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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of Napoleon--1797, v1, by 
+Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Memoirs of Napoleon--1797, v1
+
+Author: Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
+Posting Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #3551]
+Release Date: December, 2002
+[The actual date this file first posted = 04/20/01]
+
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON--1797, V1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, VOLUME 1.
+
+By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+His Private Secretary
+
+Edited by R. W. Phipps
+Colonel, Late Royal Artillery
+
+1891
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+Preface,
+Notes and Introduction
+Chapter I. to Chapter IV., 1797
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+BY THE EDITORS OF THE 1836 EDITION.
+
+In introducing the present edition of M. de Bourrienne's Memoirs to the
+public we are bound, as Editors, to say a few Words on the subject.
+Agreeing, however, with Horace Walpole that an editor should not dwell
+for any length of time on the merits of his author, we shall touch but
+lightly on this part of the matter.  We are the more ready to abstain
+since the great success in England of the former editions of these
+Memoirs, and the high reputation they have acquired on the European
+Continent, and in every part of the civilised world where the fame of
+Bonaparte has ever reached, sufficiently establish the merits of M. de
+Bourrienne as a biographer.  These merits seem to us to consist chiefly
+in an anxious desire to be impartial, to point out the defects as well as
+the merits of a most wonderful man; and in a peculiarly graphic power of
+relating facts and anecdotes.  With this happy faculty Bourrienne would
+have made the life of almost any active individual interesting; but the
+subject of which the most favourable circumstances permitted him to treat
+was full of events and of the most extraordinary facts.  The hero of his
+story was such a being as the world has produced only on the rarest
+occasions, and the complete counterpart to whom has, probably, never
+existed; for there are broad shades of difference between Napoleon and
+Alexander, Caesar, and Charlemagne; neither will modern history furnish
+more exact parallels, since Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick the Great,
+Cromwell, Washington, or Bolivar bear but a small resemblance to
+Bonaparte either in character, fortune, or extent of enterprise.  For
+fourteen years, to say nothing of his projects in the East, the history
+of Bonaparte was the history of all Europe!
+
+With the copious materials he possessed, M. de Bourrienne has produced a
+work which, for deep interest, excitement, and amusement, can scarcely be
+paralleled by any of the numerous and excellent memoirs for which the
+literature of France is so justly celebrated.
+
+M. de Bourrienne shows us the hero of Marengo and Austerlitz in his
+night-gown and slippers--with a 'trait de plume' he, in a hundred
+instances, places the real man before us, with all his personal habits
+and peculiarities of manner, temper, and conversation.
+
+The friendship between Bonaparte and Bourrienne began in boyhood, at the
+school of Brienne, and their unreserved intimacy continued during the
+most brilliant part of Napoleon's career.  We have said enough, the
+motives for his writing this work and his competency for the task will be
+best explained in M. de Bourrienne's own words, which the reader will
+find in the Introductory Chapter.
+
+M. de Bourrienne says little of Napoleon after his first abdication and
+retirement to Elba in 1814: we have endeavoured to fill up the chasm thus
+left by following his hero through the remaining seven years of his life,
+to the "last scenes of all" that ended his "strange, eventful history,"
+--to his deathbed and alien grave at St. Helena.  A completeness will
+thus be given to the work which it did not before possess, and which we
+hope will, with the other additions and improvements already alluded to,
+tend to give it a place in every well-selected library, as one of the
+most satisfactory of all the lives of Napoleon.
+
+LONDON, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+BY THE EDITOR OF THE 1885 EDITION.
+
+The Memoirs of the time of Napoleon may be divided into two classes--
+those by marshals and officers, of which Suchet's is a good example,
+chiefly devoted to military movements, and those by persons employed in
+the administration and in the Court, giving us not only materials for
+history, but also valuable details of the personal and inner life of the
+great Emperor and of his immediate surroundings.  Of this latter class
+the Memoirs of Bourrienne are among the most important.
+
+Long the intimate and personal friend of Napoleon both at school and from
+the end of the Italian campaigns in 1797 till 1802--working in the same
+room with him, using the same purse, the confidant of most of his
+schemes, and, as his secretary, having the largest part of all the
+official and private correspondence of the time passed through his hands,
+Bourrienne occupied an invaluable position for storing and recording
+materials for history.  The Memoirs of his successor, Meneval, are more
+those of an esteemed private secretary; yet, valuable and interesting as
+they are, they want the peculiarity of position which marks those of
+Bourrienne, who was a compound of secretary, minister, and friend.  The
+accounts of such men as Miot de Melito, Raederer, etc., are most
+valuable, but these writers were not in that close contact with Napoleon
+enjoyed by Bourrienne.  Bourrienne's position was simply unique, and we
+can only regret that he did not occupy it till the end of the Empire.
+Thus it is natural that his Memoirs should have been largely used by
+historians, and to properly understand the history of the time, they must
+be read by all students.  They are indeed full of interest for every one.
+But they also require to be read with great caution.  When we meet with
+praise of Napoleon, we may generally believe it, for, as Thiers
+(Consulat., ii. 279) says, Bourrienne need be little suspected on this
+side, for although he owed everything to Napoleon, he has not seemed to
+remember it.  But very often in passages in which blame is thrown on
+Napoleon, Bourrienne speaks, partly with much of the natural bitterness
+of a former and discarded friend, and partly with the curious mixed
+feeling which even the brothers of Napoleon display in their Memoirs,
+pride in the wonderful abilities evinced by the man with whom he was
+allied, and jealousy at the way in which he was outshone by the man he
+had in youth regarded as inferior to himself.  Sometimes also we may even
+suspect the praise.  Thus when Bourrienne defends Napoleon for giving, as
+he alleges, poison to the sick at Jaffa, a doubt arises whether his
+object was to really defend what to most Englishmen of this day, with
+remembrances of the deeds and resolutions of the Indian Mutiny, will seem
+an act to be pardoned, if not approved; or whether he was more anxious to
+fix the committal of the act on Napoleon at a time when public opinion
+loudly blamed it.  The same may be said of his defence of the massacre of
+the prisoners of Jaffa.
+
+Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne was born in 1769, that is, in the
+same year as Napoleon Bonaparte, and he was the friend and companion of
+the future Emperor at the military school of Brienne-le-Chateau till
+1784, when Napoleon, one of the sixty pupils maintained at the expense of
+the State, was passed on to the Military School of Paris.  The friends
+again met in 1792 and in 1795, when Napoleon was hanging about Paris, and
+when Bourrienne looked on the vague dreams of his old schoolmate as only
+so much folly.  In 1796, as soon as Napoleon had assured his position at
+the head of the army of Italy, anxious as ever to surround himself with
+known faces, he sent for Bourrienne to be his secretary. Bourrienne had
+been appointed in 1792 as secretary of the Legation at Stuttgart, and
+had, probably wisely, disobeyed the orders given him to return, thus
+escaping the dangers of the Revolution. He only came back to Paris in
+1795, having thus become an emigré. He joined Napoleon in 1797, after the
+Austrians had been beaten out of Italy, and at once assumed the office of
+secretary which he held for so long. He had sufficient tact to forbear
+treating the haughty young General with any assumption of familiarity in
+public, and he was indefatigable enough to please even the never-resting
+Napoleon. Talent Bourrienne had in abundance; indeed he is careful to
+hint that at school if any one had been asked to predict greatness for
+any pupil, it was Bourrienne, not Napoleon, who would have been fixed on
+as the future star. He went with his General to Egypt, and returned with
+him to France. While Napoleon was making his formal entry into the
+Tuilleries, Bourrienne was preparing the cabinet he was still to share
+with the Consul. In this cabinet--our cabinet, as he is careful to call
+it--he worked with the First Consul till 1802.
+
+During all this time the pair lead lives on terms of equality and
+friendship creditable to both. The secretary neither asked for nor
+received any salary: when he required money, he simply dipped into the
+cash-box of the First Consul. As the whole power of the State gradually
+passed into the hands of the Consul, the labours of the secretary became
+heavier. His successor broke down under a lighter load, and had to
+receive assistance; but, perhaps borne up by the absorbing interest of
+the work and the great influence given by his post, Bourrienne stuck to
+his place, and to all appearance might, except for himself, have come
+down to us as the companion of Napoleon during his whole life. He had
+enemies, and one of them--[Boulay de la Meurthe.]--has not shrunk from
+describing their gratification at the disgrace of the trusted secretary.
+Any one in favour, or indeed in office, under Napoleon was the sure mark
+of calumny for all aspirants to place; yet Bourrienne might have
+weathered any temporary storm raised by unfounded reports as successfully
+as Meneval, who followed him.  But Bourrienne's hands were not clean in
+money matters, and that was an unpardonable sin in any one who desired to
+be in real intimacy with Napoleon.  He became involved in the affairs of
+the House of Coulon, which failed, as will be seen in the notes, at the
+time of his disgrace; and in October 1802 he was called on to hand over
+his office to Meneval, who retained it till invalided after the Russian
+campaign.
+
+As has been said, Bourrienne would naturally be the mark for many
+accusations, but the conclusive proof of his misconduct--at least for any
+one acquainted with Napoleon's objection and dislike to changes in
+office, whether from his strong belief in the effects of training, or his
+equally strong dislike of new faces round him--is that he was never again
+employed near his old comrade; indeed he really never saw the Emperor
+again at any private interview, except when granted the naval official
+reception in 1805, before leaving to take up his post at Hamburg, which
+he held till 1810.  We know that his re-employment was urged by Josephine
+and several of his former companions.  Savary himself says he tried his
+advocacy; but Napoleon was inexorable to those who, in his own phrase,
+had sacrificed to the golden calf.
+
+Sent, as we have said, to Hamburg in 1805, as Minister Plenipotentiary to
+the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and to the Hanse
+towns, Bourrienne knew how to make his post an important one.  He was at
+one of the great seats of the commerce which suffered so fearfully from
+the Continental system of the Emperor, and he was charged to watch over
+the German press.  How well he fulfilled this duty we learn from
+Metternich, who writes in 1805: "I have sent an article to the newspaper
+editors in Berlin and to M. de Hofer at Hamburg.  I do not know whether
+it has been accepted, for M. Bourrienne still exercises an authority so
+severe over these journals that they are always submitted to him before
+they appear, that he may erase or alter the articles which do not please
+him."
+
+His position at Hamburg gave him great opportunities for both financial
+and political intrigues.  In his Memoirs, as Meneval remarks, he or his
+editor is not ashamed to boast of being thanked by Louis XVIII. at St.
+Ouen for services rendered while he was the minister of Napoleon at
+Hamburg.  He was recalled in 1810, when the Hanse towns were united, or,
+to use the phrase of the day, re-united to the Empire.  He then hung
+about Paris, keeping on good terms with some of the ministers--Savary,
+not the most reputable of them, for example.  In 1814 he was to be found
+at the office of Lavallette, the head of the posts, disguising, his
+enemies said, his delight at the bad news which was pouring in, by
+exaggerated expressions of devotion.  He is accused of a close and
+suspicious connection with Talleyrand, and it is odd that when Talleyrand
+became head of the Provisional Government in 1814, Bourrienne of all
+persons should have been put at the head of the posts.  Received in the
+most flattering manner by Louis XVIII, he was as astonished as poor
+Beugnot was in 1815, to find himself on 13th May suddenly ejected from
+office, having, however, had time to furnish post-horses to Manbreuil for
+the mysterious expedition, said to have been at least known to
+Talleyrand, and intended certainly for the robbery of the Queen of
+Westphalia, and probably for the murder of Napoleon.
+
+In the extraordinary scurry before the Bourbons scuttled out of Paris in
+1814, Bourrienne was made Prefet of the Police for a few days, his tenure
+of that post being signalised by the abortive attempt to arrest Fouché,
+the only effect of which was to drive that wily minister into the arms of
+the Bonapartists.
+
+He fled with the King, and was exempted from the amnesty proclaimed by
+Napoleon.  On the return from Ghent he was made a Minister of State
+without portfolio, and also became one of the Council.  The ruin of his
+finances drove him out of France, but he eventually died in a madhouse at
+Caen.
+
+When the Memoirs first appeared in 1829 they made a great sensation.
+Till then in most writings Napoleon had been treated as either a demon or
+as a demi-god.  The real facts of the case were not suited to the tastes
+of either his enemies or his admirers.  While the monarchs of Europe had
+been disputing among themselves about the division of the spoils to be
+obtained from France and from the unsettlement of the Continent, there
+had arisen an extraordinarily clever and unscrupulous man who, by
+alternately bribing and overthrowing the great monarchies, had soon made
+himself master of the mainland.  His admirers were unwilling to admit the
+part played in his success by the jealousy of his foes of each other's
+share in the booty, and they delighted to invest him with every great
+quality which man could possess.  His enemies were ready enough to allow
+his military talents, but they wished to attribute the first success of
+his not very deep policy to a marvellous duplicity, apparently considered
+by them the more wicked as possessed by a parvenu emperor, and far
+removed, in a moral point of view, from the statecraft so allowable in an
+ancient monarchy.  But for Napoleon himself and his family and Court
+there was literally no limit to the really marvellous inventions of his
+enemies.  He might enter every capital on the Continent, but there was
+some consolation in believing that he himself was a monster of
+wickedness, and his Court but the scene of one long protracted orgie.
