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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:00 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:04:00 -0700 |
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diff --git a/35542-h/35542-h.htm b/35542-h/35542-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f12804 --- /dev/null +++ b/35542-h/35542-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1711 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of House Rats and Mice, by David E. Lantz. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h2 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; + margin-top: 2.5em; +} + +h3 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; + margin-top: 1.5em; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 40%;} +hr.cb {width: 75%;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +ul {list-style-type: none;} + +/* Table of Contents */ +ul.TOC { /* TOC as a whole, or any sub-list of sub-topics in it */ + position: relative; /*makes a "container" for span.tocright */ + width: 85%; /*page-number margin pulls in */ +} + +span.ralign { /* use absolute positioning to move page# right */ + position: absolute; + right: 0; /* right edge against container's right edge */ + top: auto; /* vertical align to original text baseline */ +} + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.hanging { + text-indent: -5%; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} +.smaller {font-size: smaller;} + +.floatright {float:right;} +.right {text-align: right;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; /* don't allow floats to overlap */ + padding: 0; + text-align: center; /* img and caption centered in box */ + margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; /* left margin to set box out from body */ +} + +.caption {font-weight: normal;} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +a,img { border: none; text-decoration: none; } +img.frame { padding:2px; border:2px solid black; } + +.tnote { width: 40em; + border: 1px dashed #808080; + background-color: #f6f6f6; + text-align: justify; + padding: 0.5em; + margin: 80px auto 80px auto; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of House Rats and Mice, by David E. Lantz + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: House Rats and Mice + Farmers' Bulletin 896 + +Author: David E. Lantz + +Release Date: March 10, 2011 [EBook #35542] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOUSE RATS AND MICE *** + + + + +Produced by Erica Pfister-Altschul, Larry B. Harrison and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></div> +<h1>HOUSE RATS AND MICE</h1> + + +<h3>DAVID E. LANTZ<br /> +<span class="smaller">Assistant Biologist</span></h3> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-00-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-00-400.png" width="400" height="386" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +</div> + + +<h2>FARMERS’ BULLETIN 896</h2> + +<h3>UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</h3> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<h3>Contribution from the Bureau of Biological Survey</h3> + +<h4>E. W. NELSON, Chief</h4> + +<p>Washington, D. C. <span class="floatright">October, 1917</span></p> + +<p class="center">Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be +obtained free from the Division of Publications, United States +Department of Agriculture</p> + +<p class="right smaller">WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1917</p> + + +<hr class="cb" /> +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></div> +<p>The rat is the worst animal pest in the world.</p> + +<p>From its home among filth it visits dwellings and +storerooms to pollute and destroy human food.</p> + +<p>It carries bubonic plague and many other diseases +fatal to man and has been responsible for more untimely +deaths among human beings than all the wars +of history.</p> + +<p>In the United States rats and mice each year destroy +crops and other property valued at over $200,000,000.</p> + +<p>This destruction is equivalent to the gross earnings +of an army of over 200,000 men.</p> + +<p>On many a farm, if the grain eaten and wasted by +rats and mice could be sold, the proceeds would more +than pay all the farmer's taxes.</p> + +<p>The common brown rat breeds 6 to 10 times a +year and produces an average of 10 young at a litter. +Young females breed when only three or four months +old.</p> + +<p>At this rate a pair of rats, breeding uninterruptedly +and without deaths, would at the end of three years +(18 generations) be increased to 359,709,482 individuals.</p> + +<p>For centuries the world has been fighting rats +without organization and at the same time has been +feeding them and building for them fortresses for +concealment. If we are to fight them on equal terms +we must deny them food and hiding places. We must +organize and unite to rid communities of these pests. +The time to begin is now.</p> + +<hr class="cb" /> +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></div> +<h2>HOUSE RATS AND MICE.</h2> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<ul class="TOC"> + <li> <span class="ralign">Page.</span></li> + <li><a href="#DESTRUCTIVE_HABITS">Destructive habits</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#PROTECTION_OF_FOOD">Protection of food and other stores</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span> + <ul> + <li><a href="#RAT-PROOF_BUILDING">Rat-proof building</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#KEEPING_FOOD">Keeping food from rats and mice</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a href="#DESTROYING_RATS_AND_MICE">Destroying rats and mice</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></span> + <ul> + <li><a href="#TRAPS">Traps</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#POISONS">Poisons</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#DOMESTIC_ANIMALS">Domestic animals</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#FUMIGATION">Fumigation</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#RAT_VIRUSES">Rat viruses</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#NATURAL_ENEMIES">Natural enemies</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a href="#ORGANIZED_EFFORTS">Organized efforts to destroy rats</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></span> + <ul> + <li><a href="#COMMUNITY_EFFORTS">Community efforts</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></li> + <li><a href="#STATE_AND_NATIONAL_AID">State and national aid</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a href="#IMPORTANT_REPRESSIVE_MEASURES">Important repressive measures</a> + <span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<hr class="cb" /> +<h2><a name="DESTRUCTIVE_HABITS" id="DESTRUCTIVE_HABITS"></a>DESTRUCTIVE HABITS OF HOUSE RATS AND MICE.</h2> + +<p>Losses from depredations of house rats amount to many millions +of dollars yearly—to more, in fact, than those from all other +injurious mammals combined. The common house mouse<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the +brown rat<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (fig. 1), too familiar to need description, are pests in +nearly all parts of the country; while two other kinds of house rats, +known as the black rat<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and the roof rat,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> are found within our +borders.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-01-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-01-400.png" width="400" height="178" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1.—Brown rat.