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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Word Hoosier; John Finley, by 
+Jacob Piatt Dunn and Sarah A. Wrigley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Word Hoosier; John Finley
+       Indiana Historical Society Publications, Volume IV, Number 2
+
+Author: Jacob Piatt Dunn
+        Sarah A. Wrigley
+
+Release Date: March 20, 2011 [EBook #35634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORD HOOSIER; JOHN FINLEY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, David E. Brown and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
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+
+    INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS
+
+    VOLUME IV          NUMBER 2
+
+    THE WORD HOOSIER
+
+    _By_ JACOB PIATT DUNN
+
+    AND
+
+    JOHN FINLEY
+
+    _By_ MRS. SARAH A. WRIGLEY
+    (His Daughter)
+
+    INDIANAPOLIS
+    THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY
+    1907
+
+
+
+
+THE WORD "HOOSIER."
+
+
+During the period of about three-quarters of a century in which the
+State of Indiana and its people have been designated by the word
+"Hoosier," there has been a large amount of discussion of the origin and
+meaning of the term, but with a notable lack of any satisfactory result.
+Some of these discussions have been almost wholly conjectural in
+character, but others have been more methodical, and of the latter the
+latest and most exhaustive--that of Mr. Meredith Nicholson[1]--sums up
+the results in the statement "The origin of the term 'Hoosier' is not
+known with certainty." Indeed the statement might properly have been
+made much broader, for a consideration of the various theories offered
+leaves the unprejudiced investigator with the feeling that the real
+solution of the problem has not even been suggested. This lack of
+satisfactory conclusions, however, may be of some value, for it strongly
+suggests the probability that the various theorists have made some false
+assumption of fact, and have thus been thrown on a false scent, at the
+very beginning of their investigations.
+
+As is natural in such a case, there has been much of assertion of what
+was merely conjectural, often accompanied by the pioneer's effort to
+make evidence of his theory by the statement that he was "in Indiana at
+the time and knows the facts." The acceptance of all such testimony
+would necessarily lead to the adoption of several conflicting
+conclusions. In addition to this cause of error, there have crept into
+the discussion several misstatements of fact that have been commonly
+adopted, and it is evident that in order to reach any reliable
+conclusion now, it will be necessary to examine the facts critically and
+ascertain what are tenable.
+
+The traditional belief in Indiana is that the word was first put in
+print by John Finley, in his poem "The Hoosiers Nest," and this is
+noted by Berry Sulgrove, who was certainly as well acquainted with
+Indiana tradition as any man of his time.[2] This belief is at least
+probably well founded, for up to the present time no prior use of the
+word in print has been discovered. This poem attracted much attention at
+the time, and was unquestionably the chief cause of the widespread
+adoption of the word in its application to Indiana, for which reasons it
+becomes a natural starting-point in the inquiry.
+
+It is stated by Oliver H. Smith that this poem originally appeared as a
+New Year's "carriers' address" of the Indianapolis Journal in 1830,[3]
+and this statement has commonly been followed by other writers, but this
+is clearly erroneous, as any one may see by inspection of the files of
+the Journal, for it printed its address in the body of the paper in
+1830, and it is a totally different production. After that year it
+discontinued this practice and issued its addresses on separate sheets,
+as is commonly done at present. No printed copy of the original
+publication is in existence, so far as known, but Mr. Finley's
+daughter--Mrs. Sarah Wrigley, former librarian of the Morrison Library,
+at Richmond, Indiana--has a manuscript copy, in the author's
+handwriting, which fixes the date of publication as Jan. 1, 1833. There
+is no reason to question this date, although Mr. Finley states in his
+little volume of poems printed in 1860, that this poem was written in
+1830. The poem as it originally appeared was never reprinted in full, so
+far as is known, and in that form it is entirely unknown to the present
+generation, although it has been reproduced in several forms, and in two
+of them by direct authority of the author.[4] The author used his
+privilege of revising his work, and while he may have improved his
+poetry, he seriously marred its historical value.
+
+As the manuscript copy is presumably a literal transcript of the
+original publication, with possibly the exception that the title may
+have been added at a later date, I reproduce it here in full:
+
+    ADDRESS
+    Of the Carrier of the Indianapolis Journal,
+    January 1, 1833.
+    THE HOOSIER'S NEST.
+
+      Compelled to seek the Muse's aid,
+    Your carrier feels almost dismay'd
+    When he attempts in nothing less
+    Than verse his patrons to address,
+    Aware how very few excel
+    In the fair art he loves so well,
+    And that the wight who would pursue it
+    Must give his whole attention to it;
+    But, ever as his mind delights
+    To follow fancy's airy flights
+    Some object of terrestrial mien
+    Uncourteously obtrudes between
+    And rudely scatters to the winds
+    The tangled threads of thought he spins;
+    His wayward, wild imagination
+    Seeks objects of its own creation
+    Where Joy and Pleasure, hand in hand,
+    Escort him over "Fairyland,"
+    Till some imperious earth-born care
+    Will give the order, "As you were!"
+    From this the captious may infer
+    That I am but a groveling cur
+    Who would essay to pass for more
+    Than other people take me for,
+    So, lest my friends be led to doubt it,
+    I think I'll say no more about it,
+    But hope that on this noted day
+    My annual tribute of a lay
+    In dogg'rel numbers will suffice
+    For such as are not over nice.
+
+    The great events which have occur'd
+    (And all have seen, or read or heard)
+    Within a year, are quite too many
+    For me to tarry long on any--
+    Then let not retrospection roam
+    But be confined to things at home.
+    A four years' wordy war just o'er
+    Has left us where we were before
+    Old Hick'ry triumphs,--we submit
+    (Although we thought another fit)
+    For all of Jeffersonian school
+    Wish the majority to rule--
+    Elected for another term
+    We hope his measures will be firm
+    But peaceful, as the case requires
+    To nullify the nullifiers--
+    And if executive constructions
+    By inf'rence prove the sage deductions
+    That Uncle Sam's "old Mother Bank"
+    Is managed by a foreign crank
+    And constituted by adoption
+    The "heir apparent" of corruption--
+    No matter if the facts will show
+    That such assertions are not so,
+    His Veto vengeance must pursue her
+    And all that are appended to her--
+    But tho' hard times may sorely press us,
+    And want, and debts, and duns distress us,
+    We'll share a part of Mammon's manna
+    By chart'ring Banks in Indiana.
+
+      Blest Indiana! In whose soil
+    Men seek the sure rewards of toil,
+    And honest poverty and worth
+    Find here the best retreat on earth,
+    While hosts of Preachers, Doctors, Lawyers,
+    All independent as wood-sawyers,
+    With men of every hue and fashion,
+    Flock to this rising "Hoosher" nation.
+    Men who can legislate or plow,
+    Wage politics or milk a cow--
+    So plastic are their various parts,
+    Within the circle of their arts,
+    With equal tact the "Hoosher" loons,
+    Hunt offices or hunt raccoons.
+    A captain, colonel, or a 'squire,
+    Who would ascend a little higher,
+    Must court the people, honest souls.
+    He bows, caresses and cajoles,
+    Till they conceive he has more merit
+    Than nature willed he should inherit,
+    And, running counter to his nature,
+    He runs into the Legislature,
+    Where if he pass for wise and mute,
+    Or chance to steer the proper chute,
+    In half a dozen years or more
+    He's qualified for Congress floor.
+
+      I would not have the world suppose
+    Our public men are all like those,
+    For even in this infant State
+    Some may be wise, and good, and great.
+    But, having gone so far, 'twould seem
+    (Since "Hoosher" manners is the theme)
+    That I, lest strangers take exception,
+    Should give a more minute description,
+    And if my strains be not seraphic
+    I trust you'll find them somewhat graphic.
+
+      Suppose in riding somewhere West
+    A stranger found a "Hoosher's" nest,
+    In other words, a buckeye cabin
+    Just big enough to hold Queen Mab in,
+    Its situation low but airy
+    Was on the borders of a prairie,
+    And fearing he might be benighted
+    He hailed the house and then alighted
+    The "Hoosher" met him at the door,
+    Their salutations soon were o'er;
+    He took the stranger's horse aside
+    And to a sturdy sapling tied;
+    Then, having stripped the saddle off,
+    He fed him in a sugar trough.