+
+There was enough against the Emperor in the Memoirs to make them
+comfortable reading for his opponents, though very many of the old
+calumnies were disposed of in them.  They contained indeed the nearest
+approximation to the truth which had yet appeared.  Metternich, who must
+have been a good judge, as no man was better acquainted with what he
+himself calls the "age of Napoleon," says of the Memoirs: "If you want
+something to read, both interesting and amusing, get the Memoires de
+Bourrienne.  These are the only authentic Memoirs of Napoleon which have
+yet appeared.  The style is not brilliant, but that only makes them the
+more trustworthy."  Indeed, Metternich himself in his own Memoirs often
+follows a good deal in the line of Bourrienne: among many formal attacks,
+every now and then he lapses into half involuntary and indirect praise of
+his great antagonist, especially where he compares the men he had to deal
+with in aftertimes with his former rapid and talented interlocutor.  To
+some even among the Bonapartists, Bourrienne was not altogether
+distasteful.  Lucien Bonaparte, remarking that the time in which
+Bourrienne treated with Napoleon as equal with equal did not last long
+enough for the secretary, says he has taken a little revenge in his
+Memoirs, just as a lover, after a break with his mistress, reveals all
+her defects.  But Lucien considers that Bourrienne gives us a good enough
+idea of the young officer of the artillery, of the great General, and of
+the First Consul.  Of the Emperor, says Lucien, he was too much in
+retirement to be able to judge equally well.  But Lucien was not a fair
+representative of the Bonapartists; indeed he had never really thought
+well of his brother or of his actions since Lucien, the former "Brutus"
+Bonaparte, had ceased to be the adviser of the Consul.  It was well for
+Lucien himself to amass a fortune from the presents of a corrupt court,
+and to be made a Prince and Duke by the Pope, but he was too sincere a
+republican not to disapprove of the imperial system.  The real
+Bonapartists were naturally and inevitably furious with the Memoirs.
+They were not true, they were not the work of Bourrienne, Bourrienne
+himself was a traitor, a purloiner of manuscripts, his memory was as bad
+as his principles, he was not even entitled to the de before his name.
+If the Memoirs were at all to be pardoned, it was because his share was
+only really a few notes wrung from him by large pecuniary offers at a
+time when he was pursued by his creditors, and when his brain was already
+affected.
+
+The Bonapartist attack on the Memoirs was delivered in full form, in two
+volumes, 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs, Volontaires et Involontaires'
+(Paris, Heideloff, 1830), edited by the Comte d'Aure, the Ordonnateur en
+Chef of the Egyptian expedition, and containing communications from
+Joseph Bonaparte, Gourgaud, Stein, etc.'
+
+     --[In the notes in this present edition these volumes are referred
+     to in brief 'Erreurs'.]--
+
+Part of the system of attack was to call in question the authenticity of
+the Memoirs, and this was the more easy as Bourrienne, losing his
+fortune, died in 1834 in a state of imbecility.  But this plan is not
+systematically followed, and the very reproaches addressed to the writer
+of the Memoirs often show that it was believed they were really written
+by Bourrienne.  They undoubtedly contain plenty of faults.  The editor
+(Villemarest, it is said) probably had a large share in the work, and
+Bourrienne must have forgotten or misplaced many dates and occurrences.
+In such a work, undertaken so many years after the events, it was
+inevitable that many errors should be made, and that many statements
+should be at least debatable.  But on close investigation the work stands
+the attack in a way that would be impossible unless it had really been
+written by a person in the peculiar position occupied by Bourrienne.  He
+has assuredly not exaggerated that position: he really, says Lucien
+Bonaparte, treated as equal with equal with Napoleon during a part of his
+career, and he certainly was the nearest friend and confidant that
+Napoleon ever had in his life.
+
+Where he fails, or where the Bonapartist fire is most telling, is in the
+account of the Egyptian expedition.  It may seem odd that he should have
+forgotten, even in some thirty years, details such as the way in which
+the sick were removed; but such matters were not in his province; and it
+would be easy to match similar omissions in other works, such as the
+accounts of the Crimea, and still more of the Peninsula.  It is with his
+personal relations with Napoleon that we are most concerned, and it is in
+them that his account receives most corroboration.
+
+It may be interesting to see what has been said of the Memoirs by other
+writers. We have quoted Metternich, and Lucien Bonaparte; let us hear
+Meneval, his successor, who remained faithful to his master to the end:
+"Absolute confidence cannot be given to statements contained in Memoirs
+published under the name of a man who has not composed them. It is known
+that the editor of these Memoirs offered to M. de Bourrienne, who had
+then taken refuge in Holstein from his creditors, a sum said to be thirty
+thousand francs to obtain his signature to them, with some notes and
+addenda.  M. de Bourrienne was already attacked by the disease from which
+he died a few years latter in a maison de santé at Caen. Many literary
+men co-operated in the preparation of his Memoirs. In 1825 I met M. de
+Bourrienne in Paris. He told me it had been suggested to him to write
+against the Emperor.  'Notwithstanding the harm he has done me,' said he,
+'I would never do so. Sooner may my hand be withered.'  If M. de
+Bourrienne had prepared his Memoirs himself, he would not have stated
+that while he was the Emperor's minister at Hamburg he worked with the
+agents of the Comte de Lille (Louis XVIII.) at the preparation of
+proclamations in favour of that Prince, and that in 1814 he accepted the
+thanks of the King, Louis XVIII., for doing so; he would not have said
+that Napoleon had confided to him in 1805 that he had never conceived the
+idea of an expedition into England, and that the plan of a landing, the
+preparations for which he gave such publicity to, was only a snare to
+amuse fools. The Emperor well knew that never was there a plan more
+seriously conceived or more positively settled.  M. de Bourrienne would
+not have spoken of his private interviews with Napoleon, nor of the
+alleged confidences entrusted to him, while really Napoleon had no longer
+received him after the 20th October 1802.  When the Emperor, in 1805,
+forgetting his faults, named him Minister Plenipotentiary at Hamburg, he
+granted him the customary audience, but to this favour he did not add the
+return of his former friendship.  Both before and afterwards he
+constantly refused to receive him, and he did not correspond with him
+"(Meneval, ii.  378-79).  And in another passage Meneval says: "Besides,
+it would be wrong to regard these Memoirs as the work of the man whose
+name they bear.  The bitter resentment M. de Bourrienne had nourished for
+his disgrace, the enfeeblement of his faculties, and the poverty he was
+reduced to, rendered him accessible to the pecuniary offers made to him.
+He consented to give the authority of his name to Memoirs in whose
+composition he had only co-operated by incomplete, confused, and often
+inexact notes, materials which an editor was employed to put in order."
+And Meneval (iii. 29-30) goes on to quote what he himself had written in
+the Spectateur Militaire, in which he makes much the same assertions, and
+especially objects to the account of conversations with the Emperor after
+1802, except always the one audience on taking leave for Hamburg.
+Meneval also says that Napoleon, when he wished to obtain intelligence
+from Hamburg, did not correspond with Bourrienne, but deputed him,
+Meneval, to ask Bourrienne for what was wanted.  But he corroborates
+Bourrienne on the subject of the efforts made, among others by Josephine,
+for his reappointment.
+
+Such are the statements of the Bonaparists pure; and the reader, as has
+been said, can judge for himself how far the attack is good.  Bourrienne,
+or his editor, may well have confused the date of his interviews, but he
+will not be found much astray on many points.  His account of the
+conversation of Josephine after the death of the Duc d'Eughien may be
+compared with what we know from Madame de Remusat, who, by the way, would
+have been horrified if she had known that he considered her to resemble
+the Empress Josephine in character.
+
+We now come to the views of Savary, the Duc de Rovigo, who avowedly
+remained on good terms with Bourrienne after his disgrace, though the
+friendship of Savary was not exactly a thing that most men would have
+much prided themselves on.  "Bourrienne had a prodigious memory; he spoke
+and wrote in several languages, and his pen ran as quickly as one could
+speak.  Nor were these the only advantages he possessed.  He knew the
+routine of public business and public law.  His activity and devotion
+made him indispensable to the First Consul.  I knew the qualities which
+won for him the unlimited confidence of his chief, but I cannot speak
+with the same assurance of the faults which made him lose it.  Bourrienne
+had many enemies, both on account of his character and of his place"
+(Savary, i. 418-19).
+
+Marmont ought to be an impartial critic of the Memoirs.  He says,
+"Bourrienne .  .  .  had a very great capacity, but he is a striking
+example of the great truth that our passions are always bad counsellors.
+By inspiring us with an immoderate ardour to reach a fixed end, they
+often make us miss it.  Bourrienne had an immoderate love of money.  With
+his talents and his position near Bonaparte at the first dawn of
+greatness, with the confidence and real good-will which Bonaparte felt
+for him, in a few years he would have gained everything in fortune and in
+social position.  But his eager impatience mined his career at the moment
+when it might have developed and increased" (Marmont, i. 64).  The
+criticism appears just.  As to the Memoirs, Marmont says (ii. 224), "In
+general, these Memoirs are of great veracity and powerful interest so
+long as they treat of what the author has seen and heard; but when he
+speaks of others, his work is only an assemblage of gratuitous
+suppositions and of false facts put forward for special purposes."
+
+The Comte Alexandre de Puymaigre, who arrived at Hamburg soon after
+Bourrienne had left it in 1810, says (page 135) of the part of the
+Memoirs which relates to Hamburg, "I must acknowledge that generally his
+assertions are well founded.  This former companion of Napoleon has only
+forgotten to speak of the opinion that they had of him in this town.
+
+"The truth is, that he was believed to have made much money there."
+
+Thus we may take Bourrienne as a clever, able man, who would have risen
+to the highest honours under the Empire had not his short-sighted
+grasping after lucre driven him from office, and prevented him from ever
+regaining it under Napoleon.
+
+In the present edition the translation has been carefully compared with
+the original French text.  Where in the original text information is
+given which has now become mere matter of history, and where Bourrienne
+merely quotes the documents well enough known at this day, his possession
+of which forms part of the charges of his opponents, advantage has been
+taken to lighten the mass of the Memoirs.  This has been done especially
+where they deal with what the writer did not himself see or hear, the
+part of the Memoirs which are of least value and of which Marmont's
+opinion has just been quoted.  But in the personal and more valuable part
+of the Memoirs, where we have the actual knowledge of the secretary
+himself, the original text has been either fully retained, or some few
+passages previously omitted restored.  Illustrative notes have been added
+from the Memoirs of the successor of Bourrienne, Meneval, Madame de
+Remusat, the works of Colonel Jung on 'Bonaparte et Son Temps', and on
+'Lucien Bonaparte', etc., and other books.  Attention has also been paid
+to the attacks of the 'Erreurs', and wherever these criticisms are more
+than a mere expression of disagreement, their purport has been recorded
+with, where possible, some judgment of the evidence.  Thus the reader
+will have before him the materials for deciding himself how far
+Bourrienne's statements are in agreement with the facts and with the
+accounts of other writers.
+
+At the present time too much attention has been paid to the Memoirs of
+Madame de Remusat.  She, as also Madame Junot, was the wife of a man on
+whom the full shower of imperial favours did not descend, and, womanlike,
+she saw and thought only of the Court life of the great man who was never
+less great than in his Court.  She is equally astonished and indignant
+that the Emperor, coming straight from long hours of work with his
+ministers and with his secretary, could not find soft words for the
+ladies of the Court, and that, a horrible thing in the eyes of a
+Frenchwoman, when a mistress threw herself into his arms, he first
+thought of what political knowledge he could obtain from her.
+Bourrienne, on the other hand, shows us the other and the really
+important side of Napoleon's character.  He tells us of the long hours in
+the Cabinet, of the never-resting activity of the Consul, of Napoleon's
+dreams, no ignoble dreams and often realised, of great labours of peace
+as well as of war.  He is a witness, and the more valuable as a reluctant
+one, to the marvellous powers of the man who, if not the greatest, was at
+least the one most fully endowed with every great quality of mind and
+body the world has ever seen.
+
+R. W. P.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION.
+
+The trading upon an illustrious name can alone have given birth to the
+multitude of publications under the titles of historical memoirs, secret
+memoirs, and other rhapsodies which have appeared respecting Napoleon.
+On looking into them it is difficult to determine whether the impudence
+of the writers or the simplicity of certain readers is most astonishing.
+Yet these rude and ill digested compilations, filled with absurd
+anecdotes, fabricated speeches, fictitious crimes or virtues, and
+disfigured by numerous anachronisms, instead of being consigned to just
+contempt and speedy oblivion, have been pushed into notice by
+speculators, and have found zealous partisans and enthusiastic
+apologists.
+
+     --[This Introduction has been reprinted as bearing upon the
+     character of the work, but refers very often to events of the
+     day at the time of its first appearance.]--
+
+For a time I entertained the idea of noticing, one by one, the numerous
+errors which have been written respecting Napoleon; but I have renounced
+a task which would have been too laborious to myself, and very tedious to
+the reader.  I shall therefore only correct those which come within the
+plan of my work, and which are connected with those facts, to a more
+accurate knowledge of which than any other person can possess I may lay
+claim.  There are men who imagine that nothing done by Napoleon will ever
+be forgotten; but must not the slow but inevitable influence of time be
+expected to operate with respect to him?  The effect of that influence
+is, that the most important event of an epoch soon sinks, almost
+imperceptibly and almost disregarded, into the immense mass of historical
+facts.  Time, in its progress, diminishes the probability as well as the
+interest of such an event, as it gradually wears away the most durable
+monuments.
+
+I attach only a relative importance to what I am about to lay before the
+public.  I shall give authentic documents.  If all persons who have
+approached Napoleon, at any time and in any place, would candidly record
+what they saw and heard, without passion, the future historian would be
+rich in materials.  It is my wish that he who may undertake the difficult
+task of writing the history of Napoleon shall find in my notes
+information useful to the perfection of his work.  There he will at least
+find truth.  I have not the ambition to wish that what I state should be
+taken as absolute authority; but I hope that it will always be consulted.
+
+I have never before published anything respecting Napoleon.  That
+malevolence which fastens itself upon men who have the misfortune to be
+somewhat separated from the crowd has, because there is always more
+profit in saying ill than good, attributed to me several works on
+Bonaparte; among others, 'Les Memoires secrets d'un Homme qui ne l'a pas
+quitté', par M. B-------, and 'Memoires secrets sur Napoleon Bonaparte,
+par M. de B------, and 'Le Precis Historique sur Napoleon'.  The initial
+of my name has served to propagate this error.  The incredible ignorance
+which runs through those memoirs, the absurdities and inconceivable
+silliness with which they abound, do not permit a man of honour and
+common sense to allow such wretched rhapsodies to be imputed to him.  I
+declared in 1816, and at later periods in the French and foreign journals,
+that I had no hand in those publications, and I here formally repeat
+this declaration.
+
+But it may be said to me, Why should we place more confidence in you than
+in those who have written before you?