</span> +</div> + +<p>Of these four introduced species—for none is native to America—the +brown rat is the most destructive, and, except the mouse, the most +numerous and most widely distributed. Brought to America just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +before the Revolution, it has supplanted and nearly exterminated +its less robust relative the black rat; and in spite of the constant warfare +of man has extended its range and steadily increased in numbers. +Its dominance is due to its great fecundity and its ability to adapt +itself to all sorts of surroundings. It breeds (in the middle part of +the United States) six or more times a year and produces from 6 to +20 young (average 10) in a litter. Females breed when only 3 or 4 +months old. Thus a pair, breeding uninterruptedly and without +deaths, could in three years (18 generations) produce a posterity of +359,709,480 individuals. Mice and the black and roof rats produce +smaller litters, but the period of gestation, about 21 days, and the +number of litters are the same for all.</p> + +<p>Rats and mice are practically omnivorous, feeding upon all kinds +of animal and vegetable matter. The brown rat makes its home in +the open field, the hedge row, and the river bank, as well as in stone +walls, piers, and all kinds of buildings. It destroys grains when +newly planted, while growing, and in the shock, stack, mow, crib, +granary, mill, elevator, or ship's hold, and also in the bin and feed +trough. It invades store and warehouse and destroys furs, laces, +silks, carpets, leather goods, and groceries. It attacks fruits, vegetables, +and meats in the markets, and destroys by pollution ten times +as much as it actually eats. It destroys eggs and young poultry, and +eats the eggs and young of song and game birds. It carries disease +germs from house to house and bubonic plague from city to city. +It causes disastrous conflagrations; floods houses by gnawing lead +water pipes; ruins artificial ponds and embankments by burrowing; +and damages foundations, floors, doors, and furnishings of dwellings.</p> + +<p>Unlike the brown rat the black rat rarely migrates to the fields. +It has disappeared from most parts of the Northern States, but is +occasionally found in remote villages or farms. At our seaports it +frequently arrives on ships from abroad, but seldom becomes very +numerous. The roof rat is common in many parts of the South, +where it is a persistent pest in cane and rice fields. It maintains +itself against the brown rat partly because of its habit of living in +trees. The common house mouse by no means confines its activities +to the inside of buildings, but is often found in open fields, where its +depredations in shock and stack are well known.</p> + +<p>Not only are mice and rats, especially the brown rat, a cause of +destruction and damage to property, but they are also a constant +menace to the health of man. It has been proved that they are the +chief means of perpetuating and transmitting bubonic plague and +that they play important rôles in conveying other diseases to human +beings. They are parasites, without redeeming characteristics, and +should everywhere be routed and destroyed.</p> + +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></div> +<h2><a name="PROTECTION_OF_FOOD" id="PROTECTION_OF_FOOD"></a>PROTECTION OF FOOD AND OTHER STORES FROM RATS AND MICE.</h2> + +<p>Past attempts to exterminate rats and mice have failed, not so much +because of lack of effective means as because of the neglect of necessary +precautions and the absence of concerted endeavors. We have +rendered our work abortive by continuing to provide subsistence and +hiding places for the animals. If these advantages are denied, persistent +and general use of the usual methods of destruction will prove +far more successful.</p> + +<h3><a name="RAT-PROOF_BUILDING" id="RAT-PROOF_BUILDING"></a>RAT-PROOF BUILDING.</h3> + +<p>First in importance, as a measure of rat repression, is the exclusion +of the animals from places where they find food and safe retreats for +rearing their young.</p> + +<p>The best way to keep rats from buildings, whether in city or in +country, is to use cement in construction. As the advantages of this +material are coming to be generally understood, its use is rapidly extending +to all kinds of buildings. The processes of mixing and laying +this material require little skill or special knowledge, and +workmen of ordinary intelligence can successfully follow the plain +directions contained in handbooks of cement construction.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Many modern public buildings are so constructed that rats can +find no lodgment in the walls or foundations, and yet in a few years, +through negligence, such buildings often become infested with the +pests. Sometimes drain pipes are left uncovered for hours at a time. +Often outer doors, especially those opening on alleys, are left ajar. +A common mistake is failure to screen basement windows which must +be opened for ventilation. However the intruders are admitted, when +once inside they intrench themselves behind furniture or stores, and +are difficult to dislodge. The addition of inner doors to vestibules is +an important precaution against rats. The lower edge of outer doors +to public buildings, especially markets, should be reinforced with +light metal plates to prevent the animals from gnawing through. +Any opening left around water, steam, or gas pipes, where they go +through walls, should be closed carefully with concrete to the full +depth of the wall.</p> + +<p><b>Dwellings.</b>—In constructing dwelling houses the additional cost of +making the foundations rat-proof is slight compared with the advantages. +The cellar walls should have concrete footings, and the +walls themselves should be laid in cement mortar. The cellar floor +should be of medium rather than lean concrete. Even old cellars +may be made rat-proof at comparatively small expense. Rat holes +may be permanently closed with a mixture of cement, sand, and +broken glass, or sharp bits of crockery or stone.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +On a foundation like the one described above, the walls of a wooden +dwelling also may be made rat-proof. The space between the sheathing +and lath, to the height of about a foot, should be filled with concrete. +Rats can not then gain access to the walls, and can enter the +dwelling only through doors or windows. Screening all basement +and cellar windows with wire netting is a most necessary precaution.</p> + +<p><b>Old buildings in cities.</b>—Aside from old dwellings, the chief refuges +for rats in cities are sewers, wharves, stables, and outbuildings. +Modern sewers are used by the animals merely as highways and not as +abodes, but old-fashioned brick sewers often afford nesting crannies.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-02-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-02-400.png" width="400" height="298" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 2.—Rat-proofing a frame dwelling +by concrete side wall (United States Public Health Service, New Orleans, +La., 1914).</span> +</div> + +<p>Wharves, stables, and outbuildings in cities should be so built as to +exclude rats. Cement is the chief means to this end. Old tumble-down +buildings and wharves should not be tolerated in any city. +(See fig. 2.)</p> + +<p>In both city and country, wooden floors of sidewalks, areas, and +porches are commonly laid upon timbers resting on the ground. +Under such floors rats have a safe retreat from nearly all enemies. +The conditions can be remedied in towns by municipal action requiring +that these floors be replaced by others made of cement. Areas or +walks made of brick are often undermined by rats and may become +as objectionable as those of wood. Wooden floors of porches should +always be well above the ground.