+    The stranger stooped to enter in,
+    The entrance closing with a pin,
+    And manifested strong desire
+    To seat him by the log heap fire,
+    Where half a dozen Hoosheroons,
+    With mush and milk, tincups and spoons,
+    White heads, bare feet and dirty faces,
+    Seemed much inclined to keep their places,
+    But Madam, anxious to display
+    Her rough and undisputed sway,
+    Her offspring to the ladder led
+    And cuffed the youngsters up to bed.
+    Invited shortly to partake
+    Of venison, milk and johnny-cake
+    The stranger made a hearty meal
+    And glances round the room would steal;
+    One side was lined with skins of "varments"
+    The other spread with divers garments,
+    Dried pumpkins overhead were strung
+    Where venison hams in plenty hung,
+    Two rifles placed above the door,
+    Three dogs lay stretched upon the floor,
+    In short, the domicile was rife,
+    With specimens of "Hoosher" life.
+
+      The host who centered his affections,
+    On game, and range, and quarter sections
+    Discoursed his weary guest for hours,
+    Till Somnus' ever potent powers
+    Of sublunary cares bereft them
+    And then I came away and left them.
+      No matter how the story ended
+    The application I intended
+    Is from the famous Scottish poet
+    Who seemed to feel as well as know it
+    "That buirdly chiels and clever hizzies
+    Are bred in sic a way as this is."
+    One more subject I'll barely mention
+    To which I ask your kind attention
+    My pockets are so shrunk of late
+    I can not nibble "Hoosher bait."
+
+It will be noted that throughout the manuscript the word is spelled
+"Hoosher" and is always put in quotation marks. Mrs. Wrigley informs me
+that her father had no knowledge of the origin of the word, but found it
+in verbal use when he wrote. She is confident, however, that he coined
+the word "hoosheroon," and the probability of this is increased by the
+fact that he did not quote it in his manuscript. In later editions of
+the poem he used the form "Hoosier." His original spelling shows that
+the word was not common in print, and several years passed before the
+spelling became fixed in its present form.
+
+Although the word "Hoosier" has not been found in print earlier than
+January 1, 1833, it became common enough immediately afterwards. In fact
+the term seems to have met general approval, and to have been accepted
+by everybody. On January 8, 1833, at the Jackson dinner at Indianapolis,
+John W. Davis gave the toast, "The Hooshier State of Indiana."[5] On
+August 3, 1833, the Indiana Democrat published the following prospectus
+of a new paper to be established by ex-Gov. Ray and partner:
+
+     PROSPECTUS
+     FOR PUBLISHING
+     THE HOOSIER
+     AT GREENCASTLE, INDIANA,
+     BY J. B. RAY & W. M. TANNEHILL.
+
+     We intend publishing a real _Newspaper_. To this promise,
+     (though comprehensive enough) we would add, that it is
+     intended to make the _moral_ and political world contribute
+     their full share, in enriching its columns.
+
+     The arts and sciences, and agriculture and commerce, and
+     literature shall all receive a due portion of our care.
+
+     Left to our choice we might refrain from remark on presidential
+     matters; but supposing, that you may require an intimation,
+     suffice it to say, that our past preference has been for
+     General Jackson and his administration; and we deem it
+     premature to decide as to the future without knowing who are to
+     be the candidates. Those men who shall sustain _Western
+     measures_, shall be our men. Believing that there is but _one_
+     interest in the _West_, and but little occasion for partyism
+     beyond the investigation of principles and the conduct of
+     functionaries, we would rather encourage _union_ than excite
+     _division_. We shall constantly keep in view the happiness,
+     interest and prosperity of _all_. To the _good_, this paper
+     will be as a shield; to the _bad_, a terror.
+
+     The Hoosier will be published weekly, at $2 in advance and 25
+     cents for every three months delay of payment, per annum, on a
+     good sheet of paper of superroyal size, to be enlarged to an
+     imperial as the subscription will justify it.
+
+     This paper shall do honor to the people of Putnam county; and
+     we expect to see them patronize us. The press is now at
+     Greencastle. Let subscription papers be returned by the 1st of
+     Sept. when the first number will appear.
+
+On Oct. 26, 1833 the Indiana Democrat republished from the Cincinnati
+Republican a discussion of the origin and making of the word "Hoosier,"
+which will be quoted in full hereafter, which shows that the term had
+then obtained general adoption. C. F. Hoffman, a traveler who passed
+through the northern part of the state, says, under date of Dec. 29,
+1833:
+
+     I am now in the land of the _Hooshiers_, and find that
+     long-haired race much more civilized than some of their Western
+     neighbors are willing to represent them. The term "Hooshier,"
+     like that of Yankee, or Buckeye, first applied contemptuously,
+     has now become a _soubriquet_ that bears nothing invidious with
+     it to the ear of an Indianian.[6]
+
+On Jan. 4, 1834, the Indiana Democrat quoted from the Maysville, Ky.,
+Monitor, "The _Hoosier_ State like true democrats have taken the lead in
+appointing delegates to a National Convention etc." On May 10, 1834, the
+Indianapolis Journal printed the following editorial paragraph:
+
+     The Hooshier, started some time ago by Messrs. Ray and
+     Tannehill, at Greencastle, has sunk into repose; and a new
+     paper entitled the "Greencastle Advertiser," published by
+     James M. Grooms, has taken its place.
+
+It is quite possible that this statement was made with the mischievous
+intent of stirring up Gov. Ray, for he was rather sensitive, and the
+Whigs seemed to delight in starting stories that called forth indignant
+denials from him. If this was the purpose it was successful, for on May
+31 the Journal said:
+
+     We understand that another No. of the Hooshier has been
+     recently received in town, and that it contains quite a bitter
+     complaint about our remark a week or two ago, that it had "sunk
+     into repose." We assure the Editor that we made the remark as a
+     mere matter of news, without any intention to rejoice at the
+     suspension of the paper. Several weeks had passed over without
+     any paper being received, and it was currently reported that it
+     had "blowed out" and therefore, as a mere passing remark, we
+     stated that it had "sunk into repose." We have no objection
+     that it should live a thousand years.
+
+The new paper, however, did not last as long as that. It was sold in the
+fall of 1834 to J. W. Osborn who continued the publication, but changed
+the name, in the following spring, to the "Western Plough Boy." On Sept.
+19, 1834, the Indiana Democrat had the following reference to Mr.
+Finley:
+
+     The poet _laureat_ of Hoosierland and editor of the Richmond
+     Palladium has threatened to cut acquaintance with B. of the
+     Democrat!! The gentleman alluded to is the same individual that
+     was unceremoniously robbed, by the Cincinnati Chronicle, of the
+     credit of immortalizing our State in verse, by that justly
+     celebrated epic of the "Hoosier's Nest."
+
+On Nov. 29. 1834, the Vincennes Sun used the caption, "Hoosier and
+Mammoth Pumpkins," over an article reprinted from the Cincinnati Mirror
+concerning a load of big pumpkins from Indiana.
+
+These extracts sufficiently demonstrate the general acceptation of the
+name in the two years following the publication of Finley's poem. The
+diversified spelling of the word at this period shows that it was new in
+print, and indeed some years elapsed before the now accepted spelling
+became universal. On Jan. 6, 1838 the Ft. Wayne Sentinel, republished
+the portion of the poem beginning with the words, "Blest Indiana, in
+her soil." It was very probable that this publication was made directly
+from an original copy of the carrier's address, for Thomas Tigar, one of
+the founders and editors of the Ft. Wayne Sentinel, had been connected
+with the Indianapolis press in January 1833, and the old-fashioned
+newspaperman was accustomed to preserve articles that struck his fancy,
+and reproduce them. In this publication the poem is given as in the
+Finley manuscript, except that the first two times the word occurs it is
+spelled "hoosier" and once afterward "hoosheer," the latter evidently a
+typograpical error. At the other points it is spelled "hoosher." This
+original form of the word also indicates that there has been some change
+in the pronunciation, and this is confirmed from another source. For
+many years there have been perodical discussions of the origin of the
+word in the newspapers of the State, and in one of these, which occurred
+in the Indianapolis Journal, in 1860, when numerous contemporaries of
+Finley were still living, Hon. Jere Smith, a prominent citizen of
+Winchester, made this statement:
+
+     My recollection is that the word began to be used in this
+     country in the fall of 1824, but it might have been as late as
+     1826 or 1827, when the Louisville & Portland canal was being
+     made. I first heard it at a corn-husking. It was used in the
+     sense of "rip-roaring," "half horse" and "half alligator," and
+     such like backwoods coinages. It was then, and for some years
+     afterwards, spoken as if spelled "husher," the "u" having the
+     sound it has in "bush," "push," etc. In 1829, 1830 and 1831 its
+     sound glided into "hoosher," till finally Mr. Finley's
+     "Hoosier's Nest" made the present orthography and pronunciation
+     classical, and it has remained so since.[7]
+
+Of course, this is not conclusive evidence that there was a change in
+pronunciation, for Mr. Smith's observation may have extended to one
+neighborhood only, and it may have taken on a variant pronunciation at
+the start, but his testimony, in connection with the changed spelling,
+is certainly very plausible.
