenant-General, Baron Vincent, to + convey to you the assurance of my unalterable sentiments. If the + false accounts that have been circulated respecting the internal + institutions which I have established in my monarchy should for a + moment have excited your Majesty's doubts as to my intentions, I + fatter myself that the explanations given on that subject by Count + Metternich to your Minister will have entirely removed them. Baron + Vincent is enabled to confirm to your Majesty all that has been said + by Count Metternich on the subject, and to add any further + explanations, you may wish for. I beg that your Majesty will grant + him the same gracious reception he experienced at Paris and at + Warsaw. The renewed marks of favour you may bestow on him will be + an unequivocal pledge of the reciprocity of your sentiments, and + will seal that confidence which will render our satisfaction mutual. + + Deign to accept the assurance of the unalterable affection and + respect with which I am, Sire, my Brother, Your imperial and royal + Majesty's faithful brother and friend, + (Signed) FRANCIS. + PRESBURG, 8th September 1808. +</pre> + <p> + This letter appears to be a model of ambiguity, by which it is impossible + Napoleon could have been imposed upon. However, as yet he had no suspicion + of the hostility of Austria, which speedily became manifest; his grand + object then was the Spanish business, and, as I have before observed, one + of the secrets of Napoleon's genius was, that he did not apply himself to + more than one thing at a time. + </p> + <p> + At Erfurt Bonaparte attained the principal object he had promised himself + by the meeting. Alexander recognized Joseph in his new character of King + of Spain and the Indies. It has been said that as the price of this + recognition Napoleon consented that Alexander should have Swedish Finland; + but for the truth of this I cannot vouch. However, I remember that when, + after the interview at Erfurt, Alexander had given-orders to his + ambassador to Charles IV. to continue his functions under King Joseph, the + Swedish charge d'affaires at Hamburg told me that confidential letters + received by him from Erfurt led him to fear that the Emperor Alexander had + communicated to Napoleon his designs on Finland, and that Napoleon had + given his consent to the occupation. Be this as it may, as soon as the + interview was over Napoleon returned to Paris, where he presided with much + splendour at the opening of the Legislative Body, and set out in the month + of November for Spain. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0085" id="link2HCH0085"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVI. + </h2> + + 1808. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Spanish troops in Hamburg—Romana's siesta—His departure for + Funen—Celebration of Napoleon's birthday—Romana's defection— + English agents and the Dutch troops—Facility of communication + between England and the Continent—Delay of couriers from Russia— + Alarm and complaints—The people of Hamburg—Montesquieu and the + Minister of the Grand Duke of Tuscany—Invitations at six months— + Napoleon's journey to Italy—Adoption of Eugène—Lucien's daughter + and the Prince of the Asturias—M. Auguste de Stael's interview with + Napoleon. +</pre> + <p> + Previous to the interview at Erfurt an event took place which created a + strong interest in Hamburg and throughout Europe, an event which was + planned and executed with inconceivable secrecy. I allude to the defection + of the Marquis de la Romans, which I have not hitherto noticed, in order + that I might not separate the different facts which came to my knowledge + respecting that defection and the circumstances which accompanied it. + </p> + <p> + The Marquis de la Romans had come to the Hanse Towns at the head of an + army corps of 18,000 men, which the Emperor in the preceding campaign + claimed in virtue of treaties previously concluded with the Spanish + Government. The Spanish troops at first met with a good reception in the + Hanse Towns. The difference of language, indeed, occasionally caused + discord, but when better acquainted the inhabitants and their visitors + became good friends. The Marquis de la Romans was a little swarthy man, of + unprepossessing and rather common appearance; but he had a considerable + share of talent and information. He had travelled in almost every part of + Europe, and as he had been a close observer of all he saw his conversation + was exceedingly agreeable and instructive. + </p> + <p> + During his stay at Hamburg General Romans spent almost every evening at my + house, and invariably fell asleep over a game at whist. Madame de + Bourrienne was usually his partner, and I recollect he perpetually offered + apologies for his involuntary breach of good manners. This, however, did + not hinder him from being guilty of the same offence the next evening. I + will presently explain the cause of this regular siesta. + </p> + <p> + On the King of Spain's birthday the Marquis de la Romans gave a + magnificent entertainment. The decorations of the ballroom consisted of + military emblems. The Marquis did the honours with infinite grace, and + paid particular attention to the French generals. He always spoke of the + Emperor in very respectful terms, without any appearance of affectation, + so that it was impossible to suspect him of harbouring disaffection. He + played his part to the last with the utmost address. At Hamburg we had + already received intelligence of the fatal result of the battle of the + Sierra Morena, and of the capitulation of Dupont, which disgraced him at + the very moment when the whole army marked him out as the man most likely + next to receive the baton of Marshal of France. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the Marquis de la Romans departed for the Danish island of + Funen, in compliance with the order which Marshal Bernadotte had + transmitted to him. There, as at Hamburg, the Spaniards were well liked, + for their general obliged them to observe the strictest discipline. Great + preparations were made in Hamburg on the approach of Saint Napoleon's day, + which was then celebrated with much solemnity in every town in which + France had representatives. The Prince de Ponte-Corvo was at Travemunde, a + small seaport near Lübeck, but that did not prevent him from giving + directions for the festival of the 15th of August. The Marquis de la + Romana, the better to deceive the Marshal, despatched a courier, + requesting permission to visit Hamburg on the day of the fete in order to + join his prayers to those of the French, and to receive, on the day of the + fete, from the hands of the Prince, the grand order of the Legion of + Honour, which he had solicited, and which Napoleon had granted him. Three + days after Bernadotte received intelligence of the defection of de la + Romana. The Marquis had contrived to assemble a great number of English + vessels on the coast, and to escape with all his troops except a depot of + 600 men left at Altona. We afterwards heard that he experienced no + interruption on his passage, and that he landed with his troops at + Corunna. I now knew to what to attribute the drowsiness which always + overcame the Marquis de la Romana when he sat down to take a hand at + whist. The fact was, he sat up all night making preparations for the + escape which he had long meditated, while to lull suspicion he showed + himself everywhere during the day, as usual. + </p> + <p> + On the defection of the Spanish troops I received letters from Government + requiring me to augment my vigilance, and to seek out those persons who + might be supposed to have been in the confidence of the Marquis de la + Romans. I was informed that English agents, dispersed through the Hanse + Towns, were endeavouring to foment discord and dissatisfaction among the + King of Holland's troops. These manoeuvres were connected with the treason + of the Spaniards and the arrival of Danican in Denmark. Insubordination + had already broken out, but it was promptly repressed. Two Dutch soldiers + were shot for striking their officers, but notwithstanding this severity + desertion among the troops increased to an alarming degree. Indefatigable + agents in the pay of the English Government laboured incessantly to seduce + the soldiers of King Louis (of Holland) from their duty. Some of these + agents being denounced to me were taken almost in the act, and positive + proof being adduced of their guilt they were condemned to death. + </p> + <p> + These indispensable examples of severity did not check the manoeuvres of + England, though they served to cool the zeal of her agents. I used every + endeavour to second the Prince of Ponte-Corvo in tracing out the persons + employed by England. It was chiefly from the small island of Heligoland + that they found their way to the Continent. This communication was + facilitated by the numerous vessels scattered about the small islands + which lie along that coast. Five or six pieces of gold defrayed the + expense of the passage to or from Heligoland. Thus the Spanish news, which + was printed and often fabricated at London, was profusely circulated in + the north of Germany. Packets of papers addressed to merchants and + well-known persons in the German towns were put into the post-offices of + Embden, Kuipphausen, Varel, Oldenburg, Delmenhorst, and Bremen. Generally + speaking, this part of the coast was not sufficiently well watched to + prevent espionage and smuggling; with regard to smuggling, indeed, no + power could have entirely prevented it. The Continental system had made it + a necessity, so that a great part of the population depended on it for + subsistence. + </p> + <p> + In the beginning of December 1808 we remarked that the Russian courier who + passed through Konigsberg and Berlin, was regularly detained four, five, + and even six hours on his way to Hamburg. The trading portion of the + population, always suspicious, became alarmed at this chance in the + courier's hours, into which they inquired and soon discovered the cause. + It was ascertained that two agents had been stationed by the postmaster of + the Grand Duchy of Berg at Hamburg, in a village called Eschburg belonging + to the province of Lauenburg. There the courier from Berlin was stopped, + and his packets and letters opened. As soon as these facts were known in + Hamburg there was a general consternation among the trading class-that is + to say, the influential population of the city. Important and + well-grounded complaints were made. Some letters had been suppressed, + enclosures had been taken from one letter and put into another, and + several bills of exchange had gone astray. The intelligence soon reached + the ears of the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, and was confirmed by the official + report of the commissioner for the Imperial and Royal Post-office, who + complained of the delay of the courier, of the confusion of the packets, + and of want of confidence in the Imperial Post-office. It was impolitic to + place such agents in a village where there was not even a post-office, and + where the letters were opened in an inn without any supervision. This + examination of the letters, sometimes, perhaps, necessary, but often + dangerous, and always extremely delicate, created additional alarm, on + account of the persons to whom the business was entrusted. If the Emperor + wished to be made acquainted with the correspondence of certain persons in + the north it would have been natural to entrust the business to his agents + and his commissioner at Hamburg, and not to two unknown individuals—another + inconvenience attending black cabinets. At my suggestion the Prince of + Ponte-Corvo gave orders for putting a stop to the clandestine business at + Eschburg. The two agents were taken to Hamburg and their conduct inquired + into. They were severely punished. They deserved this, however, less than + those who had entrusted them with such an honourable mission; but leaders + never make much scruple about abandoning their accomplices in the lower + ranks. + </p> + <p> + But for the pain of witnessing vexations of this sort, which I had not + always power to prevent, especially after Bernadotte's removal, my + residence at Hamburg would have been delightful. Those who have visited + that town know the advantages it possesses from its charming situation on + the Elbe, and above all, the delightful country which surrounds it like a + garden, and extends to the distance of more than a league along the banks + of the Eyder. The manners and customs of the inhabitants bear the stamp of + peculiarity; they are fond of pursuing their occupations in the open air. + The old men are often seen sitting round tables placed before their doors + sipping tea, while the children play before them, and the young people are + at their work. These groups have a very picturesque effect, and convey a + gratifying idea of the happiness of the people. On seeing the worthy + citizens of Hamburg assembled round their doors I could not help thinking + of a beautiful remark of Montesquieu. When he went to Florence with a + letter of recommendation to the Prime Minister of the Grand Duke of + Tuscany he found him sitting at the threshold of his door, inhaling the + fresh air and conversing with some friends. "I see," said Montesquieu, + "that I am arrived among a happy people, since their Prime Minister can + enjoy his leisure moments thus." + </p> + <p> + A sort of patriarchal simplicity characterises the manners of the + inhabitants of Hamburg. They do not visit each other much, and only by + invitation; but on such occasions they display great luxury beneath their + simple exterior. They are methodical and punctual to an extraordinary + degree. Of this I recollect a curious instance. I was very intimate with + Baron Woght, a man of talent and information, and exceedingly amiable + manners. One day he called to make us a farewell visit as he intended to + set out on the following day for Paris. On Madame de Bourrienne expressing + a hope that he would not protract his absence beyond six months, the + period he had fixed upon, he replied, "Be assured, madame, nothing shall + prevent me getting home on the day I have appointed, for I have invited a + party of friends to dine with me on the day after my return." The Baron + returned at the appointed time, and none of his guests required to be + reminded of his invitation at six months' date. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon so well knew the effect which his presence produced that after a + conquest he loved to show himself to the people whose territories he added + to the Empire. Duroc, who always accompanied him when he was not engaged + on missions, gave me a curious account of Napoleon's journey in 1807 to + Venice and the other Italian provinces, which, conformably with the treaty + of Presburg, were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. + </p> + <p> + In this journey to the Kingdom of Italy Napoleon had several important + objects in view. He was planning great alliances; and he loaded Eugène + with favours for the purpose of sounding him and preparing him for his + mother's divorce. At the same time he intended to have an interview with + his brother Lucien, because, wishing to dispose of the hand of his + brother's daughter, he thought of making her marry the Prince of the + Asturias (Ferdinand), who before the Spanish war, when the first + dissensions between father and son had become manifest, had solicited an + alliance with the Emperor in the hope of getting his support. This was + shortly after the eldest son of Louis had died in Holland of croup. It has + been wrongly believed that Napoleon had an affection for this child beyond + that of an uncle for a nephew. I have already said the truth about this. + </p> + <p> + However this may be, it is certain that Napoleon now seriously + contemplated a divorce from Josephine. If there had been no other proof of + this I, who from long habit knew how to read Napoleon's thoughts by his + acts, found a sufficient one in the decree issued at Milan by which + Napoleon adopted Eugène as his son and successor to the crown of Italy, in + default of male and legitimate children directly descended from him. + Lucien went to Mantua on his brother's invitation, and this was the last + interview they had before the Cent Jours. Lucien consented to give his + daughter to the Prince of the Asturias, but this marriage did not take + place. I learned from Duroc to what a height the enmity of Lucien towards + the Beauharnais family, an enmity which I have often had occasion to speak + of, had been renewed on this occasion. Lucien could not pardon Josephine + for the rebuff of the counsels which he had given her, and which she had + rejected with such proper indignation. Lucien had besides another special + reason for giving his daughter to the Prince of the Asturias. He + particularly wished to prevent that Prince marrying Mademoiselle de + Tascher, the niece of Josephine, a marriage for which M. de Beauharnais, + then Ambassador of France at Madrid, was working with all his might. + Lucien also, with his Republican stolidity, submitted without too much + scruple to the idea of having a Bourbon King as son-in-law. It was also + during this journey of Napoleon that he annexed Tuscany to the Empire. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte returned to Paris on the 1st of January 1808. On his way he + stopped for a short time at Chambery, where a young man had been waiting + for him several days. This was Madame de Stael's son, who was then not + more than seventeen years of age. M. Auguste de Stael lodged at the house + of the postmaster of Chambery, and as the Emperor was expected in the + course of the night, he gave orders that he should be called up on the + arrival of the first courier. The couriers, who had been delayed on the + road, did not arrive until six in the morning, and were almost immediately + followed by the Emperor himself, so that M, de Stael was awakened by the + cries of Vive l'Empereur! He had just time to dress himself hastily, and + fly to meet Napoleon, to whom he delivered a letter, which he had prepared + beforehand for the purpose of soliciting an audience. Lauriston, the aide + de camp on duty, took the letter, it being his business to receive all the + letters and petitions which were presented to Napoleon on his way. Before + breakfast the Emperor opened the letters which Lauriston had laid on the + table; he merely looked at the signatures, and then laid them aside. On + opening M. de Stael's letter he said, "Ah! ah! what have we here? a letter + from M. de Stael! . . . He wishes to see me: . . . What can he want? . . . + Can there be anything in common between me and the refugees of Geneva?"— + "Sire," observed Lauriston, "he is a very young man; and, as well as I + could judge from the little I saw of him, there is something very + prepossessing in his appearance."—"A very young man, say you? . . . + Oh, then I will see him. . . . Rustan, tell him to come in." M. de Stael + presented himself to Napoleon with modesty, but without any unbecoming + timidity. When he had respectfully saluted the Emperor a conversation + ensued between them, which Duroc described to me in nearly the following + manner. + </p> + <p> + As M. de Stael advanced towards the Emperor the latter said, "Whence do + you come?"—"From Geneva, Sire."—"Where is your mother?"—"She + is either in Vienna or will soon be there."—"At Vienna! . . . Well, + that is where she ought to be; and I suppose she is happy. . . . She will + now have a good opportunity of learning German."—"Sire, how can you + imagine my mother is happy when she is absent from her country and her + friends? If I were permitted to lay before your Majesty my mother's + confidential letter you would see how unhappy she is in her exile."— + "Ah, bah! your mother unhappy, indeed! . . . However, I do not mean to say + she is altogether a bad woman. . . . She has talent—perhaps too + much; and hers is an unbridled talent. She was educated amidst the chaos + of the subverted monarchy and the Revolution; and out of these events she + makes an amalgamation of her own! All this might become very dangerous. + Her enthusiasm is likely to make proselytes. I must keep watch upon her. + She does not like me; and for the interests of those whom she would + endanger I must prohibit her coming to Paris." + </p> + <p> + Young De Stael stated that his object in seeking the interview with the + Emperor was to petition for his mother's return to Paris. Napoleon having + listened without impatience to the reasons he urged in support of his + request, said, "But supposing I were to permit your mother to return to + Pairs, six months would not elapse before I should be obliged to send her + to the Bicetre or to the Temple. This I should be sorry to do, because the + affair would make a noise, and injure me in public opinion. Tell your + mother that my determination is formed, that my decision is irrevocable. + She shall never set foot in Paris as long as I live."— "Sire, I + cannot believe that you would arbitrarily imprison my mother if she gave + you no reason for such severity."—"She would give me a dozen! . . . + I know her well."—"Sire, permit me to say that I am certain my + mother would live in Paris in a way that would afford no ground of + reproach; she would live retired, and would see only a very few friends. + In spite of your Majesty's refusal I venture to entreat that you will give + her a trial, were it only for six weeks or a month. Permit her, Sire, to + pass that time in Paris, and I conjure you to come to no final decision + beforehand."—"Do you think I am to be deceived by these fair + promises? . . . I tell you it cannot be. She would serve as a rallying + point for the Faubourg St. Germain. She see nobody, indeed! Could she make + that sacrifice? She would visit and receive company. She would be guilty + of a thousand follies. She would be saying things which she may consider + as very good jokes, but which I should take seriously. My government is no + joke: I wish this to be well known by everybody."— "Sire, will your + Majesty permit me to repeat that my mother has no wish whatever to mingle + in society? She would confine herself to the circle of a few friends, a + list of whom she would give to your Majesty. You, Sire, who love France so + well, may form some idea of the misery my mother suffers in her + banishment. I conjure your Majesty to yield to my entreaties, and let us + be included in the number of your faithful subjects."—"You!"—"Yes, + Sire; or if your Majesty persist in your refusal, permit a son to inquire + what can have raised your displeasure against his mother. Some say that it + was my grandfather's last work; but I can assure your Majesty that my + mother had nothing to do with that."— "Yes, certainly," added + Napoleon, with more ill-humour than he had hitherto manifested. "Yes, + certainly, that work is very objectionable. Your grandfather was an + ideologist, a fool, an old lunatic. At sixty years of age to think of + forming plans to overthrow my constitution! States would be well governed, + truly, under such theorists, who judge of men from books and the world + from the map."—"Sire, since my grandfather's plans are, in your + Majesty's eyes, nothing but vain theories, I cannot conceive why they + should so highly excite your displeasure. There is no political economist + who has not traced out plans of constitutions."—"Oh! as to political + economists, they are mere-visionaries, who are dreaming of plans of + finance while they are unfit to fulfil the duties of a schoolmaster in the + most insignificant village in the Empire. Your grandfather's work is that + of an obstinate old man who died abusing all governments."—"Sire, + may I presume to suppose, from the way in which you speak of it, that your + Majesty judges from the report of malignant persons, and that you have not + yourself read it." + </p> + <p> + "That is a mistake. I have read it myself from beginning to end."— + "Then your Majesty must have seen how my grandfather renders justice to + your genius."—"Fine justice, truly! . . . He calls me the + indispensable man, but, judging from his arguments, the best thing that + could be done would be to cut my throat! Yes, I was indeed indispensable + to repair the follies of your grandfather, and the mischief he did to + France. It was he who overturned the monarchy and led Louis XVI. to the + scaffold."—"Sire, you seem to forget that my grandfather's property + was confiscated because he defended the King."—"Defended the King! A + fine defence, truly! You might as well say that if I give a man poison and + present him with an antidote when he is in the agonies of death I wish to + save him! Yet that is the way your grandfather defended Louis XVI..... As + to the confiscation you speak of, what does that prove? Nothing. Why, the + property of Robespierre was confiscated! And let me tell you that + Robespierre himself, Marat, and Danton did much less mischief to France + than M. Necker. It was he who brought about the Revolution. You, Monsieur + de Stael, did not see this; but I did. I witnessed all that passed in + those days of terror and public calamity. But as long as I live those days + shall never return. Your speculators trace their Utopian schemes upon + paper; fools read and believe them. All are babbling about general + happiness, and presently the people have not bread to eat; then comes a + revolution. Such is usually the fruit of all these fine theories! Your + grandfather was the cause of the saturnalia which desolated France. He is + responsible for all the blood shed in the Revolution!" + </p> + <p> + Duroc informed me that the Emperor uttered these last words in a tone of + fury which made all present tremble for young De Stael. Fortunately the + young man did not lose his self-possession in the conflict, while the + agitated expression of his countenance evidently showed what was passing + in his mind. He was sufficiently master of himself to reply to the Emperor + in a calm though rather faltering voice: "Sire, permit me to hope that + posterity will judge of my grandfather more favourably than your Majesty + does. During his administration he was ranked by the side of Sully and + Colbert; and let me repeat again that I trust posterity will render him + justice."—"Posterity will, probably, say little about him."— + "I venture to hope the contrary, Sire." + </p> + <p> + Then, added Duroc, the Emperor turning to us said with a smile, "After + all, gentlemen, it is not for me to say too much against the Revolution + since I have gained a throne by it." Then again turning to M. de Stael he + said, "The reign of anarchy is at au end. I must have subordination. + Respect the sovereign authority, since it comes from God. You are young, + and well educated, therefore; follow a better course, and avoid those bad + principles which endanger the welfare of society."—"Sire, since your + Majesty does me the honour to think me well educated, you ought not to + condemn the principles of my grandfather and my mother, for it is in those + principles that I have been brought up."—"Well, I advise you to keep + right in politics, for I will not pardon any offences of the Necker kind. + Every one should keep right in politics." + </p> + <p> + This conversation, Duroc informed me, had continued the whole time of + breakfast, and the Emperor rose just as he pronounced these last words: + "Every one should keep right in politics." At that moment young De Stael + again renewed his solicitations for his mother's recall from exile. + Bonaparte then stepped up to him and pinched his ear with that air of + familiarity which was customary to him when he was in good humour or + wished to appear so. + </p> + <p> + "You are young," said he; "if you had my age and experience you would + judge of things more correctly. I am far from being displeased with your + frankness. I like to see a son plead his mother's cause. Your mother has + given you a difficult commission, and you have executed it cleverly. I am + glad I have had this opportunity of conversing with you. I love to talk + with young people when they are unassuming and not too fond of arguing. + But in spite of that I will not hold out false hopes to you. Murat has + already spoken to me on the subject, and I have told him, as I now tell + you, that my will is irrevocable. If your mother were in prison I should + not hesitate to liberate her, but nothing shall induce me to recall her + from exile."—"But, Sire, is she not as unhappy in being banished + from her country and her friends as if she were in prison?"— "Oh! + these are your mother's romantic ideas. She is exceedingly unhappy, and + much to be pitied, no doubt! . . . With the exception of Paris she has all + Europe for her prison."—"But, Sire, her friends are in Paris."—"With + her talents she may make friends anywhere. After all, I cannot understand + why she should be so anxious to come to Paris. Why should she wish to + place herself immediately within the reach of my tyranny? Can she not go + to Rome, to Berlin, to Vienna, to Milan, or to London? Yes, let her go to + London; that is the place for her. There she may libel me as much as she + pleases. In short, she has my full liberty to be anywhere but in Paris. + You see, Monsieur de Stael, that is the place of my residence, and there I + will have only those who are attached to me. I know from experience that + if I were to allow your mother to come to Paris she would spoil everybody + about me. She would finish the spoiling of Garat. It was she who ruined + the Tribunate. I know she would promise wonders; but she cannot refrain + from meddling with politics."—"I can assure your Majesty that my + mother does not now concern herself about politics. She devotes herself + exclusively to the society of her friends and to literature."—"Ah, + there it is! . . . Literature! Do you think I am to be imposed upon by + that word? While discoursing on literature, morals, the fine arts, and + such matters, it is easy to dabble in politics. Let women mind their + knitting. If your mother were in Paris I should hear all sorts of reports + about her. Things might, indeed, be falsely attributed to her; but, be + that as it may, I will have nothing of the kind going on in the capital in + which I reside. All things considered, advise your mother to go to London. + That is the best place for her. As for your grandfather, I have not spoken + too severely of him. M. Necker knew nothing of the art of government. I + have learned something of the matter during the last twenty years."—"All + the world, Sire, renders justice to your Majesty's genius, and there is no + one but acknowledges that the finances of France are now more prosperous + than ever they were before your reign. But permit me to observe that your + Majesty must, doubtless, have seen some merit in the financial regulations + of my grandfather, since you have adopted some of them in the admirable + system you have established."—"That proves nothing; for two or three + good ideas do not constitute a good system. Be that as it may, I say + again, I will never allow your mother to return to Paris."—"But, + Sire, if sacred interests should absolutely require her presence there for + a few days would not—"—"How! Sacred interests! What do you + mean?"—"Yes, Sire, if you do not allow her to return I shall be + obliged to go there, unaided by her advice, in order to recover from your + Majesty's Government the payment of a sacred debt."—"Ah! bah! + Sacred! Are not all the debts of the State sacred?"—"Doubtless, + Sire; but ours is attended with circumstances which give it a peculiar + character."—"A peculiar character! Nonsense! Does not every State + creditor say the same of his debt? Besides, I know nothing of your claim. + It does not concern me, and I will not meddle with it. If you have the law + on your side so much the better; but if you want favour I tell you I will + not interfere. If I did, I should be rather against you than otherwise."—"Sire, + my brother and myself had intended to settle in France, but how can we + live in a country where our mother cannot visit us?"—"I do not care + for that. I do not advise you to come here. Go to England. The English + like wrangling politicians. Go there, for in France, I tell you candidly, + that I should be rather against you than for you." + </p> + <p> + "After this conversation," added Duroc, "the Emperor got into the carriage + with me without stopping to look to the other petitions which had been + presented to him. He preserved unbroken silence until he got nearly + opposite the cascade, on the left of the road, a few leagues from + Chambery. He appeared to be absorbed in reflection. At length he said, 'I + fear I have been somewhat too harsh with this young man. . . . But no + matter, it will prevent others from troubling me. These people calumniate + everything I do. They do not understand me, Duroc; their place is not in + France. How can Necker's family be for the Bourbons, whose first duty, if + ever they returned to France, would be to hang them all.'" + </p> + <p> + This conversation, related to me by Duroc, interested me so much that I + noted it down on paper immediately after my interview. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0086" id="link2HCH0086"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVII. + </h2> + + 1808. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Republic of Batavia—The crown of Holland offered to Louis— + Offer and refusal of the crown of Spain—Napoleon's attempt to get + possession of Brabant—Napoleon before and after Erfart— + A remarkable letter to Louis—Louis summoned to Paris—His honesty + and courage—His bold language—Louis' return to Holland, and his + letter to Napoleon—Harsh letter from Napoleon to Louis—Affray at + Amsterdam—Napoleon's displeasure and last letter to his brother— + Louis' abdication in favour of his son—Union of Holland to the + French Empire—Protest of Louis against that measure—Letter from M. + Otto to Louis. +</pre> + <p> + When Bonaparte was the chief of the French Republic he had no objection to + the existence of a Batavian Republic in the north of France, and he + equally tolerated the Cisalpine Republic in the south. But after the + coronation all the Republics, which were grouped like satellites round the + grand Republic, were converted into kingdoms subject to the Empire, if not + avowedly, at least in fact. In this respect there was no difference + between the Batavian and Cisalpine Republics. The latter having been + metamorphosed into the Kingdom of Italy, it was necessary to find some + pretext for transforming the former into the Kingdom of Holland. The + government of the Republic of Batavia had been for some time past merely + the shadow of a government, but still it preserved, even in its submission + to France, those internal forms of freedom which console a nation for the + loss of independence. The Emperor kept up such an extensive agency in + Holland that he easily got up a deputation soliciting him to choose a king + for the Batavian Republic. This submissive deputation came to Paris in + 1806 to solicit the Emperor, as a favour, to place Prince Louis on the + throne of Holland. The address of the deputation, the answer of Napoleon, + and the speech of Louis on being raised to the sovereign dignity, have all + been published. + </p> + <p> + Louis became King of Holland much against his inclination, for he opposed + the proposition as much as he dared, alleging as an objection the state of + his health, to which certainly the climate of Holland was not favourable; + but Bonaparte sternly replied to his remonstrance, "It is better to die a + king than live a prince." He was then obliged to accept the crown. He went + to Holland accompanied by Hortense, who, however, did mot stay long there. + The new King wanted to make himself beloved by his subjects, and as they + were an entirely commercial people the best way to win their affections + was not to adopt Napoleon's rigid laws against commercial intercourse with + England. Hence the first coolness between the two brothers, which ended in + the abdication of Louis. + </p> + <p> + I know not whether Napoleon recollected the motive assigned by Louis for + at first refusing the crown of Holland, namely, the climate of the + country, or whether he calculated upon greater submission in another of + his brothers; but this is certain, that Joseph was not called from the + throne of Naples to the throne of Spain until after the refusal of Louis. + I have in my possession a copy of a letter written to him by Napoleon on + the subject. It is without date of time or place, but its contents prove + it to have been written in March or April 1808. It is as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BROTHER:—The King of Spain, Charles IV., has just abdicated. The + Spanish people loudly appeal to me. Certain of obtaining no solid + peace with England unless I cause a great movement on the Continent, + I have determined to place a French King on the throne of Spain. + The climate of Holland does not agree with you; besides, Holland + cannot rise from her rains. In the whirlwind of events, whether we + have peace or not, there is no possibility of her maintaining + herself. In this state of things I have thought of the throne of + Spain for you. Give me your opinions categorically on this measure. + If I were to name you King of Spain would you accept the offer? May + I count on you? Answer me these two questions. Say, "I have + received your letter of such a day, I answer Yes," and then I shall + count on your doing what I wish; or say "No" if you decline my + proposal. Let no one enter into your confidence, and mention to no + one the object of this letter. The thing must be done before we + confess having thought about it. + + (signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + Before finally seizing Holland Napoleon formed the project of separating + Brabant and Zealand from it in exchange for other provinces, the + possession of which was doubtful, but Louis successfully resisted this + first act of usurpation. Bonaparte was, too intent on the great business + in Spain to risk any commotion in the north, where the declaration of + Russia against Sweden already sufficiently occupied him. He therefore did + not insist upon, and even affected indifference to, the proposed + augmentation of the territory of the Empire. This at least may be + collected from another letter, dated St. Cloud, 17th August, written upon + hearing from M. Alexandre de la Rochefoucauld, his Ambassador in Holland, + and from his brother himself, the opposition of Louis to his project. + </p> + <p> + The letter was as follows:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BROTHER—I have received your letter relating to that of the Sieur + de la Rochefoucauld. He was only authorised to make the proposals + indirectly. Since the exchange does not please you, let us think no + more about it. It was useless to make a parade of principles, + though I never said that you ought not to consult the nation. The + well-informed part of the Dutch people had already acknowledged + their indifference to the loss of Brabant, which is connected with + France rather than with Holland, and interspersed with expensive + fortresses; it might have been advantageously exchanged for the + northern provinces. But, once for all, since you do not like this + arrangement, let no more be said about it. It was useless even to + mention it to me, for the Sieur de la Rochefoucauld was instructed + merely to hint the matter. +</pre> + <p> + Though ill-humour here evidently peeps out beneath affected condescension, + yet the tone of this letter is singularly moderate,—I may even say + kind, in comparison with other letters which Napoleon addressed to Louis. + This letter, it is true, was written previously to the interview at + Erfurt, when Napoleon, to avoid alarming Russia, made his ambition appear + to slumber. But when he got his brother Joseph recognised, and when he had + himself struck an important blow in the Peninsula, he began to change his + tone to Louis. On the 20th of December he wrote a very remarkable letter, + which exhibits the unreserved expression of that tyranny which he wished + to exercise over all his family in order to make them the instruments of + his despotism. He reproached Louis for not following his system of policy, + telling him that he had forgotten he was a Frenchman, and that he wished + to become a Dutchman. Among other things he said: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Your Majesty has done more: you took advantage of the moment when I + was involved in the affairs of the Continent to renew the relations + between Holland and England—to violate the laws of the blockade, + which are the only means of effectually destroying the latter power. + I expressed my dissatisfaction by forbidding you to come to France, + and I have made you feel that even without the assistance of my + armies, by merely closing the Rhine, the Weser, the Scheldt, and the + Meuse against Holland, I should have placed her in a situation more + critical than if I had declared war against her. Your Majesty + implored my generosity, appealed to my feelings as brother, and + promised to alter your conduct. I thought this warning would be + sufficient. I raised my custom-house prohibitions, but your Majesty + has returned to your old system. + + Your Majesty received all the American ships that presented + themselves in the ports of Holland after having been expelled from + those of France. I have been obliged a second time to prohibit + trade with Holland. In this state of things we may consider + ourselves really at war. In my speech to the Legislative Body I + manifested my displeasure; for I will not conceal from you that my + intention is to unite Holland with France. This will be the most + severe blow I can aim against England, and will deliver me from the + perpetual insults which the plotters of your Cabinet are constantly + directing against me. The mouths of the Rhine and of the Meuse + ought, indeed, to belong to me. The principle that the 'Thalweg' + (towing-path) of the Rhine is the boundary of France is a + fundamental principle. Your Majesty writes to me on the 17th that + you are sure of being able to prevent all trade between Holland and + England. I am of opinion that your Majesty promises more than + you can fulfil. I shall, however, remove my custom-house + prohibitions whenever the existing treaties may be executed. The + following are my conditions:—First, The interdiction of all trade + and communication with England. Second, The supply of a fleet of + fourteen sail-of the line, seven frigates and seven brigs or + corvettes, armed and manned. Third, An army of 25,000 men. Fourth, + The suppression of the rank of marshals. Fifth, The abolition of + all the privileges of nobility which are contrary to the + constitution which I have given and guaranteed. Your Majesty may + negotiate on these bases with the Duc de Cadore, through the medium + of your Minister; but be assured that on the entrance of the first + packetboat into Holland I will restore my prohibitions, and that the + first Dutch officer who may presume to insult my flag shall be + seized, and hanged at the mainyard. Your Majesty will find in me a + brother if you prove yourself a Frenchman; but if you forget the + sentiments which attach you to our common country you cannot think + it extraordinary that I should lose sight of those which nature + created between us. In short, the union of Holland and France will + be of all things, most useful to France, to Holland, and the whole + Continent, because it will be most injurious to England. This union + must be effected willingly or by force. Holland has given me + sufficient reason to declare war against her. However, I shall not + scruple to consent to an arrangement which will secure to me the + limit of the Rhine, and by which Holland will pledge herself to + fulfil the conditions stipulated above. + + —[Much of the manner in which Napoleon treated occupied + countries such as Holland is explained by the spirit of his + answer when Beugnot complained to him of the harm done to the + Grand Duchy of Berg by the monopoly of tobacco. "It is + extraordinary that you should not have discovered the motive + that makes me persist in the establishment of the monopoly of + tobacco in the Grand Duchy. The question is not about your + Grand Duchy but about France. I am very well aware that it is + not to your benefit, and that you very possibly lose by it, but + what does that signify if it be for the good of France? I tell + you, then, that in every country where there is a monopoly of + tobacco, but which is contiguous to one where the sale is free, + a regular smuggling infiltration must be reckoned on, supplying + the consumption for twenty or twenty-five miles into the + country subject to the duty. That is what I intend to preserve + France from. You must protect yourselves as well as you can + from this infiltration. It is enough for me to drive it back + more than twenty or twenty-five miles from my frontier." + (Beugnot, vol. ii. p. 26).]— +</pre> + <p> + Here the correspondence between the two brothers was suspended for a time; + but Louis still continued exposed to new vexations on the part of + Napoleon. About the end of 1809 the Emperor summoned all the sovereigns + who might be called his vassals to Paris. Among the number was Louis, who, + however, did not show himself very willing to quit his States. He called a + council of his Ministers, who were of opinion that for the interest of + Holland he ought to make this new sacrifice. He did so with resignation. + Indeed, every day passed on the throne was a sacrifice made by Louis. + </p> + <p> + He lived very quietly in Paris, and was closely watched by the police, for + it was supposed that as he had come against his will he would not protract + his stay so long as Napoleon wished. The system of espionage under which + he found himself placed, added to the other circumstances of his + situation, inspired him with a degree of energy of which he was not + believed to be capable; and amidst the general silence of the servants of + the Empire, and even of the Kings and Princes assembled in the capital, he + ventured to say, "I have been deceived by promises which were never + intended to be kept. Holland is tired of being the sport of France." The + Emperor, who was unused to such language as this, was highly incensed at + it. Louis had now no alternative but to yield to the incessant exactions + of Napoleon or to see Holland united to France. He chose the latter, + though not before he had exerted all his feeble power in behalf of the + subjects whom Napoleon had consigned to him; but he would not be the + accomplice of the man who had resolved to make those subjects the victims + of his hatred against England. Who, indeed, could be so blind as not to + see that the ruin of the Continent would be the triumph of British + commerce? + </p> + <p> + Louis was, however, permitted to return to his States to contemplate the + stagnating effect of the Continental blockade on every branch of trade and + industry formerly so active in Holland. Distressed at witnessing evils to + which he could apply no remedy, he endeavoured by some prudent + remonstrances to avert the utter, ruin with which Holland was threatened. + On the 23d of March 1810 he wrote the following letter to Napoleon:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + If you wish to consolidate the present state of France, to obtain + maritime peace, or to attack England with advantage, those objects + are not to be obtained by measures like the blockading system, the + destruction of a kingdom raised by yourself, or the enfeebling of + your allies, and setting at defiance their most sacred rights and + the first principles of the law of nations. You should, on the + contrary, win their affections for France, and consolidate and + reinforce your allies, making them like your brothers, in whom you + may place confidence. The destruction of Holland, far from being + the means of assailing England, will serve only to increase her + strength, by all the industry and wealth which will fly to her for + refuge. There are, in reality, only three ways of assailing + England, namely, by detaching Ireland, getting possession of the + East Indies, or by invasion. These two latter modes, which would be + the most effectual, cannot be executed without naval force. But I + am astonished that the first should have been so easily + relinquished. That is a more secure mode of obtaining peace on good + conditions than the system of injuring ourselves for the sake of + committing a greater injury upon the enemy. + + (Signed) LOUIS. +</pre> + <p> + Written remonstrances were no more to Napoleon's taste than verbal ones at + a time when, as I was informed by my friends whom fortune chained to his + destiny, no one presumed to address a word to him except in answer to his + questions. Cambacérès, who alone had retained that privilege in public as + his old colleague in the Consulate, lost it after Napoleon's marriage with + the daughter of Imperial Austria. His brother's letter highly roused his + displeasure. Two months after he received it, being on a journey in the + north, he replied from Ostend by a letter which cannot be read without a + feeling of pain, since it serves to show how weak are the most sacred ties + of blood in comparison with the interests of an insatiable policy. This + letter was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BROTHER—In the situation in which we are placed it is best to speak + candidly. I know your secret sentiments, and all that you can say + to the contrary can avail nothing. Holland is certainly in a + melancholy situation. I believe you are anxious to extricate her + from her difficulties: it is you; and you alone, who can do this. + + When you conduct yourself in such a way as to induce the people of + Holland to believe that you act under my influence, that all your + measures and all your sentiments are conformable with mine, then you + will be loved, you will be esteemed, and you will acquire the power + requisite for re-establishing Holland: when to be my friend, and the + friend of France, shall become a title of favour at your court, + Holland will be in her natural situation. Since your return from + Paris you have done nothing to effect this object. What will be the + result of your conduct? Your subjects, bandied about between France + and England, will throw themselves into the arms of France, and will + demand to be united to her. You know my character, which is to + pursue my object unimpeded by any consideration. What, therefore, + do you expect me to do? I can dispense with Holland, but Holland + cannot dispense with my protection. If, under the dominion of one + of my brothers, but looking to me alone for her welfare, she does + not find in her sovereign my image, all confidence in your + government is at an end; your sceptre is broken. Love France, love + my glory—that is the only way to serve Holland: if you had acted as + you ought to have done that country, having becoming a part of my + Empire, would have been the more dear to me since I had given her a + sovereign whom I almost regarded as my son. In placing you on the + throne of Holland I thought I had placed a French citizen there. + You have followed a course diametrically opposite to what I + expected. I have been forced to prohibit you from coming to France, + and to take possession of a part of your territory. In proving + yourself a bad Frenchman you are less to the Dutch than a Prince of + Orange, to whose family they owe their rank as a nation, and a long + succession of prosperity and glory. By your banishment from France + the Dutch are convinced that they have lost what they would not have + lost under a Schimmelpenninek or a Prince of Orange. Prove yourself + a Frenchman, and the brother of the Emperor, and be assured that + thereby you will serve the interests of Holland. But you seem to be + incorrigible, for you would drive away the few Frenchmen who remain + with you. You must be dealt with, not by affectionate advice, but + by threats and compulsion. What mean the prayers and mysterious + fasts you have ordered? Louis, you will not reign long. Your + actions disclose better than your confidential letters the + sentiments of your mind. Return to the right course. Be a + Frenchman in heart, or your people will banish you, and you will + leave Holland an object of ridicule. + + —[It was, on the contrary, became Louis made himself a + Dutchman that his people did not banish him, and that he + carried away with him the regret of all that portion of his + subjects who could appreciate his excellent qualities and + possessed good sense enough to perceive that he was not to + blame for the evils that weighed upon Holland.—Bourrienne. + The conduct of Bonaparte to Murat was almost a counterpart to + this. When Murat attempted to consult the interests of Naples + he was called a traitor to France.—Editor of 1836 edition.]— + + States must be governed by reason and policy, and not by the + weakness produced by acrid and vitiated humours. + + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + A few days after this letter was despatched to Louis, Napoleon heard of a + paltry affray which had taken place at Amsterdam, and to which Comte de la + Rochefoucauld gave a temporary diplomatic importance, being aware that he + could not better please his master than by affording him an excuse for + being angry. It appeared that the honour of the Count's coachman had been + put in jeopardy by the insult of a citizen of Amsterdam, and a quarrel had + ensued, which, but for the interference of the guard of the palace, might + have terminated seriously since it assumed the character of a party affair + between the French and the Dutch. M. de la Rochefoucauld immediately + despatched to the Emperor, who was then at Lille, a full report of his + coachman's quarrel, in which he expressed himself with as much earnestness + as the illustrious author of the "Maxims" evinced when he waged war + against kings. The consequence was that Napoleon instantly fulminated the + following letter against his brother Louis: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BROTHER—At the very moment when you were making the fairest + protestations I learn that the servants of my Ambassador have been + ill-treated at Amsterdam. I insist that those who were guilty of + this outrage be delivered up to me, in order that their punishment + may serve as an example to others. The Sieur Serrurier has informed + me how you conducted yourself at the diplomatic audiences. I have, + consequently, determined that the Dutch Ambassador shall not remain + in Paris; and Admiral Yerhuell has received orders to depart within + twenty-four hours. I want no more phrases and protestations. It is + time I should know whether you intend to ruin Holland by your + follies. I do not choose that you should again send a Minister to + Austria, or that you should dismiss the French who are in your + service. I have recalled my Ambassador as I intend only to have a + charge d'affaires in Holland. The Sieur Serrurier, who remains + there in that capacity, will communicate my intentions. My + Ambassador shall no longer be exposed to your insults. Write to me + no more of those set phrases which you have been repeating for the + last three years, and the falsehood of which is proved every day. + + This is the last letter I will ever write to you as long as I live. + + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + Thus reduced to the cruel alternative of crushing Holland with his own + hands, or leaving that task to the Emperor, Louis did not hesitate to lay + down his sceptre. Having formed this resolution, he addressed a message to + the Legislative Body of the Kingdom of Holland explaining the motives of + his abdication. The French troops entered Holland under the command of the + Duke of Reggio, and that marshal, who was more a king than the King + himself, threatened to occupy Amsterdam. Louis then descended from his + throne, and four years after Napoleon was hurled from his. + </p> + <p> + In his act of abdication Louis declared that he had been driven to that + step by the unhappy state of his Kingdom, which he attributed to his + brother's unfavourable feelings towards him. He added that he had made + every effort and sacrifice to put an end to that painful state of things, + and that, finally, he regarded himself as the cause of the continual + misunderstanding between the French Empire and Holland. It is curious that + Louis thought he could abdicate the crown of Holland in favour of his son, + as Napoleon only four years after wished to abdicate his crown in favour + of the King of Rome. + </p> + <p> + Louis bade farewell to the people of Holland in a proclamation, after the + publication of which he repaired to the waters at Toeplitz. There he was + living in tranquil retirement when he learned that his brother had united + Holland to the Empire. He then published a protest, of which I obtained a + copy, though its circulation was strictly prohibited by the police. In + this protest Louis said: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The constitution of the state guaranteed by the Emperor, my brother, + gave me the right of abdicating in favour of my children. That + abdication was made in the form and terms prescribed by the + constitution. The Emperor had no right to declare war against + Holland, and he has not done so. + + There is no act, no dissent, no demand of the Dutch nation that can + authorise the pretended union. + + My abdication does not leave the throne vacant. I have abdicated + only in favour of my children. + + As that abdication left Holland for twelve years under a regency, + that is to say, under the direct influence of the Emperor, according + to the terms of the constitution, there was no need of that union + for executing every measure he might have in view against trade and + against England, since his will was supreme in Holland. + + But I ascended the throne without any other conditions except those + imposed upon me by my conscience, my duty, and the interest and + welfare of my subjects. I therefore declare before God and the + independent sovereigns to whom I address myself— + + First, That the treaty of the 16th of March 1810, which occasioned + the separation of the province of Zealand and Brabant from Holland, + was accepted by compulsion, and ratified conditionally by me in + Paris, where I was detained against my will; and that, moreover, the + treaty was never executed by the Emperor my brother. Instead of + 6000 French troops which I was to maintain, according to the terms + of the treaty, that number has been more than doubled; instead of + occupying only the mouths of the rivers and the coasts, the French + custom-horses have encroached into the interior of the country; + instead of the interference of France being confined to the measures + connected with the blockade of England, Dutch magazines have been + seized and Dutch subjects arbitrarily imprisoned; finally, none of + the verbal promises have been kept which were made in the Emperor's + name by the Duc de Cadore to grant indemnities for the countries + ceded by the said treaty and to mitigate its execution, if the King + would refer entirely to the Emperor, etc. I declare, in my name, in + the name of the nation and my son, the treaty of the 16th of March + 1810 to be null and void. + + Second, I declare that my abdication was forced by the Emperor, my + brother, that it was made only as the last extremity, and on this + one condition—that I should maintain the rights of Holland and my + children. My abdication could only be made in their favour. + + Third, In my name, in the name of the King my son, who is as yet a + minor, and in the name of the Dutch nation, I declare the pretended + union of Holland to France, mentioned in the decree of the Emperor, + my brother, dated the 9th of July last, to be null, void, illegal, + unjust, and arbitrary in the eyes of God and man, and that the + nation and the minor King will assert their just rights when + circumstances permit them. + (Signed)LOUIS. + August 1, 1810. +</pre> + <p> + Thus there seemed to be an end of all intercourse between these two + brothers, who were so opposite in character and disposition. But Napoleon, + who was enraged that Louis should have presumed to protest, and that in + energetic terms, against the union of his Kingdom with the Empire, ordered + him to return to France, whither he was summoned in his character of + Constable and French Prince. Louis, however, did not think proper to obey + this summons, and Napoleon, mindful of his promise of never writing to him + again, ordered the following letter to be addressed to him by M. Otto, who + had been Ambassador from France to Vienna since the then recent marriage + of the Emperor with Maria Louisa— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SIRE:—The Emperor directs me to write to your Majesty as follows:— + "It is the duty of every French Prince, and every member of the + Imperial family, to reside in France, whence they cannot absent + themselves without the permission of the Emperor. Before the union + of Holland to the Empire the Emperor permitted the King to reside at + Toeplitz, is Bohemia. His health appeared to require the use of the + waters, but now the Emperor requires that Prince Louis shall return, + at the latest by the 1st of December next, under pain of being + considered as disobeying the constitution of the Empire and the head + of his family, and being treated accordingly." + + I fulfil, Sire, word for word the mission with which I have been + entrusted, and I send the chief secretary of the embassy to be + assured that this letter is rightly delivered. I beg your Majesty + to accept the homage of my respect, etc. + + (Signed)OTTO. + + —[The eldest son of Louis, one of the fruits of his unhappy + marriage with Hortense Beauharnais, the daughter of Josephine, + the wife of his brother Napoleon, was little more than six + years of age when his father abdicated the crown of Holland in + his favour. In 1830-31 this imprudent young man joined the + ill-combined mad insurrection in the States of the Pope. He + was present in one or two petty skirmishes, and was, we + believe, wounded; but it was a malaria fever caught in the + unhealthy Campagna of Rome that carried him to the grave in the + twenty-seventh year of his age.—Editor of 1836 edition.— + The first child of Louis and of Hortense had died in 1807. + The second son, Napoleon Louis (1804-1831) in whose favour he + abdicated had been created Grand Duc de Berg et de Cleves by + Napoleon in 1809. He married to 1826 Charlotte, the daughter + of Joseph Bonaparte, and died in 1831, while engaged in a + revolutionary movement in Italy. On his death his younger + brother Charles Louis Napoleon, the future Napoleon III., first + came forward as an aspirant.]— +</pre> + <p> + What a letter was this to be addressed by a subject to a prince and a + sovereign. When I afterwards saw M. Otto in Paris, and conversed with him + on the subject, he assured me how much he had been distressed at the + necessity of writing such a letter to the brother of the Emperor. He had + employed the expressions dictated by Napoleon in that irritation which he + could never command when his will was opposed. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[With regard to Louis and his conduct in Holland Napoleon thus + spoke at St. Helena: + + "Louis is not devoid of intelligence, and has a good heart, but even + with these qualifications a man may commit many errors, and do a + great deal of mischief. Louis is naturally inclined to be + capricious and fantastical, and the works of Jean Jacques Rousseau + have contributed to increase this disposition. Seeking to obtain a + reputation for sensibility and beneficence, incapable by himself of + enlarged views, and, at most, competent to local details, Louis + acted like a prefect rather than a King. + + "No sooner had he arrived in Holland than, fancying that nothing + could be finer than to have it said that he was thenceforth a true + Dutchman, he attached himself entirely to the party favourable to + the English, promoted smuggling, and than connived with our enemies. + It became necessary from that moment watch over him, and even + threaten to wage war against him. Louis then seeking a refuge + against the weakness of his disposition in the most stubborn + obstinacy, and mistaking a public scandal for an act of glory, fled + from his throne, declaiming against me and against my insatiable + ambition, my intolerable tyranny, etc. What then remained for me to + do? Was I to abandon Holland to our enemies? Ought I to have given + it another King? But is that case could I have expected more from + him than from my own brother? Did not all the Kings that I created + act nearly in the same manner? I therefore united Holland to the + Empire, and this act produced a most unfavourable impression in + Europe, and contributed not a little to lay the foundation of our + misfortunes" (Memorial de Sainte Helene)]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0087" id="link2HCH0087"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVIII. + </h2> + + 1809. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Demands for contingents from some of the small States of Germany— + M. Metternich—Position of Russia with respect to France—Union of + Austria and Russia—Return of the English to Spain—Soult King of + Portugal, and Murat successor to the Emperor—First levy of the + landwehr in Austria—Agents of the Hamburg 'Correspondent'— + Declaration of Prince Charles—Napoleon's march to Germany—His + proclamation—Bernadotte's departure for the army—Napoleon's + dislike of Bernadotte—Prince Charles' plan of campaign—The English + at Cuxhaven—Fruitlessness of the plots of England—Napoleon + wounded—Napoleon's prediction realised—Major Schill—Hamburg + threatened and saved—Schill in Lübeck—His death, and destruction + of his band—Schill imitated by the Duke of Brunswick-Oels— + Departure of the English from Cuxhaven. +</pre> + <p> + Bonaparte, the foundations of whose Empire were his sword and his. + victories, and who was anxiously looking forward to the time when the + sovereigns of Continental Europe should be his juniors, applied for + contingents of troops from the States to which I was accredited. The Duchy + of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was to furnish a regiment of 1800 men, and the + other little States, such as Oldenburg and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, were to + furnish regiments of less amount. All Europe was required to rise in arms + to second the gigantic projects of the new sovereign. This demand for + contingents, and the positive way in which the Emperor insisted upon them, + gave rise to an immense correspondence, which, however, was unattended by + any result. The notes and orders remained in the portfolios, and the + contingents stayed at home. + </p> + <p> + M. Metternich, whose talent has since been so conspicuously displayed, had + been for upwards of a year Ambassador from Austria to Paris. Even then he + excelled in the art of guiding men's minds, and of turning to the + advantage of his policy his external graces and the favour he acquired in + the drawing-room. His father, a clever man, brought up in the old + diplomatic school of Thugut and Kaunitz, had early accustomed him to the + task of making other Governments believe, by means of agents, what might + lead them into error and tend to the advantage of his own Government. His + manoeuvres tended to make Austria assume a discontented and haughty tone; + and wishing, as she said, to secure her independence, she publicly + declared her intention of protecting herself against any enterprise + similar to those of which she had so often been the victim. This language, + encouraged by the complete evacuation of Germany, and the war in Spain, + the unfortunate issue of which was generally foreseen, was used—in + time of peace between the two empires, and when France was not threatening + war to Austria. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Metternich arrived in Paris as Ambassador on 4th August 1806, + after Austria had been vanquished at Austerlitz. It does not seem + probable, either from his views or his correspondence, that he + advised the rash attempt of Austria to attack Napoleon by herself; + compare Metternich tome 1. p. 69, on the mistake of Prussia in 1805 + and 1806; see also tome ii. p. 221, "To provoke a war with France + would be madness" (1st July 1808). On the other hand, the tone of + his correspondence in 1808 seams calculated to make Austria believe + that war was inevitable, and that her forces, "so inferior to those + of France before the insurrection in Spain, will at least be equal + to them immediately after that event" (tome ii. p. 808). What is + curious is that Metternich's conduct towards Napoleon while + Ambassador had led even such men as Duke Dalberg to believe that he + was really so well disposed towards Napoleon as to serve his cause + more than that of Austria. +</pre> + <p> + M. Metternich, who had instructions from his Court, gave no satisfactory + explanation of those circumstances to Napoleon, who immediately raised a + conscription, and brought soldiers from Spain into Germany. + </p> + <p> + It was necessary, also, to come to an understanding with Russia, who, + being engaged with her war in Finland and Turkey, appeared desirous + neither to enter into alliance with Austria nor to afford her support. + What, in fact, was the Emperor Alexander's situation with respect to + France? He had signed a treaty of peace at Tilsit which he felt had been + forced upon him, and he knew that time alone would render it possible for + him to take part in a contest which it was evident would again be renewed + either with Prussia or Austria. + </p> + <p> + Every person of common sense must have perceived that Austria, in taking + up arms, reckoned, if not on the assistance, at least on the neutrality of + Russia. Russia was then engaged with two enemies, the Swedes and the + Turks, over whom she hoped to triumph. She therefore rejoiced to see + France again engage in a struggle with Austria, and there was no doubt + that she would take advantage of any chances favourable to the latter + power to join her in opposing the encroachments of France. I never could + conceive how, under those circumstances, Napoleon could be so blind as to + expect assistance from Russia in his quarrel with Austria. He must, + indeed, have been greatly deceived as to the footing on which the two + Courts stood with reference to each other—their friendly footing and + their mutual agreement to oppose the overgrowing ambition of their common + enemy. + </p> + <p> + The English, who had been compelled to quit Spain, now returned there. + They landed in Portugal, which might be almost regarded as their own + colony, and marched against Marshal Soult, who left Spain to meet them. + Any other man than Soult would perhaps have been embarrassed by the + obstacles which he had to surmount. A great deal has been said about his + wish to make himself King of Portugal. Bernadotte told me, when he passed + through Hamburg, that the matter had been the subject of much conversation + at headquarters after the battle of Wagram. Bernadotte placed no faith in + the report, and I am pretty sure that Napoleon also disbelieved it. + However, this matter is still involved in the obscurity from which it will + only be drawn when some person acquainted with the intrigue shall give a + full explanation of it. + </p> + <p> + Since I have, with reference to Soult, touched upon the subject of his + supposed ambition, I will mention here what I know of Murat's expectation + of succeeding the Emperor. When Romanzow returned from his useless mission + of mediation to London the Emperor proceeded to Bayonne. Bernadotte, who + had an agent in Paris whom he paid highly, told me one day that he had + received a despatch informing him that Murat entertained the idea of one + day succeeding the Emperor. Sycophants, expecting to derive advantage from + it, encouraged Murat in this chimerical hope. I know not whether Napoleon + was acquainted with this circumstance, nor what he said of it, but + Bernadotte spoke of it to me as a certain fact. It would, however, have + been very wrong to attach great importance to an expression which, + perhaps, escaped Murat in a moment of ardour, for his natural temperament + sometimes betrayed him into acts of imprudence, the result of which, with + a man like Napoleon, was always to be dreaded. + </p> + <p> + It was in the midst of the operations of the Spanish war, which Napoleon + directed in person, that he learned Austria had for the first time raised + the landwehr. I obtained some very curious documents respecting the + armaments of Austria from the Editor of the Hamburg 'Correspondent'. This + paper, the circulation of which amounted to not less than 60,000, paid + considerable sums to persons in different parts of Europe who were able + and willing to furnish the current news. The Correspondent paid 6000 + francs a year to a clerk in the war department at Vienna, and it was this + clerk who supplied the intelligence that Austria was preparing for war, + and that orders had been issued in all directions to collect and put in + motion all the resources of that powerful monarchy. I communicated these + particulars to the French Government, and suggested the necessity of + increased vigilance and measures of defence. Preceding aggressions, + especially that of 1805, were not to be forgotten. Similar information + probably reached the French Government from many quarters. Be that as it + may, the Emperor consigned the military operations in Spain to his + generals, and departed for Paris, where he arrived at the end of January + 1809. He had been in Spain only since the beginning of November 1808,' and + his presence there had again rendered our banners victorious. But though + the insurgent troops were beaten the inhabitants showed themselves more + and more unfavourable to Joseph's cause; and it did not appear very + probable that he could ever seat himself tranquilly on the throne of + Madrid. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The successes obtained by Napoleon during his stay of about three + months in Spain were certainly very great, and mainly resulted from + his own masterly genius and lightning-like rapidity. The Spanish + armies, as yet unsupported by British troops, were defeated at + Gomenal, Espinosa, Reynosa, Tudela, and at the pass of the Somo + sierra Mountains, and at an early hour of the morning of the 4th + December Madrid surrendered. On the 20th of December Bonaparte + marched with far superior forces against the unfortunate Sir John + Moore, who had been sent to advance into Spain both by the wrong + route and at a wrong time. On the 29th, from the heights of + Benevento, his eyes were delighted by seeing the English in full + retreat. But a blow struck him from another quarter, and leaving + Soult to follow up Moore he took the road to Paris.]— +</pre> + <p> + The Emperor Francis, notwithstanding his counsellors, hesitated about + taking the first step; but at length, yielding to the solicitations of + England and the secret intrigues of Russia, and, above all, seduced by the + subsidies of Great Britain, Austria declared hostilities, not at first + against France, but against her allies of the Confederation of the Rhine. + On the 9th of April Prince Charles, who was appointed commander-in-chief + of the Austrian troops, addressed a note to the commander-in-chief of the + French army in Bavaria, apprising him of the declaration of war. + </p> + <p> + A courier carried the news of this declaration to Strasburg with the + utmost expedition, from whence it was transmitted by telegraph to Paris. + The Emperor, surprised but not disconcerted by this intelligence, received + it at St. Cloud on the 11th of April, and two hours after he was on the + road to Germany. The complexity of affairs in which he was then involved + seemed to give a new impulse to his activity. When he reached the army + neither his troops nor his Guard had been able to come up, and under those + circumstances he placed himself at the head of the Bavarian troops, and, + as it were, adopted the soldiers of Maximilian. Six days after his + departure from Paris the army of Prince Charles, which had passed the Inn, + was threatened. The Emperor's headquarters were at Donauwerth, and from + thence he addressed to his soldiers one of those energetic and concise + proclamations which made them perform so many prodigies, and which was + soon circulated in every language by the public journals. This + complication of events could not but be fatal to Europe and France, + whatever might be its result, but it presented an opportunity favourable + to the development of the Emperor's genius. Like his favourite poet + Ossian, who loved best to touch his lyre midst the howlings of the + tempest, Napoleon required political tempests for the display of his + abilities. + </p> + <p> + During the campaign of 1809, and particularly at its commencement, + Napoleon's course was even more rapid than it had been in the campaign of + 1805. Every courier who arrived at Hamburg brought us news, or rather + prodigies. As soon as the Emperor was informed of the attack made by the + Austrians upon Bavaria orders were despatched to all the generals having + troops under their command to proceed with all speed to the theatre of the + war. The Prince of Ponte-Corvo was summoned to join the Grand Army with + the Saxon troops under his command and for the time he resigned the + government of the Hanse Towns. Colonel Damas succeeded him at Hamburg + during that period, but merely as commandant of the fortress; and he never + gave rise to any murmur or complaint. Bernadotte was not satisfied with + his situation, and indeed the Emperor, who was never much disposed to + bring him forward, because he could not forgive him for his opposition on + the 18th Brumaire, always appointed him to posts in which but little glory + was to be acquired, and placed as few troops as possible under his + command. + </p> + <p> + It required all the promptitude of the Emperor's march upon Vienna to + defeat the plots which were brewing against his government, for in the + event of his arms being unsuccessful, the blow was ready to be struck. The + English force in the north of Germany amounted to about 10,000 men: The + Archduke Charles had formed the project of concentrating in the middle of + Germany a large body of troops, consisting of the corps of General Am + Eude, of General Radizwowitz, and of the English, with whom were to be + joined the people who were expected to revolt. The English would have + wished the Austrian troops to advance a little farther. The English agent + made some representations on this subject to Stadion, the Austrian + Minister; but the Archduke preferred making a diversion to committing the + safety of the monarchy by departing from his present inactivity and + risking the passage of the Danube, in the face of an enemy who never + suffered himself to be surprised, and who had calculated every possible + event: In concerting his plan the Archduke expected that the Czar would + either detach a strong force to assist his allies, or that he would + abandon them to their own defence. In the first case the Archduke would + have had a great superiority, and in the second, all was prepared in Hesse + and in Hanover to rise on the approach of the Austrian and English armies. + </p> + <p> + At the commencement of July the English advanced upon Cuxhaven with a + dozen small ships of war. They landed 400 or 600 sailors and about 50 + marines, and planted a standard on one of the outworks. The day after this + landing at Cuxhaven the English, who were in Denmark evacuated Copenhagen, + after destroying a battery which they had erected there. All the schemes + of England were fruitless on the Continent, for with the Emperor's new + system of war, which consisted in making a push on the capitals, he soon + obtained negotiations for peace. He was master of Vienna before England + had even organised the expedition to which I have just alluded. He left + Paris on the 11th of April, was at Donauwerth on the 17th, and on the 23d + he was master of Ratisbon. In the engagement which preceded his entrance + into that town Napoleon received a slight wound in the heel. He + nevertheless remained on the field of battle. It was also between + Donauwerth and Ratisbon that Davoust, by a bold manoeuvre, gained and + merited the title of Prince of Eckmuhl. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The great battle of Eckmuhl, where 100,000 Austrians were driven + from all their positions, was fought on the 22d of April.-Editor of + 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + At this period fortune was not only bent on favouring Napoleon's arms, but + she seemed to take pleasure in realising even his boasting predictions; + for the French troops entered Vienna within a month after a proclamation + issued by Napoleon at Ratisbon, in which he said he would be master of the + Austrian capital in that time. + </p> + <p> + But while he was thus marching from triumph to triumph the people of + Hamburg and the neighbouring countries had a neighbour who did not leave + them altogether without inquietude. The famous Prussian partisan, Major + Schill, after pursuing his system of plunder in Westphalia, came and threw + himself into Mecklenburg, whence, I understood, it was his intention to + surprise Hamburg. At the head of 600 well-mounted hussars and between 1500 + and 2000 infantry badly armed, he took possession of the little fort of + Domitz, in Mecklenburg, on the 15th of May, from whence he despatched + parties who levied contributions on both banks of the Elbe. Schill + inspired terror wherever he went. On the 19th of May a detachment of 30 + men belonging to Schill's corps entered Wismar. It was commanded by Count + Moleke, who had formerly been in the Prussian service, and who had retired + to his estate in Mecklenburg, where the Duke had kindly given him an + appointment. Forgetting his duty to his benefactor, he sent to summon the + Duke to surrender Stralsund. + </p> + <p> + Alarmed at the progress of the partisan Schill, the Duke of Mecklenburg + and his Court quitted Ludwigsburg, their regular residence, and retired to + Doberan, on the seacoast. On quitting Mecklenburg Schill advanced to + Bergdorf, four leagues from Hamburg. The alarm then increased in that + city. A few of the inhabitants talked of making a compromise with Schill + and sending him money to get him away. But the firmness of the majority + imposed silence on this timid council. I consulted with the commandant of + the town, and we determined to adopt measures of precaution. The + custom-house chest, in which there was more than a million of gold, was + sent to Holstein under a strong escort. At the same time I sent to Schill + a clever spy, who gave him a most alarming account of the means of defence + which Hamburg possessed. Schill accordingly gave up his designs on that + city, and leaving it on his left, entered Lübeck, which was undefended. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile Lieutenant-General Gratien, who had left Berlin by order of the + Prince de Neufchatel, with 2500 Dutch and 3000 Swedish troops, actively + pursued Schill, and tranquillity was soon restored throughout all the + neighbouring country, which had been greatly agitated by his bold + enterprise. Schill, after wandering for some days on the shores of the + Baltic, was overtaken by General Gratien at Stralsund, whence he was about + to embark for Sweden. He made a desperate defence, and was killed after a + conflict of two hours. His band was destroyed. Three hundred of his + hussars and 200 infantry, who had effected their escape, asked leave to + return to Prussia, and they were conducted to the Prussian general + commanding a neighbouring town. A war of plunder like that carried on by + Schill could not be honourably acknowledged by a power having, any claim + to respect. Yet the English Government sent Schill a colonel's commission, + and the full uniform of his new rank, with the assurance that all his + troops should thenceforth be paid by England. + </p> + <p> + Schill soon had an imitator of exalted rank. In August 1809 the Duke of + Brunswick-OEls sought the dangerous honour of succeeding that famous + partisan. At the head of at most 2000 men he for some days disturbed the + left bank of the Elbe, and on the 5th entered Bremen. On his approach the + French Vice-Consul retired to Osterhulz. One of the Duke's officers + presented himself at the hones of the Vice-Consul and demanded 200 Louis. + The agent of the Vice-Consul, alarmed at the threat of the place being + given up to pillage, capitulated with the officer, and with considerable + difficulty got rid of him at the sacrifice of 80 Louis, for which a + receipt was presented to him in the name of the Duke. The Duke, who now + went by the name of "the new Schill," did not remain long in Bremen. + </p> + <p> + Wishing to repair with all possible speed to Holland he left Bremen on the + evening of the 6th, and proceeded to Dehnenhorst, where his advanced guard + had already arrived. The Westphalian troops, commanded by Rewbell, entered + Bremen on the 7th, and not finding the Duke of Brunswick, immediately + marched in pursuit of him. The Danish troops, who occupied Cuxhaven, + received orders to proceed to Bremerlehe, to favour the operations of the + Westphalians and the Dutch. Meanwhile the English approached Cuxhaven, + where they landed 3000 or 4000 men. The persons in charge of the + custom-house establishment, and the few sailors who were in Cuxhaven, fell + back upon Hamburg. The Duke of Brunswick, still pursued crossed Germany + from the frontiers of Bohemia to Elsfleth, a little port on the left bank + of the Weser, where he arrived on the 7th, being one day in advance of his + pursuers. He immediately took possession of all the transports at + Elsfleth, and embarked for Heligoland. + </p> + <p> + The landing which the English effected at Cuxhaven while the Danes, who + garrisoned that port, were occupied in pursuing the Duke of Brunswick, was + attended by no result. After the escape of the Duke the Danes returned to + their post which the English immediately evacuated. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0088" id="link2HCH0088"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIX. + </h2> + + 1809. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The castle of Diernstein—Richard Coeur de Lion and Marshal Lannes, + —The Emperor at the gates of Vienna—The Archduchess Maria Louisa— + Facility of correspondence with England—Smuggling in Hamburg—Brown + sugar and sand—Hearses filled with sugar and coffee—Embargo on the + publication of news—Supervision of the 'Hamburg Correspondant'— + Festival of Saint Napoleon—Ecclesiastical adulation—The King of + Westphalia's journey through his States—Attempt to raise a loan— + Jerome's present to me—The present returned—Bonaparte's unfounded + suspicions. +</pre> + <p> + Rapp, who during the campaign of Vienna had resumed his duties as aide de + camp, related to me one of those observations of Napoleon which, when his + words are compared with the events that followed them, seem to indicate a + foresight into his future destiny. When within some days' march of Vienna + the Emperor procured a guide to explain to him every village and ruin + which he observed on the road. The guide pointed to an eminence on which + were a few decayed vestiges of an old fortified castle. "Those," said the + guide, "are the ruins of the castle of Diernstein." Napoleon suddenly + stopped, and stood for some time silently contemplating the ruins, then + turning to Lannes, who was with him, he raid, "See! yonder is the prison + of Richard Coeur de Lion. He, like us, went to Syria and Palestine. But, + my brave Lannes, the Coeur de Lion was not braver than you. He was more + fortunate than I at St. Jean d'Acre. A Duke of Austria sold him to an + Emperor of Germany, who imprisoned him in that castle. Those were the days + of barbarism. How different from the civilisation of modern times! Europe + has seen how I treated the Emperor of Austria, whom I might have made + prisoner—and I would treat him so again. I claim no credit for this. + In the present age crowned heads must be respected. A conqueror + imprisoned!" + </p> + <p> + A few days after the Emperor was at the gates of Vienna, but on this + occasion his access to the Austrian capital was not so easy as it had been + rendered in 1805 by the ingenuity and courage of Lannes and Murat. The + Archduke Maximilian, who was shut up in the capital, wished to defend it, + although the French army already occupied the principal suburbs. In vain + were flags of truce sent one after the other to the Archduke. They were + not only dismissed unheard, but were even ill-treated, and one of them was + almost killed by the populace. The city was then bombarded, and would + speedily have been destroyed but that the Emperor, being informed that one + of the Archduchesses remained in Vienna on account of ill-health, ordered + the firing to cease. By a singular caprice of Napoleon's destiny this + Archduchess was no other than Maria Louisa. Vienna at length opened her + gates to Napoleon, who for some days took up his residence at Schoenbrunn. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor was engaged in so many projects at once that they could not + all succeed. Thus, while he was triumphant in the Hereditary States his + Continental system was experiencing severe checks. The trade with England + on the coast of Oldenburg was carped on as uninterruptedly as if in time + of peace. English letters and newspapers arrived on the Continent, and + those of the Continent found their way into Great Britain, as if France + and England had been united by ties of the firmest friendship. In short, + things were just in the same state as if the decree for the blockade of + the British Isles had not existed. When the custom-house officers + succeeded in seizing contraband goods they were again taken from them by + main force. On the 2d of July a serious contest took place at Brinskham + between the custom-house officers and a party of peasantry, in which the + latter remained masters of eighteen wagons laden with English goods: many + were wounded on both sides. + </p> + <p> + If, however, trade with England was carried on freely along a vast extent + of coast, it was different in the city of Hamburg, where English goods + were introduced only by fraud; and I verily believe that the art of + smuggling and the schemes of smugglers were never before carried to such + perfection. Above 6000 persons of the lower orders went backwards and + forwards, about twenty times a day, from Altona to Hamburg, and they + carried on their contraband, trade by many ingenious stratagems, two of + which were so curious that they are worth mentioning here. + </p> + <p> + On the left of the road leading from Hamburg to Altona there was a piece + of ground where pits were dug for the purpose of procuring sand used for + building and for laying down in the streets. At this time it was proposed + to repair the great street of Hamburg leading to the gate of Altona. The + smugglers overnight filled the sandpit with brown sugar, and the little + carts which usually conveyed the sand into Hamburg were filled with the + sugar, care being taken to cover it with a layer of sand about an inch + thick. This trick was carried on for a length of time, but no progress was + made in repairing the street. I complained greatly of the delay, even + before I was aware of its cause, for the street led to a country-house I + had near Altona, whither I went daily. The officers of the customs at + length perceived that the work did not proceed, and one fine morning the + sugar-carts were stopped and seized. Another expedient was then to be + devised. + </p> + <p> + Between Hamburg and Altona there was a little suburb situated on the right + bank of the Elbe. This suburb was inhabited, by sailors, labourers of the + port, and landowners. The inhabitants were interred in the cemetery of + Hamburg. It was observed that funeral processions passed this way more + frequently than usual. The customhouse officers, amazed at the sudden + mortality of the worthy inhabitants of the little suburb, insisted on + searching one of the vehicles, and on opening the hearse it was found to + be filled with sugar, coffee, vanilla, indigo, etc. It was necessary to + abandon this expedient, but others were soon discovered. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte was sensitive, in an extraordinary degree, to all that was said + and thought of him, and Heaven knows how many despatches I received from + headquarters during the campaign of Vienna directing me not only to watch + the vigilant execution of the custom-house laws, but to lay an embargo on + a thing which alarmed him more than the introduction of British + merchandise, viz. the publication of news. In conformity with these + reiterated instructions I directed especial attention to the management of + the 'Correspondant'. The importance of this journal, with its 60,000 + readers, may easily be perceived. I procured the insertion of everything I + thought desirable: all the bulletins, proclamations, acts of the French + Government, notes of the 'Moniteur', and the semi-official articles of the + French journals: these were all given 'in extenso'. On the other hand, I + often suppressed adverse news, which, though well known, would have + received additional weight from its insertion in so widely circulated a + paper. If by chance there crept in some Austrian bulletin, extracted from + the other German papers published in the States of the Confederation of + the Rhine, there was always given with it a suitable antidote to destroy, + or at least to mitigate, its ill effect. But this was not all. The King of + Wurtemberg having reproached the 'Correspondant', in a letter to the + Minister for Foreign Affairs, with publishing whatever Austria wished + should be made known, and being conducted in a spirit hostile to the good + cause, I answered these unjust reproaches by making the Syndic censor + prohibit the Hamburg papers from inserting any Austrian order of the day, + any Archduke's bulletins, any letter from Prague; in short, anything which + should be copied from the other German journals unless those articles had + been inserted in the French journals. + </p> + <p> + My recollections of the year 1809 at Hamburg carry me back to the + celebration of Napoleon's fete, which was on the 15th of August, for he + had interpolated his patron saint in the Imperial calendar at the date of + his birth. The coincidence of this festival with the Assumption gave rise + to adulatory rodomontades of the most absurd description. Certainly the + Episcopal circulars under the Empire would form a curious collection. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It will perhaps scarcely be believed that the following words + were actually delivered from the pulpit: "God in his mercy has + chosen Napoleon to be his representative on earth. The Queen of + Heaven has marked, by the most magnificent of presents, the + anniversary of the day which witnessed his glorious entrance into + her domains. Heavenly Virgin! as a special testimony of your love + for the French, and your all-powerful influence with your son, you + have connected the first of your solemnities with the birth of the + great Napoleon. Heaven ordained that the hero should spring from + your sepulchre."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Could anything be more revolting than the sycophancy of those Churchmen + who declared that "God chose Napoleon for his representative upon earth, + and that God created Bonaparte, and then rested; that he was more + fortunate than Augustus, more virtuous than Trajan; that he deserved + altars and temples to be raised to him!" etc. + </p> + <p> + Some time after the Festival of St. Napoleon the King of Westphalia made a + journey through his States. Of all Napoleon's brothers the King of + Westphalia was the one with whom I was least acquainted, and he, it is + pretty well known, was the most worthless of the family. His + correspondence with me is limited to two letters, one of which he wrote + while he commanded the 'Epervier', and another seven years after, dated + 6th September 1809. In this latter he said: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "I shall be in Hannover on the 10th. If you can make it convenient + to come there and spend a day with me it will give me great + pleasure. I shall then be able to smooth all obstacles to the loan + I wish to contract in the Hanse Town. I flatter myself you will do + all in your power to forward that object, which at the present + crisis is very important to my States. More than ample security is + offered, but the money will be of no use to me if I cannot have it + at least for two years." +</pre> + <p> + Jerome wanted to contract at Hamburg a loan of 3,000,000 francs. However, + the people did not seem to think like his Westphalian Majesty, that the + contract presented more than ample security. No one was found willing to + draw his purse-strings, and the loan was never raised. + </p> + <p> + Though I would not, without the Emperor's authority, exert the influence + of my situation to further the success of Jerome's negotiation, yet I did + my best to assist him. I succeeded in prevailing on the Senate to advance + one loan of 100,000 francs to pay a portion of the arrears due to his + troops, and a second of 200,000 francs to provide clothing for his army, + etc. This scanty supply will cease to be wondered at when it is considered + to what a state of desolation the whole of Germany was reduced at the + time, as much in the allied States as in those of the enemies of France. I + learnt at the time that the King of Bavaria said to an officer of the + Emperor's household in whom he had great confidence, "If this continues we + shall have to give up, and put the key under the door." These were his + very words. + </p> + <p> + As for Jerome, he returned to Cassel quite disheartened at the + unsuccessful issue of his loan. Some days after his return to his capital + I received from him a snuffbox with his portrait set in diamonds, + accompanied by a letter of thanks for the service I had rendered him. I + never imagined that a token of remembrance from a crowned head could + possibly be declined. Napoleon, however, thought otherwise. I had not, it + is true, written to acquaint our Government with the King of Westphalia's + loan, but in a letter, which I addressed to the Minister for Foreign + Affairs on the 22d of September, I mentioned the present Jerome had sent + me. Why Napoleon should have been offended at this I know not, but I + received orders to return Jerome's present immediately, and these orders + were accompanied with bitter reproaches for my having accepted it without + the Emperor's authority. I sent back the diamonds, but kept the portrait. + Knowing Bonaparte's distrustful disposition, I thought he must have + suspected that Jerome had employed threats, or at any rate, that he had + used some illegal influence to facilitate the success of his loan. At + last, after much correspondence, Napoleon saw clearly that everything was + perfectly regular; in a word, that the business had been transacted as + between two private persons. As to the 300,000 francs which the Senate had + lent to Jerome, the fact is, that but little scruple was made about it, + for this simple reason, that it was the means of removing from Hamburg the + Westphalian division, whose presence occasioned a much greater expense + than the loan. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0089" id="link2HCH0089"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XX. + </h2> + + 1809. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Visit to the field of Wagram.—Marshal Macdonald—Union of the Papal + States with the Empire—The battle of Talavera—Sir Arthur + Wellesley—English expedition to Holland—Attempt to assassinate the + Emperor at Schoenbrunn—Staps Interrogated by Napoleon—Pardon + offered and rejected—Fanaticism and patriotism—Corvisart's + examination of Staps—Second interrogatory—Tirade against the + illuminati—Accusation of the Courts of Berlin and Weimar—Firmness + and resignation of Staps—Particulars respecting his death— + Influence of the attempt of Staps on the conclusion of peace— + M. de Champagny. +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon went to inspect all the corps of his army and the field of + Wagram, which a short time before had been the scene of one of those great + battles in which victory was the more glorious in proportion as it had + been valiantly contested. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The great battle of Wagram was fought on the 6th of July 1809. + The Austrians, who committed a mistake in over-extending their line, + lost 20,000 men as prisoners, besides a large number in killed and + wounded. There was no day, perhaps, on which Napoleon showed more + military genius or more personal courage. He was in the hottest of + the fight, and for a long time exposed to showers of grapeshot.— + Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + On that day [the type] of French honour, Macdonald, who, after achieving a + succession of prodigies, led the army of Italy into the heart of the + Austrian States, was made a marshal on the field of battle. Napoleon said + to him, "With us it is for life and for death." The general opinion was + that the elevation of Macdonald added less to the marshal's military + reputation than it redounded to the honour of the Emperor. Five days after + the bombardment of Vienna, namely, on the 17th of May, the Emperor had + published a decree, by virtue of which the Papal States were united to the + French Empire, and Rome was declared an Imperial City. I will not stop to + inquire whether this was good or bad in point of policy, but it was a mean + usurpation on the part of Napoleon, for the time was passed when a Julius + II. laid down the keys of St. Peter and took up the sword of St. Paul. It + was, besides, an injustice, and, considering the Pope's condescension to + Napoleon, an act of ingratitude. The decree of union did not deprive the + Pope of his residence, but he was only the First Bishop of Christendom, + with a revenue of 2,000,000. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon while at Vienna heard of the affair of Talavera de la Reyna. I + was informed, by a letter from headquarters, that he was much affected at + the news, and did not conceal his vexation. I verily believe that he was + bent on the conquest of Spain, precisely on account of the difficulties he + had to surmount. At Talavera commenced the celebrity of a man who, + perhaps, would not have been without some glory even if pains had not been + taken to build him up a great reputation. That battle commenced the career + of Sir Arthur Wellesley, whose after-success, however, has been attended + by such important consequences. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The battle of Talavera took place on the 28th of July, twenty-two + days after the fatal defeat of the Austrians at Wagram.]— +</pre> + <p> + Whilst we experienced this check in Spain the English were attempting an + expedition to Holland, where they had already made themselves masters of + Walcheren. It is true they were obliged to evacuate it shortly after; but + as at that time the French and Austrian armies were in a state of + inaction, in consequence of the armistice concluded at Znaim, in Moravia, + the news unfavourable to Napoleon had the effect of raising the hopes of + the Austrian negotiators, who paused in the expectation that fresh defeats + would afford them better chances. + </p> + <p> + It was during these negotiations, the termination of which seemed every + day to be farther distant, that Napoleon was exposed to a more real danger + than the wound he had received at Ratisbon. Germany was suffering under a + degree of distress difficult to be described. Illuminism was making great + progress, and had filled some youthful minds with an enthusiasm not less + violent than the religious fanaticism to which Henry IV. fell a victim. A + young man formed the design of assassinating Napoleon in order to rid + Germany of one whom he considered her scourge. Rapp and Berthier were with + the Emperor when the assassin was arrested, and in relating what I heard + from them I feel assured that I am giving the most faithful account of all + the circumstances connected with the event. + </p> + <p> + "We were at Schoenbrunn," said Rapp, "when the Emperor had just reviewed + the troops. I observed a young man at the extremity of one of the columns + just as the troops were about to defile. He advanced towards the Emperor, + who was then between Berthier and me. The Prince de Neufchatel, thinking + he wanted to present a petition, went forward to tell him that I was the + person to receive it as I was the aide de camp for the day. The young man + replied that he wished to speak with Napoleon himself, and Berthier again + told him that he must apply to me. He withdrew a little, still repeating + that he wanted to speak with Napoleon. He again advanced and came very + near the Emperor; I desired him to fall back, telling him in German to + wait till after the parade, when, if he had anything to say, it would be + attended to. I surveyed him attentively, for I began to think his conduct + suspicious. I observed that he kept his right hand in the breast pocket of + his coat; out of which a piece of paper appeared. I know not how it was, + but at that moment my eyes met his, and I was struck with his peculiar + look and air of fixed determination. Seeing an officer of gendarmerie on + the spot, I desired him to seize the young man, but without treating him + with any severity, and to convey him to the castle until the parade was + ended. + </p> + <p> + "All this passed in less time than I have taken to tell it, and as every + one's attention was fixed on the parade the scene passed unnoticed. I was + shortly afterwards told that a large carving-knife had been found on the + young man, whose name was Staps. I immediately went to find Duroc, and we + proceeded together to the apartment to which Staps had been taken. We + found him sitting on a bed, apparently in deep thought, but betraying no + symptoms of fear. He had beside him the portrait of a young female, his + pocket-book, and purse containing only two pieces of gold. I asked him his + name, but he replied that he would tell it to no one but Napoleon. I then + asked him what he intended to do with the knife which had been found upon + him? But he answered again, 'I shall tell only Napoleon.'—'Did you + mean to attempt his life?'—'Yes.'—'Why?'—'I can tell no + one but Napoleon.' + </p> + <p> + "This appeared to me so strange that I thought right to inform the Emperor + of it. When I told him what had passed he appeared a little agitated, for + you know how he was haunted with the idea of assassination. He desired + that the young man should be taken into his cabinet; whither he was + accordingly conducted by two gens d'armes. Notwithstanding his criminal + intention there was something exceedingly prepossessing in his + countenance. I wished that he would deny the attempt; but how was it + possible to save a man who was determined to sacrifice himself? The + Emperor asked Staps whether he could speak French, and he answered that he + could speak it very imperfectly, and as you know (continued Rapp) that + next to you I am the best German scholar in Napoleon's Court, I was + appointed interpreter on this occasion. The Emperor put the following + questions to Staps, which I translated, together with the answers: + </p> + <p> + "'Where do you come from?'—'From Narremburgh.'—'What is your + father?'— 'A Protestant minister.'—'How old are you?'—'Eighteen.'—'What + did you intend to do with your knife?'—'To kill you.'—'You are + mad, young man; you are one of the illuminati?'—'I am not mad; I + know not what is meant by the illuminati!'—'You are ill, then?'—'I + am not; I am very well.'—'Why did you wish to kill me?'—'Because + you have ruined my country.'—'Have I done you any harm?'—'Yes, + you have harmed me as well as all Germans.'—'By whom were you sent? + Who urged you to this crime?'— 'No one; I was urged to it by the + sincere conviction that by killing you I should render the greatest + service to my country.'—'Is this the first time you have seen me?'—'I + saw you at Erfurt, at the time of your interview with the Emperor of + Russia.'—'Did you intend to kill me then?'—'No; I thought you + would not again wage war against Germany. I was one of your greatest + admirers.'—'How long have you been in Vienna?'— 'Ten days.'—'Why + did you wait so long before you attempted the execution of your project?'—'I + came to Schoenbrunn a week ago with the intention of killing you, but when + I arrived the parade was just over; I therefore deferred the execution of + my design till today.'—'I tell you, young man, you are either mad or + in bad health.' + </p> + <p> + "The Emperor here ordered Corvisart to be sent for. Staps asked who + Corvisart was? I told him that he was a physician. He then said, 'I have + no need of him.' Nothing further was said until the arrival of the doctor, + and during this interval Steps evinced the utmost indifference. When + Corvisart arrived Napoleon directed him to feel the young man's pulse, + which he immediately did; and Staps then very coolly said, 'Am I not well, + sir?' Corvisart told the Emperor that nothing ailed him. 'I told you so,' + said Steps, pronouncing the words with an air of triumph. + </p> + <p> + "I was really astonished at the coolness and apathy of Staps, and the + Emperor seemed for a moment confounded by the young man's behaviour.—After + a few moments' pause the Emperor resumed the interrogatory as follows: + </p> + <p> + "'Your brain is disordered. You will be the ruin of your family. I will + grant you your life if you ask pardon for the crime you meditated, and for + which you ought to be sorry.'—'I want no pardon. I only regret + having failed in my attempt.'—'Indeed! then a crime is nothing to + you?'— 'To kill you is no crime: it is a duty.'—'Whose + portrait is that which was found on you?'—'It is the portrait of a + young lady to whom I am attached.'—'She will doubtless be much + distressed at your adventure?'— 'She will only be sorry that I have + not succeeded. She abhors you as much as I do.'—'But if I were to + pardon you would you be grateful for my mercy?'—'I would + nevertheless kill you if I could.' + </p> + <p> + "I never," continued Rapp, "saw Napoleon look so confounded. The replies + of Staps and his immovable resolution perfectly astonished him. He ordered + the prisoner to be removed; and when he was gone Napoleon said, 'This is + the result of the secret societies which infest Germany. This is the + effect of fine principles and the light of reason. They make young men + assassins. But what can be done against illuminism? A sect cannot be + destroyed by cannon-balls.' + </p> + <p> + "This event, though pains were taken to keep it secret, became the subject + of conversation in the castle of Schoenbrunn. In the evening the Emperor + sent for me and said, 'Rapp, the affair of this morning is very + extraordinary. I cannot believe that this young man of himself conceived + the design of assassinating me. There is something under it. I shall never + be persuaded that the intriguers of Berlin and Weimar are strangers to the + affair.'—'Sire, allow me to say that your suspicions appear + unfounded. Staps has had no accomplice; his placid countenance, and even + his fanaticism, are easiest proofs of that.'—'I tell you that he has + been instigated by women: furies thirsting for revenge. If I could only + obtain proof of it I would have them seized in the midst of their Court.'—'Ah, + Sire, it is impossible that either man or woman in the Courts of Berlin or + Weimar could have conceived so atrocious a design.'— 'I am not sure + of that. Did not those women excite Schill against us while we were at + peace with Prussia; but stay a little; we shall see.'— 'Schill's + enterprise; Sire, bears no resemblance to this attempt.' You know how the + Emperor likes every one to yield to his opinion when he has adopted one + which he does not choose to give up; so he said, rather changing his tone + of good-humoured familiarity, 'All you say is in vain, Monsieur le + General: I am not liked either at Berlin or Weimar.' There is no doubt of + that, Sire; but because you are not liked in these two Courts, is it to be + inferred that they would assassinate you?'—'I know the fury of those + women; but patience. Write to General Lauer: direct him to interrogate + Staps. Tell him to bring him to a confession.' + </p> + <p> + "I wrote conformably with the Emperor's orders, but no confession was + obtained from Staps. In his examination by General Lauer he repeated + nearly what he had said in the presence of Napoleon. His resignation and + firmness never forsook him for a moment; and he persisted in saying that + he was the sole author of the attempt, and that no one else was aware of + it. Staps' enterprise made a deep impression on the Emperor. On the day + when we left Schoenbrunn we happened to be alone, and he said to me, 'I + cannot get this unfortunate Staps out of my mind. The more I think on the + subject the more I am perplexed. I never can believe that a young man of + his age, a German, one who has received a good education, a Protestant + too, could have conceived and attempted such a crime. The Italians are + said to be a nation of assassins, but no Italian ever attempted my life. + This affair is beyond my comprehension. Inquire how Staps died, and let me + know.' + </p> + <p> + "I obtained from General Lauer the information which the Emperor desired. + I learned that Staps, whose attempt on the Emperor's life was made on the + 23d of October; was executed at seven o'clock in the morning of the 27th, + having refused to take any sustenance since the 24th. When any food was + brought to him he rejected it, saying, 'I shall be strong enough to walk + to the scaffold.' When he was told that peace was concluded he evinced + extreme sorrow, and was seized with trembling. On reaching the place of + execution he exclaimed loudly, 'Liberty for ever! Germany for ever! Death + to the tyrant!'" + </p> + <p> + Such are the notes which I committed to paper after conversing with Rapp, + as we were walking together in the garden of the former hotel of + Montmorin, in which Rapp resided. I recollect his showing me the knife + taken from Staps, which the Emperor had given him; it was merely a common + carving-knife, such as is used in kitchens. To these details may be added + a very remarkable circumstance, which I received from another but not less + authentic source. I have been assured that the attempt of the German + Mutius Scaevola had a marked influence on the concessions which the + Emperor made, because he feared that Staps, like him who attempted the + life of Porsenna, might have imitators among the illuminati of Germany. + </p> + <p> + It is well known that after the battle of Wagram conferences were open at + Raab. Although peace was almost absolutely necessary for both powers, and + the two Emperors appeared to desire it equally, it was not, however, + concluded. It is worthy of remark that the delay was occasioned by + Bonaparte. Negotiations were therefore suspended, and M. de Champagny had + ceased for several days to see the Prince of Lichtenstein when the affair + of Staps took place. Immediately after Napoleon's examination of the young + fanatic he sent for M. de Champagny: "How are the negotiations going on?" + he inquired. The Minister having informed him, the Emperor added, "I wish + them to be resumed immediately: I wish for peace; do not hesitate about a + few millions more or less in the indemnity demanded from Austria. Yield on + that point. I wish to come to a conclusion: I refer it all to you." The + Minister lost no time in writing to the Prince of Lichtenstein: on the + same night the two negotiators met at Raab, and the clauses of the treaty + which had been suspended were discussed, agreed upon, and signed that very + night. Next morning M. de Champagny attended the Emperor's levee with the + treaty of peace as it had been agreed on. Napoleon, after hastily + examining it, expressed his approbation of every particular, and highly + complimented his Minister on the speed with which the treaty had been + brought to a conclusion. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This definitive treaty of peace, which is sometimes called the + Treaty of Vienna, Raab, or Schoenbrunn, contained the following + articles: + + 1. Austria ceded in favour of the Confederation of the Rhine (these + fell to Bavaria), Salzburg, Berchtolsgaden, and a part of Upper + Austria. + + 2. To France directly Austria ceded her only seaport, Trieste, and + all the countries of Carniola, Friuli, the circle of Vilach, with + parts of Croatia end Dalmatia. (By these cessions Austria was + excluded from the Adriatic Sea, and cut off from all communication + with the navy of Great Britain.) A small lordship, en enclave in + the territories of the Grieve League, was also gives up. + + 3. To the constant ally of Napoleon, to the King of Saxony, in that + character Austria ceded some Bohemian enclaves in Saxony end, in his + capacity of Grand Duke of Warsaw, she added to his Polish dominions + the ancient city of Cracow, and all Western Galicia. + + 4. Russia, who had entered with but a lukewarm zeal into the war as + an ally of France, had a very moderate share of the spoils of + Austria. A portion of Eastern Galicia, with a population of 400,000 + souls, was allotted to her, but in this allotment the trading town + of Brody (almost the only thing worth having) was specially + excepted. This last circumstance gave no small degree of disgust to + the Emperor Alexander, whose admiration of Napoleon was not destined + to have a long duration.—Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0090" id="link2HCH0090"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXI. + </h2> + + 1809. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Princess Royal of Denmark—Destruction of the German Empire— + Napoleons visit to the Courts of Bavaria and Wurtemberg—His return + to France—First mention of the divorce—Intelligence of Napoleon's + marriage with Maria Louisa—Napoleon's quarrel with Louis—Journey + of the Emperor and Empress into Holland—Refusal of the Hanse Towns + to pay the French troops—Decree for burning English merchandise— + M. de Vergennes—Plan for turning an inevitable evil to the best + account—Fall on the exchange of St Petersburg +</pre> + <p> + About this time I had the pleasure of again seeing the son of the reigning + Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whose arrival in the Hanse Towns was + speedily followed by that of his sister, Princess Frederica Charlotte of + Mecklenburg, married to the Prince Royal of Denmark, Christian Frederick. + In November the Princess arrived at Altana from Copenhagen, the reports + circulated respecting her having compelled her husband to separate from + her. The history of this Princess, who, though perhaps blamable, was + nevertheless much pitied, was the general subject of conversation in the + north of Germany at the time I was at Hamburg. The King of Denmark, + grieved at the publicity of the separation, wrote a letter on the subject + to the Duke of Mecklenburg. In this letter, which I had an opportunity of + seeing, the King expressed his regret at not having been able to prevent + the scandal; for, on his return from a journey to Kiel, the affair had + become so notorious that all attempts at reconciliation were vain. In the + meantime it was settled that the Princess was to remain at Altona until + something should be decided respecting her future condition. + </p> + <p> + It was Baron Plessen, the Duke of Mecklenburg's Minister of State, who + favoured me with a sight of the King of Denmark's letters. M. Plessen told + me, likewise, at the time that the Duke had formed the irrevocable + determination of not receiving his daughter. A few days after her arrival + the Princess visited Madame de Bourrienne. She invited us to her parties, + which were very brilliant, and several times did us the honour of being + present at ours. But; unfortunately, the extravagance of her conduct, + which was very unsuitable to her situation, soon became the subject of + general animadversion. + </p> + <p> + I mentioned at the close of the last chapter how the promptitude of M. de + Champagny brought about the conclusion of the treaty known by the name of + the Treaty of Schoenbrunn. Under this the ancient edifice of the German + Empire was overthrown, and Francis II. of Germany became Francis I., + Emperor of Austria. He, however, could not say, like his namesake of + France, 'Tout est perdu fors l'honneur'; for honour was somewhat + committed, even had nothing else been lost. But the sacrifices Austria was + compelled, to make were great. The territories ceded to France were + immediately united into a new general government, under the collective + denomination of the Illyrian Provinces. Napoleon thus became master of + both sides of the Adriatic, by virtue of his twofold title of Emperor of + France and King of Italy. Austria, whose external commerce thus received a + check, had no longer any direct communication with the sea. The loss of + Fiume, Trieste, and the sea-coast appeared so vast a sacrifice that it was + impossible to look forward to the duration of a peace so dearly purchased. + </p> + <p> + The affair of Staps, perhaps, made Napoleon anxious to hurry away from + Schoenbrunn, for he set off before he had ratified the preliminaries of + the peace, announcing that he would ratify them at Munich. He proceeded in + great haste to Nymphenburg, where he was expected on a visit to the Court + of Bavaria. He next visited the King of Wurtemberg, whom he pronounced to + be the cleverest sovereign in Europe, and at the end of October he arrived + at Fontainebleau. From thence he proceeded on horseback to Paris, and he + rode so rapidly that only a single chasseur of his escort could keep up + with him, and, attended by this one guard, he entered the court of the + Tuileries. While Napoleon was at Fontainebleau, before his return to + Paris, Josephine for the first time heard the divorce mentioned; the idea + had occurred to the Emperor's mind while he was at Schoenbrunn. It was + also while at Fontainebleau that Napoleon appointed M. de Montalivet to be + Minister of the Interior. The letters which we received from Paris at this + period brought intelligence of the brilliant state of the capital during + the winter of 1809, and especially of the splendour of the Imperial Court, + where the Emperor's levees were attended by the Kings of Saxony, Bavaria, + and Wurtemberg, all eager to evince their gratitude to the hero who had + raised them to the sovereign rank. + </p> + <p> + I was the first person in Hamburg who received intelligence of Napoleon's + projected marriage with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. The news was brought + to me from Vienna by two estafettes. It is impossible to describe the + effect produced by the anticipation of this event throughout the north of + Germany. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —["Napoleon often reflected on the best mode of making this + communication to the Empress; still he was reluctant to speak to + her. He was apprehensive of the consequences of her susceptibility + of feeling; his heart was never proof against the shedding of tears. + Ho thought, however, that a favourable opportunity offered for + breaking the subject previously to his quitting Fontainebleau. He + hinted at it in a few words which he had addressed to the Empress, + but he did not explain himself until the arrival of the viceroy, + whom he had ordered to join him. He was the first person who spoke + openly to his mother and obtained her consent for that bitter + sacrifice. He acted on the occasion like a kind son and a man + grateful to his benefactor and devoted to his service, by sparing + him the necessity of unpleasant explanations towards a partner whose + removal was a sacrifice as painful to him as it was affecting: The + Emperor, having arranged whatever related to the future condition of + the Empress, upon whom he made a liberal settlement, urged the + moment of the dissolution of the marriage, no doubt because he felt + grieved at the condition of the Empress herself, who dined every day + and passed her evenings in the presence of persons who were + witnessing her descent from the throne. There existed between him + and the Empress Josephine no other bond than a civil act, according + to the custom which prevailed at the time of this marriage. Now the + law had foreseen the dissolution of such marriage oontracts. A + particular day having therefore been fixed upon, the Emperor brought + together into his apartments those persons whose ministry was + required in this case; amongst others, the Arch-Chancellor and M. + Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély. The Emperor then declared in a loud + voice his intention of annulling the marriage he had contracted with + Josephine, who was present; the Empress also made the same + declaration, which was interrupted by her repeated sobs. The Prince + Arch-Chancellor having caused the article of the law to be read, he + applied it to the cam before him, and declared the marriage to be + dissolved." (Memoirs of ad Duc de Rovigo).]— +</pre> + <p> + From all parts the merchants received orders to buy Austrian stock, in + which an extraordinary rise immediately took place. Napoleon's marriage + with Maria Louisa was hailed with enthusiastic and general joy. The event + was regarded as the guarantee of a long peace, and it was hoped there + would be a lasting cessation of the disasters created by the rivalry of + France and Austria. The correspondence I received showed that these + sentiments were general in the interior of France, and in different + countries of Europe; and, in spite of the presentiments I had always had + of the return of the Bourbons to France, I now began to think that event + problematic, or at least very remote. + </p> + <p> + About the beginning of the year 1810 commenced the differences between + Napoleon and his brother Louis, which, as I have already stated, ended in + a complete rupture. Napoleon's object was to make himself master of the + navigation of the Scheldt which Louis wished should remain free, and hence + ensued the union of Holland with the French Empire. Holland was the first + province of the Grand Empire which Napoleon took the new Empress to visit. + This visit took place almost immediately after the marriage. Napoleon + first proceeded to Compiegne, where he remained a week. He next set out + for St. Quentin, and inspected the canal. The Empress Maria Louisa then + joined him, and they both proceeded to Belgium. At Antwerp the Emperor + inspected all the works which he had ordered, and to the execution of + which he attached great importance. He returned by way of Ostend, Lille, + and Normandy to St. Cloud, where he arrived on the 1st of June 1810. He + there learned from my correspondence that the Hanse Towns-refused to + advance money for the pay of the French troops. The men were absolutely + destitute. I declared that it was urgent to put an end to this state of + things. The Hanse towns had been reduced from opulence to misery by + taxation and exactions, and were no longer able to provide the funds. + </p> + <p> + During this year Napoleon, in a fit of madness, issued a decree which I + cannot characterise by any other epithet than infernal. I allude to the + decree for burning all the English merchandise in France, Holland, the + Grand Duchy of Berg, the Hanse Towns; in short, in all places subject to + the disastrous dominion of Napoleon. In the interior of France no idea + could possibly be formed of the desolation caused by this measure in + countries which existed by commerce; and what a spectacle was it to the + destitute inhabitants of those countries to witness the destruction of + property which, had it been distributed, would have assuaged their misery! + </p> + <p> + Among the emigrants whom I was ordered to watch was M. de Vergennes, who + had always remained at or near Hamburg Since April 1808. I informed the + Minister that M. de Vergennes had presented himself to me at this time. I + even remember that M. de Vergennes gave me a letter from M. de Rémusat, + the First Chamberlain of the Emperor. M. de Rémusat strongly recommended + to me his connection, who was called by matters of importance to Hamburg. + Residence in this town was, however, too expensive, and he decided to live + at Neumuhl, a little village on the Elbe, rather to the west of Altona. + There he lived quietly in retirement with an opera dancer named + Mademoiselle Ledoux, with whom he had become acquainted in Paris, and whom + he had brought with him. He seemed much taken with her. His manner of + living did not denote large means. + </p> + <p> + One duty with which I was entrusted, and to which great importance was + attached, was the application and execution of the disastrous Continental + system in the north. In my correspondence I did not conceal the + dissatisfaction which this ruinous measure excited, and the Emperor's eyes + were at length opened on the subject by the following circumstance. In + spite of the sincerity with which the Danish Government professed to + enforce the Continental system, Holstein contained a great quantity of + colonial produce; and, notwithstanding the measures of severity, it was + necessary that that merchandise should find a market somewhere. The + smugglers often succeeded in introducing it into Germany, and the whole + would probably soon have passed the custom-house limits. All things + considered, I thought it advisable to make the best of an evil that could + not be avoided. I therefore proposed that the colonial produce then in + Holstein, and which had been imported before the date of the King's edict + for its prohibition, should be allowed to enter Hamburg on the payment of + 30, and on some articles 40, per cent. This duty was to be collected at + the custom-house, and was to be confined entirely to articles consumed in + Germany. The colonial produce in Altona, Glnckstadt, Husum, and other + towns of Holstein, lead been estimated, at about 30,000,000 francs, and + the duty would amount to 10,000,000 or 12,000,000. The adoption of the + plan I proposed would naturally put a stop to smuggling; for it could not + be doubted that the merchants would give 30 or 33 per cent for the right + of carrying on a lawful trade rather than give 40 per cent. to the + smugglers, with the chance of seizure. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor immediately adopted my idea, for I transmitted my suggestions + to the Minister for Foreign Affairs on the 18th of September, and on the + 4th of October a decree was issued conformable to the plan I proposed. + Within six weeks after the decree came into operation the custom-house + Director received 1300 declarations from persons holding colonial produce + in Holstein. It now appeared that the duties would amount to 40,000,000 + francs, that is to say, 28,000,000 or 30,000,000 more than my estimate. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte had just been nominated Prince Royal of Sweden. This + nomination, with all the circumstances connected with it, as well as + Bernadotte's residence in Hamburg, before he proceeded to Stockholm, will + be particularly noticed in the next chapter. I merely mention the + circumstance here to explain some events which took place in the north, + and which were, more or less, directly connected with it. For example, in + the month of September the course of exchange on St. Petersburg suddenly + fell. All the letters which arrived in Hamburg from the capital of Russia + and from Riga, attributed the fall to the election of the Prince of + Ponte-Corvo as Prince Royal of Sweden. Of thirty letters which I received + there was not one but described the consternation which the event had + created in St. Petersburg. This consternation, however, might have been + excited less by the choice of Sweden than by the fear that that choice was + influenced by the French Government. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0101" id="link2H_4_0101"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAP XXII. + </h2> + + 1809-1810. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bernadotte elected Prince Royal of Sweden—Count Wrede's overtures + to Bernadotte—Bernadottes's three days' visit to Hamburg— + Particulars respecting the battle of Wagram—Secret Order of the + day—Last intercourse of the Prince Royal of Sweden with Napoleon— + My advice to Bernadotte respecting the Continental system. +</pre> + <p> + I now come to one of the periods of my life to which I look back with most + satisfaction, the time when Bernadotte was with me in Hamburg. I will + briefly relate the series of events which led the opposer of the 18th + Brumaire to the throne of Sweden. + </p> + <p> + On the 13th of march 1809 Gustavus Adolphus was arrested, and his uncle, + the Duke of Sudermania, provisionally took the reins of Government. A few + days afterwards Gustavus published his act of abdication, which in the + state of Sweden it was impossible for him to refuse. In May following, the + Swedish Diet having been convoked at Stockholm, the Duke of Sudermania was + elected King. Christian Augustus, the only son of that monarch, of course + became Prince Royal on the accession of his father to the throne. He, + however, died suddenly at the end of May 1810, and Count Fersen (the same + who at the Court of Marie Antoinette was distinguished by the appellation + of 'le beau Fersen'), was massacred by the populace, who suspected, + perhaps unjustly, that he had been accessory to the Prince's death. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Count Fereen, alleged to have been one of the favoured lovers of + Marie Antoinette, and who was certainly deep in her confidence, had + arranged most of the details of the attempted flight to Varennes in + 1791, and he himself drove the Royal family their first stage to the + gates of Paris.]— +</pre> + <p> + On the 21st of August following Bernadotte was elected Prince Royal of + Sweden. + </p> + <p> + After the death of the Prince Royal the Duke of Sudermania's son, Count + Wrede, a Swede, made the first overtures to Bernadotte, and announced to + him the intention entertained at Stockholm of offering him the throne of + Sweden. Bernadotte was at that time in Paris, and immediately after his + first interview with Count Wrede he waited on the Emperor at St. Cloud; + Napoleon coolly replied that he could be of no service to him; that events + must take their course; that he might accept or refuse the offer as he + chose; that he (Bonaparte) would place no obstacles in his way, but that + he could give him no advice. It was very evident that the choice of Sweden + was not very agreeable to Bonaparte, and though he afterwards disavowed + any opposition to it, he made overtures to Stockholm, proposing that the + crown of Sweden should be added to that of Denmark. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte then went to the waters of Plombieres, and on his return to + Paris he sent me a letter announcing his elevation to the rank of Prince + Royal of Sweden. + </p> + <p> + On the 11th of October he arrived in Hamburg, where he stayed only three + days. He passed nearly the whole of that time with me, and he communicated + to me many curious facts connected with the secret history of the times, + and among other things some particulars respecting the battle of Wagram. I + was the first to mention to the new Prince Royal of Sweden the reports of + the doubtful manner in which the troops under his command behaved. I + reminded him of Bonaparte's dissatisfaction at these troops; for there was + no doubt of the Emperor being the author of the complaints contained in + the bulletins, especially as he had withdrawn the troops from Bernadotte's + command. Bernadotte assured me that Napoleon's censure was unjust; during + the battle he had complained of the little spirit manifested by the + soldiers. "He refused to see me," added Bernadotte, "and I was told, as a + reason for his refusal, that he was astonished and displeased to find + that, notwithstanding his complaints, of which I must have heard, I had + boasted of having gained the battle, and had publicly complimented the + Saxons whom I commanded." + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte then showed me the bulletin he drew up after the battle of + Wagram. I remarked that I had never heard of a bulletin being made by any + other than the General who was Commander-in-Chief during a battle, and + asked how the affair ended. He then handed to me a copy of the Order of + the day, which Napoleon said he had sent only to the Marshals commanding + the different corps. + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte's bulletin was printed along with Bonaparte's Order of the Day, + a thing quite unparalleled. + </p> + <p> + Though I was much interested in this account of Bonaparte's conduct after + the battle of Wagram; yet I was more curious to hear the particulars of + Bernadotte's last communication with the Emperor. The Prince informed me + that on his return from Plombieres he attended the levee, when the Emperor + asked him, before every one present, whether he had received any recent + news from Sweden. + </p> + <p> + He replied in the affirmative. "What is it?" inquired Napoleon. "Sire, I + am informed that your Majesty's charge d'affaires at Stockholm opposes my + election. It is also reported to those who choose to believe it that your + Majesty gives the preference to the King of Denmark."—"At these + words," continued Bernadotte, "the Emperor affected surprise, which you + know he can do very artfully. He assured me it was impossible, and then + turned the conversation to another subject. + </p> + <p> + "I know not what to think of his conduct in this affair. I am aware he + does not like me;—but the interests of his policy may render him + favourable to Sweden. Considering the present greatness and power of + France, I conceived it to be my duty to make every personal sacrifice. But + I swear to Heaven that I will never commit the honour of Sweden. He, + however, expressed himself in the best possible terms in speaking of + Charles XIII. and me. He at first started no obstacle to my acceptance of + the succession to the throne of Sweden, and he ordered the official + announcement of my election to be immediately inserted in the Moniteur'. + Ten days elapsed without the Emperor's saying a word to me about my + departure. As I was anxious to be off, and all my preparations were made, + I determined to go and ask him for the letters patent to relieve me from + my oath of fidelity, which I had certainly kept faithfully in spite of all + his ill-treatment of me. He at first appeared somewhat surprised at my + request, and, after a little hesitation, he said, 'There is a preliminary + condition to be fulfilled; a question has been raised by one of the + members of the Privy Council.'—'What condition, Sire?'—'You + must pledge yourself not to bear arms against me.'—'Does your + Majesty suppose that I can bind myself by such an engagement? My election + by the Diet of Sweden, which has met with your Majesty's assent, has made + me a Swedish subject, and that character is incompatible with the pledge + proposed by a member of the Council. I am sure it could never have + emanated from your Majesty, and must proceed from the Arch-Chancellor or + the Grand Judge, who certainly could not have been aware of the height to + which the proposition would raise me.'—'What do you mean?'—'If, + Sire, you prevent me accepting a crown unless I pledge myself not to bear + arms against you, do you not really place me on a level with you as a + General?' + </p> + <p> + "When I declared positively that my election must make me consider myself + a Swedish subject he frowned, and seemed embarrassed. When I had done + speaking he said, in a low and faltering voice, 'Well, go. Our destinies + will soon be accomplished!' These words were uttered so indistinctly that + I was obliged to beg pardon for not having heard what he said, and he + repented, 'Go! our destinies will soon be accomplished!' In the subsequent + conversations which I had with the Emperor I tried all possible means to + remove the unfavourable sentiments he cherished towards me. I revived my + recollections of history. I spoke to him of the great men who had excited + the admiration of the world, of the difficulties and obstacles which they + had to surmount; and, above all, I dwelt upon that solid glory which is + founded on the establishment and maintenance of public tranquillity and + happiness. The Emperor listened to me attentively, and frequently + concurred in my opinion as to the principles of the prosperity and + stability of States. One day he took my hand and pressed it + affectionately, as if to assure me of his friendship and protection. + Though I knew him to be an adept in the art of dissimulation, yet his + affected kindness appeared so natural that I thought all his unfavourable + feeling towards me was at an end. I spoke to persons by whom our two + families were allied, requesting that they would assure the Emperor of the + reciprocity of my sentiments, and tell him that I was ready to assist his + great plans in any way not hostile to the interests of Sweden. + </p> + <p> + "Would you believe, my dear friend, that the persons to whom I made these + candid protestations laughed at my credulity? They told me that after the + conversation in which the Emperor had so cordially pressed my hand. I had + scarcely taken leave of him when he was heard to say that I had made a + great display of my learning to him, and that he had humoured me like a + child. He wished to inspire me with full confidence so as to put me off my + guard; and I know for a certainty that he had the design of arresting me. + </p> + <p> + "But," pursued Bernadotte, "in spite of the feeling of animosity which I + know the Emperor has cherished against me since the 18th Brumaire, I do + not think, when once I shall be in Sweden, that he will wish to have any + differences with the Swedish Government. I must tell you, also he has + given me 2,000,000 francs in exchange for my principality of Ponte-Corvo. + Half the sum has been already paid, which will be very useful to me in + defraying the expenses of my journey and installation. When I was about to + step into my carriage to set off, an individual, whom you must excuse me + naming, came to bid me farewell, and related to me a little conversation + which had just taken place at the Tuileries. Napoleon said to the + individual in question, 'Well, does not the Prince regret leaving France?'—'Certainly, + Sire.'—'As to me, I should have been very glad if he had not + accepted his election. But there is no help for it. . . . He does not like + me.'—'Sire, I must take the liberty of saying that your Majesty + labours under a mistake. I know the differences which have existed between + you and General Bernadotte for the last six years. I know how he opposed + the overthrow of the Directory; but I also know that the Prince has long + been sincerely attached to you.'—'Well, I dare say you are right. + But we have not understood each other. It is now too late. He has his + interests and his policy, and I have mine.'" + </p> + <p> + "Such," added the Prince, "were the Emperor's last observations respecting + me two hours before my departure. The individual to whom I have just + alluded, spoke truly, my dear Bourrienne. I am indeed sorry to leave + France; and I never should have left it but for the injustice of + Bonaparte. If ever I ascend the throne of Sweden I shall owe my crown to + his ill-treatment of me; for had he not persecuted me by his animosity my + condition would have sufficed for a soldier of fortune: but we must follow + our fate." + </p> + <p> + During the three days the Prince spent with me I had many other + conversations with him. He wished me to give him my advice as to the + course he should pursue with regard to the Continental system. "I advise + you," said I, "to reject the system without hesitation. It may be very + fine in theory, but it is utterly impossible to carry it into practice, + and it will, in the end, give the trade of the world to England. It + excites the dissatisfaction of our allies, who, in spite of themselves, + will again become our enemies. But no other country, except Russia, is in + the situation of Sweden. You want a number of objects of the first + necessity, which nature has withheld from you. You can only obtain them by + perfect freedom of navigation; and you can only pay for them with those + peculiar productions in which Sweden abounds. It would be out of all + reason to close your ports against a nation who rules the seas. It is your + navy that would be blockaded, not hers. What can France do against you? + She may invade you by land. But England and Russia will exert all their + efforts to oppose her. By sea it is still more impossible that she should + do anything. Then you have nothing to fear but Russia and England, and it + will be easy for you to keep up friendly relations with these two powers. + Take my advice; sell your iron, timber, leather, and pitch; take in return + salt, wines, brandy, and colonial produce. This is the way to make + yourself popular in Sweden. If, on the contrary, you follow the + Continental system, you will be obliged to adopt laws against smuggling, + which will draw upon you the detestation of the people." + </p> + <p> + Such was the advice which I gave to Bernadotte when he was about to + commence his new and brilliant career. In spite of my situation as a + French Minister I could not have reconciled it to my conscience to give + him any other counsel, for if diplomacy has duties so also has friendship. + Bernadotte adopted my advice, and the King of Sweden had no reason to + regret having done so. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0091" id="link2HCH0091"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIII. + </h2> + + 1810 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Bernadotte's departure from Hamburg—The Duke of Holstein- + Augustenburg—Arrival of the Crown Prince in Sweden— + Misunderstandings between him and Napoleon—Letter from Bernadotte + to the Emperor—Plot for kidnapping the Prince Royal of Sweden— + Invasion of Swedish Pomerania—Forced alliance of Sweden with + England and Russia—Napoleon's overtures to Sweden—Bernadotte's + letters of explanation to the Emperor—The Princess Royal of Sweden + —My recall to Paris—Union of the Hanse Towns with France— + Dissatisfaction of Russia—Extraordinary demand made upon me by + Bonaparte—Fidelity of my old friends—Duroc and Rapp—Visit to + Malmaison, and conversation with Josephine. +</pre> + <p> + While Bernadotte was preparing to fill the high station to which he had + been called by the wishes of the people of Sweden, Napoleon was involved + in his misunderstanding with the Pope, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It was about this time that, irritated at what he called the + captive Pope's unreasonable obstinacy, Bonaparte conceived, and + somewhat openly expressed, his notion of making France a Protestant + country, and changing the religion of 30,000,000 of people by an + Imperial decree. One or two of the good sayings of the witty, + accomplished, and chivalrous Comte Louis de Narbonne have already + been given in the course of these volumes. The following is another + of them: + + "I tell you what I will do, Narbonne—I tell you how I will vent my + spite on this old fool of a Pope, and the dotards who may succeed + him said Napoleon one day at the Tuileries. "I will make a schism + as great as that of Luther—I will make France a Protestant + country!" + + "O Sire," replied the Count, "I see difficulties in the way of this + project. In the south, in the Vendée, in nearly all the west, the + French are bigoted Catholics and even what little religion remains + among us in our cities and great towns is of the Roman Church." + + "Never mind, Narbonne—never mind!—I shall at least carry a large + portion of the French people with me—I will make a division!" Sire, + replied Narbonne, "I am afraid that there is not enough religion in + all France to stand division!"-Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + and in the affairs of Portugal, which were far from proceeding according + to his wishes. Bernadotte had scarcely quitted Hamburg for Sweden when the + Duke of Holstein-Augustenburg arrived. The Duke was the brother of the + last Prince Royal of Sweden, whom Bernadotte was called to succeed, and he + came to escort his sister from Altona to Denmark. His journey had been + retarded for some days on account of the presence of the Prince of + Ponte-Gorvo in Hamburg: the preference granted to Bernadotte had mortified + his ambition, and he was unwilling to come in contact with his fortunate + rival. The Duke was favoured, by the Emperor of Russia. + </p> + <p> + As soon as he arrived in Sweden Bernadotte directed his aide de camp, + General Lentil de St. Alphonse, to inform me of his safe passage. Shortly + after I received a letter from Bernadotte himself, recommending one of his + aides de camp, M. Villatte, who was the bearer of it. This letter + contained the same sentiments of friendship as those I used to receive + from General Bernadotte, and formed a contrast with the correspondence of + King Jerome, who when he wrote to me assumed the regal character, and + prayed that God would have me in his holy keeping. However, the following + is the Prince Royal's letter: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MY DEAR BOURRIENNE—I have directed M. Villatte to see you on his + way through Hamburg, and to bear my friendly remembrances to you. + Lentil has addressed his letter to you, which I suppose you have + already received. Adieu, care for me always, and believe in the + inalterable attachment of yours, + + (Signed)CHARLES JOHN. + + P.S.—I beg you will present my compliments to madame and all your + family. Embrace my little cousin for me. +</pre> + <p> + The little cousin, so called by Bernadotte, was one of my daughters, then + a child, whom Bernadotte used to be very fond of while he was at Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + Departing from the order of date, I will anticipate the future, and relate + all I know respecting the real causes of the misunderstanding which arose + between Bernadotte and Napoleon. Bonaparte viewed the choice of the Swedes + with great displeasure, because he was well aware that Bernadotte had too + much integrity and honour to serve him in the north as a political puppet + set in motion by means of springs which he might pull at Paris or at his + headquarters. His dissatisfaction upon this point occasioned an + interesting correspondence, part of which, consisting of letters from + Bernadotte to the Emperor, is in my possession. The Emperor had allowed + Bernadotte to retain in his service, for a year at least, the French + officers who were his aides de camp—but that permission was soon + revoked, end the Prince Royal of Sweden wrote to Napoleon a letter of + remonstrance. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon's dissatisfaction with the Prince Royal now changed to decided + resentment. He repented having acceded to his departure from France, and + he made no secret of his sentiments, for he said before his courtiers, + "That he would like to send Bernadotte to Vincennes to finish his study of + the Swedish language." Bernadotte was informed of this, but he could not + believe that the Emperor had ever entertained such a design. However, a + conspiracy was formed in Sweden against Bernadotte, whom a party of + foreign brigands were hired to kidnap in the neighbourhood of Raga; but + the plot was discovered, and the conspirators were compelled to embark + without their prey. The Emperor having at the same time seized upon + Swedish Pomerania, the Prince Royal wrote him a second letter in these + terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + From the papers which have just arrived I learn that a division of + the army, under the command of the Prince of Eckmuhl, invaded + Swedish Pomerania on the night of the 26th of January; that the + division continued to advance, entered the capital of the Duchy, and + took possession of the island of Rugen. The King expects that your + Majesty will explain the reasons which have induced you to act in a + manner so contrary to the faith of existing treaties. My old + connection with your Majesty warrants me in requesting you to + declare your motives without delay, in order that I may give my + advice to the King as to the conduct which Sweden ought hereafter to + adopt. This gratuitous outrage against Sweden is felt deeply by the + nation, and still more, Sire, by me, to whom is entrusted the honour + of defending it. Though I have contributed to the triumphs of + France, though I have always desired to see her respected and happy; + yet I can never think of sacrificing the interests, honour, and + independence of the country which has adopted me. Your Majesty, who + has so ready a perception of what is just, must admit the propriety + of my resolution. Though I am not jealous of the glory and power + which surrounds you, I cannot submit to the dishonour of being + regarded as a vassal. Your Majesty governs the greatest part of + Europe, but your dominion does not extend to the nation which I have + been called to govern; my ambition is limited to the defence of + Sweden. The effect produced upon the people by the invasion of + which I complain may lead to consequences which it is impossible to + foresee; and although I am not a Coriolanus, and do not command the + Volsci, I have a sufficiently good opinion of the Swedes to assure + you that they dare undertake anything to avenge insults which they + have not provoked, and to preserve rights to which they are as much + attached as to their lives. +</pre> + <p> + I was in Paris when the Emperor received Bernadotte's letter on the + occupation of Swedish Pomerania. When Bonaparte read it I was informed + that he flew into a violent rage, and even exclaimed, "You shall submit to + your degradation, or die sword in hand!" But his rage was impotent. The + unexpected occupation of Swedish Pomerania obliged the King of Sweden to + come to a decided rupture with France, and to seek other allies, for + Sweden was not strong enough in herself to maintain neutrality in the + midst of the general conflagration of Europe after the disastrous campaign + of Moscow. The Prince Royal, therefore, declared to Russia and England + that in consequence of the unjust invasion of Pomerania Sweden was at war + with France, and he despatched Comte de Lowenhjelm, the King's aide de + camp, with a letter explanatory of his views. Napoleon sent many notes to + Stockholm, where M. Alquier, his Ambassador, according to his + instructions, had maintained a haughty and even insulting tone towards + Sweden. Napoleon's overtures, after the manifestations of his anger, and + after the attempt to carry off the Prince Royal, which could be attributed + only to him, were considered by the Prince Royal merely as a snare. But in + the hope of reconciling the duties he owed to both his old and his new + country he addressed to the Emperor a moderate letter: + </p> + <p> + This letter throws great light on the conduct of the Emperor with respect + to Bernadotte; for Napoleon was not the man whom any one whatever would + have ventured to remind of facts, the accuracy of which was in the least + degree questionable. Such then were the relations between Napoleon and the + Prince Royal of Sweden. When I shall bring to light some curious secrets, + which have hitherto been veiled beneath the mysteries of the Restoration, + it will be seen by what means Napoleon, before his fall, again sought to + wreak his vengeance upon Bernadotte. + </p> + <p> + Oh the 4th of December I had the honour to see the Princess Royal of + Sweden,—[Madame Bernadotte, afterwards Queen of Sweden, was a + Mademoiselle Clary, and younger sister to the wife of Joseph Bonaparte]—who + arrived that day at Hamburg. She merely passed through the city on her way + to Stockholm to join her husband, but she remained but a short time in + Sweden,—two months, I believe, at most, not being able to reconcile + herself to the ancient Scandinavia. As to the Prince Royal, he soon became + inured to the climate, having been for many years employed in the north. + </p> + <p> + After this my stay at Hamburg was not of long duration. Bonaparte's + passion for territorial aggrandisement knew no bounds; and the turn of the + Hanse Towns now arrived. By taking possession of these towns and + territories he merely accomplished a design formed long previously. I, + however, was recalled with many compliments, and under the specious + pretext that the Emperor wished to hear my opinions respecting the country + in which. I had been residing. At the beginning of December I received a + letter from M. de Champagny stating that the Emperor wished to see me in + order to consult with me upon different things relating to Hamburg. In + this note I was told "that the information I had obtained respecting + Hamburg and the north of Germany might be useful to the public interest, + which must be the most gratifying reward of my labours." The reception + which awaited me will presently be seen. The conclusion of the letter + spoke in very flattering terms of the manner in which I had discharged my + duties. I received it on the 8th of December, and next day I set out for + Paris. When I arrived at Mayence I was enabled to form a correct idea of + the fine compliments which had been paid me, and of the Emperor's anxiety + to have my opinion respecting the Hanse Towns. In Mayence I met the + courier who was proceeding to announce the union of the Hanse Towns with + the French Empire. I confess that, notwithstanding the experience I had + acquired of Bonaparte's duplicity, or rather, of the infinite multiplicity + of his artifices, he completely took me by surprise on that occasion. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival in Paris I did not see the Emperor, but the first 'Moniteur' + I read contained the formula of a 'Senatus-consulte,' which united the + Hanse Towns, Lauenburg, etc., to the French Empire by the right of the + strongest. This new and important augmentation of territory could not fail + to give uneasiness to Russia. Alexander manifested his dissatisfaction by + prohibiting the importation of our agricultural produce and manufactures + into Russia. Finally, as the Continental system had destroyed all trade by + the ports of the Baltic, Russia showed herself more favourable to the + English, and gradually reciprocal complaints of bad faith led to that war + whose unfortunate issue was styled by M. Talleyrand "the beginning of the + end." + </p> + <p> + I have now to make the reader acquainted with an extraordinary demand made + upon me by the Emperor through the medium of M. de Champagny. In one of my + first interviews with that Minister after my return to Paris he thus + addressed me: "The Emperor has entrusted me with a commission to you which + I am obliged to execute: 'When you see Bourrienne,' said the Emperor, + 'tell him I wish him to pay 6,000,000 into your chest to defray the + expense of building the new Office for Foreign Affairs.'" I was so + astonished at this unfeeling and inconsiderate demand that I was utterly + unable to make airy reply. This then was my recompense for having obtained + money and supplies during my residence at Hamburg to the extent of nearly + 100,000,000, by which his treasury and army had profited in moments of + difficulty! M. de Champagny added that the Emperor did not wish to receive + me. He asked what answer he should bear to his Majesty. I still remained + silent, and the Minister again urged me to give an answer. "Well, then," + said I, "tell him he may go to the devil." The Minister naturally wished + to obtain some variation from this laconic answer, but I would give no + other; and I afterwards learned from Duroc that M. de Champagny was + compelled to communicate it to Napoleon. "Well," asked the latter, "have + you seen Bourrienne?"—"Yes, Sire."—"Did you tell him I wished + him to pay 6,000,000 into your chest?"—"Yes, Sire."—"And what + did he say?"—"Sire, I dare not inform your Majesty."—"What did + he say? I insist upon knowing."—"Since you insist on my telling you, + Sire, M. de Bourrienne said your Majesty might go to the devil."—"Ah! + ah! did he really say so?" The Emperor then retired to the recess of a + window, where he remained alone for seven or eight minutes, biting his + nails; in the fashion of Berthier, and doubtless giving free scope to his + projects of vengeance. He then turned to the Minister and spoke to him of + quite another subject: Bonaparte had so nursed himself in the idea of + making me pay the 6,000,000 that every time he passed the Office for + Foreign Affairs he said to those who accompanied hint; "Bourrienne must + pay for that after all." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This demand of money from Bourrienne is explained in Erreurs + (tome ii, p. 228) by the son of Davoust. Bourrienne had been + suspected by Napoleon of making large sums at Hamburg by allowing + breaches of the Continental system. In one letter to Davoust + Napoleon speaks of an "immense fortune," and in another, that + Bourrienne is reported to have gained seven or eight millions at + Hamburg in giving licences or making arbitrary seizures.]— +</pre> + <p> + Though I was not admitted to the honour of sharing the splendour of the + Imperial Court; yet I had the satisfaction of finding that; in spite of my + disgrace, those of my old friends who were worth anything evinced the same + regard for me as heretofore. I often saw Duroc; who snatched some moments + from his more serious occupations to come and chat with me respecting all + that had occurred since my secession from Bonaparte's cabinet. I shall not + attempt to give a verbatim account of my conversations with Duroc, as I + have only my memory to guide me; but I believe I shall not depart from the + truth in describing them as follows: + </p> + <p> + On his return from the last Austrian campaign Napoleon; as I have already + stated, proceeded to Fontainebleau, where he was joined by Josephine. + Then, for the first time, the communication which had always existed + between the apartments of the husband and wife was closed. Josephine was + fully alive to the fatal prognostics which were to be deduced from this + conjugal separation. Duroc informed me that she sent for him, and on + entering her chamber, he found her bathed in tears. "I am lost!" she + exclaimed in a tone of voice the remembrance of which seemed sensibly to + affect Duroc even while relating the circumstance to me: "I am utterly + lost! all is over now! You, Duroc, I know, have always been my friend, and + so has Rapp. It is not you who have persuaded him to part from me. This is + the work of my enemies Savary and Junot! But they are more his enemies + than mine. And my poor Eugène I how will he be distressed when he learns I + am repudiated by an ungrateful man! Yes Duroc, I may truly call him + ungrateful, My God! my God! what will become of us?" . . . Josephine + sobbed bitterly while she thus addressed Duroc. + </p> + <p> + Before I was acquainted with the singular demand which M. de Champagny was + instructed to make to me I requested Duroc to inquire of the Emperor his + reason for not wishing to see me. The Grand Marshal faithfully executed my + commission, but he received only the following answer: "Do you think I + have nothing better to do than to give Bourrienne an audience? that would + indeed furnish gossip for Paris and Hamburg. He has always sided with the + emigrants; he would be talking to me of past times; he was for Josephine! + My wife, Duroc, is near her confinement; I shall have a son, I am sure!... + Bourrienne is not a man of the day; I have made giant strides since he + left France; in short, I do not want to see him. He is a grumbler by + nature; and you know, my dear Duroc, I do not like men of that sort." + </p> + <p> + I had not been above a week in Paris when Duroc related this speech to me. + Rapp was not in France at the time, to my great regret. Much against his + inclination he had been appointed to some duties connected with the + Imperial marriage ceremonies, but shortly after, having given offence to + Napoleon by some observation relating to the Faubourg St. Germain, he had + received orders to repair to Dantzic, of which place he had already been + Governor. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor's refusal to see me made my situation in Paris extremely + delicate; and I was at first in doubt whether I might seek an interview + with Josephine. Duroc, however, having assured me that Napoleon would have + no objection to it, I wrote requesting permission to wait upon her. I + received an answer the same day, and on the morrow I repaired to + Malmaison. I was ushered into the tent drawing-room, where I found + Josephine and Hortense. When I entered Josephine stretched out her hand to + me, saying, "Ah! my friend!" These words she pronounced with deep emotion, + and tears prevented her from continuing. She threw herself on the ottoman + on the left of the fireplace, and beckoned me to sit down beside her. + Hortense stood by the fireplace, endeavouring to conceal her tears. + Josephine took my hand, which she pressed in both her own; and, after a + struggle to overcome her feelings, she said, "My dear Bourrienne, I have + drained my cup of misery. He has cast me off! forsaken me! He conferred + upon me the vain title of Empress only to render my fall the more marked. + Ah! we judged him rightly! I knew the destiny that awaited me; for what + would he not sacrifice to his ambition!" As she finished these words one + of Queen Hortense's ladies entered with a message to her; Hortense stayed + a few moments, apparently to recover from the emotion under which she was + labouring, and then withdrew, so that I was left alone with Josephine. She + seemed to wish for the relief of disclosing her sorrows, which I was + curious to hear from her own lips; women have such a striking way of + telling their distresses. Josephine confirmed what Duroc had told me + respecting the two apartments at Fontainebleau; then, coming to the period + when Bonaparte had declared to her the necessity of a separation, she + said, "My dear Bourrienne; during all the years you were with us you know + I made you the confidant of my thoughts, and kept you acquainted with my + sad forebodings. They are now cruelly fulfilled. I acted the part of a + good wife to the very last. I have suffered all, and I am resigned! . . . + What fortitude did it require latterly to endure my situation, when, + though no longer his wife, I was obliged to seem so in the eyes of the + world! With what eyes do courtiers look upon a repudiated wife! I was in a + state of vague uncertainty worse than death until the fatal day when he at + length avowed to me what I had long before read in his looks! On the 30th + of November 1809 we were dining together as usual, I had not uttered a + word during that sad dinner, and he had broken silence only to ask one of + the servants what o'clock it was. As soon as Bonaparte had taken his + coffee he dismissed all the attendants, and I remained alone with him. I + saw in the expression of his countenance what was passing in his mind, and + I knew that my hour was come. He stepped up to me—he was trembling, + and I shuddered; he took my hand, pressed it to his heart, and after + gazing at me for a few moments in silence he uttered these fatal words: + 'Josephine! my dear Josephine! You know how I have loved you! . . . To + you, to you alone, I owe the only moments of happiness I have tasted in + this world. But, Josephine, my destiny is not to be controlled by my will. + My dearest affections must yield to the interests of France.'—'Say + no more,' I exclaimed, 'I understand you; I expected this, but the blow is + not the less mortal.' I could not say another word," continued Josephine; + "I know not what happened after I seemed to lose my reason; I became + insensible, and when I recovered I found myself in my chamber. Your friend + Corvisart and my poor daughter were with me. Bonaparte came to see me in + the evening; and oh! Bourrienne, how can I describe to you what I felt at + the sight of him; even the interest he evinced for me seemed an additional + cruelty. Alas! I had good reason to fear ever becoming an Empress!" + </p> + <p> + I knew not what consolation to offer: to Josephine; and knowing as I did + the natural lightness of her character, I should have been surprised to + find her grief so acute, after the lapse of a year, had I not been aware + that there are certain chords which, when struck, do not speedily cease to + vibrate in the heart of a woman. I sincerely pitied Josephine, and among + all the things I said to assuage her sorrow, the consolation to which she + appeared most sensible was the reprobation which public opinion had + pronounced on Bonaparte's divorce, and on this subject I said nothing but + the truth, for Josephine was generally beloved. I reminded her of a + prediction I had made under happier circumstances, viz. on the day that + she came to visit us in our little house at Ruel. "My dear friend," said + she, "I have not forgotten it, and I have often thought of all you then + said. For my part, I knew he was lost from the day he made himself + Emperor. Adieu! Bourrienne, come and see me soon again; come often, for we + have a great deal to talk about; you know how happy I always am to see + you." Such was, to the best of my recollection, what passed at my first + interview with Josephine after my return from Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0092" id="link2HCH0092"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIV + </h2> + + 1811 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Arrest of La Sahla—My visit to him—His confinement at Vincennes— + Subsequent history of La Sahla—His second journey to France— + Detonating powder—Plot hatched against me by the Prince of Eckmuhl + —Friendly offices of the Duc de Rovigo—Bugbears of the police— + Savary, Minister of Police. +</pre> + <p> + I had been in Paris about two months when a young man of the name of La + Sahla was arrested on the suspicion of having come from Saxony to attempt + the life of the Emperor. La Sahla informed the Duc de Rovigo, then + Minister of the Police, that he wished to see me, assigning as a reason + for this the reputation I had left behind me in Germany. The Emperor, I + presume, had no objection to the interview, for I received an invitation + to visit the prisoner. I accordingly repaired to the branch office of the + Minister of the Police, in the Rue des St. Peres, where I was introduced + to a young man between seventeen and eighteen years of age. + </p> + <p> + My conversation with the young man, whose uncle was, I believe, Minister + to the King of Saxony, interested me greatly in his behalf; I determined, + if possible, to save La Sahla, and I succeeded. I proceeded immediately to + the Duc de Rovigo, and I convinced him that under the circumstances of the + case it was important to make it be believed that the young man was + insane. I observed that if he were brought before a court he would repeat + all that he had stated to me, and probably enter into disclosures which + might instigate fresh attempts at assassination. Perhaps an avenger of La + Sahla might rise up amongst the students of Leipzig, at which university + he had spent his youth. These reasons, together with others, had the + success I hoped for. The Emperor afterwards acknowledged the prudent + course which had been adopted respecting La Sahla; when speaking at St. + Helena of the conspiracies against his life he said, "I carefully + concealed all that I could." + </p> + <p> + In conformity with my advice La Sahla was sent to Vincennes, where he + remained until the end of March 1814, He was then removed to the castle of + Saumur, from which he was liberated at the beginning of April. I had heard + nothing of him for three years, when one day, shortly after the + Restoration, whilst sitting at breakfast with my family at my house in the + Rue Hauteville, I heard an extraordinary noise in the antechamber, and + before I had time to ascertain its cause I found myself in the arms. of a + young man, who embraced me with extraordinary ardour. It was La Sahla. He + was in a transport of gratitude and joy at his liberation, and at the + accomplishment of the events which he had wished to accelerate by + assassination. La Sahla returned to Saxony and I saw no more of him, but + while I was in Hamburg in 1815, whither I was seat by Louis XVIII., I + learned that on the 5th of June a violent explosion was heard in the + Chamber of Representatives at Paris, which was at first supposed to be a + clap of thunder, but was soon ascertained to have been occasioned by a + young Samson having fallen with a packet of detonating powder in his + pocket. + </p> + <p> + On receiving this intelligence I imagined, I know not why, that this young + Saxon was La Sahla, and that he had probably intended to blow up Napoleon + and even the Legislative Body; but I have since ascertained that I was + under a mistake as to his intentions. My knowledge of La Sahla's candour + induces me to believe the truth of his declarations to the police; and if + there be any inaccuracies in the report of these declarations I do not + hesitate to attribute them to the police itself, of which Fouché was the + head at the period in question. + </p> + <p> + It is the latter part of the report which induced me to observe above, + that if there were any inaccuracies in the statement they were more likely + to proceed from Fouché's police than the false representations of young La + Sahla. It is difficult to give credit without proof to such accusations. + However, I decide nothing; but I consider it my duty to express doubts of + the truth of these charges brought against the two Prussian ministers, of + whom the Prince of Wittgenstein, a man of undoubted honour, has always + spoken to me in the best of terms. + </p> + <p> + There is nothing to prove that La Sahla returned to France the second time + with the same intentions as before. This project, however, is a mystery to + me, and his detonating powder gives rise to many conjectures. + </p> + <p> + I had scarcely left Hamburg when the Prince of Eckmuhl (Marshal Davoust) + was appointed Governor-General of that place on the union of the Hanse + Towns with the Empire. From that period I was constantly occupied in + contending against the persecutions and denunciations which he racked his + imagination to invent. I cannot help attributing to those persecutions the + Emperor's coolness towards me on my arrival in Paris. But as Davoust's + calumnies were devoid of proof, he resorted to a scheme by which a certain + appearance of probability might supply the place of truth. When I arrived + in Paris, at the commencement of 1811, I was informed by an excellent + friend I had left at Hamburg, M. Bouvier, an emigrant, and one of the + hostages of Louis XVI., that in a few days I would receive a letter which + would commit me, and likewise M. de Talleyrand and General Rapp. I had + never had any connection on matters of business, with either of these + individuals, for whom I entertained the most sincere attachment. They, + like myself, were not in the good graces of Marshal Davoust, who could not + pardon the one for his incontestable superiority of talent, and the other + for his blunt honesty. On the receipt of M. Bouvier's letter I carried it + to the Duc de Rovigo, whose situation made him perfectly aware of the + intrigues which had been carried on against me since I had left Hamburg by + one whose ambition aspired to the Viceroyalty of Poland. On that, as on + many other similar occasions, the Duc de Rovigo advocated my cause with + Napoleon. We agreed that it would be best to await the arrival of the + letter which M. Bouvier had announced. Three weeks elapsed, and the letter + did not appear. The Duc de Rovigo, therefore, told me that I must have + been misinformed. However, I was certain that M. Bouvier would not have + sent me the information on slight grounds, and I therefore supposed that + the project had only been delayed. I was not wrong in my conjecture, for + at length the letter arrived. To what a depth of infamy men can descend! + The letter was from a man whom I had known at Hamburg, whom I had obliged, + whom I had employed as a spy. His epistle was a miracle of impudence. + After relating some extraordinary transactions which he said had taken + place between us, and which all bore the stamp of falsehood, he requested + me to send him by return of post the sum of 60,000 francs on account of + what I had promised him for some business he executed in England by the + direction of M. de Talleyrand, General Rapp, and myself. Such miserable + wretches are often caught in the snares they spread for others. This was + the case in the present instance, for the fellow had committed, the + blunder of fixing upon the year 1802 as the period of this pretended + business in England, that is to say, two years before my appointment as + Minister-Plenipotentiary to the Hanse Towns. This anachronism was not the + only one I discovered in the letter. + </p> + <p> + I took a copy of the letter, and immediately carried the original to the + Duc de Rovigo, as had been agreed between us. When I waited on the + Minister he was just preparing to go to the Emperor. He took with him the + letter which I brought, and also the letter which announced its arrival. + As the Duc de Rovigo entered the audience-chamber Napoleon advanced to + meet him, and apostrophised him thus: "Well, I have learned fine things of + your Bourrienne, whom you are always defending." The fact was, the Emperor + had already received a copy of the letter, which had been opened at the + Hamburg post-office. The Duc de Rovigo told the Emperor that he had long + known what his Majesty had communicated to him. He then entered into a + full explanation of the intrigue, of which it was wished to render me the + victim, and proved to him the more easily the falsehood of my accusers by + reminding him that in 1802 I was not in Hamburg, but was still in his + service at home. + </p> + <p> + It may be supposed that I was too much interested in knowing what had + passed at the Tuileries not to return to the Duc de Rovigo the same day. I + learned from him the particulars which I have already related. He added + that he had observed to the Emperor that there was no connection between + Rapp and M. Talleyrand which could warrant the suspicion of their being + concerned in the affair in question. "When Napoleon saw the matter in its + true light," said Savary, "when I proved to him the palpable existence of + the odious machination, he could not find terms to express his + indignation. 'What baseness, what horrible villainy!' he exclaimed; and + gave me orders to arrest and bring to Paris the infamous writer of the + letter; and you may rely upon it his orders shall be promptly obeyed." + </p> + <p> + Savary, as he had said, instantly despatched orders for the arrest of the + writer, whom he directed to be sent to France. On his arrival he was + interrogated respecting the letter. He declared that he had written it at + the instigation and under the dictation of Marshal Davoust, for doing + which he received a small sum of money as a reward. He also confessed that + when the letter was put into the post the Prince of Eckmuhl ordered the + Director of the Post to open it, take a copy, then seal it again, and send + it to its address—that is to say, to me—and the copy to the + Emperor. The writer of the letter was banished to Marseilles, or to the + Island of Hyeres, but the individual who dictated it continued a Marshal, + a Prince, and a Governor-General, and still looked forward to the + Viceroyalty of Poland! Such was the discriminating justice of the Empire; + and Davoust continued his endeavours to revenge himself by other calumnies + for my not having considered him a man of talent. I must do the Duc de + Rovigo the justice to say that, though his fidelity to Napoleon was as it + always had been, boundless, yet whilst he executed the Emperor's orders he + endeavoured to make him acquainted with the truth, as was proved by his + conduct in the case I have just mentioned. He was much distressed by the + sort of terror which his appointment had excited in the public, and he + acknowledged to me that he intended to restore confidence by a more mild + system than that of his predecessor. I had observed formerly that Savary + did not coincide in the opinion I had always entertained of Fouché, but + when once the Duc de Rovigo endeavoured to penetrate the labyrinth of + police, counter-police, inspections and hierarchies of espionage, he found + they were all bugbears which Fouché had created to alarm the Emperor, as + gardeners put up scarecrows among the fruit-trees to frighten away the + sparrows. Thus, thanks to the artifices of Fouché, the eagle was + frightened as easily as the sparrows, until the period when the Emperor, + convinced that Fouché was maintaining a correspondence with England + through the agency of Ouvrard, dismissed him. + </p> + <p> + I saw with pleasure that Savary, the Minister of Police, wished to + simplify the working of his administration, and to gradually diminish + whatever was annoying in it, but, whatever might be his intentions, he was + not always free to act. I acknowledge that when I read his Memoirs I saw + with great impatience that in many matters he had voluntarily assumed + responsibilities for acts which a word from him might have attributed to + their real author. However this may be, what much pleased me in Savary was + the wish he showed to learn the real truth in order to tell it to + Napoleon. He received from the Emperor more than one severe rebuff. This + came from the fact that since the immense aggrandisement of the Empire the + ostensible Ministers, instead of rising in credit, had seen their + functions diminish by degrees. Thus proposals for appointments to the + higher grades of the army came from the cabinet of Berthier, and not from + that of the Minister-of-War. Everything which concerned any part of the + government of the Interior or of the Exterior, except for the + administration of War and perhaps for that of Finance, had its centre in + the cabinet of M. Maret, certainly an honest man, but whose facility in + saying "All is right," so much helped to make all wrong. + </p> + <p> + The home trade, manufactures, and particularly several of the Parisian + firms were in a state of distress the more hurtful as it contrasted so + singularly with the splendour of the Imperial Court since the marriage of + Napoleon with Maria Louisa. In this state of affairs a chorus of + complaints reached the ears of the Duc de Rovigo every day. I must say + that Savary was never kinder to me than since my disgrace; he nourished my + hope of getting Napoleon to overcome the prejudices against me with which + the spirit of vengeance had inspired him, and I know for certain that + Savary returned to the charge more than once to manage this. The Emperor + listened without anger, did not blame him for the closeness of our + intimacy, and even said to him some obliging but insignificant words about + me. This gave time for new machinations against me, and to fill him with + fresh doubts when he had almost overcome his former, ideas. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0093" id="link2HCH0093"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + M. Czernischeff—Dissimulation of Napoleon—Napoleon and Alexander— + Josephine's foresight respecting the affairs of Spain—My visits to + Malmaison—Grief of Josephine—Tears and the toilet—Vast extent of + the Empire—List of persons condemned to death and banishment in + Piedmont—Observation of Alfieri respecting the Spaniards—Success + in Spain—Check of Massena in Portugal—Money lavished by the + English—Bertrand sent to Illyria, and Marmont to Portugal— + Situation of the French army—Assembling of the Cortes—Europe + sacrificed to the Continental system—Conversation with Murat in the + Champs Elysees—New titles and old names—Napoleon's dislike of + literary men—Odes, etc., on the marriage of Napoleon—Chateaubriand + and Lemereier—Death of Chenier—Chateaubriand elected his successor + —His discourse read by Napoleon—Bonaparte compared to Nero— + Suppression of the 'Merceure'—M. de Chateaubriand ordered to leave + Paris—MM. Lemercier and Esmenard presented to the Emperor—Birth of + the King of Rome—France in 1811. +</pre> + <p> + Since my return to France I had heard much of the intrigues of M. + Czernischeff, an aide de camp of the Emperor of Russia, who, under the + pretext of being frequently sent to compliment Napoleon on the part of the + Emperor Alexander, performed, in fact, the office of a spy. The conduct of + Napoleon with regard to M. Czernischeff at that period struck me as + singular, especially after the intelligence which before my departure from + Hamburg I had transmitted to him respecting the dissatisfaction of Russia + and her hostile inclinations. It is therefore clear to me that Bonaparte + was well aware of the real object of M. Czernischeffs mission, and that if + he appeared to give credit to the increasing professions of his friendship + it was only because he still wished, as he formerly did; that Russia might + so far commit herself as to afford him a fair pretext for the + commencement, of hostilities in the north. + </p> + <p> + M. Czernischeff first arrived in Paris shortly after the interview at + Erfurt, and after that period was almost constantly on the road between + Paris and St. Petersburg; it has been computed that in the space of less + than four years he travelled more than 10,000 leagues. For a long time his + frequent journeyings excited no surmises, but while I was in Paris Savary + began to entertain suspicions, the correctness of which it was not + difficult to ascertain, so formidable was still the system of espionage, + notwithstanding the precaution taken by Fouché to conceal from his + successor the names of his most efficient spies. It was known that M. + Czernischeff was looking out for a professor of mathematics,—doubtless + to disguise the real motives for his stay in Paris by veiling them under + the desire of studying the sciences. The confidant of Alexander had + applied to a professor connected with a public office; and from that time + all the steps of M. Czerniseheff were known to the police. It was + discovered that he was less anxious to question his instructor respecting + the equations of a degree, or the value of unknown quantities, than to + gain all the information he could about the different branches of the + administration, and particularly the department of war. It happened that + the professor knew some individuals employed in the public offices, who + furnished him with intelligence, which he in turn communicated to M. + Czernischeff, but not without making a report of it to the police; + according to custom, instead of putting an end to this intrigue at once it + was suffered fully to develop itself. Napoleon was informed of what was + going on, and in this instance gave a new proof of his being an adept in + the art of dissimulation, for, instead of testifying any displeasure + against M. Czernischeff, he continued to receive him with the same marks + of favour which he had shown to him during his former missions to Paris. + Being, nevertheless, desirous to get rid of him, without evincing a + suspicion that his clandestine proceedings had been discovered, he + entrusted him with a friendly letter to his brother of Russia, but + Alexander was in such haste to reply to the flattering missive of his + brother of France that M. Czernischeff was hurried back to Paris, having + scarcely been suffered to enter the gates of St. Petersburg. I believe I + am correct in the idea that Napoleon was not really displeased at the + intrigues of M. Czernischeff, from the supposition that they afforded an + indication of the hostile intentions of Russia towards France; for, + whatever he might say on this subject to his confidants, what reliance can + we place on the man who formed the camp of Boulogne without the most + distant intention of attempting a descent upon England, and who had + deceived the whole world respecting that important affair without taking + any one into his own confidence? + </p> + <p> + During the period of my stay in Paris the war with Spain and Portugal + occupied much of the public attention; and it proved in the end an + enterprise upon which the intuition of Josephine had not deceived her. In + general she intermeddled little with political affairs; in the first + place, because her doing so would have given offence to Napoleon; and + next, because her natural frivolity led her to give a preference to + lighter pursuits. But I may safely affirm that she was endowed with an + instinct so perfect as seldom to be deceived respecting the good or evil + tendency of any measure which Napoleon engaged in; and I remember she told + me that when informed of the intention of the Emperor to bestow the throne + of Spain on Joseph, she was seized with a feeling of indescribable alarm. + It would be difficult to define that instinctive feeling which leads us to + foresee the future; but it is a fact that Josephine was endowed with this + faculty in a more perfect decree than any other person I have ever known, + and to her it was a fatal gift, for she suffered at the same time under + the weight of present and of future misfortunes. + </p> + <p> + I often visited her at Malmaison, as Duroc assured me that the Emperor had + no objection to my doing so; yet he must have been fully aware that when + Josephine and I were in confidential conversation he would not always be + mentioned in terms of unqualified eulogy; and in truth, his first friend + and his first wife might well be excused for sometimes commingling their + complaints. + </p> + <p> + Though more than a twelvemonth had elapsed since the divorce grief still + preyed on the heart of Josephine. "You cannot conceive, my friend," she + often said to me, "all the torments that I have suffered since that fatal + day! I cannot imagine how I survived it. You cannot figure to yourself the + pain I endure on seeing descriptions of his fetes everywhere. And the + first time he came to visit me after his marriage, what a meeting was + that! How many tears I shed! The days on which he comes are to me days of + misery, for he spares me not. How cruel to speak of his expected heir. + Bourrienne, you cannot conceive how heart-rending all this is to me! + Better, far better to be exiled a thousand leagues from hence! However," + added Josephine, "a few friends still remain faithful in my changed + fortune, and that is now the only thing which affords me even temporary + consolation." The truth is that she was extremely unhappy, and the most + acceptable consolation her friends could offer her was to weep with her. + Yet such was still Josephine's passion for dress, that after. having wept + for a quarter of an hour she would dry her tears to give audience to + milliners and jewellers. The sight of a new hat would call forth all + Josephine's feminine love of finery. One day I remember that, taking + advantage of the momentary serenity occasioned by an ample display of + sparkling gewgaws, I congratulated her upon the happy influence they + exercised over her spirits, when she said, "My dear friend, I ought, + indeed, to be indifferent to all this; but it is a habit." Josephine might + have added that it was also an occupation, for it would be no exaggeration + to say that if the time she wasted in tears and at her toilet had been + subtracted from her life its duration would have been considerably + shortened. + </p> + <p> + The vast extent of the French Empire now presented a spectacle which + resembled rather the dominion of the Romans and the conquests of + Charlemagne than the usual form and political changes of modern Europe. In + fact, for nearly two centuries, until the period of the Revolution, and + particularly until the elevation of Napoleon, no remarkable changes had + taken place in the boundaries of European States, if we except the + partition of Poland, when two of the co-partitioners committed the error + of turning the tide of Russia towards the west! Under Napoleon everything + was overturned with astonishing rapidity: customs, manners, laws, were + superseded + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The so-called "French" armies of the time, drawn from all parts + of the Empire and from the dependent States, represented the + extraordinary fusion attempted by Napoleon. Thus, at the battle of + Ocana there were at least troops of the following States, viz. + Warsaw, Holland, Baden, Nassau, Hesse-Darmstadt, Frankfort, besides + the Spaniards in Joseph's service. A Spanish division went to + Denmark, the regiment from Isembourg was sent to Naples, while the + Neapolitans crossed to Spain. Even the little Valais had to furnish + a battalion. Blacks from San Domingo served in Naples, while + sixteen nations, like so many chained dogs, advanced into Russia. + Such troops could not have the spirit of a homogeneous army. + + Already, in 1808, Metternich had written from Paris to his Court, + "It is no longer the nation that fights: the present war (Spain) is + Napoleon's war; it is not even that of his army." But Napoleon + himself was aware of the danger of the Empire from its own extent. + In the silence of his cabinet his secretary Meneval sometimes heard + him murmur, "L'arc est trop longtemps tendu."]— +</pre> + <p> + by new customs, new manners, and new laws, imposed by force, and forming a + heterogeneous whole, which could not fail to dissolve, as soon as the + influence of the power which had created it should cease to operate. Such + was the state of Italy that I have been informed by an individual worthy + of credit that if the army of Prince Eugène, instead of being victorious, + had been beaten on the Piava, a deeply-organised revolution would have + broken out in Piedmont, and even in the Kingdom of Italy, where, + nevertheless, the majority of the people fully appreciated the excellent + qualities of Eugène. I have been also credibly informed that lists were in + readiness designating those of the French who were to be put to death, as + well as those by whom the severe orders of the Imperial Government had + been mitigated, and who were only to be banished. In fact, revolt was as + natural to the Italians as submission to the Germans, and as the fury of + despair to the Spanish nation. On this subject I may cite an observation + contained in one of the works of Alfieri, published fifteen years before + the Spanish war. Taking a cursory view of the different European nations + he regarded—the Spaniards as the only people possessed of + "sufficient energy to struggle against foreign usurpation." Had I still + been near the person of Napoleon I would most assuredly have resorted to + an innocent artifice, which I had several times employed, and placed the + work of Alfieri on his table open at the page I wished him to read. + Alfieri's opinion of the Spanish people was in the end fully verified; and + I confess I cannot think without shuddering of the torrents of blood which + inundated the Peninsula; and for what? To make Joseph Bonaparte a King! + </p> + <p> + The commencement of 1811 was sufficiently favourable to the French arms in + Spain, but towards the beginning of March the aspect of affairs changed. + The Duke of Belluno, notwithstanding the valour of his troops, was + unsuccessful at Chiclana; and from that day the French army could not make + head against the combined forces of England and Portugal. Even Massena, + notwithstanding the title of Prince of Eslingen (or Essling), which he had + won under the walls of Vienna, was no longer "the favourite child of + victory" as he had been at Zurich. + </p> + <p> + Having mentioned Massena I may observe that he did not favour the change + of the French Government on the foundation of the Empire. Massena loved + two things, glory and money; but as to what is termed honours, he only + valued those which resulted from the command of an army; and his + recollections all bound him to the Republic, because the Republic recalled + to his mind the most brilliant and glorious events of his military career. + He was, besides, among the number of the Marshals who wished to see a + limit put to the ambition of Bonaparte; and he had assuredly done enough, + since the commencement of the wars of the Republic, to be permitted to + enjoy some repose, which his health at that period required. What could he + achieve against the English in Portugal? The combined forces of England + and Portugal daily augmented, while ours diminished. No efforts were + spared by England to gain a superiority in the great struggle in which she + was engaged; as her money was lavished profusely, her troops paid well + wherever they went, and were abundantly supplied with ammunition and + provisions: the French army was compelled, though far from possessing such + ample means, to purchase at the same high rate, in order to keep the + natives from joining the English party. But even this did not prevent + numerous partial insurrections in different places, which rendered all + communication with France extremely difficult. Armed bands continually + carried off our dispersed soldiers; and the presence of the British + troops, supported by the money they spent in the country, excited the + inhabitants against us; for it is impossible to suppose that, unsupported + by the English, Portugal could have held out a single moment against + France. But battles, bad weather, and even want, had so reduced the French + force that it was absolutely necessary our troops should repose when their + enterprises could lead to no results. In this state of things Massena was + recalled, because his health was so materially injured as to render it + impossible for him to exert sufficient activity to restore the army to a + respectable footing. + </p> + <p> + Under these circumstances Bonaparte sent Bertrand into Illyria to take the + place of Marmont, who was ordered in his turn to relieve Massena and take + command of the French army in Portugal Marmont on assuming the command + found the troops in a deplorable state. The difficulty of procuring + provisions was extreme, and the means he was compelled to employ for that + purpose greatly heightened the evil, at the same time insubordination and + want of discipline prevailed to such an alarming degree that it would be + as difficult as painful to depict the situation of our army at this + period, Marmont, by his steady conduct, fortunately succeeded in + correcting the disorders which prevailed, and very soon found himself at + the head of a well-organised army, amounting to 30,000 infantry, with + forty pieces of artillery, but he had only a very small body of cavalry, + and those ill-mounted. + </p> + <p> + Affairs in Spain at the commencement of 1811 exhibited an aspect not very + different from those of Portugal. At first we were uniformly successful, + but our advantages were so dearly purchased that the ultimate issue of + this struggle might easily have been foreseen, because when a people fight + for their homes and their liberties the invading army must gradually + diminish, while at the same time the armed population, emboldened by + success, increases in a still more marked progression. Insurrection was + now regarded by the Spaniards as a holy and sacred duty, to which the + recent meetings of the Cortes in the Isle of Leon had given, as it were, a + legitimate character, since Spain found again, in the remembrance of her + ancient privileges, at least the shadow of a Government—a centre + around which the defenders of the soil of the Peninsula could rally. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Lord Wellington gave Massena a beating at Fuentes d'Onore on the + 5th of May 1811. It was soon after this battle that Napoleon sent + Marmont to succeed Massena. Advancing on the southern frontier of + Portugal the skillful Soult contrived to take Badajoz from a + wavering Spanish garrison. About this time, however, General + Graham, with his British corps, sallied out of Cadiz, and beat the + French on the heights of Barrosa, which lie in front of Cadiz, which + city the French were then besieging. Encouraged by the successes of + our regular armies, the Spanish Guerillas became more and more + numerous and daring. By the end of 1811 Joseph Bonaparte found so + many thorns in his usurped crown that he implored his brother to put + it on some other head. Napoleon would not then listen to his + prayer. In the course of 1811 a plan was laid for liberating + Ferdinand from his prison in France and placing him at the head of + affairs in Spain, but was detected by the emissaries of Bonaparte's + police. Ferdinand's sister, the ex-Queen of Etruria, had also + planned an escape to England. Her agents were betrayed, tried by a + military commission, and shot—the Princess herself was condemned to + close confinement in a Roman convent.—Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + The Continental system was the cause, if not of the eventual fall, at + least of the rapid fall of Napoleon. This cannot be doubted if we consider + for a moment the brilliant situation of the Empire in 1811, and the effect + simultaneously produced throughout Europe by that system, which undermined + the most powerful throne which ever existed. It was the Continental system + that Napoleon upheld in Spain, for he had persuaded himself that this + system, rigorously enforced, would strike a death blow to the commerce of + England; and Duroc besides informed me of a circumstance which is of great + weight in this question. Napoleon one day said to him, "I am no longer + anxious that Joseph should be King of Spain; and he himself is indifferent + about it. I would give the crown to the first comer who would shut his + ports against the English." + </p> + <p> + Murat had come to Paris on the occasion of the Empress' accouchement, and + I saw him several times during his stay, for we had always been on the + best terms; and I must do him the justice to say that he never assumed the + King but to his courtiers, and those who had known him only as a monarch. + Eight or ten days after the birth of the King of Rome, as I was one + morning walking in the Champs Elysees, I met Murat. He was alone, and + dressed in a long blue overcoat. We were exactly opposite the gardens of + his sister-in-law, the Princess Borghese. "Well, Bourrienne," said Murat, + after we had exchanged the usual courtesies, "well, what are you about + now?" I informed him how I had been treated by Napoleon, who, that I might + not be in Hamburg when the decree of union arrived there, had recalled me + to Paris under a show of confidence. I think I still see the handsome and + expressive countenance of Joachim when, having addressed him by the titles + of Sire and Your Majesty, he said to me, "Pshaw! Bourrienne, are we not + old comrades? The Emperor has treated you unjustly; and to whom has he not + been unjust? His displeasure is preferable to his favour, which costs so + dear! He says that he made us Kings; but did we not make him an Emperor? + To you, my friend, whom I have known long and intimately, I can make my + profession of faith. My sword, my blood, my life belong to the Emperor. + When he calls me to the field to combat his enemies and the enemies of + France I am no longer a King, I resume the rank of a Marshal of the + Empire; but let him require no more. At Naples I will be King of Naples, + and I will not sacrifice to his false calculations the life, the + well-being, and the interests of my subjects. Let him not imagine that he + can treat me as he has treated Louis! For I am ready to defend, even + against him, if it must be so, the rights of the people over whom he has + appointed me to rule. Am I then an advance-guard King?" These last words + appeared to me peculiarly appropriate in the mouth of Murat, who had + always served in the advance-guard of our armies, and I thought expressed + in a very happy manner the similarity of his situation as a king and a + soldier. + </p> + <p> + I walked with Murat about half an hour. In the course of our conversation + he informed me that his greatest cause of complaint against the Emperor + was his having first put him forward and then abandoned him. "Before I + arrived in Naples," continued he, "it was intimated to me that there was a + design of assassinating me. What did I do? I entered that city alone, in + full daylight, in an open carriage, for I would rather have been + assassinated at once than have lived in the constant fear of being so. I + afterwards made a descent on the Isle of Capri, which succeeded. I + attempted one against Sicily, and am curtain it would have also been + successful had the Emperor fulfilled his promise of sending the Toulon + fleet to second my operations; but he issued contrary orders: he enacted + Mazarin, and unshed me to play the part of the adventurous Duke of Guise. + But I see through his designs. Now that he has a son, on whom he has + bestowed the title of King of Rome, he merely wishes the crown of Naples + to be considered as a deposit in my hands. He regards Naples as a future + annexation to the Kingdom of Rome, to which I foresee it is his design to + unite the whole of Italy. But let him not urge me too far, for I will + oppose him, and conquer, or perish in the attempt, sword in hand." + </p> + <p> + I had the discretion not to inform Murat how correctly he had divined the + plans of the Emperor and his projects as to Italy, but in regard to the + Continental system, which, perhaps, the reader will be inclined to call my + great stalking-horse, I spoke of it as I had done to the Prince of Sweden, + and I perceived that he was fully disposed to follow my advice, as + experience has sufficiently proved. It was in fact the Continental system + which separated the interests of Murat from those of the Emperor, and + which compelled the new King of Naples to form alliances amongst the + Princes at war with France. Different opinions have been entertained on + this Subject; mine is, that the Marshal of the Empire was wrong, but the + King of Naples right. + </p> + <p> + The Princes and Dukes of the Empire must pardon me for so often + designating them by their Republican names. The Marshals set less value on + their titles of nobility than the Dukes and Counts selected from among the + civilians. Of all the sons of the Republic Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély + was the most gratified at being a Count, whilst, among the fathers of the + Revolution no one could regard with greater disdain than Fouché his title + of Duke of Otranto; he congratulated himself upon its possession only + once, and that was after the fall of the Empire. + </p> + <p> + I have expressed my dislike of Fouché; and the reason of that feeling was, + that I could not endure his system of making the police a government + within a government. He had left Paris before my return thither, but I had + frequent occasion to speak of that famous personage to Savary, whom, for + the reason above assigned, I do not always term Duc de Rovigo. Savary knew + better than any one the fallacious measures of Fouché's administration, + since he was his successor. Fouché, under pretence of encouraging men of + letters, though well aware that the Emperor was hostile to them, intended + only to bring them into contempt by making them write verses at command. + It was easily seen that Napoleon nourished a profound dislike of literary + men, though we must not conclude that he wished the public to be aware of + that dislike. Those, besides, who devoted their pens to blazon his glory + and his power were sure to be received by him with distinction. On the + other hand, as Charlemagne and Louis XIV. owed a portion of the splendour + of their reigns to the lustre reflected on them by literature, he wished + to appear to patronise authors, provided that they never discussed + questions relating to philosophy, the independence of mankind, and civil + and political rights. With regard to men of science it was wholly + different; those he held in real estimation; but men of letters, properly + so called, were considered by him merely as a sprig in his Imperial crown. + </p> + <p> + The marriage of the Emperor with an Archduchess of Austria had set all the + Court poets to work, and in this contest of praise and flattery it must be + confessed that the false gods were vanquished by the true God; for, in + spite of their fulsome verses, not one of the disciples of Apollo could + exceed the extravagance of the Bishops in their pastoral letters. At a + time when so many were striving to force themselves into notice there + still existed a feeling of esteem in the public mind for men of superior + talent who remained independent amidst the general corruption; such was M. + Lemercier, such was M. de Chateaubriand. I was in Paris in the spring of + 1811, at the period of Chenier's death, when the numerous friends whom + Chateaubriand possessed in the second class of the Institute looked to him + as the successor of Chenier. This was more than a mere literary question, + not only on account of the high literary reputation M. de Chateaubriand + already possessed, but of the recollection of his noble conduct at the + period of Duc d'Enghien's death, which was yet fresh in the memory of + every one; and, besides, no person could be ignorant of the immeasurable + difference of opinion between Chenier and M. de Chateaubriand. + </p> + <p> + M. de Chateaubriand obtained a great majority of votes, and was elected a + Member of the Institute. This opened a wide field for conjecture in Paris. + Every one was anxious to see how the author of the Genie du Christianisme, + the faithful defender of the Bourbons, would bend his eloquence to + pronounce the eulogium of a regicide. The time for the admission of the + new Member of the Institute arrived, but in his discourse, copies of which + were circulated in Paris, he had ventured to allude to the death of Louis + XVI., and to raise his voice against the regicides. This did not displease + Napoleon; but M. de Chateaubriand also made a profession of faith in + favour of liberty, which, he said, found refuge amongst men of letters + when banished from the politic body. This was great boldness for the time; + for though Bonaparte was secretly gratified at seeing the judges of Louis + XVI. scourged by an heroic pen, yet those men held the highest situations + under the Government. Cambacérès filled the second place in the Empire, + although at a great distance from the first; Merlin de Douai was also in + power; and it is known how much liberty was stifled and hidden beneath the + dazzling illusion of what is termed glory. A commission was named to + examine the discourse of Chateaubriand. MM. Suard, de Segur, de Fontanes, + and two or three other members of the same class of the Institute whose + names I cannot recollect, were of opinion that the discourse should be + read; but it was opposed by the majority. + </p> + <p> + When Napoleon was informed of what had passed he demanded a sight of the + address, which was presented to him by M. Daru. After having perused it he + exclaimed; "Had this discourse been delivered I would have shut the gates + of the Institute, and thrown M. de Chateaubriand into a dungeon for life." + The storm long raged; at length means of conciliation were tried. The + Emperor required M. de Chateaubriand to prepare another discourse, which + the latter refused to do, in spite of every menace. Madame Gay applied to + Madame Regnault de St. Jean d'Angély, who interested her husband in favour + of the author of the Genie du Christianisme. M. de Montalivet and Savary + also acted on this occasion in the most praiseworthy manner, and succeeded + in appeasing the first transports of the Emperor's rage. But the name of + Chateaubriand constantly called to mind the circumstances which had + occasioned him to give in his resignation; and, besides, Napoleon had + another complaint against him. He had published in the 'Merceure' an + article on a work of M. Alexandre de Laborde. In that article, which was + eagerly read in Paris, and which caused the suppression of the 'Merceure', + occurred the famous phrase which has been since so often repeated: "In + vain a Nero triumphs: Tacitus is already born in his Empire." This + quotation leads me to repeat an observation, which, I believe, I have + already made, viz. that it is a manifest misconception to compare + Bonaparte to Nero. Napoleon's ambition might blind his vision to political + crimes, but in private life no man could evince less disposition to + cruelty or bloodshed. A proof that he bore little resemblance to Nero is + that his anger against the author of the article in question vented itself + in mere words. "What!" exclaimed he, "does Chateaubriand think I am a + fool, and that I do not know what he means? If he goes on this way I will + have him sabred on the steps of the Tuileries." This language is quite + characteristic of Bonaparte, but it was uttered in the first ebullition of + his wrath. Napoleon merely threatened, but Nero would have made good his + threat; and in such a case there is surely some difference between words + and deeds. + </p> + <p> + The discourse of M. de Chateaubriand revived Napoleon's former enmity + against him; he received an order to quit Paris: M. Daru returned to him + the manuscript of his discourse, which had been read by Bonaparte, who + cancelled some passages with a pencil. We can be sure that the phrase + about liberty was not one of those spared by the Imperial pencil. However + that may be, written copies were circulated with text altered and + abbreviated; and I have even been told that a printed edition appeared, + but I have never seen any copies; and as I do not find the discourse in + the works of M. de Chateaubriand I have reason to believe that the author + has not yet wished to publish it. + </p> + <p> + Such were the principal circumstances attending the nomination of + Chateaubriand to the Institute. I shall not relate some others which + occurred on a previous occasion, viz. on the election of an old and worthy + visitor at Malmaison, M. Lemercier, and which will serve to show one of + those strange inconsistencies so frequent in the character of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + After the foundation of the Empire M. Lemercier ceased to present himself + at the Tuileries, St. Cloud, or at Malmaison, though he was often seen in + the salons of Madame Bonaparte while she yet hoped not to become a Queen. + Two places were vacant at once in the second class of the Institute, which + still contained a party favourable to liberty. This party, finding it + impossible to influence the nomination of both members, contented itself + with naming one, it being the mutual condition, in return for favouring + the Government candidate, that the Government party should not oppose the + choice of the liberals. The liberal party selected M. Lemercier, but as + they knew his former connection with Bonaparte had been broken off they + wished first to ascertain that he would do nothing to commit their choice. + Chenier was empowered to inquire whether M. Lemercier would refuse to + accompany them to the Tuileries when they repaired thither in a body, and + whether, on his election, he would comply with the usual ceremony of being + presented to the Emperor. M. Lemercier replied that he would do nothing + contrary to the customs and usages of the body to which he might belong: + he was accordingly elected. The Government candidate was M. Esmenard, who + was also elected. The two new members were presented to the Emperor on the + same day. On this occasion upwards of 400 persons were present in the + salon, from one of whom I received these details. When the Emperor saw M. + Lemercier, for whom he had long pretended great friendship, he said to him + in a kind tone, "Well, Lemercier, you are now installed." Lemercier + respectfully bowed to the Emperor; but without uttering a word of reply. + Napoleon was mortified at this silence, but without saying anything more + to Lemercier he turned to Esmenard, the member who should have been most + acceptable to him, and vented upon him the whole weight of his indignation + in a manner equally unfeeling and unjust. "Well, Esmenard," said he, "do + you still hold your place in the police?" These words were spoken in so + loud a tone as to be heard by all present; and it was doubtless this cruel + and ambiguous speech which furnished the enemies of Esmenard with arms to + attack his reputation as a man of honour, and to give an appearance of + disgrace to those functions which he exercised with so much zeal and + ability. + </p> + <p> + When, at the commencement of 1811, I left Paris I had ceased to delude + myself respecting the brilliant career which seemed opening before me + during the Consulate. I clearly perceived that since Bonaparte, instead of + receiving me as I expected, had refused to see me at all, the calumnies of + my enemies were triumphant, and that I had nothing to hope for from an + absolute ruler, whose past injustice rendered him the more unjust. He now + possessed what he had so long and ardently wished for,—a son of his + own, an inheritor of his name, his power, and his throne. I must take this + opportunity of stating that the malevolent and infamous rumours spread + abroad respecting the birth of the King of Rome were wholly without + foundation. My friend Corvisart, who did not for a single instant leave + Maria Louisa during her long and painful labour, removed from my mind + every doubt on the subject. It is as true that the young Prince, for whom + the Emperor of Austria stood sponsor at the font, was the son of Napoleon + and the Archduchess Maria Louisa as it is false that Bonaparte was the + father of the first child of Hortense. The birth of the son of Napoleon + was hailed with general enthusiasm. The Emperor was at the height of his + power from the period of the birth of his son until the reverse he + experienced after the battle of the Moskowa. The Empire, including the + States possessed by the Imperial family, contained nearly 57,000,000 of + inhabitants; but the period was fast approaching when this power, + unparalleled in modern times, was to collapse under its own weight. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The little King of Rome, Napoleon Francis Bonaparte, was born on + the 20th of March 1811. Editor of 1836 edition.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0094" id="link2HCH0094"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My return to Hamburg—Government Committee established there— + Anecdote of the Comte de Chaban—Napoleon's misunderstanding with + the Pope—Cardinal Fesch—Convention of a Council—Declaration + required from the Bishops—Spain in 1811—Certainty of war with + Russia—Lauriston supersedes Caulaincourt at St. Petersburg—The war + in Spain neglected—Troops of all nations at the disposal of + Bonaparte—Levy of the National Guard—Treaties with Prussia and + Austria—Capitulation renewed with Switzerland—Intrigues with + Czernischeff—Attacks of my enemies—Memorial to the Emperor—Ogier + de la Saussaye and the mysterious box—Removal of the Pope to + Fontainebleau—Anecdote of His Holiness and M. Denon—Departure of + Napoleon and Maria Louisa for Dresden—Situation of affairs in Spain + and Portugal—Rapp's account of the Emperor's journey to Dantzic— + Mutual wish for war on the part of Napoleon and Alexander—Sweden + and Turkey—Napoleon's vain attempt to detach Sweden from her + alliance with Russia. +</pre> + <p> + As I took the most lively interest in all that concerned the Hanse Towns, + my first care on returning to Hamburg was to collect information from the + most respectable sources concerning the influential members of the new + Government. Davoust was at its head. On his arrival he had established in + the Duchy of Mecklenburg, in Swedish Pomerania, and in Stralsund, the + capital of that province, military posts and custom-houses, and that in a + time of profound peace with those countries, and without any previous + declaration. The omnipotence of Napoleon, and the terror inspired by the + name of Davoust, overcame all obstacles which might have opposed those + iniquitous usurpations. The weak were forced to yield to the strong. + </p> + <p> + At Hamburg a Government Committee was formed, consisting of the Prince of + Eekmuhl as President, Comte de Chaban, Councillor of State, who + superintended the departments of the Interior and Finance, and of M. + Faure, Councillor of State, who was appointed to form and regulate the + Courts of Law. I had sometimes met M. de Chaban at Malmaison. He was + distantly related to Josephine, and had formerly been an officer in the + French Guards. He was compelled to emigrate, having been subjected to + every species of persecution during the Revolution. + </p> + <p> + M. de Chaban was among the first of the emigrants who returned to France + after the 18th Brumaire. He was at first made Sub-Prefect of Vendome, but + on the union of Tuscany with France Napoleon created him a member of the + Junta appointed to regulate the affairs of Tuscany. He next became Prefect + of Coblentz and Brussels, was made a Count by Bonaparte, and was + afterwards chosen a member of the Government Committee at Hamburg. M. de + Chaban was a man of upright principles, and he discharged his various + functions in a way that commanded esteem and attachment. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I recollect an anecdote which but too well depicts those + disastrous times. The Comte de Chaban, being obliged to cross + France during the Reign of Terror, was compelled to assume a + disguise. He accordingly provided himself with a smockfrock; a cart + and horses, and a load of corn. In this manner he journeyed from + place to place till he reached the frontiers. He stopped at + Rochambeau, in the Vendomais, where he was recognised by the Marshal + de Rochambeau, who to guard against exciting any suspicion among + his servants, treated him as if he had really been a carman and said + to him, "You may dine in the kitchen."—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + The Hanseatic Towns, united to the Grand Empire professedly for their + welfare, soon felt the blessings of the new organisation of a regenerating + Government. They were at once presented with; the stamp-duty, + registration, the lottery, the droits reunis, the tax on cards, and the + 'octroi'. This prodigality of presents caused, as we may be sure, the most + lively gratitude; a tax for military quarters and for warlike supplies was + imposed, but this did not relieve any one from laving not only officers + and soldiers; but even all the chiefs of the administration and their + officials billeted on them: The refineries, breweries, and manufactures of + all sorts were suppressed. The cash chests of the Admiralty, of the + charity houses, of the manufactures, of the savings-banks, of the working + classes, the funds of the prisons, the relief meant for the infirm, the + chests of the refuges, orphanages; and of the hospitals, were all seized. + </p> + <p> + More than 200,000 men, Italian, Dutch, and French soldiers came in turn to + stay there, but only to be clothed and shod; and then they left newly + clothed from head to foot. To leave nothing to be wished for, Davoust, + from 1812, established military commissions in all the thirty-second. + military division, before he entered upon the Russian campaign. To + complete these oppressive measures he established at the same time the + High Prevotal Court of the Customs. It was at this time that M. Eudes, the + director of the ordinary customs, a strict but just man, said that the + rule of the ordinary customs would be regretted, "for till now you have + only been on roses.." The professed judgments of this court were executed + without appeal and without delay. From what I have just said the situation + and the misery of the north of Germany, and the consequent discontent, can + be judged. + </p> + <p> + During my stay in Hamburg, which on this occasion was not very long, + Napoleon's attention was particularly engaged by the campaign of Portugal, + and his discussions with the Pope. At this period the thunderbolts of Rome + were not very alarming. Yet precautions were taken to keep secret the + excommunication which Pius VII. had pronounced against Napoleon. The + event, however, got reported about, and a party in favour of the Pope + speedily rose up among the clergy, and more particularly among the + fanatics. Napoleon sent to Savona the Archbishops of Nantes, Bourges, + Treves, and Tours, to endeavour to bring about a reconciliation with His + Holiness. But all their endeavours were unavailing, and after staying a + month at Savona they returned to Paris without having done anything. But + Napoleon was not discouraged by this first disappointment, and he shortly + afterwards sent a second deputation, which experienced the same fate as + the first. Cardinal Fesch, Napoleon's uncle, took part with the Pope. For + this fact I can vouch, though I cannot for an answer which he is said to + have made to the Emperor. I have been informed that when Napoleon was one + day speaking to his uncle about the Pope's obstinacy the Cardinal made + some observations to him on his (Bonaparte's) conduct to the Holy Father, + upon which Napoleon flew into a passion, and said that the Pope and he + were two old fools. "As for the Pope," said he, "he is too obstinate to + listen to anything. No, I am determined he shall never have Rome again. . + . . He will not remain at Savona, and where does he wish I should send + him?"—"To Heaven, perhaps," replied the Cardinal. + </p> + <p> + The truth is, the Emperor was violently irritated against Pius VII. + Observing with uneasiness the differences and difficulties to which all + these dissensions gave rise, he was anxious to put a stop to them. As the + Pope would not listen to any propositions that were made to him, Napoleon + convoked a Council, which assembled in Paris, and at which several Italian + Bishops were present. The Pope insisted that the temporal and spiritual + interests should be discussed together; and, however disposed a certain + number of prelates, particularly the Italians, might be to separate these + two points of discussion, yet the influence of the Church and + well-contrived intrigues gradually gave preponderance to the wishes of the + Pope. The Emperor, having discovered that a secret correspondence was + carried on by several of the Bishops and Archbishops who had seats in the + Council, determined to get rid of some of them, and the Bishops of Ghent, + Troyes, Tournay, and Toulouse were arrested and sent to Vincennes. They + were superseded by others. He wished to dissolve the Council, which he saw + was making no advance towards the object he had in view, and, fearing that + it might adopt some act at variance with his supreme wish, every member of + the Council was individually required to make a declaration that the + proposed changes were conformable to the laws of the Church. It was said + at the time that they were unanimous in this individual declaration, + though it is certain that in the sittings of the Council opinions were + divided. I know not what His Holiness thought of these written opinions + compared with the verbal opinions that had been delivered, but certain it + is though still a captive at Savona, he refused to adhere to the + concessions granted in the secret declarations. + </p> + <p> + The conflicts which took place in Spain during the year 1811 were + unattended by any decisive results. Some brilliant events, indeed, + attested the courage of our troops and the skill of our generals. Such + were the battle of Albufera and the taking of Tarragona, while Wellington + was obliged to raise the siege of Badajoz. These advantages, which were + attended only by glory, encouraged Napoleon in the hope of triumphing in + the Peninsula, and enabled him to enjoy the brilliant fetes which took + place at Paris in celebration of the birth of the King of Rome. + </p> + <p> + On his return from a tour in Holland at the end of October Napoleon + clearly saw that a rupture with Russia was inevitable. In vain he sent + Lauriston as Ambassador to St. Petersburg to supersede Caulaincourt, who + would no longer remain there: all the diplomatic skill in the world could + effect nothing with a powerful Government which had already formed its + determination. All the Cabinets in Europe were now unanimous in wishing + for the overthrow of Napoleon's power, and the people no less, ardently + wished for an order of things less fatal to their trade and industry. In + the state to which Europe was reduced no one could counteract the wish of + Russia and her allies to go to war with France—Lauriston no more + than Caulaincourt. + </p> + <p> + The war for which Napoleon was now obliged to prepare forced him to + neglect Spain, and to leave his interests in that country in a state of + real danger. Indeed, his occupation of Spain and his well-known wish to + maintain himself there were additional motives for inducing the powers of + Europe to enter upon a war which would necessarily divide Napoleon's + forces. All at once the troops which were in Italy and the north of + Germany moved towards the frontiers of the Russian Empire. From March 1811 + the Emperor had all the military forces of Europe at his disposal. It was + curious to see this union of nations, distinguished by difference of + manners, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It should be remarked that Napoleon was far from being anxious + for the war with Russia. Metternich writing on 26th March 1811, + says "Everything seems to indicate that the Emperor Napoleon is at + present still far from desiring a war with Russia. But it is not + less true that the Emperor Alexander has given himself over, 'nolens + volens', to the war party, and that he will bring about war, because + the time is approaching when he will no longer be able to resist the + reaction of the party in the internal affairs of his Empire, or the + temper of his army. The contest between Count Romanzov and the + party opposed to that Minister seems on the point of precipitating a + war between Russia and France." This, from Metternich, is strong + evidence.]— +</pre> + <p> + language, religion, and interests, all ready to fight for one man against + a power who had done nothing to offend them. Prussia herself, though she + could not pardon the injuries he had inflicted upon her, joined his + alliance, but with the intention of breaking it on the first opportunity. + When the war with Russia was first spoken of Savary and I had frequent + conversations on the subject. I communicated to him all the intelligence I + received from abroad respecting that vast enterprise. The Duc de Rovigo + shared all my forebodings; and if he and those who thought like him had + been listened to, the war would probably have been avoided. Through him I + learnt who were the individuals who urged the invasion. The eager ambition + with which they looked forward to Viceroyalties, Duchies, and endowments + blinded them to the possibility of seeing the Cossacks in Paris. + </p> + <p> + The gigantic enterprise being determined on, vast preparations were made + for carrying it into effect. Before his departure Napoleon, who was to + take with him all the disposable troops, caused a 'Senatus-consulte' to be + issued for levying the National Guards, who were divided into three corps. + He also arranged his diplomatic affairs by concluding, in February 1812, a + treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, with Prussia, by virtue of + which the two contracting powers mutually guaranteed the integrity of + their own possessions, and the European possessions of the Ottoman Porte, + because that power was then at war with Russia. A similar treaty was + concluded about the beginning of March with Austria, and about the end of + the same month Napoleon renewed the capitulation of France and + Switzerland. At length, in the month of April, there came to light an + evident proof of the success which had attended M. Czernischeff's + intrigues in Paris. It was ascertained that a clerk in the War Office, + named Michel, had communicated to him the situation of the French forces + in Germany. Michel was condemned to death, for the time was gone by when + Bonaparte, confident in his genius and good fortune, could communicate his + plans to the spy of General Melas. + </p> + <p> + In March 1812, when I saw that the approaching war would necessarily take + Napoleon from France, weary of the persecutions and even threats by which + I was every day assailed, I addressed to the Emperor a memorial explaining + my conduct and showing the folly and wickedness of my accusers. Among them + was a certain Ogier de la Saussaye, who had sent a report to the Emperor, + in which the principal charge was, that I had carried off a box containing + important papers belonging to the First Consul. The accusation of Ogier de + la Saussaye terminated thus: "I add to my report the interrogatories of + MM. Westphalen, Osy, Chapeau Rouge, Aukscher, Thierry, and + Gumprecht-Mores. The evidence of the latter bears principally on a certain + mysterious box, a secret upon which it is impossible to throw any light, + but the reality of which we are bound to believe." These are his words. + The affair of the mysterious box has been already explained. I have + already informed the reader that I put my papers into a box, which I + buried lest it should be stolen from me. But for that precaution I should + not have been able to lay before the reader the autograph documents in my + possession, and which I imagine form the most essential part of these + volumes. In my memorial to the Emperor I said, in allusion to the passage + above quoted, "This, Sire, is the most atrocious part of Ogier's report. + </p> + <p> + "Gumprecht being questioned on this point replies that the accuser has + probably, as well as himself, seen the circumstance mentioned in an + infamous pamphlet which appeared seven or eight years, ago. It was, I + think, entitled 'Le Secret du Cabinet des Tuileries,' and was very likely + at the time of its appearance denounced by the police. In that libel it is + stated, among a thousand other calumnies equally false and absurd, 'that + when I left the First Consul I carried away a box full of important + papers, that I was in consequence sent to the Temple, where your brother + Joseph came to me and offered me my liberation, and a million of francs, + if I would restore the papers, which I refused to do,' etc. Ogier, instead + of looking for this libel in Hamburg, where I read it, has the impudence + to give credit to the charge, the truth of which could have been + ascertained immediately: and he adds, 'This secret we are bound to + believe.' Your Majesty knows whether I was ever in the Temple, and whether + Joseph ever made such an offer to me." I entreated that the Emperor would + do me the favour to bring me to trial; for certainly I should have + regarded that as a favour rather than to remain as I was, exposed to vague + accusations; yet all my solicitations were in vain. My letter to the + Emperor remained unanswered; but though Bonaparte could not spare a few + moments to reply to an old friend, I learned through Duroc the contempt he + cherished for my accusers. Duroc advised me not to be uneasy, and that in + all probability the Emperor's prejudices against me would be speedily + overcome; and I must say that if they were not overcome it was neither the + fault of Duroc nor Savary, who knew how to rightly estimate the miserable + intrigues just alluded to. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon was at length determined to extend the limits of his Empire, or + rather to avenge the injuries which Russia had committed against his + Continental system. Yet, before he departed for Germany, the resolute + refusal of the Pope to submit to any arrangement urgently claimed his + consideration. Savona did not appear to him a sufficiently secure + residence for such a prisoner. He feared that when all his strength should + be removed towards the Niemen the English might carry off the Pope, or + that the Italians, excited by the clergy, whose dissatisfaction was + general in Italy, would stir up those religious dissensions which are + always fatal and difficult to quell. With the view, therefore, of keeping + the Pope under his control he removed him to Fontainebleau, and even at + one time thought of bringing him to Paris. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor appointed M. Denon to reside with the Pope at Fontainebleau; + and to afford his illustrious prisoner the society of such a man was + certainly a delicate mark of attention on the part of Napoleon. When + speaking of his residence with Pius VII. M. Denon related to me the + following anecdote. "The Pope," said he, "was much attached to me. He + always addressed me by the appellation 'my son,' and he loved to converse + with me, especially on the subject of the Egyptian expedition. One day he + asked me for my work on Egypt, which he said he wished to read; and as you + know it is not quite orthodox, and does not perfectly agree with the + creation of the world according to Genesis, I at first hesitated; but the + Pope insisted, and at length I complied with his wish. The Holy Father + assured me that he had been much interested by the perusal of the book. I + made some allusion to the delicate points; upon which he said, 'No matter, + no matter, my son; all that is exceedingly curious, and I must confess + entirely new to me.' I then," continued M. Denon, "told His Holiness why I + hesitated to lend him the work, which, I observed, he had excommunicated, + together with its author. 'Excommunicated you, my son?' resumed the Pope + in a tone of affectionate concern. 'I am very sorry for it, and assure you + I was far from being aware of any such thing.'" + </p> + <p> + When M. Denon related to me this anecdote he told me how greatly he had + admired the virtues and resignation of the Holy Father; but he added that + it would nevertheless have been easier to make him a martyr than to induce + him to yield on any point until he should be restored to the temporal + sovereignty of Rome, of which he considered himself the depositary, and + which he would not endure the reproach of having willingly sacrificed. + After settling the place of the Pope's residence Napoleon set off for + Dresden, accompanied by Maria Louisa, who had expressed a wish to see her + father. + </p> + <p> + The Russian enterprise, the most gigantic, perhaps, that the genius of man + ever conceived since the conquest of India by Alexander, now absorbed + universal attention, and defied the calculations of reason. The Manzanares + was forgotten, and nothing was thought of but the Niemen, already so + celebrated by the raft of Tilsit. Thither, as towards a common centre, + were moving men, horses, provisions, and baggage of every kind, from all + parts of Europe. The hopes of our generals and the fears of all prudent + men were directed to Russia. The war in Spain, which was becoming more and + more unfortunate, excited but a feeble interest; and our most + distinguished officers looked upon it as a disgrace to be sent to the + Peninsula. In short, it was easy to foresee that the period was not far + distant when the French would be obliged to recross the Pyrenees. Though + the truth was concealed from the Emperor on many subjects, yet he was not + deceived as to the situation of Spain in the spring of 1812. In February + the Duke of Ragusa had frankly informed him that the armies of Spain and + Portugal could not, without considerable reinforcements of men and money, + hope for any important advantages since Ciudad-Rodrigo and Badajoz had + fallen into the hands of the English. + </p> + <p> + Before he commenced his great operations on the Niemen and the Volga + Napoleon made a journey to Dantzic, and Rapp, who was then Governor of + that city, informed me of some curious particulars connected with the + Imperial visit. The fact is, that if Rapp's advice had been listened to, + and had been supported by men higher in rank than himself, Bonaparte would + not have braved the chances of the Russian war until those chances turned + against him. Speaking to me of the Russians Rapp said, "They will soon be + as wise as we are! Every time we go to war with them we teach them how to + beat us." I was struck with the originality and truth of this observation, + which at the time I heard it was new, though it has been often repeated + since. + </p> + <p> + "On leaving Dresden," said Rapp to me, "Napoleon came to Dantzic. I + expected a dressing; for, to tell you the truth, I had treated very + cavalierly both his custom-house and its officers, who were raising up as + many enemies to France as there were inhabitants in my Government. I had + also warned him of all that has since happened in Russia, but I assure you + I did not think myself quite so good a prophet. In the beginning of 1812 I + thus wrote to him: 'If your Majesty should experience reverses you may + depend on it that both Russians and Germans will rise up in a mass to + shake off the yoke. There will be a crusade, and all your allies will + abandon you. Even the King of Bavaria, on whom you rely so confidently, + will join the coalition. I except only the King of Saxony. He, perhaps, + might remain faithful to you; but his subjects will force him to make + common cause with your enemies. The King of Naples," continued Rapp, "who + had the command of the cavalry, had been to Dantzic before the Emperor. He + did not seem to take a more favourable view of the approaching campaign + than I did. Murat was dissatisfied that the Emperor would not consent to + his rejoining him in Dresden; and he said that he would rather be a + captain of grenadiers than a King such as he was." + </p> + <p> + Here I interrupted Rapp to tell him what had fallen from Murat when I met + him in the Champs Elysees "Bah!" resumed Rapp, "Murat, brave as he was, + was a craven in Napoleon's presence! On the Emperor's arrival in Dantzic + the first thing of which he spoke to me was the alliance he had just then + concluded with Prussia and Austria. I could not refrain from telling him + that we did a great deal of mischief as allies; a fact of which I was + assured from the reports daily transmitted to me respecting the conduct of + our troops. Bonaparte tossed his bead, as you know he was in the habit of + doing when he was displeased. After a moment's silence, dropping the + familiar thee and thou, he said, 'Monsieur le General, this is a torrent + which must be allowed to run itself out. It will not last long. I must + first ascertain whether Alexander decidedly wishes for war.' Then, + suddenly changing the subject of conversation, he said, 'Have you not + lately observed something extraordinary in Murat? I think he is quite + altered. Is he ill?'—'Sire,' replied I, 'Murat is not ill, but he is + out of spirits.'—'Out of spirits! but why? Is he not satisfied with + being a King?'—'Sire, Murat says he is no King.'—'That is his + own fault. Why does he make himself a Neapolitan? Why is he not a + Frenchman? When he is in his Kingdom he commits all sorts of follies. He + favours the trade of England; that I will not suffer.' + </p> + <p> + "When," continued Rapp, "he spoke of the favour extended by Murat to the + trade between Naples and England I thought my turn would come next; but I + was deceived. No more was said on the subject, and when I was about to + take my leave the Emperor said to me, as when in his best of humours, + 'Rapp, you will sup with me this evening.' I accordingly supped that + evening with the Emperor, who had also invited the King of Naples and + Berthier. Next day the Emperor visited the fortress, and afterwards + returned to the Government Palace, where he received the civil and + military authorities. He again invited Murat, Berthier, and me to supper. + When we first sat down to table we were all very dull, for the Emperor was + silent; and, as you well know, under such circumstances not even Murat + himself dared to be the first to speak to him. At length Napoleon, + addressing me, inquired how far it was from Cadiz to Dantzic. 'Too far, + Sire,' replied I. 'I understand you, Monsieur le General, but in a few + months the distance will be still greater.'