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +<b>Farm buildings.</b>—Granaries, corncribs, and poultry houses may be +made rat-proof by a liberal use of cement in the foundations and +floors; or the floors may be of wood resting upon concrete. Objection +has been urged against concrete floors for horses, cattle, and poultry, +because the material is too good a conductor of heat, and the health +of the animals suffers from contact with these floors. In poultry +houses, dry soil or sand may be used as a covering for the cement +floor, and in stables a wooden floor resting on concrete is just as satisfactory +so far as the exclusion of rats is concerned.</p> + +<p>The common practice of setting corncribs on posts with inverted +pans at the top often fails to exclude rats, because the posts are not +high enough to place the lower cracks of the structure beyond reach +of the animals. As rats are excellent jumpers, the posts should be +tall enough to prevent the animals from obtaining a foothold at any +place within 3 feet of the ground. A crib built in this way, however, +is not very satisfactory.</p> + +<p>For a rat-proof crib a well-drained site should be chosen. The +outer walls, laid in cement, should be sunk about 20 inches into the +ground. The space within the walls should be grouted thoroughly +with cement and broken stone and finished with rich concrete for a +floor. Upon this the structure may be built. Even the walls of the +crib may be of concrete. Corn will not mold in contact with them, +provided there is good ventilation and the roof is water-tight.</p> + +<p>However, there are cheaper ways of excluding rats from either +new or old corncribs. Rats, mice, and sparrows may be kept out +effectually by the use of either an inner or an outer covering of galvanized-wire +netting of half-inch mesh and heavy enough to resist +the teeth of the rats. The netting in common use in screening cellar +windows is suitable for covering or lining cribs. As rats can climb +the netting, the entire structure must be screened, or, if sparrows are +not to be excluded, the wire netting may be carried up about 3 +feet from the ground, and above this a belt of sheet metal about a +foot in width may be tacked to the outside of the building.</p> + +<p>Complete working drawings for the practical rat-proof corncrib +shown in figures 3 and 4 may be obtained from the Office of Public +Roads and Rural Engineering of the department.</p> + +<p><b>Buildings for storing foodstuffs.</b>—Whenever possible, stores of food +for man or beast should be placed only in buildings of rat-proof +construction, guarded against rodents by having all windows near +the ground and all other possible means of entrance screened with +netting made of No. 18 or No. 20 wire and of ¼-inch mesh. Entrance +doors should fit closely, should have the lower edges protected by +wide strips of metal, and should have springs attached, to insure that +they shall not be left open. Before being used for housing stores, +the building should be inspected as to the manner in which water, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +steam, or gas pipes go through the walls, and any openings found +around such pipes should be closed with concrete.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig-03-400.png" width="400" height="245" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption smaller"> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 3.—Perspective of rat-proof +corncrib, showing concrete foundation by dotted lines; also +belt of metal.</span> +</div> + +<p>If rat-proof buildings are not available, it is possible, by the use +of concrete in basements and the other precautions just mentioned, to +make an ordinary building practically safe for food storage.</p> + +<p>When it is necessary to erect temporary wooden structures to hold +forage, grain, or food supplies for army camps, the floors of such +buildings should not be in contact with the ground, but elevated, the +sills having a foot or more of clear space below them. Smooth posts +rising 2 or 3 feet above the ground may be used for foundations, +and the floor itself may be protected below by wire netting or sheet +metal at all places where rats could gain a foothold. Care should be +taken to have the floors as tight as possible, for it is chiefly scattered +grain and fragments of food about a camp that attract rats.</p> + +<p><b>Rat-proofing by elevation.</b>—The United States Public Health Service +reports that in its campaigns against bubonic plague in San +Francisco (1907) and New Orleans (1914) many plague rats were +found under the floors of wooden houses resting on the ground. +These buildings were made rat-proof by elevation, and no case of +either human or rodent plague occurred in any house after the +change. Placing them on smooth posts 18 inches above the ground, +with the space beneath the floor entirely open, left no hiding place +for rats.</p> + +<p>This plan is adapted to small dwellings throughout the South, and +to small summer homes, temporary structures, and small farm buildings +everywhere. Wherever rats might obtain a foothold on the +top of the post they may be prevented from gnawing the adjacent +wood by tacking metal plates or pieces of wire netting to floor or sill.</p> + +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></div> +<h3><a name="KEEPING_FOOD" id="KEEPING_FOOD"></a>KEEPING FOOD FROM RATS AND MICE.</h3> + +<p>The effect of an abundance of food on the breeding of rodents +should be kept in mind. Well-fed rats mature quickly, breed often, +and have large litters. Poorly fed rats, on the contrary, reproduce +less frequently and have smaller litters. In addition, scarcity of food +makes measures for destroying the animals far more effective.</p> + +<p><b>Merchandise in stores.</b>—In all parts of the country there is a serious +economic drain in the destruction by rats and mice of merchandise +held for sale by dealers. Not only foodstuffs and forage, but textiles, +clothing, and leather goods are often ruined. This loss is due mainly +to the faulty buildings in which the stores are kept. Often it would +be a measure of economy to tear down the old structures and replace +them by new ones. However, even the old buildings may often be +repaired so as to make them practically rat-proof; and foodstuffs, as +flour, seeds, and meats, may always be protected in wire cages at +slight expense. The public should be protected from insanitary +stores by a system of rigid inspection.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-04-800.png"> +<img src="images/fig-04-400.png" width="400" height="324" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 4.—Floor +plan of rat-proof corncrib shown in figure 3.</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Household supplies.</b>—Similar care should be exercised in the home to +protect household supplies from mice and rats. Little progress in +ridding the premises of these animals can be made so long as they +have access to supplies of food. Cellars, kitchens, and pantries often +furnish subsistence not only to rats that inhabit the dwelling, but to +many that come from outside. Food supplies may always be kept +from rats and mice if placed in inexpensive rat-proof containers +covered with wire netting. Sometimes all that is needed to prevent +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +serious waste is the application of concrete to holes in the basement +wall or the slight repair of a defective part of the building.</p> + +<p><b>Produce in transit.