+
+There have been offered a number of explanations of the origin of the
+word, and naturally those most commonly heard are those that have been
+most extensively presented in print. Of the "authorities" on the subject
+perhaps the best known is Bartlett "Dictionary of Americanism's" which
+was originally published in 1838 and was widely circulated in that and
+the subsequent edition, besides being frequently quoted. Its statement
+is as follows:
+
+     Hoosier. A nickname given at the West, to natives of Indiana.
+
+     A correspondent of the Providence Journal, writing from
+     Indiana, gives the following account of the origin of this
+     term:
+       Throughout all the early Western settlements were men
+       who rejoiced in their physical strength, and on numerous
+       occasions, at log-rollings and house-raisings, demonstrated
+       this to their entire satisfaction. They were styled by their
+       fellow-citizens, hushers, from their primary capacity to still
+       their opponents. It was a common term for a bully throughout
+       the West. The boatmen of Indiana were formerly as rude and
+       primitive a set as could well belong to a civilized country,
+       and they were often in the habit of displaying their pugilistic
+       accomplishments upon the levee at New Orleans. Upon a certain
+       occasion there one of these rustic professors of the "noble
+       art" very adroitly and successfully practiced the "fancy" upon
+       several individuals at one time. Being himself not a native of
+       the Western world, in the exuberance of his exultation he
+       sprang up, exclaiming, in a foreign accent, "I'm a hoosier, I'm
+       a hoosier." Some of the New Orleans papers reported the case,
+       and afterwards transferred the corruption of the word "husher"
+       (hoosier) to all the boatmen from Indiana, and from thence to
+       all her citizens. The Kentuckians, on the contrary, maintained
+       that the nickname expresses the gruff exclamation of their
+       neighbors, when one knocks at a door, etc., "Who's yere?"
+
+Both of these theories have had adherents, and especially the latter,
+though nobody has ever found any basis for their historical features
+beyond the assertion of this newspaper correspondent. Nobody has ever
+produced any evidence of the use of the word "husher" as here indicated.
+It is not found in any dictionary of any kind--not even in Bartlett's. I
+have never found any indication of its former use or its present
+survival. And there is no greater evidence of the use of the expression
+"Who's yere?" when approaching a house. As a matter of fact, the common
+custom when coming to a house and desiring communication with the
+residents was to call, "Hallo the house!" And this custom is referred
+to in Finley's line:
+
+     He hailed the house, and then alighted.
+
+Furthermore, if a person who came to a house called "Who's yere?" what
+cause would there be for calling the people who lived in the house
+"who's yeres?" There is neither evidence nor reason to support it. But
+there is still a stronger reason for discarding these theories, and most
+others. To produce the change of a word or term by corruption, there
+must be practical identity of sound and accent. It was natural enough
+for the Indiana pioneers to convert "au poste" into "Opost." It was
+natural enough for the New Mexican settlers to change "Jicarilla" to
+"Hickory." It was natural enough for the Colorado cowboys to transform
+"Purgatoire river" to "Picketwire river." But there is scant possibility
+of changing "husher," or "who's yere"--as it would probably be
+spoken--into "hoosh-er." This consideration has led to the suggestion
+that the expression from which the word came was "who is yer?" but there
+is nothing to support this. The early settlers did not use "is" for
+"are" but usually pronounced the latter "air." And they did not say
+"yer" for "you," though they often used it for "your."
+
+Another theory, almost as popular as these, derives the word from
+"hussar," and this theory, in its various forms, harks back to a Col.
+John Jacob Lehmanowsky, who served under Napoleon, and afterwards
+settled in Indiana, where he became widely known as a lecturer on the
+Napoleonic wars. The tradition preserved in his family is that once
+while in Kentucky he became engaged in a dispute with some natives, and
+sought to settle the matter by announcing that he was a hussar. They
+understood him to say that he was a "hoosier," and thereafter applied
+that name to everybody from Indiana. This theory has several shapes, one
+being presented by the Rev. Aaron Wood, the pioneer preacher, thus:
+
+     The name "hoosier" originated as follows: When the young men of
+     the Indiana side of the Ohio river went to Louisville, the
+     Kentucky men boasted over them, calling them "New Purchase
+     Greenies," claiming to be a superior race, composed of half
+     horse, half alligator, and tipped off with snapping turtle.
+     These taunts produced fights in the market house and streets of
+     Louisville. On one occasion a stout bully from Indiana was
+     victor in a fist fight, and having heard Colonel Lehmanowsky
+     lecture on the "Wars of Europe," who always gave martial
+     prowess to the German Hussars in a fight, pronouncing hussars
+     "hoosiers" the Indianian, when the Kentuckian cried "enough,"
+     jumped up and said: "I am a Hoosier," and hence the Indianians
+     were called by that name. This was its true origin. I was in
+     the State when it occured.[8]
+
+Unfortunately, others are equally positive as to their "true origins."
+The chief objection that has been urged to this theory is that
+Lehmanowsky was not in the State when the term began to be used, and the
+evidence on this point is not very satisfactory. His son, M. L.
+Lehmanowsky, of DePauw, Ind., informs me that his father came to this
+country in 1815, but he is unable to fix the date of his removal to
+Indiana. Published sketches of his life[9] state that he was with
+Napoleon at Waterloo; that he was afterwards imprisoned at Paris; that
+he escaped and made his way to New York; that he remained for several
+years at New York and Philadelphia where he taught school; that he came
+to Rush county, Indiana, and there married and bought a farm; that after
+bearing him seven children his wife died; that he then removed to
+Harrison county, arriving there in 1837. These data would indicate that
+he came to Indiana sometime before 1830. The date of the deed to his
+farm, as shown by the Rush county records, is April 30, 1835. Aside from
+the question of date, it is not credible that a Polish officer
+pronounced "hussar" "hoosier," or that from the use of that word by a
+known foreigner a new term could spring into existence, and so quickly
+be applied to the natives of the State where he chanced to live.
+
+To these theories of the origin of the word may be added one
+communicated to me by James Whitcomb Riley, whose acquaintance with
+dialect makes him an authority on the subject. It is evidently of later
+origin than the others, and not so well known to the public. A casual
+conversation happening to turn to this subject, he said: "These stories
+commonly told about the origin of the word 'Hoosier' are all nonsense.
+The real origin is found in the pugnacious habits of the early settlers.
+They were very vicious fighters, and not only gouged and scratched, but
+frequently bit off noses and ears. This was so ordinary an affair that a
+settler coming into a bar room on a morning after a fight, and seeing an
+ear on the floor, would merely push it aside with his foot and
+carelessly ask, 'Who's year'?" I feel safe in venturing the opinion that
+this theory is quite as plausible, and almost as well sustained by
+historical evidence, as any of the others.
+
+In this connection it is of interest to note the earliest known
+discussion of the meaning of the word, which has been referred to as
+republished in the Indiana Democrat of Oct. 26, 1833. It is as follows:
+
+     HOOSHIER.
+
+     The appellation of Hooshier has been used in many of the
+     Western States, for several years, to designate, in a good
+     natural way, an inhabitant of our sister state of Indiana.
+     Ex-Governor Ray has lately started a newspaper in Indiana,
+     which he names "The Hoshier" (sic). Many of our ingenious
+     native philologists have attempted, though very
+     unsatisfactorily, to explain this somewhat singular term.