—'So much the worse, + Sire!' Here there was another pause. Neither Murat nor Berthier, on whom + the Emperor fixed a scrutinising glance, uttered a word, and Napoleon + again broke silence, but without addressing any one of us in particular: + 'Gentlemen,' said he in a solemn and rather low tone of voice, 'I see + plainly that you are none of you inclined to fight again. The King of + Naples does not wish to leave the fine climate of his dominions, Berthier + wishes to enjoy the diversion of the chase at his estate of Gros Bois, and + Rapp is impatient to be back to his hotel in Paris.' Would you believe + it," pursued Rapp, "that neither Murat nor Berthier said a word in reply? + and the ball again came to me. I told him frankly that what he said was + perfectly true, and the King of Naples and the Prince of Neufchatel + complimented me on my spirit, and observed that I was quite right in + saying what I did. 'Well,' said I, 'since it was so very right, why did + you not follow my example, and why leave me to say all?' You cannot + conceive," added Rapp, "how confounded they both were, and especially + Murat, though he was very differently situated from Berthier." + </p> + <p> + The negotiations which Bonaparte opened with Alexander, when he yet wished + to seem averse to war, resembled those oratorical paraphrases which do not + prevent us from coming to the conclusion we wish. The two Emperors equally + desired war; the one with the view of consolidating his power, and the + other in the hope of freeing himself from a yoke which threatened to + reduce him to a state of vassalage, for it was little short of this to + require a power like Russia to close her ports against England for the + mere purpose of favouring the interests of France. At that time only two + European powers were not tied to Napoleon's fate—Sweden and Turkey. + Napoleon was anxious to gain the alliance of these two powers. With + respect to Sweden his efforts were vain; and though, in fact, Turkey was + then at war with Russia, yet the Grand Seignior was not now, as at the + time of Sebastiani's embassy, subject to the influence of France. + </p> + <p> + The peace, which was soon concluded at Bucharest, between Russia, and + Turkey increased Napoleon's embarrassment. The left of the Russian army, + secured by the neutrality of Turkey, was reinforced by Bagration's corps + from Moldavia: it subsequently occupied the right of the Beresina, and + destroyed the last hope of saving the wreck of the French army. It is + difficult to conceive how Turkey could have allowed the consideration of + injuries she had received from France to induce her to terminate the war + with Russia when France was attacking that power with immense forces. The + Turks never had a fairer opportunity for taking revenge on Russia, and, + unfortunately for Napoleon, they suffered it to escape. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon was not more successful when he sought the alliance of a Prince + whose fortune he had made, and who was allied to his family, but with whom + he had never been on terms of good understanding. The Emperor Alexander + had a considerable corps of troops in Finland destined to protect that + country against the Sweden, Napoleon having consented to that occupation + in order to gain the provisional consent of Alexander to the invasion of + Spain. What was the course pursued by Napoleon when, being at war with + Russia, he wished to detach Sweden from her alliance with Alexander? He + intimated to Bernadotte that he had a sure opportunity of retaking + Finland, a conquest which would gratify his subjects and win their + attachment to him. By this alliance Napoleon wished to force Alexander not + to withdraw the troops who were in the north of his Empire, but rather to + augment their numbers in order to cover Finland and St. Petersburg. It was + thus that Napoleon endeavoured to draw the Prince Royal into his + coalition. It was of little consequence to Napoleon whether Bernadotte + succeeded or not. The Emperor Alexander would nevertheless have been + obliged to increase his force in Finland; that was all that Napoleon + wished. In the gigantic struggle upon which France and Russia were about + to enter the most trivial alliance was not to be neglected. In January + 1812 Davoust invaded Swedish Pomerania without any declaration of war, and + without any apparent motive. Was this inconceivable violation of territory + likely to dispose the Prince Royal of Sweden to the proposed alliance, + even had that alliance not been adverse to the interests of his country? + That was impossible; and Bernadotte took the part which was expected of + him. He rejected the offers of Napoleon, and prepared for coming events. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor Alexander wished to withdraw his force from Finland for the + purpose of more effectively opposing the immense army which threatened his + States. Unwilling to expose Finland to an attack on the part of Sweden, he + had an interview on the 28th of August 1812, at Abo, with the + Prince-Royal, to come to an arrangement with him for uniting their + interests. I know that the Emperor of Russia pledged himself, whatever + might happen, to protect Bernadotte against the fate of the new dynasties, + to guarantee the possession of his throne, and promised that he should + have Norway as a compensation for Finland. He even went so far as to hint + that Bernadotte might supersede Napoleon. Bernadotte adopted all the + propositions of Alexander, and from that moment Sweden made common cause + against Napoleon. The Prince Royal's conduct has been much blamed, but the + question resolved itself into one of mere political interest. Could + Bernadotte, a Swede by adoption, prefer the alliance of an ambitious + sovereign whose vengeance he had to fear, and who had sanctioned the + seizure of Finland to that of a powerful monarch, his formidable + neighbour, his protector in Sweden, and where hostility might effectually + support the hereditary claims of young Gustavus? Sweden, in joining + France, would thereby have declared herself the enemy of England. Where, + then, would have been her navy, her trade and even her existence? + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0095" id="link2HCH0095"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVII. + </h2> + + 1812. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Changeableness of Bonaparte's plans and opinions—Articles for the + 'Moniteur' dictated by the First Consul—The Protocol of the + Congress of Chatillon—Conversations with Davoust at Hamburg— + Promise of the Viceroyalty of Poland—Hope and disappointment of the + Poles—Influence of illusion on Bonaparte—The French in Moscow— + Disasters of the retreat—Mallet's conspiracy—Intelligence of the + affair communicated to Napoleon at Smolensko—Circumstances detailed + by Rapp—Real motives of Napoleon's return to Paris—Murat, Ney, and + Eugène—Power of the Italians to endure cold—Napoleon's exertions + to repair his losses—Defection of General York—Convocation of a + Privy Council—War resolved on—Wavering of the Pope—Useless + negotiations with Vienna—Maria Louisa appointed Regent. +</pre> + <p> + It may now he asked whether Bonaparte, previous to entering upon the last + campaign, had resolved on restoring Poland to independence. The fact is + that Bonaparte, as Emperor, never entertained any positive wish to + reestablish the old Kingdom of Poland, though at a previous period he was + strongly inclined to that re-establishment, of which he felt the + necessity. He may have said that he would re-establish the Kingdom of + Poland, but I beg leave to say that that is no reason for believing that + he entertained any such design. He had said, and even sworn, that he would + never aggrandise the territory of the Empire! The changeableness of + Bonaparte's ideas, plans, and projects renders it difficult to master + them; but they may be best understood when it is considered that all + Napoleon's plans and conceptions varied with his fortunes. Thus, it is not + unlikely that he might at one time have considered the reestablishment of + Poland as essential to European policy, and afterwards have regarded it as + adverse to the development of his ambition. Who can venture to guess what + passed in his mind when dazzled by his glory at Dresden, and whether in + one of his dreams he might not have regarded the Empire of the Jagellons + as another gem in the Imperial diadem? The truth is that Bonaparte, when + General-in-Chief of the army of Egypt and First Consul, had deeply at + heart the avenging the dismemberment of Poland, and I have often conversed + with him on this most interesting subject, upon which we entirely + concurred in opinion. But times and circumstances were changed since we + walked together on the terrace of Cairo and mutually deplored the death of + young Sulkowski. Had Sulkowski lived Napoleon's favourable intentions with + respect to Poland might perhaps have been confirmed. A fact which explains + to me the coolness, I may almost say the indifference, of Bonaparte to the + resurrection of Poland is that the commencement of the Consulate was the + period at which that measure particularly occupied his attention. How + often did he converse on the subject with me and other persons who may yet + recollect his sentiments! It was the topic on which he most loved to + converse, and on which he spoke with feeling and enthusiasm. In the + 'Moniteur' of the period here alluded to I could point out more than one + article without signature or official character which Napoleon dictated to + me, and the insertion of which in that journal, considering the energy of + certain expressions, sufficiently proves that they could have emanated + from none but Bonaparte. It was usually in the evening that he dictated to + me these articles. Then, when the affairs of the day were over, he would + launch into the future, and give free scope to his vast projects. Some of + these articles were characterised by so little moderation that the First + Consul would very often destroy them in the morning, smiling at the + violent ebullitions of the preceding night. At other times I took the + liberty of not sending them to the 'Moniteur' on the night on which they + were dictated, and though he might earnestly wish their insertion I + adduced reasons good or bad, to account for the delay. He would then read + over the article in question, and approve of my conduct; but he would + sometimes add, "It is nevertheless true that with an independent Kingdom + of Poland, and 150,000 disposable troops in the east of France, I should + always be master of Russia, Prussia, and Austria."—"General," I + would reply, "I am entirely of your opinion; but wherefore awaken the + suspicions of the interested parties. Leave all to time and + circumstances." + </p> + <p> + The reader may have to learn, and not, perhaps, without some surprise, + that in the protocol of the sittings of the Congress of Chatillon Napoleon + put forward the spoliation of Poland by the three principal powers allied + against him as a claim to a more advantageous peace, and to territorial + indemnities for France. In policy he was right, but the report of foreign + cannon was already loud enough to drown the best of arguments. + </p> + <p> + After the ill-timed and useless union of the Hanse Towns to France I + returned to Hamburg in the spring of 1811 to convey my family to France. I + then had some conversation with Davoust. On one occasion I said to him + that if his hopes were realised, and my sad predictions respecting the war + with Russia overthrown, I hoped to see the restoration of the Kingdom of + Poland. Davoust replied that that event was probable, since he had + Napoleon's promise of the Viceroyalty of that Kingdom, and as several of + his comrades had been promised starosties. Davoust made no secret of this, + and it was generally known throughout Hamburg and the north of Germany. + </p> + <p> + But notwithstanding what Davoust said respecting. Napoleon's intentions I + considered that these promises had been conditional rather than positive. + </p> + <p> + On Napoleon's arrival in Poland the Diet of Warsaw, assured, as there + seemed reason to be, of the Emperor's sentiments, declared the Kingdom + free and independent. The different treaties of dismemberment were + pronounced to be null; and certainly the Diet had a right so to act, for + it calculated upon his support. But the address of the Diet to Napoleon, + in which these principles were declared, was ill received. His answer was + full of doubt and indecision, the motive of which could not be blamed. To + secure the alliance of Austria against Russia he had just guaranteed to + his father-in-law the integrity of his dominions. Napoleon therefore + declared that he could take no part in any movement or resolution which + might disturb Austria in the possession of the Polish provinces forming a + part of her Empire. To act otherwise, he said, would be to separate + himself from his alliance with Austria, and to throw her into the arms of + Russia. But with regard to the Polish-Russian provinces, Napoleon declared + he would see what he could do, should Providence favour the good cause. + These vague and obscure expressions did not define what he intended to do + for the Poles in the event of success crowning his vast enterprises. They + excited the distrust of the Poles, and had no other result. On this + subject, however, an observation occurs which is of some force as an + apology for Napoleon. Poland was successively divided between three + powers, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, with each of which Napoleon had been + at war, but never with all three at once. He had therefore never been able + to take advantage of his victories to re-establish Poland without injuring + the interests of neutral powers or of his allies. Hence it may be + concluded not only that he never had the positive will which would have + triumphed over all obstacles, but also that there never was a possibility + of realising those dreams and projects of revenge in which he had indulged + on the banks of the Nile, as it were to console the departed spirit of + Sulkowski. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte's character presents many unaccountable incongruities. Although + the most positive man that perhaps ever existed, yet there never was one + who more readily yielded to the charm of illusion. In many circumstances + the wish and the reality were to him one and the same thing. He never + indulged in greater illusions than at the beginning of the campaign of + Moscow. Even before the approach of the disasters which accompanied the + most fatal retreat recorded in history, all sensible persons concurred in + the opinion that the Emperor ought to have passed the winter of 1812-13 in + Poland, and have resumed his vast enterprises in the spring. But his + natural impatience impelled him forward as it were unconsciously, and he + seemed to be under the influence of an invisible demon stronger than even + his own strong will. This demon was ambition. He who knew so well the + value of time, never sufficiently understood its power, and how much is + sometimes gained by delay. Yet Caesar's Commentaries, which were his + favourite study, ought to have shown him that Caesar did not conquer Gaul + in one campaign. Another illusion by which Napoleon was misled during the + campaign of Moscow, and perhaps past experience rendered it very + excusable, was the belief that the Emperor Alexander would propose peace + when he saw him at the head of his army on the Russian territory. The + prolonged stay of Bonaparte at Moscow can indeed be accounted for in no + other way than by supposing that he expected the Russian Cabinet would + change its opinion and consent to treat for peace. However, whatever might + have been the reason, after his long and useless stay in Moscow Napoleon + left that city with the design of taking up his winter quarters in Poland; + but Fate now frowned upon Napoleon, and in that dreadful retreat the + elements seemed leagued with the Russians to destroy the most formidable + army ever commanded by one chief. To find a catastrophe in history + comparable to that of the Beresina we must go back to the destruction of + the legions of Varus. + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding the general dismay which prevailed in Paris that capital + continued tranquil, when by a singular chance, on the very day on which + Napoleon evacuated the burning city of Moscow, Mallet attempted his + extraordinary enterprise. This General, who had always professed + Republican principles, and was a man of bold decided character, after + having been imprisoned for some time, obtained the permission of + Government to live in Paris in a hospital house situated near the Barriere + de Trove. Of Mallet's, conspiracy it is not necessary to say much after + the excellent account given of it in the Memoirs of the Duc de Rovigo. + Mallet's plan was to make it be believed that Bonaparte had been killed at + Moscow, and that a new Government was established under the authority of + the Senate. But what could Mallet do? Absolutely nothing: and had his + Government continued three days he would have experienced a more + favourable chance than that which he ought reasonably to have expected + than asserted that the Emperor was dead, but an estafette from Russia + would reveal the truth, resuscitate Napoleon, and overwhelm with confusion + Mallet and his proclamation. His enterprise was that of a madman. The + French were too weary of troubles to throw themselves into the arms of, + Mallet or his associate Lahorie, who had figured so disgracefully on the + trial of Moreau., Yet, in spite of the evident impossibility of success, + it must be confessed that considerable ingenuity and address marked the + commencement of the conspiracy. On the 22d of October Mallet escaped from + the hospital house and went to Colonel Soulier, who commanded the tenth + cohort of the National Guard, whose barracks were situated exactly behind + the hospital house. Mallet was loaded with a parcel of forged orders which + he had himself prepared. He introduced himself to Soulier under the name + of General La Motte, and said that he came from General Mallet. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Soulier on hearing of the Emperor's death was affected to tears. + He immediately ordered the adjutant to assemble the cohort and obey the + orders of General La Motte, to whom he expressed his regret for being + himself too ill to leave his bed. It was then two o'clock in the morning, + and the forged documents respecting the Emperor's death slid the new form + of Government were read to the troops by lamplight. Mallet then hastily + set off with 1200 men to La Force, and liberated the Sieurs Gudal and + Laholze, who were confined there. Mallet informed them of the Emperor's + death and of the change of Government; gave them some orders, in obedience + to which the Minister and Prefect of Police were arrested in their hotel. + </p> + <p> + I was then at Courbevoie, and I went to Paris on that very morning to + breakfast, as I frequently did, with the Minister of Police. My surprise + may be imagined when + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[General Mallet gave out that the Emperor was killed under the + walls of Moscow on the 8th of October; he could not take any other + day without incurring the risk of being contradicted by the arrival + of the regular courier. The Emperor being dead, he concluded that + the Senate ought to be invested with the supreme authority, and he + therefore resolved to address himself in the name of that body to + the nation and the army. In a proclamation to the soldiers he + deplored the death of the Emperor; in another, after announcing the + abolition of the Imperial system and the Restoration of the + Republic, he indicated the manner in which the Government was to be + reconstructed, described the branches into which public authority + was to be divided, and named the Directors. Attached to the + different documents there appeared the signatures of several + Senators whose names he recollected but with whom he had ceased to + have any intercourse for a great number of years. These + signatures were all written by Mallet, and he drew up a decree in + the name of the Senate, and signed by the same Senators, appointing + himself Governor of Paris, and commander of the troops of the first + military division. He also drew up other decrees in the same form + which purported to promote to higher ranks all the military officers + he intended to make instruments in the execution of his enterprise. + + He ordered one regiment to close all the barriers of Paris, and + allow no person to pass through them. This was done: so that in all + the neighbouring towns from which assistance, in case of need, might + have been obtained, nothing was known of the transactions in Paris. + He sent the other regiments to occupy the Bank, the Treasury, and + different Ministerial offices. At the Treasury some resistance was + made. The minister of that Department was on the spot, and he + employed the guard of his household in maintaining his authority. + But in the whole of the two regiments of the Qnard not a single, + objection was started to the execution of Mallet's orders (Memoirs + of the Duc de Rivogo, tome vi. p. 20.)]— +</pre> + <p> + I learned from the porter that the Duc de Rovigo had been arrested and + carried to the prison of La Force. I went into the house and was informed, + to my great astonishment, that the ephemeral Minister was being measured + for his official suit, an act which so completely denoted the character of + the conspirator that it gave me an insight into the business. + </p> + <p> + Mallet repaired to General Hulin, who had the command of Paris. He + informed him that he had been directed by the Minister of Police to arrest + him and seal his papers. Hulin asked to see the order, and then entered + his cabinet, where Mallet followed him, and just as Hulin was turning + round to speak to him he fired a pistol in his face. Hulin fell: the ball + entered his cheek, but the wound was not mortal. The most singular + circumstance connected with the whole affair is, that the captain whom + Mallet had directed to follow him, and who accompanied him to Hulin's, saw + nothing extraordinary in all this, and did nothing to stop it. Mallet next + proceeded, very composedly, to Adjutant-General Doucet's. It happened that + one of the inspectors of the police was there. He recognised General + Mallet as being a man under his supervision. He told him that he had no + right to quit the hospital house without leave, and ordered him to be + arrested. Mallet, seeing that all was over, was in the act of drawing a + pistol from his pocket, but being observed was seized and disarmed. Thus + terminated this extraordinary conspiracy, for which fourteen lives paid + the forfeit; but, with the exception of Mallet, Guidal, and Lahorie, all + the others concerned in it were either machines or dupes. + </p> + <p> + This affair produced but little effect in Paris, for the enterprise and + its result were make known simultaneously. But it was thought droll enough + that the Minister and Prefect of Police should be imprisoned by the men + who only the day before were their prisoners. Next day I went to see + Savary, who had not yet recovered from the stupefaction caused by his + extraordinary adventure. He was aware that his imprisonment; though it + lasted only half an hour, was a subject of merriment to the Parisians. The + Emperor, as I have already mentioned, left Moscow on the day when Mallet + made his bold attempt, that is to say, the 19th of October. He was at + Smolensko when he heard the news. Rapp, who had been wounded before the + entrance into Moscow, but who was sufficiently recovered to return home, + was with Napoleon when the latter received the despatches containing an + account of what had happened in Paris. He informed me that Napoleon was + much agitated on perusing them, and that he launched into abuse of the + inefficiency of the police. Rapp added that he did not confine himself to + complaints against the agents of his authority. "Is, then, my power so + insecure," said he, "that it may be put in peril by a single individual, + and a prisoner? It would appear that my crown is not fixed very firmly on + my head if in my own capital the bold stroke of three adventurers can + shake it. Rapp, misfortune never comes alone; this is the complement of + what is passing here. I cannot be everywhere; but I must go back to Paris; + my presence there is indispensable to reanimate public opinion. I must + have men and money. Great successes and great victories will repair all. I + must set off." Such were the motives which induced the Emperor to leave + his army. It is not without indignation that I have heard his precipitate + departure attributed to personal cowardice. He was a stranger to such + feelings, and was never more happy than on the field of battle. I can + readily conceive that he was much alarmed on hearing of Mallet's + enterprise. The remarks which he made to Rapp were those which he knew + would be made by the public, and he well knew that the affair was + calculated to banish those illusions of power and stability with which he + endeavoured to surround his government. + </p> + <p> + On leaving Moscow Napoleon consigned the wrecks of his army to the care of + his most distinguished generals to Murat who had so ably commanded the + cavalry, but who abandoned the army to return to Naples; and to Ney, the + hero, rather than the Prince of the Moskowa, whose name will be immortal + in the annals of glory, as his death will be eternal in the annals of + party revenge. Amidst the general disorder Eugène, more than any other + chief, maintained a sort of discipline among the Italians; and it was + remarked that the troops of the south engaged in the fatal campaign of + Moscow had endured the rigour of the cold better than those troops who + were natives of less genial climates. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon's return from Moscow was not like his returns from the campaigns + of Vienna and Tilsit when he came back crowned with laurels, and bringing + peace as the reward of his triumphs. It was remarked that Napoleon's first + great disaster followed the first enterprise he undertook after his + marriage with Maria Louisa. This tended to confirm the popular belief that + the presence of Josephine was favourable to his fortune; and superstitious + as he sometimes was, I will not venture to affirm that he himself did not + adopt this ides. He now threw off even the semblance of legality in the + measures of his government: he assumed arbitrary power, under the + impression that the critical circumstances in which he was placed would + excuse everything. But, however inexplicable were the means to which the + Emperor resorted to procure resources, it is but just to acknowledge that + they were the consequence of his system of government, and that he evinced + inconceivable activity in repairing his losses so as to place himself in a + situation to resist his enemies, and restore the triumph of the French + standard. + </p> + <p> + But in spite of all Napoleon's endeavours the disasters of the campaign of + Russia were daily more and more sensibly felt. The King of Prussia had + played a part which was an acknowledgment of his weakness in joining + France, instead of openly declaring himself for the cause of Russia, which + was also his. Then took place the defection of General York, who commanded + the Prussian contingent to Napoleon's army. The King of Prussia, though no + doubt secretly satisfied with the conduct of General York, had him tried + and condemned; but shortly after that sovereign commanded in person the + troops which had turned against ours. The defection of the Prussians + produced a very ill effect, and it was easy to perceive that other + defections would follow. Napoleon, foreseeing the fatal chances which this + event was likely to draw upon him, assembled a privy council, composed of + the Ministers and some of the great officers of his household. MM. de + Talleyrand and Cambacérès, and the President of the senate were present. + Napoleon asked whether, in the complicated difficulties of our situation, + it would be more advisable to negotiate for peace or to prepare for a new + war. Cambacérès and Talleyrand gave their opinion in favour of peace, + which however, Napoleon would not hear of after a defeat; but the Duc de + Feltre,—[Clarke]—knowing how to touch the susceptible chord in + the mind of Bonaparte, said that he would consider the Emperor dishonoured + if he consented to the abandonment of the smallest village which had been + united to the Empire by a 'Senatus-consulte'. This opinion was adopted, + and the war continued. + </p> + <p> + On Napoleon's return to Paris the Pope, who was still at Fontainebleau, + determined to accede to an arrangement, and to sign an act which the + Emperor conceived would terminate the differences between them. But being + influenced by some of the cardinals who had previously incurred the + Emperor's displeasure Pius VII. disavowed the new Concordat which he had + been weak enough to grant, and the Emperor, who then had more important + affairs on his hands, dismissed the Holy Father, and published the act to + which he had assented. Bonaparte had no leisure to pay attention to the + new difficulties started by Pius VII.; his thoughts were wholly directed + to the other side of the Rhine. He was unfortunate, and the powers with + whom he was most intimately allied separated from him, as he might have + expected, and Austria was not the last to imitate the example set by + Prussia. In these difficult circumstances the Emperor, who for some time + past had observed the talent and address of the Comte Louis de Narbonne, + sent him to Vienna, to supersede M. Otto; but the pacific propositions of + M. de Narbonne were not listened to. Austria would not let slip the fair + opportunity of taking revenge without endangering herself. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon now saw clearly that since Austria had abandoned him and refused + her contingent he should soon have all Europe arrayed against him. But + this did not intimidate him. + </p> + <p> + Some of the Princes of the Confederation of the Rhine still remained + faithful to him; and his preparations being completed, he proposed to + resume in person the command of the army which had been so miraculously + reproduced. But before his departure Napoleon, alarmed at the recollection + of Mallet's attempt, and anxious to guard against any similar occurrence + during his absence, did not, as on former occasions, consign the reins of + the National Government to a Council of Ministers, presided over by the + Arch-Chancellor. Napoleon placed my successor with him, M. Meneval, near + the Empress Regent as Secretaire des Commandemens (Principal Secretary), + and certainly he could not have made a better choice. He made the Empress + Maria Louisa Regent, and appointed a Council of Regency to assist her. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Meneval, who had held the post of Secretary to Napoleon from the + time of Bourrienne's disgrace in 1802, had been nearly killed by the + hardships of the Russian campaign, and now received an honourable + and responsible but less onerous post. He remained with the Empress + till 7th May 1815, when, finding that she would not return to her + husband, he left her to rejoin his master.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0096" id="link2HCH0096"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVIII. + </h2> + + 1813. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Riots in Hamburg and Lübeck—Attempted suicide of M. Konning— + Evacuation of Hamburg—Dissatisfaction at the conduct of General St. + Cyr—The Cabinets of Vienna and the Tuileries—First appearance of + the Cossacks—Colonel Tettenborn invited to occupy Hamburg—Cordial + reception of the Russians—Depredations—Levies of troops— + Testimonials of gratitude to Tettenborn—Napoleon's new army—Death + of General Morand—Remarks of Napoleon on Vandamme—Bonaparte and + Gustavus Adolphus—Junction of the corps of Davoust and Vandamme— + Reoccupation of Hamburg by the French—General Hogendorff appointed + Governor of Hamburg—Exactions and vexatious contributions levied + upon Hamburg and Lübeck—Hostages. +</pre> + <p> + A considerable time before Napoleon left Paris to join the army, the bulk + of which was in Saxony, partial insurrections occurred in many places. The + interior of France proper was indeed still in a state of tranquillity, but + it was not so in the provinces annexed by force to the extremities of the + Empire, especially in the north, and in the unfortunate Hanse Towns, for + which, since my residence at Hamburg, I have always felt the greatest + interest. The intelligence I received was derived from such unquestionable + sources that I can pledge myself for the truth of what I have to state + respecting the events which occurred in those provinces at the + commencement of 1813; and subsequently I obtained a confirmation of all + the facts communicated by my correspondence when I was sent to Hamburg by + Louis XVIII. in 1815. + </p> + <p> + M. Steuve, agent from the Court of Russia, who lived at Altona apparently + as a private individual, profited by the irritation produced by the + measures adopted at Hamburg. His plans were so well arranged that he was + promptly informed of the route of the Grand Army from Moscow, and the + approach of the Allied troops. Aided by the knowledge and activity of + Sieur Hanft of Hamburg, M. Steuve profited by the discontent of a people + so tyrannically governed, and seized the opportunity for producing an + explosion. Between eight and nine o'clock on the morning of the 24th of + February 1813 an occurrence in which the people were concerned was the + signal for a revolt. An individual returning to Hamburg by the Altona gate + would not submit to be searched by a fiscal agent, who in consequence + maltreated him and wounded him severely. The populace instantly rose, + drove away the revenue guard, and set fire to the guard-house. The people + also, excited by secret agents, attacked other French posts, where they + committed the same excesses. Surprised at this unexpected movement, the + French authorities retired to the houses in which they resided. All the + respectable inhabitants who were unconnected with the tumult likewise + returned to their homes, and no person appeared out of doors. + </p> + <p> + General Carry St. Cyr had the command of Hamburg after the Prince of + Eckmuhl's departure for the Russian campaign. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[General Carry St. Cyr is not to be conFused with the Marshal + Gonvion de St. Cyr; he fell into disgrace for his conduct at + Hamburg at this time, and was not again employed by Napoleon. Under + the Restoration he became Governor of French Guiana.]— +</pre> + <p> + At the first news of the revolt he set about packing up his papers, and + Comte de Chaban, M. Konning, the Prefect of Hamburg, and M. Daubignosc, + the Director of Police, followed his example. It was not till about four + o'clock in the afternoon that a detachment of Danish hussars arrived at + Hamburg, and the populace: was then speedily dispersed. All the + respectable citizens and men of property assembled the next morning and + adopted means for securing internal tranquillity, so that the Danish + troops were enabled to return to Altona. Search was then made for the + ringleaders of the disturbance. Many persons were arrested, and a military + commission, ad hoc; was appointed to try them. The commission, however, + condemned only one individual, who, being convicted of being one of the + most active voters, was sentenced to be shot, and the sentence was carried + into execution. + </p> + <p> + On the 26th February a similar commotion took place at Lübeck. Attempts + were made to attack the French Authorities. The respectable citizens + instantly assembled, protected them against outrage, and escorted them in + safety to Hamburg, where they arrived on the 27th. The precipitate flight + of these persons from Lübeck spread some alarm in Hamburg. The danger was + supposed to be greater than it was because the fugitives were accompanied + by a formidable body of troops. + </p> + <p> + But these were not the only attempts to throw off the yoke of French + domination, which had become insupportable. All the left bank of the Elbe + was immediately in a state of insurrection, and all the official persons + took refuge in Hamburg. During these partial insurrections everything was + neglected. Indecision, weakness, and cupidity were manifested everywhere. + Instead of endeavours to soothe the minds of the people, which had been, + long exasperated by intolerable tyranny, recourse was had to rigorous + measures. The prisons were crowded with a host of persons declared to be + suspected upon the mere representations of the agents of the police. On + the 3d of March a special military commission condemned six householders + of Hamburg and its neighbourhood to be shot on the glacis for no other + offence than having been led, either by chance or curiosity, to a part of + the town which was the scene of one of the riots. These executions excited + equal horror and indignation, and General Carra St. Cyr was obliged to + issue a proclamation for the dissolution of the military commission by + whom the men had been sentenced. + </p> + <p> + The intelligence of the march of the Russian and Prussian troops; who were + descending the Elbe, increased the prevailing agitation in Westphalia, + Hanover, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania, and all the French troops cantoned + between Berlin and Hamburg, including those who occupied the coast of the + Baltic, fell back upon Hamburg. General Carra St. Cyr and Baron Konning, + the Prefect of Hamburg, used to go every evening to Altona. The latter, + worn out by anxiety and his unsettled state of life, lost his reason; and + on his way to Hamburg, on the 5th of May, he attempted to cut his throat + with a razor. His 'valet de chambre' saved his life by rushing upon him + before he had time to execute his design. It was given out that he had + broken a blood-vessel, and he was conveyed to Altona, where his wound was + cured, and he subsequently recovered from his derangement. M. Konning, who + was a native of Holland, was a worthy man, but possessed no decision of + character, and but little ability. + </p> + <p> + At this juncture exaggerated reports were circulated respecting the + approach of a Russian corps. A retreat was immediately ordered, and it was + executed on the 12th of March. General Carra St. Cyr having no money for + the troops, helped himself to 100,000 francs out of the municipal + treasury. He left Hamburg at the head of the troops and the enrolled men + of the custom-house service. He was escorted by the Burgher Guard, which + protected him from the insults of the populace; and the good people of + Hamburg never had any visitors of whom they were more happy to be rid. + </p> + <p> + This sudden retreat excited Napoleon's indignation. He accused General St. + Cyr of pusillanimity, in an article inserted in the 'Moniteur', and + afterwards copied by his order into all the journals. In fact, had General + St. Cyr been better informed, or less easily alarmed, he might have kept + Hamburg, and prevented its temporary occupation by the enemy, to dislodge + whom it was necessary to besiege the city two months afterwards. St. Cyr + had 3000 regular troops, and a considerable body of men in the + custom-house service. General Morand could have furnished him with 5000 + men from Mecklenburg. He might, therefore, not only have kept possession + of Hamburg two months longer, but even to the end of the war, as General + Lexnarrois retained possession of Magdeburg. Had not General St. Cyr so + hastily evacuated the Elbe he would have been promptly aided by the corps + which General Vandamme soon brought from the Wesel, and afterwards by the + very, corps with which Marshal Davoust recaptured Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + The events just described occurred before Napoleon quitted Paris. In the + month of August all negotiation was broken off with Austria, though that + power, still adhering to her time-serving policy, continued to protest + fidelity to the cause of the Emperor Napoleon until the moment when her + preparations were completed and her resolution formed. But if there was + duplicity at Vienna was there not folly, nay, blindness, in the Cabinet of + the Tuileries? Could we reasonably rely upon Austria? She had seen the + Russian army pass the Vistula and advance as far as the Saale without + offering any remonstrance. At that moment a single movement of her troops, + a word of declaration, would have prevented everything. As, therefore, she + would not avert the evil when she might have done so with certainty and + safety, there must have been singular folly and blindness in the Cabinet + who saw this conduct and did not understand it. + </p> + <p> + I now proceed to mention the further misfortunes which occurred in the + north of Germany, and particularly at Hamburg. At fifteen leagues east of + Hamburg, but within its territory, is a village named Bergdorf. It was in + that village that the Cossacks were first seen. Twelve or fifteen hundred + of them arrived there under the command of Colonel Tettenborn. But for the + retreat of the French troops, amounting to 3000, exclusive of men in the + customhouse service, no attempt would have been made upon Hamburg; but the + very name of the Cossacks inspired a degree of terror which must be fresh + in the recollection of every one. Alarm spread in Hamburg, which, being + destitute of troops and artillery, and surrounded with dilapidated + fortifications, could offer no defence. The Senator Bartch and Doctor Know + took upon themselves to proceed to Bergdorf to solicit Colonel Tettenborn + to take possession of Hamburg, observing that they felt sure of his + sentiments of moderation, and that they trusted they would grant + protection to a city which had immense commercial relations with Russia. + Tettenborn did not place reliance on these propositions because he could + not suppose that there had been such a precipitate evacuation; he thought + they were merely a snare to entrap him, and refused to accede to them. But + a Doctor Von Hess, a Swede, settled in Hamburg some years, and known to + Tettenborn as a decided partisan of England and Russia, persuaded the + Russian Commander to comply with the wishes of the citizens of Hamburg. + However, Tettenborn consented only on the following conditions:—That + the old Government should be instantly re-established; that a deputation + of Senators in their old costume should invite him to take possession of + Hamburg, which he would enter only as a free and Imperial Hanse Town; that + if those conditions were not complied with he would regard Hamburg as a + French town, and consequently hostile. Notwithstanding the real + satisfaction with which the Senators of Hamburg received those + propositions they were restrained by the fear of a reverse of fortune. + They, however, determined to accept them, thinking that whatever might + happen they could screen themselves by alleging that necessity had driven + them to the step they took. They therefore declared their compliance with + the conditions, and that night and the following day were occupied in + assembling the Senate, which had been so long dissolved, and in making the + preparations which Tettenborn required. + </p> + <p> + At four o'clock in the afternoon of the 17th of March a picket of + Cossacks, consisting of only forty men, took possession of a town recently + flourishing, and containing a population of 124,000, but ruined and + reduced to 80,000 inhabitants by the blessing of being united to the + French Empire. On the following day, the 18th, Colonel Tettenborn entered + Hamburg at the head of 1000 regular and 200 irregular Cossacks. I have + described the military situation of Hamburg when it was evacuated on the + 12th of March, and Napoleon's displeasure may be easily conceived. + Tettenborn was received with all the honours usually bestowed upon a + conqueror. Enthusiasm was almost universal. For several nights the people + devoted themselves to rejoicing. The Cossacks were gorged with provisions + and drink, and were not a little astonished at the handsome reception they + experienced. + </p> + <p> + It was not until the expiration of three or four days that the people + began to perceive the small number of the allied troops. Their amount + gradually diminished. On the day after the arrival of the Cossacks a + detachment was sent to Lübeck, where they were received with the same + honours as at Hamburg. Other detachments were sent upon different places, + and after four days' occupation there remained in Hamburg only 70 out of + the 1200 Cossacks who had entered on the 18th March. + </p> + <p> + The first thing their commander did was to take possession of the + post-office and the treasuries of the different public offices. All the + movable effects of the French Government and its agents were seized and + sold. The officers evinced a true Cossack disregard of the rights of + private property. Counts Huhn, Buasenitz, and Venechtern, who had joined + Tettenborn's staff, rendered themselves conspicuous by plundering the + property of M. Pyonnier, the Director of the Customs, and M. Gonae, the + Postmaster, and not a bottle of wine was left in their cellars. Tettenborn + laid hands upon a sum of money, consisting of upwards of 4000 Louis in + gold, belonging to M. Gonse, which had been lodged with M. Schwartz, a + respectable banker in Hamburg, who filled the office of Prussian Consul. + M. Schwartz, with whom this money had been deposited for the sake of + security, had also the care of some valuable jewels belonging to Mesdames + Carry St. Cyr and Daubignoac; Tettenborn carried off these as well as the + money. M. Schwartz remonstrated in his character of Prussian Consul, + Prussia being the ally of Russia, but he was considered merely as a + banker, and could obtain no redress. Tettenborn, like most of the Cossack + chiefs, was nothing but a man for blows and pillage, but the agent of + Russia was M. Steuve, whose name I have already mentioned. + </p> + <p> + Orders were speedily given for a levy of troops, both in infantry and + cavalry, to be called Hanseatic volunteers. A man named Hanft, who had + formerly been a butcher, raised at his own expense a company of foot and + one of lancers, of which he took the command. This undertaking, which cost + him 130,000 francs, may afford some idea of the attachment of the people + of Hamburg to the French Government! But money, as well as men, was + wanting, and a heavy contribution was imposed to defray the expense of + enrolling a number of workmen out of employment and idlers, of various + kinds. Voluntary donations were solicited, and enthusiasm was so general + that even servant-maids gave their rings. The sums thus collected were + paid into the chest of Tettenborn's staff, and became a prey to dishonest + appropriation. With respect to this money a Sieur Oswald was accused of + not having acted with the scrupulous delicacy which Madame de Stael + attributes to his namesake in her romance of Corinne. + </p> + <p> + Between 8000 and 10,000 men were levied in the Hanse Towns and their + environs, the population of which had been so greatly reduced within two + years. These undisciplined troops, who had been for the most part levied + from the lowest classes of society, committed so many outrages that they + soon obtained the surname of the Cossacks of the Elbe; and certainly they + well deserved it. + </p> + <p> + Such was the hatred which the French Government had inspired in Hamburg + that the occupation of Tettenborn was looked upon as a deliverance. On the + colonel's departure the Senate, anxious to give high a testimonial of + gratitude, presented him with the freedom of the city, accompanied by 5000 + gold fredericks (105,000 francs), with which he was doubtless much more + gratified than with the honour of the citizenship. + </p> + <p> + The restored Senate of Hamburg did not long survive. The people of the + Hanse Towns learned, with no small alarm, that the Emperor was making + immense preparations to fall upon Germany, where his lieutenants could not + fail to take cruel revenge on those who had disavowed his authority. + Before he quitted Paris on the 15th of April Napoleon had recalled under + the banners of the army 180,000 men, exclusive of the guards of honour, + and it was evident that with such a force he might venture on a great + game, and probably win it. Yet the month of April passed away without the + occurrence of any event important to the Hanse Towns, the inhabitants of + which vacillated between hope and fear. Attacks daily took place between + parties of Russian and French troops on the territory between Lüneburg and + Bremen. In one of these encounters General Morand was mortally wounded, + and was conveyed to Lüneburg. His brother having been taken prisoner in + the same engagement, Tettenborn, into whose hands he had fallen, gave him + leave on parole to visit the General; but he arrived in Lüneburg only in + time to see him die. + </p> + <p> + The French having advanced as far as Haarburg took up their position on + the plateau of Schwartzenberg, which commands that little town and the + considerable islands situated in that part of the river between Haarburg + and Hamburg. Being masters of this elevated point they began to threaten + Hamburg and to attack Haarburg. These attacks were directed by Vandamme, + of all our generals the most redoubtable in conquered countries. He was a + native of Cassel, in Flanders, and had acquired a high reputation for + severity. At the very time when he was attacking Hamburg Napoleon said of + him at Dresden, "If I were to lose Vandamme I know not what I would give + to have him back again; but if I had two such generals I should be obliged + to shoot one of them." It must be confessed that one was quite enough. + </p> + <p> + As soon as he arrived Vandamme sent to inform Tettenborn that if he did + not immediately liberate the brother and brother-in-law of Morand, both of + whom were his prisoners, he would burn Hamburg. Tettenborn replied that if + he resorted to that extremity he would hang them both on the top of St. + Michael's Tower, where he might have a view of them. This energetic answer + obliged Vandamme to restrain his fury, or at least to direct it to other + objects. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the French forces daily augmented at Haarburg. Vandamme, + profiting by the negligence of the new Hanseatic troops, who had the + defence of the great islands of the Elbe, attacked them one night in the + month of May. This happened to be the very night after the battle of + Lutzsn, where both sides claimed the victory; and Te Deum was sung in the + two hostile camps. The advance of the French turned the balance of opinion + in favour of Napoleon, who was in fact really the conqueror on a field of + battle celebrated nearly two centuries before by the victory and death of + Gustavus Adolphus. The Cossacks of the Elbe could not sustain the shock of + the French; Vandamme repulsed the troops who defended Wilhelmsburg, the + largest of the two islands, and easily took possession of the smaller one, + Fidden, of which the point nearest the right bank of the Elbe is not half + a gunshot distant from Hamburg. The 9th of May was a fatal day to the + people of Hamburg; for it was then that Davoust, having formed his + junction with Vandamme, appeared at the head of a corps of 40,000 men + destined to reinforce Napoleon's Grand Army. Hamburg could not hold out + against the considerable French force now assembled in its neighbourhood. + Tettenborn had, it is true, received a reinforcement of 800 Prussians and + 2000, Swedes, but still what resistance could he offer to Davoust's 40,000 + men? Tettenborn did not deceive himself as to the weakness of the allies + on this point, or the inutility of attempting to defend the city. He + yielded to the entreaties of the inhabitants, who represented to him that + further resistance must be attended by certain ruin. He accordingly + evacuated Hamburg on the 29th of May, taking with him his Hanseatic + legions, which had not held out an hour in the islands of the Elbe, and + accompanied by the Swedish Doctor Von Hess, whose imprudent advice was the + chief cause of all the disasters to which the unfortunate city lied been + exposed. + </p> + <p> + Davoust was at Haarburg, where he received the deputies from Hamburg with + an appearance of moderation; and by the conditions stipulated at this + conference on the 30th of May a strong detachment of Danish troops + occupied Hamburg in the name of the Emperor. The French made their + entrance the same evening, and occupied the posts as quietly as if they + had been merely changing guard. The inhabitants made not a shadow of + resistance. Not a drop of blood was issued; not a threat nor an insult was + interchanged. This is the truth; but the truth did not suit Napoleon. It + was necessary to getup a pretext for revenge, and accordingly recourse was + had to a bulletin, which proclaimed to France and Europe that Hamburg had + been taken by main force, with a loss of some hundred men. But for this + imaginary resistance, officially announced, how would it have been + possible to justify the spoliations and exactions which ensued? + </p> + <p> + The Dutch General, Hogendorff, became Governor of Hamburg in lieu of Carra + St. Cyr, who had been confined at Osnabruck since his precipitate retreat. + General Hogendorff had been created one of the Emperor's aides de camp, + but he was neither a Rapp, a Lauriston, nor a Duroc. The inhabitants were + required to pay all the arrears of taxes due to the different public + offices during the seventy days that the French had been absent; and + likewise all the allowances that would have been paid to the troops of the + garrison had they remained in Hamburg. Payment was also demanded of the + arrears for the quartering of troops who were fifty leagues off. However, + some of the heads of the government departments, who saw and understood + the new situation of the French at Hamburg, did not enforce these unjust + and vexatious measures. The duties on registrations were reduced. M. + Pyonnier, Director of the Customs, aware of the peculiar difficulty of his + situation in a country where the customs were held in abhorrence, observed + great caution and moderation in collecting the duties: Personal + examination, which is so revolting and indecorous, especially with respect + to females, was suppressed. But these modifications did not proceed from + the highest quarter; they were due to the good sense of the subordinate + agents, who plainly saw that if the Empire was to fall it would not be + owing to little infractions in the laws of proscription against coffee and + rhubarb. + </p> + <p> + If the custom-house regulations became less vexatious to the inhabitants + of Hamburg it was not the same with the business of the post-office. The + old manoeuvres of that department were resumed more actively than ever. + Letters were opened without the least reserve, and all the old post-office + clerks who were initiated in these scandalous proceedings were recalled. + With the exception of the registrations and the customs the inquisitorial + system, which had so long oppressed the Hanse Towns, was renewed; and yet + the delegates of the French Government were the first to cry out, "The + people of Hamburg are traitors to Napoleon: for, in spite of all the + blessings he has conferred upon them they do not say with the Latin poet, + 'Deus nobis haec otia fecit." + </p> + <p> + But all that passed was trifling in comparison with what was to come. On + the 18th of June was published an Imperial decree, dated the 8th of the + same month, by virtue of which were to be reaped the fruits of the + official falsehood contained in the bulletin above mentioned. To expiate + the crime of rebellion Hamburg was required to pay an extraordinary + contribution of 48,000,000 francs, and Lübeck a contribution of 6,000,000. + The enormous sum levied on Hamburg was to be paid in the short space of a + month, by six equal instalments, either in money, or bills on respectable + houses in Paris. In addition to this the new Prefect of Hamburg made a + requisition of grain and provisions of every kind, wines, sailcloth, + masts, pitch, hemp, iron, copper, steel, in short, everything that could + be useful for the supply of the army and navy. + </p> + <p> + But while these exactions were made on property in Hamburg, at Dresden the + liberties of individuals and even lives were attacked. On the 15th of June + Napoleon, doubtless blinded by the false reports that were laid before + him, gave orders for making out a list of the inhabitants of Hamburg who + were absent from the city. He allowed them only a fortnight to return + home, an interval too short to enable some of them to come from the places + where they had taken refuge. They consequently remained absent beyond the + given time. Victims were indispensable but assuredly it was not Bonaparte + who conceived the idea of hostages to answer for the men whom prudence + kept absent. Of this charge I can clear his memory. The hostages, were, + however, taken, and were declared to be also responsible for the payment + of the contribution of 48,000,000. In Hamburg they were selected from + among the most respectable and wealthy men in the city, some of them far + advanced in age. They were conveyed to the old castle of Haarburg on the + left bank of the Elbe, and these men, who had been accustomed to all the + comforts of life, were deprived even of necessaries, and had only straw to + lie on. The hostages from Lübeck were taken to, Hamburg: they were placed + between decks on board an old ship in the port: this was a worthy + imitation of the prison hulks of England. On the 24th of July there was + issued a decree which was published in the Hamburg Correspondent of the + 27th. This decree consisted merely of a proscription list, on which were + inscribed the names of some of the wealthiest men in the Hanse Towns, + Hanover, and Westphalia. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0097" id="link2HCH0097"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIX. + </h2> + + 1813. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Napoleon's second visit to Dresden—Battle of Bantzen—The Congress + at Prague—Napoleon ill advised—Battle of Vittoria—General Moreau + Rupture of the conferences at Prague—Defection of Jomini—Battles + of Dresden and Leipsic—Account of the death of Duroc—An + interrupted conversation resumed a year after—Particulars + respecting Poniatowski—His extraordinary courage and death— + His monument at Leipsic and tomb in the cathedral of Warsaw. +</pre> + <p> + On the 2d of May Napoleon won the battle of Lützen. A week after he was at + Dresden, not as on his departure for the Russian campaign, like the + Sovereign of the West surrounded by his mighty vassals: he was now in the + capital of the only one of the monarchs of his creation who remained + faithful to the French cause, and whose good faith eventually cost him + half his dominions. The Emperor stayed only ten days in Dresden, and then + went in pursuit of the Russian army, which he came up with on the 19th, at + Bautzen. This battle, which was followed on the two succeeding days by the + battles of Wurtchen and Oclikirchen, may be said to have lasted three days—a + sufficient proof that it was obstinately disputed. It ended in favour of + Napoleon, but he and France paid dearly for it: while General Kirschner + and Duroc were talking together the former was killed by a cannon-ball, + which mortally wounded the latter in the abdomen. + </p> + <p> + The moment had now arrived for Austria to prove whether or not she. + intended entirely to desert the cause of Napoleon. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[There is a running attack in Erreurs (tome, ii. pp, 289-325) on + all this part of the Memoirs, but the best account of the + negotiations between France, Austria, and the Allies will be found + in Metternich, Vol. i. pp. 171-215. Metternich, with good + reason, prides himself on the skill with which he gained from + Napoleon the exact time, twenty days, necessary for the + concentration of the Austrian armies. Whether the negotiations were + consistent with good faith on the part of Austria is another matter; + but, one thing seems clear—the Austrian marriage ruined Napoleon. + He found it impossible to believe that the monarch who had given him + his daughter would strike the decisive blow against him. Without + this belief there can be no doubt that he would have attacked + Austria before she could have collected her forces, and Metternich + seems to have dreaded the result. "It was necessary, therefore to + prevent Napoleon from carrying out his usual system of leaving an + army of observation before the Allied armies, and himself turning to + Bohemia to deal a great blow at us, the effect of which it would be + impossible to foresee in the present depressed state of the great + majority of our men" (Metternich, Vol. i, p. 177). With our + knowledge of how Napoleon held his own against the three armies at + Dresden we may safely assume that he would have crushed Austria if + she had not joined him or disarmed. The conduct of Austria was + natural and politic, but it was only successful because Napoleon + believed in the good faith of the Emperor Francis, his + father-in-law. It is to be noted that Austria only succeeded in + getting Alexander to negotiate on the implied condition that the + negotiations were not to end in a peace with France. See + Metternich, Vol. i. p. 181, where, in answer to the Czar's + question as to what would become of their cause if Napoleon accepted + the Austrian mediation, he says that if Napoleon declines Austria + will join the Allies. If Napoleon accepts, "the negotiations will + most certainly show Napoleon to be neither wise nor just, and then + the result will be the same. In any case we shall have gained the + necessary time to bring our armies into such positions that we need + not again fear a separate attack on any one of them, and from which + we may ourselves take the offensive."]— +</pre> + <p> + All her amicable demonstrations were limited to an offer of her + intervention in opening negotiations with Russia. Accordingly, on the 4th + of June, an armistice was concluded at Pleiswitz, which was to last till + the 8th of July, and was finally prolonged to the 10th of August. + </p> + <p> + The first overtures after the conclusion of the armistice of Pleiswitz + determined the assembling of a Congress at Prague. It was reported at the + time that the Allies demanded the restoration of all they had lost since + 1805; that is to say, since the campaign of Ulm. In this demand Holland + and the Hanse Towns, which had become French provinces, were comprehended. + But we should still have retained the Rhine, Belgium, Piedmont, Nice, and + Savoy. The battle of Vittoria, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —The news of this decisive battle increased the difficulty of the + French plenipotentiaries at Prague, and raised the demands of the + Allies. It also shook the confidence of those who remained faithful + to us.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + which placed the whole of Spain at the disposal of the English, the + retreat of Suchet upon the Ebro, the fear of seeing the army of Spin + annihilated, were enough to alter the opinions of those counsellors who + still recommended war. Notwithstanding Napoleon's opposition and his + innate disposition to acquire glory by his victories, probably he would + not have been inaccessible to the reiterated representations of sensible + men who loved their country, France, therefore, has to reproach his + advisers. At this juncture General Moreau arrived; it has been said that + he came at the solicitation of Bernadotte. This is neither true nor + probable. In the first place, there never was any intimacy between + Bernadotte and Moreau; and, in the next, how can it be imagined that + Bernadotte wished to see Moreau Emperor! But this question is at once put + at rest by the fact, that in the interview at Åbo the Emperor of Russia + hinted to Bernadotte the possibility of his succeeding Napoleon. It was + generally reported at the time, and I have since learnt that it was true, + that the French Princes of the House of Bourbon had made overtures to + Moreau through the medium of General Willot, who had been proscribed on + the 18th Fructidor; and I have since learned from an authentic source that + General Moreau, who was then at Baltimore, refused to support the Bourbon + cause. Moreau yielded only to his desire of being revenged on Napoleon; + and he found death where he could not find glory. + </p> + <p> + At the end of July the proceedings of the Congress at Prague were no. + further advanced than at the time of its assembling. Far from cheering the + French with the prospect of a peace, the Emperor made a journey to + Mayence; the Empress went there to see him, and returned to Paris + immediately after the Emperor's departure. Napoleon went back to Dresden, + and the armistice not being renewed, it died a natural death on the 17th + of August, the day appointed for its expiration. A fatal event immediately + followed the rupture of the conferences. On the 17th of August Austria, + wishing to gain by war as she had before gained by alliances, declared + that she would unite her forces with those of the Allies. On the very + opening of this disastrous campaign General Jomini went over to the enemy. + Jomini belonged to the staff of the unfortunate Marshal Ney, who was + beginning to execute with his wonted ability, the orders he had received. + There was much surprise at his eagerness to profit by a struggle, begun + under such melancholy auspices, to seek a fresh fortune, which promised + better than what he had tried under our flag. Public opinion has + pronounced judgment on Jomini. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[It was on the 11th of August, not the 17th, that Metternich + announced to Caulaincourt, Napoleon's plenipotentiary at Prague, + that Austria had joined the Allies and declared war with France; + At midnight on 10th August Metternich had despatched the passports + for the Comte Louis de Narbonne, Napoleon's Ambassador, and the war + manifesto of the Emperor Francis; then he had the beacons lighted + which had been prepared from Prague to the Silesian frontier, as a + sign of the breech of the negotiations, and the right (i.e. power) + of the Allied armies to cross the Silesian frontier (Metternich, + vol. i, p. 199).]— +</pre> + <p> + The first actions were the battle of Dresden, which took place seven days + after the rupture of the armistice, and the battle in which Vandamme was + defeated, and which rendered the victory of Dresden unavailing. I have + already mentioned that Moreau was killed at Dresden. Bavaria was no sooner + rid of the French troops than she raised the mask and ranged herself among + our enemies. + </p> + <p> + In October the loss of the battle of Leipsic decided the fate of France. + The Saxon army, which had long remained faithful to us, went over to the + enemy during the battle. Prince Poniatowski perished at the battle of + Leipsic in an attempt to pass the Aster. + </p> + <p> + I will here mention a fact which occurred before Duroc's departure for the + campaign of 1812. I used often to visit him at the Pavilion Marsan, in the + Tuileries, where he lodged. One forenoon, when I had been waiting for him + a few minutes, he came from the Emperor's apartments, where he had been + engaged in the usual business, He was in his court-dress. As soon as he + entered he pulled off his coat and hat and laid them aside. "I have just + had a conversation with the Emperor about you," said he. "Say nothing to + anybody. Have patience, and you will be—" He had, no sooner uttered + these words than a footman entered to inform him that the Emperor, wished + to see him immediately. "Well," said Duroc, "I must go." No sooner was the + servant gone than Duroc stamped violently on the floor, and exclaimed, + "That ——- ——- never leaves me a moment's rest. If + he finds I have five minutes to myself in the course of the morning he is + sure to send for me." He then put on his coat and returned to the Emperor, + saying, "Another time you shall hear what I have to tell you." + </p> + <p> + From that time I did not see Duroc until, the month of January 1813. He + was constantly absent from Paris, and did not return until the end of + 1812. He was much affected at the result of the campaign, but his + confidence in Napoleon's genius kept up his spirits. I turned the + conversation from this subject and reminded him of his promise to tell me + what had passed between the Emperor and himself relative tome. "You shall + hear," said he. "The Emperor and I had been playing at billiards, and, + between ourselves, he plays very badly. He is nothing at a game which + depends on skill. While negligently rolling his balls about he muttered + these words: 'Do you ever see Bourrienne now?'—'Yes, Sire, he + sometimes dines with me on diplomatic reception-days, and he looks so + droll in his old-fashioned court-dress, of Lyons manufacture, that you + would laugh if you saw him.'—'What does he say respecting the new + regulation for the court-dresses?'—'I confess he says it is very + ridiculous; that it will have no other result than to enable the Lyons + manufacturers to get rid of their old-fashioned goods; that forced + innovations on the customs of a nation are never successful.'—'Oh, + that is always the way with Bourrienne; he is never pleased with + anything.'— 'Certainly, Sire, he is apt to grumble; but he says what + he thinks.'— 'Do you know, Duroc, he served me very well at Hamburg. + He raised a good deal of money for me. He is a man who understands + business. I will not leave him unemployed. Time must hang heavily on his + hands. I will see what I can do for him. He has many enemies.'—'And + who has not, Sire?'— 'Many complaints against him were transmitted + to me from Hamburg, but the letter which he wrote to me in his + justification opened my eyes, and I begin to think that Savary had good + motives for defending him. Endeavours are made to dissuade me from + employing him, but I shall nevertheless do so at last. I remember that it + was he who first informed me of the near approach of the war which we are + now engaged in. I forget all that has been said against him for the last + two years, and as soon as peace is concluded, and I am at leisure, I will + think of him.'" + </p> + <p> + After relating to me this conversation Duroc said, "you must, of course, + feel assured that I said all I think of you, and I will take an + opportunity of reminding him of you. But we must we patient. Adieu, my + dear friend; we must set off speedily, and Heaven knows when we shall be + back again!" I wished him a successful campaign and a speedy return. Alas! + I was doomed to see my excellent friend only once again. + </p> + <p> + Next to the death of Duroc the loss most sincerely regretted during the + campaign of 1813 was that of Prince Poniatowski. Joseph Poniatowaki, a + nephew of Stanislas Augustus, King of Poland, was born at Warsaw on the + 7th of May 1763: At an early age he was remarkable for his patriotic + spirit; but his uncle's influence gave him an apparent irresolution, which + rendered him suspected by some of the parties in Poland. After his uncle + had acceded to the Confederation of Targowitz, Poniatowski left the + service accompanied by most of his principal officers. But when, in 1794, + the Poles endeavoured to repulse the Russians, he again repaired to the + Polish camp and entered the army as a volunteer. His noble conduct + obtained for him the esteem of his countrymen. Kosciusko gave him the + command of a division, with which he rendered useful services during the + two sieges of Warsaw. Immediately after the surrender of that capital + Poniatowski went to Vienna. He refused the offers of Catherine and Paul to + bear arms in the service of Russia. + </p> + <p> + Poniatowaki retired to his estate year Warsaw, where he lived like a + private gentleman until the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw revived + the hopes of the Polish patriots. He then became War Minister. The + Archduke Ferdinand having come, in 1809, with Austrian troops to take + possession of the Duchy of Warsaw, Poniatowski, who commanded the Polish + troops, which were very inferior in numbers to the Austrian force, obliged + the latter, rather by dint of skillful maneuvering than by fighting, to + evacuate the Grand Duchy. He pursued them into Galicia as far as Cracow. + </p> + <p> + After this honourable campaign he continued to exercise his functions as + Minister until 1812. The war against Russia again summoned him to the head + of the Polish army. After taking part in all the events of that war, which + was attended by such various chances, Poniatowaki was present at the + battle of Leipsic. That battle, which commenced on the 14th of October, + the anniversary of the famous battles of Ulm and of Jena, lasted four + days, and decided the fate of Europe. Five hundred thousand men fought on + a surface of three square leagues. + </p> + <p> + Retreat having become indispensable, Napoleon took leave at Leipsic of the + King of Saxony and his family, whom he had brought with him from Dresden. + The Emperor then exclaimed in a loud voice, "Adieu; Saxons," to the people + who filled the market-place, where the King of Saxony resided. With some + difficulty, and after passing through many turnings and windings, he + gained the suburb of Runstadt and left Leipsic by the outer gate of that + suburb which leads to the bridge of the Elster, and to Lindenau. The + bridge was blown up shortly after he had passed it, and that event utterly + prevented the retreat of the part of the army which was on the left bank + of the Easter, and which fell into the power of the enemy. Napoleon was at + the time accused of having ordered the destruction of the bridge + immediately after he had himself passed it in order to secure his own + personal retreat, as he was threatened by the active pursuit of the enemy. + The English journals were unanimous on this point, and to counteract this + opinion, which was very general, an article was inserted in the + 'Moniteur'. + </p> + <p> + Before passing the bridge of the Elster Napoleon had directed Poniatowski, + in concert with Marshal Macdonald, to cover and protect the retreat, and + to defend that part of the suburb of Leipsic which is nearest to the Borne + road. For the execution of these orders he had only 2000 Polish infantry. + He was in this desperate situation when he saw the French columns in full + retreat and the bridge so choked up with their artillery and waggons that + there was no possibility of passing it. Then drawing his sword, and + turning to the officers who were near him, he said, "Here we must fall + with honour!" At the head of a small party of cuirassiers and Polish + officers he rushed on the columns of the Allies. In this action he + received a ball in his left arm: he had already been wounded on the 14th + and 16th. He nevertheless advanced, but he found the suburb filled with + Allied troops. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The Allies were so numerous that they scarcely perceived the + losses they sustained. Their masses pressed down upon us in every + direction, and it was impossible that victory could fail to be with + them. Their success, however, would have been less decisive had it + not been for the defection of the Saxons. In the midst of the + battle, these troops having moved towards the enemy, as if intending + to make an attack, turned suddenly around, and opened a heavy fire + of artillery and musketry on the columns by the aids of which they + had a few moments before been fighting. I do not know to what page + of history such a transaction is recorded. This event immediately + produced a great difference in our affairs, which were before in a + bad enough train. I ought here mention that before the battle the + Emperor dismissed a Bavarian division which still remained with him. + He spoke to the officers in terms which will not soon be effaced + from their memory. He told them, that, "according to the laws of + war, they were his prisoners, since their Government had taken part + against him; but that he could not forget the services they had + rendered him, and that they were therefore at liberty to return + home." These troops left the army, where they were much esteemed, + and marched for Bavaria.]— +</pre> + <p> + He fought his way through them and received another wound. He then threw + himself into the Pleisse, which was the first river he came to. Aided by + his officers, he gained the opposite bank, leaving his horse in the river. + Though greatly exhausted he mounted another, and gained the Elster, by + passing through M. Reichenbach's garden, which was situated on the side of + that river. In spite of the steepness of the banks of the Elster at that + part, the Prince plunged with his horse into the river: both man and horse + were drowned, and the same fate was shared by several officers who + followed Poniatawski's example. Marshal Macdonald was, luckily, one of + those who escaped. Five days after a fisherman drew the body of the + Prince, out of the water. On the 26th of October it was temporarily + interred at Leipsic, with all the honours due to the illustrious deceased. + A modest stone marks the spot where the body of the Prince was dragged + from the river. The Poles expressed a wish to. erect a monument to the + memory of their countryman in the garden of M. Reichenbach, but that + gentleman declared he would do it at his own expense, which he did. The + monument consists of a beautiful sarcophagus, surrounded by weeping + willows. The body of the Prince, after bring embalmed, was sent in the + following year to Warsaw, and in 1816 it was deposited in the cathedral, + among the remains of the Kings and great men of Poland. The celebrated + Thorwaldsen was commissioned to execute a monument for his tomb. Prince + Poniatowski left no issue but a natural son, born in 1790. The royal race, + therefore existed only in a collateral branch of King Stanislas, namely, + Prince Stanislas, born in 1754. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0098" id="link2HCH0098"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXX. + </h2> + + 1813 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Amount of the Allied forces against Napoleon—Their advance towards + the Rhine—Levy of 280,000 men—Dreadful situation of the French at + Mayence—Declaration of the Allies at Frankfort—Diplomatic + correspondents—The Duc de Bassano succeeded by the Duke of Vicenza + —The conditions of the Allies vaguely accepted—Caulaincourt sent to + the headquarters of the Allies—Manifesto of the Allied powers to + the French people.—Gift of 30,000,000 from the Emperor's privy + purse—Wish to recall M. de Talleyrand—Singular advice relative to + Wellington—The French army recalled from Spain—The throne resigned + Joseph—Absurd accusation against M. Laine—Adjournment of the + Legislative Body—Napoleon's Speech to the Legislative Body—Remarks + of Napoleon reported by Cambacérès. +</pre> + <p> + When the war resumed its course after the disaster of Leipsic I am certain + that the Allied sovereigns determined to treat with Napoleon only in his + own capital, as he, four years before, had refused to treat with the + Emperor of Austria except at Vienna. The latter sovereign now completely + raised the mask, and declared to the Emperor that he would make common + cause with Russia and Prussia against him. In his declaration he made rise + of the singular pretext, that the more enemies there were against Napoleon + there would be the greater chance of speedily obliging him to accede to + conditions which would at length restore the tranquillity of which Europe + stood so much in need. This declaration on the part of Austria was an + affair of no little importance, for she had now raised an army of 260,000 + men. An equal force was enrolled beneath the Russian banners, which were + advancing towards the Rhine. Prussia had 200,000 men; the Confederation of + the Rhine 150,000: in short, including the Swedes and the Dutch, the + English troops in Spain and in the Netherlands, the Danes, who had + abandoned us, the Spaniards and Portuguese, whose courage and hopes were + revived by our reverses, Napoleon had arrayed against him upwards of a + million of armed men. Among them, too, were the Neapolitans, with Murat at + their head! + </p> + <p> + The month of November 1813 was fatal to the fortune of Napoleon. In all + parts the French armies were repulsed and driven back upon the Rhine, + while-in every direction, the Allied forces advanced towards that river. + For a considerable time I had confidently anticipated the fall of the + Empire; not because the foreign sovereigns had vowed its destruction, but + because I saw the impossibility of Napoleon defending himself against all + Europe, and because I knew that, however desperate might be his fortune, + nothing would induce him to consent to conditions which he considered + disgraceful. At this time every day was marked by a new defection. Even + the Bavarians, the natural Allies of France, they whom the Emperor had led + to victory at the commencement of the second campaign of Vienna, they whom + he had, as it were, adopted on the field of battle, were now against us, + and were the bitterest of our enemies. + </p> + <p> + Even before the battle of Leipsic, the consequences of which were so + ruinous to Napoleon, he had felt the necessity of applying to France for a + supply of troops; as if France had been inexhaustible. He directed the + Empress Regent to make this demand; and accordingly Maria Louisa proceeded + to the Senate, for the first time, in great state: but the glories of the + Empire were now on the decline. The Empress obtained a levy of 280,000 + troops, but they were no sooner enrolled than they were sacrificed. The + defection of the Bavarians considerably augmented the difficulties which + assailed the wreck of the army that had escaped from Leipsic. The + Bavarians had got before us to Hanau, a town four leagues distant from + Frankfort; there they established themselves, with the view of cutting off + our retreat; but French valour was roused, the little town was speedily + carried, and the Bavarians were repulsed with considerable loss. The + French army arrived at Mayence; if, indeed, one may give the name of army + to a few masses of men destitute, dispirited, and exhausted by fatigue and + privation. On the arrival of the troops at Mayence no preparation had been + made for receiving them: there were no provisions, or supplies of any + kind; and, as the climax of misfortune, infectious epidemics broke out + amongst the men. All the accounts I received concurred in assuring me that + their situation was dreadful: + </p> + <p> + However; without counting the wreck which escaped from the disasters of + Leipsic, and the ravages of disease; without including the 280,000 men + which had been raised by a 'Senatus-consulte, on the application of Maria + Louisa, the Emperor still possessed 120,000 good troops; but they were in + the rear, scattered along the Elbe, shut up in fortresses such as Dantzic, + Hamburg, Torgau, and Spandau. Such was the horror of our situation that + if, on the one hand, we could not resolve to abandon them, it was at the + same time impossible to aid them. In France a universal cry was raised for + peace, at whatever price it could be purchased. In this state of things it + may be said that the year 1813 was more fatal to Napoleon than the year + 1812. The disasters of Moscow were repaired by his activity and the + sacrifices of France; but the disasters of Leipsic were irreparable. + </p> + <p> + I shall shortly speak of some negotiations in which, if I had chosen, I + might have taken a part. After the battle of Leipsic, in which France + lost, for the second time, a formidable army, all the powers allied + against Napoleon declared at Frankfort, on the 9th of November, that they + would never break the bonds which united them; that henceforth it was not + merely a Continental peace, but a general peace, that would be demanded; + and that any negotiation not having a general peace for its object would + be rejected. The Allied powers declared that France was to be confined + within her natural limits, the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees. This was + all that was to remain of the vast Empire founded by Napoleon; but still + it must be allowed it was a great deal, after the many disasters France + had experienced, and when she was menaced with invasion by numerous and + victorious armies. But Napoleon could not accede to such proposals, for he + was always ready to yield to illusion when the truth was not satisfactory + to him. + </p> + <p> + According to the proposals of the Allies at Frankfort, Germany; Italy, and + Spain were to be entirely withdrawn from the dominion of France. England + recognised the freedom of trade and navigation, and there appeared no + reason to doubt the sincerity of her professed willingness to make great + sacrifices to promote the object proposed by the Allies. But to these + offers a fatal condition was added, namely, that the Congress should meet + in a town, to be declared neutral, on the right bank of the Rhine, where + the plenipotentiaries of all the belligerent powers were to assemble; but + the course of the war was not to be impeded by these negotiations. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This, system of negotiating and advancing was a realization of + Metternich's idea copying Napoleon's own former procedure. "Let us + hold always the sword in one head, and the olive branch in the + other; always ready to negotiate, but only negotiating whilst + advancing. Here is Napoleon's system: may he find enemies who will + carry on war . . . as he would carry it on himself." (Metternich + vol. ii. p. 346).]— +</pre> + <p> + The Duc de Bassano (Maret), who was still Minister for Foreign Affairs, + replied, by order of Napoleon, to the overtures wade by the Allies for a + general Congress; and stated that the Emperor acceded to them, and wished + Mannheim to be chosen as the neutral town. M. Metternich replied in a + note, dated Frankfort, the 25th of November, stating that the Allies felt + no difficulty in acceding to Napoleon's choice of Mannheim for the meeting + of the Congress; but as M. de Bassano's letter contained no mention of the + general and summary bases I have just mentioned, and which had been + communicated to M. de St. Aignan at Frankfort, M. Metternich stated that + the Allies wished the Emperor Napoleon to declare his determination + respecting those bases, in order that insurmountable difficulties might + not arrest the negotiations at their very outset. The Duke of Vicenza + (Caulaincourt), who had just succeeded the Duc de Bassano, received this + letter. Trusting to the declaration of Frankfort he thought he would be + justified in treating on those bases; he confidently relied on the consent + of Napoleon. But the Allies had now determined not to grant the limits + accorded by that declaration. Caulaincourt was therefore obliged to apply + for fresh powers, which being granted, he replied, on the 2d of December, + that Napoleon accepted the fundamental and summary bases which had been + communicated by M. de St. Aignan. To this letter M. Metternich answered + that the Emperors of Russia and Austria were gratified to find that the + Emperor of France recognised the bases judged necessary by the Allies; + that the two sovereigns would communicate without delay the official + document to their Allies, and that they were convinced that immediately on + receiving their reply the negotiations might be opened without any + interruption of the war. + </p> + <p> + We shall now see the reason why these first negotiations came to no + result. In the month of October the Allies overthrew the colossal edifice + denominated the French Empire. When led by victory to the banks of the + Rhine they declared their wish to abstain from conquest, explained their + intentions, and manifested an unalterable resolution to abide by them. + This determination of the Allies induced the French Government to evince + pacific intentions. Napoleon wished, by an apparent desire for peace, to + justify, if I may so express myself, in the eyes of his subjects, the + necessity of new sacrifices; which, according to his proclamations, he + demanded only to enable him to obtain peace on as honourable conditions as + possible. But the truth is, he was resolved not even to listen to the + offers made at Frankfort. He always represented the limits of the Rhine as + merely a compensation for the dismemberment of Poland and the immense + aggrandisement of the English possessions in Asia. But he wanted to gain + time, and, if possible, to keep the Allied armies on the right bank of the + Rhine. + </p> + <p> + The immense levies made in France, one after the other, had converted the + conscription into a sort of pressgang. Men employed in agriculture and + manufactures were dragged from their labours; and the people began to + express their dissatisfaction at the measures of Government more loudly + than they had hitherto ventured to do; yet all were willing to make + another effort, if they could have persuaded themselves that the Emperor + would henceforth confine his thoughts to France alone. Napoleon sent + Caulaincourt to the headquarters of the Allies; but that was only for the + sake of gaining time, and inducing a belief that he was favourably + disposed to peace. + </p> + <p> + The Allies having learned the immense levies of troops which Napoleon was + making, and being well acquainted with the state of feeling in France, + published the famous manifesto, addressed to the French people, which was + profusely circulated, and may be referred to as a warning to subjects who + trust to the promises of Governments. + </p> + <p> + The good faith with which the promises in the manifesto were kept may be + judged of from the Treaty of Paris. In the meantime the manifesto did not + a little contribute to alienate from Napoleon those who were yet faithful + to his cause; for, by believing in the declarations of the Allies, they + saw in him the sole obstacle to that peace which France so ardently + desired. On this point, too, the Allies were not wrong, and I confess that + I did not see without great surprise that the Duc de Rovigo, in that part + of his Memoirs where he mentions this manifesto, reproaches those who + framed it for representing the Emperor as a madman, who replied to + overtures of peace only by conscription levies: After all, I do not intend + to maintain that the declaration was entirely sincere; with respect to the + future it certainly was not. Switzerland was already tampered with, and + attempts were made to induce her to permit the Allied troops to enter + France by the bridge of Bale. Things were going on no better in the south + of France, where the Anglo-Spanish army threatened our frontiers by the + Pyrenees, and already occupied Pampeluna; and at the same time the + internal affairs of the country were no less critical than its external + position. It was in vain to levy troops; everything essential to an army + was wanting. To meet the most pressing demands the Emperor drew out + 30,000,000 from the immense treasure which he had accumulated in the + cellars and galleries of the Pavillion Marsan, at the Tuileries. These + 30,000,000 were speedily swallowed up. Nevertheless it was an act of + generosity on the part of Napoleon, and I never could understand on what + ground the Legislative Body complained of the outlay, because, as the + funds did not proceed from the Budget, there needed no financial law to + authorise their application. Besides, why did these rigid legislators, + who, while fortune smiled on Bonaparte, dared not utter a word on the + subject, demand, previously to the gratuitous gift just mentioned, that + the 350,000,000 in the Emperor's privy puree should be transferred to the + Imperial treasury and carried to the public accounts? Why did they wink at + the accumulation in the Tuileries of the contributions and exactions + levied in, conquered countries? The answer is plain: because there would + have been danger in opposing it. + </p> + <p> + Amidst the difficulties which assailed the Emperor he cast his eyes on M. + de Talleyrand. But it being required, as a condition of his receiving the + portfolio of Foreign Affairs, that he should resign his office of + Vice-Grand-Elector, M. de Talleyrand preferred a permanent post to a + portfolio, which the caprice of a moment might withdraw. I have been + informed that, in a conversation with the Emperor, M. de Talleyrand gave + him the extraordinary advice of working upon the ambition of the English + family of Wellesley, and to excite in the mind of Wellington, the lustre + of whose reputation was now dawning, ambitious projects which would have + embarrassed the coalition. Napoleon, however, did not adopt this + proposition, the issue of which he thought too uncertain, and above all, + too remote, in the urgent circumstances in which it stood. Caulaincourt + was then made Minister for Foreign Affairs, in lieu of M. Maret, who was + appointed Secretary of State, an office much better suited to him. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the Emperor was wholly intent on the means of repelling the + attack which was preparing against him. The critical circumstances in + which he was placed seemed to restore the energy which time had in some + measure robbed him of. He turned his eyes towards Spain, and resolved to + bring the army from that country to oppose the Allies, whose movements + indicated their intention of entering France by Switzerland. An event + occurred connected with this subject calculated to have a decided + influence on the affairs of the moment, namely, the renunciation by + Joseph, King of Spain, of all right to the crown, to be followed by the + return; as had been agreed on; of Ferdinand to his dominions. Joseph made + this sacrifice at the instigation of his brother. The treaty was signed, + but an inconceivable delay occurred in its execution, while the torrent, + which was advancing upon France, rushed forward so rapidly that the treaty + could not be carried into execution. Ferdinand, it is true, re-ascended + his throne, but from other causes. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor was deeply interested in the march of the Allies. It was + important to destroy the bridge of Bale, because the Rhine once crossed + masses of the enemy would be thrown into France. At this time I had close + relations with a foreign diplomat whom I am forbidden by discretion to + name. He told me that the enemy was advancing towards the frontier, and + that the bridge of Bale would not be destroyed, as it had been so agreed + at Berne, where the Allies had gained the day. This astonished me, because + I knew, on the other hand, from a person who ought, to have been equally + well informed,—that it was hoped the bridge would be blown up. Being + much interested in knowing the truth, I sent on my own account, an agent + to Bale who on his return told me that the bridge would remain. + </p> + <p> + On the 19th of December the Legislative Body was convoked. It was on a + Wednesday. M. Laine was Vice-President under M. Regnier. A committee was + appointed to examine and report on the communications of the Emperor. The + report and conclusions of the committee were not satisfactory; it was + alleged that they betrayed a revolutionary tendency, of which M. Laine was + absurdly accused of having been one of the promoters; but all who knew him + must have been convinced of the falsehood of the charge. The Emperor + ordered the report to be seized, and then adjourned the Legislative Body. + Those who attentively observed the events of the time will recollect the + stupor which prevailed in Paris on the intelligence of this seizure and of + the adjournment of the Legislative Body. A thousand conjectures were + started as to what new occurrences had taken place abroad, but nothing + satisfactory was learned. + </p> + <p> + I considered this a great mistake. Who can doubt that if the Legislative + Body had taken the frank and noble step of declaring that France accepted + the conditions of Frankfort they would not have been listened to by the + Allies? But the words, "You are dishonoured if you cede a single village + acquired by a 'Senatus-consulte'," always, resounded in Napoleon's ears: + they flattered his secret thoughts, and every pacific proposal was + rejected. + </p> + <p> + The members of the adjourned Legislative Body went as usual to take leave + of the Emperor, who received them on a Sunday, and after delivering to + them the speech, which is very well known, dismissed the rebels with great + ill-humour, refusing to hear any explanation. "I have suppressed your + address," he began abruptly: "it was incendiary. I called you round me to + do good—you have done ill. Eleven-twelfths of you are + well-intentioned, the others, and above all M. Laine, are factious + intriguers, devoted to England, to all my enemies, and corresponding + through the channel of the advocate Deseze with the Bourbons. Return to + your Departments, and feel that my eye will follow you; you have + endeavoured to humble me, you may kill me, but you shall not dishonour me. + You make remonstrances; is this a time, when the stranger invades our + provinces, and 200,000 Cossacks are ready to overflow our country? There + may have been petty abuses; I never connived at them. You, M. Raynouard, + you said that. Prince Massena robbed a man at Marseilles of his house. You + lie! The General took possession of a vacant house, and my Minister shall + indemnify the proprietor. Is it thus that you dare affront a Marshal of + France who has bled for his country, and grown gray in victory? Why did + you not make your complaints in private to me? I would have done you + justice. We should wash our dirty linen at home, and not drag it out + before the world. You, call yourselves Representatives of the Nation. It + is not true; you are only Deputies of the Departments; a small portion of + the State, inferior to the Senate, inferior even to the Council of State. + The Representatives of the People! I am alone the Representative of the + People. Twice have 24,000,000 of French called me to the throne: which of + you durst undertake such a burden? It had already overwhelmed (ecrase), + your Assemblies, and your Conventions, your Vergniauds and your Guadets, + your Jacobins and your Girondins. They are all dead! What, who are you? + nothing—all authority is in the Throne; and what is the Throne? this + wooden frame covered with velvet?—no, I am the Throne! You have + added wrong to reproaches. You have talked of concessions—concessions + that even my enemies dared not ask! I suppose if they asked Champaigne you + would have had me give them La Brie besides; but in four months I will + conquer peace, or I shall be dead! You advise! how dare you debate of such + high matters (de si graves interets)! You have put me in the front of the + battle as the cause of war—it is infamous (c'est une atrocité). In + all your committees you have excluded the friends of Government— + extraordinary commission—committee of finance—committee of the + address, all, all my enemies. M. Laine, I repeat it, is a traitor; he is a + wicked man, the others are mere intriguers. I do justice to the + eleven-twelfths; but the factions I know, and will pursue. Is it, I ask + again, is it while the enemy is in France that you should have done this? + But nature has gifted me with a determined courage—nothing can + overcome me. It cost my pride much too—I made that sacrifice; I—but + I am above your miserable declamations—I was in need of consolation, + and you would mortify me—but, no, my victories shall crush your + clamours! In three months we shall have peace, and you shall repent your + folly. I am one of those who triumph or die. + </p> + <p> + "Go back to your Departments if any one of you dare to print your address + I shall publish it in the Moniteur with notes of my own. Go; France stands + in more need of me than I do of France. I bear the eleven-twelfths of you + in my heart—I shall nominate the Deputies to the two series which + are vacant, and I shall reduce the Legislative Body to the discharge of + its proper duties. The inhabitants of Alsace and Franche Comte have more + spirit than you; they ask me for arms, I send them, and one of my aides de + camp will lead them against the enemy." + </p> + <p> + In after conversations he said of the Legislative Body that "its members + never came to Paris but to obtain some favours. They importuned the + Ministers from morning till night, and complained if they were not + immediately satisfied. When invited to dinner they burn with envy at the + splendour they see before them." I heard this from Cambacérès, who was + present when the Emperor made these remarks. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0099" id="link2HCH0099"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXI. + </h2> + + 1813. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The flag of the army of Italy and the eagles of 1813—Entrance of + the Allies into Switzerland—Summons to the Minister of Police— + My refusal to accept a mission to Switzerland—Interviews with M. de + Talleyrand and the Duc de Picence—Offer of a Dukedom and the Grand + Cordon of the Legion of Honour—Definitive refusal—The Duc de + Vicence's message to me in 1815—Commencement of the siege of + Hamburg—A bridge two leagues long—Executions at Lübeck—Scarcity + of provisions in Hamburg—Banishment of the inhabitants—Men + bastinadoed and women whipped—Hospitality of the inhabitants of + Altona. +</pre> + <p> + I am now arrived at the most critical period in Napoleon's career. What + reflections must he have made, if he had had leisure to reflect, in + comparing the recollections of his rising glory with the sad picture of + his falling fortune? What a contrast presents itself when we compare the + famous flag of the army of Italy, which the youthful conqueror, Bonaparte, + carried to the Directory, with those drooping eagles who had now to defend + the aerie whence they had so often taken flight to spread their triumphant + wings over Europe! Here we see the difference between liberty and absolute + power! Napoleon, the son of liberty, to whom he owed everything, had + disowned his mother, and was now about to fall. Those glorious triumphs + were now over when the people of Italy consoled themselves for defeat and + submitted to the magical power of that liberty which preceded the + Republican armies. Now, on the contrary, it was to free themselves from a + despotic yoke that the nations of Europe had in their turn taken up arms + and were preparing to invade France. + </p> + <p> + With the violation of the Swiss territory by the Allied armies, after the + consent of the Cantons, is connected a fact of great importance in my + life, and which, if I had chosen, might have made a great difference in my + destiny. On Tuesday, the 28th of December, I dined with my old friend, M. + Pierlot, and on leaving home I was in the habit of saying where I might be + found in case I should be wanted. At nine o'clock at night an express + arrived from the Minister of Police desiring me to come immediately to his + office. I confess, considering the circumstances of the times, and knowing + the Emperor's prejudices against me, such a request coming at such an hour + made me feel some uneasiness, and I expected nothing less then a journey + to Vincennes. The Duc de Rovigo, by becoming responsible for me, had as + yet warded off the blow, and the supervision to which the Emperor had + subjected me—thanks to the good offices of Davoust—consisted + in going three times a week to show myself to Savory. + </p> + <p> + I accordingly, having first borrowed a night-cap, repaired to the hotel of + the Minister of Police. I was ushered into a well-lighted room, and when I + entered I found Savary waiting for me. He was in full costume, from which + I concluded he had just come from the Emperor. Advancing towards me with + an air which showed he had no bad news to communicate, he thus addressed + me: + </p> + <p> + "Bourrienne, I have just come from the Emperor, who asked me where you + were? I told him you were in Paris, and that I saw you often. 'Well,' + continued the Emperor, 'bid him come to me, I want to employ him. It is + three years since he has had anything to do. I wish to send him as + Minister to Switzerland, but he must set off directly. He must go to the + Allies. He understands German well. The King of Prussia expressed by + letter satisfaction at his conduct towards the Prussians whom the war + forced to retire to Hamburg. He knows Prince Witgenstein, who is the + friend of the King of Prussia, and probably is at Lörrach. He will see all + the Germans who are there. I confidently rely on him, and believe his + journey will have a good result. Caulaincourt will give him his + instructions." + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding my extreme surprise at this communication I replied + without hesitation that I could not accept the mission; that it was + offered too late. "It perhaps is hoped;" said I, "that the bridge of Bale + will be destroyed, and that Switzerland will preserve her neutrality. But + I do not believe any such thing; nay, more, I know positively to the + contrary. I can only repeat the offer comes much too late."—"I am + very sorry for this resolution," observed Savory, "but Caulaincourt will + perhaps persuade you. The Emperor wishes you to go to the Duc de Vicence + to-morrow at one o'clock; he will acquaint you with all the particulars, + and give you your instructions."—"He may acquaint me with whatever + he chooses, but I will not go to Lörrach."—"You know the Emperor + better than I do, he wishes you to go, and he will not pardon your + refusal."—"He may do as he pleases, but no consideration shall + induce me to go to Switzerland."—"You are wrong: but you will + reflect on the matter between this and tomorrow morning. Night will bring + good counsel, At any rate, do not fail to go to-morrow at one o'clock to + Caulaincourt, he expects you, and directions will be given to admit you + immediately." + </p> + <p> + Next morning the first thing I did was to call on M. de Talleyrand. I told + him what had taken place, and as he was intimately acquainted with + Caulaincourt, I begged him to speak to that Minister in favour of my + resolution. M. de Talleyrand approved of my determination not to go to + Switzerland, and at one o'clock precisely I proceeded to M. de + Caulaincourt's. He told me all he had been instructed to say. From the + manner in which he made the communication I concluded that he himself + considered the proposed mission a disagreeable one, and unlikely to be + attended by any useful result. I observed that he must have heard from + Savory that I had already expressed my determination to decline the + mission which the Emperor had been pleased to offer me. The Duc de Vicence + then, in a very friendly way, detailed the reasons which ought to induce + me to accept the offer, and did not disguise from me that by persisting in + my determination I ran the risk of raising Napoleon's doubts as to my + opinions and future intentions. I replied that, having lived for three + years as a private individual, unconnected with public affairs, I should + have no influence at the headquarters of the Allies, and that whatever + little ability I might be supposed to possess, that would not + counterbalance the difficulties of my situation, and the opinion that I + was out of favour. I added that I should appear at the headquarters + without any decoration, without even that of the Cordon of the Legion of + Honour to which the Emperor attached so much importance, and the want of + which would almost have the appearance of disgrace; and I said that these + trifles, however slightly valued by reasonable men, were not, as he well + knew, without their influence on the men with whom I should have to treat. + "If that be all," replied Caulaincourt, "the obstacle will speedily be + removed. I am authorised by the Emperor to tell you that he will create + you a Duke, and give you the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour." + </p> + <p> + After these words I thought I was dreaming, and I was almost inclined to + believe that Caulaincourt was jesting with me. However, the offer was + serious, and I will not deny that it was tempting; yet I nevertheless + persisted in the refusal I had given. At length, after some further + conversation, and renewed, but useless, entreaties on the part of M. de + Caulaincourt, he arose, which was a signal that our interview was + terminated. I acknowledge I remained for a moment in doubt how to act, for + I felt we had come to no understanding. M. de' Caulaincourt advanced + slowly towards the door of his cabinet: If I went away without knowing his + opinion I had done nothing; addressing him, therefore, by his surname, + "Caulaincourt;" said I, "you have frequently assured me that you would + never forget the services I rendered to you and your family at a time when + I possessed some influence. I know you, and therefore speak to you without + disguise. I do not now address myself to the Emperor's Minister, but to + Caulaincourt. You are a man of honour, and I can open my heart to you + frankly. Consider the embarrassing situation of France, which you know + better than I do. I do not ask you for your secrets, but I myself know + enough. I will tell you candidly that I am convinced the enemy will pass + the Rhine in a few days. The Emperor has been deceived: I should not have + time to reach my destination, and I should be laughed at. My + correspondents in Germany have made me acquainted with every particular. + Now, Caulaincourt, tell me honestly, if you were in my place, and I in + yours, and I should make this proposition to you, what determination would + you adopt?" + </p> + <p> + I observed from the expression of Caulaincourt's countenance that my + question had made an impression on him, and affectionately pressing my + hand he said, "I would do as you do: Enough. I will arrange the business + with the Emperor." This reply seemed to remove a weight from my mind, and + I left Caulaincourt with feelings of gratitude. I felt fully assured that + he would settle the business satisfactorily, and in this conjecture I was + not deceived, for I heard no more of the matter. + </p> + <p> + I must here go forward a year to relate another occurrence in which the + Duc de Vicence and I were concerned. When, in March 1815, the King + appointed me Prefect of Police, M. de Caulaincourt sent to me a + confidential person to inquire whether he ran any risk in remaining in + Paris, or whether he had better remove. He had been told that his name was + inscribed in a list of individuals whom I had received orders to arrest. + Delighted at this proof of confidence, I returned the following answer by + the Duc de Vicence's messenger: "Tell M. de Caulaincourt that I do not + know where he lives. He need be under no apprehension: I will answer for + him." + </p> + <p> + During the campaign of 1813 the Allies, after driving the French out of + Saxony and obliging them to retreat towards the Rhine, besieged Hamburg, + where Davoust was shut up with a garrison of 30,000 men, resolutely + determined to make it a second Saragossa. From the month of September + every day augmented the number of the Allied troops, who were already + making rapid progress on the left bank of the Elbe. Davoust endeavoured to + fortify Hamburg on so extended a scale that, in the opinion of the most + experienced military men, it would have required a garrison of 60,000 men + to defend it in a regular and protracted siege. At the commencement of the + siege Davoust lost Vandamme, who was killed in a sortie at the head of a + numerous corps which was inconsiderately sacrificed. + </p> + <p> + It is but justice to admit that Davoust displayed great activity in the + defence, and began by laying in large supplies. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Vandamme fought under Grouchy in 1815, and died several years + afterwards. This killing him at Hamburg is one of the curious + mistakes seized on by the Bonapartists to deny the authenticity of + these Memoirs.]— +</pre> + <p> + General Bertrand was directed to construct a bridge to form a + communication between Hamburg and Haarburg by joining the islands of the + Elbe to the Continent along a total distance of about two leagues. This + bridge was to be built of wood, and Davoust seized upon all the + timber-yards to supply materials for its construction. In the space of + eighty-three days the bridge was finished. It was a very magnificent + structure, its length being 2529 toises, exclusive of the lines of + junction, formed on the two islands. + </p> + <p> + The inhabitants were dreadfully oppressed, but all the cruel measures and + precautions of the French were ineffectual, for the Allies advanced in + great force and occupied Westphalia, which movement obliged the Governor + of Hamburg to recall to the town the different detachments scattered round + Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + At Lübeck the departure of the French troops was marked by blood. Before + they evacuated the town, an old man, and a butcher named Prahl, were + condemned to be shot. The butcher's crime consisted in having said, in + speaking of the French, "Der teufel hohle sie" (the devil take them). The + old man fortunately escaped his threatened fate, but, notwithstanding the + entreaties and tears of the inhabitants, the sentence upon Prahl was + carried into execution. + </p> + <p> + The garrison of Hamburg was composed of French, Italian, and Dutch troops. + Their number at first amounted to 30,000, but sickness made great-havoc + among them. From sixty to eighty perished daily in the hospitals. When the + garrison evacuated Hamburg in May 1814 it was reduced to about 15,000 men. + In the month of December provisions began to diminish, and there was no + possibility of renewing the supply. The poor were first of all made to + leave the town, and afterwards all persons who were not usefully employed. + It is no exaggeration to estimate at 50,000 the number of persons who were + thus exiled. The colonel commanding the gendarmerie at Hamburg notified to + the exiled inhabitants that those who did not leave the town within the + prescribed time would receive fifty blows with a cane and afterwards be + driven out. But if penance may be commuted with priests so it may with + gendarmes. Delinquents contrived to purchase their escape from the + bastinado by a sum of money, and French gallantry substituted with respect + to females the birch for the cane. I saw an order directing all female + servants to be examined as to their health unless they could produce + certificates from their masters. On the 25th of December the Government + granted twenty-four hours longer to persons who were ordered to quit the + town; and two days after this indulgence an ordinance was published + declaring that those who should return to the town after once leaving it + were to be considered as rebels and accomplices of the enemy, and as such + condemned to death by a prevotal court. But this was not enough. At the + end of December people, without distinction of sex or age, were dragged + from their beds and conveyed out of the town on a cold night, when the + thermometer was between sixteen or eighteen degrees; and it was affirmed + that several old men perished in this removal. Those who survived were + left on the outside of the Altona gates. At Altona they all found refuge + and assistance. On Christmas-day 7000 of these unfortunate persons were + received in the house of M. Rainville, formerly aide de camp to Dumouriez, + and who left France together with that general. His house, which was at + Holstein, was usually the scene of brilliant entertainments, but it was + converted into the abode of misery, mourning, and death. All possible + attention was bestowed on the unfortunate outlaws; but few profited by it, + and what is worse, the inhabitants of Altona suffered for their + generosity. Many of the unfortunate persons were affected with the + epidemic disease which was raging in Hamburg, and which in consequence + broke out at Altona. + </p> + <p> + All means of raising money in Hamburg being exhausted, a seizure was made + of the funds of the Bank of that city, which yet contained from seven to + eight millions of marks. Were those who ordered this measure not aware + that to seize on the funds of some of the citizens of Hamburg was an + injury to all foreigners who had funds in the Bank? Such is a brief + statement of the vexations and cruelties which long oppressed this + unfortunate city. Napoleon accused Hamburg of Anglomania, and by ruining + her he thought to ruin England. Hamburg, feeble and bereft of her sources, + could only complain, like Jerusalem when besieged by Titus: "Plorans, + ploravit in nocte." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0100" id="link2HCH0100"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXII. + </h2> + + 1813-1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Prince Eugène and the affairs of Italy—The army of Italy on the + frontiers of Austria—Eugène's regret at the defection of the + Bavarians—Murat's dissimulation and perfidy—His treaty with + Austria—Hostilities followed by a declaration of war—Murat + abandoned by the French generals—Proclamation from Paris—Murat's + success—Gigantic scheme of Napoleon—Napoleon advised to join the + Jacobins—His refusal—Armament of the National Guard—The Emperor's + farewell to the officers—The Congress of Chatillon—Refusal of an + armistice—Napoleon's character displayed in his negotiations— + Opening of the Congress—Discussions—Rupture of the Conferences. +</pre> + <p> + I want now to proceed to notice the affairs of Italy and the principal + events of the Viceroyalty of Eugène. In order to throw together all that I + have to say about the Viceroy I must anticipate the order of time. + </p> + <p> + After the campaign of 1812, when Eugène revisited Italy, he was promptly + informed of the more than doubtful dispositions of Austria towards France. + He then made preparations for raising an army capable of defending the + country which the Emperor had committed to his safeguard. Napoleon was + fully aware how much advantage he would derive from the presence on the + northern frontiers of Italy of an army sufficiently strong to harass + Austria, in case she should draw aside the transparent veil which still + covered her policy. Eugène did all that depended on him to meet the + Emperor's wishes; but in spite of his efforts the army of Italy was, after + all; only an imaginary army to those who could compare the number of men + actually enrolled with the numbers stated in the lists. When, in July + 1813, the Viceroy was informed of the turn taken by the negotiations at + the shadow of a Congress assembled at Prague, he had no longer any doubt + of the renewal of hostilities; and foreseeing an attack on Italy he + resolved as speedily as possible to approach the frontiers of Austria. He + had succeeded in assembling an army composed of French and Italians, and + amounting to 45,000 infantry and 5000 cavalry. On the renewal of + hostilities the Viceroy's headquarters were at Udine. Down to the month of + April 1814 he succeeded in maintaining a formidable attitude, and in + defending the entrance of his kingdom by dint of that military talent + which was to be expected in a man bred in the great school of Napoleon, + and whom the army looked up to as one of its most skillful generals. + </p> + <p> + During the great and unfortunate events of 1813 all eyes had been fixed on + Germany and the Rhine; but the defection of Murat for a time diverted + attention to Italy. That event did not so very much surprise me, for I had + not forgotten my conversation with the King of Naples in the Champs + Elysees, with which I have made the reader acquainted. At first Murat's + defection was thought incredible by every one, and it highly excited + Bonaparte's indignation. Another defection which occurred about the same + period deeply distressed Eugène, for although raised to the rank of a + prince, and almost a sovereign, he was still a man, and an excellent man. + He was united to the Princess Amelia of Bavaria, who was as amiable and as + much beloved as he, and he had the deep mortification to count the + subjects of his father-in-law among the enemies whom he would probably + have to combat. Fearing lest he should be harassed by the Bavarians on the + side of the Tyrol, Eugène commenced his retrograde movement in the autumn + of 1813. He at first fell back on the Tagliamento, and successively on the + Adige. On reaching that river the army of Italy was considerably + diminished, in spite of all Eugène's care of his troops. About the end of + November Eugène learned that a Neapolitan corps was advancing upon Upper + Italy, part taking the direction of Rome, and part that of Ancona. The + object of the King of Naples was to take advantage of the situation of + Europe, and he was duped by the promises held out to him as the reward of + his treason. Murat seemed to have adopted the artful policy of Austria; + for not only had he determined to join the coalition, but he was even + maintaining communications with England and Austria, while at the same + time he was making protestations of fidelity to his engagements with + Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + When first informed of Murat's treason by the Viceroy the Emperor refused + to believe it. "No," he exclaimed to those about him, "it cannot be! + Murat, to whom I have given my sister! Murat, to whom I have given a + throne! Eugène must be misinformed. It is impossible that Murat has + declared himself against me!" It was, however, not only possible but true. + Gradually throwing aside the dissimulation beneath which he had concealed + his designs, Murat seemed inclined to renew the policy of Italy during the + fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when the art of deceiving was deemed by + the Italian Governments the most sublime effort of genius. Without any + declaration of war, Murat ordered the Neapolitan General who occupied Rome + to assume the supreme command in the Roman States, and to take possession + of the country. General Miollis, who commanded the French troops in Rome, + could only throw himself, with his handful of men, into the Castle of St. + Angelo, the famous mole of Adrian, in which was long preserved the + treasury of Sixtus V. The French General soon found himself blockaded by + the Neapolitan troops, who also blockaded Civita Vecchia and Ancona. + </p> + <p> + The treaty concluded between Murat and Austria was definitively signed on + the 11th of January 1814. As soon as he was informed of it the Viceroy, + certain that he should soon have to engage with the Neapolitans, was + obliged to renounce the preservation of the line of the Adige, the + Neapolitan army being in the rear of his right wing. He accordingly + ordered a retrograde movement to the other side of the Mincio, where his + army was cantoned. In this position Prince Eugène, on the 8th of February, + had to engage with the Austrians, who had come up with him, and the + victory of the Mincio arrested, for some time, the invasion of the + Austrian army and its junction with the Neapolitan troops. + </p> + <p> + It was not until eight days after that Murat officially declared war + against the Emperor; and immediately several general and superior + officers, and many French troops, who were in his service, abandoned him, + and repaired to the headquarters of the Viceroy. Murat made endeavours to + detain them; they replied, that as he had declared war against France, no + Frenchman who loved his country could remain in his service. "Do you + think," returned he, "that my heart is less French than yours? On the + contrary, I am much to be pitied. I hear of nothing but the disasters of + the Grand Army. I have been obliged to enter into a treaty with the + Austrians, and an arrangement with the English, commanded by Lord + Bentinck, in order to save my Kingdom from a threatened landing of the + English and the Sicilians, which would infallibly have excited an + insurrection." + </p> + <p> + There could not be a more ingenuous confession of the antipathy which + Joachim knew the Neapolitans to entertain towards his person and + government. His address to the French was ineffectual. It was easy to + foresee what would ensue. The Viceroy soon received an official + communication from Napoleon's War Minister, accompanied by an Imperial + decree, recalling all the French who were in the service of Joachim, and + declaring that all who were taken with arms in their hands should be tried + by a courtmartial as traitors to their country. Murat commenced by gaining + advantages which could not be disputed. His troops almost immediately took + possession of Leghorn and the citadel of Ancona, and the French were + obliged to evacuate Tuscany. + </p> + <p> + The defection of Murat overthrew one of Bonaparte's gigantic conceptions. + He had planned that Murat and Eugène with their combined forces should + march on the rear of the Allies, while he, disputing the soil of France + with the invaders, should multiply obstacles to their advance; the King of + Naples and the Viceroy of Italy were to march upon Vienna and make Austria + tremble in the heart of her capital before the timid million of her + Allies, who measured their steps as they approached Paris, should + desecrate by their presence the capital of France. When informed of the + vast project, which, however, was but the dream of a moment, I immediately + recognised that eagle glance, that power of discovering great resources in + great calamities, so peculiar to Bonaparte. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon was yet Emperor of France; but he who had imposed on all Europe + treaties of peace no less disastrous than the wars which had preceded + them, could not now obtain an armistice; and Caulaincourt, who was sent to + treat for one at the camp of the Allies, spent twenty days at Luneville + before he could even obtain permission to pass the advanced posts of the + invading army. In vain did Caulaincourt entreat Napoleon to sacrifice, or + at least resign temporarily, a portion of that glory acquired in so many + battles, and which nothing could efface in history. Napoleon replied, "I + will sign whatever you wish. To obtain peace I will exact no condition; + but I will not dictate my own humiliation." This concession, of course, + amounted to a determination not to sign or to grant anything. + </p> + <p> + In the first fortnight of January 1814 one-third of France was invaded, + and it was proposed to form a new Congress, to be held at + Chatillon-sur-Seine. The situation of Napoleon grew daily worse and worse. + He was advised to seek extraordinary resources in the interior of the + Empire, and was reminded of the fourteen armies which rose, as if by + enchantment, to defend France at the commencement of the Revolution. + Finally, a reconciliation with the Jacobins, a party who had power to call + up masses to aid him, was recommended. For a moment he was inclined to + adopt this advice. He rode on horseback through the surburbs of St. + Antoine and St. Marceau, courted the populace, affectionately replied to + their acclamations, and he thought he saw the possibility of turning to + account the attachment which the people evinced for him. On his return to + the Palace some prudent persons ventured to represent to him that, instead + of courting this absurd sort of popularity it would be more advisable to + rely on the nobility and the higher classes of society. "Gentlemen," + replied he, "you may say what you please, but in the situation in which I + stand my only nobility is the rabble of the faubourgs, and I know of no + rabble but the nobility whom I have created." This was a strange + compliment to all ranks, for it was only saying that they were all rabble + together. + </p> + <p> + At this time the Jacobins were disposed to exert every effort to serve + him; but they required to have their own way, and to be allowed freely to + excite and foster revolutionary sentiments. The press, which groaned under + the most odious and intolerable censorship, was to be wholly resigned to + them. I do not state these facts from hearsay. I happened by chance to be + present at two conferences in which were set forward projects infected + with the odour of the clubs, and these projects were supported with the + more assurance because their success was regarded as certain. Though I had + not seen Napoleon since my departure for Hamburg, yet I was sufficiently + assured of his feeling towards the Jacobins to be convinced that he would + have nothing to do with them. I was not wrong. On hearing of the price + they set on their services he said, "This is too much; I shall have a + chance of deliverance in battle, but I shall have none with these furious + blockheads. There can be nothing in common between the demagogic + principles of '93 and the monarchy, between clubs of madmen and a regular + Ministry, between a Committee of Public Safety and an Emperor, between + revolutionary tribunals and established laws. If fall I must, I will not + bequeath France to the Revolution from which I have delivered her." + </p> + <p> + These were golden words, and Napoleon thought of a more noble and truly + national mode of parrying the danger which threatened him. He ordered the + enrolment of the National Guard of Paris, which was placed under the + command of Marshal Moncey. A better choice could not have been made, but + the staff of the National Guard was a focus of hidden intrigues, in which + the defence of Paris was less thought about than the means of taking + advantage of Napoleon's overthrow. I was made a captain in this Guard, + and, like the rest of the officers, I was summoned to the Tuileries, on + the 23d of January, when the Emperor took leave of the National Guard + previously to his departure from Paris to join the army. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon entered with the Empress. He advanced with a dignified step, + leading by the hand his son, who was not yet three years old. It was long + since I had seen him. He had grown very corpulent, and I remarked on his + pale countenance an expression of melancholy and irritability. + </p> + <p> + The habitual movement of the muscles of his neck was more decided and more + frequent than formerly. I shall not attempt to describe what were my + feelings during this ceremony, when I again saw, after a long separation, + the friend of my youth, who had become master of Europe, and was now on + the point of sinking beneath the efforts of his enemies. There was + something melancholy in this solemn and impressive ceremony. I have rarely + witnessed such profound silence in so numerous an assembly. At length + Napoleon, in a voice as firm and sonorous as when he used to harangue his + troops in Italy or in Egypt, but without that air of confidence which then + beamed on his countenance, delivered to the assembled officers an address + which was published in all the journals of the time. At the commencement + of this address he said, "I set out this night to take the command of the + army. On quitting the capital I confidently leave behind me my wife and my + son, in whom so many hopes are centred." I listened attentively to + Napoleon's address, and, though he delivered it firmly, he either felt or + feigned emotion. Whether or not the emotion was sincere on his part, it + was shared by many present; and for my own part I confess that my feelings + were deeply moved when he uttered the words, "I leave you my wife and my + son." At that moment my eyes were fixed on the young Prince, and the + interest with which he inspired me was equally unconnected with the + splendour which surrounded and the misfortunes which threatened him. I + beheld in the interesting child not the King of Rome but the son of my old + friend. All day long afterwards I could not help feeling depressed while + comparing the farewell scene of the morning with the day on which we took + possession of the Tuileries. How many centuries seemed the fourteen years + which separated the two events. + </p> + <p> + It may be worth while to remind those who are curious in comparing dates + that Napoleon, the successor of Louis XVI., and who had become the nephew + of that monarch by his marriage with the niece of Marie Antoinette, took + leave of the National Guard of Paris on the anniversary of the fatal 21st + of January, after twenty-five years of successive terror, fear, hope, + glory, and misfortune. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, a Congress was opened at Chatillon-sur-Seine, at which were + assembled the Duke of Vicenza on the part of France, Lords Aderdeen and + Cathcart and Sir Charles Stewart as the representatives of England, Count + Razumowsky on the part of Russia, Count Stadion for Austria, and Count + Humboldt for Prussia. Before the opening of the Congress, the Duke of + Vicenza, in conformity with the Emperor's orders, demanded an armistice, + which is almost invariably granted during negotiations for peace; but it + was now too late: the Allies had long since determined not to listen to + any such demand. They therefore answered the Duke of Vicenza's application + by requiring that the propositions for peace should be immediately signed. + But these were not the propositions of Frankfort. The Allies established + as their bases the limits of the old French monarchy. They conceived + themselves authorised in so doing by their success and by their situation. + </p> + <p> + To estimate rightly Napoleon's conduct during the negotiations for peace + which took place in the conferences at Chatillon it is necessary to bear + in mind the organisation he had received from nature and the ideas with + which that organisation had imbued him at an early period of life. If the + last negotiations of his expiring reign be examined with due attention and + impartiality it will appear evident that the causes of his fall arose out + of his character. I cannot range myself among those adulators who have + accused the persons about him with having dissuaded him from peace. Did he + not say at St. Helena, in speaking of the negotiations at Chatillon, "A + thunderbolt alone could have saved us: to treat, to conclude, was to yield + foolishly to the enemy." These words forcibly portray Napoleon's + character. It must also be borne in mind how much he was captivated by the + immortality of the great names which history has bequeathed to our + admiration, and which are perpetuated from generation to generation. + Napoleon was resolved that his name should re-echo in ages to come, from + the palace to the cottage. To live without fame appeared to him an + anticipated death. If, however, in this thirst for glory, not for + notoriety, he conceived the wish to surpass Alexander and Caesar, he never + desired the renown of Erostratus, and I will say again what I have said + before, that if he committed actions to be condemned, it was because he + considered them as steps which helped him to place himself on the summit + of immortality on which he wished to place his name. Witness what he wrote + to his brother Jerome, "Better never, to have lived than to live without + glory;" witness also what he wrote later to his brother Louis, "It is + better to die as a King than to live as a Prince." How often in the days + of my intimacy with Bonaparte has he not said to me, "Who knows the names + of those kings who have passed from the thrones on which chance or birth + seated them? They lived and died unnoticed. The learned, perhaps, may find + them mentioned in old archives, and a medal or a coin dug from the earth + may reveal to antiquarians the existence of a sovereign of whom they had + never before heard. But, on the contrary, when we hear the names of Cyrus, + Alexander, Caesar, Mahomet, Charlemagne, Henry IV., and Louis XIV., we are + immediately among our intimate acquaintance." I must add, that when + Napoleon thus spoke to me in the gardens of Malmaison he only repeated + what had often fallen from him in his youth, for his character and his + ideas never varied; the change was in the objects to which they were + applied. + </p> + <p> + From his boyhood Napoleon was fond of reading the history of the great men + of antiquity; and what he chiefly sought to discover was the means by + which those men had become great. He remarked that military glory secures + more extended fame than the arts of peace and the noble efforts which + contribute to the happiness of mankind. History informs us that great + military talent and victory often give the power, which, in its turn, + procures the means of gratifying ambition. Napoleon was always persuaded + that that power was essential to him, in order to bend men to his will, + and to stifle all discussions on his conduct. It was his established + principle never to sign a disadvantageous peace. To him a tarnished crown + was no longer a crown. He said one day to M. de Caulaincourt, who was + pressing him to consent to sacrifices, "Courage may defend a crown, but + infamy never." In all the last acts of Napoleon's career I can retrace the + impress of his character, as I had often recognised in the great actions + of the Emperor the execution of a thought conceived by the + General-in-Chief of the Army of Italy. + </p> + <p> + On the opening of the Congress the Duke of Vicenza, convinced that he + could no longer count on the natural limits of France promised at + Frankfort by the Allies, demanded new powers. Those limits were doubtless + the result of reasonable concessions, and they had been granted even after + the battle of Leipsic; but it was now necessary that Napoleon's Minister + should show himself ready to make further concessions if he wished to be + allowed to negotiate. The Congress was opened on the 5th of February, and + on the 7th the Plenipotentiaries of the Allied powers declared themselves + categorically. They inserted in the protocol that after the successes + which had favoured their armies they insisted on France being restored to + her old limits, such as they were during the monarchy before the + Revolution; and that she should renounce all direct influence beyond her + future limits. + </p> + <p> + This proposition appeared so extraordinary to M. de Caulaincourt that he + requested the sitting might be suspended, since the conditions departed + too far from his instructions to enable him to give an immediate answer. + The Plenipotentiaries of the Allied powers acceded to his request, and the + continuation of the sitting was postponed till eight in the evening. When + it was resumed the Duke of Vicenza renewed his promise to make the + greatest sacrifices for the attainment of peace. He added that the amount + of the sacrifices necessarily depended on the amount of the compensations, + and that he could not determine on any concession or compensation without + being made acquainted with the whole. He wished to have a general plan of + the views of the Allies, and he requested that their Plenipotentiaries + would explain themselves decidedly respecting the number and description + of the sacrifices and compensations to be demanded. It must be + acknowledged that the Duke of Vicenza perfectly fulfilled the views of the + Emperor in thus protracting and gaining time by subtle subterfuges, for + all that he suggested had already been done. + </p> + <p> + On the day after this sitting some advantages gained by the Allies, who + took Chatillon-sur-Marne and Troves, induced Napoleon to direct + Caulaincourt to declare to the Congress that if an armistice were + immediately agreed on he was ready to consent to France being restored to + her old limits. By securing this armistice Napoleon hoped that happy + chances might arise, and that intrigues might be set on foot; but the + Allies would not listen to any such proposition. + </p> + <p> + At the sitting of the 10th of March the Duke of Vicenza inserted in the + protocol that the last courier he had received had been arrested and + detained a considerable time by several Russian general officers, who had + obliged him to deliver up his despatches, which had not been returned to + him till thirty-six hours after at Chaumont. Caulaincourt justly + complained of this infraction of the law of nations and established usage, + which, he said, was the sole cause of the delay in bringing the + negotiations to a conclusion. After this complaint he communicated to the + Congress the ostensible instructions of Napoleon, in which he authorised + his Minister to accede to the demands of the Allies. But in making this + communication M. de Caulaincourt took care not to explain the private and + secret instructions he had also received. The Allies rejected the + armistice because it would have checked their victorious advance; but they + consented to sign the definitive peace, which of all things was what the + Emperor did not wish. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon at length determined to make sacrifices, and the Duke of Vicenza + submitted new propositions to the Congress. The Allies replied, in the + same sitting, that these propositions contained no distinct and explicit + declaration on the project presented by them on the 17th of February; + that, having on the 28th of the same month, demanded a decisive answer + within the term of ten days, they were about to break up the negotiations + Caulaincourt then declared verbally: + </p> + <p> + 1st. That the Emperor Napoleon was ready to renounce all pretension or + influence whatever in countries beyond the boundaries of France. + </p> + <p> + 2d. To recognise the independence of Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, + and Holland, and that as to England, France would make such concessions as + might be deemed necessary in consideration of a reasonable equivalent. + </p> + <p> + Upon this the sitting was immediately broken up without a reply. It must + be remarked that this singular declaration was verbal, and consequently + not binding, and that the limits of France were mentioned without being + specified. It cannot be doubted that Napoleon meant the limits conceded at + Frankfort, to which he was well convinced the Allies would not consent, + for circumstances were now changed. Besides, what could be meant by the + reasonable equivalent from England? Is it astonishing that this obscurity + and vagueness should have banished all confidence on the part of the + Plenipotentiaries of the Allied powers? Three days after the sitting of + the 10th of March they declared they could not even enter into a + discussion of the verbal protocol of the French Minister. They requested + that M. de Caulaincourt would declare whether he would accept or reject + the project of a treaty presented by the Allied Sovereigns, or offer a + counter-project. + </p> + <p> + The Duke of Vicenza, who was still prohibited, by secret instructions from + coming to any conclusion on the proposed basis, inserted in the protocol + of the sitting of the 13th of March a very ambiguous note. The + Plenipotentiaries of the Allies; in their reply, insisted upon receiving + another declaration from the French Plenipotentiary, which should contain + an acceptance or refusal of their project of a treaty presented in the + conference of the 7th of February, or a counter-project. After much + discussion Caulaincourt agreed to draw up a counter-project, which he + presented on the 15th, under the following title: "Project of a definitive + Treaty between France and the Allies." In this extraordinary project, + presented after so much delay, M. de Caulaincourt, to the great + astonishment of the Allies, departed in no respect from the declarations + of the 10th of March. He replied again to the ultimatum of the Allies, or + what he wished to regard as such, by defending a multitude of petty + interests, which were of no importance in so great a contest; but in + general the conditions seemed rather those of a conqueror dictating to his + enemies than of a man overwhelmed by misfortune: As may readily be + imagined, they were, for the most part, received with derision by the + Allies. + </p> + <p> + Everything tends to prove that the French Plenipotentiary had received no + positive instructions from the 5th of February, and that, after all the + delay which Napoleon constantly created, Caulaincourt never had it in his + power to answer, categorically, the propositions of the Allies. Napoleon + never intended to make peace at Chatillon on the terms proposed. He always + hoped that some fortunate event would enable him to obtain more favourable + conditions. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th of March, that is to say, three days after the presentation of + this project of a treaty, the Plenipotentiaries of the Allies recorded in + the protocol their reasons for rejecting the extraordinary project of the + French Minister. For my part, I was convinced, for the reasons I have + mentioned, that the Emperor would never agree to sign the conditions + proposed in the ultimatum of the Allies, dated the 13th of March, and I + remember having expressed that opinion to M. de Talleyrand. I saw him on + the 14th, and found him engaged in perusing some intelligence he had just + received from the Duke of Vicenza, announcing, as beyond all doubt, the + early signature of peace. Caulaincourt had received orders to come to a + conclusion. Napoleon, he said, had given him a carte blanche to save the + capital, and avoid a battle, by which the last resources of the nation + would be endangered. This seemed pretty positive, to be sure; but even + this assurance did not, for a moment, alter my opinion. The better to + convince me, M. de Talleyrand gave me Caulaincourt's letter to read. After + reading it I confidently said, "He will never sign the conditions." M. de + Talleyrand could not help thinking me very obstinate in my opinion, for he + judged of what the Emperor would do by his situation, while I judged by + his character. I told M. de Talleyrand that Caulaincourt might have + received written orders to sign; for the sake of showing them to the + Plenipotentiaries of the Allies, but that I had no doubt he had been + instructed to postpone coming to a conclusion, and to wait for final + orders. I added, that I saw no reason to change my opinion, and that I + continued to regard the breaking up of the Congress as nearer than + appearances seemed to indicate. Accordingly, three days afterwards, the + Allies grew tired of the delay and the conferences were broken up. Thus + Napoleon sacrificed everything rather than his glory. He fell from a great + height, but he never, by his signature, consented to any dismemberment of + France. + </p> + <p> + The Plenipotentiaries of the Allies, convinced that these renewed + difficulties and demands had no other object but to gain time, stated that + the Allied powers, faithful to their principles, and in conformity with + their previous declarations, regarded the negotiations at Chatillon as + terminated by the French Government. This rupture of the conferences took + place on the 19th of March, six days after the presentation of the + ultimatum of the Allied powers. The issue of these long discussions was + thus left to be decided by the chances of war, which were not very + favourable to the man who boldly contended against armed Europe. The + successes of the Allies during the conferences at Chatillon had opened to + their view the road to Paris, while Napoleon shrunk from the necessity of + signing his own disgrace. In these circumstances was to be found the sole + cause of his ruin, and he might have said, "Tout est perdu, fors la + gloire." His glory is immortal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The conviviality and harmony that reigned between the Ministers + made the society and Intercourse at Chatillon most agreeable. The + diplomatists dined alternately with each other; M. de Caulaincourt + liberally passing for all the Ministers, through the French advanced + posts, convoys of all the good cheer in epicurean wises, etc., that + Paris could afford; nor was female society wanting to complete the + charm and banish ennui from the Chatillon Congress, which I am sure + will be long recollected with sensations of pleasure by all the + Plenipotentiaries there engaged (Memoirs of Lord Burghersh).]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0101" id="link2HCH0101"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIII. + </h2> + + 1814 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Curious conversation between General Reynier and the Emperor + Alexander—Napoleon repulses the Prussians—The Russians at + Fontainebleau—Battle of Brienne—Sketch of the campaign of France— + Supper after the battle of Champ Aubert—Intelligence of the arrival + of the Duc d'Angouleme and the Comte d'Artois in France—The battle + of the ravens and the eagle—Battle of Craonne—Departure of the + Pope and the Spanish Princes—Capture of a convoy—Macdonald at the + Emperor's headquarters—The inverted cipher. +</pre> + <p> + I was always persuaded, and everything I have since seen has confirmed my + opinion, that the Allies entering France had no design of restoring the + House of Bourbon, or of imposing any Government whatever on the French + people. They came to destroy and not to found. That which they wished to + destroy from the commencement of their success was Napoleon's supremacy, + in order to prevent the future invasions with which they believed Europe + would still be constantly threatened. If, indeed, I had entertained any + doubt on this subject it would have been banished by the account I heard + of General Reynier's conversation with the Emperor Alexander. That + General, who was made prisoner at Leipsic, was exchanged, and returned to + France. In the beginning of February 1814 he passed through Troves, where + the Emperor Alexander then was. Reynier expressed a desire to be allowed + to pay his respects to the Emperor, and to thank him for having restored + him to liberty. He was received with that affability of manner which was + sometimes affected by the Russian monarch. + </p> + <p> + On his arrival at Paris General Reynier called at the Duc de Rovigo's, + where I had dined that day, and where he still was when I arrived. He + related in my hearing the conversation to which I have alluded, and stated + that it had all the appearance of sincerity on the Emperor's part. Having + asked Alexander whether he had any instructions for Napoleon, as the + latter, on learning that he had seen his Majesty would not fail to ask him + many questions, he replied that he had nothing particular to communicate + to him. Alexander added that he was Napoleon's friend, but that he had, + personally, much reason—to complain of his conduct; that the Allies + would have nothing more to do with him; that they had no intention of + forcing any Sovereign upon France; but that they would no longer + acknowledge Napoleon as Emperor of the French. "For my part," said + Alexander, "I can no longer place any confidence in him. He has deceived + me too often." In reply to this Reynier made some remarks dictated by his + attachment and fidelity to Bonaparte. He observed that Napoleon was + acknowledged as Sovereign of France by every treaty. "But," added Reynier, + "if you should persist in forcing him to resign the supreme power, whom + will you put in his place?"—"Did you not choose him; why then can + you not choose some one else to govern you? I repeat that we do not intend + to force any one upon you but we will have no more to do with Napoleon." + </p> + <p> + Several Generals were then named; and after Reynier had explained the + great difficulties which would oppose any such choice, Alexander + interrupted him saying, "But, General, there is Bernadotte.' Has he not + been voluntarily chosen Prince Royal of Sweden; may he not also be raised + to the same rank in France? He is your countryman; surely then you may + choose him, since the Swedes took him, though a foreigner." General + Reynier, who was a man of firm character, started some objections, which I + thought at the time well founded; and Alexander put an end to the + conversation by saving, rather in a tone of dissatisfaction, "Well, + General, the fate of arms will decide." + </p> + <p> + The campaign of France forced Napoleon to adopt a kind of operations quite + new to him. He had been accustomed to attack; but he was now obliged to + stand on his defence, so that, instead of having to execute a previously + conceived plan, as when, in the Cabinet of the Tuileries, he traced out to + me the field of Marengo, he had now to determine his movements according + to those of his numerous enemies. When the Emperor arrived at + Chalons-sur-Marne the Prussian army was advancing by the road of Lorraine. + He drove it back beyond St. Dizier. Meanwhile the Grand Austro-Russian + army passed the Seine and the Yonne at Montereau, and even sent forward a + corps which advanced as far as Fontainebleau. Napoleon then made a + movement to the right in order to drive back the troops which threatened + to march on Paris, and by a curious chance he came up with the troops in + the very place where he passed the boyish years in which he cherished what + then seemed wild and fabulous dreams of his future fate. What thoughts and + recollections must have crowded on his mind when he found himself an + Emperor and a King, at the head of a yet powerful army, in the chateau of + the Comte de Brienne, to whom he had so often paid his homage! It was at + Brienne that he had said to me, thirty-four years before, "I will do these + Frenchman all the harm I can." Since then he had certainly changed his + mind; but it might be said that fate persisted in forcing the man to + realise the design of the boy in spite of himself. No sooner had Napoleon + revisited Brienne as a conqueror than he was repulsed and hurried to his + fall, which became every moment more certain. + </p> + <p> + I shall not enter into any details of the campaign of France, because the + description of battles forms no part of my plan. Still, I think it + indispensable briefly to describe Napoleon's miraculous activity from the + time of his leaving Paris to the entrance of the Allies into the capital. + Few successful campaigns have enabled our Generals and the French army to + reap so much glory as they gained during this great reverse of fortune. + For it is possible to triumph without honour, and to fall with glory. The + chances of the war were not doubtful, but certainly the numerous hosts of + the Allies could never have anticipated so long and brilliant a + resistance. The theatre of the military operations soon approached so near + to Paris that the general eagerness for news from the army was speedily + satisfied, and when any advantage was gained by the Emperor his partisans + saw the enemy already repulsed from the French territory. I was not for a + moment deceived by these illusions, as I well knew the determination and + the resources of the Allied sovereigns. Besides, events were so rapid and + various in this war of extermination that the guns of the Invalides + announcing a victory were sometimes immediately followed by the distant + rolling of artillery, denoting the enemy's near approach to the capital. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor left Paris on the 25th of January, at which time the Emperors + of Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia were assembled at Langres. + Napoleon rejoined his Guard at Vitry-le-Francais. On the second day after + his departure he drove before him the Prussian army, which he had forced + to evacuate St. Dizier. Two days after this the battle of Brienne was + fought, and on the 1st of February between 70,000 and 80,000 French and + Allied troops stood face to face. On this occasion the commanders on both + sides were exposed to personal danger, for Napoleon had a horse killed + under him, and a Cossack fell dead by the side of Marshal Blücher. + </p> + <p> + A few days after this battle Napoleon entered Troves, where he stayed but + a short time, and then advanced to Champaubert. At the latter place was + fought the battle which hears its name. The Russians were defeated, + General Alsufieff was made prisoner, and 2000 men and 30 guns fell into + the hands of the French. After this battle the Emperor was under such a + delusion as to his situation that while supping with Berthier, Marmont, + and his prisoner, General Alsufieff, the Emperor said, "Another such + victory as this, gentlemen, and I shall be on the Vistula." + </p> + <p> + Finding that no one replied, and reading in the countenances of his + Marshals that they did not share his hopes, "I see how it is," he added, + "every one is growing tired of war; there is no more enthusiasm. The + sacred fire is extinct." Then rising from the table, and stepping up to + General Drouot, with the marked intention of paying him a compliment which + should at the same time convey a censure on the Marshals, "General," said + he, patting him on the shoulder, "we only want a hundred men like you, and + we should succeed." Drouot replied, with great presence of mind and + modesty, "Rather say a hundred thousand, Sire." This anecdote was related + to me by the two principal persons who were present on the occasion. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon soon began to have other subjects of disquietude besides the fate + of battles. He was aware that since the beginning of February the Duc + d'Angouleme had arrived at St. Jean de Luz, whence he had addressed a + proclamation to the French armies in the name of his uncle, Louis XVIII.; + and he speedily heard of the Comte d'Artois' arrival at Yesoul, on the + 21st of February, which place he did not leave until the 16th of March + following. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile hostilities were maintained with increased vigor over a vast + line of operations. How much useless glory did not our soldiers gain in + these conflicts! In spite of prodigies of valour the enemy's masses + advanced, and gradually concentrated, so that this war might be compared + to the battles of the ravens and the eagle in the Alps. The eagle slays + hundreds of his assailants—every blow of his beak is the death of an + enemy, but still the vultures return to the charge, and press upon the + eagle until they destroy him. + </p> + <p> + As the month of February drew to its close the Allies were in retreat on + several points, but their retreat was not a rout. After experiencing + reverses they fell back without disorder, and retired behind the Aube, + where they rallied and obtained numerous reinforcements, which daily + arrived, and which soon enabled them to resume the offensive. + </p> + <p> + Still Napoleon continued astonishing Europe, leagued as it was against + him. At Craonne, on the 7th of March, he destroyed Blücher's corps in a + severe action, but the victory was attended by great loss to the + conqueror. Marshal Victor was seriously wounded, as well as Generals + Grouchy and La Ferriere. + </p> + <p> + While Napoleon was resisting the numerous enemies assembled to destroy him + it might be said that he was also his own enemy, either from false + calculation or from negligence with respect to his illustrious prisoners, + who, on his departure from Paris, had not yet been sent to their States. + The Pope was then at Fontainebleau, and the Princes of Spain at Valencay. + The Pope, however, was the first to be allowed to depart. Surely Bonaparte + could never have thought of the service which the Pope might have rendered + him at Rome, into which Murat's troops would never have dared to march had + his Holiness been present there. With regard to the Spanish Princes + Napoleon must have been greatly blinded by confidence in his fortune to + have so long believed it possible to retain in France those useless + trophies of defeated pretensions. It was, besides, so easy to get rid of + the exiles of Valencay by sending them back to the place from whence they + had been brought! It was so natural to recall with all speed the troops + from the south when our armies in Germany began to be repulsed on the + Rhine and even driven into France! With the aid of these veteran troops + Napoleon and his genius might have again turned the scale of fortune. But + Napoleon reckoned on the nation, and he was wrong, for the nation was + tired of him. His cause had ceased to be the cause of France. + </p> + <p> + The latter days of March were filled up by a series of calamities to + Napoleon. On the 23d the rear-guard of the French army suffered + considerable loss. To hear of attacks on his rear-guard must indeed have + been mortifying to Napoleon, whose advanced guards had been so long + accustomed to open the path of victory! Prince Schwartzenberg soon passed + the Aube and marched upon Vitry and Chalons. Napoleon, counting on the + possibility of defending Paris, threw himself, with the velocity of the + eagle, on Schwartzenberg's rear by passing by Doulevant and Bar- sur-Aube. + He pushed forward his advanced guards to Chaumont, and there saw the + Austrian army make a movement which he took to be a retreat; but it was no + such thing. The movement was directed on Paris, while Blücher, who had + re-occupied Chalons-sur-Maine, marched to meet Prince Schwartzenberg, and + Napoleon, thinking to cut off their retreat, was himself cut off from the + possibility of returning to Paris. Everything then depended on the defence + of Paris, or, to speak more correctly, it seemed possible, by sacrificing + the capital, to prolong for a few days the existence of the phantom of the + Empire which was rapidly vanishing. On the 26th was fought the battle of + Fere Champenoise, where, valour yielding to numbers, Marshals Marmont and + Mortier were obliged to retire upon Sezanne after sustaining considerable + loss. + </p> + <p> + It was on the 26th of March, and I beg the reader to bear this date in + mind, that Napoleon suffered a loss which, in the circumstances in which + he stood, was irreparable. At the battle of Fere Champenoise the Allies + captured a convoy consisting of nearly all the remaining ammunition and + stores of the army, a vast quantity of arms, caissons, and equipage of all + kinds. The whole became the prey of the Allies, who published a bulletin + announcing this important capture. A copy of this order of the day fell + into the hands of Marshal Macdonald, who thought that such news ought + immediately to be communicated to the Emperor. He therefore repaired + himself to the headquarters of Napoleon, who was then preparing to recover + Vitre-le-Francais, which was occupied by the Prussians. The Marshal, with + the view of dissuading the Emperor from what he considered a vain attempt, + presented him with the bulletin. + </p> + <p> + This was on the morning of the 27th: Napoleon would not believe the news. + "No!" said he to the Marshal, "you are deceived, this cannot be true." + Then perusing the bulletin with more attention. "Here," said he, "look + yourself. This is the 27th, and the bulletin is dated the 29th. You see + the thing is impossible. The bulletin is forged!" The Marshal, who had + paid more attention to the news than to its date, was astounded. But + having afterwards shown the bulletin to Drouot, that General said, "Alas! + Marshal, the news is but too true. The error of the date is merely a + misprint, the 9 is a 6 inverted!" On what trifles sometimes depend the + most important events. An inverted cipher sufficed to flatter Bonaparte's + illusion, or at least the illusions which he wished to maintain among his + most distinguished lieutenants, and to delay the moment when they should + discover that the loss they deplored was too certain. On that very day the + Empress left Paris. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0102" id="link2HCH0102"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIV. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The men of the Revolution and the men of the Empire—The Council of + Regency—Departure of the Empress from Paris—Marmont and Mortier— + Joseph's flight—Meeting at Marmont's hotel—Capitulation of Paris— + Marmont's interview with the Emperor at Fontainebleau—Colonels + Fabvier and Denys—The Royalist cavalcade—Meeting at the hotel of + the Comte de Morfontaine—M. de Chateaubriand and his pamphlet— + Deputation to the Emperor Alexander—Entrance of the Allied + sovereigns into Paris—Alexander lodged in M. Talleyrand's hotel— + Meetings held there—The Emperor Alexander's declaration— + My appointment as Postmaster-General—Composition of the Provisional + Government—Mistake respecting the conduct of the Emperor of + Austria—Caulaincourt's mission from Napoleon—His interview with + the Emperor Alexander—Alexander's address to the deputation of the + Senate—M. de Caulaincourt ordered to quit the capital. +</pre> + <p> + The grandees of the Empire and the first subjects of Napoleon were divided + into two classes totally distinct from each other. Among these patronised + men were many who had been the first patrons of Bonaparte and had favoured + his accession to Consular power. This class was composed of his old + friends and former companions-in-arms. The others, who may be called the + children of the Empire, did not carry back their thoughts to a period + which they had not seen. They had never known anything but Napoleon and + the Empire, beyond which the sphere of their ideas did not extend, while + among Napoleon's old brothers-in-arms it was still remembered that there + was once a country, a France, before they had helped to give it a master. + To this class of men France was not confined to the narrow circle of the + Imperial headquarters, but extended to the Rhine, the Alps, the Pyrenees, + and the two oceans. + </p> + <p> + On the other hand, numbers of ardent and adventurous young men, full of + enthusiasm for Bonaparte, had passed from the school to the camp. They + were entirely opposed to Napoleon's downfall, because with his power would + vanish those dreams of glory and fortune which had captivated their + imaginations. These young men, who belonged to the class which I have + denominated children of the Empire, were prepared to risk and commit + everything to prolong the political life of their Emperor. + </p> + <p> + The distinction I have drawn between what may be called the men of France + and the men of the Empire was not confined to the army, but was equally + marked among the high civil functionaries of the State. The old + Republicans could not possibly regard Napoleon with the same eyes as those + whose elevation dated only from Napoleon; and the members of assemblies + anterior to the 18th Brumaire could not entertain the same ideas as those + whose notions of national franchises and public rights were derived from + their seats as auditors in the Council of State. I know not whether this + distinction between the men of two different periods has been before + pointed out, but it serves to explain the conduct of many persons of + elevated rank during the events of 1814. With regard to myself, convinced + as I was of the certainty of Napoleon's fall, I conceived that the first + duty of every citizen was claimed by his country; and although I may incur + censure, I candidly avow that Napoleon's treatment of me during the last + four years of his power was not without some influence on my prompt + submission to the Government which succeeded his. I, however, declare that + this consideration was not the sole nor the most powerful motive of my + conduct. Only those who were in Paris at the period of the capitulation + can form an idea of the violence of party feeling which prevailed there + both for and against Napoleon, but without the name of the Bourbons ever + being pronounced. They were almost unknown to the new generation, + forgotten by many of the old, and feared by the conventionalists; at that + time they possessed only the frail support of the coteries of the Faubourg + St. Germain, and some remains of the emigration. But as it is certain that + the emigrants could offer only vain demonstrations and wishes in support + of the old family of our Kings, they did little to assist the restoration + of the Bourbons. Another thing equally certain is, that they alone, by + their follies and absurd pretensions, brought about the return of + Bonaparte and the second exile of Louis XVIII. in the following year. + </p> + <p> + On the 28th of March was convoked an extraordinary Council of Regency, at + which Maria Louisa presided. The question discussed was, whether the + Empress should remain in Paris or proceed to Blois. Joseph Bonaparte + strongly urged her departure, because a letter from the Emperor had + directed that in case of Paris being threatened the Empress-Regent and all + the Council of Regency should retire to Blois. The Arch-Chancellor and the + majority of the Council were of the same opinion, but one of the most + influential members of the Council observed to Joseph that the letter + referred to had been written under circumstances very different from those + then existing, and that it was important the Empress should remain in + Paris, where she would, of course, obtain from the Emperor her father and + the Allied sovereigns, more advantageous conditions than if she were fifty + leagues from Paris. The adoption of this opinion would only have retarded + for a few days a change which had become inevitable; nevertheless it might + have given rise to great difficulties. It must be admitted that for the + interests of Napoleon it was the wisest counsel that could be suggested. + However, it was overruled by Joseph's advice. + </p> + <p> + M. de Talleyrand, as a member of the Council of Regency, also received the + order to quit Paris on the 30th of March. At this period I was at his + house every day. When I went to him that day I was told he had started. + However I went up, and remained some time in his hotel with several of his + friends who had met there. We soon saw him return, and for my part I heard + with satisfaction that they had not allowed him to pass the barriers. It + was said then, and it has been repeated since, that M. de Talleyrand was + not a stranger to the gentle violence used towards him. The same day of + this visit to M. de Talleyrand I also went to see the Duc de Rovigo + (Savary), with the friendly object of getting him to remain, and to profit + by his position to prevent disturbances. He refused without hesitating, as + he only thought of the Emperor. I found him by his fireside, where there + was a large fire, in which he was burning all the papers which might have + compromised every one who had served his ministry (Police). I + congratulated him sincerely on this loyal occupation: fire alone could + purify the mass of filth and denunciations which encumbered the police + archives. + </p> + <p> + On the departure of the Empress many persons expected a popular movement + in favour of a change of Government, but the capital remained tranquil. + Many of the inhabitants, indeed, thought of defence, not for the sake of + preserving Napoleon's government, but merely from that ardour of feeling + which belongs to our national character. Strong indignation was excited by + the thought of seeing foreigners masters of Paris—a circumstance of + which there had been no example since the reign of Charles VII. Meanwhile + the critical moment approached. On the 29th of March Marshals Marmont and + Mortier fell back to defend the approaches to Paris. During the night the + barriers were consigned to the care of the National Guard, and not a + foreigner, not even one of their agents, was allowed to enter the capital. + </p> + <p> + At daybreak on the 30th of March the whole population of Paris was + awakened by the report of cannon, and the plain of St. Denis was soon + covered with Allied troops, who were debouching upon it from all points. + The heroic valour of our troops was unavailing against such a numerical + superiority. But the Allies paid dearly for their entrance into the French + capital. The National Guard, under the command of Marshal Moncey, and the + pupils of the Polytechnic School transformed into artillery men, behaved + in a manner worthy of veteran troops. The conduct of Marmont on that day + alone would suffice to immortalise him. The corps he commanded was reduced + to between 7000 and 8000 infantry and 800 cavalry, with whom, for the + space of twelve hours he maintained his ground against an army of 55,000 + men, of whom it is said 14,000 were killed, wounded, and taken. Marshal + Marmont put himself so forward in the heat of the battle that a dozen of + men were killed by the bayonet at his side, and his hat was perforated by + a ball. But what was to be done against overwhelming numbers! + </p> + <p> + In this state of things the Duke of Ragusa made known his situation to + Joseph Bonaparte, who authorised him to negotiate. + </p> + <p> + Joseph's answer is so important in reference to the events which succeeded + that I will transcribe it here. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + If the Dukes of Ragusa and Treviso can no longer hold out, they are + authorised to negotiate with Prince Schwartzenberg and the Emperor + of Russia, who are before them. + + They will fall back on the Loire. + (Signed) JOSEPH + + Montmartre, 30th March 1814, 12 oclock +</pre> + <p> + It was not until a considerable time after the receipt of this formal + authority that Marmont and Mortier ceased to make a vigorous resistance + against the Allied army, for the suspension of arms was not agreed upon + until four in the afternoon. It was not waited for by Joseph; at a quarter + past twelve—that is to say, immediately after he had addressed to + Marmont the authority just alluded to Joseph repaired to the Bois de + Boulogne to regain the Versailles road, and from thence to proceed to + Rambouillet. The precipitate flight of Joseph astonished only those who + did not know him. I know for a fact that several officers attached to his + staff were much dissatisfied at his alacrity on this occasion. + </p> + <p> + In these circumstances what was to be done but to save Paris, which there + was no possibility of defending two hours longer. Methinks I still see + Marmont when, on the evening of the 30th of March, he returned from the + field of battle to his hotel in the Rue de Paradis, where I was waiting + for him, together with about twenty other persons, among whom were MM. + Perregaua and Lafitte. When he entered he was scarcely recognisable: he + had a beard of eight days' growth; the greatcoat which covered his uniform + was in tatters, and he was blackened with powder from head to foot. We + considered what was best to be done, and all insisted on the necessity of + signing a capitulation. The Marshal must recollect that the exclamation of + every one about him was, "France must be saved." MM. Perregaus and Lafitte + delivered their opinions in a very decided way, and it will readily be + conceived how great was the influence of two men who were at the head of + the financial world. They alleged that the general wish of the Parisians, + which nobody had a better opportunity of knowing than themselves, was + decidedly averse to a protracted conflict, and that France was tired of + the yoke of Bonaparte. This last declaration gave a wider range to the + business under consideration. The question was no longer confined to the + capitulation of Paris, but a change in the government was thought of, and + the name of the Bourbons was pronounced for the first time. I do not + recollect which of us it was who, on hearing mention made of the possible + recall of the old dynasty, remarked how difficult it would be to bring + about a restoration without retrograding to the past. But I think I am + perfectly correct in stating that M. Lafitte said, "Gentlemen, we shall + have nothing to fear if we have a good constitution which will guarantee + the rights of all." The majority of the meeting concurred in this wise + opinion, which was not without its influence on Marshal Marmont. + </p> + <p> + During this painful meeting an unexpected incident occurred. One of the + Emperor's aides de camp arrived at Marmont's. Napoleon, being informed of + the advance of the Allies on Paris, had marched with the utmost speed from + the banks of the Marne on the road of Fontainebleau. In the evening he was + in person at Froidmanteau, whence he despatched his envoy to Marshal + Marmont. From the language of the aide de camp it was easy to perceive + that the state of opinion at the Imperial headquarters was very different + from that which prevailed among the population of Paris. The officer + expressed indignation at the very idea of capitulating, and he announced + with inconceivable confidence the approaching arrival of Napoleon in + Paris, which he yet hoped to save from the occupation of the enemy. The + officer informed us that Napoleon trusted to the people rising in spite of + the capitulation, and that they would unpave the streets to stone the + Allies on their entrance. I ventured to dissent from this absurd idea of + defence, and I observed that it was madness to suppose that Paris could + resist the numerous troops who were ready to enter on the following day; + that the suspension of arms had been consented to by the Allies only to + afford time for drawing up a more regular capitulation, and that the + armistice could not be broken without trampling on all the laws of honour. + I added that the thoughts of the people were directed towards a better + future; that the French were tired of a despotic Government and of the + distress to which continual war had reduced trade and industry; "for," + said I, "when a nation is sunk to such a state of misery its hopes can + only be directed towards the future; it is natural they should be so + directed, even without reflection." Most of the individuals present + concurred in my opinion, and the decision of the meeting was unanimous. + Marshal Marmont has since said to me, "I have been blamed, my dear + Bourrienne: but you were with me on the 30th of March. You were a witness + to the wishes expressed by a portion of the principal inhabitants of + Paris. I acted as I was urged to do only because I considered the meeting + to be composed of men entirely disinterested, and who had nothing to + expect from the return of the Bourbons." + </p> + <p> + Such is a correct statement of the facts which some persons have perverted + with the view of enhancing Napoleon's glory. With respect to those + versions which differ from mine I have only one comment to offer, which + is, that I saw and heard what I describe. + </p> + <p> + The day after the capitulation of Paris—Marmont went in the evening + to see the Emperor at Fontainebleau. He supped with him. Napoleon praised + his defence of Paris.. After supper the Marshal rejoined his corps at + Essonne, and six hours after the Emperor arrived there to visit the lines. + On leaving Paris Marmont had left Colonels Fabvier and Dent's to direct + the execution of the capitulation. These officers joined the Emperor and + the Marshal as they were proceeding up the banks of the river at Essonne. + They did not disguise the effect which the entrance of the Allies had + produced in Paris. At this intelligence the Emperor was deeply mortified, + and he returned immediately to Fontainebleau, leaving the Marshal at + Essonne. + </p> + <p> + At daybreak on the 31st of March Paris presented a novel and curious + spectacle. No sooner had the French troops evacuated the capital than the + principal streets resounded with cries of "Down with Bonaparte!"— + "No conscription!"—"No consolidated duties (droits reunis)!" With + these cries were mingled that of "The Bourbons for ever!" but this latter + cry was not repeated so frequently as the others: in general I remarked + that the people gaped and listened with a sort of indifference. As I had + taken a very active part in all that had happened during some preceding + days I was particularly curious to study what might be called the + physiognomy of Paris. This was the second opportunity which had offered + itself for such a study, and I now saw the people applaud the fall of the + man whom they had received with enthusiasm after the 18th Brumaire. The + reason was, that liberty was then hoped for, as it was hoped for in 1814. + I went out early in the morning to see the numerous groups of people who + had assembled in the streets. I saw women tearing their handkerchiefs and + distributing the fragments as the emblems of the revived lily. That same + morning I met on the Boulevards, and some hours afterwards on the Place + Louis XV., a party of gentlemen who paraded the streets of the capital + proclaiming the restoration of the Bourbons and shouting, "Vive le Roi!" + and "Vive Louis XVIII!" At their head I recognised MM. Sosthenes de la + Rochefoucauld, Comte de Froissard, the Duc de Luxembourg, the Duc de + Crussol, Seymour, etc. The cavalcade distributed white cockades in passing + along, and was speedily joined by a numerous crowd, who repaired to the + Place Vendome. The scene that was acted there is well known, and the + enthusiasm of popular joy could scarcely excuse the fury that was directed + against the effigy of the man whose misfortunes, whether merited or not, + should have protected him from such outrages. These excesses served, + perhaps more than is generally supposed, to favour the plans of the + leaders of the Royalist party, to whom M. Nesselrode had declared that + before he would pledge himself to further their views he must have proofs + that they were seconded by the population of Paris. + </p> + <p> + I was afterwards informed by an eye-witness of what took place on the + evening of the 31st of March in one of the principal meetings of the + Royalists, which was held in the hotel of the Comte de Morfontaine, who + acted as president on the occasion. Amidst a chaos of abortive + propositions and contradictory motions M. Sosthenes de la Rochefoucauld + proposed that a deputation should be immediately sent to the Emperor + Alexander to express to him the wish of the meeting. This motion was + immediately approved, and the mover was chosen to head the deputation. On + leaving the hotel the deputation met M. de Chateaubriand, who had that + very day been, as it were, the precursor of the restoration, by publishing + his admirable manifesto, entitled "Bonaparte and the Bourbons." He was + invited to join the deputation; but nothing could overcome his diffidence + and induce him to speak. On arriving at the hotel in the Rue St. Florentin + the deputation was introduced to Count Nesselrode, to whom M. Sosthenes de + la Rochefoucauld briefly explained its object; he spoke of the wishes of + the meeting and of the manifest desire of Paris and of France. He + represented the restoration of the Bourbons as the only means of securing + the peace of Europe; and observed, in conclusion, that as the exertions of + the day must have been very fatiguing to the Emperor, the deputation would + not solicit the favour of being introduced to him, but would confidently + rely on the good faith of his Imperial Majesty. "I have just left the + Emperor," replied M. Nesselrode, "and can pledge myself for his + intentions. Return to the meeting and announce to the French people that + in compliance with their wishes his Imperial Majesty will use all his + influence to restore the crown to the legitimate monarch: his Majesty + Louis XVIII. shall reascend the throne of France." With this gratifying + intelligence the deputation returned to the meeting in the Rue d'Anjou. + </p> + <p> + There is no question that great enthusiasm was displayed on the entrance + of the Allies into Paris. It may be praised or blamed, but the fact cannot + be denied. I closely watched all that was passing, and I observed the + expression of a sentiment which I had long anticipated when, after his + alliance with the daughter of the Caesars, the ambition of Bonaparte + increased in proportion as it was gratified: I clearly foresaw Napoleon's + fall. Whoever watched the course of events during the last four years of + the Empire must have observed, as I did, that from the date of Napoleon's + marriage with Maria Louisa the form of the French Government became daily + more and more tyrannical and oppressive. The intolerable height which this + evil had attained is evident from the circumstance that at the end of 1813 + the Legislative Body, throwing aside the mute character which it had + hitherto maintained, presumed to give a lecture to him who had never + before received a lecture from any one. On the 31st of March it was + recollected what had been the conduct of Bonaparte on the occasion alluded + to, and those of the deputies who remained in Paris related how the + gendarmes had opposed their entrance into the hall of the Assembly. All + this contributed wonderfully to irritate the public mind against Napoleon. + He had become master of France by the sword, and the sword being sheathed, + his power was at an end, for no popular institution identified with the + nation the new dynasty which he hoped to found. The nation admired but did + not love Napoleon, for it is impossible to love what is feared, and he had + done nothing to claim the affections of France. + </p> + <p> + I was present at all the meetings and conferences which were held at M de + Talleyrand's hotel, where the Emperor Alexander had taken up his + residence. Of all the persons present at these meetings M. de Talleyrand + was most disposed to retain Napoleon at the head of the Government, with + restrictions on the exercise of his power. In the existing state of things + it was only possible to choose one of three courses: first, to make peace + with Napoleon, with the adoption of proper securities against him; second, + to establish a Regency; and third, to recall the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + On the 13th of March I witnessed the entrance of the Allied sovereigns + into Paris, and after the procession had passed the new street of the + Luxembourg I repaired straight to M. de Talleyrand's hotel, which I + reached before the Emperor Alexander, who arrived at a quarter-past one. + When his Imperial Majesty entered M. de Talleyrand's drawing-room most of + the persons assembled, and particularly the Abbe de Pradt, the Abbe de + Montesquieu, and General Dessolles, urgently demanded the restoration of + the Bourbons. The Emperor did not come to any immediate decision. Drawing + me into the embrasure of a window, which looked upon the street, he made + some observations which enabled me to guess what would be his + determination. "M. de Bourrienne," said he, "you have been the friend of + Napoleon, and so have I. I was his sincere friend; but there is no + possibility of remaining at peace with a man of such bad faith." These + last words opened my eyes; and when the different propositions which were + made came under discussion I saw plainly that Bonaparte, in making himself + Emperor, had made up the bed for the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + A discussion ensued on the three possible measures which I have above + mentioned, and which were proposed by the Emperor Alexander himself. I + thought, if I may so express myself, that his Majesty was playing a part, + when, pretending to doubt the possibility of recalling the Bourbons, which + he wished above all things, he asked M. de Talleyrand what means he + proposed to employ for the attainment of that object? Besides the French, + there were present at this meeting the Emperor Alexander, the King of + Prussia, Prince Schwartzenberg, M. Nesselrode, M. Pozzo-di-Borgo, and + Prince Liechtenstein. During the discussion Alexander walked about with + some appearance of agitation. "Gentlemen," said, he, addressing us in an + elevated tone of voice, "you know that it was not I who commenced the war; + you know that Napoleon came to attack me in my dominions. But we are not + drawn here by the thirst of conquest or the desire of revenge. You have + seen the precautions I have taken to preserve your capital, the wonder of + the arts, from the horrors of pillage, to which the chances of war would + have consigned it. Neither my Allies nor myself are engaged in a war of + reprisals; and I should be inconsolable if any violence were committed on + your magnificent city. We are not waging war against France, but against + Napoleon, and the enemies of French liberty. William, and you, Prince" + (here the Emperor turned towards the King of Prussia and Prince + Schwartzenberg, who represented the Emperor of Austria), "you can both + bear testimony that the sentiments I express are yours." Both bowed assent + to this observation of Alexander, which his Majesty several times repeated + in different words. He insisted that France should be perfectly free; and + declared that as soon as the wishes of the country were understood, he and + his Allies would support them, without seeking to favour any particular + government. + </p> + <p> + The Abbe de Pradt then declared, in a tone of conviction, that we were all + Royalists, and that the sentiments of France concurred with ours. The + Emperor Alexander, adverting to the different governments which might be + suitable to France, spoke of the maintenance of Bonaparte on the throne, + the establishment of a Regency, the choice of Bernadotte, and the recall + of the Bourbons. M. de Talleyrand next spoke, and I well remember his + saying to the Emperor of Russia, "Sire, only one of two things is + possible. We must either have Bonaparte or Louis XVIII. Bonaparte, if you + can support him; but you cannot, for you are not alone.... We will not + have another soldier in his stead. If we want a soldier, we will keep the + one we have; he is the first in the world. After him any other who may be + proposed would not have ten men to support him. I say again, Sire, either + Bonaparte or Louis XVIII. Anything else is an intrigue." These remarkable + words of the Prince de Benevento produced on the mind of Alexander all the + effect we could hope for. Thus the question was simplified, being reduced + now to only two alternatives; and as it was evident that Alexander would + have nothing to do with either Napoleon or his family, it was reduced to + the single proposition of the restoration of the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + On being pressed by us all, with the exception of M. de Talleyrand, who + still wished to leave the question undecided between Bonaparte and Louis + XVIII., Alexander at length declared that he would no longer treat with + Napoleon. When it was represented to him that that declaration referred + only to Napoleon personally, and did not extend to his family, he added, + "Nor with any member of his family." Thus as early as the 31st of March + the restoration of the Bourbons might be considered as decided. + </p> + <p> + I cannot omit mentioning the hurry with which Laborie, whom M. de + Talleyrand appointed Secretary to the Provisional Government, rushed out + of the apartment as soon as he got possession of the Emperor Alexander's + declaration. He got it printed with such expedition that in the space of + an hour it was posted on all the walls in Paris; and it certainly produced + an extraordinary effect. As yet nothing warranted a doubt that Alexander + would not abide by his word. The treaty of Paris could not be anticipated; + and there was reason to believe that France, with a new Government, would + obtain more advantageous conditions than if the Allies had, treated with + Napoleon. But this illusion speedily vanished. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 31st of March I returned to M. de Talleyrand's. I + again saw the Emperor Alexander, who, stepping up to me, said, "M. de + Bourrienne you must take the superintendence of the Post-office + department." I could not decline this precise invitation on the part of + the Czar; and besides, Lavalette having departed on the preceding day, the + business would have been for a time suspended; a circumstance which would + have been extremely prejudicial to the restoration which we wished to + favour. + </p> + <p> + I went at once to the hotel in the Rue J. J. Rousseau, where, indeed, I + found that not only was there no order to send out the post next day, but + that it had been even countermanded. I went that night to the + administrators, who yielded to my requests and, seconded by them, next + morning I got all the clerks to be at their post. I reorganised the + service, and the post went out on the 1st of April as usual. Such are my + remembrances of the 31st of March. + </p> + <p> + A Provisional Government was established, of which M. de Talleyrand was + appointed President. The other members were General Beurnonville, Comte + Francois de Jaucourt, the Duc Dalberg, who had married one of Maria + Louisa's ladies of honour, and the Abby de Montesquieu. The place of + Chancellor of the Legion of Honour was given to the Abbe de Pradt. Thus + there were two abbes among the members of the Provisional Government, and + by a singular chance they happened to be the same who had officiated at + the mass which was performed in the Champ de Mars on the day of the first + federation. + </p> + <p> + Those who were dissatisfied with the events of the 31st of March now saw + no hope but in the possibility that the Emperor of Austria would separate + from his Allies, or at least not make common cause with them in favour of + the re-establishment of the Bourbons. But that monarch had been brought up + in the old policy of his family, and was imbued with the traditional + principles of his Cabinet. I know for a fact that the sentiments and + intentions of the Emperor of Austria perfectly coincided with those of his + Allies. Anxious to ascertain the truth on this subject, I ventured, when + in conversation with the Emperor Alexander, to hint at the reports I had + heard relative to the cause of the Emperor of Austria's absence. I do not + recollect the precise words of his Majesty's answer, but it enabled me to + infer with certainty that Francis II. was in no way averse to the + overthrow of his son-in-law, and that his absence from the scene of the + discussions was only occasioned by a feeling of delicacy natural enough in + his situation. + </p> + <p> + Caulaincourt, who was sent by Napoleon to the headquarters of the Emperor + Alexander, arrived there on the night of the 30th of March. He, however, + did not obtain an interview with the Czar until after his Majesty had + received the Municipal Council of Paris, at the head of which was M. de + Chabrol. At first Alexander appeared somewhat surprised to see the + Municipal Council, which he did not receive exactly in the way that was + expected; but this coldness was merely momentary, and he afterwards + addressed the Council in a very gracious way, though he dropped no hint of + his ulterior intentions. + </p> + <p> + Alexander, who entertained a personal regard for Caulaincourt, received + him kindly in his own character, but not as the envoy of Napoleon. "You + have come too late," said the Czar. "It is all over. I can say nothing to + you at present. Go to Paris, and I will see you there." These words + perfectly enlightened Caulaincourt as to the result of his mission. His + next interview with the Emperor Alexander at M. de Talleyrand's did not + take place until after the declaration noticed in my last chapter. The + conversation they had together remained a secret, for neither Alexander + nor the Duke of Vicenza mentioned it; but there was reason to infer, from + some words which fell from the Emperor Alexander, that he had received + Caulaincourt rather as a private individual than as the ambassador of + Napoleon, whose power, indeed, he could not recognise after his + declaration. The Provisional Government was not entirely pleased with + Caulaincourt's presence in Paris, and a representation was made to the + Russian Emperor on the subject. Alexander concurred in the opinion of the + Provisional Government, which was expressed through the medium of the Abbe + de Pradt. M. de Caulaincourt, therefore, at the wish of the Czar, returned + to the Emperor, then at Fontainebleau. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0103" id="link2HCH0103"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER, XXXV. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Situation of Bonaparte during the events of the 30th and 31st of + March—His arrival at Fontainebleau—Plan of attacking Paris— + Arrival of troops at Fontainebleau—The Emperor's address to the + Guard—Forfeiture pronounced by the Senate—Letters to Marmont— + Correspondence between Marmont and Schwartzenberg—Macdonald + informed of the occupation of Paris—Conversation between the + Emperor and Macdonald at Fontainebleau—Beurnonville's letter— + Abdication on condition of a Regency—Napoleon's wish to retract his + act of abdication—Macdonald Ney, and Caulaincourt sent to Paris— + Marmont released from his promise by Prince Schwartzenberg. +</pre> + <p> + On the morning of the 30th of March, while the battle before the walls of + Paris was at its height, Bonaparte was still at Troyes. He quitted that + town at ten o'clock, accompanied only by Bertrand, Caulaincourt, two aides + de camp, and two orderly officers. He was not more than two hours in + traveling the first ten leagues, and he and his slender escort performed + the journey without changing horses, and without even alighting. They + arrived at Sens at one o'clock in the afternoon. Everything was in such + confusion that it was impossible to prepare a suitable mode of conveyance + for the Emperor. He was therefore obliged to content himself with a + wretched cariole, and in this equipage, about four in the morning, he + reached Froidmanteau, about four leagues from Paris. It was there that the + Emperor received from General Belliard, who arrived at the head of a + column of artillery, the first intelligence of the battle of Paris. He + heard the news with an air of composure, which was probably affected to + avoid discouraging those about him. He walked for about a quarter of an + hour on the high road, and it was after that promenade that he sent + Caulaincourt to Paris. Napoleon afterwards went to the house of the + postmaster, where he ordered his maps to be brought to him, and, according + to custom, marked the different positions of the enemy's troops with pine, + the heads of which were touched with wax of different colours. After this + description of work, which Napoleon did every day, or sometimes several + times a day, he repaired to Fontainebleau, where he arrived at six in the + morning. He did not order the great apartments of the castle to be opened, + but went up to his favourite little apartment, where he shut himself up, + and remained alone during the whole of the 31st of March. + </p> + <p> + In the evening the Emperor sent for the Duke of Ragusa, who had just + arrived at Essonne with his troops. The Duke reached Fontainebleau between + three and four o'clock on the morning of the 1st of April. Napoleon then + received a detailed account of the events of the 30th from Marmont, on + whose gallant conduct before Paris he bestowed much praise. + </p> + <p> + All was gloom and melancholy at Fontainebleau, yet the Emperor still + retained his authority, and I have been informed that he deliberated for + some time as to whether he should retire behind the Loire, or immediately + hazard a bold stroke upon Paris, which would have been much more to his + taste than to resign himself to the chances which an uncertain temporising + might bring about. This latter thought pleased him; and he was seriously + considering his plan of attack when the news of the 31st, and the + unsuccessful issue of Caulaincourt's mission, gave him to understand that + his situation was more desperate than he had hitherto imagined. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the heads of his columns, which the Emperor had left at Troves, + arrived on the 1st of April at Fontainebleau, the troops having marched + fifty leagues in less than three days, one of the most rapid marches ever + performed. On the 2d of April Napoleon communicated the events of Paris to + the Generals who were about him, recommending them to conceal the news + lest it should dispirit the troops, upon whom he yet relied. That day, + during an inspection of the troops, which took place in the court of the + Palace, Bonaparte assembled the officers of his Guard, and harangued them + as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Soldiers! the enemy has stolen three marches upon us, and has made + himself master of Paris. We must drive him thence. Frenchmen, + unworthy of the name, emigrants whom we have pardoned, have mounted + the white cockade, and joined the enemy. The wretches shall receive + the reward due to this new crime. Let us swear to conquer or die, + and to enforce respect to the tri-coloured cockade, which has for + twenty years accompanied us on the path of glory and honour. +</pre> + <p> + He also endeavoured to induce the Generals to second his mad designs upon + Paris, by making them believe that he had made sincere efforts to conclude + peace. He assured them that he had expressed to the Emperor Alexander his + willingness to purchase it by sacrifices; that he had consented to resign + even the conquests made during the Revolution, and to confine himself + within the old limits of France. "Alexander," added Napoleon, "refused; + and, not content with that refusal, he has leagued himself with a party of + emigrants, whom, perhaps, I was wrong in pardoning for having borne arms + against France. Through their perfidious insinuations Alexander has + permitted the white cockade to be mounted on the capital. We will maintain + ours, and in a few days we will march upon Paris. I rely on you." + </p> + <p> + When the boundless attachment of the Guards to the Emperor is considered + it cannot appear surprising that these last words, uttered in an + impressive tone, should have produced a feeling of enthusiasm, almost + electrical, in all to whom they were addressed. The old companions of the + glory of their chief exclaimed with one voice, "Paris! Paris!" But, + fortunately, during the night, the Generals having deliberated with each + other saw the frightful abyss into which they were about to precipitate + France. They therefore resolved to intimate in discreet terms to the + Emperor that they would not expose Paris to destruction, so that on the 3d + of April, prudent ideas succeeded the inconsiderate enthusiasm of the + preceding day. + </p> + <p> + The wreck of the army assembled at Fontainebleau, which was the remnant of + 1,000,000 of troops levied during fifteen months, consisted only of the + corps of the Duke of Reggio (Oudinot), Ney, Macdonald, and General Gerard, + which 'altogether did not amount to 25,000 men, and which, joined to the + remaining 7000 of the Guard, did not leave the Emperor a disposable force + of more than 32,000 men. Nothing but madness or despair could have + suggested the thought of subduing, with such scanty resources, the foreign + masses which occupied and surrounded Paris. + </p> + <p> + On the 2d of April the Senate published a 'Senatus-consulte', declaring + that Napoleon had forfeited the throne, and abolishing the right of + succession, which had been established in favour of his family. Furnished + with this set, and without awaiting the concurrence of the Legislative + Body, which was given next day, the Provisional Government published an + address to the French armies. In this address the troops were informed + that they were no longer the soldiers of Napoleon, and that the Senate + released them from their oaths. These documents were widely circulated at + the time, and inserted in all the public journals. + </p> + <p> + The address of the Senate was sent round to the Marshals, and was of + course first delivered to those who were nearest the capital; of this + latter number was Marmont, whose allegiance to the Emperor, as we have + already seen, yielded only to the sacred interests of his country. + Montessuis was directed by the Provisional Government to convey the + address to Marmont, and to use such arguments as were calculated to + strengthen those sentiments which had triumphed over his dearest personal + affections. I gave Montessuis a letter to Marmont, in which I said: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "MY DEAR FRIEND—An old acquaintance of mine will convey to you the + remembrances of our friendship. He will, I trust, influence your + resolution: a single word will suffice to induce you to sacrifice + all for the happiness of your country. To secure that object you, + who are so good a Frenchman and so loyal a knight, will not fear + either dangers or obstacles. Your friends expect you, long for you, + and I trust will soon embrace you." +</pre> + <p> + Montessuis also took one from General Dessolles, whom the Provisional + Government had appointed Governor of the National Guard in the room of + Marshal Moncey, who had left Paris on the occupation of the Allies. + General Dessolles and I did not communicate to each other our + correspondence, but when I afterwards saw the letter of Dessolles I could + not help remarking the coincidence of our appeal to Marmont's patriotism. + Prince Schwartzenberg also wrote to Marmont to induce him to espouse a + clause which had now become the cause of France. To the Prince's letter + Marmont replied, that he was disposed to concur in the union of the army + and the people, which would avert all chance of civil war, and stop the + effusion of French blood; and that he was ready with his troops to quit + the army of the Emperor Napoleon on the condition that his troops might + retire with the honours of war, and that the safety and liberty of the + Emperor were guaranteed by the Allies. + </p> + <p> + After Prince Schwartzenberg acceded to these conditions Marmont was placed + in circumstances which obliged him to request that he might be released + from his promise. + </p> + <p> + I happened to learn the manner in which Marshal Macdonald was informed of + the taking of Paris. He had been two days without any intelligence from + the Emperor, when he received an order in the handwriting of Berthier, + couched in the following terms: "The Emperor desires that you halt + wherever you may receive this order." After Berthier's signature the + following words were added as a postscript: "You, of course, know that the + enemy is in possession of Paris." When the Emperor thus announced, with + apparent negligence, an event which totally changed the face of affairs, I + am convinced his object was to make the Marshal believe that he looked + upon, that event as less important than it really was. However, this + object was not attained, for I recollect having heard Macdonald say that + Berthier's singular postscript, and the tone of indifference in which it + was expressed, filled him with mingled surprise and alarm. Marshal + Macdonald then commanded the rear-guard of the army which occupied the + environs of Montereau. Six hours after the receipt of the order here + referred to Macdonald received a second order directing him to put his + troops in motion, and he learned the Emperor's intention of marching on + Paris with all his remaining force. + </p> + <p> + On receiving the Emperor's second order Macdonald left his corps at + Montereau and repaired in haste to Fontainebleau. When he arrived there + the Emperor had already intimated to the Generals commanding divisions in + the corps assembled at Fontainebleau his design of marching on Paris. + Alarmed at this determination the Generals, most of whom had left in the + capital their wives, children, and friends, requested that Macdonald would + go with them to wait upon Napoleon and endeavour to dissuade him from his + intention. "Gentlemen," said the Marshal, "in the Emperor's present + situation such a proceeding may displease him. It must be managed + cautiously. Leave it to me, gentlemen, I will go to the chateau." + </p> + <p> + Marshal Macdonald accordingly went to the Palace of Fontainebleau, where + the following conversation ensued between him and the Emperor, and I beg + the reader to bear in mind that it was related to me by the Marshal + himself. As soon as he entered the apartment in which Napoleon was the + latter stepped up to him and said, "Well, how are things going on?"— + "Very badly, Sire."—"How? . . . badly! . . . What then are the + feelings of your army?"—"My army, Sire, is entirely discouraged . . + . appalled by the fate of Paris."—"Will not your troops join me in + an advance on Paris?"—"Sire, do not think of such a thing. If I were + to give such an order to my troops I should run the risk of being + disobeyed."—"But what is to be done? I cannot remain as I am; I have + yet resources and partisans. It is said that the Allies will no longer + treat with me. Well! no matter. I will march on Paris. I will be revenged + on the inconstancy of the Parisians and the baseness of the Senate. Woe to + the members of the Government they have patched up for the return of their + Bourbons; that is what they are looking forward to. But to-morrow I shall + place myself at the head of my Guards, and to-morrow we shall be in the + Tuileries." + </p> + <p> + The Marshal listened in silence, and when at length Napoleon became + somewhat calm he observed, "Sire, it appears, then, that you are not aware + of what has taken place in Paris—of the establishment of a + Provisional Government, and—"—"I know it all: and what then?"—"Sire," + added the Marshal, presenting a paper to Napoleon, "here is something + which will tell you more than I can." Macdonald then presented to him a + letter from General Beurnonville, announcing the forfeiture of the Emperor + pronounced by the Senate, and the determination of the Allied powers not + to treat with Napoleon, or any member of his family. "Marshal," said the + Emperor, before he opened the letter, "may this be read aloud?"—"Certainly, + Sire." The letter was then handed to Barre, who read it. An individual who + was present on the occasion described to me the impression which the + reading of the letter produced on Napoleon. His countenance exhibited that + violent contraction of the features which I have often remarked when his + mind was disturbed. However, he did not lose his self-command, which + indeed never forsook him when policy or vanity required that he should + retain it; and when the reading of Beurnonville's letter was ended he + affected to persist in his intention of marching on Paris. "Sire," + exclaimed Macdonald, "that plan must be renounced. Not a sword would be + unsheathed to second you in such an enterprise." After this conversation + between the Emperor and Macdonald the question of the abdication began to + be seriously thought of. Caulaincourt had already hinted to Napoleon that + in case of his abdicating personally there was a possibility of inducing + the Allies to agree to a Council of Regency. Napoleon then determined to + sign the act of abdication, which he himself drew up in the following + terms:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Allied powers having declared that the Emperor Napoleon is the + only obstacle to the re-establishment of peace in Europe, the + Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he is ready to + descend from the throne, to leave France, and even to lay down his + life for the welfare of the country, which is inseparable from the + rights of his son, those of the Regency of the Empress, and the + maintenance of the laws of the Empire. Given at our Palace of + Fontainebleau, 2d April 1814. + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + After having written this act the Emperor presented it to the Marshals, + saying, "Here, gentlemen! are you satisfied?" + </p> + <p> + This abdication of Napoleon was certainly very useless, but in case of + anything occurring to render it a matter of importance the act might have + proved entirely illusory. Its meaning might appear unequivocal to the + generality of people, but not to me, who was so well initiated in the + cunning to which Napoleon could resort when it suited his purpose. It is + necessary to observe that Napoleon does not say that "he descends from the + throne," but that "he is ready to descend from the throne." This was a + subterfuge, by the aid of which he intended to open new negotiations + respecting the form and conditions of the Regency of his son, in case of + the Allied sovereigns acceding to that proposition. This would have + afforded the means of gaining time. + </p> + <p> + He had not yet resigned all hope, and therefore he joyfully received a + piece of intelligence communicated to him by General Allix. The General + informed the Emperor that he had met an Austrian officer who was sent by + Francis II. to Prince Schwartzenberg, and who positively assured him that + all which had taken place in Paris was contrary to the wish of the Emperor + of Austria. That this may have been the opinion of the officer is + possible, and even probable. But it is certain from the issue of a mission + of the Duc de Cadore (Champagny), of which I shall presently speak, that + the officer expressed merely his own personal opinion. However, as soon as + General Allix had communicated this good news, as he termed it, to + Napoleon, the latter exclaimed to the persons who were about him, "I told + you so, gentlemen. Francis II. cannot carry his enmity so far as to + dethrone his daughter. Vicenza, go and desire the Marshals to return my + act of abdication. I will send a courier to the Emperor of Austria." + </p> + <p> + Thus Bonaparte in his shipwreck looked round for a saving plank, and tried + to nurse himself in illusions. The Duke of Vicenza went to Marshals Ney + and Macdonald, whom he found just stepping into a carriage to proceed to + Paris. Both positively refused to return the act to Caulaincourt, saying, + "We are sure of the concurrence of the Emperor of Austria, and we take + everything upon ourselves." The result proved that they were better + informed than General Allix. + </p> + <p> + During the conversation with Marshal Macdonald which has just been + described the Emperor was seated. When he came to the resolution of + signing the abdication he arose and walked once or twice up and down his + cabinet. After he had written and signed the act he said, "Gentlemen, the + interests of my son, the interests of the army, and above all, the + interests of France, must be defended. I therefore appoint as my + commissioners to the Allied powers the Duke of Vicenza, the Prince of the + Moskowa, and the Duke of Ragusa. . . . Are you satisfied?" added he, after + a pause. "I think these interests are consigned to good hands." All + present answered, as with one voice. "Yes, Sire." But no sooner was this + answer pronounced than the Emperor threw himself upon a small yellow sofa, + which stood near the window, and striking his thigh with his hand with a + sort of convulsive motion, he exclaimed, "No, gentlemen: I will have no + Regency! With my Guards and Marmont's corps I shall be in Paris + to-morrow." Ney and Macdonald vainly endeavoured to undeceive him + respecting this impracticable design. He rose with marked ill-humour, and + rubbing his head, as he was in the habit of doing when agitated, he said + in a loud and authoritative tone, "Retire." + </p> + <p> + The Marshals withdrew, and Napoleon was left alone with Caulaincourt. He + told the latter that what had most displeased him in the proceedings which + had just taken place was the reading of Beurnonville's letter. "Sire," + observed the Duke of Vicenza, "it was by your order that the letter was + read."—"That is true. . . . But why was it not addressed directly to + me by Macdonald?"—"Sire, the letter was at first addressed to + Marshal Macdonald, but the aide de camp who was the bearer of it had + orders to communicate its contents to Marmont on passing through Essonne, + because Beurnonville did not precisely know where Macdonald would be + found." After this brief explanation the Emperor appeared satisfied, and + he said to Caulaincourt, "Vicenza, call back Macdonald." + </p> + <p> + The Duke of Vicenza hastened after the Marshal, whom he found at the end + of the gallery of the Palace, and he brought him back to the Emperor. When + Macdonald returned to the cabinet the Emperor's warmth had entirely + subsided, and he said to him with great composure, "Well, Duke of + Tarantum, do you think that the Regency is the only possible thing?"— + "Yes, Sire."—"Then I wish you to go with Ney to the Emperor + Alexander, instead of Marmont; it is better that he should remain with his + corps, to which his presence is indispensable. You will therefore go with + Ney. I rely on you. I hope you have entirely forgotten all that has + separated us for so long a time."—"Yes, Sire, I have not thought of + it since 1809."—"I am glad of it, Marshal, and I must acknowledge to + you that I was in the wrong." While speaking to the Marshal the Emperor + manifested unusual emotion. He approached him and pressed his hand in the + most affectionate way. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor's three Commissioners—that is to say, Marshals Macdonald + and Ney and the Duke of Vicenza had informed Marmont that they would dine + with him as they passed through Essonne, and would acquaint him with all + that had happened at Fontainebleau. On their arrival at Essonne the three + Imperial Commissioners explained to the Duc of Ragusa the object of their + mission, and persuaded him to accompany them to the Emperor Alexander. + This obliged the Marshal to inform them how he was situated. The + negotiations which Marmont had opened and almost concluded with Prince + Schwartzenberg were rendered void by the mission which he had joined, and + which it was necessary he should himself explain to the Commander of the + Austrian army. The three Marshals and the Duke of Vicenza repaired to + Petit Bourg, the headquarters of Prince Schwartzenberg, and there the + Prince released Marmont from the promise he had given. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0104" id="link2HCH0104"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXVI. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Unexpected receipts in the Post-office Department—Arrival of + Napoleon's Commissioners at M. de Talleyrand's—Conference of the + Marshals with Alexander—Alarming news from Essonne—Marmont's + courage—The white cockade and the tri-coloured cockade— + A successful stratagem—Three Governments in France—The Duc de + Cadore sent by Maria Louisa to the Emperor of Austria—Maria + Louisa's proclamation to the French people—Interview between the + Emperor of Austria and the Duc de Cadore—The Emperor's protestation + of friendship for Napoleon—M. Metternich and M. Stadion—Maria + Louisa's departure for Orleans—Blücher's visit to me—Audience of + the King of Prussia—His Majesty's reception of Berthier, Clarke, + and myself—Bernadotte in Paris—Cross of the Polar Star presented + to me by Bernadotte. +</pre> + <p> + After my nomination as Director-General of the Post office the business of + that department proceeded as regularly as before. Having learned that a + great many intercepted letters had been thrown aside I sent, on the 4th of + April, an advertisement to the 'Moniteur', stating that the letters to and + from England or other foreign countries which had been lying at the + Post-office for more than three years would be forwarded to their + respective addresses. This produced to the Post-office a receipt of nearly + 300,000 francs, a fact which may afford an idea of the enormous number of + intercepted letters. + </p> + <p> + On the night after the publication of the advertisement I was awakened by + an express from the Provisional Government, by which I was requested to + proceed with all possible haste to M. de Talleyrand's hotel. I rose, and I + set off immediately, and I got there some minutes before the arrival of + the Emperor's Commissioners. I went up to the salon on the first floor, + which was one of the suite of apartments occupied by the Emperor + Alexander. The Marshals retired to confer with the monarch, and it would + be difficult to describe the anxiety—or, I may rather say, + consternation—which, during their absence, prevailed among some of + the members of the Provisional Government and other persons assembled in + the salon where I was. + </p> + <p> + While the Marshals were with Alexander, I learned that they had previously + conversed with M. de Talleyrand, who observed to them, "If you succeed in + your designs you will compromise all who have met in this hotel since the + 1st of April, and the number is not small. For my part, take no account of + me, I am willing to be compromised." I had passed the evening of this day + with M. de Talleyrand, who then observed to the Emperor Alexander in my + presence, "Will you support Bonaparte? No, you neither can nor will. I + have already had the honour to tell your Majesty that we can have no + choice but between Bonaparte and Louis XVIII.; anything else would be an + intrigue, and no intrigue can have power to support him who may be its + object. Bernadotte, Eugène, the Regency, all those propositions result + from intrigues. In present circumstances nothing but a new principle is + sufficiently strong to establish the new order of things which must be + adopted. Louis XVIII. is a principle." + </p> + <p> + None of the members of the Provisional Government were present at this + conference, for no one was willing to appear to influence in any way the + determination of the chief of the coalition upon the subject of this + important mission. General Dessolles alone, in quality of commander of the + National Guard of Paris, was requested to be present. At length the + Marshals entered the salon where we were, and their appearance created a + sensation which it is impossible to describe; but the expression of + dissatisfaction which we thought we remarked in their countenances + restored the hopes of those who for some hours had been a prey to + apprehensions. Macdonald, with his head elevated, and evidently under the + influence of strong irritation, approached Beurnonville, and thus + addressed him, in answer to a question which the latter had put to him. + "Speak not to me, sir; I have nothing to say to you. You have made me + forget a friendship of thirty years!" Then turning to Dupont, "As for you, + sir," he continued in the same tone, "your conduct towards the Emperor is + not generous. I confess that he has treated you with severity, perhaps he + may even have been unjust to you with respect to the affair of Baylen, but + how long has it been the practice to avenge a personal wrong at the + expense of one's country?" + </p> + <p> + These remarks were made with such warmth, and in so elevated a tone of + voice, that Caulaincourt thought it necessary to interfere, and said, "Do + not forget, gentlemen, that this is the residence of the Emperor of + Russia." At this moment M. de Talleyrand returned from the interview with + the Emperor which he had had after the departure of the Marshals, and + approaching the group formed round Macdonald, "Gentlemen," said he, "if + you wish to dispute and discuss, step down to my apartments."— "That + would be useless," replied Macdonald; "my comrades and I do not + acknowledge the Provisional Government." The three Marshals, Ney, + Macdonald, and Marmont, then immediately retired with Caulaincourt, and + went to Ney's hotel, there to await the answer which the Emperor Alexander + had promised to give them after consulting the King of Prussia. + </p> + <p> + Such was this night-scene; which possessed more dramatic effect than many + which are performed on the stage. In it all was real: on its denouement + depended the political state of France, and the existence of all those who + had already declared themselves in favour of the Bourbons. It is a + remarkable fact, and one which affords a striking lesson to men who are + tempted to sacrifice themselves for any political cause, that most of + those who then demanded the restoration of the Bourbons at the peril of + their lives have successively fallen into disgrace. + </p> + <p> + When the Marshals and Caulaincourt had retired we were all anxious to know + what had passed between them and the Emperor of Russia. I learned from + Dessolles, who, as I have stated, was present at the conference in his + rank of commander of the National Guard of Paris, that the Marshals were + unanimous in urging Alexander to accede to a Regency. Macdonald especially + supported that proposition with much warmth; and among the observations he + made I recollect Dessolles mentioned the following:— "I am not + authorised to treat in any way for the fate reserved for the Emperor. We + have full powers to treat for the Regency, the army, and France; but the + Emperor has positively forbidden us to specify anything personally + regarding himself." Alexander merely replied, "That does not astonish me." + The Marshals then, resuming the conversation, dwelt much on the respect + which was due to the military glory of France. They strongly manifested + their disinclination to abandon the family of a man who had so often led + them to victory; and lastly, they reminded the Emperor Alexander of his + own declaration, in which he proclaimed, in his own name as well as on the + part of his Allies, that it was not their intention to impose on France + any government whatever. + </p> + <p> + Dessolles, who had all along declared himself in favour of the Bourbons, + in his turn entered into the discussion with as much warmth as the + partisans of the Regency. He represented to Alexander how many persons + would be compromised for merely having acted or declared their opinions + behind the shield of his promises. He repeated what Alexander had already + been told, that the Regency would, in fact, be nothing but Bonaparte in + disguise. However, Dessolles acknowledged that such was the effect of + Marshal Macdonald's powerful and persuasive eloquence that Alexander + seemed to waver; and, unwilling to give the Marshals a positive refusal, + he had recourse to a subterfuge, by which he would be enabled to execute + the design he had irrevocably formed without seeming to take on himself + alone the responsibility of a change of government. Dessolles accordingly + informed us that Alexander at last gave the following answer to the + Marshals: "Gentlemen, I am not alone; in an affair of such importance I + must consult the King of Prussia, for I have promised to do nothing + without consulting him. In a few hours you shall know my decision." It was + this decision which the Marshals went to wait for at Ney's. + </p> + <p> + Most of the members of the Provisional Government attributed the evasive + reply of the Emperor Alexander to the influence of the speech of + Dessolles. For my part, while I do justice to the manner in which he + declared himself on this important occasion, I do not ascribe to his + eloquence the power of fixing Alexander's resolution, for I well know by + experience how easy it is to make princes appear to adopt the advice of + any one when the counsel given is precisely that which they wish to + follow. From the sentiments of Alexander at this time I had not the + slightest doubt as to the course he would finally pursue, and I considered + what he said about consulting the King of Prussia to be merely a polite + excuse, by which he avoided the disagreeable task of giving the Marshals a + direct refusal. + </p> + <p> + I therefore returned home quite satisfied as to the result of the Emperor + Alexander's visit to the King of Prussia. I knew, from the persons about + the Czar, that he cherished a hatred, which was but too well justified, + towards Bonaparte. Frederick William is of too firm a character to have + yielded to any of the considerations which might on this subject have been + pressed on him as they had been on the Emperor of Russia. But, besides + that the King of Prussia had legitimate reasons for disliking Napoleon, + policy would at that time have required that he should appear to be his + enemy, for to do so was to render himself popular with his subjects. But + the King of Prussia did not need to act under the dictates of policy; he + followed his own opinion in rejecting the propositions of the Marshals, + which he did without hesitation, and with much energy. + </p> + <p> + While the Marshals had gone to Paris Bonaparte was anxious to ascertain + whether his Commissioners had passed the advanced posts of the foreign + armies, and in case of resistance he determined to march on Paris, for he + could not believe that he had lost every chance. He sent an aide de camp + to desire Marmont to come immediately to Fontainebleau: such was + Napoleon's impatience that instead of waiting for the return of his aide + de camp he sent off a second and then a third officer on the same errand. + This rapid succession of envoys from the Emperor alarmed the general who + commanded the different divisions of Marmont's corps at Essonne. They + feared that the Emperor was aware of the Convention concluded that morning + with Prince Schwartzenberg, and that he had sent for Marmont with the view + of reprimanding him. The fact was, Napoleon knew nothing of the matter, + for Marmont, on departing for Paris with Macdonald and Ney, had left + orders that it should be said that he had gone to inspect his lines. + Souham; Lebrun des Essarts, and Bordessoulle, who had given their assent + to the Convention with Prince Schwartzenberg, deliberated in the absence + of Marmont, and, perhaps being ignorant that he was released from his + promise, and fearing the vengeance of Napoleon, they determined to march + upon Versailles. On arriving there the troops not finding the Marshal at + their head thought themselves betrayed, and a spirit of insurrection broke + out among them. One of Marmont's aides de camp, whom he had left at + Essonne, exerted every endeavour to prevent the departure of his general's + corps, but, finding all his efforts unavailing, he hastened to Paris to + inform the Marshal of what had happened. 'When Marmont received this news + he was breakfasting at Ney's with Macdonald and Caulaincourt: they were + waiting for the answer which the Emperor Alexander had promised to send + them. The march of his corps on Versailles threw Marmont into despair. He + said to the Marshals, "I must be off to join my corps and quell this + mutiny;" and without losing a moment he ordered his carriage and directed + the coachman to drive with the utmost speed. He sent forward one of his + aides de camp to inform the troops of his approach. + </p> + <p> + Having arrived within a hundred paces of the place where his troops were + assembled he found the generals who were under his orders advancing to + meet him. They urged him not to go farther, as the men were in open + insurrection. "I will go into the midst of them," said Marmont. "In a + moment they shall either kill me or acknowledge me as their chief:" He + sent off another aide de camp to range the troops in the order of battle. + Then, alighting from the carriage and mounting a horse, he advanced alone, + and thus harangued his troops: "How! Is there treason here? Is it possible + that you disown me? Am I not your comrade? Have I not been wounded twenty + times among you? . . . Have I not shared your fatigues and privations? And + am I not ready to do so again?" Here Marmont was interrupted by a general + shout of "Vive le Marechal! Vive le Marechal!" + </p> + <p> + The alarm caused among the members of the Provisional Government by the + mission of the Marshals was increased by the news of the mutiny of + Marmont's troops. During the whole of the day we were in a state of + tormenting anxiety. It was feared that the insurrectionary spirit might + spread among other corps of the army, and the cause of France again be + endangered. But the courage of Marmont saved everything: It would be + impossible to convey any idea of the manner in which he was received by us + at Talleyrand's when he related the particulars of what had occurred at + Versailles. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the day on which Marmont had acted so nobly it was + proposed that the army should adopt the white cockade. In reply to this + proposition the Marshal said, "Gentlemen, I have made my troops understand + the necessity of serving France before all things. They have, + consequently, returned to order, and I can now answer for them. But what I + cannot answer for is to induce them to abandon the colours which have led + them to victory for the last twenty years. Therefore do not count upon me + for a thing which I consider to be totally hostile to the interests of + France. I will speak to the Emperor Alexander on the subject." Such were + Marmont's words. Every one appeared to concur in his opinion, and the + discussion terminated. For my own part, I find by my notes that I declared + myself strongly in favour of Marmont's proposition. + </p> + <p> + The Marshal's opinion having been adopted, at least provisionally, an + article was prepared for the Moniteur in nearly the following terms: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The white cockade has been, during the last four days, a badge for + the manifestation of public opinion in favour of the overthrow of an + oppressive Government: it has been the only means of distinguishing + the partisans of the restoration of the old dynasty, to which at + length we are to be indebted for repose. But as the late Government + is at an end, all colours differing from our national colours are + useless: let us, therefore, resume those which have so often led us + to victory. +</pre> + <p> + Such was the spirit of the article, though possibly the above copy may + differ in a few words. It met with the unqualified approbation of every + one present. I was therefore extremely surprised, on looking at the + 'Moniteur' next day, to find that the article was not inserted. I knew not + what courtly interference prevented the appearance of the article, but I + remember that Marmont was very ill pleased at its omission. He complained + on the subject to the Emperor Alexander, who promised to write, and in + fact did write, to the Provisional Government to get the article inserted. + However, it did not appear, and in a few days we obtained a solution of + the enigma, as we might perhaps have done before if we had tried. The + Emperor Alexander also promised to write to the Comte d'Artois, and to + inform him that the opinion of France was in favour of the preservation of + the three colours, but I do not know whether the letter was written, or, + if it was, what answer it received. + </p> + <p> + Marshal Jourdan, who was then at Rouen, received a letter, written without + the knowledge of Marmont, informing him that the latter had mounted the + white cockade in his corps. Jourdan thought he could not do otherwise than + follow Marmont's example, and he announced to the Provisional Government + that in consequence of the resolution of the Duke of Ragusa he had just + ordered his corps to wear the white cockade. Marmont could now be boldly + faced, and when he complained to the Provisional Government of the + non-insertion of the article in the Moniteur the reply was, "It cannot now + appear. You see Marshal Jourdan has mounted the white cockade: you would + not give the army two sets of colours!" + </p> + <p> + Marmont could make no answer to so positive a fact. It was not till some + time after that I learned Jourdan had determined to unfurl the white flag + only on the positive assurance that Marmont had already done so. Thus we + lost the colours which had been worn by Louis XVI., which Louis XVIII., + when a Prince, had adopted, and in which the Comte d'Artois showed himself + on his return to the Parisians, for he entered the capital in the uniform + of the National Guard. The fraud played off by some members of the + Provisional Government was attended by fatal consequences; many evils + might have been spared to France had Marmont's advice been adopted. + </p> + <p> + At the period of the dissolution of the Empire there might be said to be + three Governments in France, viz. the Provisional Government in Paris, + Napoleon's at Fontainebleau, and the doubtful and ambulatory Regency of + "Maria Louisa." Doubtful and ambulatory the Regency might well be called, + for there was so little decision as to the course to be adopted by the + Empress that it was at first proposed to conduct her to Orleans, then to + Tours, and she went finally to Blois. The uncertainty which prevailed + respecting the destiny of Maria Louisa is proved by a document which I + have in my possession, and of which there cannot be many copies in + existence. It is a circular addressed to the prefects by M. de Montalivet, + the Minister of the Interior, who accompanied the Empress. In it a blank + is left for the seat of the Government, to which the prefects are desired + to send their communications. In the copy I possess the blank is filled up + with the word "Blois" in manuscript. + </p> + <p> + As soon as Maria Louisa was made acquainted with the events that had taken + place around Paris she sent for the Duc de Cadore, and gave him a letter + addressed to the Emperor of Austria, saying, "Take this to my father, who + must be at Dijon. I rely on you for defending the interests of France, + those of the Emperor, and above all those of my son." Certainly Maria + Louisa's confidence could not be better placed, and those great interests + would have been defended by the Duc de Cadore 'si defendi possent.' + </p> + <p> + After the departure of the Duc de Cadore Maria Louisa published the + following proclamation, addressed to the French people: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + BY THE EMPRESS REGENT. + + A Proclamation + + The events of the war have placed the capital in the power of + foreigners. The Emperor has marched to defend it at the head of his + armies, so often victorious. They are face to face with the enemy + before the walls of Paris. From the residence which I have chosen, + and from the Ministers of the Emperor, will emanate the only orders + which you can acknowledge. Every town in the power of foreigners + ceases to be free, and every order which may proceed from them is + the language of the enemy, or that which it suits his hostile views + to propagate. You will be faithful to your oaths. You will listen + to the voice of a Princess who was consigned to your good faith, and + whose highest pride consists in being a Frenchwoman, and in being + united to the destiny of the sovereign whom you have freely chosen. + My son was less sure of your affections in the time of our + prosperity; his rights and his person are under your safeguard. + + (By order) MONTALIVET. (Signed) MARIA LOUISA + BLOIS, 3d April 1814. +</pre> + <p> + It is to be inferred that the Regency had within three days adopted the + resolution of not quitting Blois, for the above document presents no + blanks, nor words filled up in writing. The Empress' proclamation, though + a powerful appeal to the feelings of the French people, produced no + effect. Maria Louisa's proclamation was dated the 4th of April, on the + evening of which day Napoleon signed the conditional abdication, with the + fate of which the reader has already been made acquainted. M. de + Montalivet transmitted the Empress' proclamation, accompanied by another + circular, to the prefects, of whom very few received it. + </p> + <p> + M. de Champagny, having left Blois with the letter he had received from + the Empress, proceeded to the headquarters of the Emperor of Austria, + carefully avoiding those roads which were occupied by Cossack troops. He + arrived, not without considerable difficulty, at Chanseaux, where Frances + II. was expected. When the Emperor arrived the Duc de Cadore was + announced, and immediately introduced to his Majesty. The Duke remained + some hours with Francis II., without being able to obtain from him + anything but fair protestations. The Emperor always took refuge behind the + promise he had given to his Allies to approve whatever measures they might + adopt. The Duke was not to leave the Emperor's headquarters that evening, + and, in the hope that his Majesty might yet reflect on the critical + situation of his daughter, he asked permission to take leave next morning. + He accordingly presented himself to the Emperor's levee, when he renewed + his efforts in support of the claims of Maria Louisa. "I have a great + affection for my daughter, and also for my son-in law," said the Emperor. + "I bear them both in my heart, and would shed my blood for them"—"Ah, + Sire!" exclaimed M. de Champagny, "such a sacrifice is not necessary."—"Yes, + Duke, I say again I would shed my blood, I would resign my life for them, + but I have given my Allies a promise not to treat without them, and to + approve all that they may do. Besides," added the Emperor, "my Minister, + M. de Metternich, has gone to their headquarters, and I will ratify + whatever he may sign." + </p> + <p> + When the Duc de Cadore related to me the particulars of his mission, in + which zeal could not work an impossibility, I remarked that he regarded as + a circumstance fatal to Napoleon the absence of M. de Metternich and the + presence of M. Stadion at the headquarters of the Emperor of Austria. + Though in all probability nothing could have arrested the course of + events, yet it is certain that the personal sentiments of the two Austrian + Ministers towards Napoleon were widely different. I am not going too far + when I affirm that, policy apart, M. de Metternich was much attached to + Napoleon. In support of this assertion I may quote a fact of which I can + guarantee the authenticity: + </p> + <p> + When M. de Metternich was complimented on the occasion of Maria Louisa's + marriage he replied, "To have contributed to a measure which has received + the approbation of 80,000,000 men is indeed a just subject of + congratulation." Such a remark openly made by the intelligent Minister of + the Cabinet of Vienna was well calculated to gratify the ears of Napoleon, + from whom, however, M. de Metternich in his personal relations did not + conceal the truth. I recollect a reply which was made by M. de Metternich + at Dresden after a little hesitation. "As to you," said the Emperor, "you + will not go to war with me. It is impossible that you can declare yourself + against me. That can never be."—"Sire, we are not now quite allies, + and some time hence we may become enemies." This hint was the last which + Napoleon received from Metternich, and Napoleon must have been blind + indeed not to have profited by it. As to M. Stadion, he entertained a + profound dislike of the Emperor. That Minister knew and could not forget + that his preceding exclusion from the Cabinet of Vienna had been due to + the all-powerful influence of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + Whether or not the absence of Metternich influenced the resolution of + Francis II., it is certain that that monarch yielded nothing to the urgent + solicitations of a Minister who conscientiously fulfilled the delicate + mission consigned to him. M. de Champagny rejoined the Empress at Orleans, + whither she had repaired on leaving Blois. He found Maria Louisa almost + deserted, all the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire having successively + returned to Paris after sending in their submissions to the Provisional + Government. + </p> + <p> + I had scarcely entered upon the exercise of my functions as + Postmaster-General when, on the morning of the 2d of April, I was + surprised to see a Prussian general officer enter my cabinet. I + immediately recognised him as General Blücher. He had commanded the + Prussian army in the battle which took place at the gates of Paris. "Sir," + said he, "I consider it one of my first duties on entering Paris to thank + you for the attention I received from you in Hamburg. I am sorry that I + was not sooner aware of your being in Paris. I assure you that had I been + sooner informed of this circumstance the capitulation should have been + made without a blow being struck. How much blood might then have been + spared!"—"General," said I, "on what do you ground this assurance?"—"If + I had known that you were in Paris I would have given you a letter to the + King of Prussia. That monarch, who knows the resources and intentions of + the Allies, would, I am sure, have authorised you to decide a suspension + of arms before the neighbourhood of Paris became the theatre of the war."—"But," + resumed I, "in spite of the good intentions of the Allies, it would have + been very difficult to prevent resistance. French pride, irritated as it + was by reverses, would have opposed insurmountable obstacles to such a + measure."—"But, good heavens! you would have seen that resistance + could be of no avail against such immense masses."