+
+My reply shall be plain.  I enter the lists one of the last. I have read
+all that my predecessors have published confident that all I state is
+true.  I have no interest in deceiving, no disgrace to fear, no reward to
+expect.  I neither wish to obscure nor embellish his glory.  However great
+Napoleon may have been, was he not also liable to pay his tribute to the
+weakness of human nature?  I speak of Napoleon such as I have seen him,
+known him, frequently admired and sometimes blamed him.  I state what I
+saw, heard, wrote, and thought at the time, under each circumstance that
+occurred.  I have not allowed myself to be carried away by the illusions
+of the imagination, nor to be influenced by friendship or hatred.  I
+shall not insert a single reflection which did not occur to me at the
+very moment of the event which gave it birth.  How many transactions and
+documents were there over which I could but lament!--how many measures,
+contrary to my views, to my principles, and to my character!--while the
+best intentions were incapable of overcoming difficulties which a most
+powerful and decided will rendered almost insurmountable.
+
+I also wish the future historian to compare what I say with what others
+have related or may relate.  But it will be necessary for him to attend
+to dates, circumstances, difference of situation, change of temperament,
+and age,--for age has much influence over men.  We do not think and act
+at fifty as at twenty-five.  By exercising this caution he will be able
+to discover the truth, and to establish an opinion for posterity.
+
+The reader must not expect to find in these Memoirs an uninterrupted
+series of all the events which marked the great career of Napoleon; nor
+details of all those battles, with the recital of which so many eminent
+men have usefully and ably occupied themselves.  I shall say little about
+whatever I did not see or hear, and which is not supported by official
+documents.
+
+Perhaps I shall succeed in confirming truths which have been doubted, and
+in correcting errors which have been adopted.  If I sometimes differ from
+the observations and statements of Napoleon at St.  Helena, I am far from
+supposing that those who undertook to be the medium of communication
+between him and the public have misrepresented what he said.  I am well
+convinced that none of the writers of St. Helena can be taxed with the
+slightest deception; disinterested zeal and nobleness of character are
+undoubted pledges of their veracity.  It appears to me perfectly certain
+that Napoleon stated, dictated, or corrected all they have published.
+Their honour is unquestionable; no one can doubt it.  That they wrote
+what he communicated must therefore be believed; but it cannot with equal
+confidence be credited that what he communicated was nothing but the
+truth.  He seems often to have related as a fact what was really only an
+idea,--an idea, too, brought forth at St. Helena, the child of
+misfortune, and transported by his imagination to Europe in the time of
+his prosperity.  His favourite phrase, which was every moment on his
+lips, must not be forgotten--"What will history say--what will posterity
+think?"  This passion for leaving behind him a celebrated name is one
+which belongs to the constitution of the human mind; and with Napoleon
+its influence was excessive.  In his first Italian campaign he wrote thus
+to General Clarke: "That ambition and the occupation of high offices were
+not sufficient for his satisfaction and happiness, which he had early
+placed in the opinion of Europe and the esteem of posterity."  He often
+observed to me that with him the opinion of posterity was the real
+immortality of the soul.
+
+It may easily be conceived that Napoleon wished to give to the documents
+which he knew historians would consult a favourable colour, and to
+direct, according to his own views, the judgment of posterity on his
+actions: But it is only by the impartial comparison of periods,
+positions, and age that a well founded decision will be given.  About his
+fortieth year the physical constitution of Napoleon sustained
+considerable change; and it may be presumed that his moral qualities were
+affected by that change.  It is particularly important not to lose sight
+of the premature decay of his health, which, perhaps, did not permit him
+always to possess the vigour of memory otherwise consistent enough with
+his age.  The state of our organisation often modifies our recollections,
+our feelings, our manner of viewing objects, and the impressions we
+receive.  This will be taken into consideration by judicious and thinking
+men; and for them I write.
+
+What M. de Las Casas states Napoleon to have said in May 1816 on the
+manner of writing his history corroborates the opinion I have expressed.
+It proves that all the facts and observations he communicated or dictated
+were meant to serve as materials.  We learn from the Memorial that M. de
+Las Casas wrote daily, and that the manuscript was read over by Napoleon,
+who often made corrections with his own hand.  The idea of a journal
+pleased him greatly.  He fancied it would be a work of which the world
+could afford no other example.  But there are passages in which the order
+of events is deranged; in others facts are misrepresented and erroneous
+assertions are made, I apprehend, not altogether involuntarily.
+
+I have paid particular attention to all that has been published by the
+noble participators of the imperial captivity.  Nothing, however, could
+induce me to change a word in these Memoirs, because nothing could take
+from me my conviction of the truth of what I personally heard and saw.
+It will be found that Napoleon in his private conversations often
+confirms what I state; but we sometimes differ, and the public must judge
+between us.  However, I must here make one observation.
+
+When Napoleon dictated or related to his friends in St.  Helena the facts
+which they have reported he was out of the world,--he had played his
+part.  Fortune, which, according to his notions, had conferred on him all
+his power and greatness, had recalled all her gifts before he sank into
+the tomb.  His ruling passion would induce him to think that it was due
+to his glory to clear up certain facts which might prove an unfavourable
+escort if they accompanied him to posterity.  This was his fixed idea.
+But is there not some ground for suspecting the fidelity of him who
+writes or dictates his own history?  Why might he not impose on a few
+persons in St. Helena, when he was able to impose on France and Europe,
+respecting many acts which emanated from him during the long duration of
+his power?  The life of Napoleon would be very unfaithfully written were
+the author to adopt as true all his bulletins and proclamations, and all
+the declarations he made at St.  Helena.  Such a history would frequently
+be in contradiction to facts; and such only is that which might be
+entitled, 'The History of Napoleon, written by Himself'.
+
+I have said this much because it is my wish that the principles which
+have guided me in the composition of these Memoirs may be understood.
+I am aware that they will not please every reader; that is a success to
+which I cannot pretend.  Some merit, however, may be allowed me on
+account of the labour I have undergone.  It has neither been of a slight
+nor an agreeable kind.  I made it a rule to read everything that has been
+written respecting Napoleon, and I have had to decipher many of his
+autograph documents, though no longer so familiar with his scrawl as
+formerly.  I say decipher, because a real cipher might often be much more
+readily understood than the handwriting of Napoleon.  My own notes, too,
+which were often very hastily made, in the hand I wrote in my youth, have
+sometimes also much embarrassed me.
+
+My long and intimate connection with Bonaparte from boyhood, my close
+relations with him when General, Consul, and Emperor, enabled me to see
+and appreciate all that was projected and all that was done during that
+considerable and momentous period of time.  I not only had the
+opportunity of being present at the conception and the execution of the
+extraordinary deeds of one of the ablest men nature ever formed, but,
+notwithstanding an almost unceasing application to business, I found
+means to employ the few moments of leisure which Bonaparte left at my
+disposal in making notes, collecting documents, and in recording for
+history facts respecting which the truth could otherwise with difficulty
+be ascertained; and more particularly in collecting those ideas, often
+profound, brilliant, and striking, but always remarkable, to which
+Bonaparte gave expression in the overflowing frankness of confidential
+intimacy.
+
+The knowledge that I possessed much important information has exposed me
+to many inquiries, and wherever I have resided since my retirement from
+public affairs much of my time has been spent in replying to questions.
+The wish to be acquainted with the most minute details of the life of a
+man formed on an unexampled model [?? D.W.] is very natural; and the
+observation on my replies by those who heard them always was,
+"You should publish your Memoirs!"
+
+I had certainly always in view the publication of my Memoirs; but, at the
+same time, I was firmly resolved not to publish them until a period
+should arrive in which I might tell the truth, and the whole truth.
+While Napoleon was in the possession of power I felt it right to resist
+the urgent applications made to me on this subject by some persons of
+the highest distinction.  Truth would then have sometimes appeared
+flattery, and sometimes, also, it might not have been without danger.
+Afterwards, when the progress of events removed Bonaparte to a far
+distant island in the midst of the ocean, silence was imposed on me by
+other considerations,-by considerations of propriety and feeling.
+
+After the death of Bonaparte, at St.  Helena, reasons of a different
+nature retarded the execution of my plan.  The tranquillity of a secluded
+retreat was indispensable for preparing and putting in order the abundant
+materials in my possession.  I found it also necessary to read a great
+number of works, in order to rectify important errors to which the want
+of authentic documents had induced the authors to give credit.  This
+much-desired retreat was found.  I had the good fortune to be introduced,
+through a friend, to the Duchesse de Brancas, and that lady invited me to
+pass some time on one of her estates in Hainault.  Received with the most
+agreeable hospitality, I have there enjoyed that tranquillity which could
+alone have rendered the publication of these volumes practicable.
+
+FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The Editor of the 1836 edition had added to the Memoirs several chapters
+taken from or founded on other works of the time, so as to make a more
+complete history of the period.  These materials have been mostly
+retained, but with the corrections which later publications have made
+necessary.  A chapter has now been added to give a brief account of the
+part played by the chief historical personages during the Cent Jours, and
+another at the end to include the removal of the body of Napoleon from
+St. Helena to France.
+
+Two special improvements have, it is hoped, been made in this edition.
+Great care has been taken to get names, dates, and figures rightly
+given,--points much neglected in most translations, though in some few
+cases, such as Davoust, the ordinary but not strictly correct spelling
+has been followed to suit the general reader.  The number of references
+to other works which are given in the notes will, it is believed, be of
+use to any one wishing to continue the study of the history of Napoleon,
+and may preserve them from many of the errors too often committed.  The
+present Editor has had the great advantage of having his work shared by
+Mr. Richard Bentley, who has brought his knowledge of the period to bear,
+and who has found, as only a busy man could do, the time to minutely
+enter into every fresh detail, with the ardour which soon seizes any one
+who long follows that enticing pursuit, the special study of an
+historical period.
+
+January 1885
+R. W. P.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                MEMOIRS
+                                   of
+                          NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+
+CHAPTER 1
+
+1769-1783.
+
+     Authentic date of Bonaparte's birth--His family ruined by the
+     Jesuits--His taste for military amusements--Sham siege at the
+     College of Brienne--The porter's wife and Napoleon--My intimacy with
+     Bonaparte at college--His love for the mathematics, and his dislike
+     of Latin--He defends Paoli and blames his father--He is ridiculed by
+     his comrades--Ignorance of the monks--Distribution of prizes at
+     Brienne--Madame de Montesson and the Duke of Orleans--Report of M.
+     Keralio on Bonaparte--He leaves Brienne.
+
+
+NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 15th of August
+1769; the original orthography of his name was Buonaparte, but he
+suppressed the u during his first campaign in Italy.  His motives for so
+doing were merely to render the spelling conformable with the
+pronunciation, and to abridge his signature.  He signed Buonaparte even
+after the famous 13th Vendemiaire.
+
+It has been affirmed that he was born in 1768, and that he represented
+himself to be a year younger than he really was.  This is untrue.  He
+always told me the 9th of August was his birthday, and, as I was born on
+the 9th of July 1769, our proximity of age served to strengthen our union
+and friendship when we were both at the Military College of Brienne.
+
+The false and absurd charge of Bonaparte having misrepresented his age,
+is decidedly refuted by a note in the register of M. Berton, sub-
+principal of the College of Brienne, in which it is stated that
+M. Napoleon de Buonaparte, écuyer, born in the city of Ajaccio, in
+Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769, left the Royal Military College of
+Brienne on the 17th October 1784.
+
+The stories about his low extraction are alike devoid of foundation.  His
+family was poor, and he was educated at the public expense, an advantage
+of which many honourable families availed themselves.  A memorial
+addressed by his father, Charles Buonaparte, to the Minister of War
+states that his fortune had been reduced by the failure of some
+enterprise in which he had engaged, and by the injustice of the Jesuits,
+by whom he had been deprived of an inheritance.  The object of this
+memorial was to solicit a sub-lieutenant's commission for Napoleon, who
+was then fourteen years of age, and to get Lucien entered a pupil of the
+Military College.  The Minister wrote on the back of the memorial, "Give
+the usual answer, if there be a vacancy;" and on the margin are these
+words--"This gentleman has been informed that his request is inadmissible
+as long as his second son remains at the school of Brienne.  Two brothers
+cannot be placed at the same time in the military schools."  When
+Napoleon was fifteen he was sent to Paris until he should attain the
+requisite age for entering the army.  Lucien was not received into the
+College of Brienne, at least not until his brother had quitted the
+Military School of Paris.
+
+Bonaparte was undoubtedly a man of good family.  I have seen an authentic
+account of his genealogy, which he obtained from Tuscany.  A great deal
+has been said about the civil dissensions which forced his family to quit
+Italy and take refuge in Corsica.  On this subject I shall say nothing.
+
+Many and various accounts have been given of Bonaparte's youth.
+
+     --[The following interesting trait of Napoleon's childhood is
+     derived from the 'Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Arbranes':--"He was one
+     day accused by one of his sisters of having eaten a basketful of
+     grapes, figs, and citrons, which had come from the garden of his
+     uncle the Canon.  None but those who were acquainted with the
+     Bonaparte family can form any idea of the enormity of this offence.
+     To eat fruit belonging to the uncle the Canon was infinitely more
+     criminal than to eat grapes and figs which might be claimed by
+     anybody else.  An inquiry took place.  Napoleon  denied the fact,
+     and was whipped.  He was told that if he would beg pardon he should
+     be forgiven.  He protested that he was innocent, but he was not
+     believed.  If I recollect rightly, his mother was at the time on a
+     visit to M. de Marbeuf, or some other friend.  The result of
+     Napoleon's obstinacy was, that he was kept three whole days on bread
+     and cheese, and that cheese was not 'broccio'.  However, he would
+     not cry: he was dull, but not sulky.  At length, on the fourth day
+     of his punishment a little friend of Marianne Bonaparte returned
+     from the country, and on hearing of Napoleon's disgrace she
+     confessed that she and Marianne had eaten the fruit.  It was now
+     Marianne's turn to be punished.  When Napoleon was asked why he had
+     not accused his sister, he replied that though he suspected that she
+     was guilty, yet out of consideration to her little friend, who had
+     no share in the falsehood, he had said nothing.  He was then only
+     seven years of age" (vol. i.  p. 9, edit. 1883).]--
+
+He has been described in terms of enthusiastic praise and exaggerated
+condemnation.  It is ever thus with individuals who by talent or
+favourable circumstances are raised above their fellow-creatures.