</b>—Much loss of fruits, vegetables, and other produce +occurs in transit by rail and on ships. Most of the damage is +done at wharves and in railway stations, but there is also considerable +in ships' holds, especially to perishable produce brought from warm +latitudes. Much of this may be prevented by the use of rat-proof +cages at the docks, by the careful fumigation of seagoing vessels at +the end of each voyage, and by the frequent fumigation of vessels in +coastwise trade; but still more by replacing old and decrepit wharves +and station platforms with modern ones built of concrete.</p> + +<p>Where cargoes are being loaded or unloaded at wharves or depots, +food liable to attack by rats may be temporarily safeguarded by being +placed in rat-proof cages, or pounds, constructed of wire netting. +Wooden boxes containing reserve food held in depots for a considerable +time or intended for shipment by sea may be made rat-proof by +light coverings of metal along the angles. This plan has long been in +use to protect naval stores on ships and in warehouses. It is based +on the fact that rats do not gnaw the plane surfaces of hard materials, +but attack doors, furniture, and boxes at the angles only.</p> + +<p><b>Packing houses.</b>—Packing houses and abattoirs are often sources +from which rats secure subsistence, especially where meats are prepared +for market in old buildings. In old-style cooling rooms with +double walls of wood and sawdust insulation, always a source of +annoyance because of rat infestation, the utmost vigilance is required +to prevent serious loss of meat products. On the other hand, packing +houses with modern construction and sanitary devices have no trouble +from rats or mice.</p> + +<p><b>Garbage and waste.</b>—Since much of the food of rats consists of +garbage and other waste materials, it is not enough to bar the animals +from markets, granaries, warehouses, and private food stores. Garbage +and offal of all kinds must be so disposed of that rats can not +obtain them.</p> + +<p>In cities and towns an efficient system of garbage collection and +disposal should be established by ordinances. Waste from markets, +hotels, cafés and households should be collected in covered metal +receptacles and frequently emptied. Garbage should never be +dumped in or near towns, but should be utilized or promptly destroyed +by fire.</p> + +<p>Rats find abundant food in country slaughterhouses; reform in the +management of these is badly needed. Such places are centers of rat +propagation. It is a common practice to leave offal of slaughtered +animals to be eaten by rats and swine, and this is the chief means of +perpetuating trichinæ in pork. The law should require that offal be +promptly cremated or otherwise disposed of. Country +slaughter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>houses +should be as cleanly and as constantly inspected as abattoirs.</p> + +<p>Another important source of rat food is found in remnants of lunches left +by employees in factories, stores, and public buildings. This food, which +alone is sufficient to attract and sustain a small army of rats, is commonly left +in waste baskets or other open receptacles. Strictly enforced rules requiring +all remnants of food to be deposited in covered metal vessels would make trapping +far more effective.</p> + +<p>Military training camps, unless subjected to rigid +discipline in the matter of disposal of garbage and waste, soon +become centers of rat infestation. Waste from camps, deposited in +covered metal cans and collected daily, should be removed far from +the camp itself and either burned or utilized in approved modern +ways.</p> + +<h2><a name="DESTROYING_RATS_AND_MICE" id="DESTROYING_RATS_AND_MICE"></a>DESTROYING RATS AND MICE.</h2> + +<p>The Biological Survey has made numerous laboratory and field +experiments with various agencies for destroying rats and mice. +The results form the chief basis for the following recommendations:</p> + +<h3><a name="TRAPS" id="TRAPS"></a>TRAPS.</h3> + +<p>Owing to their cunning, it is not always easy to clear rats from +premises by trapping; if food is abundant, it is impossible. A few +adults refuse to enter the most innocent-looking trap. And yet trapping, +if persistently followed, is one of the most effective ways of +destroying the animals.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 308px;"> +<a href="images/fig-05-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-05-400.png" width="308" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 5.—Guillotine +trap made entirely of metal.</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Guillotine trap.</b>—For general use the improved modern traps with a +wire fall released by a baited trigger and driven by a coiled spring +have marked advantages over the old forms, and many of them may +be used at the same time. These traps, sometimes called "guillotine" +traps, are of many designs, but the more simply constructed are preferable. +Probably those made entirely of metal are the best, as they +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +are more durable. Traps with tin or sheet-metal bases are not recommended.</p> + +<p>Guillotine traps of the type shown in figure 5 should be baited +with small pieces of Vienna sausage (Wienerwurst) or fried bacon. +A small section of an ear of corn is an excellent bait if other grain +is not present. The trigger wire should be bent inward to bring +the bait into proper position for the fall to strike the rat in the neck, +as shown in figure 6.</p> + +<p>Other excellent baits for rats and mice are oatmeal, toasted cheese, +toasted bread (buttered), fish, fish offal, fresh liver, raw meat, pine +nuts, apples, carrots, and corn, and sunflower, squash, or pumpkin +seeds. Broken fresh eggs are good bait at all seasons, and ripe +tomatoes, green cucumbers, and other fresh vegetables are very +tempting to the animals in winter. When seed, grain, or meal is +used with a guillotine trap, it is put on the trigger plate, or the trigger +wire may be bent outward and the bait placed directly under it.</p> + +<p>Oatmeal (rolled oats) is recommended as a bait for guillotine traps +made with wooden base and trigger plate (fig. 7). These traps are +especially convenient to use on ledges or other narrow rat runs or +at the openings of rat burrows. They are often used without bait.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-06-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-06-400.png" width="400" height="282" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 6.—Method +of baiting guillotine trap.</span> +</div> + +<p>A common mistake in trapping for rats and mice is to use only +one or two traps when dozens are needed. For a large establishment +hundreds of traps may be used to advantage, and a dozen is none too +many for an ordinary barn or dwelling infested with rats. House +mice are less suspicious than rats and are much more easily trapped. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +Small guillotine traps baited with oatmeal will soon rid +an ordinary dwelling of the smaller pests.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig-07-400.png" width="400" height="202" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 7.—Guillotine +trap with wooden base and trigger plate.</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Cage trap.</b>—When rats are abundant, the large French +wire cage traps may be used to advantage. They should be made +of stiff wire, well reinforced. Many of those sold in stores are useless, +because a full-grown rat can bend the light wires apart and so escape.