+     Mordecai M. Noah, in the late number of his Evening Star,
+     undertakes to account for it upon the faith of a rather
+     apocryphal story of a recruiting officer, who was engaged
+     during the last war, in enlisting a company of HUSSARS, whom by
+     mistake he unfortunately denominated Hooshiers. Another
+     etymologist tells us that when the state of Indiana was being
+     surveyed, the surveyors, on finding the residence of a
+     squatter, would exclaim "_Who's here_,"--that this exclamation,
+     abbreviated to _Hooshier_ was, in process of time, applied as a
+     distinctive appellation to the original settlers of that state,
+     and, finally to its inhabitants generally. Neither of these
+     hypotheses are deserving any attention. The word Hooshier is
+     indebted for its existence to that once numerous and unique,
+     but now extinct class of mortals called the Ohio Boatmen.--In
+     its original acceptation it was equivalent to "Ripstaver,"
+     "Scrouger," "Screamer," "Bulger," "Ring-tailroarer," and a
+     hundred others, equally expressive, but which have never
+     attained to such a respectable standing as itself. By some
+     caprice which can never be explained, the appellation Hooshier
+     became confined solely to such boatmen as had their homes upon
+     the Indiana shore, and from them it was gradually applied to
+     all the Indianians, who acknowledge it as good naturedly as the
+     appellation of Yankee--Whatever may have been the original
+     acceptation of Hooshier this we know, that the people to whom
+     it is now applied, are amongst the bravest, most intelligent,
+     most enterprising, most magnanimous, and most democratic of the
+     Great West, and should we ever feel disposed to quit the state
+     in which we are now sojourning, our own noble Ohio, it will be
+     to enroll ourselves as adopted citizens in the land of the
+     "HOOSHIER."--Cincinnati Republican.
+
+Here is a presentation of the question, ten months after Finley's
+publication, covering most of the ground that has since been occupied.
+The "hussar" theory is carried back to the war of 1812, long before Col.
+Lehmanowsky was in this country. The "who's here" theory is carried back
+to the government surveys, although it is certain that there were few,
+if any, "squatters" on government lands in Indiana before the surveys
+were made. The "husher" theory, in embryo, is presented in the writers
+theory, which is apparently conjectural, except perhaps as evidence that
+the word was applied to the rather rough-looking class of flat-boatmen
+who made their trips down the Ohio and Mississippi.
+
+There has been notable tendency to locate these stories at Louisville,
+and to connect them with the building of the Louisville and Portland
+canal which was under construction from 1826 to 1831, inclusive. The
+"husher" story is located there by several of its advocates. Another
+story, of recent origin, coming from one Vanblaricum, was recounted by
+Mr. George Cottman in the Indianapolis Press of February 6, 1901.
+Vanblaricum claimed that while passing through southern Tennessee he met
+a man named Hoosier, and this man said that a member of his family had a
+contract on the construction of the Louisville and Portland canal; that
+he employed his laborers from the Indiana side, and the neighbors got to
+calling them "Hoosier's men," from which the name "Hoosier" came to be
+applied to Indiana men generally. Vanblaricum could not give the
+address of his informant, or any information tending to confirm the
+story. At my request Mr. Louis Ludlow, Washington correspondent of the
+Indianapolis Sentinel, made inquiry of the representatives from the
+southern districts of Tennessee, and learned that none of them had ever
+heard of such a story, or knew of the name "Hoosier" in his district. An
+examination of the directories of Atlanta, Augusta, Baltimore,
+Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Little Rock, Louisville, Memphis,
+Nashville, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Richmond, St. Louis, St. Joseph,
+Savannah, Wheeling, Wilmington, the District of Columbia, and the state
+of Tennessee, failed to reveal any such name as Hoosier. As it is hardly
+possible for a family name to disappear completely, we may reasonably
+drop the Vanblaricum story from consideration. The same conclusion will
+also apply to the story of a Louisville baker, named Hoosier, from whom
+the term is sometimes said to have come. It is now known that the
+occurrence of "Hoosier" as a Christian name in the minutes of an early
+Methodist conference in Indiana, was the result of misspelling. The
+members name was "Ho-si-er (accent on the second syllable) J. Durbin,"
+and the secretary in writing it put in an extra "o." It may be mentioned
+in this connection that "Hooser" is a rather common family name in the
+South, and that "Hoos" is occasionally found.
+
+One of the most interesting wild-goose chases I ever indulged in was
+occasioned by a passage in the narrative of Francis and Theresa Pulszky,
+entitled "White, Red and Black." The Pulskys accompanied Kossuth on his
+trip through the States and visited Indianapolis in 1852. In the account
+of this visit Mrs. Pulszky says:
+
+     Governor Wright is a type of the Hoosiers, and justly proud to
+     be one of them. I asked him wherefrom his people had got this
+     name. He told me that "Hoosa" is the Indian name for maize, the
+     principal produce of the State.
+
+     This opened a new vista. The names "Coosa" and "Tallapoosa"
+     came to memory. How simple! The Indiana flatboatmen taking
+     their loads of corn down the river were called "Hoosa men" by
+     the Southern Indians, and so the name originated. But a search
+     of Indian vocabularies showed no such name for maize or for
+     anything else. The nearest approaches to it are "Hoosac" and
+     "Housatonic," which are both probably corruptions from the same
+     stem, "awass," meaning beyond or further. The latter word is
+     supposed to be the Indian "wassatinak," which is the New
+     England form of the Algonquin "awassadinang," meaning beyond
+     the mountains.
+
+In 1854 Amelia M. Murray visited Indianapolis, and was for a time the
+guest of Governor Wright. In her book entitled "Letters from the United
+States, Cuba and Canada" (page 324), she says:
+
+     Madame Pfeiffer (she evidently meant Mrs. Pulszky, for Madame
+     Pfeiffer did not come here and does not mention the subject)
+     mistook Governor Wright, when she gave from his authority
+     another derivation for the word "Hoosier." It originated in a
+     settler's exclaiming "Huzza," upon gaining the victory over a
+     marauding party from a neighboring State.
+
+With these conflicting statements, I called on Mr. John C. Wright, son
+of Governor Wright. He remembered the visits of the Pulszkys and Miss
+Murray, but knew nothing of Madame Pfeiffer. He said: "I often heard my
+father discuss this subject. His theory was that the Indiana flatboatmen
+were athletic and pugnacious, and were accustomed, when on the levees of
+the Southern cities, to 'jump up and crack their heels together' and
+shout 'Huzza,' whence the name of 'huzza fellows.' We have the same idea
+now in 'hoorah people,' or 'a hoorah time.'"
+
+It will be noted that all these theories practically carry three
+features in common:
+
+1. They are alike in the idea that the word was first applied to a
+rough, boisterous, uncouth, illiterate class of people, and that the
+word originally implied this character.
+
+2. They are alike in the idea that the word came from the South, or was
+first applied by Southern people.
+
+3. They are alike in the idea that the word was coined for the purpose
+of designating Indiana people, and was not in existence before it was
+applied to them.
+
+If our primary suspicion be correct, that all the investigators and
+theorists have followed some false lead from the beginning, it will
+presumably be found in one of these three common features. Of the three,
+the one that would more probably have been derived from assumption than
+from observation is the third. If we adopt the hypothesis that it is
+erroneous, we have left the proposition that the word "hoosier," was in
+use at the South, signifying a rough or uncouth person, before it was
+applied to Indiana; and if this were true it would presumably continue
+to be used there in that sense. Now this condition actually exists, as
+appears from the following evidence.
+
+In her recent novel, "In Connection with the De Willoughby Claim," Mrs.
+Frances Hodgson Burnett refers several times to one of her characters--a
+boy from North Carolina--as a "hoosier." In reply to an inquiry she
+writes to me:
+
+     The word "hoosier" in Tennessee and North Carolina seems to
+     imply, as you suggest, an uncouth sort of rustic. In the days
+     when I first heard it my idea was also that--in agreement with
+     you again--it was a slang term. I think a Tennesseean or
+     Carolinian of the class given to colloquialisms would have
+     applied the term "hoosier" to any rustic person without
+     reference to his belonging to any locality in particular. But
+     when I lived in Tennessee I was very young and did not inquire
+     closely into the matter.