+Bonaparte himself laughed at all the stories which were got up for the
+purpose of embellishing or blackening his character in early life.
+An anonymous publication, entitled the 'History of Napoleon Bonaparte',
+from his Birth to his last abdication, contains perhaps the greatest
+collection of false and ridiculous details about his boyhood.  Among
+other things, it is stated that he fortified a garden to protect himself
+from the attacks of his comrades, who, a few lines lower down, are
+described as treating him with esteem and respect.  I remember the
+circumstances which, probably, gave rise to the fabrication inserted in
+the work just mentioned; they were as follows.
+
+During the winter of 1783-84, so memorable for heavy falls of snow,
+Napoleon was greatly at a loss for those retired walks and outdoor
+recreations in which he used to take much delight.  He had no alternative
+but to mingle with his comrades, and, for exercise, to walk with them up
+and down a spacious hall.  Napoleon, weary of this monotonous promenade,
+told his comrades that he thought they might amuse themselves much better
+with the snow, in the great courtyard, if they would get shovels and make
+hornworks, dig trenches, raise parapets, cavaliers, etc.  "This being
+done," said he, "we may divide ourselves into sections, form a siege, and
+I will undertake to direct the attacks."  The proposal, which was
+received with enthusiasm, was immediately put into execution.  This
+little sham war was carried on for the space of a fortnight, and did not
+cease until a quantity of gravel and small stones having got mixed with
+the snow of which we made our bullets, many of the combatants, besiegers
+as well as besieged, were seriously wounded.  I well remember that I was
+one of the worst sufferers from this sort of grapeshot fire.
+
+It is almost unnecessary to contradict the story about the ascent in the
+balloon.  It is now very well known that the hero of that headlong
+adventure was not young Bonaparte, as has been alleged, but one of his
+comrades, Dudont de Chambon, who was somewhat eccentric.  Of this his
+subsequent conduct afforded sufficient proofs.
+
+Bonaparte's mind was directed to objects of a totally different kind.
+He turned his attention to political science.  During some of his
+vacations he enjoyed the society of the Abby Raynal, who used to converse
+with him on government, legislation, commercial relations, etc.
+
+On festival days, when the inhabitants of Brienne were admitted to our
+amusements, posts were established for the maintenance of order.  Nobody
+was permitted to enter the interior of the building without a card signed
+by the principal, or vice-principal.  The rank of officers or sub-
+officers was conferred according to merit; and Bonaparte one day had the
+command of a post, when the following little adventure occurred, which
+affords an instance of his decision of character.
+
+The wife of the porter of the school,
+
+     --[This woman, named Haute, was afterwards placed at Malmaison, with
+     her husband.  They both died as concierges of Malmaison.  This shows
+     that Napoleon had a memory.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+who was very well known, because she used to sell milk, fruit, etc., to
+the pupils, presented herself one Saint Louis day for admittance to the
+representation of the 'Death of Caesar, corrected', in which I was to
+perform the part of Brutus.  As the woman had no ticket, and insisted on
+being admitted without one, some disturbance arose.  The serjeant of the
+post reported the matter to the officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who in an
+imperious tone of voice exclaimed: "Send away that woman, who comes here
+with her camp impudence."  This was in 1782.
+
+Bonaparte and I were eight years of age when our friendship commenced.
+It speedily became very intimate, for there was a certain sympathy of
+heart between us.  I enjoyed this friendship and intimacy until 1784,
+when he was transferred from the Military College of Brienne to that of
+Paris.  I was one among those of his youthful comrades who could best
+accommodate themselves to his stern character.  His natural reserve, his
+disposition to meditate on the conquest of Corsica, and the impressions
+he had received in childhood respecting the misfortunes of his country
+and his family, led him to seek retirement, and rendered his general
+demeanour, though in appearance only, somewhat unpleasing.  Our equality
+of age brought us together in the classes of the mathematics and 'belles
+lettres'.  His ardent wish to acquire knowledge was remarkable from the
+very commencement of his studies.  When he first came to the college he
+spoke only the Corsican dialect, and the Sieur Dupuis,
+
+     --[He afterwards filled the post of librarian to Napoleon at
+     Malmaison.]--
+
+who was vice-principal before Father Berton, gave him instructions in the
+French language.  In this he made such rapid progress that in a short
+time he commenced the first rudiments of Latin.  But to this study he
+evinced such a repugnance that at the age of fifteen he was not out of
+the fourth class.  There I left him very speedily; but I could never get
+before him in the mathematical class, in which he was undoubtedly the
+cleverest lad at the college.  I used sometimes to help him with his
+Latin themes and versions in return for the aid he afforded me in the
+solution of problems, at which he evinced a degree of readiness and
+facility which perfectly astonished me.
+
+When at Brienne, Bonaparte was remarkable for the dark color of his
+complexion (which, subsequently, the climate of France somewhat changed),
+for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his
+conversation both with his masters and comrades.  His conversation almost
+always bore the appearance of ill-humour, and he was certainly not very
+amiable.  This I attribute to the misfortunes his family had sustained
+and the impressions made on his mind by the conquest of his country.
+
+The pupils were invited by turns to dine with Father Berton, the head of
+the school.  One day, it being Bonaparte's turn to enjoy this indulgence,
+some of the professors who were at table designedly made some
+disrespectful remarks on Paoli, of whom they knew the young Corsican was
+an enthusiastic admirer.  "Paoli," observed Bonaparte, "was a great man;
+he loved his country; and I will never forgive my father, who was his
+adjutant, for having concurred in the union of Corsica with France.  He
+ought to have followed Paoli's fortune, and have fallen with him."
+
+     --[The Duchesse d'Abrantes, speaking of the personal characteristics
+     of Bonaparte in youth and manhood, says, "Saveria told me that
+     Napoleon was never a pretty boy, as Joseph was, for example: his
+     head always appeared too large for his body, a defect common to the
+     Bonaparte family.  When Napoleon grew up, the peculiar charm of his
+     countenance lay in his eye, especially in the mild expression it
+     assumed in his moments of kindness.  His anger, to be sure, was
+     frightful, and though I am no coward, I never could look at him in
+     his fits of rage without shuddering.  Though his smile was
+     captivating, yet the expression of his mouth when disdainful or
+     angry could scarcely be seen without terror.  But that forehead
+     which seemed formed to bear the crowns of a whole world; those
+     hands, of which the most coquettish women might have been vain, and
+     whose white skin covered muscles of iron; in short, of all that
+     personal beauty which distinguished Napoleon as a young man, no
+     traces were discernible in the boy.  Saveria spoke truly when she
+     said, that of all the children of Signora Laetitia, the Emperor was
+     the one from whom future greatness was least to be prognosticated"
+     (vol. i.  p. 10, edit. 1883)]--
+
+Generally speaking, Bonaparte was not much liked by his comrades at
+Brienne.  He was not social with them, and rarely took part in their
+amusements.  His country's recent submission to France always caused in
+his mind a painful feeling, which estranged him from his schoolfellows.
+I, however, was almost his constant companion.  During play-hours he used
+to withdraw to the library, where he read with deep interest works of
+history, particularly Polybius and Plutarch.  He was also fond of
+Arrianus, but did not care much for Quintus Gurtius.  I often went off to
+play with my comrades, and left him by himself in the library.
+
+The temper of the young Corsican was not improved by the teasing he
+frequently experienced from his comrades, who were fond of ridiculing him
+about his Christian name Napoleon and his country.  He often said to me,
+"I will do these French all the mischief I can;" and when I tried to
+pacify him he would say, "But you do not ridicule me; you like me."
+
+Father Patrauld, our mathematical professor, was much attached to
+Bonaparte.  He was justly proud of him as a pupil.  The other professors,
+in whose classes he was not distinguished, took little notice of him.
+He had no taste for the study of languages, polite literature, or the
+arts.  As there were no indications of his ever becoming a scholar, the
+pedants of the establishment were inclined to think him stupid.  His
+superior intelligence was, however, sufficiently perceptible, even
+through the reserve under which it was veiled.  If the monks to whom the
+superintendence of the establishment was confided had understood the
+organisation of his mind, if they had engaged more able mathematical
+professors, or if we had had any incitement to the study of chemistry,
+natural philosophy, astronomy, etc., I am convinced that Bonaparte would
+have pursued these sciences with all the genius and spirit of
+investigation which he displayed in a career, more brilliant it is true,
+but less useful to mankind.  Unfortunately, the monks did not perceive
+this, and were too poor to pay for good masters.  However, after
+Bonaparte left the college they found it necessary to engage two
+professors from Paris, otherwise the college would have fallen to
+nothing.  These two new professors, MM. Durfort and Desponts, finished my
+education; and I regretted that they did not come sooner.  The often-
+repeated assertion of Bonaparte having received a careful education at
+Brienne is therefore untrue.  The monks were incapable of giving it him;
+and, for my own part, I must confess that the extended information of the
+present day is to me a painful contrast with the limited course of
+education I received at the Military College.  It is only surprising that
+the establishment should have produced a single able man.
+
+Though Bonaparte had no reason to be satisfied with the treatment he
+received from his comrades, yet he was above complaining of it; and when
+he had the supervision of any duty which they infringed, he would rather
+go to prison than denounce the criminals.
+
+I was one day his accomplice in omitting to enforce a duty which we were
+appointed to supervise.  He prevailed on me to accompany him to prison,
+where we remained three days.  We suffered this sort of punishment
+several times, but with less severity.
+
+In 1783 the Duke of Orleans and Madame de Montesson visited Brienne; and,
+for upwards of a month, the magnificent chateau of the Comte de Brienne
+was a Versailles in miniature.  The series of brilliant entertainments
+which were given to the august travellers made them almost forget the
+royal magnificence they had left behind them.
+
+The Prince and Madame de Montesson expressed a wish to preside at the
+distribution of the prizes of our college.  Bonaparte and I won the
+prizes in the class of mathematics, which, as I have already observed,
+was the branch of study to which he confined his attention, and in which
+he excelled.  When I was called up for the seventh time Madame de
+Montesson said to my mother, who had come from Sens to be present at the
+distribution, "Pray, madame, crown your son this time; my hands are a-
+weary."
+
+There was an inspector of the military schools, whose business it was to
+make an annual report on each pupil, whether educated at the public
+expense or paid for by his family.  I copied from the report of 1784 a
+note which was probably obtained surreptitiously from the War Office.  I
+wanted to purchase the manuscript, but Louis Bonaparte bought it.  I did
+not make a copy of the note which related to myself, because I should
+naturally have felt diffident in making any use of it.  It would,
+however, have served to show how time and circumstances frequently
+reversed the distinctions which arise at school or college.  Judging from
+the reports of the inspector of military schools, young Bonaparte was
+not, of all the pupils at Brienne in 1784, the one most calculated to
+excite prognostics of future greatness and glory.
+
+The note to which I have just alluded, and which was written by M. de
+Keralio, then inspector of the military schools, describes Bonaparte in
+the following terms:
+
+                     INSPECTION OF MILITARY SCHOOLS
+                                 1784.
+             REPORT MADE FOR HIS MAJESTY BY M. DE KERALIO.
+
+     M. de Buonaparte (Napoleon), born 15th August 1769, height 4 feet 10
+     inches 10 lines, is in the fourth class, has a good constitution,
+     excellent health, character obedient, upright, grateful, conduct
+     very regular; has been always distinguished by his application to
+     mathematics.  He knows history and geography very passably.  He is
+     not well up in ornamental studies or in Latin in which he is only in
+     the fourth class.  He will be an excellent sailor.  He deserves to
+     be passed on to the Military School of Paris.
+
+Father Berton, however, opposed Bonaparte's removal to Paris, because he
+had not passed through the fourth Latin class, and the regulations
+required that he should be in the third.  I was informed by the vice-
+principal that a report relative to Napoleon was sent from the College of
+Brienne to that of Paris, in which he was described as being domineering,
+imperious, and obstinate.
+
+     --[Napoleon remained upwards of five years at Brienne, from April
+     1779 till the latter end of 1784.  In 1783 the Chevalier Keralio,
+     sub-inspector of the military schools, selected him to pass the year
+     following to the military school at Paris, to which three of the
+     best scholars were annually sent from each of the twelve provincial
+     military schools of France.  It is curious as well as satisfactory
+     to know the opinion at this time entertained of him by those who
+     were the best qualified to judge.  His old master, Le Guille,
+     professor of history at Paris, boasted that, in a list of the
+     different scholars, he had predicted his pupil's subsequent career.
+     In fact, to the name of Bonaparte the following note is added: "a
+     Corsican by birth and character--he will do something great, if
+     circumstances favour him."  Menge was his instructor in geometry,
+     who also entertained a high opinion of him.  M. Bauer, his German
+     master, was the only one who saw nothing in him, and was surprised
+     at being told he was undergoing his examination for the artillery.--
+     Hazlitt.]--
+
+I knew Bonaparte well; and I think M. de Keralio's report of him was
+exceedingly just, except, perhaps, that he might have said he was very
+well as to his progress in history and geography, and very backward in
+Latin; but certainly nothing indicated the probability of his being an
+excellent seaman.  He himself had no thought of the navy.
+
+     --[Bourrienne is certainly wrong as to Bonaparte having no thought
+     of the navy.  In a letter of 1784 to the Minister of War his father
+     says of Napoleon that, "following the advice of the Comte de
+     Marbeuf, he has turned his studies towards the navy; and so well has
+     he succeeded that he was intended by M. de Keralio for the school of
+     Paris, and afterwards for the department of Toulon.  The retirement
+     of the former professor (Keralio) has changed the fate of my son."
+     It was only on the failure of his intention to get into the navy
+     that his father, on 15th July 1784 applied for permission for him to
+     enter the artillery; Napoleon having a horror of the infantry, where
+     he said they did nothing.  It was on the success of this application
+     that he was allowed to enter the school of Paris (Jung, tome i.  pp.