</p> + +<p>Cage traps may be baited and left open for several nights until the +rats are accustomed to enter them to obtain food. They should then +be closed and freshly baited, when a larger catch may be expected, +especially of young rats (fig. 8). As many as 25, and even more, +partly grown rats have been taken at a time in one of these traps. +It is better to cover the trap than to leave it exposed. A short board +should be laid on the trap and an old cloth or bag or a bunch of hay +or straw thrown carelessly over the top. Often the trap may be +placed with the entrance opposite a rat hole and fitting it so closely +that rats can not pass through without entering the trap. If a single +rat is caught it may be left in the trap as a decoy to others.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the fact that sometimes a large number of rats +may be taken at a time in cage traps, a few good guillotine traps +intelligently used will prove more effective in the long run.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/fig-08-800.jpg"> +<img class="frame" src="images/fig-08-400.png" width="400" height="195" alt="" title="" /> +</a> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 8.—Cage +trap with catch of rats.</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Figure-4 trigger trap.</b>—The old-fashioned box trap set with a figure-4 +trigger is sometimes useful to secure a wise old rat that refuses +to be enticed into a modern trap. Better still is a simple +deadfall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>—a +flat stone or a heavy plank—supported by a figure-4 trigger. An +old rat will go under such a contrivance to feed without fear.</p> + +<p><b>Steel trap.</b>—The ordinary steel trap (No. 0 or 1) may sometimes be +satisfactorily employed to capture a rat. The animal is usually +caught by the foot, and its squealing has a tendency to frighten other +rats. The trap may be set in a shallow pan or box and covered with +bran or oats, care being taken to have the space under the trigger pan free +of grain. This may be done by placing a very little cotton under the trigger +and setting as lightly as possible. In a narrow run or at the mouth of a burrow +a steel trap unbaited and covered with very light cloth or tissue paper is +often effective.</p> + +<p>The best bait usually is food of a kind that the rats and mice do not +get in the vicinity. In a meat market, vegetables or grain should +be used; in a feed store, meat. As far as possible food other than +the bait should be inaccessible while trapping is in progress. The +bait should be kept fresh and attractive, and the kind changed when +necessary. Baits and traps should be handled as little as possible.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig-09-400.png" width="400" height="288" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 9.—Barrel +trap: 1, With stiff paper cover; 2, with hinged barrel cover; +<i>a</i>, stop; <i>b</i>, baits.</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Barrel trap.</b>—About 60 years ago a writer in the Cornhill Magazine +gave details of a trap, by means of which it was claimed +that 3,000 rats were caught in a warehouse in a single night. The +plan involved tolling the rats to the place +and feeding them for several nights on the tops of barrels covered +with coarse brown paper. Afterwards a cross was cut in the paper, +so that the rats fell into the barrel (fig. 9 (1)). Many variations of +the plan, but few improvements upon it, have been suggested by agricultural +writers since that time. Reports are frequently made of large +catches of rats by means of a barrel fitted with a light cover of wood, +hinged on a rod so as to turn with the weight of a rat (fig. 9 (2)).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/fig-10-400.png" width="400" height="201" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption smaller"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 10.—Pit trap. +<i>aa</i>, Rat run; <i>bb</i>, cover; <i>cc</i>, position of weights; <i>dd</i>, rods on which covers +turn.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +<b>Pit trap.</b>—A modification of the barrel trap is the pit trap (fig. 10). +This consists of a stout narrow box sunk in the ground so that the +top is level with the rat run. It is fixed with a cover of light wood +or metal in two sections, the sections fitting nicely inside the box +and working independently. They turn on rods, to which they are +fastened. They are weighted near the ends of the box and so adjusted +that they swing easily. An animal stepping upon the cover +beyond the rods is precipitated into the box, while the cover immediately +swings back to its place. Besides rats, the trap is well +adapted to capture larger animals, as minks, raccoons, opossums, and +cats. It is especially useful to protect poultry yards, game preserves, +and the like. The trap should be placed along the fence outside the +yard, and behind a shelter of boards or brush that leans against the +fence.</p> + +<p><b>Fence and battue.</b>—In the rice fields of the Far East the natives +build numerous piles of brush and rice straw, and leave them for +several days until many rats have taken shelter in them. A portable +bamboo inclosure several feet in height is then set up around each +pile in succession and the straw and brush are thrown out over the +top, while dogs and men kill the trapped rodents. Large numbers +are destroyed in this way, and the plan with modifications may be +utilized in America with satisfactory results. A wire netting of fine +mesh may be used for the inclosure. The scheme is applicable at the +removal of grain, straw, or haystacks, as well as brush piles.</p> + +<p>In a large barn near Washington, a few years ago, piles of unhusked +corn were left in the loft and were soon infested with rats. +A wooden pen was set down surrounding the piles in turn and the +corn thrown out until dogs were able to get at the rats. In this way +several men and dogs killed 500 rats in a single day.</p> + +<h3><a name="POISONS" id="POISONS"></a>POISONS.</h3> + +<p>While the use of poison is the best and quickest way to get rid of +rats and mice, the odor from the dead animals makes the method impracticable +in occupied houses. Poisons may be effectively used in +barns, stables, sheds, cribs, and other outbuildings.</p> + +<p><b>Caution.</b>—In the United States there are few laws which prohibit +the laying of poisons on lands owned or controlled by the poisoner. +Hence it is all the more necessary to exercise extreme caution to +prevent accidents. In several States notice of intention to lay poison +must be given to persons living in the neighborhood. Poison for +rats should never be placed in open or unsheltered places. This +applies particularly to strychnin or arsenic on meat. <i>Packages containing +poisons should always bear a warning label and should not +be kept where children might reach them.</i></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Among the principal poisons that have been recommended for +killing rats and mice are barium carbonate, strychnin, arsenic, phosphorus, +and squills.</p> + +<p><b>Barium carbonate.</b>—One of the cheapest and most effective poisons +for rats and mice is barium carbonate. This mineral has the advantage +of being without taste or smell. It has a corrosive action on the +mucous lining of the stomach and is dangerous to larger animals if +taken in sufficient quantity. In the small doses fed to rats and mice +it would be harmless to domestic animals. Its action upon rats is +slow, and if exit is possible the animals usually leave the premises in +search of water. For this reason the poison may frequently, though +not always, be used in houses without disagreeable consequences.