+
+Mrs. C. W. Bean, of Washington, Ind., furnishes me this statement:
+
+     In the year 1888, as a child, I visited Nashville, Tenn. One
+     day I was walking down the street with two of my aunts, and our
+     attention was attracted by a large number of mountaineers on
+     the streets, mostly from northern Georgia, who had come in to
+     some sort of society meeting. One of my aunts said, "What a lot
+     of hoosiers there are in town." In surprise I said, "Why I am a
+     Hoosier." A horrified look came over my aunt's face and she
+     exclaimed, "For the Lord's sake, child, don't let any one here
+     know you're a hoosier." I did not make the claim again for on
+     inspection the visitors proved a wild-looking lot who might be
+     suspected of never having seen civilization before.
+
+Miss Mary E. Johnson, of Nashville, Tenn., gives the following
+statement:
+
+     I have been familiar with the use of the word "hoosier" all my
+     life, and always as meaning a rough class of country people.
+     The idea attached to it, as I understand it, is not so much
+     that they are from the country, as that they are green and
+     gawky. I think the sense is much the same as in "hayseed,"
+     "jay" or "yahoo."
+
+Hon. Thetus W. Sims, Representative in Congress from the Tenth Tennessee
+district, says:
+
+     I have heard all my life of the word "hoosier" as applied to an
+     ignorant, rough, unpolished fellow.
+
+Mrs. Samuel M. Deal (formerly Miss Mary L. Davis of Indianapolis) gives
+me this statement:
+
+     While visiting Columbia, S. C., I was walking one day with a
+     young gentleman, and we passed a rough looking countryman, "My!
+     what a hoosier," exclaimed my escort. "That is a very noble
+     term to apply to such an object," I said. "Why so," he
+     inquired. "Why I am a Hoosier--all Indiana people are," I
+     answered. "Oh! we do not use it in that sense here," he
+     rejoined. "With us a hoosier means a jay."
+
+The following three statements were furnished to me by Mr. Meredith
+Nicholson, who collected them some months since:
+
+John Bell Henneman, of the department of English, University of
+Tennessee, Knoxville, writes:
+
+     The word "hoosier" is generally used in Virginia, South
+     Carolina, Tennessee as an equivalent for "a country hoodlum,"
+     "a rough, uncouth countryman," etc. The idea of "country" is
+     always attached to it in my mind, with a degree of
+     "uncouthness" added. I simply speak from my general
+     understanding of the term as heard used in the States mentioned
+     above.
+
+Mr. Raymond Weeks, of Columbia, Mo., writes:
+
+     Pardon my delay in answering your question concerning the word
+     "hoosier" in this section. The word means a native of Indiana,
+     and has a rare popular sense of a backwoodsman, a rustic. One
+     hears: "He is a regular hoosier."
+
+Mrs. John M. Judah, of Memphis, writes:
+
+     About the word "Hoosier"--one hears it in Tennessee often. It
+     always means rough, uncouth, countrified. "I am a Hoosier," I
+     have said, and my friends answer bewilderingly, "But all
+     Indiana-born are Hoosiers," I declare, "What nonsense!" is the
+     answer generally, but one old politician responded with a
+     little more intelligence on the subject: "You Indianians should
+     forget that. It has been untrue for many years." In one of Mrs.
+     Evans's novels--"St. Elmo," I think--a noble philanthropic
+     young Southern woman is reproached by her haughty father for
+     teaching the poor children in the neighborhood--"a lot of
+     hoosiers," he calls them. I have seen it in other books, too,
+     but I can not recall them. In newspapers the word is common
+     enough, in the sense I referred to.
+
+It is scarcely possible that this widespread use of the word in this
+general sense could have resulted if the word had been coined to signify
+a native of Indiana, but it would have been natural enough, if the word
+were in common use as slang in the South, to apply it to the people of
+Indiana. Many of the early settlers were of a rough and ready character,
+and doubtless most of them looked it in their long and toilsome
+emigration, but, more than that, it is an historical fact that about the
+time of the publication of Finley's poem there was a great fad of
+nicknaming in the West, and especially as to the several States. It was
+a feature of the humor of the day, and all genial spirits "pushed it
+along." A good illustration of this is seen in the following passage
+from Hoffman's "Winter in the West"[10] referred to above:
+
+     There was a long-haired "hooshier" from Indiana, a couple of
+     smart-looking "suckers" from the southern part of Illinois, a
+     keen-eyed, leather-belted "badger" from the mines of
+     Ouisconsin, and a sturdy, yoemanlike fellow, whose white capot,
+     Indian moccasins and red sash proclaimed, while he boasted a
+     three years' residence, the genuine "wolverine," or naturalized
+     Michiganian. Could one refuse to drink with such a company? The
+     spokesman was evidently a "red horse" from Kentucky, and
+     nothing was wanting but a "buckeye" from Ohio to render the
+     assemblage as complete as it was select.
+
+This same frontier jocularity furnishes an explanation for the origin of
+several of the theories of the derivation of the name. If an assuming
+sort of person, in a crowd accustomed to the use of "hoosier" in its
+general slang sense, should pretentiously announce that he was a
+"husher," or a "hussar," nothing would be more characteristically
+American than for somebody to observe, "He is a hoosier, sure enough."
+And the victim of the little pleasantry would naturally suppose that the
+joker had made a mistake in the term. But the significance of the word
+must have been quite generally understood, for the testimony is uniform
+that it carried its slurring significance from the start. Still it was
+not materially more objectionable than the names applied to the people
+of other States, and it was commonly accepted in the spirit of humor. As
+Mr. Finley put it, in later forms of his poem:
+
+      With feelings proud we contemplate
+      The rising glory of our State;
+      Nor take offense by application
+    Of its good-natured appellation.
+
+It appears that the word was not generally known throughout the State
+until after the publication of "The Hoosiers' Nest," though it was known
+earlier in some localities, and these localities were points of contact
+with the Southern people. And this was true as to Mr. Finley's locality,
+for the upper part of the Whitewater valley was largely settled by
+Southerners, and from the Tennessee-Carolina mountain region, where the
+word was especially in use. Such settlements had a certain
+individuality. In his "Sketches" (page 38) the Rev. Aaron Wood says:
+
+     Previous to 1830 society was not homogeneous, but in scraps,
+     made so by the electic affinity of race, tastes, sects and
+     interest. There was a wide difference in the domestic habits of
+     the families peculiar to the provincial gossip, dialect and
+     tastes of the older States from which they had emigrated.
+
+The tradition in my own family, which was located in the lower part of
+the Whitewater valley, is that the word was not heard there until "along
+in the thirties." In that region it always carried the idea of roughness
+or uncouthness, and it developed a derivative--"hoosiery"--which was
+used as an adjective or adverb to indicate something that was rough,
+awkward or shiftless. Testimony as to a similar condition in the middle
+part of the Whitewater valley is furnished in the following statement,
+given me by the Rev. T. A. Goodwin:
+
+     In the summer of 1830 I went with my father, Samuel Goodwin,
+     from our home at Brookville to Cincinnati. We traveled in an
+     old-fashioned one-horse Dearborn wagon. I was a boy of twelve
+     years and it was a great occasion for me. At Cincinnati I had a
+     fip for a treat, and at that time there was nothing I relished
+     so much as one of those big pieces of gingerbread that were
+     served as refreshment on muster days, Fourth of July and other
+     gala occasions, in connection with cider. I went into a baker's
+     shop and asked for "a fip's worth of gingerbread." The man
+     said, "I guess you want hoosier-bait," and when he produced it
+     I found that he had the right idea. That was the first time I
+     ever heard the word "hoosier," but in a few years it became
+     quite commonly applied to Indiana people. The gingerbread
+     referred to was cooked in square pans--about fifteen inches
+     across, I should think--and with furrows marked across the top,
+     dividing it into quarter-sections. A quarter-section sold for a
+     fip, which was 6-1/4 cents. It is an odd fact that when Hosier
+     J. Durbin joined the Indiana Methodist Conference, in 1835, his
+     name was misspelled "Hoosier" in the minutes, and was so
+     printed. The word "Hoosier" always had the sense of roughness
+     or uncouthness in its early use.
+
+At the time this statement was made, neither Mr. Goodwin nor I knew of
+the existence of the last four lines of Finley's poem, in which this
+same term "hoosier-bait" occurs, they being omitted in all the ordinary
+forms of the poem. The derivation of this term is obvious, whether
+"bait" be taken in its sense of a lure or its sense of food. It was
+simply something that "hoosiers" were fond of, and its application was
+natural at a time when the ideal of happiness was "a country-boy with a
+hunk of gingerbread."