+     91-103).  Oddly enough, in later years, on 30th August 1792, having
+     just succeeded in getting himself reinstated as captain after his
+     absence, overstaying leave, he applied to pass into the Artillerie
+     de la Marine.  "The application was judged to be simply absurd, and
+     was filed with this note, 'S. R.' ('sans reponse')" (Jung, tome ii.
+     p. 201)]--
+
+In consequence of M. de Keralio's report, Bonaparte was transferred to
+the Military College of Paris, along with MM. Montarby de Dampierre, de
+Castres, de Comminges, and de Laugier de Bellecourt, who were all, like
+him, educated at the public expense, and all, at least, as favorably
+reported.
+
+What could have induced Sir Walter Scott to say that Bonaparte was the
+pride of the college, that our mathematical master was exceedingly fond
+of him, and that the other professors in the different sciences had equal
+reason to be satisfied with him?  What I have above stated, together with
+the report of M. de Keralio, bear evidence of his backwardness in almost
+every branch of education except mathematics.  Neither was it, as Sir
+Walter affirms, his precocious progress in mathematics that occasioned
+him to be removed to Paris.  He had attained the proper age, and the
+report of him was favourable, therefore he was very naturally included
+among the number of the five who were chosen in 1784.
+
+In a biographical account of Bonaparte I have read the following
+anecdote:--When he was fourteen years of age he happened to be at a party
+where some one pronounced a high eulogium on Turenne; and a lady in the
+company observed that he certainly was a great man, but that she should
+like him better if he had not burned the Palatinate.  "What signifies
+that," replied Bonaparte, "if it was necessary to the object he had in
+view?"
+
+This is either an anachronism or a mere fabrication.  Bonaparte was
+fourteen in the year 1783.  He was then at Brienne, where certainly he
+did not go into company, and least of all the company of ladies.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1784-1794.
+
+     Bonaparte enters the Military College of Paris--He urges me to
+     embrace the military profession--His report on the state of the
+     Military School of Paris--He obtains a commission--I set off for
+     Vienna--Return to Paris, where I again meet Bonaparte--His singular
+     plans for raising money--Louis XVI, with the red cap on his head--
+     The 10th of August--My departure for Stuttgart--Bonaparte goes to
+     Corsica--My name inscribed on the list of emigrants--Bonaparte at
+     the siege of Toulon--Le Souper de Beaucaire--Napoleon's mission to
+     Genoa--His arrest--His autographical justification
+     --Duroc's first connection with Bonaparte.
+
+Bonaparte was fifteen years and two months old when he went to the
+Military College of Paris.
+
+     --[Madame Junot relates some interesting particulars connected with
+     Napoleon's first residence in Paris:
+     "My mother's first care," says she, "on arriving in Paris was to
+     inquire after Napoleon Bonaparte.  He was at that time in the
+     military school at Paris, having quitted Brienne in the September of
+     the preceding year.
+
+     "My uncle Demetrius had met him just after he alighted from the coach
+     which brought him to town; 'And truly.' said my uncle, 'he had the
+     appearance of a fresh importation.  I met him in the Palais Royal,
+     where he was gaping and staring with wonder at everything he saw.
+     He would have been an excellent subject for sharpers, if, indeed, he
+     had had anything worth taking!'  My uncle invited him to dine at his
+     house; for though my uncle was a bachelor, he did not choose to dine
+     at a 'traiteur' (the name 'restaurateur' was not then introduced).
+     He told my mother that Napoleon was very morose.  'I fear,' added
+     he, 'that that young man has more self-conceit than is suitable to
+     his condition.  When he dined with me he began to declaim violently
+     against the luxury of the young men of the military school.  After a
+     little he turned the conversation on Mania, and the present
+     education of the young Maniotes, drawing a comparison between it and
+     the ancient Spartan system of education.  His observations on this
+     head he told me he intended to embody in a memorial to be presented
+     to the Minister of War.  All this, depend upon it, will bring him
+     under the displeasure of his comrades; and it will be lucky if he
+     escape being run through.'  A few days afterwards my mother saw
+     Napoleon, and then his irritability was at its height.  He would
+     scarcely bear any observations, even if made in his favour, and I am
+     convinced that it is to this uncontrollable irritability that he
+     owed the reputation of having been ill-tempered in his boyhood, and
+     splenetic in his youth.  My father, who was acquainted with almost
+     all the heads of the military school, obtained leave for him
+     sometimes to come out for recreation.  On account of an accident (a
+     sprain, if I recollect rightly) Napoleon once spent a whole week at
+     our house.  To this day, whenever I pass the Quai Conti, I cannot
+     help looking up at a 'mansarde' at the left angle of the house on
+     the third floor.  That was Napoleon's chamber when he paid us a
+     visit, and a neat little room it was.  My brother used to occupy the
+     one next to it.  The two young men were nearly of the same age: my
+     brother perhaps had the advantage of a year or fifteen months.  My
+     mother had recommended him to cultivate the friendship of young
+     Bonaparte; but my brother complained how unpleasant it was to find
+     only cold politeness where he expected affection.  This
+     repulsiveness on the part of Napoleon was almost offensive, and must
+     have been sensibly felt by my brother, who was not only remarkable
+     for the mildness of his temper and the amenity and grace of his
+     manner, but whose society was courted in the most distinguished
+     circles of Paris on account of his accomplishments.  He perceived in
+     Bonaparte a kind of acerbity and bitter irony, of which he long
+     endeavoured to discover the cause.  'I believe,' said Albert one day
+     to my mother, 'that the poor young man feels keenly his dependent
+     situation.'" ('Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Abrantes, vol. i.  p. 18,
+     edit. 1883).]--
+
+I accompanied him in a carriole as far as Nogent Sur Seine, whence the
+coach was to start.  We parted with regret, and we did not meet again
+till the year 1792.  During these eight years we maintained an active
+correspondence; but so little did I anticipate the high destiny which,
+after his elevation, it was affirmed the wonderful qualities of his
+boyhood plainly denoted, that I did not preserve one of the letters
+he wrote to me at that period, but tore them up as soon as they were
+answered.
+
+     --[I remember, however, that in a letter which I received from him
+     about a year after his arrival in Paris he urged me to keep my
+     promise of entering the army with him.  Like him, I had passed
+     through the studies necessary for the artillery service; and in 1787
+     I went for three months to Metz, in order to unite practice with
+     theory.  A strange Ordinance, which I believe was issued in 1778 by
+     M. de Segur, required that a man should possess four quarterings of
+     nobility before he could be qualified to serve his king and country
+     as a military officer.  My mother went to Paris, taking with her the
+     letters patent of her husband, who died six weeks after my birth.
+     She proved that in the year 1640 Louis XIII.  had, by letters
+     patent, restored the titles of one Fauvelet de Villemont, who in
+     1586 had kept several provinces of Burgundy subject to the king's
+     authority at the peril of his life and the loss of his property; and
+     that his family had occupied the first places in the magistracy
+     since the fourteenth century.  All was correct, but it was observed
+     that the letters of nobility had not been registered by the
+     Parliament, and to repair this little omission, the sum of twelve
+     thousand francs was demanded.  This my mother refused to pay, and
+     there the matter rested.]--
+
+On his arrival at the Military School of Paris, Bonaparte found the
+establishment on so brilliant and expensive a footing that he immediately
+addressed a memorial on the subject to the Vice-Principal Berton of
+Brienne.
+
+     --[A second memoir prepared by him to the same effect was intended
+     for the Minister of War, but Father Berton wisely advised silence to
+     the young cadet (Jung, tome i.  p. 122).  Although believing in the
+     necessity of show and of magnificence in public life, Napoleon
+     remained true to these principles.  While lavishing wealth on his
+     ministers and marshals, "In your private life," said be, "be
+     economical and even parsimonious; in public be magnificent"
+     (Meneval, tome i. p. 146).]--
+
+He showed that the plan of education was really pernicious, and far from
+being calculated to fulfil the object which every wise government must
+have in view.  The result of the system, he said, was to inspire the
+pupils, who were all the sons of poor gentlemen, with a love of
+ostentation, or rather, with sentiments of vanity and self-sufficiency;
+so that, instead of returning happy to the bosom of their families, they
+were likely to be ashamed of their parents, and to despise their humble
+homes.  Instead of the numerous attendants by whom they were surrounded,
+their dinners of two courses, and their horses and grooms, he suggested
+that they should perform little necessary services for themselves, such
+as brushing their clothes, and cleaning their boots and shoes; that they
+should eat the coarse bread made for soldiers, etc.  Temperance and
+activity, he added, would render them robust, enable them to bear the
+severity of different seasons and climates, to brave the fatigues of war,
+and to inspire the respect and obedience of the soldiers under their
+command.  Thus reasoned Napoleon at the age of sixteen, and time showed
+that he never deviated from these principles.  The establishment of the
+military school at Fontainebleau is a decided proof of this.
+
+As Napoleon was an active observer of everything passing around him, and
+pronounced his opinion openly and decidedly, he did not remain long at
+the Military School of Paris.  His superiors, who were anxious to get rid
+of him, accelerated the period of his examination, and he obtained the
+first vacant sub-lieutenancy in a regiment of artillery.
+
+I left Brienne in 1787; and as I could not enter the artillery,
+I proceeded in the following year to Vienna, with a letter of
+recommendation to M. de Montmorin, soliciting employment in the French
+Embassy at the Court of Austria.
+
+I remained two months at Vienna, where I had the honour of twice seeing
+the Emperor Joseph.  The impression made upon me by his kind reception,
+his dignified and elegant manners, and graceful conversation, will never
+be obliterated from my recollection.  After M. de Noailles had initiated
+me in the first steps of diplomacy, he advised me to go to one of the
+German universities to study the law of nations and foreign languages.
+I accordingly repaired to Leipsic, about the time when the French
+Revolution broke out.
+
+I spent some time at Leipsic, where I applied myself to the study of the
+law of nations, and the German and English languages.  I afterwards
+travelled through Prussia and Poland, and passed a part of the winter of
+1791 and 1792 at Warsaw, where I was most graciously received by Princess
+Tyszicwiez, niece of Stanislaus Augustus, the last King of Poland, and
+the sister of Prince Poniatowski.  The Princess was very well informed,
+and was a great admirer of French literature. At her invitation I passed
+several evenings in company with the King in a circle small enough to
+approach to something like intimacy.  I remember that his Majesty
+frequently asked me to read the Moniteur; the speeches to which he
+listened with the greatest pleasure were those of the Girondists.  The
+Princess Tyszicwiez wished to print at Warsaw, at her own expense, a
+translation I had executed of Kotzebue's 'Menschenhass und Reue, to which
+I gave the title of 'L'Inconnu'.
+
+     --[A play known on the English stage as The Stranger.]--
+
+I arrived at Vienna on the 26th of March 1792, when I was informed of the
+serious illness of the Emperor, Leopold II, who died on the following
+day.  In private companies, and at public places, I heard vague
+suspicions expressed of his having been poisoned; but the public, who
+were admitted to the palace to see the body lie in state, were soon
+convinced of the falsehood of these reports.  I went twice to see the
+mournful spectacle, and I never heard a word which was calculated to
+confirm the odious suspicion, though the spacious hall in which the
+remains of the Emperor were exposed was constantly thronged with people.
+
+In the month of April 1792 I returned to Paris, where I again met
+Bonaparte,
+
+     --[Bonaparte is said, on very doubtful authority, to have spent five
+     or six weeks in London in 1791 or 1792, and to have "lodged in a
+     house in George Street, Strand.  His chief occupation appeared to be
+     taking pedestrian exercise in the streets of London--hence his
+     marvellous knowledge of the great metropolis which used to astonish
+     any Englishmen of distinction who were not aware of this visit.  He
+     occasionally took his cup of chocolate at the 'Northumberland,'
+     occupying himself in reading, and preserving a provoking taciturnity
+     to the gentlemen in the room; though his manner was stern, his
+     deportment was that of a gentleman."  The story of his visit is
+     probably as apocryphal as that of his offering his services to the
+     English Government when the English forces were blockading the coast
+     of Corsica,]--
+
+and our college intimacy was fully renewed.  I was not very well off, and
+adversity was hanging heavily on him; his resources frequently failed
+him.  We passed our time like two young fellows of twenty-three who have
+little money and less occupation.  Bonaparte was always poorer than I.
+Every day we conceived some new project or other.  We were on the look-
+out for some profitable speculation.  At one time he wanted me to join
+him in renting several houses, then building in the Rue Montholon, to
+underlet them afterwards.  We found the demands of the landlords
+extravagant--everything failed.
+
+At the same time he was soliciting employment at the War Office, and I at
+the office of Foreign Affairs.  I was for the moment the luckier of the
+two.
+
+While we were spending our time in a somewhat vagabond way,
+
+     --[It was before the 20th of June that in our frequent excursions
+     around Paris we went to St. Cyr to see his sister Marianne (Elisa).
+     We returned to dine alone at Trianon.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+the 20th of June arrived.  We met by appointment at a restaurateur's in
+the Rue St. Honore, near the Palais Royal, to take one of our daily
+rambles.  On going out we saw approaching, in the direction of the
+market, a mob, which Bonaparte calculated at five or six thousand men.
+They were all in rags, ludicrously armed with weapons of every
+description, and were proceeding hastily towards the Tuilleries,
+vociferating all kinds of gross abuse.  It was a collection of all that
+was most vile and abject in the purlieus of Paris.  "Let us follow the
+mob," said Bonaparte.  We got the start of them, and took up our station
+on the terrace of the banks of the river.  It was there that he witnessed
+the scandalous scenes which took place; and it would be difficult to
+describe the surprise and indignation which they excited in him.  When
+the King showed himself at the windows overlooking the garden, with the
+red cap, which one of the mob had put on his head, he could no longer
+repress his indignation.  "Che coglione!" he loudly exclaimed.  "Why
+have they let in all that rabble! They should sweep off four or five
+hundred of them with the cannon; the rest would then set off fast
+enough."
+
+When we sat down to dinner, which I paid for, as I generally did, for I
+was the richer of the two, he spoke of nothing but the scene we had
+witnessed.  He discussed with great good sense the causes and
+consequences of this unrepressed insurrection.  He foresaw and developed
+with sagacity all that would ensue.  He was not mistaken.  The 10th of
+August soon arrived.  I was then at Stuttgart, where I was appointed
+Secretary of Legation.