</p> + +<p>Barium carbonate may be fed in the form of dough composed of +four parts of meal or flour and one part of the mineral. A more +convenient bait is ordinary oatmeal with about one-eighth of its bulk +of the mineral, mixed with water into a stiff dough. A third plan is +to spread the barium carbonate upon fish, toasted bread (moistened), +or ordinary bread and butter. The prepared bait should be placed in +rat runs, about a teaspoonful at a place. If a single application of +the poison fails to kill or drive away all rats from the premises, it +should be repeated with a change of bait.</p> + +<p><b>Strychnin.</b>—Strychnin is too rapid in action to make its use for +rats desirable in houses, but elsewhere it may be employed effectively. +Strychnia sulphate is the best form to use. The dry crystals may be +inserted in small pieces of raw meat, Vienna sausage, or toasted +cheese, and these placed in rat runs or burrows; or oatmeal may be +moistened with a strychnin sirup and small quantities laid in the +same way.</p> + +<p>Strychnin sirup is prepared as follows: Dissolve a half ounce of +strychnia sulphate in a pint of boiling water; add a pint of thick +sugar sirup and stir thoroughly. A smaller quantity may be prepared +with a proportional quantity of water and sirup. In preparing +the bait it is necessary to moisten all the oatmeal with the sirup. +Wheat and corn are excellent alternative baits. The grain should +be soaked overnight in the strychnin sirup.</p> + +<p><b>Arsenic.</b>—Arsenic is probably the most popular of the rat poisons, +owing to its cheapness, yet our experiments prove that, measured +by the results obtained, arsenic is dearer than strychnin. Besides, +arsenic is extremely variable in its effect upon rats, and if the animals +survive a first dose it is very difficult to induce them to take +another.</p> + +<p>Powdered white arsenic (arsenious acid) may be fed to rats in +almost any of the baits mentioned under barium carbonate and +strychnin. It has been used successfully when rubbed into fresh +fish or spread on buttered toast. Another method is to mix twelve +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +parts by weight of corn meal and one part of arsenic with whites of +eggs into a stiff dough.</p> + +<p>An old formula for poisoning rats and mice with arsenic is the +following, adapted from an English source:</p> + +<p>Take a pound of oatmeal, a pound of coarse brown sugar, and a +spoonful of arsenic. Mix well together and put the composition into +an earthen jar. Put a tablespoonful at a place in runs frequented +by rats.</p> + +<p><b>Phosphorus.</b>—For poisoning rats and mice, phosphorus is used +almost as commonly as arsenic, and undoubtedly it is effective when +given in an attractive bait. The phosphorus paste of the drug +stores is usually dissolved yellow phosphorus, mixed with glucose or +other substances. The proportion of phosphorus varies from one-fourth +of 1 per cent to 4 per cent. The first amount is too small +to be always effective and the last is dangerously inflammable. When +homemade preparations of phosphorus are used there is much danger +of burning the person or of setting fire to crops or buildings. +In the Western States many fires have resulted from putting out +homemade phosphorus poisons for ground squirrels, and entire fields +of ripe grain have been destroyed in this way. Even with commercial +pastes the action of sun and rain changes the phosphorus +and leaches out the glucose until a highly inflammable residue is left.</p> + +<p>It is often claimed that phosphorus eaten by rats or mice dries up +or mummifies the body so that no odor results. The statement has +no foundation in fact. No known poison will prevent decomposition +of the body of an animal that died from its effects. Equally misleading +is the statement that rats poisoned with phosphorus do not +die on the premises. Owing to its slower operation, no doubt a +larger portion escape into the open before dying than when strychnin +is used.</p> + +<p>The Biological Survey does not recommend the use of phosphorus +as a poison for rodents.</p> + +<p><b>Squills.</b>—The squill, or sea leek,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> is a favorite rat poison in many +parts of Europe and is well worthy of trial in America. It is rapid +and very deadly in its action, and rats seem to eat it readily. The +poison is used in several ways. Two ounces of dry squills, powdered, +may be thoroughly mixed with eight ounces of toasted cheese or of +butter and meal and put out in runs of rats or mice. Another formula +recommends two parts of squills to three parts of finely +chopped bacon, mixed with meal enough to make it cohere. This is +baked in small cakes.</p> + +<p><b>Poison in poultry houses.</b>—For poisoning rats in buildings and yards +occupied by poultry the following method is recommended: Two +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +wooden boxes should be used, one considerably larger than the other +and each having one or more holes in the sides large enough to +admit rats. The poisoned bait should be placed on the bottom and +near the middle of the smaller box, and the larger box should then +be inverted over it. Rats thus have free access to the bait, but fowls +are excluded.</p> + +<h3><a name="DOMESTIC_ANIMALS" id="DOMESTIC_ANIMALS"></a>DOMESTIC ANIMALS.</h3> + +<p>Among domestic animals employed to kill rats are the dog, the +cat, and the ferret.</p> + +<p><b>Dogs.</b>—The value of dogs as ratters can not be appreciated by persons +who have had no experience with a trained animal. The ordinary +cur and the larger breeds of dogs seldom develop the necessary +qualities for ratters. Small Irish, Scotch, and fox terriers, when +properly trained, are superior to other breeds and under favorable +circumstances may be relied upon to keep the farm premises reasonably +free from rats.</p> + +<p><b>Cats.</b>—However valuable cats may be as mousers, few learn to catch +rats. The ordinary house cat is too well fed and consequently too +lazy to undertake the capture of an animal as formidable as the +brown rat. Birds and mice are much more to its liking. Cats that +are fearless of rats, however, and have learned to hunt and destroy +them are often very useful about stables and warehouses. They +should be lightly fed, chiefly on milk. A little sulphur in the milk at +intervals is a corrective against the bad effects of a constant rat or +mouse diet. Cats often die from eating these rodents.</p> + +<p><b>Ferrets.</b>—Tame ferrets, like weasels, are inveterate foes of rats, and +can follow the rodents into their retreats. Under favorable circumstances +they are useful aids to the rat catcher, but their value is +greatly overestimated. For effective work they require experienced +handling and the additional services of a dog or two. Dogs and +ferrets must be thoroughly accustomed to each other, and the former +must be quiet and steady instead of noisy and excitable. The ferret +is used only to bolt the rats, which are killed by the dogs. If unmuzzled +ferrets are sent into rat retreats, they are apt to make a kill +and then lie up after sucking the blood of their victim. Sometimes +they remain for hours in the burrows or escape by other exits and +are lost. There is danger that these lost ferrets may adapt themselves +to wild conditions and become a pest by preying upon poultry +and birds.</p> + +<h3><a name="FUMIGATION" id="FUMIGATION"></a>FUMIGATION.</h3> + +<p>Rats may be destroyed in their burrows in the fields and along +river banks, levees, and dikes by carbon bisulphid.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> A wad of +cot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>ton +or other absorbent material is saturated with the liquid and +then pushed into the burrow, the opening being packed with earth to +prevent the escape of the gas. All animals in the burrow are asphyxiated. +Fumigation in buildings is not so satisfactory, because it is +difficult to confine the gases. Moreover, when effective, the odor +from the dead rats is highly objectionable in occupied buildings.