+
+After the word had been applied to Indiana, and had entered on its
+double-sense stage, writers who were familiar with both uses
+distinguished between them by making it a proper noun when Indiana was
+referred to. An illustration of this is seen in the writings of J. S.
+Robb, author of "The Swamp Doctor in the Southwest" and other humorous
+sketches, published in 1843. He refers to Indiana as "the Hoosier
+state," but in a sketch of an eccentric St. Louis character he writes
+thus:
+
+     One day, opposite the Planter's House, during a military
+     parade, George was engaged in selling his edition of the
+     Advocate of Truth, when a tall hoosier, who had been gazing at
+     him with astonishment for some time, roared out in an
+     immoderate fit of laughter.
+
+     "What do you see so funny in me to laugh at?" inquired George.
+
+     "Why, boss," said the hoosier, "I wur jest a thinkin' ef I'd
+     seed you out in the woods, with all that har on, they would a
+     been the d--dest runnin' done by this 'coon ever seen in them
+     diggins--you're ekill to the elephant! and a leetle the haryest
+     small man I've seen scart up lately."
+
+Unfortunately, however, not many writers were familiar with the double
+use of the word, and the distinction has gradually died out, while
+persistent assertions that the word was coined to designate Indiana
+people have loaded on them all the odium for the significance that the
+word has anywhere.
+
+The real problem of the derivation of the word "hoosier," is not a
+question of the origin of a word formed to designate the State of
+Indiana and its people, but of the origin of a slang term widely in use
+in the South, signifying an uncouth rustic. There seems never to have
+been any attempt at a rational philological derivation, unless we may so
+account Mr. Charles G. Leland's remarks in Barriere and Leland's
+"Dictonary of Slang, Jargon and Cant," which are as follows:
+
+     Hoosier (American). A nickname given to natives of Indiana.
+     Bartlett cites from the Providence journal a story which has
+     the appearance of being an after-manufacture to suit the name,
+     deriving hoosier from "husher--from their primary capacity to
+     still their opponents." He also asserts that the Kentuckians
+     maintained that the nickname expresses the exclamation of an
+     Indianian when he knocks at a door and exclaims "Who's yere?"
+     However, the word originally was not hoosier at all, but
+     hoosieroon, or hoosheroon, hoosier being an abbreviation of
+     this. I can remember that in 1834, having read of hoosiers, and
+     spoken of them a boy from the West corrected me, and said that
+     the word was properly hoosieroon. This would indicate a Spanish
+     origin.
+
+The source of Mr. Leland's error is plain. "Hoosieroon" was undoubtedly
+coined by Mr. Finley to designate a Hoosier child, and what the boy
+probably told Mr. Leland was that the name to apply properly to him
+would be Hoosieroon. But that alone would not dispose wholly of the
+Spanish suggestion, for "oon" or "on" is not only a Spanish ending, but
+is a Spanish diminutive indicating blood relation. In reality, however,
+Mr. Finley did not understand Spanish, and the ending was probably
+suggested to him by quadroon and octoron, which, of course, were in
+general use. There is no Spanish word that would give any suggestion of
+"hoosier." The only other language of continental Europe that could be
+looked to for its origin would be French, but there is no French word
+approaching it except, perhaps, "huche," which means a kneading trough,
+and there is no probability of derivation from that.
+
+In fact, "hoosier" carries Anglo-Saxon credentials. It is Anglo-Saxon in
+form and Anglo-Saxon in ring. If it came from any foreign language, it
+has been thoroughly anglicized. And in considering its derivation it is
+to be remembered that the Southerners have always had a remarkable
+faculty for creating new words and modifying old ones. Anyone who has
+noted the advent of "snollygoster" in the present generation, or has
+read Longstreet's elucidation of "fescue," "abisselfa," and
+"anpersant"[11] will readily concede that. And in this connection it is
+to be observed that the word "yahoo" has long been in use in Southern
+slang, in almost exactly the same sense as "hoosier," and the latter
+word may possibly have developed from its last syllable. We have a very
+common slang word in the North--"yap"--with the same signification,
+which may have come from the same source, though more probably from the
+provincial English "yap," to yelp or bark. "Yahoo" is commonly said to
+have been coined by Swift, but there is a possibility that it was in
+slang use in his day.
+
+It is very probable that the chief cause of the absence of conjectures
+of the derivation of "Hoosier" from an English stem was the lack in our
+dictionaries of any word from which it could be supposed to come, and it
+is a singular fact that in our latest dictionaries--the Standard and the
+Century--there appears the word "hoose," which has been in use for
+centuries in England. It is used now to denote a disease common to
+calves, similar to the gapes in chickens, caused by the lodgement of
+worms in the throat. The symptons of this disease include staring eyes,
+rough coat with hair turned backward, and hoarse wheezing. So forlorn an
+aspect might readily suggest giving the name "hooser" or "hoosier" to an
+uncouth, rough-looking person. In this country, for some reason, this
+disease has been known only by the name of the worm that causes
+it--"strongylus micrurus"--it sounds very much like "strangle us marcus"
+as the veterinarians pronounce it--but in England "hoose" is the common
+name. This word is from a very strong old stem. Halliwell, in his
+"Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words," gives "hooze" and "hoors,"
+and states that "hoos" occurs in the "Promptorium Parvulorum," and
+"hoozy" in the "Cornwall Glossary," the latter being used also in
+Devonshire. Palmer, in his "Folk-Etymology," says that "hoarst--a
+Lincolnshire word for a cold on the chest, as if that which makes one
+hoarse," is a corruption of the Old English "host," a cough, Danish
+"hoste," Dutch "hoeste," Anglo-Saxon "hweost," a wheeziness; and refers
+to Old English "hoose," to cough, and Cleveland "hooze," to wheeze.
+Descriptions of the effect of hoose on the appearance of animals will be
+found in Armatage's "Cattle Doctor," and in the "Transactions of the
+Highland Society of Scotland," fourth series, Vol. 10, at page 206.
+
+There is also a possibility of a geographical origin for the word, for
+there is a coast parish of Cheshire, England, about seven miles west of
+Liverpool, named Hoose. The name probably refers to the cliffs in the
+vicinity, for "hoo," which occurs both in composition and independently
+in old English names of places, is a Saxon word signifying high.
+However, this is an obscure parish, and no especial peculiarity of the
+people is known that would probably give rise to a distinctive name for
+them.
+
+There is one other possibility that is worthy of mention--that the word
+may come to us through England from the Hindoo. In India there is in
+general use a word commonly written "huzur," which is a respectful form
+of address to persons of rank or superiority. In "The Potter's Thumb"
+Mrs. Steel writes it "hoozur." Akin to it is "housha," the title of a
+village authority in Bengal. It may seem impossible that "hoosier" could
+come from so far off a source, and get it is almost certain that our
+slang word "fakir," and its derivative verb "fake," came from the Hindoo
+through England, whither for many years people of all classes have been
+returning from Indian service. It is even more certain that the word
+"khaki" was introduced from India, and passed into general use in
+English and American nurseries long before khaki-cloth was known to us.
+
+As a matter of fact, words pass from one language to another in slang
+very readily. For example, throughout England and America a kidnapper is
+said in thieves' slang to be "on the kinchin lay," and it can scarcely
+be questioned that this word is direct from the German "kindchen." The
+change in meaning from "huzur" to "hoosier" would be explicable by the
+outlandish dress and looks of the Indian grandees from a native English
+standpoint, and one might naturally say of an uncouth person, "He looks
+like a huzur."