+
+At St. Helena Bonaparte said, "On the news of the attack of the
+Tuilleries, on the 10th of August, I hurried to Fauvelet, Bourrienne's
+brother, who then kept a furniture warehouse at the Carrousel."  This is
+partly correct.  My brother was connected with what was termed an
+'enterprise d'encan national', where persons intending to quit France
+received an advance of money, on depositing any effects which they wished
+to dispose of, and which were sold for them immediately.  Bonaparte had
+some time previously pledged his watch in this way.
+
+After the fatal 10th of August Bonaparte went to Corsica, and did not
+return till 1793.  Sir Walter Scott says that after that time he never
+saw Corsica again.  This is a mistake, as will be shown when I speak of
+his return from Egypt.
+
+     --[Sir Walter appears to have collected his information for the Life
+     of Napoleon only from those libels and vulgar stories which
+     gratified the calumnious spirit and national hatred.  His work is
+     written with excessive negligence, which, added to its numerous
+     errors, shows how much respect he must have entertained for his
+     readers.  It would appear that his object was to make it the inverse
+     of his novels, where everything is borrowed from history.  I have
+     been assured that Marshal Macdonald having offered to introduce
+     Scott to some generals who could have furnished him with the most
+     accurate information respecting military events, the glory of which
+     they had shared, Sir Walter replied, "I thank you, but I shall
+     collect my information from unprofessional reports."--Bourrienne.]--
+
+Having been appointed Secretary of Legation to Stuttgart, I set off for
+that place on the 2d of August, and I did not again see my ardent young
+friend until 1795.  He told me that my departure accelerated his for
+Corsica.  We separated, as may be supposed, with but faint hopes of ever
+meeting again.
+
+By a decree of the 28th of March of 1793, all French agents abroad were
+ordered to return to France, within three months, under pain of being
+regarded as emigrants.  What I had witnessed before my departure for
+Stuttgart, the excitement in which I had left the public mind, and the
+well-known consequences of events of this kind, made me fear that I
+should be compelled to be either an accomplice or a victim in the
+disastrous scenes which were passing at home.  My disobedience of the law
+placed my name on the list of emigrants.
+
+It has been said of me, in a biographical publication, that "it was as
+remarkable as it was fortunate for Bourrienne that, on his return, he got
+his name erased from the list of emigrants of the department of the
+Yonne, on which it had been inscribed during his first journey to
+Germany.  This circumstance has been interpreted in several different
+ways, which are not all equally favourable to M. de Bourrienne."
+
+I do not understand what favourable interpretations can be put upon a
+statement entirely false.  General Bonaparte repeatedly applied for the
+erasure of my name, from the month of April 1797, when I rejoined him at
+Leoben, to the period of the signature of the treaty of Campo-Formio; but
+without success.  He desired his brother Louis, Berthier, Bernadotte, and
+others, when he sent them to the Directory, to urge my erasure; but in
+vain.  He complained of this inattention to his wishes to Bottot, when he
+came to Passeriano, after the 18th Fructidor.  Bottot, who was secretary
+to Barras, was astonished that I was not erased, and he made fine
+promises of what he would do.  On his return to France he wrote to
+Bonaparte: "Bourrienne is erased."  But this was untrue.  I was not
+erased until November 1797, upon the reiterated solicitations of General
+Bonaparte.
+
+It was during my absence from France that Bonaparte, in the rank of 'chef
+de bataillon', performed his first campaign, and contributed so
+materially to the recapture of Toulon.  Of this period of his life I have
+no personal knowledge, and therefore I shall not speak of it as an eye-
+witness.  I shall merely relate some facts which fill up the interval
+between 1793 and 1795, and which I have collected from papers which he
+himself delivered to me.  Among these papers is a little production,
+entitled 'Le Souper de Beaucaire', the copies of which he bought up at
+considerable expense, and destroyed upon his attaining the Consulate.
+This little pamphlet contains principles very opposite to those he wished
+to see established in 1800, a period when extravagant ideas of liberty
+were no longer the fashion, and when Bonaparte entered upon a system
+totally the reverse of those republican principles professed in
+'Le Souper de Beaucaire.
+
+     --[This is not, as Sir Walter says, a dialogue between Marat and a
+     Federalist, but a conversation between a military officer, a native
+     of Nismes, a native of Marseilles, and a manufacturer from
+     Montpellier.  The latter, though he takes a share in the
+     conversation, does not say much.  'Le Souper de Beaucaire' is given
+     at full length in the French edition of these Memoirs, tome i.  pp.
+     319-347; and by Jung, tome ii.  p. 354, with the following remarks:
+     "The first edition of 'Le Souper de Beaucaire' was issued at the
+     cost of the Public Treasury, in August 1793.  Sabin Tournal, its
+     editor, also then edited the 'Courrier  d'Avignon'.  The second
+     edition only appeared twenty-eight years afterwards, in 1821,
+     preceded by an introduction by Frederick Royou (Paris: Brasseur
+     Aine, printer, Terrey, publisher, in octavo).  This pamphlet did not
+     make any sensation at the time it appeared.  It was only when
+     Napoleon became Commandant of the Army of Italy that M. Loubet,
+     secretary and corrector of the press for M. Tournal, attached some
+     value to the manuscript, and showed it to several persons.  Louis
+     Bonaparte, later, ordered several copies from M. Aurel.  The
+     pamphlet, dated 29th July 1793, is in the form of a dialogue between
+     an officer of the army, a citizen of Nismes, a manufacturer of
+     Montpellier, and a citizen of Marseilles.  Marseilles was then in a
+     state of insurrection against the Convention.  Its forces had seized
+     Avignon, but had been driven out by the army of Carteaux, which was
+     about to attack Marseilles itself."  In the dialogue the officer
+     gives most excellent military advice to the representative of
+     Marseilles on the impossibility of their resisting the old soldiers
+     of Carteaux.  The Marseilles citizen argues but feebly, and is
+     alarmed at the officer's representations; while his threat to call
+     in the Spaniards turns the other speakers against him.  Even Colonel
+     Jung says, tome ii.  p. 372, "In these concise judgments is felt the
+     decision of the master and of the man of war.....  These marvellous
+     qualities consequently struck the members of the Convention, who
+     made much of Bonaparte, authorised him to have it published at the
+     public expense, and made him many promises."  Lanfrey, vol. i.  pp.
+     201, says of this pamphlets "Common enough ideas, expressed in a
+     style only remarkable for its 'Italianisms,' but becoming singularly
+     firm and precise every time the author expresses his military views.
+     Under an apparent roughness, we find in it a rare circumspection,
+     leaving no hold on the writer, even if events change."]--
+
+It may be remarked, that in all that has come to us from St. Helena, not
+a word is said of this youthful production.  Its character sufficiently
+explains this silence.  In all Bonaparte's writings posterity will
+probably trace the profound politician rather than the enthusiastic
+revolutionist.
+
+Some documents relative to Bonaparte's suspension and arrest, by order of
+the representatives Albitte and Salicetti, serve to place in their true
+light circumstances which have hitherto been misrepresented.  I shall
+enter into some details of this event, because I have seen it stated that
+this circumstance of Bonaparte's life has been perverted and
+misrepresented by every person who has hitherto written about him; and
+the writer who makes this remark, himself describes the affair
+incorrectly and vaguely.  Others have attributed Bonaparte's misfortune
+to a military discussion on war, and his connection with Robespierre the
+younger.
+
+     --[It will presently be seen that all this is erroneous, and that
+     Sir Walter commits another mistake when he says that Bonaparte's
+     connection with Robespierre was attended with fatal consequences to
+     him, and that his justification consisted in acknowledging that his
+     friends were very different from what he had supposed them to be.--
+     Bourrienne.]--
+
+It has, moreover, been said that Albitte and Salicetti explained to the
+Committee of Public Safety the impossibility of their resuming the
+military operations unaided by the talents of General Bonaparte.  This is
+mere flattery.  The facts are these:
+
+On the 13th of July 1794 (25th Messidor, year II), the representatives of
+the people with the army of Italy ordered that General Bonaparte should
+proceed to Genoa, there, conjointly with the French 'chargé d'affaires',
+to confer on certain subjects with the Genoese Government.  This mission,
+together with a list of secret instructions, directing him to examine the
+fortresses of Genoa and the neighbouring country, show the confidence
+which Bonaparte, who was then only twenty-five, inspired in men who were
+deeply interested in making a prudent choice of their agents.
+
+Bonaparte set off for Genoa, and fulfilled his mission.  The 9th
+Thermidor arrived, and the deputies, called Terrorists, were superseded
+by Albitte and Salicetti.  In the disorder which then prevailed they were
+either ignorant of the orders given to General Bonaparte, or persons
+envious of the rising glory of the young general of artillery inspired
+Albitte and Salicetti with suspicions prejudicial to him.  Be this as it
+may, the two representatives drew up a resolution, ordering that General
+Bonaparte should be arrested, suspended from his rank, and arraigned
+before the Committee of Public Safety; and, extraordinary as it may
+appear, this resolution was founded in that very journey to Genoa which
+Bonaparte executed by the direction of the representatives of the people.
+
+     --[Madame Junot throws some light on this Persecution of Bonaparte
+     by Salicetti.  "One motive (I do not mean to say the only one),"
+     remarks this lady, "of the animosity shown by Salicetti to
+     Bonaparte, in the affair of Loano, was that they were at one time
+     suitors to the same lady.  I am not sure whether it was in Corsica
+     or in Paris, but I know for a fact that Bonaparte, in spite of his
+     youth, or perhaps I should rather say on account of his youth, was
+     the favoured lover.  It was the opinion of my brother, who was
+     secretary to Salicetti, that Bonaparte owed his life to a
+     circumstance which is not very well known.  The fact is, that
+     Salicetti received a letter from Bonaparte, the contents of which
+     appeared to make a deep impression on him.  Bonaparte's papers had
+     been delivered into Salicetti's hands, who, after an attentive
+     perusal of them, laid them aside with evident dissatisfaction.  He
+     then took them up again, and read them a second time.  Salicetti
+     declined my brother's assistance in the examination of the papers,
+     and after a second examination, which was probably as unsatisfactory
+     as the first, he seated himself with a very abstracted air.  It
+     would appear that he had seen among the papers some document which
+     concerned himself.  Another curious fact is, that the man who had
+     the care of the papers after they were sealed up was an inferior
+     clerk entirely under the control of Salicetti; and my brother, whose
+     business it was to have charge of the papers, was directed not to
+     touch them.  He has often spoken to me of this circumstance, and I
+     mention it here as one of importance to the history of the time.
+     Nothing that relates to a man like Napoleon can be considered
+     useless or trivial.
+
+     "What, after all, was the result of this strange business which
+     might have cost Bonaparte his head?--for, had he been taken to Paris
+     and tried by the Committee of Public Safety, there is little doubt
+     that the friend of Robespierre the younger would have been condemned
+     by Billaud-Varennes and Collot d'Herbois.  The result was the
+     acquittal of the accused.  This result is the more extraordinary,
+     since it would appear that at that time Salicetti stood in fear of
+     the young general.  A compliment is even paid to Bonaparte in the
+     decree, by which he was provisionally restored to liberty.  That
+     liberation was said to be granted on the consideration that General
+     Bonaparte might he useful to the Republic.  This was foresight; but
+     subsequently when measures were taken which rendered Bonaparte no
+     longer an object of fear, his name was erased from the list of
+     general officers, and it is a curious fact that Cambaceres, who was
+     destined to be his colleague in the Consulate, was one of the
+     persons who signed the act of erasure" (Memoirs of the Duchesse
+     d'Abrantes, vol. i, p. 69, edit. 1843).]--
+
+Bonaparte said at St. Helena that he was a short time imprisoned by order
+of the representative Laporte; but the order for his arrest was signed by
+Albitte, Salicetti, and Laporte.
+
+     --[Albitte and Laporte were the representatives sent from the
+     Convention to the army of the Alps, and Salicetti to the army of
+     Italy.]--
+
+Laporte was not probably the most influential of the three, for Bonaparte
+did not address his remonstrance to him.  He was a fortnight under
+arrest.
+
+Had the circumstance occurred three weeks earlier, and had Bonaparte been
+arraigned before the Committee of Public Safety previous to the 9th
+Thermidor, there is every probability that his career would have been at
+an end; and we should have seen perish on the scaffold, at the age of
+twenty-five, the man who, during the twenty-five succeeding years, was
+destined to astonish the world by his vast conceptions, his gigantic
+projects, his great military genius, his extraordinary good fortune, his
+faults, reverses, and final misfortunes.
+
+It is worth while to remark that in the post-Thermidorian resolution just
+alluded to no mention is made of Bonaparte's association with Robespierre
+the younger.  The severity with which he was treated is the more
+astonishing, since his mission to Genoa was the alleged cause of it.
+Was there any other charge against him, or had calumny triumphed over the
+services he had rendered to his country?  I have frequently conversed
+with him on the subject of this adventure, and he invariably assured me
+that he had nothing to reproach himself with, and that his defence, which
+I shall subjoin, contained the pure expression of his sentiments, and the
+exact truth.
+
+In the following note, which he addressed to Albitte and Salicetti, he
+makes no mention of Laporte.  The copy which I possess is in the
+handwriting of Junot, with corrections in the General's hand.  It
+exhibits all the characteristics of Napoleon's writing: his short
+sentences, his abrupt rather than concise style, sometimes his elevated
+ideas, and always his plain good sense.
+
+              TO THE REPRESENTATIVES ALBITTE AND SALICETTI.
+
+You have suspended me from my duties, put me under arrest, and declared
+me to be suspected.
+
+Thus I am disgraced before being judged, or indeed judged before being
+heard.
+
+In a revolutionary state there are two classes, the suspected and the
+patriots.
+
+When the first are aroused, general measures are adopted towards them for
+the sake of security.
+
+The oppression of the second class is a blow to public liberty.  The
+magistrate cannot condemn until after the fullest evidence and a
+succession of facts.  This leaves nothing to arbitrary decision.
+
+To declare a patriot suspected is to deprive him of all that he most
+highly values--confidence and esteem.
+
+In what class am I placed?