—"You are right, + General; but French honour would have been defended to the last."—"I + am fully aware of that; but surely you have earned glory enough!"—"Yet + our French susceptibility would have made us look upon that glory as + tarnished if Paris had been occupied without defence ... But under present + circumstances I am well pleased that you were satisfied with my conduct in + Hamburg, for it induces me to hope that you will observe the same + moderation in Paris that I exercised there. The days are past when it + could be said, Woe to the conquered."—"You are right; yet," added + he, smiling, "you know we are called the northern barbarians."—"Then, + General," returned I, "you have a fair opportunity of showing that that + designation is a libel." + </p> + <p> + Some days after Blücher's visit I had the honour of being admitted to a + private audience of the King of Prussia. Clarke and Berthier were also + received in this audience, which took place at the hotel of Prince Eugène, + where the King of Prussia resided in Paris. We waited for some minutes in + the salon, and when Frederick William entered from his cabinet I remarked + on his countenance an air of embarrassment and austerity which convinced + me that he had been studying his part, as great personages are in the + habit of doing on similar occasions. The King on entering the salon first + noticed Berthier, whom he addressed with much kindness, bestowing praises + on the French troops, and complimenting the Marshal on his conduct during + the war in Germany. Berthier returned thanks for these well-merited + praises, for though he was not remarkable for strength of understanding or + energy of mind, yet he was not a bad man, and I have known many proofs of + his good conduct in conquered countries. + </p> + <p> + After saluting Berthier the King of Prussia turned towards Clarke, and his + countenance immediately assumed an expression of dissatisfaction. He had + evidently not forgotten Clarke's conduct in Berlin. He reminded him that + he had rendered the Continental system more odious than it was in itself, + and that he had shown no moderation in the execution of his orders. "In + short," said his Majesty, "if I have any advice to give you, it is that + you never again return to Prussia." The King pronounced these words in so + loud and decided a tone that Clarke was perfectly confounded. He uttered + some unintelligible observations, which, however, Frederick William did + not notice, for suddenly turning towards me he said, with an air of + affability, "Ah! M. de Bourrienne, I am glad to see you, and I take this + opportunity of repeating what I wrote to you from Gonigsberg. You always + extended protection to the Germans, and did all you could to alleviate + their condition. I learned with great satisfaction what you did for the + Prussians whom the fate of war drove into Hamburg; and I feel pleasure in + telling you, in the presence of these two gentlemen, that if all the + French agents had acted as you did we should not, probably, be here." I + expressed, by a profound bow, how much I was gratified by this + complimentary address, and the king, after saluting us, retired. + </p> + <p> + About the middle of April Bernadotte arrived in Paris. His situation had + become equivocal, since circumstances had banished the hopes he might have + conceived in his interview with the Emperor Alexander at Åbo. Besides, he + had been represented in some official pamphlets as a traitor to France, + and among certain worshippers of our injured glory there prevailed a + feeling of irritation, and which was unjustly directed towards Bernadotte. + </p> + <p> + I even remember that Napoleon, before he had fallen from his power, had a + sort of national protest made by the police against the Prince Royal of + Sweden. This Prince had reserved an hotel in the Rue d'Anjou, and the + words, "Down with the traitor! down with the perjurer," were shouted + there; but this had no result, as it was only considered an outrage caused + by a spirit of petty vengeance. + </p> + <p> + While Bernadotte was in Paris I saw him every day. He but faintly + disguised from me the hope he had entertained of ruling France; and in the + numerous conversations to which our respective occupations led I + ascertained, though Bernadotte did not formally tell me so, that he once + had strong expectations of succeeding Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + Pressed at last into his final intrenchments he broke through all reserve + and confirmed all I knew of the interview of Åbo. + </p> + <p> + I asked Bernadotte what he thought of the projects which were attributed + to Moreau; whether it was true that he had in him a competitor, and + whether Moreau had aspired to the dangerous honour of governing France: + "Those reports," replied the Prince Royal of Sweden, "are devoid of + foundation: at least I can assure you that in the conversations I have had + with the Emperor Alexander, that sovereign never said anything which could + warrant such a supposition. I know that the Emperor of Russia wished to + avail himself of the military talents of Moreau in the great struggle that + had commenced, and to enable the exiled general to return to his country, + in the hope that, should the war prove fortunate, he would enjoy the + honours and privileges due to his past services." + </p> + <p> + Bernadotte expressed to me astonishment at the recall of the Bourbons, and + assured me that he had not expected the French people would so readily + have consented to the Restoration. I confess I was surprised that + Bernadotte, with the intelligence I knew him to possess, should imagine + that the will of subjects has any influence in changes of government! + </p> + <p> + During his stay in Paris Bernadotte evinced for me the same sentiments of + friendship which he had shown me at Hamburg. One day I received from him a + letter, dated Paris, with which he transmitted to me one of the crosses of + the Polar Star, which the King of Sweden had left at his disposal. + Bernadotte was not very well satisfied with his residence in Paris, in + spite of the friendship which the Emperor Alexander constantly manifested + towards him. After a few days he set out for Sweden, having first taken + leave of the Comte d'Artois. I did not see him after his farewell visit to + the Count, so that I know not what was the nature of the conversation + which passed between the two Princes. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0116" id="link2H_4_0116"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="front4 (79K)" src="images/front4.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + VOLUME IV. — 1814-1821 + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd004 (80K)" src="images/pd004.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd006 (82K)" src="images/pd006.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd070 (55K)" src="images/pd070.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd138 (70K)" src="images/pd138.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd176 (106K)" src="images/pd176.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd204 (113K)" src="images/pd204.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd296 (92K)" src="images/pd296.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd316 (55K)" src="images/pd316.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd358 (79K)" src="images/pd358.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + + <div class="fig" style="width:80%;"> <img alt="pd432 (75K)" src="images/pd432.jpg" width="100%" /><br /></div> + + <p> + <br /><br /> <a name="linklink2HCH0105" id="link2HCH0105"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Unalterable determination of the Allies with respect to Napoleon— + Fontainebleau included in the limits to be occupied by the Allies— + Alexander's departure from Paris—Napoleon informed of the necessity + of his unconditional abdication—Macdonald and Ney again sent to + Paris—Alleged attempt of Napoleon to poison himself—Farewell + interview between Macdonald and Napoleon—The sabre of Murad Bey— + Signature of the act of unconditional abdication—Tranquillity of + Paris during the change of Government—Ukase of the Emperor of + Russia relative to the Post-office—Religious ceremony on the Place + Louis XV.—Arrival of the Comte d'Artois—His entrance into Paris— + Arrival of the Emperor of Austria—Singular assemblage of sovereigns + in France—Visit of the Emperor of Austria to Maria Louisa—Her + interview with the Emperor Alexander—Her departure for Vienna. +</pre> + <p> + When Marmont left Paris on the receipt of the intelligence from Essonne, + Marshals Macdonald and Ney and the Duke of Vicenza waited upon the Emperor + Alexander to learn his resolution before he could have been informed of + the movement of Marmont's troops. I myself went during the morning to the + hotel of M. de Talleyrand, and it was there I learnt how what we had hoped + for had become fact: the matter was completely decided. The Emperor + Alexander had walked out at six in the morning to the residence of the + King of Prussia in the Rue de Bourbon. The two sovereigns afterwards + proceeded together to M. de Talleyrand's, where they were when Napoleon's + Commissioners arrived. The Commissioners being introduced to the two + sovereigns, the Emperor Alexander, in answer to their proposition, replied + that the Regency was impossible, as submissions to the Provisional + Government were pouring in from all parts, and that if the army had formed + contrary wishes those should have been sooner made known. "Sire," observed + Macdonald, "that—was—impossible, as none of the Marshals were + in Paris, and besides, who could foresee the turn which affairs have + taken? Could we imagine that an unfounded alarm would have removed from + Essonne the corps of the Duke of Ragusa, who has this moment left us to + bring his troops back to order?" These words produced no change in the + determination of the sovereigns, who would hear of nothing but the + unconditional abdication of Napoleon. Before the Marshals took leave of + the Emperor Alexander they solicited an armistice of forty-eight hours, + which time they said was indispensable to negotiate the act of abdication + with Napoleon. This request was granted without hesitation, and the + Emperor Alexander, showing Macdonald a map of the environs of Paris, + courteously presented him with a pencil, saying, "Here, Marshal, mark + yourself the limits to be observed by the two armies."—"No, Sire," + replied Macdonald, "we are the conquered party, and it is for you to mark + the line of demarcation." Alexander determined that the right bank of the + Seine should be occupied by the Allied troops, and the left bank by the + French; but it was observed that this arrangement would be attended with + inconvenience, as it would cut Paris in two, and it was agreed that the + line should turn Paris. I have been informed that on a map sent to the + Austrian staff to acquaint Prince Schwartzenberg with the limits + definitively agreed on, Fontainebleau, the Emperor's headquarters, was by + some artful means included within the line. The Austrians acted so + implicitly on this direction that Marshal Macdonald was obliged to + complain on the subject to Alexander, who removed all obstacles. + </p> + <p> + When, in discussing the question of the abdication conformably with the + instructions he had received, Macdonald observed to the Emperor Alexander + that Napoleon wished for nothing for himself, "Assure him," replied + Alexander, "that a provision shall be made for him worthy of the rank he + has occupied. Tell him that if he wishes to reside in my States he shall + be well received, though he brought desolation there. I shall always + remember the friendship which united us. He shall have the island of Elba, + or something else." After taking leave of the Emperor Alexander, on the + 5th of April, Napoleon's Commissioners returned to Fontainebleau to render + an account of their mission. I saw Alexander that same day, and it + appeared to me that his mind was relieved of a great weight by the + question of the Regency being brought to an end. I was informed that he + intended to quit Paris in a few days, and that he had given full powers to + M. Pozzo-di-Borgo, whom he appointed his Commissioner to the Provisional + Government. + </p> + <p> + On the same day, the 5th of April, Napoleon inspected his troops in the + Palace yard of Fontainebleau. He observed some coolness among his + officers, and even among the private soldiers, who had evinced such + enthusiasm when he inspected them on the 2d of April. He was so much + affected by this change of conduct that he remained but a short time on + the parade, and afterwards retired to his apartments. + </p> + <p> + About one o'clock on the morning of the 6th of April Ney, Macdonald, and + Caulaincourt arrived at Fontainebleau to acquaint the Emperor with the + issue of their mission, and the sentiments expressed by Alexander when + they took leave of him. Marshal Ney was the first to announce to Napoleon + that the Allies required his complete and unconditional abdication, + unaccompanied by any stipulation, except that of his personal safety, + which should be guaranteed. Marshal Macdonald and the Duke of Vicenza then + spoke to the same effect, but in more gentle terms than those employed by + Ney, who was but little versed in the courtesies of speech. When Marshal + Macdonald had finished speaking Napoleon said with some emotion, "Marshal, + I am sensible of all that you have done for me, and of the warmth with + which you have pleaded the cause of my son. They wish for my complete and + unconditional abdication. . . . Very well. I again empower you to act on + my behalf. You shall go and defend my interests and those of my family." + Then, after a moment's pause, he added, still addressing Macdonald, + "Marshal, where shall I go?" Macdonald then informed the Emperor what + Alexander had mentioned in the hypothesis of his wishing to reside in + Russia. "Sire," added he, "the Emperor of Russia told me that he destined + for you the island of Elba, or something else."—"Or something else!" + repeated Napoleon hastily, "and what is that something else?"—"Sire, + I know not."—"Ah! it is doubtless the island of Corsica, and he + refrained from mentioning it to avoid embarrassment! Marshal, I leave all + to you." + </p> + <p> + The Marshals returned to Paris as soon as Napoleon furnished them with new + powers; Caulaincourt remained at Fontainebleau. On arriving in Paris + Marshal Ney sent in his adhesion to the Provisional Government, so that + when Macdonald returned to Fontainebleau to convey to Napoleon the + definitive treaty of the Allies, Ney did not accompany him, and the + Emperor expressed surprise and dissatisfaction at his absence. Ney, as all + his friends concur in admitting, expended his whole energy in battle, and + often wanted resolution when out of the field, consequently I was not + surprised to find that he joined us before some other of his comrades. As + to Macdonald, he was one of those generous spirits who may be most + confidently relied on by those who have wronged them. Napoleon experienced + the truth of this. Macdonald returned alone to Fontainebleau, and when he + entered the Emperor's chamber he found him seated in a small armchair + before the fireplace. He was dressed in a morning-gown of white dimity, + and he wore his slippers without stockings. His elbows rested on his knees + and his head was supported by his hands. He was motionless, and seemed + absorbed in profound reflection. Only two persons were in the apartment, + the Duke of Bassano; who was at a little distance from the Emperor, and + Caulaincourt, who was near the fireplace. So profound was Napoleon's + reverie that he did not hear Macdonald enter, and the Duke of Vicenza was + obliged to inform him of the Marshal's presence. "Sire," said + Caulaincourt, "the Duke of Tarantum has brought for your signature the + treaty which is to be ratified to-morrow." The Emperor then, as if roused + from a lethargic slumber, turned to Macdonald, and merely said, "Ah, + Marshal! so you are here!" Napoleon's countenance was so altered that the + Marshal, struck with the change, said, as if it were involuntarily, "Is + your Majesty indisposed?"—"Yes," answered Napoleon, "I have passed a + very bad night." + </p> + <p> + The Emperor continued seated for a moment, then rising, he took the + treaty, read it without making any observation, signed it, and returned it + to the Marshal, saying; "I am not now rich enough to reward these last + services."—"Sire, interest never guided my conduct."—"I know + that, and I now see how I have been deceived respecting you. I also see + the designs of those who prejudiced me against you."—"Sire, I have + already told you, since 1809 I am devoted to you in life and death."—"I + know it. But since I cannot reward you as I would wish, let a token of + remembrance, inconsiderable though it be, assure you that I shall ever + bear in mind the services you have rendered me." Then turning to + Caulaincourt Napoleon said, "Vicenza, ask for the sabre which was given me + by Murad Bey in Egypt, and which I wore at the battle of Mount Thabor." + Constant having brought the sabre, the Emperor took it from the hands of + Caulaincourt and presented it to the Marshal "Here, my faithful friend," + said he, "is a reward which I believe will gratify you." Macdonald on + receiving the sabre said, "If ever I have a son, Sire, this will be his + most precious inheritance. I will never part with it as long as I live."—"Give + me your hand," said the Emperor, "and embrace me." At these words Napoleon + and Macdonald affectionately rushed into each other's arms, and parted + with tears in their eyes. Such was the last interview between Macdonald + and Napoleon. I had the above particulars from the Marshal himself in + 1814., a few days after he returned to Paris with the treaty ratified by + Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + After the clauses of the treaty had been guaranteed Napoleon signed, on + the 11th of April, at Fontainebleau, his act of abdication, which was in + the following terms:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The Allied powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon is the + only obstacle to the re-establishment of peace in Europe, the + Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he renounces + for himself and his heirs the thrones of France and Italy, and that + there is no personal sacrifice, even that of life, which he is not + ready to make for the interests of France." +</pre> + <p> + It was not until after Bonaparte had written and signed the above act that + Marshal Macdonald sent to the Provisional Government his recognition, + expressed in the following dignified and simple manner:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Being released from my allegiance by the abdication of the Emperor + Napoleon, I declare that I conform to the acts of the Senate and the + Provisional Government." +</pre> + <p> + It is worthy of remark that Napoleon's act of abdication was published in + the 'Moniteur' on the 12th of April, the very day on which the Comte + d'Artois made his entry into Paris with the title of Lieutenant-General of + the Kingdom conferred on him by Louis XVIII. The 12th of April was also + the day on which the Imperial army fought its last battle before Toulouse, + when the French troops, commanded by Soult, made Wellington purchase so + dearly his entrance into the south of France.—[The battle of + Toulouse was fought on the 10th not 12th April D.W.] + </p> + <p> + Political revolutions are generally stormy, yet, during the great change + of 1814 Paris was perfectly tranquil, thanks to the excellent discipline + maintained by the commanders of the Allied armies, and thanks also to the + services of the National Guard of Paris, who every night patrolled the + streets. My duties as Director-General of the Post-office had of course + obliged me to resign my captain's epaulette. + </p> + <p> + When I first obtained my appointment I had been somewhat alarmed to hear + that all the roads were covered with foreign troops, especially Cossacks, + who even in time of peace are very ready to capture any horses that may + fall in their way. On my application to the Emperor Alexander his Majesty + immediately issued a ukase, severely prohibiting the seizure of horses or + anything belonging to the Post-office department. The ukase was printed by + order of the Czar, and filed up at all the post-offices, and it will be + seen that after the 20th of March, when I was placed in an embarrassing + situation, one of the postmasters on the Lille road expressed to me his + gratitude for my conduct while I was in the service. + </p> + <p> + On the 10th of April a ceremony took place in Paris which has been much + spoken of; and which must have had a very imposing effect on those who + allow themselves to be dazzled by mere spectacle. Early in the morning + some regiments of the Allied troops occupied the north side of the + Boulevard, from the site of the old Bastille to the Place Louis XV., in + the middle of which an altar of square form was erected. Thither the + Allied sovereigns came to witness the celebration of mass according to the + rites of the Greek Church. I went to a window of the hotel of the Minister + of the Marine to see the ceremony. After I had waited from eight in the + morning till near twelve the pageant commenced by the arrival of half a + dozen Greek priests, with long beards, and as richly dressed as the high + priests who figure in the processions of the opera. About three-quarters + of an hour after this first scene the infantry, followed by the cavalry, + entered the place, which, in a few moments was entirely covered with + military. The Allied sovereigns at length appeared, attended by brilliant + staffs. They alighted from their horses and advanced to the altar. What + appeared to me most remarkable was the profound silence of the vast + multitude during the performance of the mass. The whole spectacle had the + effect of a finely-painted panorama. For my own part, I must confess I was + heartily tired of the ceremony, and was very glad when it was over. I + could not admire the foreign uniforms, which were very inferior to ours. + Many of them appeared fanciful, and even grotesque, and nothing can be + more unsoldier-like than to see a man laced in stays till his figure + resembles a wasp. The ceremony which took place two days after, though + less pompous, was much more French. In the retinue which, on the 12th of + April, momentarily increased round the Comte d'Artos, there were at least + recollections for the old, and hopes for every one. + </p> + <p> + When, on the departure of the Commissioners whom Napoleon had sent to + Alexander to treat for the Regency, it was finally determined that the + Allied sovereigns would listen to no proposition from Napoleon and his + family, the Provisional Government thought it time to request that + Monsieur would, by his presence, give a new impulse to the partisans of + the Bourbons. The Abby de Montesquieu wrote to the Prince a letter, which + was carried to him by Viscount Sosthenes de la Rochefoucauld, one of the + individuals who, in these difficult circumstances, most zealously served + the cause of the Bourbons. On the afternoon of the 11th Monsieur arrived + at a country-house belonging to Madame Charles de Dames, where he passed + the night. The news of his arrival spread through Paris with the rapidity + of lightning, and every one wished to solemnise his entrance into the + capital. The National Guard formed a double line from the barrier of Bondy + to Notre Dame, whither the Prince was first to proceed, in observance of + an old custom, which, however, had become very rare in France during the + last twenty years. + </p> + <p> + M. de Talleyrand, accompanied by the members of the Provisional + Government, several Marshals and general officers, and the municipal body, + headed by the prefect of the Seine, went in procession beyond the barrier + to receive Monsieur. M. de Talleyrand, in the name of the Provisional + Government, addressed the Prince, who in reply made that observation which + has been so often repeated, "Nothing is changed in France: there is only + one Frenchman more." + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[These words were never really uttered by the Comte d'Artois, and + we can in this case follow the manufacture of the phrase. The reply + actually made to Talleyrand was, "Sir, and gentlemen, I thank you; I + am too happy. Let us get on; I am too happy." When the day's work + was done, "Let us see," said Talleyrand; "what did Monsieur say? I + did not hear much: he seemed much moved, and desirous of hastening + on, but if what he did say will not suit you (Beugnot), make an + answer for him . . . and I can answer that Monsieur will accept it, + and that so thoroughly that by the end of a couple of days he will + believe he made it, and he will have made it: you will count for + nothing." After repeated attempts, rejected by Talleyrand, Beugnot + at last produced, "No more divisions. Peace and France! At last I + see her once more, and nothing in her is changed, except that here + is one more Frenchman." At last the great critic (Talleyrand) said, + "This time I yield; that is really Monsieur's speech, and I will + answer for you that he is the man who made it." Monsieur did not + disdain to refer to it in his replies, and the prophecy of M. de + Talleyrand was completely realised (Beugnot, vol. ii, p. 119)]— +</pre> + <p> + This remark promised much. The Comte Artois next proceeded on horseback to + the barrier St. Martin. I mingled in the crowd to see the procession and + to observe the sentiments of the spectators. Near me stood an old knight + of St. Louis, who had resumed the insignia of the order, and who wept for + joy at again seeing one of the Bourbons. The procession soon arrived, + preceded by a band playing the air, "Vive Henri Quatre!" I had never + before seen Monsieur, and his appearance had a most pleasing effect upon + me. His open countenance bore the expression of that confidence which his + presence inspired in all who saw him. His staff was very brilliant, + considering it was got together without preparation. The Prince wore the + uniform of the National Guard, with the insignia of the Order of the Holy + Ghost. + </p> + <p> + I must candidly state that where I saw Monsieur pass, enthusiasm was + chiefly confined to his own retinue, and to persons who appeared to belong + to a superior class of society. The lower order of people seemed to be + animated by curiosity and astonishment rather than any other feeling. I + must add that it was not without painful surprise I saw a squadron of + Cossacks close the procession; and my surprise was the greater when I + learned from General Sacken that the Emperor Alexander had wished that on + that day the one Frenchman more should be surrounded only by Frenchmen, + and that to prove that the presence of the Bourbons was the signal of + reconciliation his Majesty had ordered 20,000 of the Allied troops to quit + Paris. I know not to what the presence of the Cossacks is to be + attributed, but it was an awkward circumstance at the time, and one which + malevolence did not fail to seize upon. + </p> + <p> + Two days only intervened between Monsieur's entrance into Paris and the + arrival of the Emperor of Austria. That monarch was not popular among the + Parisians. The line of conduct he had adopted was almost generally + condemned, for, even among those who had most ardently wished for the + dethronement of his daughter, through their aversion to the Bonaparte + family, there were many who blamed the Emperor of Austria's behaviour to + Maria Louisa: they would have wished that, for the honour of Francis II., + he had unsuccessfully opposed the downfall of the dynasty, whose alliance + he considered as a safeguard in 1809. This was the opinion which the mass + of the people instinctively formed, for they judged of the Emperor of + Austria in his character of a father and not in his character of a + monarch; and as the rights of misfortune are always sacred in France, more + interest was felt for Maria Louisa when she was known to be forsaken than + when she was in the height of her splendour. Francis II. had not seen his + daughter since the day when she left Vienna to unite her destiny with that + of the master of half of Europe, and I have already stated how he received + the mission with which Maria Louisa entrusted the Duc de Cadore. + </p> + <p> + I was then too intent on what was passing in Paris and at Fontainebleau to + observe with equal interest all the circumstances connected with the fate + of Maria Louisa, but I will present to the reader all the information I + was able to collect respecting that Princess during the period immediately + preceding her departure from France. She constantly assured the persons + about her that she could rely on her father. The following words, which + were faithfully reported to me, were addressed by her to an officer who + was at Blois during the mission of M. de Champagny. "Even though it should + be the intention of the Allied sovereigns to dethrone the Emperor + Napoleon, my father will not suffer it. When he placed me on the throne of + France he repeated to me twenty times his determination to uphold me on + it; and my father is an honest man." I also know that the Empress, both at + Blois and at Orleans, expressed her regret at not having followed the + advice of the members of the Regency, who wished her to stay in Paris. + </p> + <p> + On leaving Orleans Maria Louisa proceeded to Rambouillet; and it was not + one of the least extraordinary circumstances of that eventful period to + see the sovereigns of Europe, the dethroned sovereigns of France, and + those who had come to resume the sceptre, all crowded together within a + circle of fifteen leagues round the capital. There was a Bourbon at the + Tuileries, Bonaparte at Fontainebleau, his wife and son at Rambouillet, + the repudiated Empress at Malmaison three leagues distant, and the + Emperors of Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia in Paris. + </p> + <p> + When all her hopes had vanished Maria Louisa left Rambouillet to return to + Austria with her son. She did not obtain permission to see Napoleon before + her departure, though she had frequently expressed a wish to that effect. + Napoleon himself was aware of the embarrassment which might have attended + such a farewell, or otherwise he would no doubt have made a parting + interview with Maria Louisa one of the clauses of the treaty of Paris and + Fontainebleau, and of his definitive act of abdication. I was informed at + the time that the reason which prevented Maria Louisa's wish from being + acceded to was the fear that, by one of those sudden impulses common to + women, she might have determined to unite herself to Napoleon's fallen + fortune, and accompany him to Elba; and the Emperor of Austria wished to + have his daughter back again. + </p> + <p> + Things had arrived at this point, and there was no possibility of + retracting from any of the decisions which had been formed when the + Emperor of Austria went to see his daughter at Rambouillet. I recollect it + was thought extraordinary at the time that the Emperor Alexander should + accompany him on this visit; and, indeed, the sight of the sovereign, who + was regarded as the head and arbiter of the coalition, could not be + agreeable to the dethroned Empress. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Meneval (tome ii. p. 112), then with Maria Louisa as Secretary, + who gives some details of her interview with the Emperor Francis on + the 16th of April, says nothing about the Czar having been there; a + fact he would have been sure to have remarked upon. It was only on + the 19th of April that Alexander visited her, the King of Prussia + coming in his turn on the 22d; but Bourrienne is right in saying + that Maria Louisa complained bitterly of having to receive + Alexander, and considered that she was forced by her father to do + so. The poor little King of Rome, then only three years old, had + also to be seen by the monarchs. He was not taken with his + grandfather, remarking that he was not handsome. Maria Louisa + seems, according to Meneval, to have been at this time really + anxious to join Napoleon (Meneval, tome ii. p. 94). She left + Rambouillet on the 28d of April stopped one day at Grossbois, + receiving there her father and Berthier, and taking farewell of + several persons who came from Paris for that purpose. On the 25th + of April she started for Vienna, and later for Parma, which state + she received under the treaty of 1814 and 1815. She yielded to the + influence brought to bear on her, became estranged from Napoleon, + and eventually married her chamberlain, the Comte de Neipperg, an + Austrian general.]— +</pre> + <p> + The two Emperors set off from Paris shortly after each other. The Emperor + of Austria arrived first at Rambouillet, where he was received with + respect and affection by his daughter. Maria Louisa was happy to see him, + but the many tears she shed were not all tears of joy. After the first + effusion of filial affection she complained of the situation to which she + was reduced. Her father sympathised with her, but could offer her no + consolation, since her misfortunes were irreparable. Alexander was + expected to arrive immediately, and the Emperor of Austria therefore + informed his daughter that the Russian monarch wished to see her. At first + Maria Louisa decidedly refused to receive him, and she persisted for some + time in this resolution. She said to her father, "Would he too make me a + prisoner before your eyes? If he enters here by force I will retire to my + chamber. There, I presume, he will not dare to follow me while you are + here." But there was no time to be lost; Francis II. heard the equipage of + the Emperor of Russia rolling through the courtyard of Rambouillet, and + his entreaties to his daughter became more and more urgent. At length she + yielded, and the Emperor of Austria went himself to meet his ally and + conduct him to the salon where Maria Louisa remained, in deference to her + father. She did not, however, carry her deference so far as to give a + favourable reception to him whom she regarded as the author of all her + misfortunes. She listened with considerable coldness to the offers and + protestations of Alexander, and merely replied that all she wished for was + the liberty of returning to her family. A few days after this painful + interview Maria Louisa and her son set off for Vienna. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[A few days after this visit Alexander paid his respects to + Bonaparte's other wife, Josephine. In this great breaking up of + empires and kingdoms the unfortunate Josephine, who had been + suffering agonies on account of the husband who had abandoned her, + was not forgotten. One of the first things the Emperor of Russia + did on arriving at Paris was to despatch a guard for the protection + of her beautiful little palace at Malmaison. The Allied sovereigns + treated her with delicacy and consideration. + + "As soon as the Emperor Alexander knew that the Empress Josephine + had arrived at Malmaison he hastened to pay her a visit. It is not + possible to be more amiable than he was to her. When in the course + of conversation he spoke of the occupation of Paris by the Allies, + and of the position of the Emperor Napoleon, it was always in + perfectly measured language: he never forgot for a single instant + that he was speaking before one who had been the wife of his + vanquished enemy. On her side the ex-Empress did not conceal the + tender sentiments, the lively affection she still entertained for + Napoleon. . . . Alexander had certainly something elevated and + magnanimous in his character, which would not permit him to say a + single word capable of insulting misfortune; the Empress had only + one prayer to make to him, and that was for her children."]— +</pre> + <p> + This visit was soon followed by those of the other Allied Princes. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The King of Prussia and the Princes, his sons, came rather + frequently to pay their court to Josephine; they even dined with her + several times at Malmaison; but the Emperor Alexander come much more + frequently. The Queen Hortense was always with her mother when she + received the sovereigns, and assisted her in doing the honours of + the house. The illustrious strangers exceedingly admired Malmaison, + which seemed to them a charming residence. They were particularly + struck with the fine gardens and conservatories." + + From this moment, however, Josephine's health rapidly declined, and + she did not live to see Napoleon's return from Elba. She often said + to her attendant, "I do not know what is the matter with me, but at + times I have fits of melancholy enough to kill me." But on the very + brink of the grave she retained all her amiability, all her love of + dress, and the graces and resources of a drawing-room society. The + immediate cause of her death was a bad cold she caught in taking a + drive in the park of Malmaison on a damp cold day. She expired on + the noon of Sunday, the 26th of May, in the fifty-third year of her + age. Her body was embalmed, and on the sixth day after her death + deposited in a vault in the church of Ruel, close to Malmaison. The + funeral ceremonies were magnificent, but a better tribute to the + memory of Josephine was to be found in the tears with which her + children, her servants, the neighbouring poor, and all that knew her + followed her to the grave. In 1826 a beautiful monument was erected + over her remains by Eugène Beauharnais and his sisters with this + simple inscription: + + TO JOSEPHINE. + + EUGENE. HORTENSE. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0106" id="link2HCH0106"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Italy and Eugène—Siege of Dantzic-Capitulation concluded but not + ratified-Rapp made prisoner and sent to Kiew—Davoust's refusal to + believe the intelligence from Paris—Projected assassination of one + of the French Princes—Departure of Davoust and General Hogendorff + from Hamburg—The affair of Manbreuil—Arrival of the Commissioners + of the Allied powers at Fontainebleau—Preference shown by Napoleon + to Colonel Campbell—Bonaparte's address to General Kohler—His + farewell to his troops—First day of Napoleon's journey—The + Imperial Guard succeeded by the Cossacks—Interview with Augereau— + The first white cockades—Napoleon hanged in effigy at Orgon—His + escape in the disguise of a courier—Scene in the inn of La Calade— + Arrival at Aix—The Princess Pauline—Napoleon embarks for Elba—His + life at Elba. +</pre> + <p> + I must now direct the attention of the reader to Italy, which was the + cradle of Napoleon's glory, and towards which he transported himself in + imagination from the Palace of Fontainebleau. Eugène had succeeded in + keeping up his means of defence until April, but on the 7th of that month, + being positively informed of the overwhelming reverses of France, he found + himself constrained to accede to the propositions of the Marshal de + Bellegarde to treat for the evacuation of Italy; and on the 10th a + convention was concluded, in which it was stipulated that the French + troops, under the command of Eugène, should return within the limits of + old France. The clauses of this convention were executed on the 19th of + April. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Lord William Bentinck and Sir Edward Pellew had taken Genoa on + the 18th Of April. Murat was in the field with the Austrians + against the French.]— +</pre> + <p> + Eugène, thinking that the Senate of Milan was favourably disposed towards + him, solicited that body to use its influence in obtaining the consent of + the Allied powers to his continuance at the head of the Government of + Italy; but this proposition was rejected by the Senate. A feeling of + irritation pervaded the public mind in Italy, and the army had not + proceeded three marches beyond Mantua when an insurrection broke out in + Milan. The Finance Minister, Pizna, was assassinated, and his residence + demolished, and nothing would have saved the Viceroy from a similar fate + had he been in his capital. Amidst this popular excitement, and the + eagerness of the Italians to be released from the dominion of the French, + the friends of Eugène thought him fortunate in being able to join his + father-in-law at Munich almost incognito. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Some time after Eugène visited France and had a long audience of + Louis XVIII. He announced himself to that monarch by his father's + title of Marquis de Beauharnais. The King immediately saluted him + by the title of Monsieur le Marechal, and proposed that he should + reside in France with that rank. But this invitation Eugène + declined, because as a French Prince under the fallen Government he + had commanded the Marshals, and he therefore could not submit to be + the last in rank among those illustrious military chiefs. + Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + Thus, at the expiration of nine years, fell the iron crown which Napoleon + had placed on his head saying, "Dieu me l'a donne; gare a qui la touche." + </p> + <p> + I will now take a glance at the affairs of Germany. Rapp was not in France + at the period of the fall of the Empire. He had, with extraordinary + courage and skill, defended himself against a year's siege at Dantzic. At + length, being reduced to the last extremity, and constrained to surrender, + he opened the gates of the city, which presented nothing but heaps of + ruins. Rapp had stipulated that the garrison of Dantzic should return to + France, and the Duke of Wurtemberg, who commanded the siege, had consented + to that condition; but the Emperor of Russia having refused to ratify it, + Rapp, having no means of defence, was made prisoner with his troops; and + conducted to Kiew, whence he afterwards returned to Paris, where I saw + him. + </p> + <p> + Hamburg still held out, but at the beginning of April intelligence was + received there of the extraordinary events which had delivered Europe from + her oppressor. Davoust refused to believe this news, which at once + annihilated all his hopes of power and greatness. This blindness was + persisted in for some time at Hamburg. Several hawkers, who were marked + out by the police as having been the circulators of Paris news, were shot. + An agent of the Government publicly announced his design of assassinating + one of the French Princes, in whose service he was said to have been as a + page. He said he would go to his Royal Highness and solicit to be + appointed one of his aides de camp, and that, if the application were + refused, as it probably would be, the refusal would only confirm him in + his purpose. + </p> + <p> + At length, when the state of things was beyond the possibility of doubt, + Davoust assembled the troops, acquainted them with the dethronement of the + Emperor, hoisted a flag of truce, and sent his adhesion to the Provisional + Government. All then thought of their personal safety, without losing + sight of their honestly-acquired wealth. Diamonds and other objects of + value and small bulk were hastily collected and packed up. The Governor of + Hamburg, Count Hogendorff, who, in spite of some signal instances of + opposition, had too often co-operated in severe and vexatious measures, + was the first to quit the city. He was, indeed, hurried off by Davoust; + because he had mounted the Orange cockade and wished to take his Dutch + troops away with him. After consigning the command to General Gerard, + Davoust quitted Hamburg, and arrived at Paris on the 18th of June. + </p> + <p> + I have left Napoleon at Fontainebleau. The period of his departure for + Elba was near at hand: it was fixed for the 17th of April. + </p> + <p> + On that day Maubreuil, a man who has become unfortunately celebrated, + presented himself at the Post-office, and asked to speak with me. He + showed me some written orders, signed by General Sacken, the Commander of + the Russian troops in Palls, and by Baron Brackenhausen, chief of the + staff. These orders set forth that Maubreuil was entrusted with an + important mission, for the execution of which he was authorised to demand + the assistance of the Russian troops; and the commanders of those men were + enjoined to place at his disposal as many troops as he might apply for. + Maubreuil was also the bearer of similar orders from General Dupont, the + War Minister, and from M. Angles, the Provisional Commissary-General of + the Police, who directed all the other commissaries to obey the orders + they might receive from Maubreuil. On seeing these documents, of the + authenticity of which there was no doubt, I immediately ordered the + different postmasters to provide Maubreuil promptly with any number of + horses he might require. + </p> + <p> + Some days after I was informed that the object of Maubreuil's mission was + to assassinate Napoleon. It may readily be imagined what was my + astonishment on hearing this, after I had seen the signature of the + Commander of the Russian forces, and knowing as I did the intentions of + the Emperor Alexander. The fact is, I did not, and never can, believe that + such was the intention of Maubreuil. This man has been accused of having + carried off the jewels of the Queen of Westphalia. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon having consented to proceed to the island of Elba, conformably + with the treaty he had ratified on the 13th, requested to be accompanied + to the place of embarkation by a Commissioner from each of the Allied + powers. Count Schouwaloff was appointed by Russia, Colonel Neil Campbell + by England, General Kohler by Austria, and Count Waldbourg-Truchess by + Prussia. On the 16th the four Commissioners came for the first time to + Fontainebleau, where the Emperor, who was still attended by Generals + Drouot and Bertrand, gave to each a private audience on the following day. + </p> + <p> + Though Napoleon received with coldness the Commissioners whom he had + himself solicited, yet that coldness was far from being manifested in an + equal degree to all. He who experienced the best reception was Colonel + Campbell, apparently because his person exhibited traces of wounds. + Napoleon asked him in what battles he had received them, and on what + occasions he had been invested with the orders he wore. He next questioned + him as to the place of his birth, and Colonel Campbell having answered + that he was a Scotchman, Napoleon congratulated him on being the + countryman of Ossian, his favourite author, with whose poetry, however, he + was only acquainted through the medium of wretched translations. On this + first audience Napoleon said to the Colonel, "I have cordially hated the + English. I have made war against you by every possible means, but I esteem + your nation. I am convinced that there is more generosity in your + Government than in any other. I should like to be conveyed from Toulon to + Elba by an English frigate." + </p> + <p> + The Austrian and Russian Commissioners were received coolly, but without + any marked indications of displeasure. It was not so with the Prussian + Commissioner, to whom he said duly, "Are there any Prussians in my + escort?"—"No, Sire."—"Then why do you take the trouble to + accompany me?"—"Sire, it is not a trouble, but an honour."—"These + are mere words; you have nothing to do here."—"Sire, I could not + possibly decline the honourable mission with which the King my master has + entrusted me." At these words Napoleon turned his back on Count Truchess. + </p> + <p> + The Commissioners expected that Napoleon would be ready to set out without + delay; but they were deceived. He asked for a sight of the itinerary of + his route, and wished to make some alterations in it. The Commissioners + were reluctant to oppose his wish, for they had been instructed to treat + him with all the respect and etiquette due to a sovereign. They therefore + suspended the departure, and, as they could not take upon themselves to + acquiesce in the changes wished for by the Emperor, they applied for fresh + orders. On the night of the 18th of April they received these orders, + authorising them to travel by any road the Emperor might prefer. The + departure was then definitively fixed for the 20th. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly, at ten on the morning of the 20th, the carriages were in + readiness, and the Imperial Guard was drawn up in the grand court of the + Palace of Fontainebleau, called the Cour du Cheval Blanc. All the + population of the town and the neighbouring villages thronged round the + Palace. Napoleon sent for General Kohler, the Austrian Commissioner, and + said to him, "I have reflected on what I ought to do, and I am determined + not to depart. The Allies are not faithful to their engagements with me. I + can, therefore, revoke my abdication, which was only conditional. More + than a thousand addresses were delivered to me last night: I am conjured + to resume the reins of government. I renounced my rights to the crown only + to avert the horrors of a civil war, having never had any other object in + view than the glory and happiness of France. But, seeing as I now do, the + dissatisfaction inspired by the measures of the new Government, I can + explain to my Guard the reasons which induced me to revoke my abdication. + It is true that the number of troops on which I can count will scarcely + exceed 30,000 men, but it will be easy for me to increase their numbers to + 130,000. Know, then, that I can also, without injuring my honour, say to + my Guard, that having nothing but the repose and happiness of the country + at heart, I renounce all my rights, and exhort my troops to follow my + example, and yield to the wish of the nation." + </p> + <p> + I heard these words reported by General Kohler himself, after his return + from his mission. He did not disguise the embarrassment which this + unexpected address had occasioned; and I recollect having remarked at the + time that had Bonaparte, at the commencement of the campaign of Paris, + renounced his rights and returned to the rank of citizen, the immense + masses of the Allies must have yielded to the efforts of France. General + Kohler also stated that Napoleon complained of Maria Louisa not being + allowed to accompany him; but at length, yielding to the reasons urged by + those about him, he added, "Well, I prefer remaining faithful to my + promise; but if I have any new ground of complaint, I will free myself + from all my engagements." + </p> + <p> + At eleven o'clock Comte de Bussy, one of the Emperor's aides de camp, was + sent by the Grand Marshal (General Bertrand) to announce that all was + ready for departure. "Am I;" said Napoleon, "to regulate my actions by the + Grand Marshal's watch? I will go when I please. Perhaps I may not go at + all. Leave me!" + </p> + <p> + All the forms of courtly etiquette which Napoleon loved so much were + observed; and when at length he was pleased to leave his cabinet to enter + the salon, where the Commissioners were waiting; the doors were thrown + open as usual, and "The Emperor" was announced; but no sooner was the word + uttered than he turned back again. However, he soon reappeared, rapidly + crossed the gallery, and descended the staircase, and at twelve o'clock + precisely he stood at the head of his Guard, as if at a review in the + court of the Tuileries in the brilliant days of the Consulate and the + Empire. + </p> + <p> + Then took place a really moving scene—Napoleon's farewell to his + soldiers. Of this I may abstain from entering into any details, since they + are known everywhere, and by everybody, but I may subjoin the Emperor's + last address to his old companions-in-arms, because it belongs to history. + This address was pronounced in a voice as firm and sonorous as that in + which Bonaparte used to harangue his troops in the days of his triumphs. + It was as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Soldiers of my Old Guard, I bid you farewell. For twenty years I + have constantly accompanied you on the road to honour and glory. In + these latter times, as in the days of our prosperity, you have + invariably been models of courage and fidelity. With men such as + you our cause could not be lost, but the war would have been + interminable; it would have been civil war, and that would have + entailed deeper misfortunes on France. I have sacrificed all my + interests to those of the country. I go; but you, my friends, will + continue to serve France. Her happiness was my only thought.. It + will still be the object of my wishes. Do not regret my fate: if I + have consented to survive, it is to serve your glory. I intend to + write the history of the great achievements we have performed + together. Adieu, my friends. Would I could press you all to my, + heart!" +</pre> + <p> + During the first day cries of "Vive l'Empereur!" resounded along the road, + and Napoleon, resorting to his usual dissimulation, censured the + disloyalty of the people to their legitimate sovereign, which he did with + ill disguised irony. The Guard accompanied him as far as Briars. At that + place Napoleon invited Colonel Campbell to breakfast with him. He + conversed on the last war in Spain, and spoke in complimentary terms of + the English nation and the military talents of Wellington. Yet by that + time he must have heard of the battle of Toulouse. + </p> + <p> + On the night of the 21st Napoleon slept at Nevers, where he was received + by the acclamations of the people, who here, as in several other towns, + mingled their cries in favour of their late sovereign with imprecations + against the Commissioners of the Allies. He left Nevers at six on the + morning of the 22d. Napoleon was now no longer escorted by the Guards, who + were succeeded by a corps of Cossacks: the cries of "Vive l'Empereur!" + accordingly ceased, and he had the mortification to hear in its stead, + "Vivent les Allies!" However, I have been informed that at Lyons, through + which the Emperor passed on the 23d at eleven at night, the cry of "Vive + l'Empereur!" was still echoed among the groups who assembled before the + post-office during the change of horses. + </p> + <p> + Augereau, who was still a Republican, though he accepted the title of Duke + of Castiglione from Napoleon, had always been among the discontented. On + the downfall of the Emperor he was one of that considerable number of + persons who turned Royalists not out of love for the Bourbons but out of + hatred to Bonaparte. He held a command in the south when he heard of the + forfeiture of Napoleon pronounced by the Senate, and he was one of the + first to send his recognition to the Provisional Government. Augereau, + who, like all uneducated men, went to extremes in everything, had + published under his name a proclamation extravagantly violent and even + insulting to the Emperor. Whether Napoleon was aware of this proclamation + I cannot pretend to say, but he affected ignorance of the matter if he was + informed of it, for on the 24th, having met Augereau at a little distance + from Valence, he stopped his carriage and immediately alighted. Augereau + did the same, and they cordially embraced in the presence of the + Commissioners. It was remarked that in saluting Napoleon took off his hat + and Augereau kept on his. "Where are you going?", said the Emperor; "to + Court?"—"No, I am going to Lyons."—"You have behaved very + badly to me." Augereau, finding that the Emperor addressed him in the + second person singular, adopted the same familiarity; so they conversed as + they were accustomed to do when they were both generals in Italy. "Of what + do you complain?" said he. "Has not your insatiable ambition brought us to + this? Have you not sacrificed everything to that ambition, even the + happiness of France? I care no more for the Bourbons than for you. All I + care for is the country." Upon this Napoleon turned sharply away from the + Marshal, lifted his hat to him, and then stepped into his carriage. The + Commissioners, and all the persons in Napoleon's suite, were indignant at + seeing Augereau stand in the road still covered, with his hands behind his + back, and instead of bowing, merely making a contemptuous salutation to + Napoleon with his hand. It was at the Tuileries that these haughty + Republicans should have shown their airs. To have done so on the road to + Elba was a mean insult which recoiled upon themselves. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The following letter, taken from Captain Bingham's recently + published selections from the Correspondence of the first Napoleon, + indicates in emphatic language the Emperor's recent dissatisfaction + with Marshal Augereau when in command at Lyons during the "death + struggle" of 1814: + + To Marshal Augereau. + + NOGENT, 21st February, 1814, + + ....What! six hours after having received the first troops coming + from Spain you were not in the field! Six hours repose was + sufficient. I won the action of Naugis with a brigade of dragoons + coming from Spain which, since it had left Bayonne, had not + unbridled its horses. The six battalions of the division of Nimes + want clothes, equipment, and drilling, say you? What poor reasons + you give me there, Augereau! I have destroyed 80,000 enemies with + conscripts having nothing but knapsacks! The National Guards, say + you, are pitiable; I have 4000 here in round hats, without + knapsacks, in wooden shoes, but with good muskets, and I get a great + deal out of them. There is no money, you continue; and where do you + hope to draw money from! You want waggons; take them wherever you + can. You have no magazines; this is too ridiculous. I order you + twelve hours after the reception of this letter to take the field. + If you are still Augereau of Castiglione, keep the command, but if + your sixty years weigh upon you hand over the command to your senior + general. The country is in danger; and can be saved by boldness and + alacrity alone.... + (Signed) NAPOLEON]— +</pre> + <p> + At Valence Napoleon, for the first time, saw French soldiers with the + white cockade in their caps. They belonged to Augereau's corps. At Orange + the air resounded with tunes of "Vive le Roi!" Here the gaiety, real or + feigned, which Napoleon had hitherto evinced, began to forsake him. + </p> + <p> + Had the Emperor arrived at Avignon three hours later than he did there is + no doubt that he would have been massacred.—[The Royalist mob of + Avignon massacred Marshal Brune in 1816.]—He did not change horses + at Avignon, through which he passed at five in the morning, but at St. + Andiol, where he arrived at six. The Emperor, who was fatigued with + sitting in the carriage, alighted with Colonel Campbell and General + Bertrand, and walked with them up the first hill. His valet de chambre, + who was also walking a little distance in advance, met one of the mail + couriers, who said to him, "Those are the Emperor's carriages coming this + way?"—"No, they are the equipages of the Allies."—"I say they + are the Emperor's carriages. I am an old soldier. I served in the campaign + of Egypt, and I will save the life of my General."—"I tell you again + they are not the Emperor's carriages."—"Do not attempt to deceive + me; I have just passed through Organ, where the Emperor has been hanged in + effigy. The wretches erected a scaffold and hanged a figure dressed in a + French uniform covered with blood. Perhaps I may get myself into a scrape + by this confidence, but no matter. Do you profit by it." The courier then + set off at full gallop. The valet de chambre took General Drouot apart, + and told him what he had heard. Drouot communicated the circumstance to + General Bertrand, who himself related it to the Emperor in the presence of + the Commissioners. The latter, justly indignant, held a sort of council on + the highway, and it was determined that the Emperor should go forward + without his retinue. The valet de chambre was asked whether he had any + clothes in the carriage. He produced a long blue cloak and a round hat. It + was proposed to put a white cockade in the hat, but to this Napoleon would + not consent. He went forward in the style of a courier, with Amaudru, one + of the two outriders who had escorted his carriage, and dashed through + Orgon. When the Allied Commissioners arrived there the assembled + population were uttering exclamations of "Down with the Corsican! Down + with the brigand!" The mayor of Orgon (the same man whom I had seen almost + on his knees to General Bonaparte on his return from Egypt) addressed + himself to Pelard, the Emperor's valet de chambre, and said, "Do you + follow that rascal?"—"No," replied Pelard, "I am attached to the + Commisairiers of the Allied powers."—Ah! that is well! I should like + to hang the villain with my own hands. + </p> + <p> + "Ah! if you knew, sir, how the scoundrel has deceived us! It was I who + received him on his return from Egypt. We wished to take his horses out + and draw his carriage. I should like to avenge myself now for the honours + I rendered him at that time." + </p> + <p> + The crowd augmented, and continued to vociferate with a degree of fury + which may be imagined by those who have heard the inhabitants of the south + manifest, by cries, their joy or their hatred. Some more violent than the + rest wished to force Napoleon's coachman to cry "Vive le Roi!" He + courageously refused, though threatened with a stroke of a sabre, when, + fortunately; the carriage being ready to start, he whipped the horses and + set off at full gallop. The Commissioners would not breakfast at Orgon; + they paid for what had been prepared, and took some refreshments away with + them. The carriages did not overtake the Emperor until they came to La + Calade, where he had arrived a quarter of an hour before with Amaudru. + </p> + <p> + They found him standing by the fire in the kitchen of the inn talking with + the landlady. She had asked him whether the tyrant was soon to pass that + way? "Ah! sir," said she, "it is all nonsense to say we have got rid of + him. I always, have said, and always will say, that we shall never be sure + of being done with him until he be laid at the bottom of a well, covered + over with stones. I wish we had him safe in the well in our yard. You see, + sir, the Directory sent him to Egypt to get rid of him; but he came back + again! And he will come back again, you maybe sure of that, sir; unless—" + Here the good woman, having finished skimming her pot, looked up and + perceived that all the party were standing uncovered except the individual + to whom, she had been speaking. She was confounded, and the embarrassment + she experienced at having spoken so ill of the Emperor to the Emperor + himself banished all her anger, and she lavished every mark of attention, + and respect on Napoleon and his retinue. A messenger was immediately sent + to Aix to purchase ribbons for making white cockades. All the carriages + were brought into the courtyard of the inn, and the gate was closed; the + landlady informed Napoleon that it would not be prudent for him to venture + on passing through Aix, where a population of more than 20,000 were + waiting to stone him. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile dinner was served, and Napoleon sat down to table. He admirably + disguised the agitation which he could not fail to experience, and I have + been assured, by some of the individuals who were present on that + remarkable occasion, that he never made himself more agreeable. His + conversation, which was enriched by the resources of his memory and his + imagination, charmed every one, and he remarked, with an air of + indifference which was perhaps affected, "I believe the new French + Government has a design on my life." + </p> + <p> + The Commissioners, informed of what was going on at Aix, proposed sending + to the Mayor an order for closing the gates and adopting measures for + securing the public tranquillity. About fifty individuals had assembled + round the inn, and one among them offered to carry a letter to the Mayor + of Aix. The Commissioners accepted his services, and in their letter + informed the Mayor that if the gates of the town were not closed within an + hour they would advance with two regiments of uhlans and six pieces of + artillery, and would fire upon all who might oppose them. This threat had + the desired effect; and the Mayor returned for answer that the gates + should be closed, and that he would take upon himself the responsibility + of everything which might happen. + </p> + <p> + The danger which threatened the Emperor at Aix was thus averted; but there + was another to be braved. During the seven or eight hours he passed at La + Calade a considerable number of people had gathered round the inn, and + manifested every disposition to proceed to some excess. Most of them had + in their hands five-franc pieces, in order to recognise the Emperor by his + likeness on the coin. Napoleon, who had passed two nights without sleep, + was in a little room adjoining the kitchen, where he had fallen into a + slumber, reclining an the shoulder of his valet de chambre. In a moment of + dejection he had said, "I now renounce the political world forever. I + shall henceforth feel no interest about anything that may happen. At + Porto-Ferrajo I may be happy—more happy than I have ever been! No!—if + the crown of Europe were now offered to me I would not accept it. I will + devote myself to science. I was right never to esteem mankind! But France + and the French people—what ingratitude! I am disgusted with + ambition, and I wish to rule no longer!" + </p> + <p> + When the moment for departure arrived it was proposed that he should put + on the greatcoat and fur cap of General Kohler, and that he should go into + the carriage of the Austrian Commissioner. The Emperor, thus disguised, + left the inn of La Calade, passing between two lines of spectators. On + turning the walls of Aix Napoleon had again the mortification to hear the + cries of "Down with the tyrant! Down with Nicolas!" and these + vociferations resounded at the distance of a quarter of a league from the + town. + </p> + <p> + Bonaparte, dispirited by these manifestations of hatred, said, in a tone + of mingled grief and contempt, "These Provencals are the same furious + brawlers that they used to be. They committed frightful massacres at the + commencement of the Revolution. Eighteen years ago I came to this part of + the country with some thousand men to deliver two Royalists who were to be + hanged. Their crime was having worn the white cockade. I saved them; but + it was not without difficulty that I rescued them from the hands of their + assailants; and now, you see, they resume the same excesses against those + who refuse to wear the white cockade.". At about a league from Aix the + Emperor and his retinue found horses and an escort of gendarmerie to + conduct them to the chateau of Luc. + </p> + <p> + The Princess Pauline was at the country residence of M. Charles, member of + the Legislative Body, near the castle of Luc. On hearing of the + misfortunes of her brother she determined to accompany him to the isle of + Elba, and she proceeded to Fréjus to embark with him. At Fréjus the + Emperor rejoined Colonel Campbell, who had quitted the convoy on the road, + and had brought into the port the English frigate the 'Undaunted' which + was appointed to convey the Emperor to the place of his destination. In + spite of the wish he had expressed to Colonel Campbell he manifested + considerable reluctance to go on board. However, on the 28th of April he + sailed for the island of Elba in the English frigate, in which it could + not then be said that Caesar and his fortune were embarked. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + [It was on the 3d of May 1814 that Bonaparte arrived within sight of + Porto-Ferrajo, the capital of his miniature empire; but he did not + land till the next morning. At first he paid a short visit + incognito, being accompanied by a sergeant's party of marines from + the Undaunted. He then returned on board to breakfast, and at about + two o'clock made his public entrance, the 'Undaunted' firing a royal + salute.] +</pre> + <p> + In every particular of his conduct he paid great attention to the + maintenance of his Imperial dignity. On landing he received the keys of + his city of Porto-Ferrajo, and the devoirs of the Governor, prefect, and + other dignitaries, and he proceeded immediately under a canopy of State to + the parish church, which served as a cathedral. There he heard Te Deum, + and it is stated that his countenance was dark and melancholy, and that he + even shed tears. + </p> + <p> + One of Bonaparte's first cares was to select a flag for the Elbese Empire, + and after some hesitation he fixed on "Argent, on a bend gules, or three + bees," as the armorial ensign of his new dominion. It is strange that + neither he nor any of those whom he consulted should have been aware that + Elba had an ancient and peculiar ensign, and it is still more remarkable + that this ensign should be one singularly adapted to Bonaparte's + situation; being no more than "a wheel,—the emblem," says M. + Bernaud, "of the vicissitudes of human life, which the Elbese had borrowed + from the Egyptian mysteries." This is as curious a coincidence as any we + ever recollect to have met; as the medals of Elba with the emblem of the + wheel are well known, we cannot but suppose that Bonaparte was aware of + the circumstance; yet he is represented as having in vain made several + anxious inquiries after the ancient arms of the island. + </p> + <p> + During the first months of his residence there his life was, in general, + one of characteristic activity and almost garrulous frankness. He gave + dinners, went to balls, rode all day about his island, planned + fortifications, aqueducts, lazarettos, harbours, and palaces; and the very + second day after he landed fitted out an expedition of a dozen soldiers to + take possession of a little uninhabited island called Pianosa, which lies + a few leagues from Elba; on this occasion he said good-humouredly, "Toute + l'Europe dira que j'ai deja fait une conqute" (All Europe will say I have + already made a conquest). The cause of the island of Pianosa being left + uninhabited was the marauding of the Corsairs from the coast of Barbary, + against whom Bonaparte considered himself fully protected by the 4th + Article of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. + </p> + <p> + The greatest wealth of Elba consists in its iron mines, for which the + island was celebrated in the days of Virgil. Soon after his arrival + Napoleon visited the mines in company with Colonel Campbell, and being + informed that they produced annually about 500,000 francs he exclaimed + joyfully, "These, then, are my own!" One of his followers, however, + reminded him that he had long since disposed of that revenue, having given + it to his order of the Legion of Honour, to furnish pensions, etc. "Where + was my head when I made that grant?" said he, "but I have made many + foolish decrees of that sort!" + </p> + <p> + Sir Walter Scott, in telling a curious fact, makes a very curious mistake. + "To dignify his capital," he says, "having discovered that the ancient + name of Porto-Ferrajo was Comopoli (the city of Como), he commanded it to + be called Cosmopoli, or the city of all nations." Now the old name of + Porto-Ferrajo was in reality not Comopoli, but Cosmopoli, and it obtained + that name from the Florentine Cosmo de' Medici, to whose ducal house Elba + belonged, as an integral part of Tuscany. The name equally signified the + city of Cosmo, or the city of all nations, and the vanity of the Medici + had probably been flattered by the double meaning of the appellation. But + Bonaparte certainly revived the old name, and did not add a letter to it + to dignify his little capital. + </p> + <p> + The household of Napoleon, though reduced to thirty-five persons, still + represented an Imperial Court. The forms and etiquette of the Tuileries + and St, Cloud were retained on a diminished scale, but the furniture and + internal accommodations of the palace are represented as having been + meaner by far than those of an English gentleman of ordinary rank. The + Bodyguard of his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Elba consisted of about + 700 infantry and 80 cavalry, and to this handful of troops Napoleon seemed + to pay almost as much attention as he had formerly given to his Grande + Armee. The men were constantly exercised, particularly in throwing shot + and shells, and he soon began to look out for good recruits. + </p> + <p> + He early announced that he would hold a Court and receive ladies twice a + week; the first was on the 7th of May, and a great concourse assembled. + Bonaparte at first paid great attention to the women, particularly those + who possessed personal attractions, and asked them, in his rapid way, + whether they were married? how many children they had, and who their + husbands were? To the last question he received one universal answer; it + happened that every lady was married to a merchant, but when it came to be + further explained that they were merchant butchers and merchant bakers, + his Imperial Majesty permitted some expression of his dissatisfaction to + escape him and hastily retired. On the 4th of June there was a ball on + board the British frigate, in honour of the King's birthday; the whole + beauty and fashion of Elba were assembled, and dancing with great glee, + when, about midnight, Bonaparte came in his barge, unexpectedly, and + masked, to join the festivity. He was very affable, and visited every part + of the ship, and all the amusements which had been prepared for the + different classes of persons. On his birthday, the 15th of August, he + ordered the mayor to give a ball, and for this purpose a temporary + building, capable of holding 300 persons, was to be erected, and the whole + entertainment, building and all, were to be at the expense of the + inhabitants themselves. These were bad auspices, and accordingly the ball + completely failed. Madame Mtire, Madame Bertrand, and the two ladies of + honour, attended, but not above thirty of the fair islanders, and as the + author of the Itineraire remarks, "Le bal fut triste quoique Bonaparte n'y + parut pas." + </p> + <p> + Having in an excursion reached the summit of one of the highest hills on + the island, where the sea was visible all round him, he shook his head + with affected solemnity, and exclaimed in a bantering tone, "Eh! il faut + avouer que mon ile est bien petite." + </p> + <p> + On this mountain one of the party saw a little church in an almost + inaccessible situation, and observed that it was a most inconvenient site + for a church, for surely no congregation could attend it. "It is on that + account the more convenient to the parson," replied Bonaparte, "who may + preach what stuff he pleases without fear of contradiction." + </p> + <p> + As they descended the hill and met some peasants with their goats who + asked for charity, Bonaparte told a story which the present circumstances + brought to his recollection, that when he was crossing the Great St. + Bernard, previously to the battle of Marengo, he had met a goatherd, and + entered into conversation with him. The goatherd, not knowing to whom he + was speaking, lamented his own hard lot, and envied the riches of some + persons who actually had cows and cornfields. Bonaparte inquired if some + fairy were to offer to gratify all his wishes what he would ask? The poor + peasant expressed, in his own opinion, some very extravagant desires, such + as a dozen of cows and a good farmhouse. Bonaparte afterwards recollected + the incident, and astonished the goatherd by the fulfilment of all his + wishes. + </p> + <p> + But all his thoughts and conversations were not as light and pleasant as + these. Sometimes he would involve himself in an account of the last + campaign, of his own views and hopes, of the defection of his marshals, of + the capture of Paris, and finally of his abdication; on these he would + talk by the hour with great earnestness and almost fury, exhibiting in + very rapid succession traits of eloquence, of military genius, of + indignation; of vanity, and of selfishness. With regard to the audience to + whom he addressed these tirades he was not very particular. + </p> + <p> + The chief violence of his rage seemed to be directed against Marshal + Marmont whom, as well as Augereau, he sometimes called by names too gross + for repetition, and charged roundly with treachery. Marmont, when he could + no longer defend Paris by arms, saved it by an honourable capitulation; he + preserved his army for the service of his country and when everything else + was lost stipulated for the safety of Bonaparte. This last stipulation, + however, Bonaparte affected to treat with contempt and indignation.—[Editor + of 1836 edition.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0107" id="link2HCH0107"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> + + 1814. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Changes produced by time—Correspondence between the Provisional + Government and Hartwell—Louis XVIII's reception in London— + His arrival at Calais—Berthier's address to the King at Compiegne— + My presentation to his Majesty at St. Ouen-Louis—XVIII's entry into + Paris—Unexpected dismissal from my post—M. de Talleyrand's + departure for the Congress of Vienna—Signs of a commotion— + Impossibility of seeing M. de Blacas—The Abby Fleuriel—Unanswered + letters—My letter to M. de Talleyrand at Vienna. +</pre> + <p> + No power is so great as that resulting from the changes produced by time. + Wise policy consists in directing that power, but to do so it is requisite + to know the wants of the age. For this reason Louis XVIII. appeared, in + the eyes of all sensible persons, a monarch expressly formed for the + circumstances in which we stood after the fall of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + In the winter of 1813-14 some Royalist proclamations had been circulated + in Paris, and as they contained the germs of those hopes which the + Charter, had it been executed, was calculated to realise, the police + opposed their circulation, and I recollect that, in order to multiply the + number of copies, my family and I daily devoted some hours to transcribing + them. After the definitive declaration of Alexander a very active + correspondence ensued between the Provisional Government and Hartwell, and + Louis XVIII. was even preparing to embark for Bordeaux when he learned the + events of the 31st of March. That news induced the King to alter his + determination, and he soon quitted his retirement to proceed to London. + Louis XVIII. and the Prince Regent of England exchanged the orders of the + Holy Ghost and the Garter, and I believe I may affirm that this was the + first occasion on which any but a Catholic Prince was invested with the + order of the Holy Ghost. + </p> + <p> + Louis XVIII. embarked at Dover on board the Royal Sovereign, and landed at + Calais on the 24th of April. I need not enter into any description of the + enthusiasm which his presence excited; that is generally known through the + reports of the journals of the time. It is very certain that all rational + persons saw with satisfaction the Princes of the House of Bourbon reascend + the throne of their ancestors, enlightened by experience and misfortune, + which, as some ancient philosopher observes, are the best counsellors of + kings. + </p> + <p> + I had received a letter addressed to me from London by the Duc de Duras, + pointing out the route which Louis XVIII. was to pursue from Calais to + Paris: In this he said, "After the zeal, monsieur, you have shown for the + service of the King, I do not doubt your activity to prevent his suffering + in any way at a moment so happy and interesting for every Frenchman." The + King's wishes on this subject were scrupulously fulfilled, and I recollect + with pleasure the zeal with which my directions were executed by all the + persons in the service of the Postoffice. His Majesty stopped for a short + time at Amiens, and then proceeded to Compiegne, where the Ministers and + Marshals had previously arrived to present to him their homage and the + assurance of their fidelity. Berthier addressed the King in the name of + the Marshals, and said, among other things, "that France, groaning for + five and twenty years under the weight of the misfortunes that oppressed + her, had anxiously looked forward to the happy day which she now saw + dawning." Berthier might justly have said for "ten years"; but at all + events, even had he spoken the truth, it was ill placed in the mouth of a + man whom the Emperor had constantly loaded with favours: The Emperor + Alexander also went to Compiegne to meet Louis XVIII., and the two + monarchs dined together. + </p> + <p> + I did not go to Compiegne because the business which I had constantly to + execute did not permit me to leave Paris for so long an interval as that + journey would have required, but I was at St. Ouen when Louis XVIII. + arrived on the 2d of May. There I had to congratulate myself on being + remembered by a man to whom I was fortunate enough to render some service + at Hamburg. As the King entered the salon through which he had to pass to + go to the dining-room M. Hue recognising me said to his Majesty, "There is + M. de Bourrienne." The King then stepping up to me said, "Ah! M. de + Bourrienne, I am very glad to see you. I am aware of the services you have + rendered me in Hamburg and Paris, and I shall feel much pleasure in + testifying my gratitude." + </p> + <p> + At St. Ouen Louis XVIII. promulgated the declaration which preceded the + Charter, and which repeated the sentiments expressed by the King twenty + years before, in the Declaration of Colmar. It was also at St, Ouen that + project of a Constitution was presented to him by the Senate in which that + body, to justify 'in extremis' its title of conservative, stipulated for + the preservation of its revenues and endowments. + </p> + <p> + On the 3d of May Louis XVIII. made his solemn entrance into Paris, the + Duchess d'Angouleme being in the carriage with the King. His Majesty + proceeded first to Notre Dame. On arriving at the Pont Neuf he saw the + model of the statue of Henri IV. replaced, on the pedestal of which + appeared the following words: 'Ludovico reduce, Henricus redivivus', which + were suggested by M. de Lally-Tollendal, and were greatly preferable to + the long and prolix inscription composed for the bronze statue. + </p> + <p> + The King's entrance into Paris did not excite so much enthusiasm as the + entrance of Monsieur. In the places through which I passed on the 3d of + May astonishment seemed to be the prevailing feeling among the people. The + abatement of public enthusiasm was more perceptible a short time after, + when Louis XVIII. restored "the red corps" which Louis XVI. had suppressed + long before the Revolution. + </p> + <p> + It was not a little extraordinary to see the direction of the Government + consigned to a man who neither had nor could have any knowledge of France. + From the commencement M. de Blacas affected ministerial omnipotence. When + I went on the 11th of May to the Tuileries to present, as usual, my + portfolio to the King, in virtue of my privilege of transacting business + with the sovereign, M. de Blacas wished to take the portfolio from me, + which appeared to me the more surprising as, during the seven days I had + the honour of coming in contact with Louis XVIII., his Majesty had been + pleased to bestow many compliments upon me. I at first refused to give up + the portfolio, but M. de Blacas told me the King had ordered him to + receive it; I then, of course, yielded the point. + </p> + <p> + However, it, was not long before I had experience of a courtier's revenge, + for two days after this circumstance, that is to say, on the 13th of May, + on entering my cabinet at the usual hour, I mechanically took up the + 'Moniteur', which I found lying on my desk. On glancing hastily over it + what was my astonishment to find that the Comte Ferrand had been appointed + Director of the Post-office in my stead. Such was the strange mode in + which M. de Blacas made me feel the promised gratitude of the sovereign. + Certainly, after my proofs of loyalty, which a year afterwards procured + for me the honour of being outlawed in quite a special way, I had reason + to complain, and I might have said 'Sic vos non vobis' as justly as Virgil + when he alluded to the unmerited favours lavished by Augustus on the + Maevii and Bavii of his time. + </p> + <p> + The measures of Government soon excited complaints in every quarter. The + usages of the old system were gradually restored, and ridicule being + mingled with more serious considerations, Paris was speedily inundated + with caricatures and pamphlets. However, tranquillity prevailed until the + month of September, when M. de Talleyrand departed for the Congress of + Vienna. Then all was disorder at the Tuileries. Every one feeling himself + free from restraint, wished to play the statesman, and Heaven knows how + many follies were committed in the absence of the schoolmaster. + </p> + <p> + Under a feeble Government there is but one step from discontent to + insurrection, under an imbecile Government like that of France in 1814, + after the departure of M. de Talleyrand, conspiracy has free Scope. During + the summer of 1814 were initiated the events which reached their climax on + the 20th of March 1815. I almost fancy I am dreaming when I look back on + the miraculous incapacity of the persons who were then at the head of our + Government. The emigrants, who, as it has been truly said, had neither + learned nor forgotten anything, came back with all the absurd pretensions + of Coblentz. Their silly vanity reminded one of a character in one of + Voltaire's novels who is continually saying, "Un homme comme moi!" These + people were so engrossed with their pretended merit that they were blind + to everything else. They not only disregarded the wishes and the wants of + France; which in overthrowing the Empire hoped to regain liberty, but they + disregarded every warning they had received. + </p> + <p> + I recollect one circumstance which was well calculated to excite + suspicion. Prince Eugène proposed going to the waters of Plombieres to + join his sister Hortense. The horses, the carriages, and one of the + Prince's aides de camp had already arrived at Plombieres, and his + residence was prepared; but he did not go. Eugène had, no doubt, received + intimation of his sister's intrigues with some of the individuals of the + late Court of Napoleon who were then at the waters, and as he had + determined to reside quietly at the Court of his father-in-law; without + meddling with public affairs, he remained at Munich. This fact, however, + passed off unnoticed. + </p> + <p> + At the end of 1814 unequivocal indications of a great catastrophe were + observable. About that time a man, whom I much esteem, and with whom I + have always been on terms of friendship, said to me, "You see how things + are going on: they are committing fault upon fault. You must be convinced + that such a state of things cannot last long. Between ourselves, I am of + opinion that all will be over in the month of March; that month will + repair the disgrace of last March. We shall then, once for all, be + delivered from fanaticism and the emigrants. You see the intolerable + spirit of hypocrisy that prevails, and you know that the influence of the + priests is, of all things, the most hateful to the nation. We have gone + back a long way within the last eight months. I fear you will repent of + having taken too active a part in affairs at the commencement of the + present year. You see we have gone a very different way from what you + expected. However, as I have often told you before, you had good reason to + complain; and after all, you acted to the best of your judgment." + </p> + <p> + I did not attach much importance to this prediction of a change in the + month of March. I deplored, as every one did, the inconceivable errors of + "Ferrand and Company," and I hoped that the Government would gradually + return to those principles which were calculated to conciliate the + feelings of the people. A few days after another of my friends called on + me. He had exercised important functions, and his name had appeared on a + proscription list. He had claims upon the Government, which was by no + means favourably disposed towards him. I asked him how things were going + on, and he replied, "Very well; no opposition is made to my demands. I + have no reason to complain." This reminded me of the man in the 'Lettres + Persanes', who admired the excellent order of the finances under Colbert + because his pension was promptly paid. I congratulated my friend on the + justice which the Government rendered him, as well as on the justice which + he rendered to the Government, and I remarked that if the same course were + adopted towards every one all parties would speedily be conciliated. "I do + not think so," said my friend. "If the Government persist in its present + course it cannot possibly stand, and we shall have the Emperor back + again."—"That," said I, "would be a very great misfortune; and even + if such were the wish of France, it would be opposed by Europe. You who + are so devotedly attached to France cannot be indifferent to the danger + that would threaten her if the presence of Bonaparte should bring the + foreigners back again. Can you endure to think of the dismemberment of our + country?"—"That they would never dare to attempt. But you and I can + never agree on the question of the Emperor and your Bourbons. We take a + totally different view of the matter. You had cause to complain of + Bonaparte, but I had only reason to be satisfied with him. But tell me, + what would you do if he were to return?"— "Bonaparte return!"—"Yes."—"Upon + my word, the best thing I could do would be to set off as speedily as I + could, and that is certainly what I should do. I am thoroughly convinced + that he would never pardon me for the part I have taken in the + Restoration, and I candidly confess that I should not hesitate a moment to + save my life by leaving France."—"Well, you are wrong, for I am + convinced that if you would range yourself among the number of his friends + you might have whatever you wished—titles, honours, riches. Of this + I could give you assurance."—"All this, I must tell you, does not + tempt me. I love France as dearly, as you do, and I am convinced that she + can never be happy under Bonaparte. If he should return I will go and live + abroad." + </p> + <p> + This is only part of a conversation which lasted a considerable time, and, + as is often the case after a long discussion, my friend retained his + opinion, and I mine. However, this second warning, this hypothesis of the + return of Bonaparte, made me reflect, and I soon received another hint + which gave additional weight to the preceding ones. An individual with + whom I was well acquainted, and whom I knew from his principles and + connections to be entirely devoted to the royal cause, communicated to me + some extraordinary circumstances which he said alarmed him. Among other + things he said, "The day before yesterday I met Charles de Labedoyere, + who, you know, is my intimate friend. I remarked that he had an air of + agitation and abstraction. I invited him to come and dine with me, but he + declined, alleging as an excuse that we should not be alone. He then asked + me to go and dine with him yesterday, as he wanted to talk with me. I + accepted his invitation, and we conversed a long time on political + affair's and the situation of France. You know my sentiments are quite the + reverse of his, so we disputed and wrangled, though we are still very good + friends. But what alarms me is, that at parting Charles pressed my hand, + saying, 'Adieu; to-morrow I set off for Grenoble. In a month you will hear + something of Charles de Labedoyere.'" + </p> + <p> + These three successive communications appeared to me very extraordinary. + The two first were made to me by persons interested in the event, and the + third by one who dreaded it. They all presented a striking coincidence + with the intrigues at Plombieres a few months before. In the month of + January I determined to mention the business to M. de Blacas, who then + engrossed all credit and all power, and through whose medium alone + anything could reach the sovereign. I need scarcely add that my intention + was merely to mention to him the facts without naming the individuals from + whom I obtained them. After all, however, M. de Blacas did not receive me, + and I only had the honour of speaking to his secretary, who, if the fact + deserve to be recorded, was an abbe named Fleuriel. This personage, who + was an extraordinary specimen of impertinence and self-conceit, would have + been an admirable study for a comic poet. He had all the dignity belonging + to the great secretary of a great Minister, and, with an air of + indifference, he told me that the Count was not there; but M. de Blacas + was there, and I knew it. + </p> + <p> + Devoted as I was to the cause of the Bourbons, I thought it my duty to + write that very day to M. de Blacas to request an interview; I received no + answer. Two days after I wrote a second letter, in which I informed M. de + Blacas that I had something of the greatest importance to communicate to + him; this letter remained unnoticed like the first. Unable to account for + this strange treatment I again repaired to the Pavilion de Flore, and + requested the Abbe Fleuriel to explain to me if he could the cause of his + master's silence. "Sir," said he, "I received your two letters, and laid + them before the Count; I cannot tell why he has not sent you an answer; + but Monsieur le Comte is so much engaged. . . . Monsieur le Comte is so + overwhelmed with business that"—"Monsieur le Comte may, perhaps, + repent of it. Good morning, sir!" + </p> + <p> + I thus had personal experience of the truth of what I had often heard + respecting M. de Blacas. That favourite, who succeeded Comte d'Avaray, + enjoyed the full confidence of the King, and concentrated the sovereign + power in his own cabinet. The only means of transmitting any communication + to Louis XVIII. was to get it addressed to M. de Blacas by one of his most + intimate friends. + </p> + <p> + Convinced as I was of the danger that threatened France, and unable to + break through the blockade which M. de Blacas had formed round the person + of the King, I determined to write to M. de Talleyrand at Vienna,' and + acquaint him with the communications that had been made to me. M. de + Talleyrand corresponded directly with the King, and I doubt not that my + information at length reached the ears of his Majesty. But when Louis + XVIII. was informed of what was to happen it was too late to avert the + danger. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0108" id="link2HCH0108"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> + + 1814-1815. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Escape from Elba—His landing near Cannes—March on Paris. +</pre> + <p> + About the middle of summer Napoleon was visited by his mother and his + sister the Princess Pauline. Both these ladies had very considerable + talents for political intrigue, and then natural faculties in this way had + not lain dormant or been injured by want of practice. In Pauline this + finesse was partially concealed by a languor and indecision of manner and + an occasional assumption of 'niaiserie'; or almost infantine simplicity; + but this only threw people the more off their guard, and made her finesse + the more sure in its operation. Pauline was handsome too, uncommonly + graceful, and had all that power of fascination which has been attributed + to the Bonaparte family. She could gain hearts with ease, and those whom + her charms enslaved were generally ready to devote themselves absolutely + to her brother. She went and came between Naples and Elba, and kept her + brother-in-law, Murat, in mind of the fact that the lion was not yet dead + nor so much as sleeping, but merely retiring the better to spring forward + on his quarry. + </p> + <p> + Having taken this resolution and chosen his time, Napoleon kept the secret + of his expedition until the last moment; and means were found to privately + make the requisite preparations. A portion of the soldiers was embarked in + a brig called the 'Inconstant' and the remainder in six small craft. It + was not till they were all on board that the troops first conceived a + suspicion of the Emperor's purpose: 1000 or 1200 men had sailed to regain + possession of an Empire containing a population of 30,000,000! He + commenced his voyage on Sunday the 26th of February 1815, and the next + morning at ten o'clock was not out of sight of the island, to the great + annoyance of the few friends he had left behind. At this time Colonel Sir + Neil Campbell was absent on a tour to Leghorn, but being informed by the + French Consul and by Spanocchi, the Tuscan Governor of the town, that + Napoleon was about to sail for the Continent, he hastened back, and gave + chase to the little squadron in the Partridge sloop of war, which was + cruising in the neighbourhood, but, being delayed by communicating with a + French frigate, reached Antibes too late. + </p> + <p> + There were between 400 and 500 men on board the brig (the 'Inconstant') in + which Bonaparte embarked. On the passage they met with a French ship of + war, with which they spoke. The Guards were ordered to pull off their caps + and lie down on the deck or go below while the captain exchanged some + words with the commander of the frigate, whom he afterwards proposed to + pursue and capture. Bonaparte rejected the idea as absurd, and asked why + he should introduce this new episode into his plan. + </p> + <p> + As they stood over to the coast of France the Emperor was in the highest + spirits. The die was cast, and he seemed to be quite himself again. He sat + upon the deck and amused the officers collected round him with a narrative + of his campaigns, particularly those of Italy and Egypt. When he had + finished he observed the deck to be encumbered with several large chests + belonging to him. He asked the maitre d'hotel what they contained. Upon + being told they were filled with wine he ordered them to be immediately + broken open, saying, "We will divide the booty." The Emperor superintended + the distribution himself, and presented bottle by bottle to his comrades, + till tired of this occupation he called out to Bertrand, "Grand Marshal, + assist me, if you please. Let us help these gentlemen. They will help us + some day." It was with this species of bonhomie that he captivated when he + chose all around him. The following day he was employed in various + arrangements, and among others in dictating to Colonel Raoul the + proclamations to be issued on his landing. In one of these, after + observing, "we must forget that we have given law to the neighbouring + nations," Napoleon stopped. "What have I said?" Colonel Raoul read the + passage. "Stop!" said Napoleon. "Omit the word 'neighbouring;' say simply + 'to nations.'" It was thus his pride revealed itself; and his ambition + seemed to rekindle at the very recollections of his former greatness. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon landed without any accident on the 1st of March at Cannes, a + small seaport in the Gulf of St. Juan, not far from Fréjus, where he had + disembarked on his return from Egypt sixteen years before, and where he + had embarked the preceding year for Elba. A small party of the Guards who + presented themselves before the neighbouring garrison of Antibes were made + prisoners by General Corsin, the Governor of the place. Some one hinted + that it was not right to proceed till they had released their comrades, + but the Emperor observed that this was poorly to estimate the magnitude of + the undertaking; before them were 30,000,000 men uniting to be set free! + He, however, sent the Commissariat Officer to try what he could do, + calling out after him, "Take care you do not get yourself made prisoner + too!" + </p> + <p> + At nightfall the troops bivouacked on the beach. Just before a postillion, + in a splendid livery, had been brought to Napoleon. It turned out that + this man had formerly been a domestic of the Empress Josephine, and was + now in the service of the Prince of Monaco, who himself had been equerry + to the Empress. The postillion, after expressing his great astonishment at + finding the Emperor there, stated, in answer to the questions that were + put to him, that he had just come from Paris; that all along the road, as + far as Avignon, he had heard nothing but regret for the Emperor's absence; + that his name was constantly echoed from mouth to mouth; and that, when + once fairly through Provence, he would find the whole population ready to + rally round him. The man added that his laced livery had frequently + rendered him the object of odium and insult on the road. This was the + testimony of one of the common class of society: it was very gratifying to + the Emperor, as it entirely corresponded with his expectations. The Prince + of Monaco himself, on being presented to the Emperor, was less explicit. + Napoleon refrained from questioning him on political matters. The + conversation therefore assumed a more lively character, and turned + altogether on the ladies of the former Imperial Court, concerning whom the + Emperor was very particular in his inquiries. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the moon had risen, which was about one or two in the morning + of the 2d, the bivouacs were broken up, and Napoleon gave orders for + proceeding to Grasse. There he expected to find a road which he had + planned during the Empire, but in this he was disappointed, the Bourbons + having given up all such expensive works through want of money. Bonaparte + was therefore obliged to pass through narrow defiles filled with snow, and + left behind him in the hands of the municipality his carriage and two + pieces of cannon, which had been brought ashore. This was termed a capture + in the bulletins of the day. The municipality of Grasse was strongly in + favour of the Royalist cause, but the sudden appearance of the Emperor + afforded but little time for hesitation, and they came to tender their + submission to him. Having passed through the town he halted on a little + height some way beyond it, where he breakfasted. He was soon surrounded by + the whole population of the place; and he heard the same sentiments and + the same prayers as before he quitted France. A multitude of petitions had + already been drawn up, and were presented to him, just as though he had + come from Paris and was making a tour through the departments. One + complained that his pension had not been paid, another that his cross of + the Legion of Honour had been taken from him. Some of the more + discontented secretly informed Napoleon that the authorities of the town + were very hostile to him, but that the mass of the people were devoted to + him, and only waited till his back was turned to rid themselves of the + miscreants. He replied, "Be not too hasty. Let them have the mortification + of seeing our triumph without having anything to reproach us with." The + Emperor advanced with all the rapidity in his power. "Victory," he said, + "depended on my speed. To me France was in Grenoble. That place was a + hundred miles distant, but I and my companions reached it in five days; + and with what weather and what roads! I entered the city just as the Comte + d'Artois, warned by the telegraph, was quitting the Tuileries." + </p> + <p> + Napoleon himself was so perfectly convinced of the state of affairs that + he knew his success in no way depended on the force he might bring with + him. A 'piquet' of 'gens d'armes', he said, was all that was necessary. + Everything turned out as he foresaw. At first he owned he was not without + some degree of uncertainty and apprehension. As he advanced, however, the + whole population declared themselves enthusiastically in his favour: but + he saw no soldiers. It was not till he arrived between Mure and Vizille, + within five or six leagues from Grenoble, and on the fifth day after his + landing, that he met a battalion. The commanding officer refused to hold + even a parley. The Emperor, without hesitation, advanced alone, and 100 + grenadiers marched at some distance behind him, with their arms reversed. + The sight of Napoleon, his well-known costume, and his gray military + greatcoat, had a magical effect on the soldiers, and they stood + motionless. Napoleon went straight up to them and baring his breast said, + "Let him that has the heart kill his Emperor!" The soldiers threw down + their arms, their eyes moistened with tears, and cries of "Vive + l'Empereur!" resounded on every side. Napoleon ordered the battalion to + wheel round to the right, and all marched on together. + </p> + <p> + At a short distance from Grenoble Colonel Labedoyere, who had been sent at + the head of the 7th regiment to oppose his passage, came to join the + Emperor. The impulse thus given in a manner decided the question. + Labedoyere's superior officer in vain interfered to restrain his + enthusiasm and that of his men. The tri-coloured cockades, which had been + concealed in the hollow of a drum, were eagerly distributed by Labedoyere + among them, and they threw away the white cockade as a badge of their + nation's dishonour. The peasantry of Dauphiny, the cradle of the + Revolution, lined the roadside: they were transported and mad with joy. + The first battalion, which has just been alluded to, had shown some signs + of hesitation, but thousands of the country people crowded round it, and + by their shouts of "Vive l'Empereur!" endeavoured to urge the troops to + decision, while others who followed in Napoleon's rear encouraged his + little troop to advance by assuring them that they would meet with + success. Napoleon said he could have taken 2,000,000 of these peasants + with him to Paris, but that then he would have been called "the King of + the Jaequerie." + </p> + <p> + Napoleon issued two proclamations on the road. He at first regretted that + he had not had them printed before he left Elba; but this could not have + been done without some risk of betraying his secret designs. He dictated + them on board the vessel, where every man who could write was employed in + copying them. These copies soon became very scarce; many of them were + illegible; and it was not till he arrived at Gap, on the 5th of March, + that he found means to have them printed. They were from that time + circulated and read everywhere with the utmost avidity. + </p> + <p> + The address to the army was considered as being still more masterly and + eloquent, and it was certainly well suited to the taste of French + soldiers, who, as Bourrienne remarks, are wonderfully pleased with + grandiloquence, metaphor, and hyperbole, though they do not always + understand what they mean. Even a French author of some distinction + praises this address as something sublime. "The proclamation to the army," + says he, "is full of energy: it could not fail to make all military + imaginations vibrate. That prophetic phrase, 'The eagle, with the national + colours, will fly from church steeple to church steeple, till it settles + on the towers of Notre Dame,' was happy in the extreme." + </p> + <p> + These words certainly produced an immense effect on the French soldiery, + who everywhere shouted, "Vive l'Empereur!" "Vive le petit Caporal!" "We + will die for our old comrade!" with the most genuine enthusiasm. + </p> + <p> + It was some distance in advance of Grenoble that Labedoyere joined, but he + could not make quite sure of the garrison of that city, which was + commanded by General Marchand, a man resolved to be faithful to his latest + master. The shades of night had fallen when Bonaparte arrived in front of + the fortress of Grenoble, where he stood for some minutes in a painful + state of suspense and indecision. + </p> + <p> + It was on the 7th of March, at nightfall, that Bonaparte thus stood before + the walls of Grenoble. He found the gates closed, and the commanding + officer refused to open them. The garrison assembled on the ramparts + shouted "Vive l'Empereur!" and shook hands with Napoleon's followers + through the wickets, but they could not be prevailed on to do more. It was + necessary to force the gates, and this was done under the mouths of ten + pieces of artillery, loaded with grapeshot. In none of his battles did + Napoleon ever imagine himself to be in so much danger as at the entrance + into Grenoble. The soldiers seemed to turn upon him with furious gestures: + for a moment it might be supposed that they were going to tear him to + pieces. But these were the suppressed transports of love and joy. The + Emperor and his horse were both borne along by the multitude, and he had + scarcely time to breathe in the inn where he alighted when an increased + tumult was heard without; the inhabitants of Grenoble came to offer him + the broken gates of the city, since they could not present him with the + keys. + </p> + <p> + From Grenoble to Paris Napoleon found no further opposition. During the + four days of his stay at Lyons, where he had arrived on the 10th, there + were continually upwards of 20,000 people assembled before his windows; + whose acclamations were unceasing. It would never have been supposed that + the Emperor had even for a moment been absent from the country. He issued + orders, signed decrees, reviewed the troops, as if nothing had happened. + The military corps, the public bodies, and all classes of citizens, + eagerly came forward to tender their homage and their services. The Comte + d'Artois, who had hastened to Lyons, as the Duc and Duchesse d'Augouleme + had done to Bourdeaux, like them in vain attempted to make a stand. The + Mounted National Guard (who were known Royalists) deserted him at this + crisis, and in his flight only one of them chose to follow him. Bonaparte + refused their services when offered to him, and with a chivalrous feeling + worthy of being recorded sent the decoration of the Legion of Honour to + the single volunteer who had thus shown his fidelity by following the + Duke. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the Emperor quitted Lyons he wrote to Ney, who with his army + was at Lons-le-Saulnier, to come and join him. Ney had set off from the + Court with a promise to bring Napoleon, "like a wild beast in a cage, to + Paris." Scott excuses Ney's heart at the expense of his head, and fancies + that the Marshal was rather carried away by circumstances, by vanity, and + by fickleness, than actuated by premeditated treachery, and it is quite + possible that these protestations were sincerely uttered when Ney left + Paris, but, infected by the ardour of his troops, he was unable to resist + a contagion so much in harmony with all his antecedents, and to attack not + only his leader in many a time of peril, but also the sovereign who had + forwarded his career through every grade of the army. + </p> + <p> + The facts of the case were these:— + </p> + <p> + On the 11th of March Ney, being at Besancon, learned that Napoleon was at + Lyons. To those who doubted whether his troops would fight against their + old comrades he said, "They shall fight! I will take a musket from a + grenadier and begin the action myself! I will run my sword to the hilt in + the body of the first man who hesitates to fire." At the same time he + wrote to the Minister of War at Paris that he hoped to see a fortunate + close to this mad enterprise. + </p> + <p> + He then advanced to Lons-le-Saulnier, where, on the night between the 13th + and 14th of March, not quite three days after his vehement protestations + of fidelity, he received, without hesitation, a letter from Bonaparte, + inviting him, by his old appellation of the "Bravest of the Brave," to + join his standard. With this invitation Ney complied, and published an + order of the day that declared the cause of the Bourbons, which he had + sworn to defend, lost for ever. + </p> + <p> + It is pleaded in extenuation of Ney's defection that both his officers and + men were beyond his control, and determined to join their old Master; but + in that case he might have given up his command, and retired in the same + honourable way that Marshals Macdonald and Marmont and several other + generals did. But even among his own officers Ney had an example set him, + for many of them, after remonstrating in vain, threw up their commands. + One of them broke his sword in two and threw the pieces at Ney's feet, + saying, "It is easier for a man of honour to break iron than to break his + word." + </p> + <p> + Napoleon, when at St. Helena, gave a very different reading to these + incidents. On this subject he was heard to say, "If I except Labedoyere, + who flew to me with enthusiasm and affection, and another individual, who, + of his own accord, rendered me important services, nearly all the other + generals whom I met on my route evinced hesitation and uncertainty; they + yielded only to the impulse about them, if indeed they did not manifest a + hostile feeling towards me. This was the case with Ney, with Massena, St. + Cyr, Soult, as well as with Macdonald and the Duke of Belluno, so that if + the Bourbons had reason to complain of the complete desertion of the + soldiers and the people, they had no right to reproach the chiefs of the + army with conspiring against them, who had shown themselves mere children + in politics, and would be looked upon as neither emigrants nor patriots." + </p> + <p> + Between Lyons and Fontainebleau Napoleon often travelled several miles + ahead of his army with no other escort than a few Polish lancers. His + advanced guard now generally consisted of the troops (miscalled Royal) who + happened to be before him on the road whither they had been sent to oppose + him, and to whom couriers were sent forward to give notice of the + Emperor's approach, in order that they might be quite ready to join him + with the due military ceremonies. White flags and cockades everywhere + disappeared; the tri-colour resumed its pride of place. It was spring, and + true to its season the violet had reappeared! The joy of the soldiers and + the lower orders was almost frantic, but even among the industrious poor + there were not wanting many who regretted this precipitate return to the + old order of things—to conscription, war, and bloodshed, while in + the superior classes of society there was a pretty general consternation. + The vain, volatile soldiery, however, thought of nothing but their + Emperor, saw nothing before them but the restoration of all their laurels, + the humiliation of England, and the utter defeat of the Russians, + Prussians, and Austrians. + </p> + <p> + On the night between the 19th and 20th of March Napoleon reached + Fontainebleau, and again paused, as had formerly been his custom, with + short, quick steps through the antiquated but splendid galleries of that + old palace. What must have been his feelings on revisiting the chamber in + which, the year before, it is said he had attempted suicide! + </p> + <p> + Louis XVIII., left the Palace of the Tuileries at nearly the same hour + that Bonaparte entered that of Fontainebleau. + </p> + <p> + The most forlorn hope of the Bourbons was now in a considerable army + posted between Fontainebleau and Paris. Meanwhile the two armies + approached each other at Melun; that of the King was commanded by Marshal + Macdonald. On the 20th his troops were drawn up in three lines to receive + the invaders, who were said to be advancing from Fontainebleau. There was + a long pause of suspense, of a nature which seldom fails to render men + more accessible to strong and sudden emotions. The glades of the forest, + and the acclivity which leads to it, were in full view of the Royal army, + but presented the appearance of a deep solitude. All was silence, except + when the regimental bands of music, at the command of the officers, who + remained generally faithful, played the airs of "Vive Henri Quatre," "O + Richard," "La Belle Gabrielle," and other tunes connected with the cause + and family of the Bourbons. The sounds excited no corresponding sentiments + among the soldiers. + </p> + <p> + At length, about noon, a galloping of horse was heard. An open carriage + appeared, surrounded by a few hussars, and drawn by four horses. It came + on at full speed, and Napoleon, jumping from the vehicle, was in the midst + of the ranks which had been formed to oppose him. His escort threw + themselves from their horses, mingled with their ancient comrades, and the + effect of their exhortations was instantaneous on men whose minds were + already half made up to the purpose which they now accomplished. There was + a general shout of "Vive Napoleon!" The last army of the Bourbons passed + from their side, and no further obstruction existed betwixt Napoleon and + the capital, which he was once more—but for a brief space—to + inhabit as a sovereign. + </p> + <p> + Louis, accompanied only by a few household troops, had scarcely turned his + back on the capital of his ancestors when Lavalette hastened from a place + of concealment and seized on the Post-office in the name of Napoleon. By + this measure all the King's proclamations' were intercepted, and the + restoration of the Emperor was announced to all the departments. General + Excelmans, who had just renewed his oath to Louis, pulled down with his + own hands the white flag that was floating over the Tuileries, and hoisted + the three-coloured banner. + </p> + <p> + It was late in the evening of the 20th that Bonaparte entered Paris in an + open carriage, which was driven straight to the gilded gates of the + Tuileries. He received the acclamations of the military and of the lower + classes of the suburbs, but most of the respectable citizens looked on in + silent wonderment. It was quite evident then that he was recalled by a + party—a party, in truth, numerous and powerful, but not by the + unanimous voice of the nation. The enthusiasm of his immediate adherents, + however, made up for the silence and lukewarmness of others. They filled + and crammed the square of the Carrousel, and the courts and avenues of the + Tuileries; they pressed so closely upon him that he was obliged to cry + out, "My friends, you stifle me!" and his aides de camp were compelled to + carry him in their arms up the grand staircase, and thence into the royal + apartments. It was observed, however, that amongst these ardent friends + were many men who had been the first to desert him in 1814, and that these + individuals were the most enthusiastic in their demonstrations, the + loudest in their shouts! + </p> + <p> + And thus was Napoleon again at the Tuileries, where, even more than at + Fontainebleau, his mind was flooded by the deep and painful recollections + of the past! A few nights after his return thither he sent for M. Horan, + one of the physicians who had attended Josephine during her last illness. + "So, Monsieur Horan," said he, "you did not leave the Empress during her + malady?"—"No, Sire." + </p> + <p> + "What was the cause of that malady?"—"Uneasiness of mind . . . + grief."—"You believe that?" (and Napoleon laid a strong emphasis on + the word believe, looking steadfastly in the doctor's face). He then + asked, "Was she long ill? Did she suffer much?"—"She was ill a week, + Sire; her Majesty suffered little bodily pain."—"Did she see that + she was dying? Did she show courage?"—"A sign her Majesty made when + she could no longer express herself leaves me no doubt that she felt her + end approaching; she seamed to contemplate it without fear."—"Well!—well!" + and then Napoleon much affected drew close to M. Horan, and added, "You + say that she was in grief; from what did that arise?"—"From passing + events, Sire; from your Majesty's position last year."—"Ah! she used + to speak of me then?"—"Very often." Here Napoleon drew his hand + across his eyes, which seemed filled with tears. He then went on. "Good + woman!—Excellent Josephine! She loved me truly—she—did + she not? . . . Ah! She was a Frenchwoman!"—"Yes, Sire, she loved + you, and she would have proved it had it not been for dread of displeasing + you: she had conceived an idea."—"How? . . . What would she have + done?" "She one day said that as Empress of the French she would drive + through Paris with eight horses to her coach, and all her household in + gala livery, to go and rejoin you at Fontainebleau, and never quit you + more."—"She would have done it—she was capable of doing it!" + </p> + <p> + Napoleon again betrayed deep emotion, on recovering from which he asked + the physician the most minute questions about the nature of Josephine's + disease, the friends and attendants who were around her at the hour of her + death, and the conduct of her two children, Eugène and Hortense. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0109" id="link2HCH0109"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. + </h2> + + 1815. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Message from the Tuileries—My interview with the King— + My appointment to the office of Prefect of the Police—Council at + the Tuileries—Order for arrests—Fouches escape—Davoust + unmolested—Conversation with M. de Blacas—The intercepted letter, + and time lost—Evident understanding between Murat and Napoleon— + Plans laid at Elba—My departure from Paris—The post-master of + Fins—My arrival at Lille—Louis XVIII. detained an hour at the + gates—His majesty obliged to leave France—My departure for + Hamburg—The Duc de Berri at Brussels. +</pre> + <p> + Those who opposed the execution of the treaty concluded with Napoleon at + the time of his abdication were guilty of a great error, for they afforded + him a fair pretext for leaving the island of Elba. The details of that + extraordinary enterprise are known to every one, and I shall not repeat + what has been told over and over again. For my own part, as soon as I saw + with what rapidity Bonaparte was marching upon Lyons, and the enthusiasm + with which he was received by the troops and the people, I prepared to + retire to Belgium, there to await the denouement of this new drama. + </p> + <p> + Every preparation for my departure was completed on the evening of the + 13th of March, and I was ready to depart, to avoid the persecutions of + which I expected I should be the object, when I received a message from + the Tuileries stating that the King desired to see me. I of course lost no + time in proceeding to the Palace, and went straight to M. Hue to inquire + of him why I had been sent for. He occupied the apartments in which I + passed the three most laborious and anxious years of my life. M. Hue, + perceiving that I felt a certain degree of uneasiness at being summoned to + the Tuileries at that hour of the night, hastened to inform me that the + King wished to appoint me Prefect of the Police. He conducted me to the + King's chamber, where his Majesty thus addressed me kindly, but in an + impressive manner, "M. de Bourrienne, can we rely upon you? I expect much + from your zeal and fidelity."