+
+It is not my purpose to urge that any one of these suggested
+possibilities of derivation is preferable to the other, or to assert
+that there may not be other and more rational ones. It is sufficient to
+have pointed out that there are abundant sources from which the word may
+have been derived. The essential point is that Indiana and her people
+had nothing whatever to do with its origin or its signification. It was
+applied to us in raillery, and our only connection with it is that we
+have meekly borne it for some three score years and ten, and have made
+it widely recognized as a badge of honor, rather than a term or
+reproach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Addendum_, February, 1907. The greater part of the preceding was
+published in the Indianapolis News of Aug. 23 and 30, 1902. Afterwards I
+rewrote and enlarged it. Since then there have appeared two publications
+which threw some additional light on the subject. One of these is an
+account of Col. Lehmanowsky, purporting to be autobiographical,
+published under the title, "Under Two Captains," by Rev. W. A. Sadtler,
+Ph. D., of Philadelphia. This demonstrates that Lehmanowsky believed he
+originated the word, for he gives the following account of it:
+
+     In this connection I may mention an amusing incident that
+     occured somewhat later in a town in Kentucky, where I happened
+     for a day or two. There was a drunken brawl in progress on the
+     street, and as quite a number were involved in it, the people
+     with whom I was speaking began to be alarmed. I remarked just
+     then that a few hussars would soon quiet them. My remark was
+     caught up by some bystander, and the word hussar construed to
+     mean the men of the State of Indiana (from which I had just
+     come), and thus the word "Hoosier" came into existence. Such is
+     the irony of fate! Learned men have labored long to introduce
+     some favored word of the most approved classic derivation, and
+     as a rule have failed. Here a chance word of mine, miscalled by
+     an ignorant loafer, catches the popular fancy and passes into
+     Literature.[12]
+
+At the same time he furnishes conclusive evidence that he did not
+originate it, for he says that he did not leave Washington for the West
+until the spring of 1833; that he went as far as Ohio with his family
+and passed the winter of 1833-4 in the state,[13] reaching Indiana the
+next spring, or more than a year after "The Hoosier's Nest" had appeared
+in print. His story, as given above, locates the incident at a still
+later date.
+
+The other publication is the third volume of The English Dialect
+Dictionary, in which appears the following:
+
+"HOOZER, Cum. 4 (hu-zer) said of anything unusually large."
+
+The "Cum 4" is a reference to "A Glossary of the Words and Phrases
+pertaining to the Dialect of Cumberland;" edition of 1899.
+
+Although I had long been convinced that "hoosier," or some word closely
+resembling it, must be an old English dialect or slang word, I had never
+found any trace of a similar substantive with this ending until in this
+publication, and, in my opinion, this word "hoozer" is the original form
+of our "hoosier." It evidently harks back to the Anglo-Saxon "hoo" for
+its derivation. It might naturally signify a hill-dweller or highlander
+as well as something large, but either would easily give rise to the
+derivative idea of uncouthness and rusticity.
+
+There is a suggestiveness in the fact that it is Cumberland dialect. The
+very center of hoosierdom in the South is the Cumberland Plateau with
+its associated Cumberland Mountains, Cumberland River, Cumberland Gap,
+and Cumberland Presbyterianism. The name Cumberland in these, however,
+is honorary in origin, the river and mountains having been named for
+that Duke of Cumberland who is known to the Scotch as "The Butcher of
+Culloden." But many of the settlers of this region, or their immediate
+forebears, were from Cumberland county, England, and so "hoozer" was a
+natural importation to the region. Thence it was probably brought to us
+by their migratory descendants, many of whom settled in the upper
+Whitewater Valley--the home of John Finley.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN FINLEY.
+
+
+For many years Mr. Finley was known as "The Hoosier Poet," an
+appellation since transferred to James Whitcomb Riley, who wrote of him:
+
+    "The voice that sang the Hoosier's Nest--
+    Of Western singers first and best--"
+
+Readers are always interested in the development of an author. They
+naturally inquire of his ancestry, early environment and education: how
+much was due to native talent, how much acquired by association with
+kindred spirits.
+
+Mr. Finley's ancestors were Scotch-Irish Presbyterians; the family was
+driven from Scotland to Ireland by religious persecution, and failing to
+find the religious and political freedom they sought the seven brothers
+emigrated to America, in 1724. Samuel Finley became president of
+Princeton College; John explored the western wilds with Daniel Boone,
+and the youngest brother, William, settled on a farm in Western
+Pennsylvania. His son, Andrew, married and removed to Brownsburg,
+Rockridge county, Virginia, where John Finley was born, January 11,
+1797.
+
+Andrew Finley was a merchant in the village, but the family occupied a
+farm in a beautiful valley near the Blue Ridge Mountains. This mountain
+range could not fail to impress a child of poetic temperament--the blue
+haze veiling its summit, the drifting clouds that clung to its side, the
+rising sun dispersing the mists in the valley, or, the shadows creeping
+over valley and mountain as the setting sun disappeared beyond the
+western horizon, all left lasting pictures in his memory and influenced
+his after life.
+
+His school days were cut short by his father's financial reverses,
+following the capture of a cargo of flour by the British during the war
+of 1812. This misfortune threw the boy of sixteen on his own resources,
+and, as nothing better offered he accepted a position with a relative
+who was conducting a tanning and currying business in Greenbrier county.
+This was a most humiliating alternative for a young Virginian whose
+surroundings led him to look upon manual labor as only fit for slaves,
+but it was part of the discipline of life which resulted in marked
+regard for all practical workmen, and an abhorence of the institution of
+slavery.
+
+In 1816 he joined an emigrant company and with fifty dollars in his
+pocket, a saddle-horse and rifle and a pair of saddle-bags, turned his
+face towards the "Eldorado of the West." His first stopping place was
+Cincinnati, Ohio, but in 1820, we find him in Richmond, Ind., where he
+lived to see a small village develop into a thriving city.
+
+Taking an active part in its growth, he was rewarded by the confidence
+and esteem of his fellow citizens who elected him to various offices of
+trust and responsibility. His official career began in 1822, as Justice
+of the Peace. He represented Wayne county in the Legislature, 1828-31,
+and then was Enrolling Clerk of the Senate for three years. During this
+time he met the leading men of the State and formed many lasting
+friendships. 1833-37, he edited and held a controlling interest in the
+principal newspaper of the county, the Richmond Palladium, and in 1837,
+was elected clerk of the Wayne County Courts, with a term of seven
+years; this necessitated a removal to the county seat, Centerville, but
+on the expiration of the terns (1845) he returned to Richmond, having
+always considered it his home. Elected mayor of the city in the spring
+of 1852, he retained the office, by re-election, until his death,
+December 23, 1866, having almost continuous public service for more than
+forty years.
+
+He was a man of sterling integrity; none who knew him ever doubted his
+word; an oath could not make it more binding. As a member of the Masonic
+fraternity he was active in the relief of the poor and needy; his
+sympathy and assistance were freely given to the ignorant negroes
+seeking refuge in Indiana: he looked upon them as children that had
+been deprived of their birthright.
+
+A self-educated man, his reading covered a wide field; he was familiar
+with standard English authors and was a constant reader of the best
+current periodicals and newspapers, especially those containing the
+opinions of leading statesmen on political questions and internal
+improvements.
+
+He was twice married, and had six children, one son, Maj. John H.
+Finley, gave his life for his country in the war for the Union--from
+this blow the father never recovered. A widow and three daughters
+survived him. Robert Burns was his favorite poet, the humor convulsed
+him with silent laughter, and "Highland Mary," or "The Cotter's Saturday
+Night" brought the quick tears to his eyes.
+
+Mr. Finley's reputation as a poet was established when the Indiana
+Journal published "The Hoosier's Nest," January 1, 1833. It was the
+first "Carrier's Address" written by the author, and was followed by an
+"address" to the Journal for eight or nine years in succession. The
+Palladium also had an annual "address." These were rhyming reviews of
+State and National questions or humorous references to peculiarities of
+candidates for public office. They were of local interest but did not
+arrest general attention as the graphic description of Hoosier life had
+done. After a lapse of seventy-five years "The Hoosier's Nest" is still
+in demand at Old Settlers' Picnics, and at the reunions of the many
+"Hoosier Clubs" springing up wherever Indiana's sons have become
+prominent in the Great West. The following extract is conceded to be the
+best description of pioneer life to be found in print:
+
+      "I'm told in riding somewhere West
+    A stranger found a _Hoosier's Nest_--
+    In other words a Buckeye cabin,
+    Just big enough to hold Queen _Mab_ in;
+    Its situation, low but airy,
+    Was on the borders of a prairie;
+    And fearing he might be benighted,
+    He hailed the house, and then alighted.
+      The Hoosier met him at the door--
+    Their salutations soon were o'er.
+    He took the stranger's horse aside,
+    And to a sturdy sapling tied;
+    Then having stripped the saddle off,
+    He fed him in a sugar trough.