</p> + +<p>Chlorin, carbon monoxid, sulphur dioxid, and hydrocyanic acid +are the gases most used for destroying rats and mice in sheds, warehouses, +and stores. Each is effective if the gas can be confined and +made to reach the retreats of the animals. Owing to the great danger +from fire incident to burning charcoal or sulphur in open pans, a +special furnace provided with means for forcing the gas into the compartments +of vessels or buildings is generally employed.</p> + +<p>Hydrocyanic-acid gas is effective in destroying all animal life in +buildings. It has been successfully used to free elevators and warehouses +of rats, mice, and insects. However, it is so dangerous to +human life that the novice should not attempt fumigation with it, +except under careful instructions. Directions for preparing and +using the gas may be found in a publication entitled Hydrocyanic-acid +Gas against Household Insects, by Dr. L. O. Howard and +Charles H. Popenoe.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Carbon monoxid is rather dangerous, as its presence in the hold of +a vessel or other compartment is not manifest to the senses, and fatal +accidents have occurred during its employment to fumigate vessels.</p> + +<p>Chlorin gas has a strong bleaching action upon textile fabrics, and +for this reason can not be used in many situations.</p> + +<p>Sulphur dioxid also has a bleaching effect upon textiles, but less +marked than that of chlorin, and ordinarily it is not noticeable with +the small percentage of the gas it is necessary to use. On the whole, +this gas has many advantages as a fumigator and disinfectant. It is +used also as a fire extinguisher on board vessels. Special furnaces for +generating the gas and forcing it into the compartments of ships and +buildings are on the market, and many steamships and docks are +now fitted with the necessary apparatus.</p> + +<h3><a name="RAT_VIRUSES" id="RAT_VIRUSES"></a>RAT VIRUSES.</h3> + +<p>Several microorganisms, or bacteria, found originally in diseased +rats or mice, have been exploited for destroying rats. A number of +these so-called rat viruses are on the American market. The Biological +Survey, the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the United States +Public Health Service have made careful investigations and practical +tests of these viruses, mostly with negative results. The cultures +tested by the Biological Survey have not proved satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The chief defects to be overcome before the cultures can be recommended +for general use are:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +1. The virulence is not great enough to kill a sufficiently high percentage +of rats that eat food containing the microorganisms.</p> + +<p>2. The virulence decreases with the age of the cultures. They deteriorate +in warm weather and in bright sunlight.</p> + +<p>3. The diseases resulting from the microorganisms are not contagious +and do not spread by contact of diseased with healthy +animals.</p> + +<p>4. The comparative cost of the cultures is too great for general use. +Since they have no advantages over the common poisons, except that +they are usually harmless to man and other animals, they should be +equally cheap; but their actual cost is much greater. Moreover, considering +the skill and care necessary in their preparation, it is doubtful +if the cost can be greatly reduced.</p> + +<p>The Department of Agriculture, therefore, does not prepare, use, +or recommend the use of rat viruses.</p> + +<h3><a name="NATURAL_ENEMIES" id="NATURAL_ENEMIES"></a>NATURAL ENEMIES OF RATS AND MICE.</h3> + +<p>Among the natural enemies of rats and mice are the larger hawks +and owls, skunks, foxes, coyotes, weasels, minks, dogs, cats, and +ferrets.</p> + +<p>Probably the greatest factor in the increase of rats, mice, and other +destructive rodents in the United States has been the persistent killing +off of the birds and mammals that prey upon them. Animals that +on the whole are decidedly beneficial, since they subsist upon harmful +insects and rodents, are habitually destroyed by some farmers and +sportsmen because they occasionally kill a chicken or a game bird.</p> + +<p>The value of carnivorous mammals and the larger birds of prey in +destroying rats and mice should be more fully recognized, especially +by the farmer and the game preserver. Rats actually destroy more +poultry and game, both eggs and young chicks, than all the birds and +wild mammals combined; yet some of their enemies among our most +useful birds of prey and carnivorous mammals are persecuted almost +to the point of extinction. An enlightened public sentiment should +cause the repeal of all bounties on these animals and afford protection +to the majority of them.</p> + +<h2><a name="ORGANIZED_EFFORTS" id="ORGANIZED_EFFORTS"></a>ORGANIZED EFFORTS TO DESTROY RATS.</h2> + +<p>The necessity of cooperation and organization in the work of rat +destruction is of the utmost importance. To destroy all the animals +on the premises of a single farmer in a community has little permanent +value, since they are soon replaced from near-by farms. If, +however, the farmers of an entire township or county unite in efforts +to get rid of rats, much more lasting results may be attained. If continued +from year to year, such organized efforts are very effective.</p> + +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></div> +<h3><a name="COMMUNITY_EFFORTS" id="COMMUNITY_EFFORTS"></a>COMMUNITY EFFORTS.</h3> + +<p>Cooperative efforts to destroy rats have taken various forms in +different localities. In cities, municipal employees have occasionally +been set at work hunting rats from their retreats, with at least temporary +benefit to the community. Thus, in 1904, at Folkestone, England, +a town of about 25,000 inhabitants, the corporation employees, +helped by dogs, in three days killed 1,645 rats.</p> + +<p>Side hunts in which rats are the only animals that count in the +contest have sometimes been organized and successfully carried out. +At New Burlington, Ohio, a rat hunt took place some years ago in +which each of the two sides killed over 8,000 rats, the beaten party +serving a banquet to the winners.</p> + +<p>There is danger that organized rat hunts will be followed by long +intervals of indifference and inaction. This may be prevented by +offering prizes covering a definite period of effort. Such prizes +accomplish more than municipal bounties, because they secure a +friendly rivalry which stimulates the contestants to do their utmost +to win.</p> + +<p>In England and some of its colonies contests for prizes have been +organized to promote the destruction of the English, or house, sparrow, +but many of the so-called sparrow clubs are really sparrow and +rat clubs, for the destruction of both pests is the avowed object of +the organizations. A sparrow club in Kent, England, accomplished +the destruction of 28,000 sparrows and 16,000 rats in three seasons +by the annual expenditure of but £6 ($29.20) in prize money. Had +ordinary bounties been paid for this destruction, the tax on the community +would have been about £250 (over $1,200).</p> + +<p>Many organizations already formed should be interested in destroying +rats. Boards of trade, civic societies, and citizens' associations +in towns and farmers' and women's clubs in rural communities +will find the subject of great importance. Women's municipal +leagues in several large cities already have taken up the matter. +The league in Baltimore recently secured appropriations of funds +for expenditure in fighting mosquitoes, flies, and rats. The league +in Boston during the past year, supported by voluntary contributions +for the purpose, made a highly creditable educational campaign +against rats. Boys' corn clubs, the troops of Boy Scouts, and +similar organizations could do excellent work in rat campaigns.