+
+Since the commencement of the Revolution, have I not always been attached
+to its principles?
+
+Have I not always been contending either with domestic enemies or foreign
+foes?
+
+I sacrificed my home, abandoned my property, and lost everything for the
+Republic?
+
+I have since served with some distinction at Toulon, and earned a part of
+the laurels of the army of Italy at the taking of Saorgio, Oneille, and
+Tanaro.
+
+On the discovery of Robespierre's conspiracy, my conduct was that of a
+man accustomed to look only to principles.
+
+My claim to the title of patriot, therefore cannot be disputed.
+
+Why, then, am I declared suspected without being heard, and arrested
+eight days after I heard the news of the tyrant's death?
+
+I am declared suspected, and my papers are placed under seal.
+
+The reverse of this course ought to have been adopted.  My papers should
+first have been sealed; then I should have been called on for my
+explanation; and, lastly, declared suspected, if there was reason for
+coming to such a decision.
+
+It is wished that I should go to Paris with an order which declares me
+suspected.  It will naturally be presumed that the representatives did
+not draw up this decree without accurate information, and I shall be
+judged with the bias which a man of that class merits.
+
+Though a patriot and an innocent and calumniated man, yet whatever
+measures may be adopted by the Committee I cannot complain.
+
+If three men declare that I have committed a crime, I cannot complain of
+the jury who condemns me.
+
+Salicetti, you know me; and I ask whether you have observed anything in
+my conduct for the last five years which can afford ground of suspicion?
+
+Albitte, you do not know me; but you have received proof of no fact
+against me; you have not heard me, and you know how artfully the tongue
+of calumny sometimes works.
+
+Must I then be confounded with the enemies of my country and ought the
+patriots inconsiderately to sacrifice a general who has not been useless
+to the Republic?  Ought the representatives to reduce the Government to
+the necessity of being unjust and impolitic?
+
+Hear me; destroy the oppression that overwhelms me, and restore me to the
+esteem of the patriots.
+
+An hour after, if my enemies wish for my life, let them take it.  I have
+often given proofs how little I value it.  Nothing but the thought that I
+may yet be useful to my country makes me bear the burden of existence
+with courage.
+
+
+It appears that this defence, which is remarkable for its energetic
+simplicity, produced an effect on Albitte and Salicetti.  Inquiries more
+accurate, and probably more favourable to the General, were instituted;
+and on the 3d Fructidor (20th August 1794) the representatives of the
+people drew up a decree stating that, after a careful examination of
+General Bonaparte's papers, and of the orders he had received relative to
+his mission to Genoa, they saw nothing to justify any suspicion of his
+conduct; and that, moreover, taking into consideration the advantage that
+might accrue to the Republic from the military talents of the said
+General Bonaparte, it was resolved that he should be provisionally set at
+liberty.
+
+     --[With reference to the arrest of Bonaparte (which lasted thirteen
+     days) see 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs', tome i.  pp. 16-28, and Jung,
+     tome ii.  pp. 443-457.  Both, in opposition to Bourrienne, attribute
+     the arrest to his connection with the younger Robespierre.
+     Apparently Albitte and Salicetti were not acquainted with the secret
+     plan of campaign prepared by the younger Robespierre and by
+     Bonaparte, or with the real instructions given for the mission to
+     Genoa.  Jealousy between the representatives in the staff of the
+     army of the Alps and those with the army of Italy, with which
+     Napoleon was, also played a part in the affair.  Jung looks on
+     Salicetti as acting as the protector of the Bonapartes; but Napoleon
+     does not seem to have regarded him in that light; see the letter
+     given in Junot, vol. i.  p. l06, where in 1795 he takes credit for
+     not returning the ill done to him; see also the same volume, p. 89.
+     Salicetti eventually became Minister of Police to Joseph, when King
+     of Naples, in 1806; but when he applied to return to France,
+     Napoleon said to Mathieu Dumas, "Let him know that I am not powerful
+     enough to protect the wretches who voted for the death of Louis XVI.
+     from the contempt and indignation of the public" (Dumas, tome iii.
+     p. 318).  At the same time Napoleon described Salicetti as worse
+     than the lazzaroni.]--
+
+Salicetti afterwards became the friend and confidant of young Bonaparte;
+but their intimacy did not continue after his elevation.
+
+What is to be thought of the motives for Bonaparte's arrest and
+provisional liberation, when his innocence and the error that had been
+committed were acknowledged?  The importance of the General's military
+talents, though no mention is made about the impossibility of dispensing
+with them, is a pretence for restoring him to that liberty of which he
+had been unjustly deprived.
+
+It was not at Toulon, as has been stated, that Bonaparte took Duroc into
+the artillery, and made him his 'aide de camp'.
+
+     --[Michel Duroc (1773-1813) at first only aide de camp to Napoleon,
+     was several times entrusted with special diplomatic missions (for
+     example, to Berlin, etc.)  On the formation of the Empire he became
+     Grand Marechal du Palais, and Duc de Frioul.  He always remained in
+     close connection with Napoleon until he was killed in 1813.  As he
+     is often mentioned in contemporary memoirs under his abbreviated
+     title of 'Marshal', he has sometimes been erroneously included in
+     the number of the Marshals of the Empire--a military rank he never
+     attained to.]--
+
+The acquaintance was formed at a subsequent period, in Italy.  Duroc's
+cold character and unexcursive mind suited Napoleon, whose confidence he
+enjoyed until his death, and who entrusted him with missions perhaps
+above his abilities.  At St. Helena Bonaparte often declared that he was
+much attached to Duroc.  I believe this to be true; but I know that the
+attachment was not returned.  The ingratitude of princes is proverbial.
+May it not happen that courtiers are also sometimes ungrateful?--[It is
+only just to Duroc to add that this charge does not seem borne out by the
+impressions of those more capable than Bourrienne of judging in the
+matter.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1794-1795.
+
+     Proposal to send Bonaparte to La Vendee--He is struck off the list
+     of general officers--Salicetti--Joseph's marriage with Mademoiselle
+     Clary--Bonaparte's wish to go to Turkey--Note explaining the plan of
+     his proposed expedition--Madame Bourrienne's character of Bonaparte,
+     and account of her husband's arrest--Constitution of the year III--
+     The 13th Vendemiaire--Bonaparte appointed second in command of the
+     army of the interior--Eulogium of Bonaparte by Barras, and its
+     consequences--St. Helena manuscript.
+
+General Bonaparte returned to Paris, where I also arrived from Germany
+shortly after him.  Our intimacy was resumed, and he gave me an account
+of all that had passed in the campaign of the south.  He frequently
+alluded to the persecutions he had suffered, and he delivered to me the
+packet of papers noticed in the last chapter, desiring me to communicate
+their contents to my friends.  He was very anxious, he said, to do away
+with the supposition that he was capable of betraying his country, and,
+under the pretence of a mission to Genoa, becoming a SPY on the interests
+of France.  He loved to talk over his military achievements at Toulon and
+in Italy.  He spoke of his first successes with that feeling of pleasure
+and gratification which they were naturally calculated to excite in him.
+
+The Government wished to send him to La Vendee, with the rank of
+brigadier-general of infantry.  Bonaparte rejected this proposition on
+two grounds.  He thought the scene of action unworthy of his talents, and
+he regarded his projected removal from the artillery to the infantry as a
+sort of insult.  This last was his most powerful objection, and was the
+only one he urged officially.  In consequence of his refusal to accept
+the appointment offered him, the Committee of Public Safety decreed that
+he should be struck off the list of general officers.
+
+     --[This statement as to the proposed transfer of Bonaparte to the
+     infantry, his disobedience to the order, and his consequent
+     dismissal, is fiercely attacked in the 'Erreurs', tome i.  chap. iv.
+     It is, however, correct in some points; but the real truths about
+     Bonaparte's life at this time seem so little known that it may be
+     well to explain the whole matter.  On the 27th of March 1795
+     Bonaparte, already removed from his employment in the south, was
+     ordered to proceed to the army of the west to command its artillery
+     as brigadier-general.  He went as far as Paris, and then lingered
+     there, partly on medical certificate.  While in Paris he applied, as
+     Bourrienne says, to go to Turkey to organise its artillery.  His
+     application, instead of being neglected, as Bourrienne says, was
+     favourably received, two members of the 'Comité de Saint Public'
+     putting on its margin most favorable reports of him; one, Jean
+     Debry, even saying that he was too distinguished an officer to be
+     sent to a distance at such a time.  Far from being looked on as the
+     half-crazy fellow Bourrienne considered him at that time, Bonaparte
+     was appointed, on the 21st of August 1795, one of four generals
+     attached as military advisers to the Committee for the preparation
+     of warlike operations, his own department being a most important
+     one.  He himself at the time tells Joseph that he is attached to the
+     topographical bureau of the Comité de Saint Public, for the
+     direction of the armies in the place of Carnot.  It is apparently
+     this significant appointment to which Madame Junot, wrongly dating
+     it, alludes as "no great thing" (Junot, vol. i, p. 143).  Another
+     officer was therefore substituted for him as commander of Hoches
+     artillery, a fact made use of in the Erreurs (p. 31) to deny his
+     having been dismissed--But a general re-classification of the
+     generals was being made.  The artillery generals were in excess of
+     their establishment, and Bonaparte, as junior in age, was ordered on
+     13th June to join Hoche's army at Brest to command a brigade of
+     infantry.  All his efforts to get the order cancelled failed, and as
+     he did not obey it he was struck off the list of employed general
+     officers on the 15th of September 1795, the order of the 'Comité de
+     Salut Public' being signed by Cambaceres, Berber, Merlin, and
+     Boissy.  His application to go to Turkey still, however, remained;
+     and it is a curious thing that, on the very day he was struck off
+     the list, the commission which had replaced the Minister of War
+     recommended to the 'Comité de Saint Public' that he and his two
+     aides de camp, Junot and Livrat, with other officers, under him,
+     should be sent to Constantinople.  So late as the 29th of September,
+     twelve days later, this matter was being considered, the only
+     question being as to any departmental objections to the other
+     officers selected by him, a point which was just being settled.  But
+     on the 13th Vendemiaire (5th October 1795), or rather on the night
+     before, only nineteen days after his removal, he was appointed
+     second in command to Barras, a career in France was opened to him,
+     and Turkey was no longer thought of.
+
+     Thiers (vol. iv, p. 326) and most writers, contemporary and
+     otherwise, say that Aubry gave the order for his removal from the
+     list.  Aubry, himself a brigadier-general of artillery, did not
+     belong to the 'Comité de Salut Public' at the time Bonaparte was
+     removed from the south; and he had left the Comité early is August,
+     that is, before the order striking Bonaparte off was given.  Aubry
+     was, however, on the Comité in June 1795, and signed the order,
+     which probably may have originated from him, for the transfer of
+     Bonaparte to the infantry.  It will be seen that, in the ordinary
+     military sense of the term, Napoleon was only in Paris without
+     employment from the 15th of September to the 4th or 6th of October
+     1795; all the rest of the time in Paris he had a command which he
+     did not choose to take up.  The distress under which Napoleon is
+     said to have laboured in pecuniary matters was probably shared by
+     most officers at that time; see 'Erreurs', tome i.  p. 32.  This
+     period is fully described in Jung, tome ii.  p. 476, and tome iii.
+     pp.  1-93.]--
+
+Deeply mortified at this unexpected stroke, Bonaparte retired into
+private life, and found himself doomed to an inactivity very uncongenial
+with his ardent character.  He lodged in the Rue du Mail, in an hotel
+near the Place des Victoires, and we recommenced the sort of life we had
+led in 1792, before his departure for Corsica.  It was not without a
+struggle that he determined to await patiently the removal of the
+prejudices which were cherished against him by men in power; and he hoped
+that, in the perpetual changes which were taking place, those men might
+be superseded by others more favourable to him.  He frequently dined and
+spent the evening with me and my elder brother; and his pleasant
+conversation and manners made the hours pass away very agreeably.  I
+called on him almost every morning, and I met at his lodgings several
+persons who were distinguished at the time; among others Salicetti, with
+whom he used to maintain very animated conversations, and who would often
+solicit a private interview with him.  On one occasion Salicetti paid him
+three thousand francs, in assignats, as the price of his carriage, which
+his straitened circumstances obliged him to dispose of.
+
+     --[Of Napoleon's poverty at this time Madame Junot says, "On
+     Bonaparte's return to Paris, after the misfortunes of which he
+     accused Salicetti of being the cause, he was in very destitute
+     circumstances.  His family, who were banished from Corsica, found an
+     asylum at Marseilles; and they could not now do for him what they
+     would have done had they been in the country whence they derived
+     their pecuniary resources.  From time to time he received
+     remittances of money, and I suspect they came from his excellent
+     brother Joseph, who had then recently married Mademoiselle Clary;
+     but with all his economy these supplies were insufficient.
+     Bonaparte was therefore in absolute distress.  Junot often used to
+     speak of the six months they passed together in Paris at this time.
+     When they took an evening stroll on the Boulevard, which used to be
+     the resort of young men, mounted on fine horses, and displaying all
+     the luxury which they were permitted to show at that time, Bonaparte
+     would declaim against fate, and express his contempt for the dandies
+     with their whiskers and their 'orielles de chiene', who, as they
+     rode past, were eulogising in ecstasy the manner in which Madame
+     Scio sang.  And it is on such beings as these,' he would say, 'that
+     Fortune confers her favours.  Grand Dieu! how contemptible is human
+     nature!'" (Memoirs of the Duchesse  d'Abrantes, vol. i.  p. 80,
+     edit.  1883.)]--
+
+I could easily perceive that our young friend either was or wished to be
+initiated in some political intrigue; and I moreover suspected that
+Salicetti had bound him by an oath not to disclose the plans that were
+hatching.
+
+He became pensive, melancholy, and anxious; and he always looked with
+impatience for Salicetti's daily visit.
+
+     --[Salicetti was implicated in the insurrection of the 20th May
+     1795, 1st Prairial, Year III., and was obliged to fly to Venice.]--
+
+Sometimes, withdrawing his mind from political affairs, he would envy the
+happiness of his brother Joseph, who had just then married Mademoiselle
+Clary, the daughter of a rich and respectable merchant of Marseilles. He
+would often say, "That Joseph is a lucky rogue."