+      The stranger stooped to enter in--
+    The entrance closing with a pin
+    And manifested strong desire
+    To seat him by the log-heap fire,
+    Where half a dozen _Hoosieroons_,
+    With mush and milk, tin cups and spoons,
+    White heads, bare feet, and dirty faces,
+    Seemed much inclined to keep their places,
+    But Madame, anxious to display
+    Her rough but undisputed sway,
+    Her offsprings to the ladder led,
+    And cuffed the youngsters up to bed.
+      Invited shortly to partake
+    Of venison, milk, and _johnny cake_,
+    The stranger made a hearty meal,
+    And glances round the room would steal.
+      One side was lined with divers' garments,
+    The other spread with skins of _varmints_;
+    Dried pumpkins overhead were strung,
+    Where venison hams in plenty hung;
+    Two rifles placed above the door;
+    Three dogs lay stretched upon the floor--
+    In short, the domicile was rife
+    With specimens of Hoosier life."
+
+The word _Hoosieroon_ was coined for the poem, and "_Hoosier_" no longer
+designated a rough, uncouth backwoodsman but a self-reliant man who was
+able to subdue the wilderness, defend his home, and command the respect
+of his neighbors:
+
+    "He is, (and not the little-great)
+    The bone and sinew of the State."
+
+"Bachelor's Hall" was published anonymously, and was immediately
+credited to the Irish poet, Thomas Moore; it was reproduced in England
+and Ireland many times before the authorship was established. It was set
+to music for "Miss Leslie's Magazine," and was sung at a banquet given
+for the members of the Indiana Legislature:
+
+    "Bachelor's Hall! What a quare-looking place it is!
+        Kape me from sich all the days of my life!
+    Sure, but I think what a burnin' disgrace it is,
+        Niver at all to be gettin' a wife.
+    See the ould bachelor, gloomy and sad enough,
+        Placing his tay-kittle over the fire;
+    Soon it tips over--St. Patrick! he's mad enough
+        (If he were present) to fight with the Squire.
+
+    Pots, dishes, pans, and sich grasy commodities,
+        Ashes and praty-skins kiver the floor;
+    His cupboard's a storehouse of comical oddities,
+        Things that had niver been neighbors before.
+    Late in the night then he goes to bed shiverin';
+        Niver the bit is the bed made at all;
+    He crapes like a terrapin under the kiverin':
+        Bad luck to the picture of Bachelor's Hall!"
+
+His poem entitled, Our Home's Fireside, expresses his appreciation of
+domestic life. He felt that the homes of a country are the fountain of
+all true happiness, and the bulwark of civil and religious liberty:
+
+    "There's not a place on earth so dear
+        As our Home's Fireside,
+    When parents, children all draw near
+        To our Home's Fireside;
+    When the toil-spent day is past,
+    And loud roars the wintry blast,
+    Then how sweet to get at last
+        By our Home's Fireside!
+
+    'Tis wedded love's peculiar seat,
+        At our Home's Fireside,
+    Where happiness and virtue meet
+        At our Home's Fireside;
+    When each prattler, loth to miss,
+    Climbs to claim the wonted kiss,
+    'Tis the sum of human bliss,
+        At our Home's Fireside."
+
+He was ambitious to write a National Hymn which should voice the
+patriotism of the people, but this wish was never gratified. The "Ode
+for the Fourth of July" was an effort in that direction--constant
+attention to business prevented the cultivation of his poetical talent:
+
+
+    "ODE FOR THE FOURTH OF JULY."
+
+    Tune--"Hail to the Chief."
+
+    Hail to the day that gave birth to a nation!
+      And hail each remembrance it annu'lly brings!
+    Hail Independence! Thy stern declaration
+      Gave Freedom a home in defiance of Kings.
+                Britain's despotic sway
+                Trammeled thy early day.
+      Infant America, "child of the skies."
+                Till with a daring hand
+                Freedom's immortal band
+      Severed thy shakles and bid thee arise!
+
+    Then was the standard of Liberty planted--
+      The star-spangled banner proud floated on high;
+    Columbia's sons met the foeman undaunted,
+      With firm resolution to conquer or die.
+                Precious the prize they sought,
+                Dearly that prize they bought:
+      Freedom and peace cost the blood of the brave.
+                Heaven befriended them,
+                Fortune attended them--
+      Liberty triumphed o'er tyranny's grave!
+
+    Peace to those patriots, heroes, and sages,
+      Whose glorious legacy now we enjoy!
+    May it descend to the world's latest ages,
+      Like primitive gold, without any alloy!
+                Then let our motto be,
+                "Union and Liberty,"
+    High on our national banner enshrined,
+                Like a bright morning star,
+                Glittering from afar,
+      Casting its beams o'er the world of mankind.
+
+When urged by friends to make a collection of poems for publication; he
+found, (in 1866), that many had been lost beyond recovery, his hope of
+writing something more worthy of preservation made him careless of that
+which had been published; there is, however, considerable variety in the
+collection, ranging from "grave to gay." These are some of the titles;
+"Lines," written on opening a mound on the bank of Whitewater near
+Richmond, Ind. containing a human skeleton. "What is Life," "What is
+Faith," "A Prayer," "My Loves and Hates." This was the first poem
+written for publication. "Valedictory, on closing my term as Clerk of
+the Wayne County Courts."
+
+In lighter vein are, "Advertisment for a Wife," "The Last of the
+Family," "To My Old Coat," and "The Miller."
+
+Mr. Finley was not a church member but his creed is embraced in the
+following sentence--"The Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man."
+
+An unpublished fragment, found after death in the pocket-book he
+carried, shows his truly devotional spirit:--
+
+    "My Heav'nly Father! deign to hear
+      The supplications of a child,
+    Who would before thy throne appear,
+      With spirit meek, and undefiled.
+
+    Let not the vanities of earth
+      Forbid that I should come to Thee,
+    Of such as I, (by Heav'nly birth)
+      Thy Kingdom, Thou hast said, shall be."
+
+
+  TO JOHN FINLEY.
+
+  By Benjamin S. Parker.
+
+    "Hail thou poet occidental,
+      First in Indiana's Clime--
+    Whose true passions sentimental,
+      Outward flowed in living rhyme.
+
+    Let no more thy harp, forsaken,
+      Hang upon the willow tree,
+    But again its chords awaken
+      To thy songs blithe melody,
+
+    As thou didst in time now olden,
+      When our Hoosier state was young,
+    'Ere the praises of these golden
+      Days of progress yet were sung."
+
+Strickland W. Gillilan, wrote a "Versified Tribute."
+
+    "He nursed the Infant Hoosier muse
+        When she could scarcely lisp her name;
+      Forerunner of the world's great lights
+        That since have added to her fame,
+        He blazed the way to greater things,
+      With "Hoosier's Nest," and "Bachelor's Hall;"
+        And, while the grand world-chorus rings
+      With songs our Hoosier choir sings,
+        Let not the stream forget the springs,--
+    Let Finley's name before them all."
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+    [1] "The Hoosiers," pp. 20-30.
+
+    [2] History of Indianapolis and Marion County, p. 72.
+
+    [3] "Early Indiana Trials and Sketches," p. 211.
+
+    [4] Coggeshall's "The Poets and Poetry of the West," and Finley's "The
+         Hoosier's Nest and Other Poems" published in 1860.
+
+    [5] Indiana Democrat, Jan. 12, 1833.
+
+    [6] "A Winter in the West," p. 226.
+
+    [7] Indianapolis Journal, January 20, 1860.
+
+    [8] Sketches, p. 45.
+
+    [9] Salem Democrat, October 25, 1899; March 28, 1900.
+
+    [10] Published in 1835, Vol. 1, Page 210.
+
+    [11] Georgia Scenes, page 73.
+
+    [12] Pages 188-9.
+
+    [13] Pages 182-5.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the
+original.
+
+  Page 11: typograpical should be typographical;
+           perodical should be periodical
+  Page 14: occured should be occurred
+  Page 17: Pulskys should be Pulszkys
+  Page 22: electic should be eclectic
+  Page 24: Dictonary should be Dictionary
+  Page 26: symptons should be symptoms
+  Page 28: occured should be occurred
+  Page 32: abhorence should be abhorrence
+  Page 36: shakles should be shackles
+           Advertisment should be Advertisement
+
+Punctuation has been corrected without note.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Word Hoosier; John Finley, by 
+Jacob Piatt Dunn and Sarah A. Wrigley
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