</p> + +<h3><a name="STATE_AND_NATIONAL_AID" id="STATE_AND_NATIONAL_AID"></a>STATE AND NATIONAL AID.</h3> + +<p>To secure permanent results any general campaign for the elimination +of rats must aim at <i>building the animals out of shelter and food</i>. +Building reforms depend on municipal ordinances and legislative +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +enactments. The recent plague eradication work of the United +States Public Health Service in San Francisco, Seattle, New Orleans, +and at various places in Hawaii and Porto Rico required such ordinances +and laws as well as financial aid in prosecuting the work. +The campaign of Danish and Swedish organizations for the destruction +of rats had the help of governmental appropriations. The legislatures +of California, Texas, Indiana, and Hawaii have in recent +years passed laws or made appropriations to aid in rat riddance. It is +probable that well-organized efforts of communities would soon win +legislative support everywhere. Communities should not postpone +efforts, however, while waiting for legislative cooperation, but should +at once organize and begin repressive operations. Wherever health +is threatened the Public Health Service of the United States can cooperate, +and where crops and other products are endangered the +Bureau of Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture is +ready to assist by advice and in demonstration of methods.</p> + +<h2><a name="IMPORTANT_REPRESSIVE_MEASURES" id="IMPORTANT_REPRESSIVE_MEASURES"></a>IMPORTANT REPRESSIVE MEASURES.</h2> + +<p>The measures needed for repressing and eliminating rats and mice +include the following:</p> + +<p>1. The requirement that all new buildings erected shall be made +rat-proof under competent inspection.</p> + +<p>2. That all existing rat-proof buildings shall be closed against rats +and mice by having all openings accessible to the animals, from +foundation to roof, closed or screened by door, window, grating, or +meshed wire netting.</p> + +<p>3. That all buildings not of rat-proof construction shall be made so +by remodeling, by the use of materials that may not be pierced by +rats, or by elevation.</p> + +<p>4. The protection of our native hawks, owls, and smaller predatory +mammals—the natural enemies of rats.</p> + +<p>5. Greater cleanliness about markets, grocery stores, warehouses, +courts, alleys, stables, and vacant lots in cities and villages, and like +care on farms and suburban premises. This includes the storage of +waste and garbage in tightly covered vessels and the prompt disposal +of it each day.</p> + +<p>6. Care in the construction of drains and sewers, so as not to provide +entrance and retreat for rats. Old brick sewers in cities should +be replaced by concrete or tile.</p> + +<p>7. The early threshing and marketing of grains on farms, so that +stacks and mows shall not furnish harborage and food for rats.</p> + +<p>8. Removal of outlying straw stacks and piles of trash or lumber +that harbor rats in fields and vacant lots.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +9. The keeping of provisions, seed grain, and foodstuffs in rat-proof containers.</p> + +<p>10. Keeping effective rat dogs, especially on farms and in city warehouses.</p> + +<p>11. The systematic destruction of rats, whenever and wherever +possible, by (<i>a</i>) trapping, (<i>b</i>) poisoning, and (<i>c</i>) organized hunts.</p> + +<p>12. The organization of clubs and other societies for systematic +warfare against rats.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Mus musculus.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Rattus norvegicus.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Rattus rattus rattus.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Rattus rattus alexandrinus.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Farmers' Bulletin 461, Use of Concrete on the Farm, will prove useful to city and +village dwellers as well as to the farmer.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Scilla maritima.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Caution.</span>—Carbon disulphid is very inflammable and can be ignited by a match, lantern, +cigar, or pipe.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Farmers' Bulletin 699.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="cb" /> +<div><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></div> +<h2>PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE +RELATING TO NOXIOUS MAMMALS.</h2> + +<h4>AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.</h4> + +<div class="hanging"><p>How to Destroy Rats. (Farmers' Bulletin 369.)</p> + +<p>The Common Mole of Eastern United States. (Farmers' Bulletin 583.)</p> + +<p>Field Mice as Farm and Orchard Pests. (Farmers' Bulletin 670.)</p> + +<p>Cottontail Rabbits in Relation to Trees and Farm Crops. (Farmers' Bulletin +702.)</p> + +<p>Trapping Moles and Utilizing Their Skins. (Farmers' Bulletin 832.)</p> + +<p>Destroying Rodent Pests on the Farm. (Separate 708, Yearbook for 1916.)</p></div> + + +<h4>FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING +OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.</h4> + +<div class="hanging"><p>Harmful and Beneficial Mammals of the Arid Interior, with Special Reference +to the Carson and Humboldt Valleys, Nevada. (Farmers' Bulletin 335.) +Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>The Nevada Mouse Plague of 1907-8. (Farmers' Bulletin 352.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Some Common Mammals of Western Montana in Relation to Agriculture and +Spotted Fever. (Farmers' Bulletin 484.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds. (Separate 132, Yearbook +1898.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Meadow Mice in Relation to Agriculture and Horticulture. (Separate 388, Yearbook +1905.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Mouse Plagues, Their Control and Prevention. (Separate 482, Yearbook 1908.) +Price—cents.</p> + +<p>Use of Poisons for Destroying Noxious Mammals. (Separate 491, Yearbook +1908.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Pocket Gophers as Enemies of Trees. (Separate 506, Yearbook 1909.) Price +5 cents.</p> + +<p>The Jack Rabbits of the United States. (Biological Survey Bulletin 8.) Price +10 cents.</p> + +<p>Economic Study of Field Mice, genus <i>Microtus</i>. (Biological Survey Bulletin 31.) +Price 15 cents.</p> + +<p>The Brown Rat in the United States. (Biological Survey Bulletin 33.) Price +15 cents.</p> + +<p>Directions for the Destruction of Wolves and Coyotes. (Biological Survey Circular +55.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>The California Ground Squirrel. (Biological Survey Circular 76.) Price 5 +cents.</p> + +<p>Seed-eating Mammals in Relation to Reforestation. (Biological Survey Circular +78.) Price 5 cents.</p> + +<p>Mammals of Bitterroot Valley, Montana, in Their Relation to Spotted Fever. +(Biological Survey Circular 82.) Price 5 cents.</p></div> + +<div class="tnote"> + <h4>Transcriber's Note</h4> + + <p>The following suspected errors have been changed in this text:</p> + <div class="blockquot">Page 6: "highdays" changed to "highways"<br /> + Page 11: "abbatoirs" changed to "abattoirs"<br /> + Page 11: Added missing "." to "Fig. 5."<br /> + Page 14: Added missing "." to "Fig. 10."</div> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of House Rats and Mice, by David E. 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