—"Your Majesty," replied I, "shall have + no reason to complain of my betraying your confidence."—"Well, I + re-establish the Prefecture of the Police, and I appoint you Prefect. Do + your best, M. de Bourrienne, in the discharge of your duties; I count upon + you." + </p> + <p> + By a singular coincidence, on the very day (the 13th of March) when I + received this appointment Napoleon, who was at Lyons, signed the decree + which excluded from the amnesty he had granted thirteen individuals, among + whose names mine was inscribed. This decree confirmed me in the + presentiments I had conceived as soon as I heard of the landing of + Bonaparte. On returning home from the Tuileries after receiving my + appointment a multitude of ideas crowded on my mind. At the first moment I + had been prompted only by the wish to serve the cause of the King, but I + was alarmed when I came to examine the extent of the responsibility I had + taken upon myself. However, I determined to meet with courage the + difficulties that presented themselves, and I must say that I had every + reason to be satisfied with the manner in which I was seconded by M. + Foudras, the Inspector-General of the Police. + </p> + <p> + Even now I am filled with astonishment when I think of the Council that + was held at the Tuileries on the evening of the 13th of March in M. de + Blacas' apartments. The ignorance of the members of that Council + respecting our situation, and their confidence in the useless measures + they had adopted against Napoleon, exceed all conception. + </p> + <p> + Will it be believed that those great statesmen, who had the control of the + telegraph, the post-office, the police and its agents, money-in short, + everything which constitutes power—asked me to give them information + respecting the advance of Bonaparte? What could I say to them? I could + only repeat the reports which were circulated on the Exchange, and those + which I had collected here and there during the last twenty-four hours. I + did not conceal that the danger was imminent, and that all their + precautions would be of no avail. The question then arose as to what + course should be adapted by the King. It was impossible that the monarch + could remain at the Capital, and yet, where was he to go? One proposed + that he should go to Bordeaux, another to La Vendée, and a third to + Normandy, and a fourth member of the Council was of opinion that the King + should be conducted to Melun. I conceived that if a battle should take + place anywhere it would probably be in the neighbourhood of that town, but + the councillor who made this last suggestion assured us that the presence + of the King in an open carriage and eight horses would produce a wonderful + effect on the minds of the troops. This project was merely ridiculous; the + others appeared to be dangerous and impracticable. I declared to the + Council that, considering the situation of things, it was necessary to + renounce all idea of resistance by force of arms; that no soldier would + fire a musket, and that it was madness to attempt to take any other view + of things. "Defection," said I, "is inevitable. The soldiers are drinking + in their barracks the money which you have been giving them for some days + past to purchase their fidelity. They say Louis XVIII., is a very decent + sort of man, but 'Vive le petit Caporal!'" + </p> + <p> + Immediately on the landing of Napoleon the King sent an extraordinary + courier to Marmont, who was at Chatillon whither he had gone to take a + last leave of his dying mother. I saw him one day after he had had an + interview with the King; I think it was on the 6th or 7th of March. After + some conversation on the landing of Napoleon, and the means of preventing + him from reaching Paris, Marmont said to me, "This is what I dwelt most + strongly upon in the interview I have just had with the King. 'Sire,' said + I, 'I doubt not Bonaparte's intention of coming to Paris, and the best way + to prevent him doing so would be for your Majesty to remain here. It is + necessary to secure the Palace of the Tuileries against a surprise, and to + prepare it for resisting a siege, in which it would be indispensable to + use cannon. You must shut yourself up in your palace, with the individuals + of your household and the principal public functionaries, while the Duc + d'Angoulome should go to Bordeaux, the Duc de Berri to La Vendée, and + Monsieur to, the Franche-Comte; but they must set off in open day, and + announce that they are going to collect defenders for your Majesty.—[Monsieur, + the brother of the King, the Comte d'Artois later Charles X.] + </p> + <p> + ". . . This is what I said to the King this morning, and I added that I + would answer for everything if my advice were followed. I am now going to + direct my aide de camp, Colonel Fabvier, to draw up the plan of defence." + I did not concur in Marmont's opinion. It is certainly probable that had + Louis XVIII. remained in his palace the numerous defections which took + place before the 20th of March would have been checked and some persons + would not have found so ready an excuse for breaking their oaths of + allegiance. There can be little doubt, too, but Bonaparte would have + reflected well before he attempted the siege of the Tuileries. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Marmont (tome vii. p. 87) gives the full details of his scheme + for provisioning and garrisoning the Tuileries which the King was to + hold while his family spread themselves throughout the provinces. + The idea had nothing strange in it, for the same advice was given by + General Mathieu Dumas (Souvenirs, tome iii. p. 564), a man not + likely to suggest any rash schemes. Jaucourt, writing to + Talleyrand, obviously believed in the wisdom of the King's + remaining, as did the Czar; see Talleyrand's Correspondence, vol. + ii. pp. 94, 122, 129. Napoleon would certainly have been placed + in a strange difficulty, but a king capable of adopting such a + resolution would never have been required to consider it.]— +</pre> + <p> + Marmont supported his opinion by observing that the admiration and + astonishment excited by the extraordinary enterprise of Napoleon and his + rapid march to Paris would be counterbalanced by the interest inspired by + a venerable monarch defying his bold rival and courageously defending his + throne. While I rendered full justice to the good intentions of the Duke + of Ragusa, yet I did not think that his advice could be adopted. I opposed + it as I opposed all the propositions that were made in the Council + relative to the different places to which the King should retire. I myself + suggested Lille as being the nearest, and as presenting the greatest + degree of safety, especially in the first instance. + </p> + <p> + It was after midnight when I left the Council of the Tuileries. The + discussion had terminated, and without coming to any precise resolution it + was agreed that the different opinions which had been expressed should be + submitted to Louis XVIII. in order that his Majesty might adopt that which + should appear to him the best. The King adopted my opinion, but it was not + acted upon until five days after. + </p> + <p> + My appointment to the Prefecture of the Police was, as will be seen, a + late thought of measure, almost as late indeed as Napoleon's proposition + to send me as his Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland. In now + accepting office I was well convinced of the inutility of any effort that + might be made to arrest the progress of the fast approaching and menacing + events. Being introduced into the King's cabinet his Majesty asked me what + I thought of the situation of affairs. "I think, Sire, that Bonaparte will + be here in five or six days."—"What, sir?"—"Yes, Sire."—"But + proper measures are taken, the necessary orders given, and the Marshals + are faithful to me."—"Sire, I suspect no man's fidelity; but I can + assure your Majesty that, as Bonaparte has landed, he will be here within + a week. I know him, and your Majesty cannot know him as well as I do; but + I can venture to assure your Majesty with the same confidence that he will + not be here six months hence. He will be hurried into acts of folly which + will ruin him."—"De Bourrienne, I hope the best from events, but if + misfortune again compel me to leave France, and your second prediction be + fulfilled, you may rely on me." During this short conversation the King + appeared perfectly tranquil and resigned. + </p> + <p> + The next day I again visited the Tuileries, whither I had at those + perilous times frequent occasion to repair. On that day I received a list + of twenty-five persons whom I was ordered to arrest. I took the liberty to + observe that such a proceeding was not only useless but likely to produce + a very injurious effect at that critical moment. The reasons I urged had + not all the effect I expected. However, some relaxation as to twenty-three + of the twenty-five was conceded, but it was insisted that Fouché and + Davoust should be arrested without delay. The King repeatedly said, "I + wish you to arrest Fouché."—"Sire, I beseech your Majesty to + consider the inutility of such a measure."—"I am resolved upon + Fouches arrest. But I am sure you will miss him, for Andre could not catch + him." + </p> + <p> + My nocturnal installation as Prefect of the Police took place some time + after midnight. I had great repugnance to the arrest of Fouché, but the + order having been given, there was no alternative but to obey it. I + communicated the order to M. Foudras, who very coolly observed, "Since we + are to arrest him you need not be afraid, we shall have him fast + tomorrow." + </p> + <p> + The next day my agents repaired to the Duke of Otranto's hotel, in the Rue + d'Artois. On showing their warrant Fouché said, "What does this mean? Your + warrant is of no force; it is mere waste-paper. It purports to come from + the Prefect of the Police, but there is no such Prefect." In my opinion + Fouché was right, for my appointment, which took place during the night, + had not been legally announced. Be that as it may, on his refusal to + surrender, one of my agents applied to the staff of the National Guard, + requesting the support, in case of need, of an armed force. General + Dessolles repaired to the Tuileries to take the King's orders on the + subject. Meanwhile Fouché, who never lost his self-possession, after + talking to the police officers who remained with him, pretended to step + aside for some indispensable purpose, but the door which he opened led + into a dark passage through which he slipped, leaving my unfortunate + agents groping about in the obscurity. As for himself, he speedily gained + the Rue Taitbout, where he stepped into a coach, and drove off. This is + the whole history of the notable arrest of Fouché. + </p> + <p> + As for Davoust, I felt my hands tied with respect to him. I do not mean to + affect generosity, for I acknowledge the enmity I bore him; but I did not + wish it to be supposed that I was acting towards him from a spirit of + personal vengeance. I therefore merely ordered him to be watched. The + other twenty-three were to me in this matter as if they had never existed; + and some of them, perhaps, will only learn in reading my Memoirs what + dangerous characters they were thought to be. + </p> + <p> + On the 15th of March, after the conversation which, as I have already + related, I had with Louis XVIII, I went to M. de Blacas and repeated to + him what I had stated to the King on the certainty of Bonaparte's speedy + arrival in Paris. I told him that I found it necessary to devote the short + time still in our power to prevent a reaction against the Royalists, and + to preserve public tranquillity until the departure of the Royal family, + and that I would protect the departure of all persons who had reasons for + withdrawing themselves from the scene of the great and perhaps disastrous + events that might ensue. "You may readily believe, Count," added I, "that + considering the great interests with which I am entrusted, I am not + inclined to lose valuable time in arresting the persons of whose names I + have received a list. The execution of such a measure would be useless; it + would lead to nothing, or rather it would serve to irritate public + feeling. My conviction of this fact has banished from me all idea of + keeping under restraint for four or five days persons whose influence, + whether real or supposed, is nil, since Bonaparte is at Auxerre. Mere + supervision appears to me sufficient, and to that I propose confining + myself."—"The King," replied M. de Blacas, "relies on you. He knows + that though only forty-eight hours have elapsed since you entered upon + your functions, you have already rendered greater services than you are + perhaps aware of." I then asked M. de Blacas whether he had not received + any intimation of Bonaparte's intended departure from the island of Elba + by letters or by secret agents. "The only positive information we + received," answered the Minister, "was an intercepted letter, dated Elba, + 6th February. It was addressed to M. ——-, near Grenoble. I + will show it you." M. de Blacas opened a drawer of his writing-table and + took out the letter, which he gave to me. The writer thanked his + correspondent for the information he had transmitted to "the inhabitant of + Elba." He was informed that everything was ready for departure, and that + the first favourable opportunity would be seized, but that it would be + desirable first to receive answers to some questions contained in the + letter. These questions related to the regiments which had been sent into + the south, and the places of their cantonment. It was inquired whether the + choice of the commanders was conformable to what had been agreed on in + Paris, and whether Labedoyere was at his post. The letter was rather long + and it impressed me by the way in which the plan of a landing on the coast + of Provence was discussed. Precise answers were requested on all these + points. On returning the letter to M. de Blacas I remarked that the + contents of the letter called for the adoption of some decided measures, + and I asked him what had been done. He answered, "I immediately sent a + copy of the letter to M. d'Andre, that he might give orders for arresting + the individual to whom it was addressed." + </p> + <p> + Having had the opportunity of closely observing the machinery of a + vigilant and active Government, I was, I must confess, not a little amazed + at the insufficiency of the measures adopted to defeat this well-planned + conspiracy. When M. de Blacas informed me of all that had been done, I + could not repress an exclamation of surprise. "Well," said he, "and what + would you have done?"—"In the first place I would not have lost + twenty-four hours, which were an age in such a crisis." I then explained + the plan I would have adopted. A quarter of an hour after the receipt of + the letter I would have sent trustworthy men to Grenoble, and above all + things I would have taken care not to let the matter fall into the hands + of the police. Having obtained all information from the correspondent at + Grenoble, I would have made him write a letter to his correspondent at + Elba to quiet the eagerness of Napoleon, telling him that the movement of + troops he spoke of had not been made, that it would take eight days to + carry it out, and that it was necessary to the success of the enterprise + to delay the embarkation for some days. While Bonaparte was thus delayed I + would have sent to the coast of Provence a sufficient body of men devoted + to the Royal cause, sending off in another direction the regiments whose + chiefs were gained over by Napoleon, as the correspondence should reveal + their names. "You are perhaps right, sir," said M. de Blacas, "but what + could I do? I am new here. I had not the control of the police, and I + trusted to M. d'Andre."—"Well," said I, "Bonaparte will be here on + the 20th of March." With these words I parted from M. de Blacas. I + remarked a great change in him. He had already lost a vast deal of that + hauteur of favouritism which made him so much disliked. + </p> + <p> + When I entered upon my duties in the Prefecture of Police the evil was + already past remedy. The incorrigible emigres required another lesson, and + the temporary resurrection of the Empire was inevitable. But, if Bonaparte + was recalled, it was not owing to any attachment to him personally; it was + not from any fidelity to the recollections of the Empire. It was resolved + at any price to get rid of those imbecile councillors, who thought they + might treat France like a country conquered by the emigrants. The people + determined to free themselves from a Government which seemed resolved to + trample on all that was dear to France. In this state of things some + looked upon Bonaparte as a liberator, but the greater number regarded him + as an instrument. In this last character he was viewed by the old + Republicans, and by a new generation, who thought they caught a glimpse of + liberty in promises, and Who were blind enough to believe that the idol of + France would be restored by Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + In February 1815, while everything was preparing at Elba for the + approaching departure of Napoleon, Murat applied to the Court of Vienna + for leave to march through the Austrian Provinces of Upper Italy an army + directed on France. It was on the 26th of the same month that Bonaparte + escaped from Elba. These two facts were necessarily connected together, + for, in spite of Murat's extravagant ideas, he never could have + entertained the expectation of obliging the King of France, by the mere + force of arms, to acknowledge his continued possession of the throne of + Naples. Since the return of Louis XVIII. the Cabinet of the Tuileries had + never regarded Murat in any other light than as a usurper, and I know from + good authority that the French Plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna + were especially instructed to insist that the restoration of the throne of + Naples in favour of the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies should be a + consequence of the restoration of the throne of France. I also know that + the proposition was firmly opposed on the part of Austria, who had always + viewed with jealousy the occupation of three thrones of Europe by the + single House of Bourbon. + </p> + <p> + According to information, for the authenticity of which I can vouch, the + following were the plans which Napoleon conceived at Elba. Almost + immediately after his arrival in France he was to order the Marshals on + whom he could best rely to defend to the utmost the entrances to the + French territory and the approaches to Paris, by pivoting on the triple + line of fortresses which gird the north and east of France. Davoust was + 'in petto' singled out for the defence of Paris. He, was to arm the + inhabitants of the suburbs, and to have, besides, 20,000 men of the + National Guard at his disposal. Napoleon, not being aware of the situation + of the Allies, never supposed that they could concentrate their forces and + march against him so speedily as they did. He hoped to take them by + surprise, and defeat their projects, by making Murat march upon Milan, and + by stirring up insurrections in Italy. The Po being once crossed, and + Murat approaching the capital of Lombardy, Napoleon with the corps of + Suchet, Brune, Grouchy, and Massena, augmented by troops sent, by forced + marches, to Lyons, was to cross the Alps and revolutionise Piedmont. + There, having recruited his army and joined the Neapolitans in Milan, he + was to proclaim the independence of Italy, unite the whole country under a + single chief, and then march at the head of 100,000 men on Vienna, by the + Julian Alps, across which victory had conducted him in 1797. This was not + all: numerous emissaries scattered through Poland and Hungary were to + foment discord and raise the cry of liberty and independence, to alarm + Russia and Austria. It must be confessed it would have been an + extraordinary spectacle to see Napoleon giving liberty to Europe in + revenge for not having succeeded in enslaving her. + </p> + <p> + By means of these bold manoeuvres and vast combinations Napoleon + calculated that he would have the advantage of the initiative in military + operations. Perhaps his genius was never more fully developed than in this + vast conception. According to this plan he was to extend his operations + over a line of 500 leagues, from Ostend to Vienna, by the Alps and Italy, + to provide himself with immense resources of every kind, to prevent the + Emperor of Austria from marching his troops against France, and probably + force him to terminate a war from which the hereditary provinces would + have exclusively suffered. Such was the bright prospect which presented + itself to Napoleon when he stepped on board the vessel which was to convey + him from Elba to France. But the mad precipitation of Murat put Europe on + the alert, and the brilliant illusion vanished like a dream. + </p> + <p> + After being assured that all was tranquil, and that the Royal family was + secure against every danger, I myself set out at four o'clock on the + morning of the 20th of March, taking the road to Lille.—Nothing + extraordinary occurred until I arrived at the post-office of Fins, in + front of which were drawn up a great number of carriages, which had + arrived before mine, and the owners of which, like myself, were + impatiently waiting for horses. I soon observed that some one called the + postmaster aside in a way which did not appear entirely devoid of mystery, + and I acknowledge I felt some degree of alarm. I was in the room in which + the travellers were waiting, and my attention was attracted by a large + bill fixed against the wall. It was printed in French and Russian, and it + proved to be the order of the day which I had been fortunate enough to + obtain from the Emperor Alexander to exempt posthorses, etc., from the + requisitions of the Allied troops. + </p> + <p> + I was standing looking at the bill when the postmaster came into the room + and advanced towards me. "Sir," said he, "that is an order of the day + which saved me from ruin."—"Then surely you would not harm the man + by whom it is signed?"—"I know you, sir, I recognised you + immediately. I saw you in Paris when you were Director of the Post-office, + and you granted a just claim which I had upon you. I have now come to tell + you that they are harnessing two horses to your calash, and you may set + off at full speed." The worthy man had assigned to my use the only two + horses at his disposal; his son performed the office of postilion, and I + set off to the no small dissatisfaction of some of the travellers who had + arrived before me, and who, perhaps, had as good reasons as I to avoid the + presence of Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + We arrived at Lille at eleven o'clock on the night of the 21st. Here I + encountered another vexation, though not of an alarming kind. The gates of + the town were closed, and I was obliged to content myself with a miserable + night's lodging in the suburb. + </p> + <p> + I entered Lille on the 22d, and Louis XVIII. arrived on the 23d. His + Majesty also found the gates closed, and more than an hour elapsed before + an order could be obtained for opening them, for the Duke of Orleans, who + commanded the town, was inspecting the troops when his Majesty arrived. + The King was perfectly well received at Lille. There indeed appeared some + symptoms of defection, but it must be acknowledged that the officers of + the old army had been so singularly sacrificed to the promotion of the + returned emigrants that it was very natural the former should hail the + return of the man who had so often led them to victory. I put up at the + Hotel de Grand, certainly without forming any prognostic respecting the + future residence of the King. When I saw his Majesty's retinue I went down + and stood at the door of the hotel, where as soon as Louis XVIII. + perceived me he distinguished me from among all the persons who were + awaiting his arrival, and holding out his hand for me to kiss he said, + "Follow me, M. de Bourrienne." + </p> + <p> + On entering the apartments prepared for him the King expressed to me his + approval of my conduct since the Restoration, and especially during the + short interval in which I had discharged the functions of Prefect of the + Police. He did me the honour to invite me to breakfast with him. The + conversation naturally turned on the events of the day, of which every one + present spoke according to his hopes or fears. Observing that Louis XVIII. + concurred in Berthier's discouraging view of affairs, I ventured to repeat + what I had already said at the Tuileries, that, judging from the + disposition of the sovereigns of Europe and the information which I had + received, it appeared very probable that his Majesty would be again seated + on his throne in three months. Berthier bit his nails as he did when he + wanted to leave the army of Egypt and return to Paris to the object of his + adoration. Berthier was not hopeful; he was always one of those men who + have the least confidence and the most depression. I could perceive that + the King regarded my observation as one of those compliments which he was + accustomed to receive, and that he had no great confidence in the + fulfilment of my prediction. However, wishing to seem to believe it, he + said, what he had more than hinted before, "M. de Bourrienne, as long as I + am King you shall be my Prefect of the Police." + </p> + <p> + It was the decided intention of Louis XVIII. to remain in France as long + as he could, but the Napoleonic fever, which spread like an epidemic among + the troops, had infected the garrison of Lille. Marshal Mortier, who + commanded at Lille, and the Duke of Orleans, expressed to me their + well-founded fears, and repeatedly recommended me to urge the King to quit + Lille speedily, in order to avoid any fatal occurrence. During the two + days I passed with his Majesty I entreated him to yield to the imperious + circumstances in which he was placed. At length the King, with deep + regret, consented to go, and I left Lille the day before that fixed for + his Majesty's departure. + </p> + <p> + In September 1814 the King had appointed me charge d'affaires from France + to Hamburg, but not having received orders to repair to my post I have not + hitherto mentioned this nomination. However, when Louis XVIII. was on the + point of leaving France he thought that my presence in Hamburg might be + useful for the purpose of making him acquainted with all that might + interest him in the north of Germany. But it was not there that danger was + to be apprehended. There were two points to be watched—the + headquarters of Napoleon and the King's Council at Ghent. I, however, lost + no time in repairing to a city where I was sure of finding a great many + friends. On passing through Brussels I alighted at the Hotel de Bellevue, + where the Duc de Berri arrived shortly after me. His Royal Highness then + invited me to breakfast with him, and conversed with me very + confidentially. I afterwards continued my journey. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0110" id="link2HCH0110"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> + + 1815. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Message to Madame de Bourrienne on the 20th of March—Napoleon's + nocturnal entrance into Paris—General Becton sent to my family by + Caulaincourt—Recollection of old persecutions—General Driesen— + Solution of an enigma—Seals placed on my effects—Useless searches + —Persecution of women—Madame de Stael and Madame de Recamier— + Paris during the Hundred Days—The federates and patriotic songs— + Declaration of the Plenipotentiaries at Vienna. +</pre> + <p> + At Lille, and again at Hamburg, I received letters from my family, which I + had looked for with great impatience. They contained particulars of what + had occurred relative to me since Bonaparte's return to Paris. Two hours + after my departure Madame de Bourrienne also left Paris, accompanied by + her children, and proceeded to an asylum which had been offered her seven + leagues from the capital. She left at my house in Paris her sister, two of + her brothers, and her friend the Comtesse de Neuilly, who had resided with + us since her return from the emigration. + </p> + <p> + On the very morning of my wife's departure (namely, the 20th of March) a + person, with whom I had always been on terms of friendship, and who was + entirely devoted to Bonaparte, sent to request that Madame de Bourrienne + would call on him, as he wished to speak to her on most important and + urgent business. My sister-in-law informed the messenger that my wife had + left Paris, but, begging a friend to accompany her, she went herself to + the individual, whose name will be probably guessed, though I do not + mention it. The person who came with the message to my house put many + questions to Madame de Bourrienne's sister respecting my absence, and + advised her, above all things, to conjure me not to follow the King, + observing that the cause of Louis XVIII. was utterly lost, and that I + should do well to retire quietly to Burgundy, as there was no doubt of my + obtaining the Emperor's pardon. + </p> + <p> + Nothing could be more gloomy than Bonaparte's entrance into Paris. He + arrived at night in the midst of a thick fog. The streets were almost + deserted, and a vague feeling of terror prevailed almost generally in the + capital. + </p> + <p> + At nine o'clock on the same evening, the very hour of Bonaparte's arrival + at the Tuileries, a lady, a friend, of my family, and whose son served in + the Young Guard, called and requested to see Madame de Bourrienne. She + refused to enter the house lest she should be seen, and my sister-in-law + went down to the garden to speak to her without a light. This lady's + brother had been on the preceding night to Fontainebleau to see Bonaparte, + and he had directed his sister to desire me to remain in Paris, and to + retain my post in the Prefecture of the Police, as I was sure of a full + and complete pardon. + </p> + <p> + On the morning of the 21st General Becton, who has since been the victim + of his mad enterprises, called at my house and requested to speak with me + and Madame de Bourrienne. He was received by my wife's sister and + brothers, and stated that he came from M. de Caulaincourt to renew the + assurances of safety which had already been given to me. I was, I confess, + very sensible of these proofs of friendship when they came to my + knowledge, but I did not for a single moment repent the course I adopted. + I could not forget the intrigues of which I had been the object since + 1811, nor the continual threats of arrest which, during that year, had not + left me a moment's quiet; and since I now revert to that time, I may take + the opportunity of explaining how in 1814 I was made acquainted with the + real causes of the persecution to which I had been a prey. A person, whose + name prudence forbids me mentioning, communicated to me the following + letter, the original copy of which is in my possession: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + MONSIEUR LE DUC DE BASSANO—I send you some very important documents + respecting the Sieur Bourrienne, and beg you will make me a + confidential report on this affair. Keep these documents for + yourself alone. This business demands the utmost secrecy. + Everything induces me to believe that Bourrienne has carried a + series of intrigues with London. Bring me the report on Thursday. + I pray God, etc. + (Signed) NAPOLEON + PARIS, 25th December 1811. +</pre> + <p> + I could now clearly perceive what to me had hitherto been enveloped in + obscurity; but I was not, as yet, made acquainted with the documents + mentioned in Napoleon's epistle. Still, however, the cause of his + animosity was an enigma which I was unable to guess, but I obtained its + solution some time afterwards. + </p> + <p> + General Driesen, who was the Governor of Mittau while Louis XVIII. resided + in that town, came to Paris in 1814. I had been well acquainted with him + in 1810 at Hamburg, where he lived for a considerable time. While at + Mittau he conceived a chivalrous and enthusiastic friendship for the King + of France. We were at first distrustful of each other, but afterwards the + most intimate confidence arose between us. General Driesen looked forward + with certainty to the return of the Bourbons to France, and in the course + of our frequent conversations on his favourite theme he gradually threw + off all reserve, and at length disclosed to me that he was maintaining a + correspondence with the King. + </p> + <p> + He told me that he had sent to Hartwell several drafts of proclamations, + with none of which, he said, the King was satisfied. On allowing me the + copy of the last of these drafts I frankly told him that I was quite of + the King's opinion as to its unfitness. I observed that if the King should + one day return to France and act as the general advised he would not keep + possession of his throne six months. Driesen then requested me to dictate + a draft of a proclamation conformably with my ideas. This I consented to + do on one condition, viz. that he would never mention my name in + connection with the business, either in writing or conversation. General + Driesen promised this, and then I dictated to him a draft which I would + now candidly lay before the reader if I had a copy of it. I may add that + in the different proclamations of Louis XVIII. I remarked several passages + precisely corresponding with the draft I had dictated at Hamburg. + </p> + <p> + During the four years which intervened between my return to Paris and the + downfall of the Empire it several times occurred to me that General + Driesen had betrayed my secret, and on his very first visit to me after + the Restoration, our conversation happening to turn on Hamburg, I asked + him whether he had not disclosed what I wished him to conceal? "Well," + said he, "there is no harm in telling the truth now. After you had left + Hamburg the King wrote to me inquiring the name of the author of the last + draft I had sent him, which was very different from all that had preceded + it. I did not answer this question, but the King having repeated it in a + second letter, and having demanded an answer, I was compelled to break my + promise to you, and I put into the post-office of Gothenberg in Sweden a + letter for the King, in which I mentioned your name." + </p> + <p> + The mystery was now revealed to me. I clearly saw what had excited in + Napoleon's mind the suspicion that I was carrying on intrigues with + England. I have no doubt as to the way in which the affair came to his + knowledge. The King must have disclosed my name to one of those persons + whose situations placed them above the suspicion of any betrayal of + confidence, and thus the circumstance must have reached the ear of + Bonaparte. This is not a mere hypothesis, for I well know how promptly and + faithfully Napoleon was informed of all that was said and done at + Hartwell. + </p> + <p> + Having shown General Driesen Napoleon's accusatory letter, he begged that + I would entrust him with it for a day or two, saying he would show it to + the King at a private audience. His object was to serve me, and to excite + Louis XVIII.'s interest in my behalf, by briefly relating to him the whole + affair. The general came to me on leaving the Tuileries, and assured me + that the King after perusing the letter, had the great kindness to observe + that I might think myself very happy in not having been shot. I know not + whether Napoleon was afterwards informed of the details of this affair, + which certainly had no connection with any intrigues with England, and + which, after all, would have been a mere peccadillo in comparison with the + conduct I thought it my duty to adopt at the time of the Restoration. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile Madame de Bourrienne informed me by an express that seals were + to be placed on the effects of all the persons included in the decree of + Lyons, and consequently upon mine. As soon as my wife received information + of this she quitted her retreat and repaired to Paris to face the storm. + On the 29th of March, at nine in the evening, the police agents presented + themselves at my house. Madame de Bourrienne remonstrated against the + measure and the inconvenient hour that was chosen for its execution; but + all was in vain, and there was no alternative but to submit. + </p> + <p> + But the matter did not end with the first formalities performed by + Fouché's alguazils. During the month of May seven persons were appointed + to examine, my papers, and among the inquisitorial septemvirate were two + men well known and filling high situations. One of these executed his + commission, but the other, sensible of the odium attached to it, wrote to + say he was unwell, and never came. The number of my inquisitors, 'in + domo', was thus reduced to six. They behaved with great rudeness, and + executed their mission with a rigour and severity exceedingly painful to + my family. They carried their search so far as to rummage the pockets of + my old clothes, and even to unrip the linings. All this was done in the + hope of finding something that would commit me in the eyes of the new + master of France. But I was not to be caught in that way, and before + leaving home I had taken such precautions as to set my mind perfectly at + ease. + </p> + <p> + However, those who had declared themselves strongly against Napoleon were + not the only persons who had reason to be alarmed at his return. Women + even, by a system of inquisition unworthy of the Emperor, but + unfortunately quite in unison with his hatred of all liberty, were + condemned to exile, and had cause to apprehend further severity. It is for + the exclusive admirers of the Chief of the Empire to approve of everything + which proceeded from him, even his rigour against a defenceless sex; it is + for them to laugh at the misery of a woman, and a writer of genius, + condemned without any form of trial to the most severe punishment short of + death. For my part, I saw neither justice nor pleasantry in the exile of + Madame de Chevreuse for having had the courage (and courage was not common + then even among men) to say that she was not made to be the gaoler of the + Queen of Spain. On Napoleon's return from. the isle of Elba, Madame de + Stael was in a state of weakness, which rendered her unable to bear any + sudden and violent emotion. This debilitated state of health had been + produced by her flight from Coppet to Russia immediately after the birth + of the son who was the fruit of her marriage with M. Rocca. In spite of + the danger of a journey in such circumstances she saw greater danger in + staying where she was, and she set out on her new exile. That exile was + not of long duration, but Madame de Stael never recovered from the effect + of the alarm and fatigue it occasioned her. + </p> + <p> + The name of the authoress of Corinne, naturally calls to mind that of the + friend who was most faithful to her in misfortune, and who was not herself + screened from the severity of Napoleon by the just and universal + admiration of which she was the object. In 1815 Madame Recamier did not + leave Paris, to which she had returned in 1814, though her exile was not + revoked. I know positively that Hortense assured her of the pleasure she + would feel in receiving her, and that Madame Recamier, as an excuse for + declining the perilous honour, observed that she had determined never + again to appear in the world as long as her friends should be persecuted. + The memorial de Sainte Helene, referring to the origin of the ill-will of + the Chief of the Empire towards the society of Madame de Stael and Madame + Recamier, etc., seems to reproach Madame Recamier, "accustomed," says the + Memorial, "to ask for everything and to obtain everything," for having + claimed nothing less than the complete reinstatement of her father. + Whatever may have been the pretensions of Madame Recamier, Bonaparte, not + a little addicted to the custom he complains of in her, could not have, + with a good grace, made a crime of her ingratitude if he on his side had + not claimed a very different sentiment from gratitude. I was with the + First Consul at the time M. Bernard, the father of Madame Reamier, was + accused, and I have not forgotten on what conditions the re-establishment + would have been granted. + </p> + <p> + The frequent interviews between Madame Recamier and Madame de Stael were + not calculated to bring Napoleon to sentiments and measures of moderation. + He became more and more irritated at this friendship between two women + formed for each other's society; and, on the occasion of one of Madame + Recamier's journeys to Coppet he informed her, through the medium of + Fouché, that she was perfectly at liberty to go to Switzerland, but not to + return to Paris. "Ah, Monseigneur! a great man may be pardoned for the + weakness of loving women, but not for fearing them." This was the only + reply of Madame Recamier to Fouché when she set out for Coppet. I may here + observe that the personal prejudices of the Emperor would not have been of + a persevering and violent character if some of the people who surrounded + him had not sought to foment them. I myself fell a victim to this. + Napoleon's affection for me would perhaps have got the upper hand if his + relenting towards me had not been incessantly combated by my enemies + around him. + </p> + <p> + I had no opportunity of observing the aspect of Paris during that + memorable period recorded in history by the name of the Hundred Days, but + the letters which I received at the time, together with all that, I + afterwards heard, concurred in assuring me that the capital never + presented so melancholy a picture as: during those three months. No one + felt any confidence in Napoleon's second reign, and it was said, without + any sort of reserve, that Fouché, while serving the cause of usurpation, + would secretly betray it. The future was viewed with alarm, and the + present with dissatisfaction. The sight of the federates who paraded the + faubourgs and the boulevards, vociferating, "The Republic for ever!" and + "Death to the Royalists!" their sanguinary songs, the revolutionary airs + played in our theatres, all tended to produce a fearful torpor in the + public mind, and the issue of the impending events was anxiously awaited. + </p> + <p> + One of the circumstances which, at the commencement of the Hundred Days, + most contributed to open the eyes of those who were yet dazzled by the + past glory of Napoleon, was the assurance with which he declared that the + Empress and his son would be restored to him, though nothing warranted + that announcement. It was evident that he could not count on any ally; and + in spite of the prodigious activity with which a new army was raised those + persons must have been blind indeed who could imagine the possibility of + his triumphing over Europe, again armed to oppose him. I deplored the + inevitable disasters which Bonaparte's bold enterprise would entail, but I + had such certain information respecting the intentions of the Allied + powers, and the spirit which animated the Plenipotentiaries at Vienna, + that I could not for a moment doubt the issue of the conflict: Thus I was + not at all surprised when I received at Hamburg the minutes of the + conferences at Vienna in May 1815. + </p> + <p> + When the first intelligence of Bonaparte's landing was received at Vienna + it must be confessed that very little had been done at the Congress, for + measures calculated to reconstruct a solid and durable order of things + could only be framed and adopted deliberately, and upon mature reflection. + Louis XVIII. had instructed his Plenipotentiaries to defend and support + the principles of justice and the law of nations, so as to secure the + rights of all parties and avert the chances of a new war. The Congress was + occupied with these important objects when intelligence was received of + Napoleon's departure from Elba and his landing at the Gulf of Juan. The + Plenipotentiaries then signed the protocol of the conferences to which I + have above alluded. + </p> + + [ANNEX TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTER.] + + <p> + The following despatch of Napoleon's to Marshal Davoust (given in Captain + Bingham's Translation, vol. iii. p. 121), though not strictly bearing upon + the subject of the Duke of Bassano's inquiry (p. 256), may perhaps find a + place here, as indicative of the private feeling of the Emperor towards + Bourrienne. As the reader will remember, it has already been alluded to + earlier in the work: + </p> + <p> + To MARSHAL DAVOUST. COMPIEGNE, 3d September 1811. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +I have received your letter concerning the cheating of Bourrienne at +Hamburg. It will be important to throw light upon what he has done. +Have the Jew, Gumprecht Mares, arrested, seize his papers, and place him +in solitary confinement. Have some of the other principal agents of +Bourrienne arrested, so as to discover his doings at Hamburg, and the +embezzlements he has committed there. + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0111" id="link2HCH0111"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[By the Editor of the 1836 edition]— +</pre> + + 1815. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Napoleon at Paris—Political manoeuvres—The meeting of the + Champ-de-Mai—Napoleon, the Liberals, and the moderate + Constitutionalists—His love of arbitrary power as strong as ever— + Paris during the Cent Jours—Preparations for his last campaign— + The Emperor leaves Paris to join the army—State of Brussels— + Proclamation of Napoleon to the Belgians—Effective strength of the + French and Allied armies—The Emperor's proclamation to the French + army. +</pre> + <p> + Napoleon was scarcely reseated on his throne when he found he could not + resume that absolute power he had possessed before his abdication at + Fontainebleau. He was obliged to submit to the curb of a representative + government, but we may well believe that he only yielded, with a mental + reservation that as soon as victory should return to his standards and his + army be reorganised he would send the representatives of the people back + to their departments, and make himself as absolute as he had ever been. + His temporary submission was indeed obligatory. + </p> + <p> + The Republicans and Constitutionalists who had assisted, or not opposed + his return, with Carnot, Fouché, Benjamin Constant, and his own brother + Lucien (a lover of constitutional liberty) at their head, would support + him only on condition of his reigning as a constitutional sovereign; he + therefore proclaimed a constitution under the title of "Acte additionnel + aux Constitutions de l'Empire," which greatly resembled the charter + granted by Louis XVIII. the year before. An hereditary Chamber of Peers + was to be appointed by the Emperor, a Chamber of Representatives chosen by + the Electoral Colleges, to be renewed every five years, by which all taxes + were to be voted, ministers were to be responsible, judges irremovable, + the right of petition was acknowledged, and property was declared + inviolable. Lastly, the French nation was made to declare that they would + never recall the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + Even before reaching Paris, and while resting on his journey from Elba at + Lyons, the second city in France, and the ancient capital of the Franks, + Napoleon arranged his ministry, and issued sundry decrees, which show how + little his mind was prepared for proceeding according to the majority of + votes in representative assemblies. + </p> + <p> + Cambacérès was named Minister of Justice, Fouché Minister of Police (a + boon to the Revolutionists), Davoust appointed Minister of War. Decrees + upon decrees were issued with a rapidity which showed how laboriously + Bonaparte had employed those studious hours at Elba which he was supposed + to have dedicated to the composition of his Memoirs. They were couched in + the name of "Napoleon, by the grace of God, Emperor of France," and were + dated on the 13th of March, although not promulgated until the 21st of + that month. The first of these decrees abrogated all changes in the courts + of justice and tribunals which had taken place during the absence of + Napoleon. The second banished anew all emigrants who had returned to + France before 1814 without proper authority, and displaced all officers + belonging to the class of emigrants introduced into the army by the King. + The third suppressed the Order of St. Louis, the white flag, cockade, and + other Royal emblems, and restored the tri-coloured banner and the Imperial + symbols of Bonaparte's authority. The same decree abolished the Swiss + Guard and the Household troops of the King. The fourth sequestered the + effects of the Bourbons. A similar Ordinance sequestered the restored + property of emigrant families. + </p> + <p> + The fifth decree of Lyons suppressed the ancient nobility and feudal + titles, and formally confirmed proprietors of national domains in their + possessions. (This decree was very acceptable to the majority of + Frenchmen). The sixth declared sentence of exile against all emigrants not + erased by Napoleon from the list previously to the accession of the + Bourbons, to which was added confiscation of their property. The seventh + restored the Legion of Honour in every respect as it had existed under the + Emperor; uniting to its funds the confiscated revenues of the Bourbon + order of St. Louis. The eighth and last decree was the most important of + all. Under pretence that emigrants who had borne arms against France had + been introduced into the Chamber of Peers, and that the Chamber of + Deputies had already sat for the legal time, it dissolved both Chambers, + and convoked the Electoral Colleges of the Empire, in order that they + might hold, in the ensuing month of May, an extraordinary assembly—the + Champ-de-Mai. + </p> + <p> + This National Convocation, for which Napoleon claimed a precedent in the + history of the ancient Franks, was to have two objects: first, to make + such alterations and reforms in the Constitution of the Empire as + circumstances should render advisable; secondly, to assist at the + coronation of the Empress Maria Louisa. Her presence, and that of her son, + was spoken of as something that admitted of no doubt, though Bonaparte + knew there was little hope of their return from Vienna. These various + enactments were well calculated to serve Napoleon's cause. They flattered + the army, and at the same time stimulated their resentment against the + emigrants, by insinuating that they had been sacrificed by Louis to the + interest of his followers. They held out to the Republicans a prospect of + confiscation, proscription, and, revolution of government, while, the + Imperialists were gratified with a view of ample funds for pensions, + offices, and honorary decorations. To proprietors of the national domains + security was promised, to the Parisians the grand spectacle of the + Champ-de-Mai, and to. France peace and tranquillity, since the arrival of + the Empress and her son, confidently asserted to be at hand, was taken as + a pledge of the friendship of Austria. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon at the same time endeavoured to make himself popular with the + common people—the mob of the Faubourg St. Antoine and other obscure + quarters of Paris. On the first evening of his return, as he walked round + the glittering circle met to welcome him, in the State apartments of the + Tuileries, he kept repeating, "Gentlemen, it is to the poor and + disinterested mass of the people that I owe everything; it is they who + have brought me back to the capital. It is the poor subaltern officers and + common soldiers that have done all this. I owe everything to the common + people and the ranks of the army. Remember that! I owe everything to the + army and the people!" Some time after he took occasional rides through the + Faubourg St. Antoine, but the demonstrations of the mob gave him little + pleasure, and, it was easy to detect a sneer in his addresses to them. He + had some slight intercourse with the men of the Revolution—the + fierce, blood-thirsty Jacobins—but even now he could not conceal his + abhorrence of them, and, be it said to his honour, he had as little to do + with them as possible. + </p> + <p> + When Napoleon, departed for the summer campaign he took care beforehand to + leave large sums of money for the 'federes'; in the hands of the devoted + Real; under whose management the mob was placed. These sums were to be + distributed at appropriate seasons, to make the people cry in the streets + of Paris, "Napoleon or death." He also left in the hands of Davoust a + written authority for the publication of his bulletins, many clauses of + which were written long before the battles were fought that they were to + describe. He gave to the same Marshal a plan of his campaign, which he had + arranged for the defensive. This was not confided to him without an + injunction of the strictest secrecy, but it is said that Davoust + communicated the plan to Fouché. Considering Davoust's character this is + very unlikely, but if so, it is far from improbable that Fouché + communicated the plan to the Allies with whom, and more particularly with + Prince Metternich, he is well known to have been corresponding at the + time. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after the Emperor's arrival in Paris Benjamin Constant, a moderate + and candid man, was deputed by the constitutional party to ascertain + Napoleon's sentiments and intentions. Constant was a lover of + constitutional liberty, and an old opponent of Napoleon, whose headlong + career of despotism, cut out by the sword, he had vainly endeavoured to + check by the eloquence of his pen. + </p> + <p> + The interview took place at the Tuileries. The Emperor, as was his wont, + began the conversation, and kept it nearly all to himself during the rest + of the audience. He did not affect to disguise either his past actions or + present dispositions. + </p> + <p> + "The nation," he said, "has had a respite of twelve years from every kind + of political agitation, and for one year has enjoyed a respite from war. + This double repose has created a craving after activity. It requires, or + fancies it requires, a Tribune and popular assemblies. It did not always + require them. The people threw themselves at my feet when I took the reins + of government. You ought to recollect this, who made a trial of + opposition. Where was your support—your strength? Nowhere. I assumed + less authority than I was invited to assume. Now all is changed. A feeble + government, opposed to the national interests, has given to these + interests the habit of standing on the defensive and evading authority. + The taste for constitutions, for debates, for harangues, appears to have + revived. Nevertheless it is but the minority that wishes all this, be + assured. The people, or if you like the phrase better; the multitude, wish + only for me. You would say so if you had only seen this multitude pressing + eagerly on my steps, rushing down from the tops of the mountains, calling + on me, seeking me out, saluting me. On my way from Cannes hither I have + not conquered—I have administered. I am not only (as has been + pretended) the Emperor of the soldiers; I am that of the peasants of the + plebeians of France. Accordingly, in spite of all that has happened, you + see the people come back to me. There is sympathy between us. It is not as + with the privileged classes. The noblesse have been in my service; they + thronged in crowds into my antechambers. There is no place that they have + not accepted or solicited. I have had the Montmorencys, the Noailles, the + Rohans, the Beauveaus, the Montemarts, in my train. But there never was + any cordiality between us. The steed made his curvets—he was well + broken in, but I felt him quiver under me. With the people it is another + thing. The popular fibre responds to mine. I have risen from the ranks of + the people: my voice sets mechanically upon them. Look at those + conscripts, the sons of peasants: I never flattered them; I treated them + roughly. They did not crowd round me the less; they did not on that + account cease to cry, 'Vive l'Empereur!' It is that between them and me + there is one and the same nature. They look to me as their support, their + safeguard against the nobles. I have but to make a sign, or even to look + another way, and the nobles would be massacred in every province. So well + have they managed matters in the last ten months! but I do not desire to + be the King of a mob. If there are the means to govern by a constitution + well and good. I wished for the empire of the world, and to ensure it + complete liberty of action was necessary to me. To govern France merely it + is possible that a constitution may be better. I wished for the empire of + the world, as who would not have done in my place? The world invited me to + rule over it. Sovereigns and subjects alike emulously bowed the neck under + my sceptre. I have seldom met with opposition in France, but still I have + encountered more of it from some obscure and unarmed Frenchmen than from + all these Kings so resolute, just now, no longer to have a man of the + people for their equal! See then what appears to you possible; let me know + your ideas. Public discussion, free elections, responsible ministers, the + liberty of the press, I have no objection to all that, the liberty of the + press especially; to stifle it is absurd. I am convinced on this point. I + am the man of the people: if the people really wish for liberty let them + have it. I have acknowledged their sovereignty. It is just that I should + lend an ear to their will, nay, even to their caprices. I have never been + disposed to oppress them for my pleasure. I conceived great designs; but + fate has been against me; I am no longer a conqueror, nor can I be one. I + know what is possible and what is not.—I have no further object than + to raise up France and bestow on her a government suitable to her. I have + no hatred to liberty, I have set it aside when it obstructed my path, but + I understand what it means; I was brought up in its school: besides, the + work of fifteen years is overturned, and it is not possible to recommence + it. It would take twenty years, and the lives of 2,000,000 of men to be + sacrificed to it. As for the rest, I desire peace, but I can only obtain + it by means of victory. I would not inspire you with false expectations. I + permit it to be said that negotiations are going on; there are none. I + foresee a hard struggle, a long war. To support it I must be seconded by + the nation, but in return I believe they will expect liberty. They shall + have it: the circumstances are new. All I desire is to be informed of the + truth. I am getting old. A man is no longer at forty-five what he was at + thirty. The repose enjoyed by a constitutional king may suit me: it will + still more certainly be the best thing, for my son." + </p> + <p> + From this remarkable address. Benjamin Constant concluded that no change + had taken place in Bonaparte's views or feelings in matters of government, + but, being convinced that circumstances had changed, he had made up his + mind to conform to them. He says, and we cannot doubt it, "that he + listened to Napoleon with the deepest interest, that there was a breadth + and grandeur of manner as he spoke, and a calm serenity seated on a brow + covered with immortal laurels." + </p> + <p> + Whilst believing the utter incompatibility of Napoleon and constitutional + government we cannot in fairness omit mentioning that the causes which + repelled him from the altar and sanctuary of freedom were strong: the real + lovers of a rational and feasible liberty—the constitutional + monarchy men were few—the mad ultra-Liberals, the Jacobins, the + refuse of one revolution and the provokers of another, were numerous, + active, loud, and in pursuing different ends these two parties, the + respectable and the disreputable, the good and the bad, got mixed and + confused with one another. + </p> + <p> + On the 14th of May, when the 'federes' were marshalled in processional + order and treated with what was called a solemn festival, as they moved + along the boulevards to the Court of the Tuileries, they coupled the name + of Napoleon with Jacobin curses and revolutionary songs. The airs and the + words that had made Paris tremble to her very centre during the Reign of + Terror—the "Marseillaise," the "Carmagnole," the "Jour du depart," + the execrable ditty, the burden of which is, "And with the entrails of the + last of the priests let us strangle the last of the kings," were all + roared out in fearful chorus by a drunken, filthy, and furious mob. Many a + day had elapsed since they had dared to sing these blasphemous and + antisocial songs in public. Napoleon himself as soon as he had power + enough suppressed them, and he was as proud of this feat and his triumph + over the dregs of the Jacobins as he was of any of his victories; and in + this he was right, in this he proved himself the friend of humanity. As + the tumultuous mass approached the triumphal arch and the grand entrance + to the Palace he could not conceal his abhorrence. His Guards were drawn + up under arms, and numerous pieces of artillery, already loaded were + turned out on the Place du Carrousel. He hastily dismissed these dangerous + partisans with some praise, some money, and some drink. On coming into + close contact with such a mob he did not feel his fibre respond to that of + the populace! Like Frankenstein, he loathed and was afraid of the mighty + monster he had put together. + </p> + <p> + But it was not merely the mob that checked the liberalism or constitution + of Napoleon, a delicate and doubtful plant in itself, that required the + most cautious treatment to make it really take root and grow up in such a + soil: Some of his councillors, who called themselves "philosophical + statesmen," advised him to lay aside the style of Emperor, and assume that + of High President or Lord General of the Republic! Annoyed with such + puerilities while the enemy was every day drawing nearer the frontiers he + withdrew from the Tuileries to the comparatively small and retired palace + of the Elysee, where he escaped these talking-dreamers, and felt himself + again a sovereign: Shut up with Benjamin Constant and a few other + reasonable politicians, he drew up the sketch of a new constitution, which + was neither much better nor much worse than the royal charter of Louis + XVIII. We give an epitome of its main features. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor was to have executive power, and to exercise legislative power + in concurrence with the two Chambers. The Chamber of Peers was to be + hereditary, and nominated by the Emperor, and its number was unlimited. + The Second Chamber was to be elected by the people, and to consist of 629 + members; none to be under the age of twenty-five. The President was to be + appointed by the members, but approved of by the Emperor. Members were to + be paid at the rate settled by the Constituent Assembly, which was to be + renewed every five years. The Emperor might prorogue, adjourn, or dissolve + the House of Representatives, whose sittings were to be public. The + Electoral Colleges were maintained. Land tax and direct taxes were to be + voted only for a year, indirect taxes might be imposed for several years. + No levy of men for the army nor any exchange of territory was to be made + but by a law. Taxes were to be proposed by the Chamber of Representatives. + Ministers to be responsible. Judges to be irremovable. Juries to be + established. Right of petition, freedom of worship, inviolability of + property, were recognised. Liberty of the press was given under legal + responsibility, and press offences were to be judged with a jury. No place + or part of the territory could be placed in a state of siege except in + case of foreign invasion or civil troubles. Finally, the French people + declared that in the delegation it thus made of its powers it was not to + be taken as giving the right to propose the re-establishment of the + Bourbons, or of any Prince of that family on the throne, even in case of + the extinction of the imperial dynasty. Any such proposal was formally + interdicted to the Chambers or to the citizens, as well as any of the + following measures, viz. the re-establishment of the former, feudal + nobility, of the feudal and seignorial rights, of tithes, of any + privileged and dominant religion, as well as of the power of making any + attack on the irrevocability of the sale of the national goods. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after the return of Napoleon from Elba, believing it to be + impossible to make the Emperor of Austria consent to his wife's rejoining + him (and Maria Louisa had no inclination to a renewal of conjugal + intercourse), Napoleon had not been many days in Paris when he concocted a + plan for carrying off from Vienna both his wife and his son: In this + project force was no less necessary than stratagem. A number of French of + both sexes much devoted to the Emperor, who, had given them rank and + fortune, had accompanied Maria Louisa in 1814 from Paris to Blois and + thence to Vienna. A correspondence was opened with these persons, who + embarked heart and soul in the plot; they forged passports, procured + relays, of horses; and altogether arranged matters so well that but for a + single individual—one who revealed the whole project a few days + previously to that fixed upon for carrying it into effect—there is + little room to doubt that the plan would have succeeded, and that the + daughter of Austria and the titular King of home would have given such, + prestige as their presence could give at the Tuileries and the + Champs-de-Mai. No sooner had the Emperor of Austria discovered this plot, + which, had it been successful, would have placed him in a very awkward + predicament, than he dismissed all the French people about his daughter, + compelled her to lay aside the armorial bearings and liveries of Napoleon, + and even to relinquish the title of Empress of the French: No force, no + art, no police could conceal these things from the people of Paris; who, + moreover, and at nearly the same time; were made very uneasy by the + failure of Murat's attempt in Italy, which greatly increased the power and + political influence of Austria. Murat being disposed of, the Emperor + Francis was enabled to concentrate all his forces in Italy, and to hold + them in readiness for the re-invasion of France. + </p> + <p> + "Napoleon," says Lavallette, "had undoubtedly expected that the Empress + and his son would be restored to him; he had published his wishes as a + certainty, and to prevent it was, in fact, the worst injury the Emperor of + Austria could have done, him. His hope was, however, soon destroyed. + </p> + <p> + "One evening I was summoned to the palace. I found the Emperor in a + dimly-lighted closet, warming himself in a corner of the fireplace, and + appearing to suffer already from the complaint which never afterwards left + him. 'Here is a letter,' he said, 'which the courier from Vienna says is + meant for you—read it.' On first casting my eyes on the letter I + thought I knew the handwriting, but as it was long I read it slowly, and + came at last to the principal object. The writer said that we ought not to + reckon upon the Empress, as she did not even attempt to conceal her + dislike of the Emperor, and was disposed to approve all the measures that + could be taken against him; that her return was not to be thought of, as + she herself would raise the greatest obstacles in the way of it; in case + it should be proposed; finally, that it was not possible for him to + dissemble his indignation that the Empress, wholly enamoured of ——, + did not even take pains to hide her ridiculous partiality for him. The + handwriting of the letter was disguised, yet not so much but that I was + able to discover whose it was. I found; however, in the manner in which + the secret was expressed a warmth of zeal and a picturesque style that did + not belong to the author of the letter. While reading it, I all of a + sudden suspected it was a counterfeit, and intended to mislead the + Emperor. I communicated this idea to him, and the danger I perceived in + this fraud. As I grew more and more animated I found plausible reasons + enough to throw the Emperor himself into some uncertainty. 'How is it + possible,' I said, 'that ——— should have been imprudent + enough to write such things to me, who am not his friend, and who have had + so little connection with him? How can one suppose that the Empress should + forget herself, in such circumstances, so far as to manifest aversion to + you, and, still more, to cast herself away upon a man who undoubtedly + still possesses some power to please, but who is no longer young, whose + face is disfigured, and whose person, altogether, has nothing agreeable in + it?' 'But,' answered the Emperor, ——- is attached to me; and + though he is not your friend, the postscript sufficiently explains the + motive of the confidence he places in you.' The following words were, in + fact, written at the bottom of the letter: 'I do not think you ought to + mention the truth to the Emperor, but make whatever use of it you think + proper.' I persisted, however, in maintaining that the letter was a + counterfeit; and the Emperor then said to me, 'Go to Caulaincourt. He + possesses a great many others in the same handwriting. Let the comparison + decide between your opinion and mine.' + </p> + <p> + "I went to Caulaincourt, who said eagerly to me, 'I am sure the letter is + from ——-, and I have not the least doubt of the truth of the + particulars it contains. The best thing the Emperor can do is to be + comforted; there is no help to be expected from that side.' + </p> + <p> + "So sad a discovery was very painful to the Emperor, for he was sincerely + attached to the Empress, and still hoped again to see his son, whom he + loved most tenderly.' + </p> + <p> + "Fouché had been far from wishing the return of the Emperor. He was long + tired of obeying, and had, besides, undertaken another plan, which + Napoleon's arrival had broken off. The Emperor, however, put him again at + the head of the police, because Savary was worn out in that employment, + and a skillful man was wanted there. Fouché accepted the office, but + without giving up his plan of deposing the Emperor, to put in his place + either his son or a Republic under a President. He had never ceased to + correspond with Prince Metternich, and, if he is to be believed, he tried + to persuade the Emperor to abdicate in favour of his son. That was also my + opinion; but; coming from such a quarter, the advice was not without + danger for the person to whom it was given. Besides, that advice having + been rejected, it: was the duty of the Minister either to think no more of + his plan or to resign his office. Fouché, however, remained in the + Cabinet; and continued his correspondence. The Emperor, who placed but + little confidence in him; kept a careful eye upon him. One evening the + Emperor: had a great deal of company at the Elysee, he told me not to go + home, because he wished to speak to me. When everybody was gone the + Emperor stopped with Fouché in the apartment next to the one I was in. The + door remained half open. They walked up and down together talking very + calmly. I was therefore greatly astonished when, after a quarter of, an + hour, I heard the Emperor say to him' gravely, 'You are a traitor! Why do + you remain Minister of the Police if you wish to betray me? It rests with + me to have you hanged, and everybody would rejoice at your death!' I did + not hear Fouché's reply, but the conversation lasted above half an hour + longer, the parties all the time walking up and down. When Fouché went + away he bade me cheerfully, good-night, and said that the Emperor had gone + back to his apartments. + </p> + <p> + "The next day the Emperor spoke to me of the previous night's + conversation. 'I suspected,' he said, 'that the wretch was in + correspondence with Vienna. I have had a banker's clerk arrested on his + return from that city. He has acknowledged that he brought a letter for + Fouché from Metternich, and that the answer was to be sent at a fixed time + to Bale, where a man was to wait for the bearer on the bridge: I sent for + Fouché a few days ago, and kept him three hours long in my garden, hoping + that in the course of a friendly conversation he would mention that letter + to me, but he said nothing. At last, yesterday evening, I myself opened + the subject.' (Here the Emperor repeated to me the words I had heard the + night before, 'You are a traitor,' etc.) He acknowledged, in fact, + continued the Emperor, 'that he had received such a letter, but that it + was not signed and that he had looked upon it as a mystification. He + showed it me. Now that letter was evidently an answer, in which the writer + again declared that he would listen to nothing more concerning the + Emperor, but that, his person excepted, it would be easy to agree to all + the rest. I expected that the Emperor would conclude his narrative by + expressing his anger against Fouché, but our conversation turned on some + other subject, and he talked no more of him. + </p> + <p> + "Two days afterwards I went to Fouché to solicit the return to Paris of an + officer of musqueteers who had been banished far from his family. I found + him at breakfast, and sat down next to him. Facing him sat a stranger. 'Do + you see this man?' he said to me; pointing with his spoon to the stranger; + 'he is an aristocrat, a Bourbonist, a Chouan; it is the Abbe ——-, + one of the editors of the Journal des Debats—a sworn enemy to + Napoleon, a fanatic partisan of the Bourbons; he is one of our men. I + looked, at him. At every fresh epithet of the Minister the Abbe bowed his + head down to his plate with a smile of cheerfulness and self-complacency, + and with a sort of leer. I never saw a more ignoble countenance. Fouché + explained to me, on leaving the breakfast table, in what manner all these + valets of literature were men of his, and while I acknowledged to myself + that the system might be necessary, I scarcely knew who were really more + despicable—the wretches who thus sold themselves to the highest + bidder, or the minister who boasted of having bought them, as if their + acquisition were a glorious conquest. Judging that the Emperor had spoken + to me of the scene I have described above, Fouché said to me, 'The + Emperor's temper is soured by the resistance he finds, and he thinks it is + my fault. He does not know that I have no power but by public opinion. To + morrow I might hang before my door twenty persons obnoxious to public + opinion, though I should not be able to imprison for four-and-twenty hours + any individual favoured by it. As I am never in a hurry to speak I + remained silent, but reflecting on what the Emperor had said concerning + Fouché I found the comparison of their two speeches remarkable. The master + could have his minister hanged with public applause, and the minister + could hang—whom? Perhaps the master himself, and with the same + approbation. What a singular situation!—and I believe they were both + in the right; so far public opinion, equitable in regard to Fouché, had + swerved concerning the Emperor." + </p> + <p> + The wrath of Napoleon was confined to the Lower House, the Peers, from the + nature of their composition, being complacent and passive enough. The vast + majority of them were in fact mere shadows gathered round the solid + persons of Joseph, Lucien, Louis, and Jerome Bonaparte, and Sieyès, + Carnot, and the military men of the Revolution. As a political body + Napoleon despised them himself, and yet he wanted the nation to respect + them. But respect was impossible, and the volatile Parisians made the + Peers a constant object of their witticisms. The punsters of Paris made + the following somewhat ingenious play upon words. Lallemand, Labedogure, + Drouot, and Ney they called Las Quatre Pairs fides (perfides), which in + pronunciation may equally mean the four faithful peers or the four + perfidious men. The infamous Vandamme and another were called + Pair-siffles, the biased peers, or the biased pair, or (persiffles) men + made objects of derision. It was thus the lower orders behaved while the + existence of France was at stake. + </p> + <p> + By this time the thunder-cloud of war had gathered and was ready to burst. + Short as the time at his disposal was Napoleon prepared to meet it with + his accustomed energy. Firearms formed one of the most important objects + of attention. There were sufficient sabres, but muskets were wanting. The + Imperial factories could, in ordinary times, furnish monthly 20,000 stands + of new arms; by the extraordinary activity and inducements offered this + number was doubled. Workmen were also employed in repairing the old + muskets. There was displayed at this momentous period the same activity in + the capital as in 1793, and better directed, though without the same + ultimate success. The clothing of the army was another difficulty, and + this was got over by advancing large sums of money to the cloth + manufacturers beforehand. The contractors delivered 20,000 cavalry horses + before the 1st of June, 10,000 trained horses had been furnished by the + dismounted gendarmerie. Twelve thousand artillery horses were also + delivered by the 1st of June, in addition to 6000 which the army already + had. + </p> + <p> + The facility with which the Ministers of Finance and of the Treasury + provided for all these expenses astonished everybody, as it was necessary + to pay for everything in ready money. The system of public works was at + the same time resumed throughout France. "It is easy to see," said the + workmen, "that 'the great contractor' is returned; all was dead, now + everything revives." + </p> + <p> + "We have just learnt," says a writer who was at Brussels at this time, + "that Napoleon had left the capital of France on the 12th; on the 15th the + frequent arrival of couriers excited extreme anxiety, and towards evening + General Muffing presented himself at the hotel of the Duke of Wellington + with despatches from Blücher. We were all aware that the enemy was in + movement, and the ignorant could not solve the enigma of the Duke going + tranquilly to the ball at the Duke of Richmond's—his coolness was + above their comprehension. Had he remained at his own hotel a panic would + have probably ensued amongst the inhabitants, which would have embarrassed + the intended movement of the British division of the army. + </p> + <p> + "I returned home late, and we were still talking over our uneasiness when + we heard the trumpets sound. Before the sun had risen in full splendour I + heard martial music approaching, and soon beheld from my windows the 5th + reserve of the British army passing; the Highland brigade were the first + in advance, led by their noble thanes, the bagpipes playing their several + pibrochs; they were succeeded by the 28th, their bugles' note falling more + blithely upon the ear. Each regiment passed in succession with its band + playing." + </p> + <p> + The gallant Duke of Brunswick was at a ball at the assembly-rooms in the + Rue Ducale on the night of the 15th of June when the French guns, which he + was one of the first to hear, were clearly distinguished at Brussels. + "Upon receiving the information that a powerful French force was advancing + in the direction of Charleroi. 'Then it is high time for me to be off,' he + exclaimed, and immediately quitted, the ball-room." + </p> + <p> + "At four the whole disposable force under the Duke of Wellington was + collected together, but in such haste that many of the officers had no + time to change their silk stockings and dancing-shoes; and some, quite + overcome by drowsiness, were seen lying asleep about the ramparts, still + holding, however, with a firm hand, the reins of their horses, which were + grazing by their sides. + </p> + <p> + "About five o'clock the word march' was heard in all directions, and + instantly the whole mass appeared to move simultaneously. I conversed with + several of the officers previous to their departure, and not one appeared + to have the slightest idea of an approaching engagement. + </p> + <p> + "The Duke of Wellington and his staff did not quit Brussels till past + eleven o'clock, and it was not till some time after they were gone that it + was generally known the whole French army, including a strong corps of + cavalry, was within a few miles of Quatre Bras." + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0112" id="link2HCH0112"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[Like the preceding, this chapter first appeared in the 1836 + edition, and is not from the pen of M. de Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + + 1815. + + + THE BATTLES OF LIGNY AND QUATRE BRAS. + + <p> + The moment for striking a decisive blow had now come, and accordingly, + early on the morning of the 15th, the whole of the French army was in + motion. The 2d corps proceeded to Marchiennes to attack the Prussian + outposts at Thuin and Lobes, in order to secure the communication across + the Sambre between those places. The 3d corps, covered by General Pajol's + cavalry, advanced upon Charleroi, followed by the Imperial Guard and the + 6th corps, with the necessary detachments of pontoniers. The remainder of + the cavalry, under Grouchy, also advanced upon Charleroi, on the flanks of + the 3d and 6th corps. The 4th corps was ordered to march upon the bridge + of Chatelet. + </p> + <p> + On the approach of the French advanced guards an incessant skirmish was + maintained during the whole morning with the Prussians, who, after losing + many men, were compelled to yield to superior numbers. General Zieten, + finding it impossible, from the extent of frontier he had to cover, to + check the advance of the French, fell back towards Fleurus by the road to + Charleroi, resolutely contesting the advance of the enemy wherever it was + possible. In the repeated attacks sustained by him he suffered + considerable loss. It was nearly mid-day before a passage through + Charleroi was secured by the French army, and General Zieten continued his + retreat upon Fleurus, where he took up his position for the night. Upon + Zieten's abandoning, in the course of his retreat, the chaussee which + leads to Brussels through Quatre Bras, Marshal Ney, who had only just been + put in command on the left of the French army, was ordered to advance by + this road upon Gosselies, and found at Frasnes part of the Duke of + Wellington's army, composed of Nassau troops under the command of Prince + Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who, after some skirmishing, maintained his + position. "Notwithstanding all the exertions of the French at a moment + when time was of such importance, they had only been able to advance about + fifteen English miles during the day, with nearly fifteen hours of + daylight." + </p> + <p> + It was the intention of Napoleon during his operations on this day to + effect a separation between the English and Prussian armies, in which he + had nearly succeeded. Napoleon's plan for this purpose, and the execution + of it by his army, were alike admirable, but it is hardly probable that + the Allied generals were taken by surprise, as it was the only likely + course which Napoleon could have taken. His line of operation was on the + direct road to Brussels, and there were no fortified works to impede his + progress, while from the nature of the country his numerous and excellent + cavalry could be employed with great effect. + </p> + <p> + In the French accounts Marshal Ney was much blamed for not occupying + Quatre Bras with the whole of his force on the evening of the 16th. "Ney + might probably have driven back the Nassau troops at Quatre Bras, and + occupied that important position, but hearing a heavy cannonade on his + right flank, where General Zieten had taken up his position, he thought it + necessary to halt and detach a division in the direction of Fleurus. He + was severely censured by Napoleon for not having literally followed his + orders and pushed on to Quatre Bras." This accusation forms a curious + contrast with that made against Grouchy, upon whom Napoleon threw the + blame of the defeat at Waterloo, because he strictly fulfilled his orders, + by pressing the Prussians at Wavre, unheeding the cannonade on his left, + which might have led him to conjecture that the more important contest + between the Emperor and Wellington was at that moment raging. + </p> + <p> + It was at six o'clock in the evening of the 16th that the Duke of + Wellington received the first information of the advance of the French + army; but it was not, however, until ten o'clock that positive news + reached him that the French army had moved upon the line of the Sambre. + This information induced him to push forward reinforcements on Quatre + Bras, at which place he himself arrived at an early hour on the 16th, and + immediately proceeded to Bry, to devise measures with Marshal Blücher in + order to combine their efforts. From the movement of considerable masses + of the French in front of the Prussians it was evident that their first + grand attack would be directed against them. That this was Napoleon's + object on the 16th maybe seen by his orders to Ney and Grouchy to turn the + right of the Prussians, and drive the British from their position at + Quatre Bras, and then to march down the chaussee upon Bry in order + effectually to separate the two armies. Ney was accordingly detached for + this purpose with 43,000 men. In the event of the success of Marshal Ney + he would have been enabled to detach a portion of his forces for the + purpose of making a flank attack upon the Prussians in the rear of St. + Amend, whilst Napoleon in person was directing his main efforts against + that village the strongest in the Prussian position. Ney's reserve was at + Frasnes, disposable either for the purpose of supporting the attack on + Quatre Bras or that at St. Amand; and in case of Ney's complete success to + turn the Prussian right flank by marching on Bry. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0113" id="link2HCH0113"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX. + </h2> + + 1815 + + + THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. + + <p> + One of the most important struggles of modern times was now about to + commence—a struggle which for many years was to decide the fate of + Europe. Napoleon and Wellington at length stood opposite one another. They + had never met; the military reputation of each was of the highest kind, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[For full details of the Waterloo campaign see Siborne's History + of the War in France and Belgium in 1815, giving the English + contemporary account; Chesney's Waterloo Lectures, the best English + modern account, which has been accepted by the Prussians as pretty + nearly representing their view; and Waterloo by Lieutenant-Colonel + Prince Edouard de la Tour d'Auvergne (Paris, Plon, 1870), which may + be taken as the French modern account. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + In judging this campaign the reader must guard himself from looking + on it as fought by two different armies-the English and the + Prussian-whose achievements are to be weighed against one another. + Wellington and Blücher were acting in a complete unison rare even + when two different corps of the same nation are concerned, but + practically unexampled in the case of two armies of different + nations. Thus the two forces became one army, divided into two + wings, one, the left (or Prussian wing) having been defeated by the + main body of the French at Ligny on the 16th of June, the right (or + English wing) retreated to hold the position at Waterloo, where the + left (or Prussian wing) was to join it, and the united force was to + crush the enemy. Thus there is no question as to whether the + Prussian army saved the English by their arrival, or whether the + English saved the Prussians by their resistance at Waterloo. Each + army executed well and gallantly its part in a concerted operation. + The English would never have fought at Waterloo if they had not + relied on the arrival of the Prussians. Had the Prussians not come + up on the afternoon of the 18th of June the English would have been + exposed to the same great peril of having alone to deal with the + mass of the French army, as the Prussians would have had to face if + they had found the English in full retreat. To investigate the + relative performances of the two armies is much the same as to + decide the respective merits of the two Prussian armies at Sadowa, + where one held the Austrians until the other arrived. Also in + reading the many interesting personal accounts of the campaign it + most be remembered that opinions about the chance of success in a + defensive struggle are apt to warp with the observer's position, as + indeed General Grant has remarked in answer to criticisms on his + army's state at the end of the first day of the battle of Shiloh or + Pittsburg Landing. The man placed in the front rank or fighting + line sees attack after attack beaten off. He sees only part of his + own losses, and most of the wounded disappear, and he also knows + something of the enemy's loss by seeing the dead in front of him. + Warmed by the contest, he thus believes in success. The man placed + in rear or advancing with reinforcements, having nothing of the + excitement of the struggle, sees only the long and increasing column + of wounded, stragglers, and perhaps of fliers. He sees his + companion fall without being able to answer the fire. He sees + nothing of the corresponding loss of the enemy, and he is apt to + take a most desponding view of the situation. Thus Englishmen + reading the accounts of men who fought at Waterloo are too ready to + disbelieve representations of what was taking place in the rear of + the army, and to think Thackeray's life-like picture in Vanity Fair + of the state of Brussels must be overdrawn. Indeed, in this very + battle of Waterloo, Zieten began to retreat when his help was most + required, because one of his aides de camp told him that the right + wing of the English was in full retreat. "This inexperienced young + man," says Muffling, p. 248, "had mistaken the great number of + wounded going, or being taken, to the rear to be dressed, for + fugitives, and accordingly made a false report." Further, reserves + do not say much of their part or, sometimes, no part of the fight, + and few people know that at least two English regiments actually + present on the field of Waterloo hardly fired a shot till the last + advance. + + The Duke described the army as the worst he ever commanded, and said + that if he had had his Peninsular men, the fight would have been + over much sooner. But the Duke, sticking to ideas now obsolete, had + no picked corps. Each man, trusting in and trusted by his comrades, + fought under his own officers and under his own regimental colours. + Whatever they did not know, the men knew how to die, and at the end + of the day a heap of dead told where each regiment and battery had + stood.]— +</pre> + <p> + the career of both had been marked by signal victory; Napoleon had carried + his triumphant legions across the stupendous Alps, over the north of + Italy, throughout Prussia, Austria, Russia, and even to the foot of the + Pyramids, while Wellington, who had been early distinguished in India, had + won immortal renown in the Peninsula, where he had defeated, one after + another, the favourite generals of Napoleon. He was now to make trial of + his prowess against their Master. + </p> + <p> + Among the most critical events of modern times the battle of Waterloo + stands conspicuous. This sanguinary encounter at last stopped the torrent + of the ruthless and predatory ambition of the French, by which so many + countries had been desolated. With the peace which immediately succeeded + it confidence was restored to Europe. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0114" id="link2HCH0114"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. + </h2> + + 1815 + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Interview with Lavallette—Proceedings in the French Chambers— + Second abdication of Napoleon—He retires to Rochefort, negotiates + with Captain Maitland, and finally embarks in the 'Bellerophon'. +</pre> + <p> + One of the first public men to see Napoleon after his return from Waterloo + was Lavallette. "I flew," says he, "to the Elysee to see the Emperor: he + summoned me into his closet, and as soon as he saw me, he came to meet me + with a frightful epileptic 'laugh. 'Oh, my God!' he said, raising his eyes + to heaven, and walking two or three times up and down the room. This + appearance of despair was however very short. He soon recovered his + coolness, and asked me what was going forward in the Chamber of + Representatives. I could not attempt to hide that party spirit was there + carried to a high pitch, and that the majority seemed determined to + require his abdication, and to pronounce it themselves if he did not + concede willingly. 'How is that?' he said. 'If proper measures are not + taken the enemy will be before the gates of Paris in eight days. Alas!' he + added, 'have I accustomed them to such great victories that they knew not + how to bear one day's misfortune? What will become of poor France? I have + done all I could for her!' He then heaved a deep sigh. Somebody asked to + speak to him, and I left him, with a direction to come back at a later + hour. + </p> + <p> + "I passed the day in seeking information among all my friends and + acquaintances. I found in all of them either the greatest dejection or an + extravagant joy, which they disguised by feigned alarm and pity for + myself, which I repulsed with great indignation. Nothing favourable was to + be expected from the Chamber of Representatives. They all said they wished + for liberty, but, between two enemies who appeared ready to destroy it, + they preferred the foreigners, the friends of the Bourbons, to Napoleon, + who might still have prolonged the struggle, but that he alone would not + find means to save them and erect the edifice of liberty. The Chamber of + Peers presented a much sadder spectacle. Except the intrepid Thibaudeau, + who till, the last moment expressed himself with admirable energy against + the Bourbons, almost all the others thought of nothing else but getting + out of the dilemma with the least loss they could. Some took no pains to + hide their wish of bending again under the Bourbon yoke." + </p> + <p> + On the evening of Napoleon's return to Paris he sent for Benjamin Constant + to come to him at the Elysee about seven o'clock. The Chambers had decreed + their permanence, and proposals for abdication had reached the Emperor. He + was serious but calm. In reply to some words on the disaster of Waterloo + he said, "The question no longer concerns me, but France. They wish me to + abdicate. Have they calculated upon the inevitable consequences of this + abdication? It is round me, round my name, that the army rallies: to + separate me from it is to disband it. If I abdicate to-day, in two days' + time you will no longer have an army. These poor fellows do not understand + all your subtleties. Is it believed that axioms in metaphysics, + declarations of right, harangues from the tribune, will put a stop to the + disbanding of an army? To reject me when I landed at Cannes I can conceive + possible; to abandon me now is what I do not understand. It is not when + the enemy is at twenty-five leagues' distance that any Government can be + overturned with impunity. Does any one imagine that the Foreign Powers + will be won over by fine words? If they had dethroned me fifteen days ago + there would have been some spirit in it; but as it is, I make part of what + strangers attack, I make part, then, of what France is bound to defend. In + giving me up she gives up herself, she avows her weakness, she + acknowledges herself conquered, she courts the insolence of the conqueror. + It is not the love of liberty which deposes me, but Waterloo; it is fear, + and a fear of which your enemies will take advantage. And then what title + has the Chamber to demand my abdication? It goes out of its lawful sphere + in doing so; it has no authority. It is my right, it is my duty to + dissolve it." + </p> + <p> + "He then hastily ran over the possible consequences of such a step. + Separated from the Chambers, he could only be considered as a military + chief: but the army would be for him; that would always join him who can + lead it against foreign banners, and to this might be added all that part + of the population which is equally powerful and easily, led in such a + state of things. As if chance intended to strengthen Napoleon in this + train of thought, while he was speaking the avenue of Marigny resounded + with the cries of 'Vive l'Empereur!' A crowd of men, chiefly of the poor + and labouring class, pressed forward into the avenue, full of wild + enthusiasm, and trying to scale the walls to make an offer to Napoleon to + rally round and defend him. Bonaparte for some time looked attentively at + this group. 'You see it is so,' said he; 'those are not the men whom I + have loaded with honours and riches. What do these people owe me? I found + them—I left them—poor. The instinct of necessity enlightens + them; the voice of the country speaks by their months; and if I choose, if + I permit it, in an hour the refractory Chambers will have ceased to exist. + But the life of a man is not worth purchasing at such a price: I did not + return from the Isle of Elba that Paris should be inundated with blood: He + did not like the idea of flight.' 'Why should I not stay here?' he + repeated. 'What do you suppose they would do to a man disarmed like me? I + will go to Malmaison: I can live there in retirement with some friends, + who most certainly will come to see me only for my own sake.' + </p> + <p> + "He then described with complacency and even with a sort of gaiety this + new kind of life. Afterwards, discarding an idea which sounded like mere + irony, he went on. 'If they do not like me to remain in France, where am I + to go? To England? My abode there would be ridiculous or disquieting. I + should be tranquil; no one would believe it. Every fog would be suspected + of concealing my landing on the coast. At the first sign of a green coat + getting out of a boat one party would fly from France, the other would put + France out of the pale of the law. I should compromise everybody, and by + dint of the repeated "Behold he comes!" I should feel the temptation to + set out. America would be more suitable; I could live there with dignity. + But once more, what is there to fear? What sovereign can, without injuring + himself, persecute me? To one I have restored half his dominions; how + often has the other pressed my hand, calling me a great man! And as to the + third, can he find pleasure or honour in humiliation of his son-in-law? + Would they wish to proclaim in the face of the world that all they did was + through fear? As to the rest, I shall see: I do not wish to employ open + force. I came in the hope of combining our last resources: they abandoned + me; they do so with the same facility with which they received me back. + Well, then, let them efface, if possible, this double stain of weakness + and levity! Let them cover it over with some sacrifice, with some glory! + Let them do for the country what they will not do for me. I doubt it. + To-day, those who deliver up Bonaparte say that it is to save France: + to-morrow, by delivering up France, they will prove that it was to save + their own heads.'" + </p> + <p> + The humiliating scenes which rapidly succeeded one another; and which + ended in Napoleon's unconditional surrender, may be briefly told. As soon + as possible after his arrival at Paris he assembled his counsellors, when + he declared himself in favour of still resisting. The question, however, + was, whether the Chambers would support him; and Lafayette being + treacherously informed, it is said by Fouché, that it was intended to + dissolve the Chambers, used his influence to get the chambers to adopt the + propositions he laid before them. By these the independence of the nation + was asserted to be in danger; the sittings of the Chamber were declared + permanent, and all attempts to dissolve it were pronounced treasonable. + The propositions were adopted, and being communicated to the Chamber of + Peers, that body also declared itself permanent. Whatever might have been + the intentions of Bonaparte, it was now manifest that there were no longer + any hopes of his being able to make his will the law of the nation; after + some vacillation, therefore, on 22d June he published the following + declaration: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + TO THE FRENCH PEOPLE + + FRENCHMEN!—In commencing war for maintaining the national + independence, I relied on the union of all efforts, of all wills, + and the concurrence of all the national authorities. I had reason + to hope for success, and I braved all the declarations of the powers + against me. Circumstances appear to me changed. I offer myself a + sacrifice to the hatred of the enemies of France. May they prove + sincere in their declarations, and really have directed them only + against my power. My political life is terminated, and I proclaim + my son under the title of: + + NAPOLEON II., + + EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH. + + The present Ministers will provisionally form the Council of the + Government. The interest which I take in my son induces me to + invite the Chambers to form without delay the Regency by a law. + Unite all for the public safety, that you may continue an + independent nation. + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + This declaration was conveyed to both the Chambers, which voted + deputations to the late Emperor, accepting this abdication, but in their + debates the nomination of his son to the succession was artfully eluded. + The Chamber of Representatives voted the nomination of a Commission of + five persons, three to be chosen from that Chamber, and two from the + Chamber of Peers, for the purpose of provisionally exercising the + functions of Government, and also that the Ministers should continue their + respective functions under the authority of this Commission. The persons + chosen by the Chamber of Representatives were Carnot, Fouché, and Grenier, + those nominated by the Peers were the Duke of Vicenza (Caulaincourt) and + Baron Quinette. The Commission nominated five persons to the Allied army + for the purpose of proposing peace. These proceedings were, however, + rendered of little importance by the resolution of the victors to advance + to Paris. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon's behaviour just before and immediately after the crisis is well + described by Lavallette. "The next day," he observes, "I returned to the + Emperor. He had received the most positive accounts of the state of + feeling in the Chamber of Representatives. The reports had, however, been + given to him with some little reserve, for he did not seem to me convinced + that the resolution was really formed to pronounce his abdication, I was + better informed on the matter, and I came to him without having the least + doubt in my mind that the only thing he could do was to descend once more + from the throne. I communicated to him all the particulars I had just + received, and I did not hesitate to advise him to follow the only course + worthy of him. He listened to me with a sombre air, and though he was in + some measure master of himself, the agitation of his mind and the sense of + his position betrayed themselves in his face and in all his motions. 'I + know,' said I, 'that your Majesty may still keep the sword drawn, but with + whom, and against whom? Defeat has chilled the courage of every one; the + army is still in the greatest confusion. Nothing is to be expected from + Paris, and the coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire cannot be renewed.'—'That + thought,' he replied, stopping, 'is far from my mind. I will hear nothing + more about myself. But poor France!' At that moment Savary and + Caulaincourt entered, and having drawn a faithful picture of the + exasperation of the Deputies, they persuaded him to assent to abdication. + Some words he uttered proved to us that he would have considered death + preferable to that step; but still he took it. + </p> + <p> + "The great act of abdication being performed, he remained calm during the + whole day, giving his advice on the position the army should take, and on + the manner in which the negotiations with the enemy ought to be conducted. + He insisted especially on the necessity of proclaiming his son Emperor, + not so much for the advantage of the child as with a view to concentrate + all the power of sentiments and affections. Unfortunately, nobody would + listen to him. Some men of sense and courage rallied found that + proposition in the two Chambers, but fear swayed the majority; and among + those who remained free from it many thought that a public declaration of + liberty, and the resolution to defend it at any price, would make the + enemy and the Bourbons turn back. Strange delusion of weakness and want of + experience! It must, however, be respected, for it had its source in love + of their country; but, while we excuse it, can it be justified? The + population of the metropolis had resumed its usual appearance, which was + that of complete indifference, with a resolution to cry 'Long live the + King!' provided the King arrived well escorted; for one must not judge of + the whole capital by about one-thirtieth part of the inhabitants, who + called for arms, and declared themselves warmly against the return of the + exiled family. + </p> + <p> + "On the 23d I returned to the Elysee. The Emperor had been for two hours + in his bath. He himself turned the discourse on the retreat he ought to + choose, and spoke of the United States. I rejected the idea without + reflection, and with a degree of vehemence that surprised him. 'Why not + America?' he asked. I answered, 'Because Moreau retired there.' The + observation was harsh, and I should never have forgiven myself for having + expressed it; if I had not retracted my advice a few days afterwards. He + heard it without any apparent ill-humour, but I have no doubt that it must + have made an unfavourable impression on his mind. I strongly urged on his + choosing England for his asylum. + </p> + <p> + "The Emperor went to Malmaison. He was accompanied thither by the Duchesse + de St. Leu, Bertrand and his family, and the Duc de Bassano. The day that + he arrived there he proposed to me to accompany him abroad. Drouot,' he + said, 'remains in France. I see the Minister of War wishes him not to be + lost to his country. I dare not complain, but it is a great loss for me; I + never met with a better head, or a more upright heart. That man was formed + to be a prime minister anywhere.' I declined to accompany him at the time, + saying, 'My wife is enceinte; I cannot make up my mind to leave her. Allow + me some time, and I will join you wherever you may be. I have remained + faithful to your Majesty in better times, and you may reckon upon me now. + Nevertheless, if my wife did not require all my attention, I should do + better to go with you, for I have sad forebodings respecting my fate." + </p> + <p> + "The Emperor made no answer; but I saw by the expression of his + countenance that he had no better augury of my fate than I had. However, + the enemy was approaching, and for the last three days he had solicited + the Provisional Government to place a frigate at his disposal, with which + he might proceed to America. It had been promised him; he was even pressed + to set off; but he wanted to be the bearer of the order to the captain to + convey him to the United States, and that order did not arrive. We all + felt that the delay of a single hour might put his freedom in jeopardy. + </p> + <p> + "After we had talked the subject over among ourselves, I went to him and + strongly pointed out to him how dangerous it might be to prolong his stay. + He observed that he could not go without the order. 'Depart, + nevertheless,' I replied; your presence on board the ship will still have + a great influence over Frenchmen; cut the cables, promise money to the + crew, and if the captain resist have him put on shore, and hoist your + sails. I have no doubt but Fouché has sold you to the Allies.'— 'I + believe it also; but go and make the last effort with the Minister of + Marine.' I went off immediately to M. Decres. He was in bed, and listened + to me with an indifference that made my blood boil. He said to me, 'I am + only a Minister. Go to Fouché; speak to the Government. As for me, I can + do nothing. Good-night.' And so saying he covered himself up again in his + blankets. I left him; but I could not succeed in speaking either to Fouché + or to any of the others. It was two o'clock in the morning when I returned + to Malmaison; the Emperor was in bed. I was admitted to his chamber, where + I gave him an account of the result of my mission, and renewed my + entreaties. He listened to me, but made no answer. He got up, however, and + spent a part of the night in walking up and down the room. + </p> + <p> + "The following day was the last of that sad drama. The Emperor had gone to + bed again, and slept a few hours. I entered his cabinet at about twelve + o'clock. 'If I had known you were here,' he said, 'I would have had you + called in.' He then gave me, on a subject that interested him personally, + some instructions which it is needless for me to repeat. Soon after I left + him, full of anxiety respecting his fate, my heart oppressed with grief, + but still far from suspecting the extent to which both the rigour of + fortune and the cruelty of his enemies would be carried." + </p> + <p> + All the morning of the 29th of June the great road from St. Germain rung + with the cries of "Vive l'Empereur!" proceeding from the troops who passed + under the walls of Malmaison. About mid-day General Becker, sent by the + Provisional Government, arrived. He had been appointed to attend Napoleon. + Fouché knew that General Becker had grievances against the Emperor, and + thought to find in him willing agent. He was greatly deceived, for the + General paid to the Emperor a degree of respect highly to his honour. Time + now became pressing. The Emperor, at the moment of departure, sent a + message by General Becker himself to the Provisional Government, offering + to march as a private citizen at the head of the troops. He promised to + repulse Blücher, and afterwards to continue his route. Upon the refusal of + the Provisional Government he quitted Malmaison on the 29th. Napoleon and + part of his suite took the road to Rochefort. He slept at Rambouillet on + the 29th of June, on the 30th at Tours, on the 1st of July he arrived at + Niort, and on the 3d reached Rochefort, on the western coast of France, + with the intention of escaping to America; but the whole western seaboard + was so vigilantly watched by British men-of-war that, after various plans + and devices, he was obliged to abandon the attempt in despair. He was + lodged at the house of the prefect, at the balcony of which he + occasionally showed himself to acknowledge the acclamations of the people. + </p> + <p> + During his stay here a French naval officer, commanding a Danish merchant + vessel, generously offered to some of Napoleon's adherents to further his + escape. He proposed to take Napoleon alone, and undertook to conceal his + person so effectually as to defy the most rigid scrutiny, and offered to + sail immediately to the United States of America. He required no other + compensation than a small sum to indemnify the owners of his ship for the + loss this enterprise might occasion them. This was agreed to by Bertrand + upon certain stipulations. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 8th of July Napoleon reached Fouras, receiving + everywhere testimonies of attachment. He proceeded on board the Saale, one + of the two frigates appointed by the Provisional Government to convey him + to the United States, and slept on board that night. Very early on the + following morning he visited the fortifications of that place, and + returned to the frigate for dinner. On the evening of the 9th of July he + despatched Count Las Cases and the Duke of Rovigo to the commander of the + English squadron, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the passports + promised by the Provisional Government to enable him to proceed to America + had been received. A negative answer was returned; it was at the same time + signified that the Emperor would be attacked by the English squadron if he + attempted to sail under a flag of truce, and it was intimated that every + neutral vessel would be examined, and probably sent into an English port. + Las Cases affirms that Napoleon was recommended to proceed to England by + Captain Maitland, who assured him that he would experience no + ill-treatment there. The English ship 'Bellerophon' then anchored in the + Basque roads, within sight of the French vessels of war. The coast being, + as we have stated, entirely blockaded by the English squadron, the Emperor + was undecided as to the course he should pursue. Neutral vessels and + 'chasse-marees', manned by young naval officers, were proposed, and many + other plans were devised. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon disembarked on the 12th at the Isle of Aix with acclamations + ringing on every side. He had quitted the frigates because they refused to + sail, owing either to the weakness of character of the commandant, or in + consequence of his receiving fresh orders from the Provisional Government. + Many persons thought that the enterprise might be undertaken with some + probability of success; the wind, however, remained constantly in the + wrong quarter. + </p> + <p> + Las Cases returned to the Bellerophon at four o'clock in the morning of + the 14th, to inquire whether any reply had been received to the + communication made by Napoleon. Captain Maitland stated that he expected + to receive it every moment, and added that, if the Emperor would then + embark for England, he was authorized to convey him thither. He added, + moreover, that in his own opinion, and many other officers present + concurred with him, he had no doubt Napoleon would be treated in England + with all-possible attention and respect; that in England neither the King + nor Ministers exercised the same arbitrary power as on the Continent; that + the English indeed possessed generosity of sentiment and a liberality of + opinions superior even to those of the King. Las Cases replied that he + would make Napoleon acquainted with Captain Maitland's offer, and added, + that he thought the Emperor would not hesitate to proceed to England, so + as to be able to continue his voyage to the United States. He described + France, south of the Loire, to be in commotion, the hopes of the people + resting on Napoleon as long as he was present; the propositions everywhere + made to him, and at every moment; his decided resolution not to become the + pretext of a civil war; the generosity he had exhibited in abdicating, in + order to render the conclusion of a peace more practicable; and his + settled determination to banish himself, in order to render that peace + more prompt and more lasting. + </p> + <p> + The messengers returned to their Master, who, after some doubt and + hesitation, despatched General Gourgaud with the following well-known + letter to the Prince Regent:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + ROCHEFORT, 13th July 1815. + + ROYAL HIGHNESS—A victim to the factions which divide my country, + and to the hostility of the greatest Powers of Europe, I have + terminated my political career, and come, like Themistocles, to + share the hospitality of the British people. I place myself under + the protection of their laws, and I claim that from your Royal + Highness as the most powerful, the most constant, and the most + generous of my enemies. + (Signed) NAPOLEON. +</pre> + <p> + About four P.M. Las Cases and Savory returned to the 'Bellerophon', where + they had a long conversation with Captain Maitland, in the presence of + Captains Sartorius and Gambler, who both declare that Maitland repeatedly + warned Napoleon's adherents not to entertain the remotest idea that he was + enabled to offer any pledge whatever to their Master beyond the simple + assurance that he would convey him in safety to the English coast, there + to await the determination of the British Government. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon had begun to prepare for his embarkation before daylight on the + 15th. It was time that he did so, for a messenger charged with orders to + arrest him had already arrived at Rochefort from the new Government. The + execution of this order was delayed by General Becker for a few hours in + order to allow Napoleon sufficient time to escape. At daybreak, he quitted + the 'Epervier', and was enthusiastically cheered by the ship's company so + long as the boat was within hearing. Soon after six he was received on + board the 'Bellerophon' with respectful silence, but without those honours + generally paid to persons of high rank. Bonaparte was dressed in the + uniform of the 'chasseurs a cheval' of the Imperial Guard, and wore the + Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. + </p> + <p> + On entering the vessel he took off his hat, and addressing Captain + Maitland, said, "I am come to throw myself on the protection of the laws + of England." Napoleon's manner was well calculated to make a favourable + impression on those with whom he conversed. He requested to be introduced + to the officers of the ship, and put various questions to each. He then + went round the ship, although he was informed that the men were cleaning + and scouring, and remarked upon anything which struck him as differing + from what he had seen on French vessels. The clean appearance of the men + surprised him. "He then observed," says Captain Maitland, to whose + interesting narrative we refer, "'I can see no sufficient reason why your + ships should beat the French ones with so much ease. The finest men-of-war + in your service are French; a French ship is heavier in every respect than + one of yours; she carries more guns, and those guns are of a larger + calibre, and she has a great many more men.'" His inquiries, which were + minute, proved that he had directed much attention to the French navy. + </p> + <p> + On the first morning Napoleon took breakfast in the English fashion, but + observing that his distinguished prisoner did not eat much, Captain + Maitland gave direction that for the future a hot breakfast should be + served up after the French manner. 'The Superb', the Admiral's ship, which + had been seen in the morning, was now approaching. Immediately on her + anchoring Captain Maitland went on board to give an account of all that + had happened, and received the Admiral's approbation of what he had done. + In the afternoon Admiral Sir Henry Hotham was introduced to Napoleon, and + invited by him to dinner. This was arranged, in order to make it more + agreeable to him, by Bonaparte's maitre d'hotel. On dinner being announced + Napoleon led the way, and seated himself in the centre at one side of the + table, desiring Sir Henry Hotham to take the seat on his right, and Madame + Bertrand that on his left hand. On this day Captain Maitland took his seat + at the end of the table, but on the following day, by Napoleon's request, + he placed himself on his right hand, whilst General Bertrand took the top. + Two of the ship's officers dined with the Emperor daily, by express + invitation. The conversation of Napoleon was animated. He made many + inquiries as to the family and connections of Captain Maitland, and in + alluding to Lord Lauderdale, who was sent as ambassador to Paris during + the administration of Mr. Fox, paid that nobleman some compliments and + said of the then Premier, "Had Mr. Fox lived it never would have come to + this; but his death put an end to all hopes of peace." + </p> + <p> + On one occasion he ordered his camp-bed to be displayed for the inspection + of the English officers. In two small leather packages were comprised the + couch of the once mighty ruler of the Continent. The steel bedstead which, + when folded up, was only two feet long, and eighteen inches wide, occupied + one case, while the other contained the mattress and curtains. The whole + was so contrived as to be ready for use in three minutes. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon spoke in terms of high praise of the marines on duty in the + Bellerophon, and on going through their ranks exclaimed to Bertrand, "How + much might be done with a hundred thousand such soldiers as these!" In + putting them through their exercise he drew a contrast between the charge + of the bayonet as made by the English and the French, and observed that + the English method of fixing the bayonet was faulty, as it might easily be + twisted off when in close action. In visiting Admiral Hotham's flag-ship, + the 'Superb', he manifested the same active curiosity as in former + instances, and made the same minute inquiries into everything by which he + was surrounded. During breakfast one of Napoleon's suite, Colonel Planat, + was much affected, and even wept, on witnessing the humiliation of his + Master. + </p> + <p> + On the return of Bonaparte from the Superb to the 'Bellerophon' the latter + ship was got under weigh and made sail for England. When passing within a + cable's length of the 'Superb' Napoleon inquired of Captain Maitland if he + thought that distance was sufficient for action. The reply of the English + officer was characteristic; he told the Emperor that half the distance, or + even less, would suit much better. Speaking of Sir Sidney Smith, Bonaparte + repeated the anecdote connected with his quarrel at St. Jean d'Acre with + that officer, which has already been related in one of the notes earlier + in these volumes. Patting Captain Maitland on the shoulder, he observed, + that had it not been for the English navy he would have been Emperor of + the East, but that wherever he went he was sure to find English ships in + the way. + </p> + <p> + The 'Bellerophon', with Bonaparte on board, sighted the coast of England + on Sunday, the 23d of July 1815, and at daybreak on the 24th the vessel + approached Dartmouth. No sooner had the ship anchored than an order from + Loral Keith was delivered to Captain Maitland, from which the following is + an extract: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Extract of an Order from Admiral Viscount Keith, G. C. B., addressed + to Captain Maitland, of H. M. S. "Bellerophon," dated Ville de + Paris, Hamoaze, 23d July 1815. + + Captain Sartorius, of His Majesty's ship 'Slaney', delivered to me + last night, at eleven o'clock, your despatch of the 14th instant, + acquainting me that Bonaparte had proposed to embark on board the + ship you command, and that you had acceded thereto, with the + intention of proceeding to Torbay, there to wait for further orders. + I lost no time in forwarding your letter by Captain Sartorius to the + Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in order that their Lordships + might, through him, be acquainted with every circumstance that had + occurred on an occasion of so much importance; and you may expect + orders from their Lordships for your further guidance. You are to + remain in Torbay until you receive such orders; and in the meantime, + in addition to the directions already in your possession, you are + most positively ordered to prevent every person whatever from coming + on board the ship you command, except the officers and men who + compose her crew; nor is any person whatever, whether in His + Majesty's service or not, who does not belong, to the ship, to be + suffered to come on board, either for the purpose of visiting the + officers, or on any pretence whatever, without express permission + either from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty or from me. As + I understand from Captain Sartorius that General Gourgaud refused to + deliver the letter with which he was charged for the Prince Regent + to any person except His Royal Highness, you are to take him out of + the 'Slaney' into the ship you command, until you receive directions + from the Admiralty on the subject, and order that ship back to + Plymouth Sound, when Captain Sartorius returns from London. +</pre> + <p> + It was stated about this time, in some of the English newspapers, that St. + Helena would be the place of exile of the ex-Emperor, the bare report of + which evidently caused great pain to Napoleon and his suite. General + Gourgaud was obliged to return to the 'Bellerophon', not having been + suffered to go on shore to deliver the letter from Bonaparte to the Prince + Regent with which he had been entrusted. The ship which bore the modern + Alexander soon became a natural object of attraction to the whole + neighbourhood, and was constantly surrounded by crowds of boats. Napoleon + frequently showed himself to the people from shore with a view of + gratifying their curiosity. On the 25th of July the number of guard-boats + which surrounded the vessel was greatly increased; and the alarm of the + captives became greater as the report was strengthened as to the intention + of conveying Bonaparte to St. Helena. + </p> + <p> + In conversation with Captain Maitland, Napoleon, who seemed to be aware + that the English fishermen united the occupation of smugglers to their + usual trade; stated that many of them had been bribed by him, and had + assisted in the escape of French prisoners of war. They had even proposed + to deliver Louis XVIII. into his power, but as they would .not answer for + the safety of his life, Napoleon refused the offer. Upon the arrival of + despatches from London the 'Bellerophon' got under weigh for Plymouth + Sound on the 26th of July. This movement tended still further to + disconcert the ex-Emperor and his followers. In passing the breakwater + Bonaparte could not withhold his admiration of that work, which he + considered highly honourable to the public spirit of the nation, and, + alluding to his own improvements at Cherbourg, expressed his apprehensions + that they would now be suffered to fall into decay. + </p> + <p> + Captain Maitland was directed by Lord Keith to observe the utmost + vigilance to prevent the escape of his prisoners, and with this view no + boat was permitted to approach the Bellerophon; the 'Liffey' and 'Eurotas' + were ordered to take up an anchorage on each side of the ship, and further + precautions were adopted at night. + </p> + <p> + On the 27th of July Captain Maitland proceeded to Lord Keith, taking with + him Bonaparte's original letter to the Prince Regent, which, as General + Gourgaud had not been permitted to deliver it personally, Napoleon now + desired to be transmitted through the hands of the Admiral. As Lord Keith + had now received instructions from his Government as to the manner in + which Napoleon was to be treated, he lost no time in paying his respects + to the fallen chief. + </p> + <p> + On the 31st of July the anxiously-expected order of the English Government + arrived. In this document, wherein the ex-Emperor was styled "General + Bonaparte," it was notified that he was to be exiled to St. Helena, the + place of all others most dreaded by him and his devoted adherents. It was, + moreover, specified that he might be allowed to take with him three + officers, and his surgeon, and twelve servants. To his own selection was + conceded the choice of these followers, with the exclusion, however, of + Savary and Lallemand, who were on no account to be permitted any further + to share his fortunes. This prohibition gave considerable alarm to those + individuals, who became excessively anxious as to their future disposal, + and declared that to deliver them up to the vengeance of the Bourbons + would be a violation of faith and honour. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon himself complained bitterly on the subject of his destination, + and said, "The idea, of it is horrible to me. To be placed for life on an + island within the tropics, at an immense distance from any land, cut off + from all communication with the world, and everything that I hold dear in + it!—c'est pis que la cage de fer de Tamerlan. I would prefer being + delivered up to the Bourbons. Among other insults," said he,—"but + that is a mere bagatelle, a very secondary consideration—they style + me General! They can have no right to call me General; they may as well + call me 'Archbishop,' for I was Head of the Church as well as of the Army. + If they do not acknowledge me as Emperor they ought as First Counsul; they + have sent ambassadors to me as such; and your King, in his letters, styled + me 'Brother.' Had they confined me in the Tower of London, or one of the + fortresses in England (though not what I had hoped from the generosity of + the English people), I should not have so much cause of complaint; but to + banish me to an island within the tropics! They might as well have signed + my death-warrant at once, for it is impossible a man of my habit of body + can live long in such a climate." + </p> + <p> + Having so expressed himself, he wrote a second letter to the Prince + Regent, which was forwarded through Lord Keith. It was the opinion of + Generals Montholon and Gourgaud that Bonaparte would sooner kill himself + than go to St. Helena. This idea arose from his having been heard + emphatically to exclaim, "I will not go to St. Helena!" The generals, + indeed, declared that were he to give his own consent to be so exiled they + would themselves prevent him. In consequence of this threat Captain + Maitland was instructed by Lord Keith to tell those gentlemen that as the + English law awarded death to murderers, the crime they meditated would + inevitably conduct them to the gallows. + </p> + <p> + Early on the morning of the 4th of August the 'Bellerophon' was ordered to + be ready at a moment's notice for sea. The reason of this was traced to a + circumstance which is conspicuous among the many remarkable incidents by + which Bonaparte's arrival near the English coast was characterised. A + rumour reached Lord Keith that a 'habeas corpus' had been procured with a + view of delivering Napoleon from the custody he was then in. This, + however, turned out to be a subpoena for Bonaparte as a witness at a trial + in the Court of King's Bench; and, indeed, a person attempted to get on + board the Bellerophon to serve the document; but he was foiled in his + intention; though, had he succeeded, the subpoena would, in the situation + wherein the ex-Emperor then stood, have been without avail. + </p> + <p> + On the 5th Captain Maitland, having been summoned to the flag-ship of Lord + Keith, acquainted General Bertrand that he would convey to the Admiral + anything which Bonaparte (who had expressed an urgent wish to see his + lordship) might desire to say to him. Bertrand requested the captain to + delay his departure until a document, then in preparation, should be + completed: the "PROTEST OF HIS MAJESTY THE LATE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH, + ETC." + </p> + <p> + Captain Maitland denied that any snare was laid for Bonaparte, either by + himself or by the English Government, and stated that the precautions for + preventing the escape of Napoleon from Rochefort were so well ordered that + it was impossible to evade them; and that the fugitive was compelled to + surrender himself to the English ship. + </p> + <p> + On the 7th of August Bonaparte, with the suite he had selected, was + transferred from the 'Bellerophon' to the 'Northumberland'. Lord Keith's + barge was prepared for his conveyance to the latter vessel, and his + lordship was present on the occasion. A captain's guard was turned out, + and as Napoleon left the 'Bellerophon' the marines presented arms, and the + drum was beaten as usual in saluting a general officer. When he arrived on + board the Northumberland the squadron got under weigh, and Napoleon sailed + for the place of his final exile and grave.' + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[For the continuation of Napoleon's voyage see Chapter XIII.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0115" id="link2HCH0115"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. + </h2> + + 1815. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + My departure from Hamburg-The King at St. Denis—Fouché appointed + Minister of the Police—Delay of the King's entrance into Paris— + Effect of that delay—Fouché's nomination due to the Duke of + Wellington—Impossibility of resuming my post—Fouché's language + with respect to the Bourbons—His famous postscript—Character of + Fouché—Discussion respecting the two cockades—Manifestations of + public joy repressed by Fouché—Composition of the new Ministry— + Kind attention of Blücher—The English at St. Cloud—Blücher in + Napoleon's cabinet—My prisoner become my protector—Blücher and the + innkeeper's dog—My daughter's marriage contract—Rigid etiquette— + My appointment to the Presidentship of the Electoral College of the + Yonne—My interview with Fouché—My audience of the King—His + Majesty made acquainted with my conversation with Fouché—The Duke + of Otranto's disgrace—Carnot deceived by Bonaparte—My election as + deputy—My colleague, M. Raudot—My return to Paris—Regret caused + by the sacrifice of Ney—Noble conduct of Macdonald—A drive with + Rapp in the Bois de Boulogne—Rapp's interview with Bonaparte in + 1815—The Duc de Berri and Rapp—My nomination to the office of + Minister of State—My name inscribed by the hand of Louis XVIII.— + Conclusion. +</pre> + <p> + The fulfilment of my prediction was now at hand, for the result of the + Battle of Waterloo enabled Louis XVIII. to return to his dominions. As + soon as I heard of the King's departure from Ghent I quitted Hamburg, and + travelled with all possible haste in the hope of reaching Paris in time to + witness his Majesty's entrance. I arrived at St. Denis on the 7th of July, + and, notwithstanding the intrigues that were set on foot, I found an + immense number of persons assembled to meet the King. Indeed, the place + was so crowded that it was with the greatest difficulty I could procure + even a little garret for my lodging. + </p> + <p> + Having resumed my uniform of a captain of the National Guard, I proceeded + immediately to the King's palace. The salon was filled with ladies and + gentlemen who had come to congratulate the King on his return. At St. + Denis I found my family, who, not being aware that I had left Hamburg, + were much surprised to see me. + </p> + <p> + They informed me that the Parisians were all impatient for the return of + the King—a fact of which I could judge by the opposition manifested + to the free expression of public feeling. Paris having been declared in a + state of blockade, the gates were closed, and no one was permitted to + leave the capital, particularly by the Barriere de la Chapelle. It is true + that special permission might be obtained, and with tolerable ease, by + those who wished to leave the city; but the forms to be observed for + obtaining the permission deterred the mass of the people from proceeding + to St. Denis, which, indeed, was the sole object of the regulation. As it + had been resolved to force Fouché and the tri-coloured cockade upon the + King, it was deemed necessary to keep away from his Majesty all who might + persuade him to resist the proposed measures. Madame de Bourrienne told me + that on her arrival at St. Denis she called upon M. Hue and M. Lefebvre, + the King's physician, who both acquainted her with those fatal + resolutions. Those gentlemen, however, assured her that the King would + resolutely hold out against the tri-coloured cockade, but the nomination + of the ill-omened man appeared inevitable. + </p> + <p> + Fouché Minister of the Police! If, like Don Juan, I had seen a statue + move, I could not have been more confounded than when I heard this news. I + could not credit it until it was repeated to me by different persons. How; + indeed, could I think that at the moment of a reaction the King should + have entrusted the most important ministerial department to a man to whose + arrest he had a hundred days before attached so much consequence? to a + man, moreover, whom Bonaparte had appointed, at Lyons, to fill the same + office! This was inconceivable! Thus, in less than twenty-four hours, the + same man had been entrusted to execute measures the most opposite, and to + serve interests the most contradictory. He was one day the minister of + usurpation, and the next the minister of legitimacy! How can I express + what I felt when Fouché took the oath of fidelity to Louis XVIII. when I + saw the King clasp in his hands the hands of Fouché! I was standing near + M. de Chateaubriand, whose feelings must have been similar to mine, to + judge from a passage in his admirable work, 'La Monarchie selon la + Charte'. "About nine in the evening," he says, "I was in one of the royal + antechambers. All at once the door opened, and I saw the President of the + Council enter leaning on the arm of the new minister. Oh, Louis-le-Desire! + Oh, my unfortunate master! you have proved that there is no sacrifice + which your people may not expect from your paternal heart!" + </p> + <p> + Fouché was resolved to have his restoration as well as M. de Talleyrand, + who had had his the year before; he therefore contrived to retard the + King's entry into Paris for four days. The prudent members of the Chamber + of Peers, who had taken no part in the King's Government in 1814, were the + first to declare that it was for the interest of France to hasten his + Majesty's entrance into Paris, in order to prevent foreigners from + exercising a sort of right of conquest in a city which was a prey to civil + dissension and party influence. Blücher informed me that the way in which + Fouché contrived to delay the King's return greatly contributed to the + pretensions of the foreigners who, he confessed, were very well pleased to + see the population of Paris divided in opinion, and to hear the alarming + cries raised by the confederates of the Faubourgs when the King was + already at St. Denis. + </p> + <p> + I know for a fact that Louis XVIII. wished to have nothing to do with + Fouché, and indignantly refused to appoint him when he was first proposed. + But he had so nobly served Bonaparte during the Hundred Days that it was + necessary he should be rewarded. Fouché, besides, had gained the support + of a powerful party among the emigrants of the Faubourg St. Germain, and + he possessed the art of rendering himself indispensable. I have heard many + honest men say very seriously that to him was due the tranquillity of + Paris. Moreover, Wellington was the person by whose influence in + particular Fouché was made one of the counsellors of the King. After all + the benefits which foreigners had conferred upon us Fouché was indeed an + acceptable present to France and to the King. + </p> + <p> + I was not ignorant of the Duke of Wellington's influence upon the affairs + of the second Restoration, but for a long time I refused to believe that + his influence should have outweighed all the serious considerations + opposed to such a perfect anomaly as appointing Fouché the Minister of a + Bourbon. But I was deceived. France and the King owed to him Fouché's + introduction into the Council, and I had to thank him for the + impossibility of resuming a situation which I had relinquished for the + purpose of following the King into Belgium. Could I be Prefect of Police + under a Minister whom a short time before I had received orders to arrest, + but who eluded my agents? That was impossible. The King could not offer me + the place of Prefect under Fouché, and if he had I could not have accepted + it. I was therefore right in not relying on the assurances which had been + given me; but I confess that if I had been told to guess the cause why + they could not be realised I never should have thought that cause would + have been the appointment of Fouché as a Minister of the King of France. + At first, therefore, I was of course quite forgotten, as is the custom of + courts when a faithful subject refrains from taking part in the intrigues + of the moment. + </p> + <p> + I have already frequently stated my opinion of the pretended talent of + Fouché; but admitting his talent to have been as great as was supposed, + that would have been an additional reason for not entrusting the general + police of the kingdom to him. His principles and conduct were already + sufficiently known. No one could be ignorant of the language he held + respecting the Bourbons, and in which he indulged as freely after he + became the Minister of Louis XVIII. as when he was the Minister of + Bonaparte. It was universally known that in his conversation the Bourbons + were the perpetual butt for his sarcasms, that he never mentioned them but + in terms of disparagement, and that he represented them as unworthy of + governing France. Everybody must have been aware that Fouché, in his + heart, favoured a Republic, where the part of President might have been + assigned to him. Could any one have forgotten the famous postscript he + subjoined to a letter he wrote from Lyons to his worthy friend + Robespierre: "To celebrate the fete of the Republic suitably, I have + ordered 250 persons to be shot?" And to this man, the most furious enemy + of the restoration of the monarchy, was consigned the task of + consolidating it for the second time! But it would require another + Claudian to describe this new Rufinus! + </p> + <p> + Fouché never regarded a benefit in any other light than as the means of + injuring his benefactor. The King, deceived, like many other persons, by + the reputation which Fouché's partisans had conjured up for him, was + certainly not aware that Fouché had always discharged the functions of + Minister in his own interest, and never for the interest of the Government + which had the weakness to entrust him with a power always dangerous in his + hands. Fouché had opinions, but he belonged to no party, and his political + success is explained by the readiness with which he always served the + party he knew must triumph, and which he himself overthrew in its turn. He + maintained himself in favour from the days of blood and terror until the + happy time of the second Restoration only by abandoning and sacrificing + those who were attached to him; and it might be said that his ruling + passion was the desire of continual change. No man was ever characterised + by greater levity or inconstancy of mind. In all things he looked only to + himself, and to this egotism he sacrificed both subjects and Governments. + Such were the secret causes of the sway exercised by Fouché during the + Convention, the Directory, the Empire, the Usurpation, and after the + second return of the Bourbons. He helped to found and to destroy every one + of those successive Governments. Fouché's character is perfectly unique. I + know no other man who, loaded with honours, and almost escaping disgrace, + has passed through so many eventful periods, and taken part in so many + convulsions and revolutions. + </p> + <p> + On the 7th of July the King was told that Fouché alone could smooth the + way for his entrance into Paris, that he alone could unlock the gates of + the capital, and that he alone had power to control public opinion. The + reception given to the King on the following day afforded an opportunity + of judging of the truth of these assertions. The King's presence was the + signal for a feeling of concord, which was manifested in a very decided + way. I saw upon the boulevards, and often in company with each other, + persons, some of whom had resumed the white cockade, while others still + retained the national colours, and harmony was not in the least disturbed + by these different badges. + </p> + <p> + Having returned to private life solely on account of Fouché's presence in + the Ministry, I yielded to that consolation which is always left to the + discontented. I watched the extravagance and inconsistency that were + passing around me, and the new follies which were every day committed; and + it must be confessed that a rich and varied picture presented itself to my + observation. The King did not bring back M. de Blacas. His Majesty had + yielded to prudent advice, and on arriving at Mons sent the unlucky + Minister as his ambassador to Naples. Vengeance was talked of, and there + were some persons inconsiderate enough to wish that advantage should be + taken of the presence of the foreigners in order to make what they termed + "an end of the Revolution," as if there were any other means of effecting + that object than frankly adopting whatever good the Revolution had + produced. The foreigners observed with satisfaction the disposition of + these shallow persons, which they thought might be turned to their own + advantage. The truth is, that on the second Restoration our pretended + allies proved themselves our enemies. + </p> + <p> + But for them, but for their bad conduct, their insatiable exactions, but + for the humiliation that was felt at seeing foreign cannon planted in the + streets of Paris, and beneath the very windows of the Palace, the days + which followed the 8th of July might have been considered by the Royal + Family as the season of a festival. Every day people thronged to the + garden of the Tuileries, and expressed their joy by singing and dancing + under the King's windows. + </p> + <p> + This ebullition of feeling might perhaps be thought absurd, but it at + least bore evidence of the pleasure caused by the return of the Bourbons. + </p> + <p> + This manifestation of joy by numbers of persons of both sexes, most of + them belonging to the better classes of society, displeased Fouché, and he + determined to put a stop to it. Wretches were hired to mingle with the + crowd and sprinkle corrosive liquids on the dresses of the females some of + them were even instructed to commit acts of indecency, so that all + respectable persons were driven from the gardens through the fear of being + injured or insulted: As it was wished to create disturbance under the very + eyes of the King, and to make him doubt the reality of the sentiments so + openly expressed in his favour, the agents of the Police mingled the cry + of "Vive l'Empereur!" with that of "Vive le Roi!" and it happened oftener + than once that the most respectable persons were arrested and charged by + Fouché's infamous agents with having uttered seditious cries. A friend of + mine, whose Royalist opinions were well known, and whose father had been + massacred during the Revolution, told me that while walking with two + ladies he heard some individuals near him crying out "Vive l'Empereur!" + This created a great disturbance. The sentinel advanced to the spot, and + those very individuals themselves had the audacity to charge my friend + with being guilty of uttering the offensive cry. In vain the bystanders + asserted the falsehood of the accusation; he was seized and dragged to the + guard-house, and after being detained for some hours he was liberated on + the application of his friends. By dint of such wretched manoeuvres Fouché + triumphed. He contrived to make it be believed that he was the only person + capable of preventing the disorders of which he himself was the sole + author: He got the Police of the Tuileries under his control. The singing + and dancing ceased, and the Palace was the abode of dulness. + </p> + <p> + While the King was at St. Denis he restored to General Dessoles the + command of the National Guard. The General ordered the barriers to be + immediately thrown open. On the day of his arrival in Paris the King + determined, as a principle, that the throne should be surrounded by a + Privy Council, the members of which were to be the princes and persons + whom his Majesty might appoint at a future period. The King then named his + new Ministry, which was thus composed: + </p> + <p> + Prince Talleyrand, peer of France, President of the Council of Ministers, + and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. + </p> + <p> + Baron Louis, Minister of Finance. + </p> + <p> + The Duke of Otranto, Minister of the Police. + </p> + <p> + Baron Pasquier, Minister of Justice, and Keeper of the Seals. + </p> + <p> + Marshal Gouvion St. Cyr, War Minister. + </p> + <p> + Comte de Jaucourt, peer of France, Minister of the Marine. + </p> + <p> + The Duc de Richelieu, peer of France, Minister of the King's Household. + </p> + <p> + The portfolio of the Minister of the Interior, which was not immediately + disposed of, was provisionally entrusted to the Minister of Justice. But + what was most gratifying to the public in the composition of this new + ministry was that M. de Blacas, who had made himself so odious to + everybody, was superseded by M. de Richelieu, whose name revived the + memory of a great Minister, and who, by his excellent conduct throughout + the whole course of his career, deserves to be distinguished as a model of + honour and wisdom. + </p> + <p> + General satisfaction was expressed on the appointment of Marshal Macdonald + to the post of Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour in lieu of M. de + Pradt. M. de Chabrol resumed the Prefecture of the Seine, which, during + the Hundred Days, had been occupied by M. de Bondi, M. de Mole was made + Director-General of bridges and causeways. I was superseded in the + Prefecture of Police by M. Decazes, and M. Beugnot followed M. Ferrand as + Director-General of the Post-office. + </p> + <p> + I think it was on the 10th of July that I went to St. Cloud to pay a visit + of thanks to Blücher. I had been informed that as soon as he learned I had + a house at St. Cloud he sent a guard to protect it. This spontaneous mark + of attention was well deserving of grateful acknowledgment, especially at + a time when there was so much reason to complain of the plunder practised + by the Prussians. My visit to Blücher presented to observation a striking + instance of the instability of human greatness. I found Blücher residing + like a sovereign in the Palace of St. Cloud, where I had lived so long in + the intimacy of Napoleon, at a period when he dictated laws to the Kings + of Europe before he was a monarch himself. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[The English occupied St. Cloud after the Prussians. My large + house, in which the children of the Comte d'Artois were inoculated, + was respected by them, but they occupied a small home forming part + of the estate. The English officer who commanded the troops + stationed a guard at the large house. One morning we were informed + that the door had been broken open and a valuable looking-glass + stolen. We complained to the commanding officer, and on the affair + being inquired into it was discovered that the sentinel himself had + committed the theft. The man was tried by a court-martial, and + condemned to death, a circumstance which, as may naturally be + supposed, was very distressing to us. Madame de Bourrienne applied + to the commanding officer for the man's pardon, but could only + obtain his reprieve. The regiment departed some weeks after, and we + could never learn what was the fate of the criminal.—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + In that cabinet in which Napoleon and I had passed so many busy hours, and + where so many great plans had their birth, I was received by the man who + had been my prisoner at Hamburg. The Prussian General immediately reminded + me of the circumstance. "Who could have foreseen," said he, "that after + being your prisoner I should become the protector of your property? You + treated me well at Hamburg, and I have now an opportunity of repaying your + kindness. Heaven knows what will be the result of all this! One thing, + however, is certain, and that is, that the Allies will now make such + conditions as will banish all possibility of danger for a long time to + come. The Emperor Alexander does not wish to make the French people + expiate too dearly the misfortunes they have caused us. He attributes them + to Napoleon, but Napoleon cannot pay the expenses of the war, and they + must be paid by some one. It was all very well for once, but we cannot pay + the expense of coming back a second time. However," added he, "you will + lose none of your territory; that is a point on which I can give you + positive assurance. The Emperor Alexander has several times repeated in my + presence to the King my master, 'I honour the French nation, and I am + determined that it shall preserve its old limits.'" + </p> + <p> + The above are the very words which Blücher addressed to me. Profiting by + the friendly sentiments he expressed towards me I took the opportunity of + mentioning the complaints that were everywhere made of the bad discipline + of the troops under his command. "What can I do?" said he. "I cannot be + present everywhere; but I assure you that in future and at your + recommendation I will severely punish any misconduct that may come to my + knowledge." + </p> + <p> + Such was the result of my visit to Blücher; but, in spite of his promises, + his troops continued to commit the most revolting excesses. Thus the + Prussian troops have left in the neighbourhood of Paris recollections no + less odious than those produced by the conduct of Davoust's corps in + Prussia.—Of this an instance now occurs to my memory, which I will + relate here. In the spring of 1816, as I was going to Chevreuse, I stopped + at the Petit Bicetre to water my horse. I seated myself for a few minutes + near the door of the inn, and a large dog belonging to the innkeeper began + to bark and growl at me. His master, a respectable-looking old man, + exclaimed, "Be quiet, Blücher!"—"How came you to give your dog that + name?" said I.—"Ah, sir! it is the name of a villain who did a great + deal of mischief here last year. There is my house; they have left + scarcely anything but the four walls. They said they came for our good; + but let them come back again . . . we will watch them, and spear them like + wild boars in the wood." The poor man's house certainly exhibited traces + of the most atrocious violence, and he shed tears as he related to me his + disasters. + </p> + <p> + Before the King departed for Ghent he had consented to sign the contract + of marriage between one of my daughters and M. Massieu de Clerval, though + the latter was at that time only a lieutenant in the navy. The day + appointed for the signature of the contract happened to be Sunday, the + 19th of March, and it may well be imagined that in the critical + circumstances in which we then stood, a matter of so little importance + could scarcely be thought about. In July I renewed my request to his + Majesty; which gave rise to serious discussions in the Council of + Ceremonies. Lest any deviation from the laws of rigid etiquette should + commit the fate of the monarchy, it was determined that the marriage + contract of a lieutenant in the navy could be signed only at the petty + levee. However, his Majesty, recollecting the promise he had given me, + decided that the signature should be given at the grand levee. Though all + this may appear exceedingly ludicrous, yet I must confess that the triumph + over etiquette was very gratifying to me. + </p> + <p> + A short time after the King appointed me a Councillor of State; a title + which I had held under Bonaparte ever since his installation at the + Tuileries, though I had never fulfilled the functions of the office. In + the month of August; the King having resolved to convoke a new Chamber of + Deputies, I was appointed President of the Electoral College of the + department of the Yonne. As soon as I was informed of my nomination I + waited on M. de Talleyrand for my instructions, but he told me that, in + conformity with the King's intentions, I was to receive my orders from the + Minister of Police. I observed to M. de Talleyrand that I must decline + seeing Fouché, on account of the situation in which we stood with + reference to each other. "Go to him, go to him," said M. de Talleyrand, + "and be assured Fouché will say to you nothing on the subject." + </p> + <p> + I felt great repugnance to see Fouché, and consequently I went to him + quite against my inclination. I naturally expected a very cold reception. + What had passed between us rendered our interview exceedingly delicate. I + called on Fouché at nine in the morning, and found him alone, and walking + in his garden. He received me as a man might be expected to receive an + intimate friend whom he had not seen for a long time. On reflection I was + not very much surprised at this, for I was well aware that Fouché could + make his hatred yield to calculation. He said not a word about his arrest, + and it may well be supposed that I did not seek to turn the conversation + on that subject. I asked him whether he had any information to give me + respecting the elections of the Yonne. "None at all," said he; "get + yourself nominated if you can, only use your endeavours to exclude General + Desfouinaux. Anything else is a matter of indifference to me."—"What + is your objection to Desfournaux?"—"The Ministry will not have him." + </p> + <p> + I was about to depart when Fouché; called me back saying, "Why are you in + such haste? Cannot you stay a few minutes longer?" He then began to speak + of the first return of the Bourbons, and asked me how I could so easily + bring myself to act in their favour. He then entered into details + respecting the Royal Family which I conceive it to be my duty to pass over + in silence: It may be added, however, that the conversation lasted a long + time, and to say the least of it, was by no means in favour of "divine + right." + </p> + <p> + I conceived it to be my duty to make the King acquainted with this + conversation, and as there was now no Comte de Blacas to keep truth and + good advice from his Majesty's ear, I was; on my first solicitation, + immediately admitted to, the Royal cabinet. I cautiously suppressed the + most startling details, for, had I literally reported what Fouché said, + Louis XVIII. could not possibly have given credit to it. The King thanked + me for my communication, and I could perceive he was convinced that by + longer retaining Fouché in office he would become the victim of the + Minister who had been so scandalously forced upon him on the 7th of July. + The disgrace of the Duke of Otranto speedily followed, and I had the + satisfaction of having contributed to repair one of the evils with which + the Duke of Wellington visited France. + </p> + <p> + Fouché was so evidently a traitor to the cause he feigned to serve, and + Bonaparte was so convinced of this,—that during the Hundred Days, + when the Ministers of the King at Ghent were enumerated in the presence of + Napoleon, some one said, "But where is the Minister of the Police?" + </p> + <p> + "E-h! Parbleu," said Bonaparte, "that is Fouché?" It was not the same with + Carnot, in spite of the indelible stain of his vote: if he had served the + King, his Majesty could have depended on him, but nothing could shake the + firmness of his principles in favour of liberty. I learned, from a person + who had the opportunity of being well informed, that he would not accept + the post of Minister of the Interior which was offered to him at the + commencement of the Hundred Days until he had a conversation with + Bonaparte, to ascertain whether he had changed his principles. Carnot + placed faith in the fair promises of Napoleon, who deceived him, as he had + deceived others. + </p> + <p> + Soon after my audience with the King I set off to discharge my duties in + the department of the Yonne, and I obtained the honour of being elected to + represent my countrymen in the Chamber of Deputies. My colleague was M. + Raudot, a man who, in very trying circumstances, had given proofs of + courage by boldly manifesting his attachment to the King's Government. The + following are the facts which I learned in connection with this episode, + and which I circulated as speedily as possible among the electors of whom + I had the honour to be President. Bonaparte, on his way from Lyons to + Paris, after his landing at the gulf of Juan, stopped at Avalon, and + immediately sent for the mayor, M. Raudot. He instantly obeyed the + summons. On coming into Napoleon's presence he said, "What do you want, + General?" This appellation displeased Napoleon, who nevertheless put + several questions to M. Raudot, who was willing to oblige him as a + traveller, but not to serve him as an Emperor. Napoleon having given him + some orders, this worthy servant of the King replied, "General, I can + receive no orders from you, for I acknowledge no sovereign but the King, + to whom I have sworn allegiance." Napoleon then directed M. Raudot, in a + tone of severity, to withdraw, and I need not add that it was not long + before he was dismissed from the mayoralty of Avalon. + </p> + <p> + The elections of the Yonne being over, I returned to Paris, where I took + part in public affairs only as an amateur, while waiting for the opening + of the session. I was deeply grieved to see the Government resort to + measures of severity to punish faults which it would have been better + policy to attribute only to the unfortunate circumstances of the times. No + consideration can ever make me cease to regret the memory of Ney, who was + the victim of the influence of foreigners. Their object, as Blücher + intimated to me at St. Cloud, was to disable France from engaging in war + for a long time to come, and they hoped to effect that object by stirring + up between the Royal Government and the army of the Loire that spirit of + discord which the sacrifice of Ney could not fail to produce. I have no + positive proofs of the fact, but in my opinion Ney's life was a pledge of + gratitude which Fouché thought he must offer to the foreign influence + which had made him Minister. + </p> + <p> + About this time I learned a fact which will create no surprise, as it + affords another proof of the chivalrous disinterestedness of Macdonald's + character. When in 1815 several Marshals claimed from the Allied powers + their endowments in foreign countries, Madame Moreau, to whom the King had + given the honorary title of 'Madame la Marechale', and who was the friend + of the Duke of Tarentum, wrote, without Macdonald's knowledge, to M. de + Blacas; our ambassador at Naples, begging him to endeavour to preserve for + the Marshal the endowment which had been given him in the Kingdom of + Naples. As soon as Macdonald was informed of this circumstance he waited + upon Madame Moreau, thanked her for her kind intentions, but at the same + time informed her that he should disavow all knowledge of her letter, as + the request it contained was entirely averse to his principles. The + Marshal did, in fact, write the following letter to M. de Blacas:—"I + hasten to inform you, sir, that it was not with my consent that Madame + Moreau wrote to you, and I beg you will take no step that might expose me + to a refusal. The King of Naples owes me no recompense for having beaten + his army, revolutionised his kingdom, and forced him to retire to Sicily." + Such conduct was well worthy of the man who was the last to forsake + Napoleon in, 1814, and the first to rejoin him, and that without the + desire of accepting any appointment in 1815. M. de Blacas, who was himself + much surprised at Macdonald's letter, communicated it to the King of + Naples, whose answer deserves to be recorded. It was as follows:—"If + I had not imposed a law upon myself to acknowledge none of the French + endowments, the conduct of Marshal Macdonald would have induced me to make + an exception in his favour." It is gratifying to see princes such + scrupulous observers of the laws they make for themselves! + </p> + <p> + About the end of August 1815, as I was walking on the Boulevard des + Capucines, I had the pleasure of meeting Rapp, whom I had not seen for a + long time. He had just come out of the house of Lagrenee, the artist, who + was painting his portrait. I was on foot, and Rapp's carriage was waiting, + so we both stepped into it, and set off to take a drive in the Bois de + Boulogne. We had a great deal to say to each other, for we had not met + since the great events of the two Restorations. The reason of this was, + that in 1814 I passed a part of the year at Sens, and since the + occurrences of March 1815 Rapp himself had been absent from Paris. I found + him perfectly resigned to his change of condition, though indulging in a + few oaths against the foreigners. Rapp was not one of those, generals who + betrayed the King on the 20th of March. He told me that he remained at the + head of the division which he commanded at Ecouen, under the orders of the + Duc de Berry, and that he did not resign it to the War Minister until + after the King's departure. "How did Napoleon receive you?" I inquired. "I + waited till he sent for me. You know what sort of fellow I am: I know + nothing about politics; not I. I had sworn fidelity to the King. I know my + duty, and I would have fought against the Emperor."—"Indeed!"—"Yes, + certainly I would, and I told him so myself."—"How! did you venture + so far?"—"To be sure. I told him that my resolution was definite. + 'Pshaw! . . . replied he angrily. 'I knew well that you were opposed to + me. If we had come to an action I should have sought you out on the field + of battle. I would have shown you the Medusa's head. Would you have dared + to fire on me?'—'Without doubt,' I replied. 'Ah! parbleu this is too + much,' he said. 'But your troops would not have obeyed you. They had + preserved all their affection for me.'—'What could I do?' resumed I. + 'You abdicated, you left France, you recommended us to serve the King—and + then you return! Besides; I tell you frankly, I do not augur well of what + will happen. We shall have war again. France has had enough of that.' Upon + this," continued Rapp, "he assured me that he had other thoughts; that he + had no further desire for war; that he wished to govern in peace, and + devote himself solely to the happiness of his people. When I hinted + opposition on the part of the Foreign Powers, he said that he had made + alliances. He then spoke to me of the King, and I said I had been much + pleased with him; indeed, the King gave me a very gratifying reception on + my return from Kiew, and I see no reason why I should complain, when I am + so well used. During the conversation the Emperor much extolled the + conduct of the Duke of Orleans. He then gave me some description of his + passage from the Isle of Elba and his journey to Paris. He complained of + being accused of ambition; and observing that I looked astonished and + doubtful—'What?' he continued, 'am I ambitious then?' And patting + his belly with both his hands, 'Can a man,' he asked, 'so fat as I am be + ambitious?' I could not for my soul help saying, 'Ah! Sire, your Majesty + is surely joking.' He pretended, however, to be serious, and after a few + moments, noticing my decorations, he began to banter me about the Cross of + St. Louis and the Cross of the Lily, which I still wore." + </p> + <p> + I asked Rapp whether all was true that had been said about the enthusiasm + which was manifested along the whole of Napoleon's route from the Gulf of + Juan to Paris. "Ma foi!" he replied, "I was not there any more than you, + but all those who accompanied him have assured me of the truth of the + details which have been published; but I recollect having heard Bertrand + say that on one occasion he was fearful for the safety of the Emperor, in + case any assassin should have presented himself. At Fossard, where the + Emperor stopped to breakfast on his way to Paris, his escort was so + fatigued as to be unable to follow, so that he was for some time almost + alone on the road, until a squadron which was in garrison at Melun met him + and escorted him to Fontainebleau. As to anything else, from all I have + heard, the Emperor was exposed to no danger." + </p> + <p> + We then began to talk of our situation, and the singular chances of our + fortune. Rapp told me how, within a few days only, he had ceased to be one + of the discontented; for the condition of the generals who had commanded + army corps in the campaign of Waterloo was very different in 1815 from + what it had been in 1814. "I had determined," he said, "to live a quiet + life, to meddle with nothing, and not even to wear my uniform. I had, + therefore, since the King's return never presented myself at Court; when, + a week ago, while riding on horseback two or three hundred paces from this + spot, I saw a group of horsemen on the other side of the avenue, one of + whom galloped towards me. I immediately recognised the Duc de Berry, 'How, + Monseigneur, is it you?' I exclaimed. 'It is, my dear General; and since + you will not come to us, I must come to you. Will you breakfast with me + tomorrow morning?'—'Ma foi!" continued Rapp, "what could I do? The + tone of kindness in which he gave this invitation quite charmed me. I + went, and I was treated so well that I shall go again. But I will ask for + nothing: I only want these Prussians and English rascals out of the way!" + I complimented Rapp on his conduct, and told him that it was impossible + that so loyal and honest a man as he should not, at some time or other, + attract the King's notice. I had the happiness to see this prediction + accomplished. Since that time I regularly saw Rapp whenever we both + happened to be in Paris, which was pretty often. + </p> + <p> + I have already mentioned that in the month of August the King named me + Councillor of State. On the 19th of the following month I was appointed + Minister of State and member of the Privy Council. I may close these + volumes by relating a circumstance very flattering to me, and connected + with the last-mentioned nomination. The King had directed M. de Talleyrand + to present to him, in his official character of President of the Council + of Ministers, a list of the persons who might be deemed suitable as + members of the Privy Council. The King having read the list, said to his + Minister, "But, M. de Talleyrand, I do not see here the names of two of + our best friends, Bourrienne and Alexis de Noailles."—"Sire, I + thought their nomination would seem more flattering in coming directly + from your Majesty." The King then added my name to the list, and + afterwards that of the Comte Alexis de Noailles, so that both our names + are written in Louis XVIII.'s own hand in the original Ordinance. + </p> + <p> + I have now brought to a conclusion my narrative of the extraordinary + events in which I have taken part, either as a spectator or an actor, + during the course of a strangely diversified life, of which nothing now + remains but recollections. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[I discharged the functions of Councillor of State until 1818, at + which time an Ordinance appeared declaring those functions + Incompatible with the title of Minister of State—Bourrienne.]— +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0116" id="link2HCH0116"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. + </h2> + + THE CENT JOURS. + + <p> + The extraordinary rapidity of events during the Cent fours, or Hundred + Days of Napoleon's reign in 1815, and the startling changes in the parts + previously filled by the chief personages, make it difficult to consider + it as an historical period; it more resembles a series of sudden + theatrical transformations, only broken by the great pause while the + nation waited for news from the army. + </p> + <p> + The first Restoration of the Bourbons had been so unexpected, and was so + rapidly carried out, that the Bonapartists, or indeed all France, had + hardly realized the situation before Napoleon was again in the Tuileries; + and during the Cent Jours both Bonapartists and Royalists were alike + rubbing their eyes, asking whether they were awake, and wondering which + was the reality and which the dream, the Empire or the Restoration. + </p> + <p> + It is both difficult and interesting to attempt to follow the history of + the chief characters of the period; and the reader must pardon some abrupt + transitions from person to person, and from group to group, while the + details of some subsequent movements of the Bonaparte family must be + thrown in to give a proper idea of the strange revolution in their + fortunes. We may divide the characters with which we have to deal into + five groups,—the Bonaparte family, the Marshals, the Statesmen of + the Empire, the Bourbons, and the Allied Monarchs. One figure and one name + will be missing, but if we omit all account of poor, bleeding, mutilated + France, it is but leaving her in the oblivion in which she was left at the + time by every one except by Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + The disaster of 1814 had rather dispersed than crushed the Bonaparte + family, and they rallied immediately on the return from Elba. The final + fall of the Empire was total ruin to them. The provisions of the Treaty of + Fontainebleau, which had been meant to ensure a maintenance to them, had + not been carried out while Napoleon was still a latent power, and after + 1815 the Bourbons were only too happy to find a reason for not paying a + debt they had determined never to liquidate; it was well for any of the + Bourbons in their days of distress to receive the bounty of the usurper, + but there was a peculiar pleasure in refusing to pay the price promised + for his immediate abdication. + </p> + <p> + The flight of the Bonapartes in 1815 was rapid. Metternich writes to Maria + Louisa in July 1815: "Madame Mere and Cardinal Fesch left yesterday for + Tuscany. We do not know exactly where Joseph is. Lucien is in England + under a false name, Jerome in Switzerland, Louis at Rome. Queen Hortense + has set out for Switzerland, whither General de Flahault and his mother + will follow her. Murat seems to be still at Toulon; this, however, is not + certain." Was ever such an account of a dynasty given? These had all been + among the great ones of Europe: in a moment they were fugitives, several + of them having for the rest of their lives a bitter struggle with poverty. + Fortunately for them the Pope, the King of Holland, and the Grand-Duke of + Tuscany, were not under heavy obligations to Napoleon, and could thus + afford to give to his family the protection denied them by those monarchs + who believed themselves bound to redeem their former servility. + </p> + <p> + When Napoleon landed Maria Louisa was in Austria, and she was eager to + assist in taking every precaution to prevent her son, the young King of + Rome, being spirited off to join his father, whose fortunes she had sworn + to share: She herself was fast falling under the influence of the one-eyed + Austrian General, Neipperg, just then left a widower, who was soon to be + admitted to share her bed. By 1823 she seemed to have entirely forgotten + the different members of the Bonaparte family, speaking of her life in + France as "a bad dream." She obtained the Grand-Duchy of Parma, where she + reigned till 1847, marrying a third time, it is said, the Count Bombellea, + and dying, just too soon to be hunted from her Duchy by the Revolution of + 1848. + </p> + <p> + There is something very touching in most that we know of the poor young + King of Rome, from his childish but strangely prescient resistance to his + removal from Paris to Blois on the approach of the Allies in 1814, to the + message of remembrance sent in after years to the column of the Place + Vendome, "his only friend in Paris." + </p> + <p> + At four years of age Meneval describes him as gentle, but quick in + answering, strong, and with excellent health. "Light curly hair in + ringlets set off a fresh face, while fine blue eyes lit up his regular + features: He was precociously intelligent, and knew more than most + children older than himself." When Meneval—the former secretary of + his father, giving up his post in Austria with Maria Louisa, as he was + about to rejoin Napoleon—took farewell of the Prince in May 1815, + the poor little motherless child drew me towards the window, and, giving + me a touching look, said in a low tone, "Monsieur Meva, tell him + (Napoleon) that I always love him dearly." We say "motherless," because + Maria Louisa seems to have yielded up her child at the dictates of policy + to be closely guarded as easily as she gave up her husband. "If," wrote + Madame de Montesquieu, his governess, "the child had a mother, I would + leave him in her hands, and be happy, but she is nothing like a mother, + she is more indifferent to his fate than the most utter stranger in her + service." His grandfather, the Emperor Francis, to do him justice, seems + to have been really kind to the lad, and while, in 1814, 1816, and in + 1830, taking care to deprive him of all chance of, his glorious + inheritance, still seems to have cared for him personally, and to have + been always kind to him. There is no truth in the story that the Austrians + neglected his education and connived at the ruin of his faculties. Both + his tutor, the Count Maurice Dietrichstein, and Marshal Marmont, who + conversed with him in 1831, agree in speaking highly of him as full of + promise: Marmont's evidence being especially valuable as showing that the + Austrians did not object to the Duke of Reichstadt (as he had been created + by his grandfather in 1818), learning all he could of his father's life + from one of the Marshals. In 1831 Marmont describes him: "I recognised his + father's look in him, and in that he most resembled Napoleon. His eyes, + not so large as those of Napoleon, and sunk deeper in their sockets, had + the same expression, the same fire, the same energy. His forehead was like + that of his father, and so was the lower part of his face and his chin. + Then his complexion was that of Napoleon in his youth, with the same + pallor and the same colour of the skin, but all the rest of his face + recalled his mother and the House of Austria. He was taller than Napoleon + by about three inches." + </p> + <p> + As long as the Duke lived his name was naturally the rallying-point of the + Bonapartes, and was mentioned in some of the many conspiracies against the + Bourbons. In 1830 Joseph Bonaparte tried to get the sanction of the + Austrians to his nephew being put forward as a claimant to the throne of + France, vacant by the flight of Charles X., but they held their captive + firmly. A very interesting passage is given in the 'Memoirs of Charles + Greville', who says that Prince Esterhazy told him a great deal about the + Duke of Reichstadt, who, if he had lived, would have probably played a + great part in the world. He died of a premature decay, brought on, + apparently, by over-exertion and over-excitement; his talents were very + conspicuous, he was 'petri d'ambition', worshipped the memory of his + father, and for that reason never liked his mother; his thoughts were + incessantly turned towards France, and when he heard of the Days of July + (overthrow of Charles X.) he said, "Why was I not there to take my chance? + He evinced great affection and gratitude to his grandfather, who, while he + scrupulously observed all his obligations towards Louis Philippe, could + not help feeling a secret pride in the aspiring genius of Napoleon's son. + He was well educated, and day and night pored over the history of his + father's glorious career. He delighted in military exercises, and not only + shone at the head of his regiment, but had already acquired the hereditary + art of ingratiating himself with the soldiers." Esterhazy went on to + describe how the Duke abandoned everything at a ball when he met there + Marshals Marmont and Maison. "He had no eyes or ears but for them; from + nine in the evening to five the next morning he devoted himself to these + Marshals." There was the true Napoleonic ring in his answer to advice + given by Marmont when the Duke said that he would not allow himself to be + put forward by the Sovereigns of Europe. "The son of Napoleon should be + too great to serve as an instrument; and in events of that nature I wish + not to be an advanced guard, but a reserve,—that is, to come as a + succour, recalling great memories." + </p> + <p> + His death in 1832, on the 22d of July, the anniversary of the battle of + Salamanca, solved many questions. Metternich visited the Duke on his + deathbed: "It was a heartrending sight. I never remember to have seen a + more mournful picture of decay." When Francis was told of the death of his + grandson he answered, "I look upon the Duke's death as a blessing for him. + Whether it be detrimental or otherwise to the public good I do not know. + As for myself, I shall ever lament the loss of my grandson." + </p> + <p> + Josephine was in her grave at Rueil when Napoleon returned. She had died + on the 29th of May 1814, at Malmaison, while the Allies were exhibiting + themselves in Paris. It seems hard that she should not have lived to enjoy + a triumph, however brief, over her Austrian rival. "She, at least," said + Napoleon truly, "would never have abandoned me." + </p> + <p> + Josephine's daughter, Hortense, separated from her husband, Louis + Bonaparte, and created Duchess of St Leu by Louis XVIII., was in Paris, + much suspected by the Bourbons, but really engaged in a lawsuit with her + husband about the custody of her sons. She had to go into hiding when the + news of the landing arrived, but her empty house, left unwatched, became + very useful for receiving the Bonapartists, who wished for a place of + concealment, amongst them, as we shall see, being, of all people, Fouché! + Hortense was met by Napoleon with some reproaches for accepting a title + from the Bourbons, but she did the honours of the Elysee for him, and it + is creditable to both of them that, braving the vile slanders about their + intercourse, she was with him to the end; and that one of the last persons + to embrace him at Malmaison before he started for the coast was his + adopted daughter, the child of his discarded wife. Hortense's presence in + Paris was thought to be too dangerous by the Prussian Governor; and she + was peremptorily ordered to leave. An appeal to the Emperor Francis + received a favourable answer, but Francis always gave way where any act + against his son-in-law was in question, and she had to start at the + shortest notice on a wandering life to Aix, Baden, and Constance, till the + generosity of the small but brave canton of Thurgau enabled her to get a + resting-place at the Chateau of Arenenberg. + </p> + <p> + In 1831 she lost her second son, the eldest then surviving, who died from + fever in a revolutionary attempt in which he and his younger brother, the + future Napoleon. III., were engaged. She was able to visit France + incognito, and even to see Louis Philippe and his Queen; but her presence + in the country was soon thought dangerous, and she was urged to leave. In + 1836 Hortense's last child, Louis Napoleon, made his attempt at an + 'emeule' at Strasburg, and was shipped off to America by the Government. + She went to France to plead for him, and then, worn out by grief and + anxiety, returned to Arenenberg, which her son, the future Emperor, only + succeeded in reaching in time to see her die in October 1837. She was laid + with Josephine at Rueil. + </p> + <p> + Hortense's brother, Prince Eugène, the Viceroy of Italy, was at Vienna + when Napoleon returned, and fell under the suspicion of the Allies of + having informed the Emperor of the intention of removing him from Elba. He + was detained in Bavaria by his father-in-law the King, to whose Court he + retired, and who in 1817 created him Duke of Leuchtenberg and Prince of + Eichstadt. With the protection of Bavaria he actually succeeded in + wringing from the Bourbons some 700,000 francs of the property of his + mother. A first attack of apoplexy struck him in 1823, and he died from a + second in February 1824 at Munich. His descendants have intermarried into + the Royal Families of Portugal, Sweden, Brazil, Russia, 'and Wartemberg; + his grandson now (1884) holds the title of Leuchtenberg. + </p> + <p> + Except Louis, an invalid, all the brothers of the Emperor were around him + in the Cent Jours, the supreme effort of their family. Joseph had left + Spain after Vittoria, and had remained in an uncomfortable and + unrecognised state near Paris until in 1814 he was again employed, and + when, rightly or not, he urged the retreat of the Regency from Paris to + Blois. He then took refuge at his chateau of Prangins in the canton Vaud + in Switzerland, closely watched by the Bourbonists, who dreaded danger + from every side except the real point, and who preferred trying to hunt + the Bonapartists from place to place, instead of making their life + bearable by carrying out the engagements with them. + </p> + <p> + In 1816, escaping from the arrest with which he was threatened, after + having written to urge Murat to action with fatal effect, Joseph joined + Napoleon in Paris, and appeared at the Champ de Mai, sitting also in the + Chamber of Peers, but, as before, putting forward ridiculous pretensions + as to his inherent right to the peerage, and claiming a special seat. In + fact, he never could realise how entirely he owed any position to the + brother he wished to treat as an equal. + </p> + <p> + He remained in Paris during the brief campaign, and after Waterloo was + concealed in the house of the Swedish Ambassador, where his sister-in-law, + the Crown Princess of Sweden, the wife of Bernadotte, was living. + Muffling, the Prussian Governor of Paris, wished to arrest him, but as the + Governor could not violate the domicile of an Ambassador, he had to apply + to the Czar, who arranged for the escape of the ex-King before the + Governor could seize him Joseph went to the coast, pretty much following + the route of Napoleon. He was arrested once at Saintes, but was allowed to + proceed, and he met his brother on the 4th of July, at Rochefort. + </p> + <p> + It is significant as to the possibility of the escape of Napoleon that + Joseph succeeded in getting on the brig Commerce as "M. Bouchard," and, + though the ship was thrice searched by the English, he got to New York on + the 28th of August, where he was mistaken for Carnot. He was well + received, and, taking the title of Comte de Survilliers, he first lived at + Lansdowne, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, where he afterwards always passed + part of the year while he was in America. He also bought the property of + Point Breeze, at Bordentown, on the Delaware, where he built a house with + a fine view of the river. This first house was burnt down, but he erected + another, where he lived in some state and in great comfort, displaying his + jewels and pictures to his admiring neighbours, and showing kindness to + impecunious nephews. + </p> + <p> + The news of the Revolution of July in 1830, which drove Charles X. from + the throne, excited Joseph's hopes for the family of which he considered + himself the Regent, and he applied to Metternich to get the Austrian + Government to allow or assist in the placing his nephew, the Duke of + Reichstadt, on the throne of France. Austria would not even answer. + </p> + <p> + In July 1832 Joseph crossed to England, where he met Lucien, just arrived + from Italy, bringing the news of the death of his nephew. Disappointed, he + stayed in England for some time, but returned to America in 1836. In he + finally left America, and again came to England, where he had a paralytic + stroke, and in 1843 he went to Florence, where he met his wife after a + long separation. + </p> + <p> + Joseph lived long enough to see the two attempts of another nephew, Louis + Napoleon, at Strasburg in 1836, and at Boulogne in 1840, which seem to + have been undertaken without his knowledge, and to have much surprised + him. He died in Florence in 1844; his body was buried first in Santa + Croce, Florence, but was removed to the Invalides in 1864. His wife the + ex-Queen, had retired in 1815 to Frankfort and to Brussels, where she was + well received by the King, William, and where she stayed till 1823, when + she went to Florence, dying there in 1845. Her monument is in the Cappella + Riccardi, Santa Croce, Florence. + </p> + <p> + Lucien had retired to Rome in 1804, on the creation of the Empire, and had + continued embroiled with his brother, partly from his so-called Republican + principles, but chiefly from his adhering to his marriage, his second one, + with Madame Jouberthon,—a union which Napoleon steadily refused to + acknowledge, offering Lucien anything, a kingdom or the hand of a queen + (if we take Lucien's account), if he would only consent to the annulment + of the contract. + </p> + <p> + In August 1810, affecting uneasiness as Napoleon stretched his power over + Rome, Lucien embarked for America, but he was captured by the English and + taken, first to Malta and then to England, where he passed the years till + 1814 in a sort of honourable captivity, first at Ludlow and then at + Thorngrove, not far from that town. + </p> + <p> + In 1814 Lucien was released, when he went to Rome, where he was welcomed + by the kindly old Pope, who remembered the benefits conferred by Napoleon + on the Church, while he forgot the injuries personal to himself; and the + stiff-necked Republican, the one-time "Brutus" Bonaparte, accepted the + title of Duke of Musignano and Prince of Canino. + </p> + <p> + In 1815 Lucien joined his brother, whom he wished to abdicate at the Champ + de Mai in favour of the King of Rome, placing his sword only at the + disposal of France. This step was seriously debated, but, though it might + have placed the Allies in a more difficult position, it would certainly + have been disregarded by them, at least unless some great victory had + given the dynasty firmer footing. After Waterloo he was in favour of a + dissolution of the Chambers, but Napoleon had become hopeless and almost + apathetic, while Lucien himself, from his former connection with the 18th + and 19th Brumaire, was looked on with great distrust by the Chambers, as + indeed he was by his brother. Advantage was taken of his Roman title to + taunt him with not being a Frenchman; and all his efforts failed. At the + end he fled, and failing to cross to England or to get to Rochefort, he + reached Turin on the 12th of July only to find himself arrested. He + remained there till the 15th of September, when he was allowed to go to + Rome. There he was interned and carefully watched; indeed in 1817 the Pope + had to intervene to prevent his removal to the north of Germany, so + anxious were the Allies as to the safety of the puppet they had put on the + throne of France. + </p> + <p> + The death of Napoleon in 1821 released Lucien and the Bonaparte family + from the constant surveillance exercised over them till then. In 1830 he + bought a property, the Croce del Biacco, near Bologna. The flight of the + elder branch of the Bourbons from France in 1830 raised his hopes, and, as + already said, he went to England in 1832 to meet Joseph and to plan some + step for raising Napoleon II. to the throne. The news of the death of his + nephew dashed all the hopes of the family, and after staying in England + for some time he returned to Italy, dying at Viterbo in 1840, and being + buried at Canino, where also his second wife lies. Lucien had a taste for + literature, and was the author of several works, which a kindly posterity + will allow to die. + </p> + <p> + Louis Bonaparte had fled from his Kingdom of Holland in 1810, after a + short reign of four years, disgusted with being expected to study the + interests of the brother to whom he owed his throne, and with being + required to treat his wife Hortense with ordinary consideration. He had + taken refuge in Austria, putting that Court in great anxiety how to pay + him the amount of attention to be expected by the brother of the Emperor, + and at the same time the proper coldness Napoleon might wish shown to a + royal deserter. Thanks to the suggestions of Metternich, they seem to have + been successful in this task. Taking the title of Comte de, St. Len from + an estate in France; Louis went first to Toplitz, then to Gratz, and in + 1813 he took refuge in Switzerland. In 1814 he went to Rome; and then to + Florence, where the Grand-Duke Ferdinand received any of the family who + came there with great kindness. + </p> + <p> + Louis was the least interesting of the family, and it is difficult to + excuse his absence from France in 1815. After all, the present of a + kingdom is not such an unpardonable offence as to separate brothers for + ever, and Napoleon seems to have felt deeply the way in which he was + treated by a brother to whom he had acted as a father; still ill-health + and the natural selfishness of invalids may account for much. While his + son Louis Napoleon was flying about making his attempts on France, Louis + remained in the Roman Palace of the French Academy, sunk in anxiety about + his religious state. He disclaimed his son's proceedings, but this may + have been due to the Pope, who sheltered him. Anyhow, it is strange to + mark the difference between the father and his two sons who came of age, + and who took to revolution so kindly. + </p> + <p> + In 1846 Louis was ill at Leghorn when his son escaped from Ham, where he + had been imprisoned after his Boulogne attempt. Passports were refused to + the son to go from Italy to his father, and Louis died alone on the 25th + of July 1846. He was buried at Santa Croce, Florence, but the body was + afterwards removed to the village church of St. Leu Taverny, rebuilt by + his son Napoleon III. + </p> + <p> + Jerome, the youngest of the whole family, the "middy," as Napoleon liked + to call him, had been placed in the navy, in which profession he passed as + having distinguished himself, after leaving his admiral in rather a + peculiar manner, by attacking an English convoy, and eventually escaping + the English by running into the port of Concarneau, believed to be + inaccessible. At that time it was an event for a French man-of-war to + reach home. + </p> + <p> + Jerome had incurred the anger of Napoleon by marrying a beautiful young + lady of Baltimore, a Mica Paterson, but, more obedient than Lucien, he + submitted to have this marriage annulled by his all-powerful brother, and + in reward he received the brand-new Kingdom of Westphalia, and the hand of + a daughter of the King of Wartemberg, "the cleverest King in Europe," + according to Napoleon. Jerome is said to have ruled rather more as a + Heliogabalus than a Solomon, but the new Kingdom had the advantage of + starting with good administrators, and with the example of "the Code." + </p> + <p> + In 1812 Jerome was given the command of the right wing of the Grand Army + in its advance against Russia, but he did not fulfil the expectations of + his brother, and Davoust took the command instead. Every king feels + himself a born general: whatever else they cannot do, war is an art which + comes with the crown, and Jerome, unwilling to serve under a mere Marshal, + withdrew in disgust. In 1813 he had the good feeling and the good sense to + refuse the treacherous offer of the Allies to allow him to retain his + kingdom if he joined them against his brother, a snare his sister Caroline + fell into at Naples. + </p> + <p> + On the downfall of Napoleon, Jerome, as the Count of Gratz, went to + Switzerland, and then to Gratz and Trieste. + </p> + <p> + His wife, the ex-Queen Catherine, fell into the hands of Maubreuil, the + officer sent on a mysterious mission, believed to be intended for the + murder of Napoleon, but which only resulted in the robbery of the Queen's + jewels and of some 80,000 francs. The jewels were for the most part + recovered, being fished up from the bed of the Seine, but not the cash. + </p> + <p> + In 1815 Jerome joined his brother, and appeared at the Champ de Mai. A + true Bonaparte, his vanity was much hurt, however, by having—he, a + real king—to sit on the back seat of the carriage, while his elder + brother Lucien; a mere Roman-prince, occupied a seat of honour by the side + of Napoleon. In the Waterloo campaign he was given the 6th division, + forming part of Reille's corps, General Guilleminot being sent with him to + prevent any of the awkwardnesses of 1812. His division was engaged with + the Prussians on the 15th of June, and at Quatre Bras he was severely + wounded. At Waterloo his division formed the extreme left of the French + infantry, opposite Hougomont, and was engaged in the struggle for that + post. Whatever his failings may have been, he is acknowledged to have + fought gallantly. After the battle he was given the command of the army by + his brother, and was told to cover the retreat to Laon, which he reached + on the 21st of June, with 18,000 infantry, 3000 cavalry and two batteries + which he had rallied. This, be it observed, is a larger force than Ney + told the Chambers even Grouchy (none of whose men are included) could + have, and Jerome's strength had swollen to 25,000 infantry and 6000 + cavalry when he handed over the army to Soult at Laon. Napoleon had + intended to leave Jerome with the command of the army, but he eventually + took him to Paris. + </p> + <p> + When Napoleon left the country Jerome was assured by the ambassador of + Wurtemberg that he would find a refuge in the dominions of his + father-in-law; but when he arrived there he was informed that if he did + not wish to be, according to the original intentions of the Allies, handed + over to the Prussians, and separated from his wife, he must sign an + engagement to remain in Wurtemberg under strict surveillance. He was then + imprisoned at Guppingen, and afterwards at Ellwangen, where he was not + even allowed to write or receive letters except through the captain of the + chateau. + </p> + <p> + Part of Jerome's troubles came from the conduct of his wife Catherine, who + had the idea that, as she had been given in marriage by her father to + Jerome, as she had lived for seven years as his wife, and as she had borne + a child to him, she was really his wife, and bound to remain with him in + his misfortunes! The royal family of Wurtemberg, however, following the + illustrious example of that of Austria, looked on her past life as a mere + state of concubinage, useful to the family, and to be respected while her + husband could retain his kingdom, but which should end the moment there + was nothing more to be gained from Napoleon or his brother. It was all + proper and decorous to retain the title of King of Wurtemberg, which the + former Duke and then Elector had owed to the exile of St. Helena, but King + Frederick, and still less his son William, who succeeded him in 1816, + could not comprehend Catherine's clinging to her husband when he had lost + his kingdom. "I was a Queen; I am still a wife and mother," wrote the + Princess to her disgusted father. Another complaint against this + extraordinary Princess was that she actually saw Las Cases on his return + from St. Helena, and thus obtained news of the exile. + </p> + <p> + After constant ill treatment Jerome and his wife, as the Count and + Countess of Montfort, a rank the King of Wurtemberg afterwards raised to + Prince, were allowed to proceed to Hainburg near Vienna, then to Florence, + and, later to Trieste, where Jerome was when his sister Elisa died. In + 1823 they were permitted to go to Rome, and in 1835 they went to Lausanne, + where his true-hearted wife died the same year. Jerome went to Florence, + and lived to see the revival of the Empire, and to once more enjoy the + rank of a French Prince. He died in 1860 at the chateau of Villegenis in + France, and was buried in the Invalides. + </p> + <p> + The mother of the Emperor, Letitia, in 1814, had retained her title of + Imperatrice Mere, and had retired to Rome. She then went to Elba in June, + and stayed there with her daughter Pauline until Napoleon had sailed for + France. On 2d March 1814 she went from Elba to San Vicenzo near Leghorn, + and then to Rome. Her son sent a frigate for her, the 'Melpomene', which + was captured by the English 'Rivoli'; another vessel, the 'Dryade', + brought her to France, and she joined Napoleon in Paris. We must have a + regard for this simple old lady, who was always careful and saving, only + half believing in the stability of the Empire; and, like a true mother, + always most attentive to the most unfortunate of her children. Her life + had been full of startling changes; and it must have been strange for the + woman who had been hunted out of Corsica, flying from her house just in + time to save her life from the adherents of Paoli, to find herself in + grandeur in Paris. She saw her son just before he left, as she thought, + for America, and then retired to the Rinuccini—now the + Bonaparte-Palace at Rome, where she died in 1836. She had been anxious to + join Napoleon at St. Helena, and had refused, as long as Napoleon was + alive, to forgive her daughter Caroline, the wife of Murat, for her + abandonment of her brother. She was buried at Albano. + </p> + <p> + Letitia's youngest daughter, the beautiful but frail Pauline, Duchess of + Guastalla, married first to General Leclerc, and then to Prince Camille + Borgelle, was at Nice when her brother abdicated in 1814. She retired with + her mother to Rome, and in October 1814 went to Elba, staying there till + Napoleon left, except when she was sent to Naples with a message of + forgiveness for Murat. There was a characteristic scene between her and + Colonel Campbell when the English Commissioner arrived to find Napoleon + gone. Pauline professed ignorance till the last of her brother's + intentions, and pressed the Colonel's hand to her heart that he might feel + how agitated she was. "She did not appear to be so," says the battered old + Colonel, who seems to have been proof against her charms. She then went to + Rome, and later to Pisa. Her health was failing, and, unable to join her + brother in France, she sent him her only means of assistance, her jewels, + which were captured at Waterloo. Her offer to go to St. Helena, repeated + several times, was never accepted by Napoleon. She died in 1825 at + Florence, from consumption, reconciled to her husband, from whom she had + been separated since 1807. She was buried at Sta Maria Maggiore, Rome. + </p> + <p> + Elisa, the eldest sister of Napoleon, the former Grand Duchess of Tuscany, + which Duchy she had ruled well, being a woman of considerable talent, was + the first of all to die. In 1814 she had been forced to fly from her + Government, and, accompanied by her husband, she had attempted to reach + France. Finding herself cut off by the Austrians; she took shelter with + Augereau's army, and then returned to Italy. She took the title of + Comtesse de Campignana, and retired to Trieste, near which town, at the + Chateau of Sant Andrea, under a wearisome surveillance, she expired in + 1820, watched by her husband, Felix Baeciocchi, and her sister Caroline. + Her monument is in the Bacciocchi Chapel in San Petronio, Bologna. + </p> + <p> + Caroline, the wife of Murat, was the only one of the family untrue to + Napoleon. Very ambitious, and forgetting how completely she owed her + Kingdom of Naples to her brother, she had urged Murat in 1814 to separate + from Napoleon, and, still worse, to attack Eugène, who held the north of + Italy against the Austrians. She relied on the formal treaty with Austria + that Murat should retain his Kingdom of Naples, and she may also have + trusted to the good offices of her former admirer Metternich. When the + Congress of Vienna met, the French Minister, Talleyrand, at once began to + press for the removal of Murat. A trifling treaty was not considered an + obstacle to the Heaven-sent deliverers of Europe, and Murat, believing his + fate sealed, hearing of Napoleon's landing, and urged on by a misleading + letter from Joseph Bonaparte, at once marched to attack the Austrians. He + was easily routed by the Austrians under Neipperg, the future husband of + Maria Louisa. Murat fled to France, and Caroline first took refuge in an + English man-of-war, the 'Tremendous', being, promised a free passage to + England. She was, however, handed over to the Austrians; who kept her in + confinement at Hainburg near Vienna. In October 1815 Murat landed in + Calabria in a last wild attempt to recover his throne. He was arrested and + immediately shot. After his murder Caroline, taking the title of Countess + of Lipona (an anagram of Napoli), was permitted to retire to Trieste with + Elisa, Jerome, and his wife. Caroline was almost without means of + existence, the Neapolitan Bourbons refusing even to give up the property + she had brought there. She married a General Macdonald. When Hortense was + buried at Rueil Caroline obtained permission to attend the sad ceremony. + In 1838 she went to France to try to obtain a pension, and succeeded in + getting one of 100,000 francs. She died from cancer in the stomach in + 1839, and was buried in the Campo Santo, Bologna. + </p> + <p> + Cardinal Fesch, the half-uncle of Napoleon, the Archbishop of Lyons, who + had fallen into disgrace with Napoleon for taking the side of the Pope and + refusing to accept the see of Paris, to which he was nominated by + Napoleon, had retired to Rome in 1814, where he remained till the return + of Napoleon, when he went to Paris, and accepted a peerage. After Waterloo + he again sought the protection of the Pope, and he remained at Rome till + his death in 1839, a few days before Caroline Bonaparte's. He was buried + in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome. He had for years been a great collector of + pictures, of which he left a large number (1200) to the town of Ajaccio. + The Cardinal, buying at the right time when few men had either enough + leisure or money to think of pictures, got together a most valuable + collection. This was sold in 1843-44 at Rome. Its contents now form some + of the greatest treasures in the galleries of Dudley House and of the + Marquis of Hertford, now Sir Richard Wallace's. In a large collection + there are generally some daubs, but it is an amusing instance of party + spirit to find the value of his pictures run down by men who are unwilling + to allow any one connected with Napoleon to have even taste in art. He + always refused the demands of the Restoration that he should resign his + see of Lyons, though under Louis Philippe he offered to do so, and leave + his pictures to France, if the Bonaparte family were allowed to enter + France: this was refused. + </p> + <p> + It can hardly be denied that the fate of the Bonapartes was a hard one. + Napoleon had been undisputed sovereign of France for fourteen years, Louis + had been King of Holland for four years, Jerome was King of Westphalia for + six years, Caroline was Queen of Naples for seven years. If Napoleon had + forfeited all his rights by leaving Elba after the conditions of his + abdication had been broken by the Allies, still there was no reason why + the terms stipulated for the other members of the family should not have + been carried out, or at least an ordinary income insured to them. With all + Napoleon's faults he was always ready to shower wealth on the victims of + his policy:—The sovereigns of the Continent had courted and + intermarried with the Bonapartes in the fame of that family's grandeur: + there was neither generosity nor wisdom in treating them as so many + criminals the moment fortune had declared against them. The conduct of the + Allies was not influenced simply by the principle of legitimacy, for the + King of Saxony only kept his throne by the monarchs falling out over the + spoil. If sovereigns were to be respected as of divine appointment, it was + not well to make their existence only depend on the fate of war. + </p> + <p> + Nothing in the history of the Cent Jours is more strange than the small + part played in it by the Marshals, the very men who are so identified in + our minds with the Emperor, that we might have expected to find that + brilliant band playing a most prominent part in his last great struggle, + no longer for mere victory, but for very existence. In recording how the + Guard came up the fatal hill at Waterloo for their last combat, it would + seem but natural to have to give a long roll of the old historic names as + leading or at least accompanying them; and the reader is apt to ask, where + were the men whose very titles recalled such glorious battle-fields, such + achievements, and such rewards showered down by the man who, almost alone + at the end of the day, rode forward to invite that death from which it was + such cruel kindness to save him? + </p> + <p> + Only three Marshals were in Belgium in 1815, and even of them one did but + count his promotion from that very year, so it is but natural for French + writers to dream of what might have been the course of the battle if + Murat's plume had waved with the cavalry, if Mortier had been with the + Guard, and if Davoust or one of his tried brethren had taken the place of + Grouchy. There is, however, little real ground for surprise at this + absence of the Marshals. Death, time, and hardships had all done their + work amongst that grand array of commanders. Some were old men, veterans + of the Revolutionary wars, when first created Marshals in 1804; others, + such as Massena, were now but the wreck of themselves; and even before + 1812 Napoleon had been struck with the failing energy of some of his + original companions: indeed, it might have been better for him if he had + in 1813, as he half resolved, cast away his dislike to new faces, and + fought his last desperate campaigns with younger men who still had + fortunes to win, leaving "Berthier to hunt at Grosbois," and the other + Marshals to enjoy their well-deserved rest in their splendid hotels at + Paris. + </p> + <p> + Davoust, Duke of Auerstadt, Prince of Eckmuhl, whose name should be + properly spelt Davout, was one of the principal personages at the end of + the Cent Jours. Strict and severe, having his corps always in good order, + and displaying more character than most of the military men under + Napoleon, one is apt to believe that the conqueror at Auerstadt bade fair + to be the most prominent of all the Marshals. In 1814 he had returned from + defending Hamburg to find himself under a cloud of accusations, and the + Bourbons ungenerously and unwisely left him undefended for acts which they + must have known were part of his duty as governor of a besieged place. At + the time he was attacked as if his first duty was not to hold the place + for France, but to organise a system of outdoor relief for the + neighbouring population, and to surrender as soon as he had exhausted the + money in the Government chest and the provisions in the Government stores. + Sore and discontented, practically proscribed, still Davoust would not + join in the too hasty enterprise of the brothers Lallemand, who wished him + to lead the military rising on the approach of Napoleon; but he was with + the Emperor on the day after his arrival in Paris. + </p> + <p> + Davoust might have expected high command in the army, but, to his + annoyance, Napoleon fixed on him as War Minister. For several years the + War Minister had been little more than a clerk, and neither had nor was + expected to have much influence with the army. Napoleon now wanted a man + of tried devotion, and of stern enough character to overawe the capital + and the restless spirits in the army. Much against his will Davoust was + therefore forced to content himself with the organisation of the forces + being hastily raised, but he chafed in his position; and it is + characteristic of him that Napoleon was eventually forced to send him the + most formal orders before the surly Minister would carry out the Emperor's + unlucky intention of giving a command to Bourmont, whom Davoust strongly + and rightly suspected of treachery. When Napoleon left the capital Davoust + became its governor, and held his post unmoved by the intrigues of the + Republicans and the Royalists. When Napoleon returned from the great + disaster Davoust gave his voice for the only wise policy,—resistance + and the prorogation of the factious Chambers. On the abdication of + Napoleon the Provisional Government necessarily gave Davoust the command + of the army which was concentrated round Paris. + </p> + <p> + If Davoust had restricted himself less closely to his duty as a soldier, + if he had taken more on himself, with the 100,000 men he soon had under + him, he might have saved France from much of her subsequent humiliation, + or at least he might have preserved the lives of Ney and of the brave men + whom the Bourbons afterwards butchered. Outwitted by Fouché, and unwilling + to face the hostility of the Chambers, Davoust at last consented to the + capitulation of Paris, though he first gave the Prussian cavalry a sharp + lesson. While many of his comrades were engaged in the great struggle for + favour or safety, the stern Marshal gave up his Ministry, and, doing the + last service in his power to France, stopped all further useless bloodshed + by withdrawing the army, no easy task in their then humour, behind the + Loire, where he kept what the Royalists called the "Brigands of the Loire" + in subjection till relieved by Macdonald. He was the only one of the + younger Marshals who had not been tried in Spain, and so far he was + fortunate; but, though he was not popular with the army, his character and + services seem to point him out as the most fit of all the Marshals for an + independent command. Had Napoleon been successful in 1812, Davoust was to + have received the Viceroyalty of Poland; and he would probably have left a + higher name in history than the other men placed by Napoleon to rule over + his outlying kingdoms. In any case it was fortunate for France and for the + Allies that a man of his character ruled the army after Napoleon + abdicated; there would otherwise have been wild work round Paris, as it + was only with the greatest difficulty and by the force of his authority + and example that Davoust succeeded in getting the army to withdraw from + the capital, and to gradually adopt the white cockade. When superseded by + Macdonald he had done a work no other man could have accomplished. He + protested against the proscription, but it was too late; his power had + departed. In 1819 he was forgiven for his services to France, and was made + a peer, but he died in 1823, only fifty-three years old. + </p> + <p> + Among the Marshals who gave an active support to Napoleon Ney takes the + leading part in most eyes; if it were only for his fate, which is too well + known for much to be said here concerning it. In 1815 Ney was commanding + in Franche-Comte, and was called up to Paris and ordered to go to Besancon + to march so as to take Napoleon in flank. He started off, not improbably + using the rough brags afterwards attributed to him as most grievous sins, + such as that "he would bring back Napoleon in an iron cage." It had been + intended to have sent the Duc de Berry, the second son of the Comte + d'Artois, with Ney; and it was most unfortunate for the Marshal that this + was not done. There can be no possible doubt that Ney spoke and acted in + good faith when he left Paris. One point alone seems decisive of this. Ney + found under him in command, as General of Division, Bourmont, an officer + of well-known Royalist opinions, who had at one time served with the + Vendean insurgents, and who afterwards deserted Napoleon just before + Waterloo, although he had entreated to be employed in the campaign. Not + only did Ney leave Bourmont in command, but, requiring another Divisional + General, instead of selecting a Bonapartist, he urged Lecourbe to leave + his retirement and join him. Now, though Lecourbe was a distinguished + General, specially famed for mountain warfare—witness his services + in 1799 among the Alps above Lucerne—he had been long left + unemployed by Napoleon on account of his strong Republican opinions and + his sympathy with Moreau. These two Generals, Bourmont and Lecourbe, the + two arms of Ney as commander, through whom alone he could communicate with + the troops, he not only kept with him, but consulted to the last, before + he declared for Napoleon. This would have been too dangerous a thing for a + tricky politician to have attempted as a blind, but Ney was well known to + be only too frank and impulsive. Had the Duc de Berry gone with him, had + Ney carried with him such a gage of the intention of the Bourbons to + defend their throne, it is probable that he would have behaved like + Macdonald; and it is certain that he would have had no better success. The + Bonapartists themselves dreaded what they called the wrong-headedness of + Ney. It was, however, thought better to keep the Duc de Berry in safety. + </p> + <p> + Ney found himself put forward singly, as it were, to oppose the man whom + all France was joining; he found, as did every officer sent on a similar + mission, that the soldiers were simply waiting to meet Napoleon; and while + the Princes sought security, while the soldiers plotted against their + leaders, came the calls of the Emperor in the old trumpet tone. The eagle + was to fly—nay, it was flying from tower to tower, and victory was + advancing with a rush. Was Ney to be the one man to shoot down his old + leader? could he, as he asked, stop the sea with his hands? On his trial + his subordinate, Bourmont, who had by that time shown his devotion to the + Bourbons by sacrificing his military honour, and deserting to the Allies, + was asked whether Ney could have got the soldiers to act against the + Emperor. He could only suggest that if Ney had taken a musket and himself + charged, the men would have followed his example. "Still," said Bourmont, + "I would not dare to affirm that he (the Marshal) would have won." And who + was Ney to charge? We know how Napoleon approached the forces sent to + oppose him: he showed himself alone in the front of his own troops. Was + Ney to deliberately kill his old commander? was any general ever expected + to undergo such a test? and can it be believed that the soldiers who + carried off the reluctant Oudinot and chased the flying Macdonald, had + such a reverence for the "Rougeot," as they called him, that they would + have stood by while he committed this murder? The whole idea is absurd: as + Ney himself said at his trial, they would have "pulverized" him. + Undoubtedly the honourable course for Ney would have been to have left his + corps when he lost control over them; but to urge, as was done afterwards, + that he had acted on a preconceived scheme, and that his example had such + weight, was only malicious falsehood. The Emperor himself knew well how + little he owed to the free will of his Marshal, and he soon had to send + him from Paris, as Ney, sore at heart, and discontented with himself and + with both sides, uttered his mind with his usual freedom. Ney was first + ordered to inspect the frontier from Dunkirk to Bale, and was then allowed + to go to his home. He kept so aloof from Napoleon that when he appeared on + the Champ de Mai the Emperor affected surprise, saying that he thought Ney + had emigrated. At the last moment Marshal Mortier fell ill. Ney had + already been sent for. He hurried up, buying Mortier's horses (presumably + the ill-fated animals who died under him at Waterloo), and reached the + army just in time to be given the command of the left wing. + </p> + <p> + It has been well remarked that the very qualities which made Ney + invaluable for defence or for the service of a rear-guard weighed against + him in such a combat as Quatre Bras. Splendid as a corps leader, he had + not the commander's eye to embrace the field and surmise the strength of + the enemy at a glance. At Bautzen in 1818 his staff had been unable to + prevent him from leaving the route which would have brought him on the + very rear of the enemy, because seeing the foe, and unable to resist the + desire of returning their fire, he turned off to engage immediately. At + Quatre Bras, not seeing the force he was engaged with, believing he had + the whole English army on his hands from the first, he let himself at the + beginning of the day be imposed upon by a mere screen of troops. + </p> + <p> + We cannot here go into Ney's behaviour at Waterloo except to point out + that too little importance is generally given to the fact of the English + cavalry having, in a happy moment, fallen on and destroyed the artillery + which was being brought up to sweep the English squares at close quarters. + At Waterloo, as in so many other combats, the account of Ney's behaviour + more resembles that of a Homeric hero than of a modern general. To the + ideal commander of to-day, watching the fight at a distance, calmly + weighing its course, undisturbed except by distant random shots, it is + strange to compare Ney staggering through the gate of Konigsberg all + covered with blood; smoke and snow, musket in hand, announcing himself as + the rear-guard of France, or appearing, a second Achilles, on the ramparts + of Smolensko to encourage the yielding troops on the glacis, or amidst the + flying troops at Waterloo, with uncovered head and broken sword, black + with powder, on foot, his fifth horse killed under him, knowing that life, + honour, and country were lost, still hoping against hope and attempting + one more last desperate rally. If he had died—ah! if he had died + there—what a glorious tomb might have risen, glorious for France as + well as for him, with the simple inscription, "The Bravest of the Brave." + </p> + <p> + Early on the 19th June a small band of officers retreating from the field + found Ney asleep at Marchiennes, "the first repose he had had for four + days," and they did not disturb him for orders. "And indeed what order + could Marshal Ney have given?" The disaster of the day, the overwhelming + horror of the flight of the beaten army, simply crushed Ney morally as + well as physically. Rising in the Chambers he denounced all attempt at + further resistance. He did not know, he would not believe, that Grouchy + was safe, and that the army was fast rallying. Fresh from the field, with + all its traces on him, the authority of Ney was too great for the + Government. Frightened friends, plotting Royalists, echoed the wild words + of Ney brave only against physical dangers. Instead of dying on the + battle-field, he had lived to ensure the return of the Bourbons, the fall + of Bonaparte, his own death, and the ruin of France. + </p> + <p> + Before his exception from the amnesty was known Ney left Paris on the 6th + of July, and went into the country with but little attempt at concealment, + and with formal passports from Fouché. The capitulation of Paris seemed to + cover him, and he was so little aware of the thirst of the Royalists for + his blood that he let his presence be known by leaving about a splendid + sabre presented to him by the Emperor on his marriage, and recognised by + mere report by an old soldier as belonging to Ney or Murat; and Ney + himself let into the house the party sent to arrest him on the 5th of + August, and actually refused the offer of Excelmans, through whose troops + he passed, to set him free. No one at the time, except the wretched + refugees of Ghent, could have suspected, after the capitulation, that + there was any special danger for Ney, and it is very difficult to see on + what principle the Bourbons chose their victims or intended victims. + Drouot, for example, had never served Louis XVIII., he had never worn the + white cockade, he had left France with Napoleon for Elba, and had served + the Emperor there. In 1815 he had fought under his own sovereign. After + Waterloo he had exerted all his great influence, the greater from his + position, to induce the Guard to retire behind the Loire, and to submit to + the Bourbons. It was because Davoust so needed him that Drouot remained + with the army. Stilt Drouot was selected for death, but the evidence of + his position was too strong to enable the Court to condemn him. Cambronne, + another selection, had also gone with Napoleon to Elba. Savory, another + selection, had, as was eventually acknowledged, only joined Napoleon when + he was in full possession of the reins of Government. Bertrand, who was + condemned while at St. Helena, was in the same position as Drouot. In + fact, if any one were to draw up a list of probable proscriptions and + compare it with those of the 24th of July 1815, there would probably be + few names common to both except Labedoyere, Mouton Duvernet, etc. The + truth is that the Bourbons, and, to do them justice, still more the + rancorous band of mediocrities who surrounded them, thirsted for blood. + Even they could feel the full ignominy of the flight to Ghent. + </p> + <p> + While they had been chanting the glories of the Restoration, the devotion + of the people, the valour of the Princes, Napoleon had landed, the + Restoration had vanished like a bad dream, and the Princes were the first + to lead the way to the frontier. To protest that there had been a + conspiracy, and that the conspirators must suffer, was the only possible + cloak for the shame of the Royalists, who could not see that the only + conspiracy was the universal one of the nation against the miserable men + who knew not how to govern a high-spirited people. + </p> + <p> + Ney, arrested on the 5th of August, was first brought before a Military + Court on the 9th of November composed of Marshal Jourdan (President), + Marshals Massena, Augereau, and Mortier, Lieutenants-General Gazan, + Claparede, and Vilatte (members). Moncey had refused to sit, and Massena + urged to the Court his own quarrels with Ney in Spain to get rid of the + task, but was forced to remain. Defended by both the Berryers, Ney + unfortunately denied the jurisdiction of the court-martial over him as a + peer. In all probability the Military Court would have acquitted him. Too + glad at the moment to be free from the trial of their old comrade, not + understanding the danger of the proceeding, the Court, by a majority of + five against two, declared themselves non-competent, and on the 21st of + November Ney was sent before the Chamber of Peers, which condemned him on + the 6th of December. + </p> + <p> + To beg the life of his brave adversary would have been such an obvious act + of generosity on the part of the Duke of Wellington that we maybe pardoned + for examining his reasons for not interfering. First, the Duke seems to + have laid weight on the fact that if Ney had believed the capitulation had + covered him he would not have hidden. Now, even before Ney knew of his + exception from the amnesty, to appear in Paris would have been a foolish + piece of bravado. Further, the Royalist reaction was in full vigour, and + when the Royalist mobs, with the connivance of the authorities, were + murdering Marshal Brune and attacking any prominent adherents of Napoleon, + it was hardly the time for Ney to travel in full pomp. It cannot be said + that, apart from the capitulation, the Duke had no responsibility. + Generally a Government executing a prisoner, may, with some force, if + rather brutally, urge that the fact of their being able to try and execute + him in itself shows their authority to do so. The Bourbons could not even + use this argument. If the Allies had evacuated France Louis le Desiree + would have ordered his carriage and have been at the frontier before they + had reached it. If Frenchmen actually fired the shots which killed Ney, + the Allies at least shared the responsibility with the French Government. + Lastly, it would seem that the Duke would have asked for the life of Ney + if the King, clever at such small artifices, had not purposely affected a + temporary coldness to him. Few men would have been so deterred from asking + for the life of a dog. The fact is, the Duke of Wellington was a great + general, he was a single-hearted and patriotic statesman, he had a + thousand virtues, but he was never generous. It cannot be said that he + simply shared the feelings of his army, for there was preparation among + some of his officers to enable Ney to escape, and Ney had to be guarded by + men of good position disguised in the uniform of privates. Ney had written + to his wife when he joined Napoleon, thinking of the little vexations the + Royalists loved to inflict on the men who had conquered the Continent. + "You will no longer weep when you leave the Tuileries." The unfortunate + lady wept now as she vainly sought some mercy for her husband. Arrested on + the 5th of August, sentenced on the 6th of December, Ney was shot on the + 7th of December, and the very manner of his execution shows that, in + taking his life there was much more of revenge than of justice. + </p> + <p> + If Ney were to be shot, it is obvious that it should have been as a high + act of justice. If neither the rank nor the services of the criminal were + to save him, his death could not be too formal, too solemn, too public. + Even an ordinary military execution is always carried out with grave and + striking forms: there is a grand parade of the troops, that all may see + with their own eyes the last act of the law. After the execution the + troops defile past the body, that all may see the criminal actually dead: + There was nothing of all this in the execution of Ney. A few chance + passers, in the early morning of the 7th of December 1815, saw a small + body of troops waiting by the wall of the garden of the Luxemburg. A + fiacre drove up, out of which got Marshal Ney in plain clothes, himself + surprised by the everyday aspect of the place. Then, when the officer of + the firing party (for such the spectators now knew it to be) saw whom it + was he was to fire on, he became, it is said, perfectly petrified; and a + peer, one of the judges of Ney, the Duke de la Force, took his place. Ney + fell at the first volley with six balls in his breast, three in the head + and neck, and one in the arm, and in a quarter of an hour the body was + removed; "plain Michel Ney" as he had said to the secretary enunciating + his title in reading his sentence, "plain Michel Ney, soon to be a little + dust." + </p> + <p> + The Communists caught red-handed in the streets of Paris in 1870 died with + hardly less formality than was observed at the death-scene of the Prince + of the Moskowa and Duke of Elchingen, and the truth then became plain. The + Bourbons could not, dared not, attempt to carry out the sentence of the + law with the forms of the law. The Government did not venture to let the + troops or the people face the Marshal. The forms of the law could not be + carried out, the demands of revenge could be. And if this be thought any + exaggeration, the proof of the ill effects of this murder, for its form + makes it difficult to call it anything else, is ready to our hands. It was + impossible to get the public to believe that Ney had really been killed in + this manner, and nearly to this day we have had fresh stories recurring of + the real Ney being discovered in America. The deed, however, had really + been done. The Marshals now knew that when the Princes fled they + themselves must remain to die for the Royal cause; and Louis had at last + succeeded in preventing his return to his kingdom amongst the baggage + waggons of the Allies from being considered as a mere subject for jeers. + One detail of the execution of Ney, however, we are told nothing of: we do + not know if his widow, like Madame Labedoyere, had to pay three francs a + head to the soldiers of the firing party which shot her husband. Whatever + were the faults of the Bourbons, they at least carried out their + executions economically. + </p> + <p> + The statesmen of France, distinguished as they were, certainly did not + rise to a level with the situation either in 1814 or in 1815. In 1814, it + is true, they were almost stunned by the crash of the Empire, and little + as they foresaw the restoration of the Bourbons, still less could they + have anticipated the extraordinary follies which were to be perpetrated. + In 1815 there was less excuse for their helplessness, and, overawed as + they were by the mass of foes which was pouring on them to complete the + disaster of Waterloo, still it is disappointing to find that there was no + one to seize the helm of power, and, confronting the Allies, to stipulate + proper terms for France, and for the brave men who had fought for her. The + Steady Davoust was there with his 100,000 men to add weight to their + language, and the total helplessness of the older line of the Bourbons had + been too evidently displayed to make their return a certainty, so that + there is no reason to doubt that a firm-hearted patriot might have saved + France from much of the degradation and loss inflicted on her when once + the Allies had again got her at their mercy. At-the least the Bourbons + might have been deprived of the revenge they sought for in taking some of + the best blood of France. Better for Ney and his comrades to have fallen + in a last struggle before Paris than to be shot by Frenchmen emboldened by + the presence of foreign troops. + </p> + <p> + Talleyrand, the most prominent figure among the statesmen, was away. His + absence at Vienna during the first Restoration was undoubtedly the cause + of many of the errors then committed. His ability as displayed under + Napoleon has been much exaggerated, for, as the Duke of Wellington said, + it was easy enough to be Foreign Minister to a Government in military + possession of Europe, but at least he was above the petty trivialities and + absurdities of the Bourbon' Court. On the receipt of the news of the + landing of Napoleon he really seems to have believed that the enterprise + would immediately end in disaster, and he pressed on the outlawing of the + man who had overwhelmed him with riches, and who had, at the worst, left + him when in disgrace in quiet possession of all his ill-gotten wealth. + But, as the power of Napoleon became more and more displayed, as perhaps + Talleyrand found that the Austrians were not quite so firm as they wished + to be considered, and as he foresaw the possible chances of the Orleans + family, he became rather lukewarm in his attention to the King, to whom he + had recently been bewailing the hardships of his separation from his loved + monarch. He suddenly found that, after a Congress, the first duty of a + diplomatist was to look after his liver, and Carlsbad offered an agreeable + retreat where he could wait till he might congratulate the winner in the + struggle. + </p> + <p> + Louis deeply resented this conduct of his Foreign Minister, and when + Talleyrand at last joined him with all his doubts resolved, the King took + the first opportunity of dismissing him, leaving the calm Talleyrand for + once stuttering with rage. Louis soon, however, found that he was not the + free agent he believed. The Allies did not want to have to again replace + their puppet on the throne, and they looked on Talleyrand and Fouché as + the two necessary men. Talleyrand was reinstated immediately, and remained + for some time at the head of the Ministry. He was, however, not the man + for Parliamentary Government, being too careless in business, and trying + to gain his ends more by clever tricks than straightforward measures. As + for the state into which he let the Government fall, it was happily + characterised by M. Beugnot. "Until now," said he, "we have only known + three sorts of governments—the Monarchical, the Aristocratic, and + the Republican. Now we have invented a new one, which has never been heard + of before,—Paternal Anarchy." + </p> + <p> + In September 1815 the elections to the Chamber were bringing in deputies + more Royalist than the King, and Talleyrand sought to gain popularity by + throwing over Fouché. To his horror it appeared that, well contented with + this step, the deputies next asked when the former Bishop was to be + dismissed. Taking advantage of what Talleyrand conceived to be a happy way + of eliciting a strong expression of royal support by threatening to + resign, the King replaced him by the Duc de Richelieu. It was well to cut + jokes at the Duke and say that he was the man in France who knew most of + the Crimea (the Duke had been long in the Russian service, with the + approval of Napoleon), but Talleyrand was overwhelmed. He received the + same office at Court which he had held under Napoleon, Grand Chamberlain, + and afterwards remained a sardonic spectator of events, a not unimposing + figure attending at the Court ceremonials and at the heavy dinners of the + King, and probably lending a helping hand in 1830 to oust Charles X. from + the throne. The Monarchy of July sent him as Ambassador to England, where + he mixed in local politics, for example, plotting against Lord Palmerston, + whose brusque manners he disliked; and in 1838 he ended his strange life + with some dignity, having, as one of his eulogists puts it, been faithful + to every Government he had served as long as it was possible to save them. + </p> + <p> + With the darker side of Talleyrand's character we have nothing to do here; + it is sufficient for our purposes to say that the part the leading + statesman of France took during the Cent Jours was simply nil. In 1814, he + had let the reins slip through his hands; 1815 he could only follow the + King, who even refused to adopt his advice as to the proper way in which + to return to France, and though he once more became Chief Minister, + Talleyrand, like Louis XVIII., owed his restoration in 1815 solely to the + Allies. + </p> + <p> + The Comte d'Artois, the brother of the King, and later King himself as + Charles X., was sent to Lyons, to which place the Duc d'Orleans followed + him, and where the two Princes met Marshal Macdonald. The Marshal did all + that man could do to keep the soldiers true to the Bourbons, but he had to + advise the Princes to return to Paris, and he himself had to fly for his + life when he attempted to stop Napoleon in person. The Duc d'Orleans was + then sent to the north to hold Lille, where the King intended to take + refuge, and the Comte d'Artois remained with the Court. + </p> + <p> + The Court was very badly off for money, the King, and Clarke, Duke of + Feltre, the War Minister, were the only happy possessors of carriages. + They passed their time, as the Abbe Louis once bitterly remarked, in + saying foolish things till they had a chance of doing them. + </p> + <p> + The Comte d'Artois, who, probably wisely, certainly cautiously, had + refused to go with De Vitrolles to stir up the south until he had placed + the King in safety, had ended by going to Ghent too, while the Duc de + Berry was at Alost, close by, with a tiny army composed of the remains of + the Maison du Roi, of which the most was made in reports. The Duc + d'Orleans, always an object of suspicion to the King, had left France with + the Royal party, but had refused to stay in Belgium, as he alleged that it + was an enemy's country. He crossed to England where he remained, greatly + adding to the anxiety of Louis by refusing to join him. + </p> + <p> + The end of these Princes is well known. Louis died in 1824, leaving his + throne to his brother; but Charles only held it till 1830, when after the + rising called "the three glorious days of July," he was civilly escorted + from France, and took shelter in England. The Duc Angouleme died without + issue. The Duc de Berry was assassinated in 1820, but his widow gave birth + to a posthumous son the Duc de Bordeaux, or, to fervid Royalists, Henri + V., though better known to us as the Comte de Chambord, who died in 1883 + without issue, thus ending the then eldest line of Bourbons, and + transmitting his claims to the Orleans family. On the fall of Charles X. + the Duc d'Orleans became King of the French, but he was unseated by the + Revolution of 1848, and died a refugee in England. As the three Princes of + the House of Condé, the Prince de Condé, his son, the Duc de Bourbon, and + his: grandson, the Duc d'Enghien, all died without further male issue, + that noble line is extinct. + </p> + <p> + When the news of the escape of Napoleon from Elba reached Vienna on the + 7th of March 1815, the three heads of the Allies, the Emperors of Austria + and Russia, and the King of Prussia, were still there. Though it was said + that the Congress danced but did not advance, still a great deal of work + had really been done, and the news of Napoleon's landing created a fresh + bond of union between the Allies which stopped all further chances of + disunion, and enabled them to practically complete their work by the 9th + of June 1815, though the treaties required cobbling for some years + afterwards. + </p> + <p> + France, Austria, and England had snatched the greater part of Saxony from + the jaws of Prussia, and Alexander had been forced to leave the King of + Saxony to reign over half of his former subjects, without, as he wished, + sparing him the pain of such a degradation by taking all from him. Russia + had to be contented with a large increase of her Polish dominions, getting + most of the Grand-Duchy of Westphalia. Austria had, probably unwisely, + withdrawn from her former outlying provinces in Swabia and the + Netherlands, which had before the Revolution made her necessarily the + guardian of Europe against France, preferring to take her gains in Italy, + gains which she has gradually lost in our days; while Prussia, by + accepting the Rhine provinces, completely stepped into the former post of + Austria. Indeed, from the way in which Prussia was, after 1815, as it + were, scattered across Germany, it was evident that her fate must be + either to be crushed by France, or else, by annexing the states enclosed + in her dominions, to become the predominating power in Germany. It was + impossible for her to remain as she was left. + </p> + <p> + The Allies tightly bound France. They had no desire to have again to march + on Paris to restore Louis to the subjects who had such unfortunate + objections to being subjected to that desirable monarch. By the second + Treaty of Paris, on the 20th of November 1815, France was to be occupied + by an Allied force, in military positions on the frontier, not to exceed + 150,000 men, to be taken from all the Allied armies, under a commander who + was eventually the Duke of Wellington. Originally the occupation was not + to exceed five years, but in February 1817 the army was reduced by 30,000 + men, one-fifth of each contingent; and by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of + 9th October 1818, France was to-be evacuated by the 30th of November 1818. + </p> + <p> + The three monarchs were probably not sorry to get the Congress over on any + terms. Alexander had had his fill of displaying himself in the salons in + his favourite part of an Agamemnon generous towards Troy, and he had worn + out his first popularity. He was stung by finding some of his favourite + plans boldly opposed by Talleyrand and by Metternich, and, indeed, was + anxious to meet the last in open combat. Francis had required all the + firmness of what he called his Bohemian head to resist the threats, + entreaties, and cajoleries employed to get him to acquiesce in the + dethronement of the King of Saxony, and the wiping out of the Saxon + nationality by the very alliance which professed to fight only for the + rights of nations and of their lawful sovereigns. + </p> + <p> + All three monarchs had again the satisfaction of entering Paris, but + without enjoying the full glories of 1814. "Our friends, the enemies" were + not so popular then in France, and the spoliation of the Louvre was not + pleasant even to the Royalists. The foreign monarchs soon returned to + their own drained and impoverished States. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor Francis had afterwards a quiet reign to his death in 1835, + having only to assist his Minister in snuffing out the occasional flashes + of a love of freedom in Germany. + </p> + <p> + The King of Prussia returned in a triumph well won by his sturdy subjects, + and, in the light of his new honours, the Countess Von Voss tells us he + was really handsome. He was now at leisure to resume the discussions on + uniform, and the work of fastening and unfastening the numerous buttons of + his pantaloons, in which he had been so roughly interrupted by Jena. The + first institution of the Zollverein, or commercial union with several + States, gradually extended, was a measure which did much for the + unification of Germany. With his brother sovereigns he revisited Paris at + the end of the military occupation in 1818, remaining there longer than + the others, "because," said the Parisians, "he had discovered an actor at + a small theatre who achieved the feat of making him laugh." He died in + 1840. His Queen—heartbroken, it was said—had died in 1810. + </p> + <p> + Alexander was still brimming over with the best and most benevolent + intentions towards every one. The world was to be free, happy, and + religious; but he had rather vague ideas as to how his plans were to be + carried out. Thus it is characteristic that when his successor desired to + have a solemn coronation as King of Poland it was found that Alexander had + not foreseen the difficulties which were met with in trying to arrange for + the coronation of a Sovereign of the Greek Church as King of a Roman + Catholic State. The much-dreaded but very misty Holy Alliance was one of + the few fruits of Alexander's visions. His mind is described as passing + through a regular series of stages with each influence under which he + acted. He ended his life, tired out, disillusioned, "deceived in + everything, weighed down with regret;" obliged to crush the very hopes of + his people he had encouraged, dying in 1825 at Taganrog, leaving his new + Polish Kingdom to be wiped out by-his successors. + </p> + <p> + The minor sovereigns require little mention. They retained any titles they + had received from Napoleon, while they exulted, at being free from his + heavy hand and sharp superintendence. Each got a share, small or great, of + the spoil except the poor King of Denmark, who, being assured by Alexander + on his departure that he carried away all hearts, answered, "Yes, but not + any souls." + </p> + <p> + The reintroduction of much that was bad in the old system (one country + even going so far as to re-establish torture), the steady attack on + liberty and on all liberal ideas, Wurtemberg being practically the only + State which grumbled at the tightening of the reins so dear to Metternich,—all + formed a fitting commentary on the proclamations by which the Sovereigns + had hounded on their people against the man they represented as the one + obstacle to the freedom and peace of Europe. In gloom and disenchantment + the nations sat down to lick their wounds: The contempt shown by the + monarchs for everything but the right of conquest, the manner in which + they treated the lands won from Napoleon as a gigantic "pool" which was to + be shared amongst them, so many souls to each; their total failure to + fulfil their promises to their subjects of granting liberty,—all + these slowly bore their fruits in after years, and their effects are not + even yet exhausted. The right of a sovereign to hold his lands was now, by + the public law of Europe, to be decided by his strength, The rights of the + people were treated as not existing. Truly, as our most gifted poetess has + sung— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The Kings crept out—the peoples sat at home, + And finding the long invocated peace + (A pall embroidered with worn images + Of rights divine) too scant to cover doom + Such as they suffered, nursed the corn that grew + Rankly to bitter bread, on Waterloo." +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linklink2HCH0117" id="link2HCH0117"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + —[This chapter; by the editor of the 1836 edition, is based upon + the 'Memorial', and O'Meara's and Antommarchi's works.]— +</pre> + + 1815-1821. + +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Voyage to St. Helena—Personal traits of the Emperor—Arrival at + James Town—Napoleon's temporary residence at The Briars—Removal to + Longwood—The daily routine there-The Campaign of Italy—The arrival + of Sir Hudson Lowe—Unpleasant relations between the Emperor and the + new Governor—Visitors at St. Helena—Captain Basil Hall's interview + with Napoleon—Anecdotes of the Emperor—Departure of Las Cases and + O'Meara—Arrivals from Europe—Physical habits of the Emperor—Dr. + Antommarchi—The Emperor's toilet—Creation of a new bishopric— + The Emperor's energy with the spade—His increasing illness— + Last days of Napoleon—His Death—Lying in state—Military funeral— + Marchand's account of the Emperor's last moments—Napoleon's last + bequests—The Watch of Rivoli. +</pre> + <p> + The closing scenes in the life of the great Emperor only now remain to be + briefly touched upon. In a previous chapter we have narrated the surrender + of Napoleon, his voyage to England, and his transference from the + Bellerophon to the Northumberland. The latter vessel was in great + confusion from the short notice at which she had sailed, and for the two + first days the crew was employed in restoring order. The space abaft the + mizenmast contained a dining-room about ten feet broad, and extending the + whole width of the ship, a saloon, and two cabins. The Emperor occupied + the cabin on the left; in which his camp-bedstead had been put up; that on + the right was appropriated to the Admiral. It was peremptorily enjoined + that the saloon should be in common. The form of the dining-table + resembled that of the dining-room. Napoleon sat with his back to the + saloon; on his left sat Madame Bertrand, and on his right the Admiral, + who, with Madame de Montholon, filled up one side of the table. Next that + lady, but at the end of the table, was Captain Ross, who commanded the + ship, and at the opposite end M. de Montholon; Madame Bertrand, and the + Admiral's secretary. The side of the table facing the Emperor was occupied + by the Grand-Marshal, the Colonel of the field Regiment, Las Cases, and + Gourgaud. The Admiral invited one or two of the officers to dinner every + day, and the band of the 53d, newly-formed, played during dinner-time. + </p> + <p> + On the 10th of August the Northumberland cleared the Channel, and lost + sight of land. The course of the ship was shaped to cross the Bay of + Biscay and double Cape Finisterre. The wind was fair, though light, and + the heat excessive. Napoleon breakfasted in his own cabin at irregular + hours. He sent for one of his attendants every morning to know the + distance run, the state of the wind, and other particulars connected with + their progress. He read a great deal, dressed towards four o'clock, and + then came into the public saloon; here he played at chess with one of the + party; at five o'clock the Admiral announced that dinner was on the table. + It is well known that Napoleon was scarcely ever more than fifteen minutes + at dinner; here the two courses alone took up nearly an hour and a half. + This was a serious annoyance to him, though his features and manner always + evinced perfect equanimity. Neither the new system of cookery nor the + quality of the dishes ever met with his censure. He was waited on by two + valets, who stood behind his chair. At first the Admiral was in the habit + of offering several dishes to the Emperor, but the acknowledgment of the + latter was expressed so coldly that the practice was given up. The Admiral + thenceforth only pointed out to the servants what was preferable. Napoleon + was generally silent, as if unacquainted with the language, though it was + French. If he spoke, it was to ask some technical or scientific question, + or to address a few words to those whom the Admiral occasionally asked to + dinner. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor rose immediately after coffee had been handed round, and went + on deck, followed by the Grand-Marshal and Las Cases. This disconcerted + Admiral Cockburn, who expressed his surprise to his officers; but Madame + Bertrand, whose maternal language was English, replied with spirit, "Do + not forget, sir, that your guest is a man who has governed a large portion + of the world, and that kings once contended for the honour of being + admitted to his table."—"Very true," rejoined the Admiral; and from + that time he did his utmost to comply with Napoleon's habits. He shortened + the time of sitting at table, ordering coffee for Napoleon and those who + accompanied him even before the rest of the company had finished their + dinner. The Emperor remained walking on deck till dark. On returning to + the after-cabin he sat down to play vingt et un with some of his suite, + and generally retired in about half an hour. On the morning of the 15th of + August all his suite asked permission to be admitted to his presence. He + was not aware of the cause of this visit; it was his birthday, which + seemed to have altogether escaped his recollection. + </p> + <p> + On the following day they doubled Cape Finisterre, and up to the 21st, + passing off the Straits of Gibraltar, continued their course along the + coast of Africa towards Madeira. Napoleon commonly remained in his cabin + the whole morning, and from the extreme heat he wore a very slight dress. + He could not sleep well, and frequently rose in the night. Reading was his + chief occupation. He often sent for Count Las Cases to translate whatever + related to St. Helena or the countries by which they were sailing. + Napoleon used to start a subject of conversation; or revive that of some + preceding day, and when he had taken eight or nine turns the whole length + of the deck he would seat himself on the second gun from the gangway on + the larboard side. The midshipmen soon observed this habitual + predilection, so that the cannon was thenceforth called the Emperor's gun. + It was here that Napoleon often conversed for hours together. + </p> + <p> + On the 22d of August they came within sight of Madeira, and at night + arrived off the port. They stopped for a day or two to take in provisions. + Napoleon was indisposed. A sudden gale arose and the air was filled with + small particles of sand and the suffocating exhalations from the deserts + of Africa. On the evening of the 24th they got under weigh again, and + progressed smoothly and rapidly. The Emperor added to his amusements a + game at piquet. He was but an indifferent chess-player, and there was no + very good one on board. He asked, jestingly, "How it was that he + frequently beat those who beat better players than himself?" Vingt et un + was given up, as they played too high at it; and Napoleon had a great + aversion to gaming. One night a negro threw himself overboard to avoid a + flogging, which occasioned a great noise and bustle. A young midshipman + meeting Las Cases descending into the cabin, and thinking he was going to + inform Napoleon, caught hold of his coat and in a tone of great concern + exclaimed, "Ah sir, do not alarm the Emperor! Tell him the noise is owing + to an accident!" In general the midshipmen behaved with marked respect and + attention to Bonaparte, and often by signs or words directed the sailors + to avoid incommoding him: He sometimes noticed this conduct, and remarked + that youthful hearts were always prone to generous instincts. + </p> + <p> + On the 1st of September they found themselves in the latitude of the Cape + de Verd Islands. Everything now promised a prosperous passage, but the + time hung heavily. Las Cases had undertaken to teach his son English, and + the Emperor also expressed a wish to learn. He, however, soon grew tired + and laid it aside, nor was it resumed until long afterwards. His manners + and habits were always the same; he invariably appeared contented, + patient, and good-humoured. The Admiral gradually laid aside his reserve, + and took an interest in his great captive. He pointed out the danger + incurred by coming on deck after dinner, owing to the damp of the evening: + the Emperor, would then sometimes take his arm and prolong the + conversation, talking sometimes on naval affairs, on the French resources + in the south, and on the improvements he had contemplated in the ports and + harbours of the Mediterranean, to all which the Admiral listened with deep + attention. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile Napoleon observed that Las Cases was busily employed, and + obtained a sight of his journal, with which he was not displeased. He, + however, noticed that some of the military details and anecdotes gave but + a meagre idea of the subject of war: This first led to the proposal of his + writing his own Memoirs. At length the Emperor came to a determination, + and on Saturday, the 9th of September he called his secretary into his + cabin and dictated to him some particulars of the siege of Toulon. On + approaching the line they fell in with the trade-winds, that blow here + constantly from the east. On the 16th there was a considerable fall of + rain, to the great joy of the sailors, who were in want of water. The rain + began to fall heavily just as the Emperor had got upon deck to take his + afternoon walk. But this did not disappoint him of his usual exercise; he + merely called for his famous gray greatcoat, which the crew regarded with + much interest. + </p> + <p> + On the 23d of September they passed the line. This was a day of great + merriment and disorder among the crew: it was the ceremony which the + English sailors call the "christening." No one is spared; and the officers + are generally more roughly handled than any one else. The Admiral, who had + previously amused himself by giving an alarming description of this + ceremony, now very courteously exempted his guests from the inconvenience + and ridicule attending it. Napoleon was scrupulously respected through the + whole of this Saturnalian festivity. On being informed of the decorum + which had been observed with regard to him he ordered a hundred Napoleons + to be presented to the grotesque Neptune and his crew; which the Admiral + opposed, perhaps from motives of prudence as well as politeness. + </p> + <p> + Owing to the haste with which they had left England the painting of the + ship had been only lately finished, and this circumstance confined + Napoleon, whose sense of smell was very acute, to his room for two days. + They were now, in the beginning of October, driven into the Gulf of + Guinea, where they met a French vessel bound for the Isle of Bourbon. They + spoke with the captain, who expressed his surprise and regret when he + learnt that Napoleon was on board. The wind was unfavourable, and the ship + made little progress. The sailors grumbled at the Admiral, who had gone + out of the usual course. At length they approached the termination of + their voyage. On the 14th of October the Admiral had informed them that he + expected to come within sight of St. Helena that day. They had scarcely + risen from table when their ears were saluted with the cry of "land!" This + was within a quarter of an hour of the time that had been fixed on. The + Emperor went on the forecastle to see the island; but it was still hardly + distinguishable. At daybreak next morning they had a tolerably clear view + of it. + </p> + <p> + At length, about seventy days after his departure from England, and a + hundred and ten after quitting Paris, Napoleon reached St. Helena. In the + harbour were several vessels of the squadron which had separated from + them, and which they thought they had left behind. Napoleon, contrary to + custom, dressed early and went upon deck: he went forward to the gangway + to view the island. He beheld a kind of village surrounded by numerous + barren hills towering to the clouds. Every platform, every aperture, the + brow of every hill was planted with cannon. The Emperor viewed the + prospect through his glass. His countenance underwent no change. He soon + left the deck; and sending for Las Cases, proceeded to his day's work. The + Admiral, who had gone ashore very early, returned about six much fatigued. + He had been walking over various parts of the island, and at length + thought he had found a habitation that would suit his captives. The place + stood in need of repairs, which might occupy two months. His orders were + not to let the French quit the vessel till a house should be prepared to + receive them. He, however, undertook, on his own responsibility, to set + them on shore the next day. + </p> + <p> + On the 16th, after dinner, Napoleon, accompanied by the Admiral and the + Grand-Marshal, Bertrand, got into a boat to go ashore. As he passed, the + officers assembled on the quarter-deck, and the greater part of the crew + on the gangways. The Emperor, before he stepped into the boat, sent for + the captain of the vessel, and took leave of him, desiring him at the same + time to convey his thanks to the officers and crew. These words appeared + to produce the liveliest sensation in all by whom they were understood, or + to whom they were interpreted. The remainder of his suite landed about + eight. They found the Emperor in the apartments which had been assigned to + him, a few minutes after he went upstairs to his chamber. He was lodged in + a sort of inn in James Town, which consists only, of one short street, or + row of houses built in a narrow valley between two rocky hills. + </p> + <p> + The next day the Emperor, the Grand-Marshal, and the Admiral, riding out + to visit Longwood, which had been chosen for the Emperor's residence, on + their return saw a small villa, with a pavilion attached to it, about two + miles from the town, the residence of Mr. Balcombe; a merchant of the + island. This spot pleased Napoleon, and the Admiral was of opinion that it + would be better for him to remain here than to return to the town, where + the sentinels at his door, with the crowds collected round it, in a manner + confined him to his chamber. The pavilion was a sort of summer-house on a + pyramidal eminence, about thirty or forty paces from the house, where the + family were accustomed to resort in fine weather: this was hired for the + temporary abode of the Emperor, and he took possession of it immediately. + There was a carriage-road from the town, and the valley was in this part + less rugged in its aspect. Las Cases was soon sent for. As he ascended the + winding path leading to the pavilion he saw Napoleon standing at the + threshold of the door. His body was slightly bent, and his hands behind + his back: he wore his usual plain and simple uniform and the well-known + hat. The Emperor was alone. He took a fancy to walk a little; but there + was no level ground on any side of the pavilion, which was surrounded by + huge pieces of rock. Taking the arm of his companion, however, he began to + converse in a cheerful strain. When Napoleon was about to retire to rest + the servants found that one of the windows was open close to the bed: they + barricaded it as well as they could, so as to exclude the air, to the + effects of which the Emperor was very susceptible. Las Cases ascended to + an upper room. The valets de chambres lay stretched in their cloaks across + the threshold of the door. Such was the first night Napoleon passed at the + Briars. + </p> + <p> + An English officer was lodged with them in the house as their guard, and + two non-commissioned officers were stationed near the house to watch their + movements. Napoleon the next day proceeded with his dictation, which + occupied him for several hours, and then took a walk in the garden, where + he was met by the two Misses Balcombe, lively girls about fourteen years + of age, who presented him with flowers, and overwhelmed him with whimsical + questions. Napoleon was amused by their familiarity, to which he had been + little accustomed. "We have been to a masked ball," said he, when the + young ladies had taken their leave. + </p> + <p> + The next day a chicken was brought for breakfast, which the Emperor + undertook to carve himself, and was surprised at his succeeding so well, + it being a long time since he had done so much. The coffee he considered + so bad that on tasting it he thought himself poisoned, and sent it away. + </p> + <p> + The mornings were passed in business; in the evening Napoleon sometimes + strolled to the neighbouring villa, where the young ladies made him play + at whist. The Campaign of Italy was nearly finished, and Las Cases + proposed that the other followers of Napoleon who were lodged in the town + should come up every morning to assist in transcribing The Campaign of + Egypt, the History of the Consulate, etc. This suggestion pleased the + ex-Emperor, so that from that time one or two of his suite came regularly + every day to write to his dictation, and stayed to dinner. A tent, sent by + the Colonel of the 53d Regiment, was spread out so as to form a + prolongation of the pavillion. Their cook took up his abode at the Briars. + The table linen was taken from the trunks, the plate was set forth, and + the first dinner after these new arrangements was a sort of fete. + </p> + <p> + One day at dinner Napoleon, casting his eye on one of the dishes of his + own campaign-service, on which the-arms of the King had been engraved, + "How they have spoiled that!" he exclaimed; and he could not refrain from + observing that the King was in great haste to take possession of the + Imperial plate, which certainly did not belong to him. Amongst the baggage + was also a cabinet in which were a number of medallions, given him by the + Pope and other potentates, some letters of Louis XVIII. which he had left + behind him on his writing-table in the suddenness of his flight from the + Tuileries on the 20th of March, and a number of other letters found in the + portfolio of M. De Blacas intended to calumniate Napoleon. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor never dressed until about four o'clock, he then walked in the + garden, which was particularly agreeable to him on account of its solitude—the + English soldiers having been removed at Mr. Balcombe's request. A little + arbour was covered with canvas; and a chair and table placed in it, and + here Napoleon dictated a great part of his Memoirs. In the evening, when + he did not go out, he generally contrived to prolong the conversation till + eleven or twelve o'clock. + </p> + <p> + Thus time passed with little variety or interruption. The weather in the + winter became delightful. One day, his usual task being done; Napoleon + strolled out towards the town, until he came within sight of the road and + shipping. On his return he met Mrs. Balcombe and a Mrs. Stuart, who was on + her way back from Bombay to England. The Emperor conversed with her on the + manners and customs of India, and on the inconveniences of a long voyage + at sea, particularly to ladies. He alluded to Scotland, Mrs. Stuart's + native country, expatiated on the genius of Ossian, and congratulated his + fair interlocutor on the preservation of her clear northern complexion. + While the parties were thus engaged some heavily burdened slaves passed + near to them. Mrs. Balcombe motioned them to make a detour; but Napoleon + interposed, exclaiming, "Respect the burden, madam!" As he said this the + Scotch lady, who had been very eagerly scanning the features of Napoleon, + whispered to her friend, "Heavens! what a character, and what an + expression of countenance! How different to the idea I had formed of him!" + </p> + <p> + Napoleon shortly after repeated the same walk, and went into the house of + Major Hudson. This visit occasioned considerable alarm to the constituted + authorities. + </p> + <p> + The Governor gave a ball, to which the French were invited; and Las Cases + about the same time rode over to Longwood to see what advance had been + made in the preparations for their reception. His report on his return was + not very favourable. They had now been six weeks at the Briars, during + which Napoleon had been nearly as much confined as if on board the vessel. + His health began to be impaired by it. Las Cases gave it as his opinion + that the Emperor did not possess that constitution of iron which was + usually ascribed to him; and that it was the strength of his mind, not of + his body, that carried him through the labours of the field and of the + cabinet. In speaking on this subject Napoleon himself observed that nature + had endowed him with two peculiarities: one was the power of sleeping at + any hour or in any place; the other, his being incapable of committing any + excess either in eating or drinking: "If," said he, "I go the least beyond + my mark my stomach instantly revolts." He was subject to nausea from very + slight causes, and to colds from any change of air. + </p> + <p> + The prisoners removed to Longwood on the 10th of December 1815. Napoleon + invited Mr. Balcombe to breakfast with him that morning, and conversed + with him in a very cheerful manner. About two Admiral Cockburn was + announced; he entered with an air of embarrassment. In consequence of the + restraints imposed upon him at the Briars, and the manner in which those + of his suite residing in the town had been treated, Bonaparte had + discontinued receiving the visits of the Admiral; yet on the present + occasion he behaved towards him as though nothing had happened. At length + they left the Briars and set out for Longwood. Napoleon rode the horse, a + small, sprightly, and tolerably handsome animal, which had been brought + for him from the Cape. He wore his uniform of the Chasseurs of the Guard, + and his graceful manner and handsome countenance were particularly + remarked. The Admiral was very attentive to him. At the entrance of + Longwood they found a guard under arms who rendered the prescribed honours + to their illustrious captive. His horse, unaccustomed to parades, and + frightened by the roll of the drum, refused to pass the gate till spurred + on by Napoleon, while a significant look passed among the escort. The + Admiral took great pains to point out the minutest details at Longwood. He + had himself superintended all the arrangements, among which was a + bath-room. Bonaparte was satisfied with everything, and the Admiral seemed + highly pleased. He had anticipated petulance and disdain, but Napoleon + manifested perfect good-humour. + </p> + <p> + The entrance to the house was through a room which had been just built to + answer the double purpose of an ante-chamber and a dining-room. This + apartment led to the drawing-room; beyond this was a third room running in + a cross direction and very dark. This was intended to be the depository of + the Emperor's maps and books, but it was afterwards converted into the + dining-room. The Emperor's chamber opened into this apartment on the right + hand side, and was divided into two equal parts, forming a cabinet and + sleeping-room; a little external gallery served for a bathing-room: + Opposite the Emperor's chamber, at the other extremity of the building, + were the apartments of Madame Montholon, her husband, and her son, + afterward used as the Emperors library. Detached from this part of the + house was a little square room on the ground floor, contiguous to the + kitchen, which was assigned to Las Cases. The windows and beds had no + curtains. The furniture was mean and scanty. Bertrand and his family + resided at a distance of two miles, at a place called Rut's Gate. General + Gourgaud slept under a tent, as well as Mr. O'Meara, and the officer + commanding the guard. The house was surrounded by a garden. In front, and + separated by a tolerably deep ravine, was encamped the 53d Regiment, + different parties of which were stationed on the neighbouring heights. + </p> + <p> + The domestic establishment of the Emperor consisted of eleven persons. To + the Grand-Marshal was confided the general superintendence; to M. de + Montholon the domestic details; Las Cases was to take care of the + furniture and property, and General Gourgaud to have the management of the + stables. These arrangements, however, produced discontent among Napoleon's + attendants. Las Cases admits that they were no longer the members of one + family, each using his best efforts to promote the advantage of all. They + were far from practising that which necessity dictated. He says also, "The + Admiral has more than once, in the midst of our disputes with him, hastily + exclaimed that the Emperor was decidedly the most good-natured, just, and + reasonable of the whole set." + </p> + <p> + On his first arrival he went to visit the barracks occupied by some + Chinese living on the island, and a place called Longwood Farm. He + complained to Las Cases that they had been idle of late; but by degrees + their hours and the employment of them became fixed and regular. The + Campaign of Italy being now finished, Napoleon corrected it, and dictated + on other subjects. This was their morning's work. They dined between eight + and nine, Madame Montholon being seated on Napoleon's right; Las Cases on + his left, and Gourgaud, Montholon, and Las Cases' son sitting opposite. + The smell of the paint not being yet gone off, they remained not more than + ten minutes at table, and the dessert was prepared in the adjoining + apartment, where coffee was served up and conversation commenced. Scenes + were read from Molière, Racine, and Voltaire; and regret was always + expressed at their not having a copy of Corneille. They then played at + 'reversis', which had been Bonaparte's favourite game in his youth. The + recollection was agreeable to him, and he thought he could amuse himself + at it for any length of time, but was soon undeceived. His aim was always + to make the 'reversis', that is, to win every trick. Character is + displayed in the smallest incidents. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon read a libel on himself, and contrasted the compliments which had + passed between him and the Queen of Prussia with the brutal-behaviour + ascribed to him in the English newspapers. On the other hand, two common + sailors had at different times, while he was at Longwood and at the + Briars, in spite of orders and at all risks, made their way through the + sentinels to gain a sight of Napoleon. On seeing the interest they took in + him he exclaimed, "This is fanaticism! Yes, imagination rules the world!" + </p> + <p> + The instructions of the English Ministers with regard to the treatment of + Napoleon at St. Helena had been prepared with the view completely to + secure his person. An English officer was to be constantly at his table. + This order, however, was not carried into effect. An officer was also to + accompany Napoleon in all his rides; this order was dispensed with within + certain prescribed limits, because Napoleon had refused to ride at all on + such conditions. Almost everyday brought with it some new cause of + uneasiness and complaint. Sentinels were posted beneath Napoleon's windows + and before his doors. This order was, however, doubtless given to prevent + his being annoyed by impertinent curiosity. The French were certainly + precluded from all free communication with the inhabitants of the island; + but this precaution was of unquestionable necessity for the security of + the Emperor's person. Las Cases complains that the passwords were + perpetually changed, so that they lived in constant perplexity and + apprehension of being subjected to some unforeseen insult. "Napoleon," he + continues, "addressed a complaint to the Admiral, which obtained for him + no redress. In the midst of these complaints the Admiral wished to + introduce some ladies (who had arrived in the Doric) to Napoleon; but he + declined, not approving this alternation of affronts and civilities." He, + however, consented, at the request of their Colonel, to receive the + officers of the 53d Regiment. After this officer took his leave, Napoleon + prolonged his walk in the garden. He stopped awhile to look at a flower in + one of the beds, and asked his companion if it was not a lily. It was + indeed a magnificent one. The thought that he had in his mind was obvious. + He then spoke of the number of times he had been wounded; and said it had + been thought he had never met with these accidents from his having kept + them secret as much as possible.' + </p> + <p> + It was near the end of December. One day, after a walk and a tumble in the + mud, Bonaparte returned and found a packet of English newspapers, which + the Grand-Marshal translated to him. This occupied him till late, and he + forgot his dinner in discussing their contents. After dinner had been + served Las Cases wished to continue the translation, but Napoleon would + not suffer him to proceed, from consideration for the weak state of his + eyes. "We must wait till to-morrow," said he. A few days afterwards the + Admiral came in person to visit him, and the interview was an agreeable + one. After some animated discussion it was arranged that Napoleon should + henceforth ride freely about the island; that the officer should follow + him only at a distance; and that visitors should be admitted to him, not + with the permission of the Admiral as the Inspector of Longwood, but with + that of the Grand-Marshal, who was to do the honours of the establishment. + These concessions were, however, soon recalled. On the 30th of this month + Piontkowsky, a Pole; who had been left behind, but whose entreaties + prevailed upon the English Government, joined Bonaparte. On New-Year's Day + all their little party was collected together, and Napoleon, entering into + the feelings of the occasion, begged that they might breakfast and pass it + together. Every day furnished some new trait of this kind. + </p> + <p> + On the 14th of April 1816 Sir Hudson Lowe, the new Governor, arrived at + St. Helena. This epoch is important, as making the beginning of a + continued series of accusations, and counter-accusations, by which the + last five years of Napoleon's life were constantly occupied, to the great + annoyance of himself and all connected with him, and possibly to the + shortening of his own existence. + </p> + <p> + It would be tedious to detail the progress of this petty war, but, as a + subject which has formed so great a portion of the life of Napoleon, it + must not be omitted. To avoid anything which may appear like a bias + against Napoleon, the details, unless when otherwise mentioned, will be + derived from Las Cases, his devoted admirer. + </p> + <p> + On the first visit of the new Governor; which was the 16th of April, + Napoleon refused to admit him, because he himself was ill, and also + because the Governor had not asked beforehand for an audience. On the + second visit the Governor, was admitted to an audience, and Napoleon seems + to have taken a prejudice at first sight, as he remarked to his suite that + the Governor was "hideous, and had a most ugly countenance," though he + allowed he ought not to judge too hastily. The spirit of the party was + shown by a remark made, that the first two days had been days of battle. + </p> + <p> + The Governor saw Napoleon again on the 30th April, and the interview was + stormy. Napoleon argued with the Governor on the conduct of the Allies + towards him, said they had no right to dispose of him, who was their equal + and sometimes their master. He then declaimed on the eternal disgrace the + English had inflicted on themselves by sending him to St. Helena; they + wished to kill him by a lingering death: their conduct was worse than that + of the Calabrians in shooting Murat. He talked of the cowardliness of + suicide, complained of the small extent and horrid climate of St. Helena, + and said it would be an act of kindness to deprive him of life at once. + Sir H. Lowe said that a house of wood, fitted up with every possible + accommodation, was then on its way from England for his use. Napoleon + refused it at once, and exclaimed that it was not a house but an + executioner and a coffin that he wanted; the house was a mockery, death + would be a favour. A few minutes after Napoleon took up some reports of + the campaigns of 1814, which lay on the table, and asked Sir H. Lowe if he + had written them. Las Cases, after saying that the Governor replied in the + affirmative, finishes his account of the interview, but according to + O'Meara, Napoleon said they were full of folly and falsehood. The + Governor, with a much milder reply than most men would have given, + retired, and Napoleon harangued upon the sinister expression of his + countenance, abused him in the coarsest manner, and made his servant throw + a cup of coffee out of the window because it had stood a moment on a table + near the Governor. + </p> + <p> + It was required that all persons who visited at Longwood or at Hut's Gate + should make a report to the Governor, or to Sir Thomas Reade, of the + conversations they had held with the French. Several additional sentinels + were posted around Longwood House and grounds. + </p> + <p> + During some extremely wet and foggy weather Napoleon did not go out for + several days. Messengers and letters continually succeeded one another + from Plantation House. The Governor appeared anxious to see Napoleon, and + was evidently distrustful, although the residents at Longwood were assured + of his actual presence by the sound of his voice. He had some + communications with Count Bertrand on the necessity that one of his + officers should see Napoleon daily. He also went to Longwood frequently + himself, and finally, after some difficulty, succeeded in obtaining an + interview with Napoleon in his bedchamber, which lasted about a quarter of + an hour. Some days before he sent for Mr. O'Meara, asked a variety of + questions concerning the captive, walked round the house several times and + before the windows, measuring and laying down the plan of a new ditch, + which he said he would have dug in order to prevent the cattle from + trespassing. + </p> + <p> + On the morning of the 5th of May Napoleon sent for his surgeon O'Meara to + come to him. He was introduced into Napoleon's bed-chamber, a description + of which is thus given: "It was about fourteen feet by twelve, and ten or + eleven feet in height. The walls were lined with brown nankeen, bordered + and edged with common green bordering paper, and destitute of skirting. + Two small windows without pulleys, one of which was thrown up and fastened + by a piece of notched wood, looked towards the camp of the 53d Regiment. + There were window-curtains of white long-cloth, a small fire-place, a + shabby grate and fire-irons to match, with a paltry mantelpiece of wood, + painted white, upon which stood a small marble bust of his son. Above the + mantelpiece hung the portrait of Maria Louisa, and four or five of young + Napoleon, one of which was embroidered by the hands of his mother. A + little more to the right hung also the portrait of the Empress Josephine; + and to the left was suspended the alarm chamber-watch of Frederick the + Great, obtained by Napoleon at Potsdam; while on the right the Consular + watch, engraved with the cipher B, hung, by a chain of the plaited hair of + Maria Louisa, from a pin stuck in the nankeen lining. In the right-hand + corner was placed the little plain iron camp-bedstead, with green silk + curtains, on which its master had reposed on the fields of Marengo and + Austerlitz. Between the windows there was a chest of drawers, and a + bookcase with green blinds stood on the left of the door leading to the + next apartment. Four or five cane-bottomed chairs painted green were + standing here and there about the room. Before the back door there was a + screen covered with nankeen, and between that and the fireplace an + old-fashioned sofa covered with white long-cloth, on which Napoleon + reclined, dressed in his white morning-gown, white loose trousers and + stockings all in one, a chequered red handkerchief upon his head, and his + shirt-collar open without a cravat. His air was melancholy and troubled. + Before him stood a little round table, with some books, at the foot of + which lay in confusion upon the carpet a heap of those which he had + already perused, and at the opposite side of the sofa was suspended + Isabey's portrait of the Empress Maria Louisa, holding her son in her + arms. In front of the fireplace stood Las Cases with his arms folded over + his breast and some papers in one of his hands. Of all the former + magnificence of the once mighty Emperor of France nothing remained but a + superb wash-hand-stand containing a silver basin and water-jug of the same + metal, in the lefthand corner." The object of Napoleon in sending for + O'Meara on this occasion was to question him whether in their future + intercourse he was to consider him in the light of a spy and a tool of the + Governor or as his physician? The doctor gave a decided and satisfactory + answer on this point. + </p> + <p> + "During the short interview that this Governor had with me in my + bedchamber, one of the first things he proposed was to send you away," + said Napoleon to O'Meara, "and that I should take his own surgeon in your + place. This he repeated, and so earnest was he to gain his object that, + though I gave him a flat refusal, when he was going out he turned about + and again proposed it." + </p> + <p> + On the 11th a proclamation was issued by the Governor, "forbidding any + persons on the island from sending letters to or receiving them from + General Bonaparte or his suite, on pain of being immediately arrested and + dealt with accordingly." Nothing escaped the vigilance of Sir Hudson Lowe. + "The Governor," said Napoleon, "has just sent an invitation to Bertrand + for General Bonaparte to come to Plantation House to meet Lady Moira. I + told Bertrand to return no answer to it. If he really wanted me to see her + he would have put Plantation House within the limits, but to send such an + invitation, knowing I must go in charge of a guard if I wished to avail + myself of it, was an insult." + </p> + <p> + Soon after came the Declaration of the Allies and the Acts of Parliament + authorising the detention of Napoleon Bonaparte as a prisoner of war and + disturber of the peace of Europe. Against the Bill, when brought into the + House of Lords, there were two protests, those of Lord Holland and of the + Duke of Sussex. These official documents did not tend to soothe the temper + or raise the spirits of the French to endure their captivity. + </p> + <p> + In addition to the misery of his own captivity, Napoleon had to contend + with the unmanageable humours of his own followers. As often happens with + men in such circumstances, they sometimes disagreed among themselves, and + part of their petulance and ill-temper fell upon their Chief. He took + these little incidents deeply to heart. On one occasion he said in + bitterness, "I know that I am fallen; but to feel this among you! I am + aware that man is frequently unreasonable and susceptible of offence. + Thus, when I am mistrustful of myself I ask, should I have been treated so + at the Tuileries? This is my test." + </p> + <p> + A great deal of pains has been taken by Napoleon's adherents and others to + blacken the character of Sir Hudson Lowe, and to make it appear that his + sole object was to harass Napoleon and to make his life miserable. Now, + although it may be questioned whether Sir Hudson Lowe was the proper + person to be placed in the delicate situation of guard over the fallen + Emperor, there is no doubt that quarrels and complaints began long before + that officer reached the island; and the character of those complaints + will show that at best the prisoners were persons very difficult to + satisfy. Their detention at the Briars was one of the first causes of + complaint. It was stated that the Emperor was very ill there, that he was + confined "in a cage" with no attendance, that his suite was kept from him, + and that he was deprived of exercise. A few pages farther in the journal + of Las Cases we find the Emperor in good health, and as soon as it was + announced that Longwood was ready to receive him, then it was urged that + the gaolers wished to compel him to go against his will, that they desired + to push their authority to the utmost, that the smell of the paint at + Longwood was very disagreeable, etc. Napoleon himself was quite ready to + go, and seemed much vexed when Count Bertrand and General Gourgaud arrived + from Longwood with the intelligence that the place was as yet + uninhabitable. His displeasure, however, was much more seriously excited + by the appearance of Count Montholon with the information that all was + ready at Longwood within a few minutes after receiving the contrary + accounts from Bertrand and Gourgaud. He probably perceived that he was + trifled with by his attendants, who endeavoured to make him believe that + which suited their own convenience. We may also remark that the systematic + opposition which was carried to such a great length against Sir Hudson + Lowe had begun during the stay of Admiral Cockburn. His visits were + refused; he was accused of caprice, arrogance, and impertinence, and he + was nicknamed "the Shark" by Napoleon himself; his own calmness alone + probably prevented more violent ebullitions. + </p> + <p> + The wooden house arrived at last, and the Governor waited on Napoleon to + consult with him how and where it should be erected. Las Cases, who heard + the dispute in an adjoining room, says that it was long and clamorous. + </p> + <p> + He gives the details in Napoleon's own words, and we have here the + advantage of comparing his statement with the account transmitted by Sir + Hudson Lowe to the British Government, dated 17th May 1816. The two + accounts vary but little. Napoleon admits that he was thrown quite out of + temper, that he received the Governor with his stormy countenance, looked + furiously at him, and made no reply to his information of the arrival of + the house but by a significant look. He told him that he wanted nothing, + nor would receive anything at his hands; that he supposed he was to be put + to death by poison or the sword; the poison would be difficult to + administer, but he had the means of doing it with the sword. The sanctuary + of his abode should not be violated, and the troops should not enter his + house but by trampling on his corpse. He then alluded to an invitation + sent to him by Sir Hudson Lows to meet Lady Loudon at his house, and said + there could not be an act of more refined cruelty than inviting him to his + table by the title of "General," to make him an object of ridicule or + amusement to his guests. What right had he to call him "General" + Bonaparte? He would not be deprived of his dignity by him, nor by any one + in the world. He certainly should have condescended to visit Lady Loudon + had she been within his limits, as he did not stand upon strict etiquette + with a woman, but he should have deemed that he was conferring an honour + upon her. He would not consider himself a prisoner of war, but was placed + in his present position by the most horrible breach of trust. After a few + more words he dismissed the Governor without once more alluding to the + house which was the object of the visit. The fate of this unfortunate + house may be mentioned here. It was erected after a great many disputes, + but was unfortunately surrounded by a sunk fence and ornamental railing. + This was immediately connected in Napoleon's mind with the idea of a + fortification; it was impossible to remove the impression that the ditch + and palisade were intended to secure his person. As soon as the objection + was made known, Sir Hudson Lowe ordered the ground to be levelled and the + rails taken away. But before this was quite completed Napoleon's health + was too much destroyed to permit his removal, and the house was never + occupied. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon seems to have felt that he had been too violent in his conduct. + He admitted, when at table with his suite a few days after, that he had + behaved very ill, and that in any other situation he should blush for what + he had done. "I could have wished, for his sake," he said, "to see him + evince a little anger, or pull the door violently after him when he went + away." These few words let us into a good deal of Napoleon's character: he + liked to intimidate, but his vehement language was received with a + calmness and resolute forbearance to which he was quite unaccustomed, and + he consequently grew more angry as his anger was less regarded. + </p> + <p> + The specimens here given of the disputes with Sir Hudson Lowe may probably + suffice: a great many more are furnished by Las Cases, O'Meara, and other + partisans of Napoleon, and even they always make him the aggressor. + Napoleon himself in his cooler moments seemed to admit this; after the + most violent quarrel with the Governor, that of the 18th of August 1816, + which utterly put an end to anything like decent civility between the + parties; he allowed that he had used the Governor very ill, that he + repeatedly and purposely offended him, and that Sir Hudson Lowe had not in + a single instance shown a want of respect, except perhaps that he retired + too abruptly. + </p> + <p> + Great complaints were made of the scanty way in which the table of the + exiles was supplied; and it was again and again alleged by them that they + had scarcely anything to eat. The wine, too, was said to be execrable, so + bad that in fact it could not be drunk; and, of such stuff as it was, only + one bottle a day was allowed to each person—an allowance which Las + Cases calls ridiculously small. Thus pressed, but partly for effect, + Napoleon resolved to dispose of his plate in monthly proportions; and as + he knew that some East India captains had offered as much as a hundred + guineas for a single plate, in order to preserve a memorial of him, he + determined that what was sold should be broken up, the arms erased, and no + trace left which could show that they had ever been his. The only portions + left uninjured were the little eagles with which some of the dish-covers + were mounted. These last fragments were objects of veneration for the + attendants of Napoleon, they were looked upon as relics, with a feeling at + once melancholy and religious. When the moment came for breaking up the + plate Las Cases bears testimony to the painful emotions and real grief + produced among the servants. They could not, without the utmost + reluctance, bring themselves to apply the hammer to those objects of their + veneration. + </p> + <p> + The island of St. Helena was regularly visited by East India ships on the + return voyage, which touched there to take in water, and to leave + gunpowder for the use of the garrison. On such occasions there were always + persons anxious to pay a visit to the renowned captive. The regulation of + those visits was calculated to protect Napoleon from being annoyed by the + idle curiosity of strangers, to which he professed a great aversion. Such + persons as wished to wait upon him were, in the first place, obliged to + apply to the Governor, by whom their names were forwarded to Count + Bertrand. This gentleman, as Grand-Marshal of the household, communicated + the wishes of those persons to Napoleon, and in case of a favourable reply + fixed the hour for an interview. + </p> + <p> + Those visitors whom Napoleon admitted were chiefly persons of rank and + distinction, travellers from distant countries, or men who had + distinguished themselves in the scientific world, and who could + communicate interesting information in exchange for the gratification they + received. Some of those persons who were admitted to interviews with him + have published narratives of their conversation, and all agree in + extolling the extreme grace, propriety, and appearance of benevolence + manifested by Bonaparte while holding these levees. His questions were + always put with great tact, and on some subject with which the person + interrogated was well acquainted, so as to induce him to bring forth any + new or curious information of which he might be possessed. + </p> + <p> + Captain Basil Hall, in August 1817, when in command of the Lyra, had an + interview with the Emperor, of whom he says: "Bonaparte struck me as + differing considerably from the pictures and busts' I had seen of him. His + face and figure looked much broader and more square—larger, indeed, + in every way than any representation I had met with. His corpulency, at + this time universally reported to be excessive, was by no means + remarkable. His flesh looked, on the contrary, firm and muscular. There + was not the least trace of colour in his cheeks; in fact his skin was more + like marble than ordinary flesh. Not the smallest trace of a wrinkle was + discernible on his brow, nor an approach to a furrow on any part of his + countenance. His health and spirits, judging from appearances, were + excellent, though at this period it was generally believed in England that + he was fast sinking under a complication of diseases, and that his spirits + were entirely gone. His manner of speaking was rather slow than otherwise, + and perfectly distinct; he waited with great patience and kindness for my + answers to his questions, and a reference to Count Bertrand was necessary + only once during the whole conversation. The brilliant and sometimes + dazzling expression of his eye could not be overlooked. It was not, + however, a permanent lustre, for it was only remarkable when he was + excited by some point of particular interest. It is impossible to imagine + an expression of more entire mildness, I may almost call it of benignity + and kindness, than that which played over his features during the whole + interview. If, therefore he were at this time out of health and in low + spirits, his power of self-command must have been even more extraordinary + than is generally supposed, for his whole deportment, his conversation, + and the expression of his countenance indicated a frame in perfect health + and a mind at ease." + </p> + <p> + The manner assumed by Napoleon in the occasional interviews he had with + such visitors was so very opposite to that which he constantly maintained + towards the authorities in whose custody he was placed, that we can + scarcely doubt he was acting a part in one of those situations. It was + suggested by Mr. Ellis that he either wished, by means of his continual + complaints, to keep alive his interest in England, where he flattered + himself there was a party favourable to him, or that his troubled mind + found an occupation in the annoyance which he caused to the Governor. + Every attempt at conciliation on the part of Sir Hudson Lowe furnished + fresh causes for irritation. He sent fowling-pieces to Longwood, and the + thanks returned were a reply from Napoleon that it was an insult to send + fowling-pieces where there was no game. An invitation to a ball was + resented vehemently, and descanted upon by the French party as a great + offence. Sir Hudson Lowe at one time sent a variety of clothes and other + articles received from England which he imagined might be useful at + Longwood. Great offence was taken at this; they were treated, they said, + like paupers; the articles, ought to have been left at the Governor's + house, and a list sent respectfully to the household, stating that such + things were at their command if they wanted them. + </p> + <p> + An opinion has already been expressed that much of this annoyance was due + to the offended pride of Napoleon's attendants, who were at first + certainly far more captious than himself. He admitted as much himself on + one occasion in a conversation with O'Meara. He said, "Las Cases certainly + was greatly irritated against Sir Hudson, and contributed materially + towards forming the impressions existing in my mind." He attributed this + to the sensitive mind of Las Cases, which he said was peculiarly alive to + the ill-treatment Napoleon and himself had been subjected to. Sir Hudson + Lowe also felt this, and remarked, like Sir George Cockburn, on more than + one occasion, that he always found Napoleon himself more reasonable than + the persons about him. + </p> + <p> + A fertile source of annoyance was the resolution of Napoleon not upon any + terms to acknowledge himself a prisoner, and his refusal to submit to such + regulations as would render his captivity less burdensome. More than once + the attendance of an officer was offered to be discontinued if he would + allow himself to be seen once every day, and promise to take no means of + escaping. "If he were to give me the whole of the island," said Napoleon, + "on condition that I would pledge my word not to attempt an escape, I + would not accept it; because it would be equivalent to acknowledging + myself a prisoner, although at the same time I would not make the attempt. + I am here by force, and not by right. If I had been taken at Waterloo + perhaps I might have had no hesitation in accepting it, although even in + that case it would be contrary to the law of nations, as now there is no + war. If they were to offer me permission to reside in England on similar + conditions I would refuse it." The very idea of exhibiting himself to an + officer every day, though but for a moment, was repelled with indignation. + He even kept loaded pistols to shoot any person who should attempt an + intrusion on his privacy. It is stated in a note in O'Meara's journal that + "the Emperor was so firmly impressed with the idea that an attempt would + be made forcibly to intrude on his privacy, that from a short time after + the departure of Sir George Cockburn he always kept four or five pairs of + loaded pistols and some swords in his apartment, with which he was + determined to despatch the first who entered against his will." It seems + this practice was continued to his death. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon continued to pass the mornings in dictating his Memoirs and the + evenings in reading or conversation. He grew fonder of Racine, but his + favourite was Corneille. He repeated that, had he lived in his time, he + would have made him a prince. He had a distaste to Voltaire, and found + considerable fault with his dramas, perhaps justly, as conveying opinions + rather than sentiments. He criticised his Mahomet, and said he had made + him merely an impostor and a tyrant, without representing him as a great + man. This was owing to Voltaire's religious and political antipathies; for + those who are free from common prejudices acquire others of their own in + their stead, to which they are equally bigoted, and which they bring + forward on all occasions. When the evening passed off in conversation + without having recourse to books he considered it a point gained. + </p> + <p> + Some one having asked the Emperor which was the greatest battle that he + had fought, he replied it was difficult to answer that question without + inquiring what was implied by the greatest battle. "Mine," continued he, + "cannot be judged of separately: they formed a portion of extensive plans. + They must therefore be estimated by their consequences. The battle of + Marengo, which was so long undecided, procured for us the command of all + Italy. Ulm annihilated a whole army; Jena laid the whole Prussian monarchy + at our feet; Friedland opened the Russian empire to us; and Eckmuhl + decided the fate of a war. The battle of the Moskwa was that in which the + greatest talent was displayed, and by which we obtained the fewest + advantages. Waterloo, where everything failed, would, had victory crowned + our efforts, have saved France and given peace to Europe." + </p> + <p> + Madame Montholon having inquired what troops he considered the best, + "Those which are victorious, madam," replied the Emperor. "But," added he, + "soldiers are capricious and inconstant, like you ladies. The best troops + were the Carthaginians under Hannibal, the Romans under the Scipios, the + Macedonians under Alexander, and the Prussians under Frederick." He + thought, however, that the French soldiers were of all others those which + could most easily be rendered the best, and preserved so. "With my + complete guard of 40,000 or 50,000 men I would have undertaken to march + through Europe. It is perhaps possible to produce troops as good as those + that composed my army of Italy and Austerlitz, but certainly none can ever + surpass them." + </p> + <p> + The anniversary of the battle of Waterloo produced a visible impression on + the Emperor. "Incomprehensible day!" said he, dejectedly; "concurrence of + unheard-of fatalities! Grouchy, Ney, D'Erlon—was there treachery or + was it merely misfortune? Alas! poor France!" Here he covered his eyes + with his hands. "And yet," said he, "all that human skill could do was + accomplished! All was not lost until the moment when all had succeeded." A + short time afterwards, resuming the subject, he exclaimed, "In that + extraordinary campaign, thrice, in less than a week, I saw the certain + triumph of France slip through my fingers. Had it not been for a traitor I + should have annihilated the enemy at the outset of the campaign. I should + have destroyed him at Ligny if my left wing had only done its duty. I + should have destroyed him again at Waterloo if my right had seconded me. + Singular defeat, by which, notwithstanding the most fatal catastrophe, the + glory of the conquered has not suffered." + </p> + <p> + We shall here give Napoleon's own opinion of the battle of Waterloo. "The + plan of the battle," said he, "will not in the eyes of the historian + reflect any credit on Lord Wellington as a general. In the first place, he + ought not to have given battle with the armies divided. They ought to have + been united and encamped before the 15th. In the next, the choice of + ground was bad; because if he had been beaten he could not have retreated, + as there was only one road leading through the forest in his rear. He also + committed a fault which might have proved the destruction of all his army, + without its ever having commenced the campaign, or being drawn out in + battle; he allowed himself to be surprised. On the 15th I was at + Charleroi, and had beaten the Prussians without his knowing anything about + it. I had gained forty-eight hours of manoeuvres upon him, which was a + great object; and if some of my generals had shown that vigour and genius + which they had displayed on other occasions, I should have taken his army + in cantonments without ever fighting a battle. But they were discouraged, + and fancied that they saw an army of 100,000 men everywhere opposed to + them. I had not time enough myself to attend to the minutiae of the army. + I counted upon surprising and cutting Wellington up in detail. I knew of + Bulow's arrival at eleven o'clock, but I did not regard it. I had still + eighty chances out of a hundred in my favour. Notwithstanding the great + superiority of force against me I was convinced that I should obtain the + victory, I had about 70,000 men, of whom 15,000 were cavalry. I had also + 260 pieces of cannon; but my troops were so good that I esteemed them + sufficient to beat 120,000. Of all those troops, however, I only reckoned + the English as being able to cope with my own. The others I thought little + of. I believe that of English there were from 35,000 to 40,000. These I + esteemed to be as brave and as good as my own troops; the English army was + well known latterly on the Continent, and besides, your nation possesses + courage and energy. As to the Prussians, Belgians, and others, half the + number of my troops, were sufficient to beat them. I only left 34,000 men + to take care of the Prussians. The chief causes of the loss of that battle + were, first of all, Grouchy's great tardiness and neglect in executing his + orders; next, the 'grenadiers a cheval' and the cavalry under General + Guyot, which I had in reserve, and which were never to leave me, engaged + without orders and without my knowledge; so that after the last charge, + when the troops were beaten and the English cavalry advanced, I had not a + single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them, instead of one which I + esteemed to be equal to double their own number. In consequence of this + the English attacked, succeeded, and all was lost. There was no means of + rallying. The youngest general would not have committed the fault of + leaving an army entirely without reserve, which, however, occurred here, + whether in consequence of treason or not I cannot say. These were the two + principal causes of the loss of the battle of Waterloo." + </p> + <p> + "If Lord Wellington had intrenched himself," continued Napoleon, "I would + not have attacked him. As a general, his plan did not show talent. He + certainly displayed great courage and obstinacy; but a little must be + taken away even from that when you consider that he had no means of + retreat, and that had he made the attempt not a man of his army would have + escaped. First, to the firmness and bravery of his troops, for the English + fought with the greatest courage and obstinacy, he is principally indebted + for the victory, and not to his own conduct as a general; and next, to the + arrival of Blücher, to whom the victory is more to be attributed than to + Wellington, and more credit is due as a general; because he, although + beaten the day before, assembled his troops, and brought them into action + in the evening. I believe, however," continued Napoleon, "that Wellington + is a man of great firmness. The glory of such a victory is a great thing; + but in the eye of the historian his military reputation will gain nothing + by it." + </p> + <p> + "I always had a high opinion of your seamen," said Napoleon one day to + O'Meara, in a conversation arising out of the expedition to Algiers. "When + I was returning from Holland along with the Empress Maria Louisa we + stopped to rest at Givet. During the night a violent storm of wind and + rain came on, which swelled the Meuse so much that the bridge of boats + over it was carried away. I was very anxious to depart, and ordered all + the boatmen in the place to be assembled that I might be enabled to cross + the river. They said that the waters were so high that it would be + impossible to pass before two or three days. I questioned some of them, + and soon discovered that they were fresh-water seamen. I then recollected + that there were English prisoners in the barracks, and ordered that some + of the oldest and best seamen among them should be brought before me to + the banks of the river. The waters were very high, and the current rapid + and dangerous. I asked them if they could join a number of boats together + so that I might pass over. They answered that it was possible, but + hazardous. I desired them to set about it instantly. In the course of a + few hours they succeeded in effecting what the others had pronounced to be + impossible, and I crossed before the evening was over. I ordered those who + had worked at it to receive a sum of money each, a suit of clothes, and + their liberty. Marchand was with me at the time." + </p> + <p> + In December 1816 Las Cases was compelled to leave St. Helena. He had + written a letter to Lucien Bonaparte, and entrusted it to a mulatto + servant to be forwarded to Europe. He was detected; and as he was thus + endeavouring to carry on (contrary to the regulations of the island) a + clandestine correspondence with Europe, Las Cases and his son were sent + off, first to the Cape and then to England, where they were only allowed + to land to be sent to Dover and shipped off to Ostend. + </p> + <p> + Not long after their arrival at St. Helena, Madame Bertrand gave birth to + a son, and when Napoleon went to visit her she said, "I have the honour of + presenting to your Majesty the first French subject who has entered + Longwood without the permission of Lord Bathurst." + </p> + <p> + It has been generally supposed that Napoleon was a believer in the + doctrine of predestination. The following conversation with Las Cases + clearly decides that point. "Pray," said he, "am I not thought to be given + to a belief in predestination?"—"Yes, Sire; at least by many + people."—"Well, well! let them say what they please, one may + sometimes be tempted to set a part, and it may occasionally be useful. But + what are men? How much easier is it to occupy their attention and to + strike their imaginations by absurdities than by rational ideas! But can a + man of sound sense listen for one moment to such a doctrine? Either + predestination admits the existence of free-will, or it rejects it. If it + admits it, what kind of predetermined result can that be which a simple + resolution, a step, a word, may alter or modify ad infinitum? If + predestination, on the contrary, rejects the existence of free-will it is + quite another question; in that case a child need only be thrown into its + cradle as soon as it is born, there is no necessity for bestowing the + least care upon it, for if it be irrevocably decreed that it is to live, + it will grow though no food should be given to it. You see that such a + doctrine cannot be maintained; predestination is but a word without + meaning. The Turks themselves, the professors of predestination, are not + convinced of the doctrine, for in that case medicine would not exist in + Turkey, and a man residing in a third floor would not take the trouble of + going down stairs, but would immediately throw himself out of the window. + You see to what a string of absurdities that will lead?" + </p> + <p> + The following traits are characteristic of the man. In the common + intercourse of life, and his familiar conversation, Napoleon mutilated the + names most familiar to him, even French names; yet this would not have + occurred on any public occasion. He has been heard many times during his + walks to repeat the celebrated speech of Augustus in Corneille's tragedy, + and he has never missed saying, "Take a seat, Sylla," instead of Cinna. He + would frequently create names according to his fancy, and when he had once + adopted them they remained fixed in his mind, although they were + pronounced properly a hundred times a day in his hearing; but he would + have been struck if others had used them as he had altered them. It was + the same thing with respect to orthography; in general he did not attend + to it, yet if the copies which were made contained any faults of spelling + he would have complained of it. One day Napoleon said to Las Cases, "Your + orthography is not correct, is it?" This question gave occasion to a + sarcastic smile from a person who stood near, who thought it was meant to + convey a reproach. The Emperor, who saw this, continued, "At least I + suppose it is not, for a man occupied with important public business, a + minister, for instance, cannot and need not attend to orthography. His + ideas must flow faster than his hand can trace them, he has only time to + dwell upon essentials; he must put words in letters, and phrases in words, + and let the scribes make it out afterwards." Napoleon indeed left a great + deal for the copyists to do; he was their torment; his handwriting + actually resembled hieroglyphics—he often could not decipher it + himself. Las Cases' son was one day reading to him a chapter of The + Campaign of Italy; on a sudden he stopped short, unable to make out the + writing. "The little blockhead," said Napoleon, "cannot read his own + handwriting."—"It is not mine, Sire."—"And whose, then?"—"Your + Majesty's."—"How so, you little rogue; do you mean to insult me?" + The Emperor took the manuscript, tried a long while to read it, and at + last threw it down, saying, "He is right; I cannot tell myself what is + written." He has often sent the copyists to Las Cases to read what he had + himself been unable to decipher. + </p> + <p> + We are now approaching the last melancholy epoch of Napoleon's life, when + he first felt the ravages of that malady which finally put a period to his + existence. Occasional manifestations of its presence had been exhibited + for some years, but his usual health always returned after every attack, + and its fatal nature was not suspected, although Napoleon himself had + several times said that he should die of a scirrhus in the pylorus, the + disease which killed his father, and which the physicians of Montpelier + declared would be hereditary in his family. About the middle of the year + 1818 it was observed that his health grew gradually worse, and it was + thought proper by O'Meara to report to the Governor the state in which he + was. Even on these occasions Napoleon seized the opportunity for renewing + his claim to the title of Emperor. He insisted that the physician should + not send any bulletin whatever unless he named him in it by his Imperial + designation. O'Meara explained that the instructions of his Government and + the orders of Sir Hudson Lowe prohibited him from using the term; but it + was in vain. After some difficulty it was agreed upon that the word + "patient" should be used instead of the title of General, which caused so + much offence, and this substitution got rid of the difficulty. + </p> + <p> + O'Meara afterwards proposed to call in the assistance of Dr. Baxter, the + principal medical officer of the island, but this offer Napoleon refused + at once, alleging that, although "it was true he looked like an honest + man, he was too much attached to that hangman" (Lows), he also persisted + in rejecting the aid of medicine, and determined to take no exercise + out-of-doors as long as he should be subjected to the challenge of + sentinels. To a representation that his determination might convert a + curable to a fatal malady, he replied, "I shall at least have the + consolation that my death will be an eternal dishonour to the English + nation who sent me to this climate to die under the hands of . . ." + </p> + <p> + An important incident in Napoleon's monotonous life was the removal of + O'Meara, who had attended him as his physician from the time of his + arrival on the island. The removal of this gentleman, was occasioned by + the suspicion of similar conduct to that which brought about the dismissal + of Las Cases twenty months previously, namely, the carrying on secret + correspondence with persons out of the island. Napoleon complained + bitterly of the loss of his medical attendant, though he had most + assuredly very seldom attended to his advice, and repelled as an insult + the proffered assistance of Dr. Baxter, insinuating that the Governor + wished to have his life in his power. Some time after Dr. Stokes, a naval + surgeon, was called in, but withdrawn and eventually tried by + court-martial for furnishing information to the French at Longwood. After + this Napoleon expressed his determination to admit no more visits from any + English physician whatever, and Cardinal Fesch was requested by the + British Ministry to select some physician of reputation in Italy who + should be sent to St. Helena to attend on Napoleon. The choice fell on Dr. + Antommarchi, a young surgeon, who was accordingly sent to St. Helena in + company with two Catholic priests, the Abbes Buonavita and Vignale, and + two domestics, in compliance with the wish of Napoleon to that effect. The + party reached the island on 10th September 1819. + </p> + <p> + On his first visit the Emperor overwhelmed Antommarchi with questions + concerning his mother and family, the Princess Julie (wife of Joseph), and + Las Cases, whom Antommarchi had seen in passing through Frankfort, + expatiated with satisfaction on the retreat which he had at one time + meditated in Corsica, entered into some discussions with the doctor on his + profession, and then directed his attention to the details of his + disorder. While he examined the symptoms the Emperor continued his + remarks. They were sometimes serious, sometimes lively; kindness, + indignation, gaiety, were expressed by turns in his words and in his + countenance. "Well, doctor!" he exclaimed, "what is your opinion? Am I to + trouble much longer the digestion of Kings?"—"You will survive them, + Sire."—"Aye, I believe you; they will not be able to subject to the + ban of Europe the fame of our victories, it will traverse ages, it will + proclaim the conquerors and the conquered, those who were generous and + those who were not so; posterity will judge, I do not dread its decision."—"This + after-life belongs to you of right. Your name will never be repeated with + admiration without recalling those inglorious warriors so basely leagued + against a single man. But you are not near your end, you have yet a long + career to run."—"No, Doctor! I cannot hold out long under this + frightful climate."—"Your excellent constitution is proof against + its pernicious effects."—"It once did not yield to the strength of + mind with which nature has endowed me, but the transition from a life of + action to a complete seclusion has ruined all. I have grown fat, my energy + is gone, the bow is unstrung." Antommarchi did not try to combat an + opinion but too well-founded, but diverted the conversation to another + subject. "I resign myself," said Napoleon, "to your direction. Let + medicine give the order, I submit to its decisions. I entrust my health to + your care. I owe you the detail of the habits I have acquired, of the + affections to which I am subject. + </p> + <p> + "The hours at which I obey the injunctions of nature are in general + extremely irregular. I sleep, I eat according to circumstances or the + situation in which I am placed; my sleep is ordinarily sound and tranquil. + If pain or any accident interrupt it I jump out of bed, call for a light, + walk, set to work, and fix my attention on some subject; sometimes I + remain in the dark, change my apartment, lie down in another bed, or + stretch myself on the sofa. I rise at two, three, or four in the morning; + I call for some one to keep me company, amuse myself with recollections or + business, and wait for the return of day. I go out as soon as dawn + appears, take a stroll, and when the sun shows itself I reenter and go to + bed again, where I remain a longer or shorter time, according as the day + promises to turn out. If it is bad, and I feel irritation and uneasiness, + I have recourse to the method I have just mentioned. I change my posture, + pass from my bed to the sofa, from the sofa to the bed, seek and find a + degree of freshness. I do not describe to you my morning costume; it has + nothing to do with the sufferings I endure, and besides, I do not wish to + deprive you of the pleasure of your surprise when you see it. These + ingenious contrivances carry me on to nine or ten o'clock, sometimes + later. I then order the breakfast to be brought, which I take from time to + time in my bath, but most frequently in the garden. Either Bertrand or + Montholon keep me company, often both of them. Physicians have the right + of regulating the table; it is proper that I should give you an account of + mine. Well, then, a basin of soup, two plates of meat, one of vegetables, + a salad when I can take it, compose the whole service; half a bottle of + claret; which I dilute with a good deal of water, serves me for drink; I + drink a little of it pure towards the end of the repast. Sometimes, when I + feel fatigued, I substitute champagne for claret, it is a certain means of + giving a fillip to the stomach." + </p> + <p> + The doctor having expressed his surprise at Napoleon's temperance, he + replied, "In my marches with the army of Italy I never failed to put into + the bow of my saddle a bottle of wine, some bread, and a cold fowl. This + provision sufficed for the wants of the day,—I may even say that I + often shared it with others. I thus gained time. I eat fast, masticate + little, my meals do not consume my hours. This is not what you will + approve the most, but in my present situation what signifies it? I am + attacked with a liver complaint, a malady which is general in this + horrible climate." + </p> + <p> + Antommarchi, having gained his confidence, now became companion as well as + physician to the Emperor, and sometimes read with him. He eagerly turned + over the newspapers when they arrived, and commented freely on their + contents. "It is amusing," he would say, "to see the sage measures + resorted to by the Allies to make people forget my tyranny!" On one + occasion he felt more languid than ordinary, and lighting on the + 'Andromache' of Racine; he took up the book, began to read, but soon let + it drop from his hands. He had come to the famous passage where the mother + describes her being allowed to see her son once a day. + </p> + <p> + He was moved, covered his face with his hands, and, saying that he was too + much affected, desired to be left alone. He grew calmer, fell asleep, and + when he awoke, desired Antommarchi to be called again. He was getting + ready to shave, and the doctor was curious to witness the operation. He + was in his shirt, his head uncovered, with two valets at his side, one + holding the glass and a towel, the other the rest of the apparatus. The + Emperor spread the soap over one side of his face, put down the brush, + wiped his hands and mouth, took a razor dipped in hot water and shaved the + right side with singular dexterity. "Is it done, Noverraz?"—"Yes, + Sire."—"Well, then, face about. Come, villain, quick, stand still." + The light fell on the left side, which, after applying the lather, he + shaved in the same manner and with the same dexterity. He drew his hand + over his chin. "Raise the glass. Am I quite right?"— "Quite so."—"Not + a hair has escaped me: what say you?"—"No, Sire," replied the valet + de chambre. "No! I think I perceive one. Lift up the glass, place it in a + better light. How, rascal! Flattery? You deceive me at St. Helena? On this + rock? You, too, are an accomplice." With this he gave them both a box on + the ear, laughed, and joked in the most pleasant manner possible. + </p> + <p> + An almost incredible instance of the determination of the exiles to make + as many enemies as they possibly could was exhibited to Antommarchi on his + arrival at Longwood. He states that before he was permitted to enter on + his functions as surgeon he was required to take an oath that he would not + communicate with the English, and that he would more especially avoid + giving them the least information respecting the progress of Napoleon's + disorder. He was not allowed to see his illustrious patient until the oath + was taken. After exacting such an oath from his physician the attendants + of Bonaparte had little right to complain, as they did, that the real + state of his disorder was purposely concealed from the world by the + English Government. It is more than probable that the constant attempts + observed to throw mystery and secrecy around them must have tended to + create the suspicion of escape, and to increase the consequent rigour of + the regulations maintained by the Governor. + </p> + <p> + Soon after the arrival of the priests Napoleon determined, we may suppose + partly in jest, to elevate one of them to the dignity of bishop, and he + chose for a diocese the Jumna. "The last box brought from Europe had been + broken open," says Antommarchi; "it contained the vases and church + ornaments. "Stop," said Napoleon, "this is the property of St. Peter; have + a care who touches it; send for the abbes—but talking of the abbes, + do you know that the Cardinal [Fesch] is a poor creature? He sends me + missionaries and propagandists, as if I were a penitent, and as if a whole + string of their Eminences had not always attended at my chapel. I will do + what he ought to have done; I possess the right of investiture, and I + shall use it." Abbe Buonavita was just entering the room, "I give you the + episcopal mitre."—"Sire!"—"I restore it to you; you shall wear + it in spite of the heretics; they will not again take it from you."— + "But, Sire!"—"I cannot add to it so rich a benefice as that of + Valencia, which Suchet had given you, but at any rate your see shall be + secure from the chances of battles. I appoint you Bishop of—let me + see—of the Jumna. The vast countries through which that river flows + were on the point of entering into alliance with me—all was in + readiness, all were going to march. We were about to give the finishing + blow to England." The speech concluded with an order to Count Montholon to + procure the necessary dress for the abbe in order to strike with awe all + the heretics. The upshot of the whole was, that the scarlet and violet + coloured clothes necessary to furnish the new bishop with the only + valuable portion of his temporalities, his dress, could not be procured in + the island, and the abbe remained an abbe in spite of the investiture, and + the whole farce was forgotten. + </p> + <p> + We occasionally see the Exile in better moods, when he listened to the + voice of reason, and thought less of the annoyances inseparable from the + state to which his ambition, or as he himself always averred, his destiny, + had reduced him. He had for a long time debarred himself from all + exercise, having, as he expressed it, determined not to expose himself to + the insult of being accompanied on his ride by a British officer; or the + possibility of being challenged by a sentinel. One day when he complained + of his inactive life his medical attendant recommended the exercise of + digging the ground; the idea was instantly seized upon by Napoleon with + his characteristic ardour. Noverraz, his chasseur, who had been formerly + accustomed to rural occupations, was honoured with the title of head + gardener, and under his directions Napoleon proceeded to work with great + vigour. He sent for Antommarchi to witness his newly acquired dexterity in + the use of the spade. "Well, Doctor," said he to him, "are you satisfied + with your patient—is he obedient enough? This is better than your + pills, Dottoraccio; you shall not physic me any more." At first he soon + got fatigued, and complained much of the weakness of his body and delicacy + of his hands; but "never mind," said he, "I have always accustomed my body + to bend to my will, and I shall bring it to do so now, and inure it to the + exercise." He soon grew fond of his new employment, and pressed all the + inhabitants of Longwood into the service. Even the ladies had great + difficulty to avoid being set to work. He laughed at them, urged them, + entreated them, and used all his arts of persuasion, particularly with + Madame Bertrand. He assured her that the exercise of gardening was much + better than all the doctor's prescriptions—that it was in fact one + of his prescriptions. But in this instance his eloquence failed in its + effect, and he was obliged, though with much reluctance, to desist from + his attempts to make lady gardeners. + </p> + <p> + But in recompense he had willing labourers on the part of the gentlemen. + Antommarchi says, "The Emperor urged us, excited us, and everything around + us soon assumed a different aspect. Here was an excavation, there a basin + or a road. We made alleys, grottoes, cascades; the appearance of the + ground had now some life and diversity. We planted willows, oaks, + peach-trees, to give a little shade round the house. Having completed the + ornamental part of our labours we turned to the useful. We divided the + ground, we manured it, and sowed it with abundance of beans, peas, and + every vegetable that grows in the island." In the course of their labours + they found that a tank would be of great use to hold water, which might be + brought by pipes from a spring at a distance of 3000 feet. + </p> + <p> + For this laborious attempt it was absolutely necessary to procure + additional forces, and a party of Chinese, of whom there are many on the + island, was engaged to help them. These people were much amused at + Napoleon's working-dress, which was a jacket and large trousers, with an + enormous straw hat to shield him from the sun, and sandals. He pitied + those poor fellows who suffered from the heat of the sun, and made each of + them a present of a large hat like his own. After much exertion the basin + was finished, the pipes laid, and the water began to flow into it. + Napoleon stocked his pond with gold-fish, which he placed in it with his + own hands. He would remain by the pond for hours together, at a time when + he was so weak that he could hardly support himself. He would amuse + himself by following the motion of the fishes, throwing bread to them, + studying their ways, taking an interest in their loves and their quarrels, + and endeavouring with anxiety to find out points of resemblance between + their motives and those of mankind. He often sent for his attendants to + communicate his remarks to them, and directed their observations to any + peculiarities he had observed. His favourites at last sickened, they + struggled, floated on the water, and died one after another. He was deeply + affected by this, and remarked to Antommarchi, "You see very well that + there is a fatality attached to me. Everything I love, everything that + belongs to me, is immediately struck: heaven and mankind unite to + persecute me." From this time he visited them daily in spite of sickness + or bad weather, nor did his anxiety diminish until it was discovered that + a coppery cement, with which the bottom of the basin was plastered, had + poisoned the water. The fish which were not yet dead were then taken out + and put into a tub. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon appears to have taken peculiar interest in observing the + instincts of animals, and comparing their practices and propensities with + those of men. A rainy day, during which the digging of the tank could not + be proceeded with, gave occasion for some observations on the actions of a + number of ants, which had made a way into his bedroom, climbed upon a + table on which some sugar usually stood, and taken possession of the + sugar-basin. He would not allow the industrious little insects to be + disturbed in their plans; but he now and then moved the sugar, followed + their manoeuvres, and admired the activity and industry they displayed + until they found it again; this they had been sometimes even two or three + days in effecting, though they always succeeded at last. He then + surrounded the basin with water, but the ants still reached it; he finally + employed vinegar, and the insects were unable to get through the new + obstacle. + </p> + <p> + But the slight activity of mind that now remained to him was soon to be + exchanged for the languor and gloom of sickness, with but few intervals + between positive suffering and the most distressing lowness of spirits. + Towards the end of the year 1820 he walked with difficulty, and required + assistance even to reach a chair in his garden. He became nearly incapable + of the slightest action; his legs swelled; the pains in his side and back + were increased; he was troubled with nausea, profuse sweats, loss of + appetite, and was subject to frequent faintings. "Here I am, Doctor," said + he one day, "at my last cast. No more energy and strength left: I bend + under the load . . . I am going. I feel that my hour is come." + </p> + <p> + Some days after, as he lay on his couch, he feelingly expressed to + Antommarchi the vast change which had taken place within him. He recalled + for a few moments the vivid recollection of past times, and compared his + former energy with the weakness which he was then sinking under. + </p> + <p> + The news of the death of his sister Elisa also affected him deeply. After + a struggle with his feelings, which had nearly overpowered him, he rose, + supported himself on Antommarchi's arm; and regarding him steadfastly, + said, "Well, Doctor! you see Elisa has just shown me the way. Death, which + seemed to have forgotten my family, has begun to strike it; my turn cannot + be far off. What think you?"—"Your Majesty is in no danger: you are + still reserved for some glorious enterprise."— "Ah, Doctor! I have + neither strength nor activity nor energy; I am no longer Napoleon. You + strive in vain to give me hopes, to recall life ready to expire. Your care + can do nothing in spite of fate: it is immovable: there is no appeal from + its decisions. The next person of our family who will follow Elisa to the + tomb is that great Napoleon who hardly exists, who bends under the yoke, + and who still, nevertheless keeps Europe in alarm. Behold, my good friend, + how I look on my situation! As for me, all is over: I repeat it to you, my + days will soon close on this miserable rock."—"We returned," says + Antommarchi, "into his chamber. Napoleon lay down' in bed. 'Close my + windows,' he said; leave me to myself; I will send for you by-and-by. What + a delightful thing rest is! I would not exchange it for all the thrones in + the world! What an alteration! How I am fallen! I, whose activity was + boundless, whose mind never slumbered, am now plunged into a lethargic + stupor, so that it requires an effort even to raise my eyelids. I + sometimes dictated to four or five secretaries, who wrote as fast as words + could be uttered, but then I was NAPOLEON—now I am no longer + anything. My strength—my faculties forsake me. I do not live—I + merely exist.'" + </p> + <p> + From this period the existence of Napoleon was evidently drawing to a + close, his days were counted. Whole hours, and even days, were either + passed in gloomy silence or spent in pain, accompanied by distressing + coughs, and all the melancholy signs of the approach of death. He made a + last effort to ride a few miles round Longwood on the 22d of January 1821, + but it exhausted his strength, and from that time his only exercise was in + the calash. Even that slight motion soon became too fatiguing. + </p> + <p> + He now kept his room, and no longer stirred out. His disorder and his + weakness increased upon him. He still was able to eat something, but very + little, and with a worse appetite than ever. "Ah! doctor," he exclaimed, + "how I suffer! Why did the cannon-balls spare me only to die in this + deplorable manner? I that was so active, so alert, can now scarcely raise + my eyelids!" + </p> + <p> + His last airing was on the 17th of March. The disease increased, and + Antommarchi, who was much alarmed, obtained with some difficulty + permission to see an English physician. He held a consultation, on the + 26th of March, with Dr. Arnott of the 20th Regiment; but Napoleon still + refused to take medicine, and often repeated his favourite saying: + "Everything that must happen is written down, our hour is marked, and it + is not in our power to take from time a portion which nature refuses us." + He continued to grow worse, and at last consented to see Dr. Arnott, whose + first visit was on the 1st of April. He was introduced into the chamber of + the patient, which was darkened, and into which Napoleon did not suffer + any light to be brought, examined his pulse and the other symptoms, and + was requested to repeat his visit the next day. Napoleon was now within a + month of his death, and although he occasionally spoke with the eloquence + and vehemence he had so often exhibited, his mind was evidently giving + way. The reported appearance of a comet was taken as a token of his death. + He was excited, and exclaimed with emotion, "A comet! that was the + precursor of the death of Caesar." + </p> + <p> + On the 3d of April the symptoms of the disorder had become so alarming + that Antommarchi informed Bertrand and Montholon he thought Napoleon's + danger imminent, and that Napoleon ought to take steps to put his affairs + in order. He was now attacked by fever and by violent thirst, which often + interrupted his sleep in the night. On the 14th Napoleon found himself in + better spirits, and talked with Dr. Arnott on the merits of Marlborough, + whose Campaigns he desired him to present to the 20th Regiment, learning + that they did not, possess a copy in their library. + </p> + <p> + On the 15th of April Napoleon's doors were closed to all but Montholon and + Marchand, and it appeared that he had been making his Will. On the 19th he + was better, was free from pain, sat up, and ate a little. He was in good + spirits, and wished them to read to him. As General Montholon with the + others expressed his satisfaction at this improvement he smiled gently, + and said, "You deceive yourselves, my friends: I am, it is true, somewhat + better, but I feel no less that my end draws near. When I am dead you will + have the agreeable consolation of returning to Europe. One will meet his + relations, another his friends; and as for me, I shall behold my brave + companions-in-arms in the Elysian Fields. Yes," he went on, raising his + voice, "Kléber, Desaix, Bessières, Duroc, Ney, Murat, Massena, Berthier, + all will come to greet me: they will talk to me of what we have done + together. I will recount to them the latest events of my life. On seeing + me they will become once more intoxicated with enthusiasm and glory. We + will discourse of our wars with the Scipios, Hannibal, Caesar, and + Frederick—there will be a satisfaction in that: unless," he added, + laughing bitterly, "they should be alarmed below to see so many warriors + assembled together!" + </p> + <p> + He addressed Dr. Arnott, who came in while he was speaking, on the + treatment he had received from England said that she had violated every + sacred right in making him prisoner, that he should have been much better + treated in Russia, Austria, or even Prussia; that he was sent to the + horrible rock of St. Helena on purpose to die; that he had been purposely + placed on the most uninhabitable spot of that inhospitable island, and + kept six years a close prisoner, and that Sir Hudson Lowe was his + executioner. He concluded with these words: "You will end like the proud + republic of Venice; and I, dying upon this dreary rock, away from those I + hold dear, and deprived of everything, bequeath the opprobrium and horror + of my death to the reigning family of England." + </p> + <p> + On the 21st Napoleon gave directions to the priest who was in attendance + as to the manner in which he would be placed to lie in state after his + death; and finding his religious attendant had never officiated in such a + solemnity he gave the most minute instructions for the mode of conducting + it. He afterwards declared that he would die, as he was born a Catholic, + and desired that mass should be said by his body, and the customary + ceremonies should be performed every day until his burial. The expression + of his face was earnest and convulsive; he saw Antommarchi watching the + contractions which he underwent, when his eye caught some indication that + displeased him. "You are above these weaknesses; but what would you have? + I am neither philosopher nor physician. I believe in God; I am of the + religion of my fathers; every one cannot be an atheist who pleases." Then + turning to the priest—"I was born in the Catholic religion. I wish + to fulfil the duties which it imposes, and to receive the succour which it + administers. You will say mass every day in the adjoining chapel, and you + will expose the Holy Sacrament for forty hours. After I am dead you will + place your altar at my head in the funeral chamber; you will continue to + celebrate mass, and perform all the customary ceremonies; you will not + cease till I am laid in the ground." The Abbe (Vignale) withdrew; Napoleon + reproved his fellow-countryman for his supposed incredulity. "Can you + carry it to this point? Can you disbelieve in God? Everything proclaims + His existence; and, besides, the greatest minds have thought so."—"But, + Sire, I have never called it in question. I was attending to the progress + of the fever: your Majesty fancied you saw in my features an expression + which they had not."— "You are a physician, Doctor," he replied + laughingly; "these folks," he added, half to himself, "are conversant only + with matter; they will believe in nothing beyond." + </p> + <p> + In the afternoon of the 25th he was better; but being left alone, a sudden + fancy possessed him to eat. He called for fruits, wine, tried a biscuit, + then swallowed some champagne, seized a bunch of grapes, and burst into a + fit of laughter as soon as he saw Antommarchi return. The physician + ordered away the dessert, and found fault with the maitre d'hotel; but the + mischief was done, the fever returned and became violent. The Emperor was + now on his death-bed, but he testified concern for every one. He asked + Antommarchi if 500 guineas would satisfy the English physician, and if he + himself would like to serve Maria Louisa in quality of a physician? "She + is my wife, the first Princess in Europe, and after me you should serve no + one else." Antommarchi expressed his acknowledgments. The fever continued + unabated, with violent thirst and cold in the feet. On the 27th he + determined to remove from the small chamber into the salon. They were + preparing to carry him. "No," he said, "not until I am dead; for the + present it will be sufficient if you support me." + </p> + <p> + Between the 27th and 28th the Emperor passed a very bad night; the fever + increased, coldness spread over his limbs, his strength was quite gone. He + spoke a few words of encouragement to Antommarchi; then in a tone of + perfect calmness and composure he delivered to him the following + instructions: "After my death, which cannot be far off, I wish you to open + my body: I wish also, nay, I require, that you will not suffer any English + physician to touch me. If, however, you find it indispensable to have some + one to assist you, Dr. Arnott is the only one I am willing you should + employ. I am desirous, further, that you should take out my heart, that + you put it in spirits of wine, and that you carry it to Parma to my dear + Maria Louisa: you will tell her how tenderly I have loved her, that I have + never ceased to love her; and you will report to her all that you have + witnessed, all that relates to my situation and my death. I recommend you, + above all, carefully to examine my stomach, to make an exact detailed + report of it, which you will convey to my son. The vomitings which succeed + each other without intermission lead me to suppose that the stomach is the + one of my organs which is the most deranged, and I am inclined to believe + that it is affected with the disease which conducted my father to the + grave,—I mean a cancer in the lower stomach. What think you?" His + physician hesitating, he continued—"I have not doubted this since I + found the sickness become frequent and obstinate. It is nevertheless well + worthy of remark that I have always had a stomach of iron, that I have + felt no inconvenience from this organ till latterly, and that whereas my + father was fond of high-seasoned dishes and spirituous liquors, I have + never been able to make use of them. Be it as it may, I entreat, I charge + you to neglect nothing in such an examination, in order that when you see + my son you may communicate the result of your observations to him, and + point out the most suitable remedies. When I am no more you will repair to + Rome; you will find out my mother and my family. You will give them an + account of all you have observed relative to my situation, my disorder, + and my death on this remote and miserable rock; you will tell them that + the great Napoleon expired in the most deplorable state, wanting + everything, abandoned to himself and his glory." It was ten in the + forenoon; after this the fever abated, and he fell into a sort of doze. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor passed a very bad night, and could not sleep. He grew + light-headed and talked incoherently; still the fever had abated in its + violence. Towards morning the hiccough began to torment him, the fever + increased, and he became quite delirious. He spoke of his complaint, and + called upon Baxter (the Governor's physician) to appear, to come and see + the truth of his reports. Then all at once fancying O'Meara present, he + imagined a dialogue between them, throwing a weight of odium on the + English policy. The fever having subsided, his hearing became distinct; he + grew calm, and entered into some further conversation on what was to be + done after his death. He felt thirsty, and drank a large quantity of cold + water. "If fate should determine that I shall recover, I would raise a + monument on the spot where this water gushes out: I would crown the + fountain in memory of the comfort which it has afforded me. If I die, and + they should not proscribe my remains as they have proscribed my person, I + should desire to be buried with my ancestors in the cathedral of Ajaccio, + in Corsica. But if I am not allowed to repose where I was born, why, then, + let them bury me at the spot where this fine and refreshing water flows." + This request was afterwards complied with. + </p> + <p> + He remained nearly in the same state for some days. On the 1st of May he + was delirious nearly all day, and suffered dreadful vomitings. He took two + small biscuits and a few drops of red wine. On the 2d he was rather + quieter, and the alarming symptoms diminished a little. At 2 P.M., + however, he had a paroxysm of fever, and became again delirious. He talked + to himself of France, of his dear son, of some of his old + companions-in-arms. At times he was evidently in imagination on the field + of battle. "Stengel!" he cried; "Desaix! Massena! Ah! victory is declaring + itself! run—rush forward—press the charge!—they are + ours!" + </p> + <p> + "I was listening," says Dr. Antommarchi, "and following the progress of + that painful agony in the deepest distress, when Napoleon, suddenly + collecting his strength, jumped on the floor, and would absolutely go down + into the garden to take a walk. I ran to receive him in my arms, but his + legs bent under the weight of his body; he fell backwards, and I had the + mortification of being unable to prevent his falling. We raised him up and + entreated him to get into bed again; but he did not recognise anybody, and + began to storm and fall into a violent passion. He was unconscious, and + anxiously desired to walk in the garden. In the course of the day, + however, he became more collected, and again spoke of his disease, and the + precise anatomical examination he wished to be made of his body after + death. He had a fancy that this might be useful to his son." "The + physicians of Montpelier," he said to Antommarchi, "announced that the + scirrhosis in the pylorus would be hereditary in my family; their report + is, I believe, in the hands of my brother Louis; ask for it and compare it + with your own observations on my case, in order that my son may be saved + from this cruel disease. You will see him, Doctor, and you will point out + to him what is best to do, and will save him from the cruel sufferings I + now experience. This is the last service I ask of you." Later in the day + he said, "Doctor, I am very ill—I feel that I am going to die." + </p> + <p> + The last time Napoleon spoke, except to utter a few short unconnected + words, was on the 3d of May. It was in the afternoon, and he had requested + his attendants, in case of his losing consciousness, not to allow any + English physician to approach him except Dr. Arnott. "I am going to die," + said he, "and you to return to Europe; I must give you some advice as to + the line of conduct you are to pursue. You have shared my exile, you will + be faithful to my memory, and will not do anything that may injure it. I + have sanctioned all proper principles, and infused them into my laws and + acts; I have not omitted a single one. Unfortunately, however, the + circumstances in which I was placed were arduous, and I was obliged to act + with severity, and to postpone the execution of my plans. Our reverses + occurred; I could not unbend the bow; and France has been deprived of the + liberal institutions I intended to give her. She judges me with + indulgence; she feels grateful for my intentions; she cherishes my name + and my victories. Imitate her example, be faithful to the opinions we have + defended, and to the glory we have acquired: any other course can only + lead to shame and confusion." + </p> + <p> + From this moment it does not appear that Napoleon showed any signs of + understanding what was going forward around him. His weakness increased + every moment, and a harassing hiccough continued until death took place. + The day before that event a fearful tempest threatened to destroy + everything about Longwood. The plantations were torn up by the roots, and + it was particularly remarked that a willow, under which Napoleon usually + sat to enjoy the fresh air, had fallen. "It seemed," says Antommarchi, "as + if none of the things the Emperor valued were to survive him." On the day + of his death Madame Bertrand, who had not left his bedside, sent for her + children to take a last farewell of Napoleon. The scene which ensued was + affecting: the children ran to the bed, kissed the hands of Napoleon, and + covered them with tears. One of the children fainted, and all had to be + carried from the spot. "We all," says Antommarchi, "mixed our lamentations + with theirs: we all felt the same anguish, the same cruel foreboding of + the approach of the fatal instant, which every minute accelerated." The + favourite valet, Noverraz, who had been for some time very ill, when he + heard of the state in which Napoleon was, caused himself to be carried + downstairs, and entered the apartment in tears. He was with great + difficulty prevailed upon to leave the room: he was in a delirious state, + and he fancied his master was threatened with danger, and was calling upon + him for assistance: he said he would not leave him but would fight and die + for him. But Napoleon was now insensible to the tears of his servants; he + had scarcely spoken for two days; early in the morning he articulated a + few broken sentences, among which the only words distinguishable were, + "tete d'armee," the last that ever left his lips, and which indicated the + tenor of his fancies. The day passed in convulsive movements and low + moanings, with occasionally a loud shriek, and the dismal scene closed + just before six in the evening. A slight froth covered his lips, and he + was no more. + </p> + <p> + After he had been dead about six hours Antommarchi had the body carefully + washed and laid out on another bed. The executors then proceeded to + examine two codicils which were directed to be opened immediately after + the Emperor's decease. The one related to the gratuities which he intended + out of his private purse for the different individuals of his household, + and to the alms which he wished to be distributed among the poor of St. + Helena; the other contained his last wish that "his ashes should repose on + the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French people whom he had + loved so well." The executors notified this request to the Governor, who + stated that his orders were that the body was to, remain on the island. On + the next day, after taking a plaster cast of the face of Napoleon, + Antommarchi proceeded to open the body in the presence of Sir Thomas + Reade, some staff officers, and eight medical men. + </p> + <p> + The Emperor had intended his hair (which was of a chestnut colour) for + presents to the different members of his family, and it was cut off and + kept for this purpose. + </p> + <p> + He had grown considerably thinner in person during the last few months. + After his death his face and body were pale, but without alteration or + anything of a cadaverous appearance. His physiognomy was fine, the eyes + fast closed, and you would have said that the Emperor was not dead, but in + a profound sleep. His mouth retained its expression of sweetness, though + one side was contracted into a bitter smile. Several scars were seen on + his body. On opening it it was found that the liver was not affected, but + that there was that cancer of the stomach which he had himself suspected, + and of which his father and two of his sisters died. This painful + examination having been completed, Antommarchi took out the heart and + placed it in a silver vase filled with spirits of wine; he then directed + the valet de chambre to dress the body as he had been accustomed in the + Emperor's lifetime, with the grand cordon of the Legion of Honour across + the breast, in the green uniform of a colonel of the Chasseurs of the + Guard, decorated with the orders of the Legion of Honour and of the Iron + Crown, long boots with little spurs, finally, his three cornered hat. Thus + habited, Napoleon was removed in the afternoon of the 6th out of the hall, + into which the crowd rushed immediately. The linen which had been employed + in the dissection of the body, though stained with blood, was eagerly + seized, torn in pieces, and distributed among the bystanders. + </p> + <p> + Napoleon lay in state in his little bedroom which had been converted into + a funeral chamber. It was hung with black cloth brought from the town. + This circumstance first apprised the inhabitants of his death. The corpse, + which had not been embalmed, and which was of an extraordinary whiteness, + was placed on one of the campbeds, surrounded with little white curtains, + which served for a sarcophagus. The blue cloak which Napoleon had worn at + the battle of Marengo covered it. The feet and the hands were free; the + sword on the left side, and a crucifix on the breast. At some distance was + the silver vase containing the heart and stomach, which were not allowed + to be removed. At the back of the head was an altar, where the priest in + his stole and surplice recited the customary prayers. All the individuals + of Napoleon's suite, officers and domestics, dressed in mourning, remained + standing on the left. Dr. Arnott had been charged to see that no attempt + was made to convey away the body. + </p> + <p> + For some-hours the crowd had besieged the doors; they were admitted, and + beheld the inanimate remains of Napoleon in respectful silence. The + officers of the 20th and 66th Regiments were admitted first, then the + others. The following day (the 7th) the throng was greater. Antommarchi + was not allowed to take the heart of Napoleon to Europe with him; he + deposited that and the stomach in two vases, filled with alcohol and + hermetically sealed, in the corners of the coffin in which the corpse was + laid. This was a shell of zinc lined with white satin, in which was a + mattress furnished with a pillow. There not being room for the hat to + remain on his head, it was placed at his feet, with some eagles, pieces of + French money coined during his reign, a plate engraved with his arms, etc. + The coffin was closed, carefully soldered up, and then fixed in another + case of mahogany, which was enclosed in a third made of lead, which last + was fastened in a fourth of mahogany, which was sealed up and fastened + with screws. The coffin was exhibited in the same place as the body had + been, and was also covered with the cloak that Napoleon had worn at the + battle of Marengo. The funeral was ordered for the morrow, 8th May, and + the troops were to attend in the morning by break of day. + </p> + <p> + This took place accordingly: the Governor arrived first, the Rear-Admiral + soon after, and shortly all the authorities, civil and military, were + assembled at Longwood. The day was fine, the people crowded the roads, + music resounded from the heights; never had spectacle so sad and solemn + been witnessed in these remote regions. At half-past twelve the grenadiers + took hold of the coffin, lifted it with difficulty, and succeeded in + removing it into the great walk in the garden, where the hearse awaited + them. It was placed in the carriage, covered with a pall of + violet-coloured velvet, and with the cloak which the hero wore at Marengo. + The Emperor's household were in mourning. The cavalcade was arranged by + order of the Governor in the following manner: The Abbe Vignale in his + sacerdotal robes, with young Henry Bertrand at his side, bearing an + aspersorium; Doctors Arnott and Antommarchi, the persons entrusted with + the superintendence of the hearse, drawn by four horses, led by grooms, + and escorted by twelve grenadiers without arms, on each side; these last + were to carry the coffin on their shoulders as soon as the ruggedness of + the road prevented the hearse from advancing; young Napoleon Bertrand, and + Marchand, both on foot, and by the side of the hearse; Counts Bertrand and + Montholon on horseback close behind the hearse; a part of the household of + the Emperor; Countess Bertrand with her daughter Hortense, in a calash + drawn by two horses led by hand by her domestics, who walked by the side + of the precipice; the Emperor's horse led by his piqueur Archambaud; the + officers of marine on horseback and on foot; the officers of the staff on + horse-back; the members of the council of the island in like manner; + General Coffin and the Marquis Montchenu on horseback; the Rear-Admiral + and the Governor on horseback; the inhabitants of the island. + </p> + <p> + The train set out in this order from Longwood, passed by the barracks, and + was met by the garrison, about 2500 in number, drawn up on the left of the + road as far as Hut's Gate. Military bands placed at different distances + added still more, by the mournful airs which they played, to the striking + solemnity of the occasion. When the train had passed the troops followed + and accompanied it to the burying-place. The dragoons marched first. Then + came the 20th Regiment of infantry, the marines, the 66th, the volunteers + of St. Helena, and lastly, the company of Royal Artillery, with fifteen + pieces of cannon. Lady Lowe and her daughter were at the roadside at Hut's + Gate, in an open carriage drawn by two horses. They were attended by some + domestics in mourning, and followed the procession at a distance. The + fifteen pieces of artillery were ranged along the road, and the gunners + were at their posts ready to fire. Having advanced about a quarter of a + mile beyond Hut's Gate the hearse stopped, the troops halted and drew up + in line of battle by the roadside. The grenadiers then raised the coffin + on their shoulders and bore it thus to the place of interment, by the new + route which had been made on purpose on the declivity of the mountain. All + the attendants alighted, the ladies descended from their carriages, and + the procession followed the corpse without observing any regular order. + </p> + <p> + Counts Bertrand and Montholon, Marchand and young Napoleon Bertrand, + carried the four corners of the pall. The coffin was laid down at the side + of the tomb, which was hung with black. Near were seen the cords and + pulleys which were to lower it into the earth. The coffin was then + uncovered, the Abbe Vignale repeated the usual prayers, and the body was + let down into the grave with the feet to the east. The artillery then + fired three salutes in succession of fifteen discharges each. The + Admiral's vessel had fired during the procession twenty-five minute guns + from time to time. A huge stone, which was to have been employed in the + building of the new house of the Emperor, was now used to close his grave, + and was lowered till it rested on a strong stone wall so as not to touch + the coffin. While the grave was closed the crowd seized upon the willows, + which the former presence of Napoleon had already rendered objects of + veneration. Every one was ambitious to possess a branch or some leaves of + these trees which were henceforth to shadow the tomb of this great man, + and to preserve them as a precious relic of so memorable a scene. The + Governor and Admiral endeavoured to prevent this outrage, but in vain. The + Governor, however, surrounded the spot afterwards with a barricade, where + he placed a guard to keep off all intruders. The tomb of the Emperor was + about a league from Longwood. It was of a quadrangular shape, wider at top + than at bottom; the depth about twelve feet. The coffin was placed on two + strong pieces of wood, and was detached in its whole circumference. + </p> + <p> + The companions of Napoleon returned to France, and the island gradually + resumed its former quiet state, while the willows weeping over the grave + guarded the ashes of the man for whom Europe had been all too small. + </p> + <p> + <a name="linklink2H_4_0131" id="link2H_4_0131"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + </h2> + <p> + A sect cannot be destroyed by cannon-balls Ability in making it be + supposed that he really possessed talent Absurdity of interfering with + trifles Admired him more for what he had the fortitude not to do Always + proposing what he knew could not be honourably acceded to An old man's + blessing never yet harmed any one Animated by an unlucky zeal Buried for + the purpose of being dug up Calumny such powerful charms Cause of war + between the United States and England Conquest can only be regarded as the + genius of destruction Demand everything, that you may obtain nothing Die + young, and I shall have some consolatory reflection Every time we go to + war with them we teach them how to beat us Every one cannot be an atheist + who pleases Go to England. The English like wrangling politicians God in + his mercy has chosen Napoleon to be his representative on earth Grew more + angry as his anger was less regarded Had neither learned nor forgotten + anything I have made sovereigns, but have not wished to be one myself I do + not live—I merely exist Ideologues Immortality is the recollection + one leaves Kings feel they are born general: whatever else they cannot do + Kiss the feet of Popes provided their hands are tied Let women mind their + knitting Malice delights to blacken the characters of prominent men + Manufacturers of phrases More glorious to merit a sceptre than to possess + one Most celebrated people lose on a close view Necessary to let men and + things take their course Nothing is changed in France: there is only one + Frenchman more Put some gold lace on the coats of my virtuous republicans + Religion is useful to the Government Rights of misfortune are always + sacred Something so seductive in popular enthusiasm Strike their + imaginations by absurdities than by rational ideas Submit to events, that + he might appear to command them Tendency to sell the skin of the bear + before killing him That consolation which is always left to the + discontented The boudoir was often stronger than the cabinet The wish and + the reality were to him one and the same thing Those who are free from + common prejudices acquire others To leave behind him no traces of his + existence Treaties of peace no less disastrous than the wars Treaty, + according to custom, was called perpetual Trifles honoured with too much + attention Were made friends of lest they should become enemies When a man + has so much money he cannot have got it honestly Would enact the more in + proportion as we yield Yield to illusion when the truth was not + satisfactory + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, Complete +by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON *** + +***** This file should be named 3567-h.htm or 3567-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.net/3/5/6/3567/ + +Produced by David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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