+
+Meanwhile time passed away, and none of his projects succeeded--none of
+his applications were listened to.  He was vexed by the injustice with
+which he was treated, and tormented by the desire of entering upon some
+active pursuit.  He could not endure the thought of remaining buried in
+the crowd.  He determined to quit France; and the favourite idea, which
+he never afterwards relinquished, that the East is a fine field for
+glory, inspired him with the wish to proceed to Constantinople, and to
+enter the service of the Grand Seignior.  What romantic plans, what
+stupendous projects he conceived!  He asked me whether I would go with
+him?  I replied in the negative.  I looked upon him as a half-crazy young
+fellow, who was driven to extravagant enterprises and desperate
+resolutions by his restless activity of mind, joined to the irritating
+treatment he had experienced, and, perhaps, it may be added, his want of
+money.  He did not blame me for my refusal to accompany him; and he told
+me that Junot, Marmont, and some other young officers whom he had known
+at Toulon, would be willing to follow his fortunes.
+
+He drew up a note which commenced with the words 'Note for .  .  .'
+It was addressed to no one, and was merely a plan.  Some days after he
+wrote out another, which, however, did not differ very materially from
+the first, and which he addressed to Aubert and Coni.  I made him a fair
+copy of it, and it was regularly forwarded.  It was as follows:--
+
+
+                                  NOTE.
+
+At a moment when the Empress of Russia has strengthened her union with
+the Emperor of Germany (Austria), it is the interest of France to do
+everything in her power to increase the military power of Turkey.
+
+That power possesses a numerous and brave militia but is very backward in
+the scientific part of the art of war.
+
+The organization and the service of the artillery, which, in our modern
+tactics, so powerfully facilitate the gaining of battles, and on which,
+almost exclusively, depend the attack and defence of fortresses, are
+especially the points in which France excels, and in which the Turks are
+most deficient.
+
+They have several times applied to us for artillery officers, and we have
+sent them some; but the officers thus sent have not been sufficiently
+powerful, either in numbers or talent, to produce any important result.
+
+General Bonaparte, who, from his youth, has served in the artillery, of
+which he was entrusted with the command at the siege of Toulon, and in
+the two campaigns of Italy, offers his services to proceed to Turkey,
+with a mission from the (French) Government.
+
+He proposes to take along with him six or seven officers, of different
+kinds, and who may be, altogether, perfect masters of the military art.
+
+He will have the satisfaction of being useful to his country in this new
+career, if he succeed in rendering the Turkish power more formidable, by
+completing the defence of their principal fortresses, and constructing
+new ones.
+
+
+This note shows the error of the often-repeated assertion, that he
+proposed entering the service of the Turks against Austria.  He makes no
+mention of such a thing; and the two countries were not at war.
+
+     --[The Scottish biographer makes Bonaparte say that it would be
+     strange if a little Corsican should become King of Jerusalem.  I
+     never heard anything drop from him which supports the probability of
+     such a remark, and certainly there is nothing in his note to warrant
+     the inference of his having made it.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+No answer was returned to this note.  Turkey remained unaided, and
+Bonaparte unoccupied.  I must confess that for the failure of this
+project, at least I was not sorry.  I should have regretted to see a
+young man of great promise, and one for whom I cherished a sincere
+friendship, devote himself to so uncertain a fate.  Napoleon has less
+than any man provoked the events which have favoured him; no one has more
+yielded to circumstances from which he was so skilful to derive
+advantages.  If, however, a clerk of the War Office had but written on
+the note, "Granted," that little word would probably have changed the
+fate of Europe.
+
+Bonaparte remained in Paris, forming schemes for the gratification of his
+ambition, and his desire of making a figure in the world; but obstacles
+opposed all he attempted.
+
+Women are better judges of character than men.  Madame de Bourrienne,
+knowing the intimacy which subsisted between us, preserved some notes
+which she made upon Bonaparte, and the circumstances which struck her as
+most remarkable, during her early connection with him.  My wife did not
+entertain so favourable an opinion of him as I did; the warm friendship I
+cherished for him probably blinded me to his faults.  I subjoin Madame de
+Bourrienne's notes, word for word:
+
+On the day after our second return from Germany, which was in May 1795,
+we met Bonaparte in the Palais Royal, near a shop kept by a man named
+Girardin.  Bonaparte embraced Bourrienne as a friend whom he loved and
+was glad to see.  We went that evening to the Theatre Francais.  The
+performance consisted of a tragedy; and 'Le Sourd, ou l'Auberge pleine'.
+During the latter piece the audience was convulsed with laughter.  The
+part of Dasnieres was represented by Batiste the younger, and it was
+never played better.  The bursts of laughter were so loud and frequent
+that the actor was several times obliged to stop in the midst of his
+part.  Bonaparte alone (and it struck me as being very extraordinary) was
+silent, and coldly insensible to the humour which was so irresistibly
+diverting to everyone else.  I remarked at this period that his character
+was reserved, and frequently gloomy.  His smile was hypocritical, and
+often misplaced; and I recollect that a few days after our return he gave
+us one of these specimens of savage hilarity which I greatly disliked,
+and which prepossessed me against him.  He was telling us that, being
+before Toulon, where he commanded the artillery, one of his officers was
+visited by his wife, to whom he had been but a short time married, and
+whom he tenderly loved.  A few days after, orders were given for another
+attack upon the town, in which this officer was to be engaged.  His wife
+came to General Bonaparte, and with tears entreated him to dispense with
+her husband's services that day.  The General was inexorable, as he
+himself told us, with a sort of savage exaltation.  The moment for the
+attack arrived, and the officer, though a very brave man, as Bonaparte
+himself assured us, felt a presentiment of his approaching death.  He
+turned pale and trembled.  He was stationed beside the General, and
+during an interval when the firing from the town was very heavy,
+Bonaparte called out to him, "Take care, there is a shell coming!"  The
+officer, instead of moving to one side, stooped down, and was literally
+severed in two.  Bonaparte laughed loudly while he described the event
+with horrible minuteness.  At this time we saw him almost every day.  He
+frequently came to dine with us.  As there was a scarcity of bread, and
+sometimes only two ounces per head daily were distributed in the section,
+it was customary to request one's guests to bring their own bread, as it
+could not be procured for money.  Bonaparte and his brother Louis (a
+mild, agreeable young man, who was the General's aide de camp) used to
+bring with them their ration bread, which was black, and mixed with bran.
+I was sorry to observe that all this bad bread fell to the share of the
+poor aide de camp, for we provided the General with a finer kind, which
+was made clandestinely by a pastrycook, from flour which we contrived to
+smuggle from Sens, where my husband had some farms.  Had we been
+denounced, the affair might have cost us our heads.
+
+We spent six weeks in Paris, and we went frequently with Bonaparte to the
+theatres, and to the fine concerts given by Garat in the Rue St. Marc.
+These were the first brilliant entertainments that took place after the
+death of Robespierre.  There was always something original in Bonaparte's
+behaviour, for he often slipped away from us without saying a word; and
+when we were supposing he had left the theatre, we would suddenly
+discover him in the second or third tier, sitting alone in a box, and
+looking rather sulky.
+
+Before our departure for Sens, where my husband's family reside, and
+which was fixed upon for the place of my first accouchement, we looked
+out for more agreeable apartments than we had in the Rue Grenier St.
+Lazare, which we only had temporarily.  Bonaparte used to assist us in
+our researches.  At last we took the first floor of a handsome new house,
+No. 19 Rue des Marais.  Bonaparte, who wished to stop in Paris, went to
+look at a house opposite to ours.  He had thoughts of taking it for
+himself, his uncle Fesch (afterwards Cardinal Fesch), and a gentleman
+named Patrauld, formerly one of his masters at the Military School.  One
+day he said, "With  that house over there, my friends in it, and a
+cabriolet, I shall be the happiest fellow in the world."
+
+We soon after left town for Sens.  The house was not taken by  him, for
+other and great affairs were preparing.  During the interval between our
+departure and the fatal day of Vendemiaire several letters passed between
+him and his school companion.  These letters were of the most amiable and
+affectionate description.  They have been stolen.  On our return, in
+November of the same year, everything was changed.  The college friend
+was now a great personage.  He had got the command of Paris in return for
+his share in the events of Vendemiaire.  Instead of a small house in the
+Rue des Marais, he occupied a splendid hotel in the Rue des Capucines;
+the modest cabriolet was converted into a superb equipage, and the man
+himself was no longer the same.  But the friends of his youth were still
+received when they made their morning calls.  They were invited to grand
+dejeuners, which were sometimes attended by ladies; and, among others, by
+the beautiful Madame Tallien and her friend  the amiable Madame de
+Beauharnais, to whom Bonaparte had begun to pay attention.  He cared
+little for his friends, and ceased to address them in the style of
+familiar equality.
+
+After the 13th of Vendemiaire M. de Bourrienne saw Bonaparte only at
+distant periods.  In the month of February 1796 my husband was arrested,
+at seven in the morning, by a party of men, armed with muskets, on the
+charge of being a returned emigrant.  He was torn from his wife and his
+child, only six months old, being barely allowed time to dress himself.
+I followed him.  They conveyed him to the guard-house of the Section, and
+thence I know not whither; and, finally, in the evening, they placed him
+in the lockup-house of the prefecture of police, which, I believe, is now
+called  the central bureau.  There he passed two nights and a day, among
+men of the lowest description, some of whom were even malefactors.  I and
+his friends ran about everywhere, trying to find somebody to rescue him,
+and, among the rest, Bonaparte was applied to.  It was with great
+difficulty he could be seen.  Accompanied by one of my husband's friends,
+I waited for the commandant of Paris until midnight, but he did not come
+home.  Next morning I returned at an early hour, and found him.  I stated
+what had happened to my husband, whose life was then at stake.  He
+appeared to feel very little for the situation of his friend, but,
+however, determined to write to Merlin, the Minister of Justice.  I
+carried the letter according to its address, and met the Minister as he
+was coming downstairs, on his way to the Directory.  Being in grand
+costume, he wore a Henri IV. hat, surmounted with a multitude of plumes,
+a dress which formed a singular contrast with his person.  He opened the
+letter; and whether it was that he cared as little for the General as for
+the cause of M. de Bourrienne's arrest, he replied that the matter was no
+longer in his hands, and that it was now under the cognisance of the
+public administrators of the laws.  The Minister then stepped into his
+carriage, and the writer was conducted to several offices in his hotel.
+She passed through them with a broken heart, for she met with none but
+harsh men, who told her that the prisoner deserved death.  From them she
+learned that on the following day he would be brought before the judge of
+the peace for his Section, who would decide whether there was ground for
+putting him on his trial.  In fact, this proceeding took place next day.
+He was conveyed to the house of the judge of the peace for the Section of
+Bondy, Rue Grange-sue-Belles, whose name was Lemaire.  His countenance
+was mild; and though his manner was cold, he had none of the harshness
+and ferocity common to the Government agents of that time.  His
+examination of the charge was long, and he several times shook his head.
+The moment of decision had arrived, and everything seemed to indicate
+that the termination would be to place the prisoner under accusation.
+At seven o'clock he desired me to be called.  I hastened to him, and
+beheld a most heart  rending scene.  Bourrienne was suffering under a
+hemorrhage,  which had continued since two o'clock, and had interrupted
+the examination.  The judge of the peace, who looked sad, sat with his
+head resting on his hand.  I threw myself at his feet and implored his
+clemency.  The wife and the two daughters of the judge visited this scene
+of sorrow, and assisted me in softening him.  He was a worthy and feeling
+man, a good husband and parent, and it was evident that he struggled
+between compassion and duty.  He kept referring to the laws on the
+subject, and, after long researches said to me, "To-morrow is Decadi, and
+no proceedings can take place on that day.  Find, madame, two responsible
+persons, who will answer for the appearance of your husband, and I will
+permit him to go home with you, accompanied by the two guardians."  Next
+day two friends were found, one of whom was M. Desmaisons, counsellor of
+the court, who became bail for M. de Bourrienne.  He continued under
+these guardians six months, until a law compelled the persons who were
+inscribed on the fatal list to remove to the distance of ten leagues from
+Paris.  One of the guardians was a man of straw; the other was a knight
+of St. Louis.  The former was left in the antechamber; the latter made,
+every evening, one of our party at cards.  The family of M. de
+Bourrienne have always felt the warmest gratitude to the judge of the
+peace and his family.  That worthy man saved the life of M. de
+Bourrienne, who, when he returned from Egypt, and had it in his power to
+do him some service, hastened to his house; but the good judge was no
+more!
+
+
+The letters mentioned in the narrative were at this time stolen from me
+by the police officers.
+
+Everyone was now eager to pay court to a man who had risen from the crowd
+in consequence of the part he had acted at an extraordinary crisis, and
+who was spoken of as the future General of the Army of Italy.  It was
+expected that he would be gratified, as he really was, by the restoration
+of some letters which contained the expression of his former very modest
+wishes, called to recollection his unpleasant situation, his limited
+ambition, his pretended aversion for public employment, and finally
+exhibited his intimate relations with those who were, without hesitation,
+characterised as emigrants, to be afterwards made the victims of
+confiscation and death.
+
+The 13th of Vendemiaire (5th October 1795) was approaching.  The National
+Convention had been painfully delivered of a new constitution, called,
+from the epoch of its birth, "the Constitution of Year III."  It was
+adopted on the 22d of August 1795.  The provident legislators did not
+forget themselves.  They stipulated that two-thirds of their body should
+form part of the new legislature.  The party opposed to the Convention
+hoped, on the contrary, that, by a general election, a majority would be
+obtained for its opinion.  That opinion was against the continuation of
+power in the hands of men who had already so greatly abused it.
+
+The same opinion was also entertained by a great part of the most
+influential Sections of Paris, both as to the possession of property and
+talent.  These Sections declared that, in accepting the new constitution,
+they rejected the decree of the 30th of August, which required the re-
+election of two-thirds. The Convention, therefore, found itself menaced in
+what it held most dear--its power;--and accordingly resorted to measures
+of defence.  A declaration was put forth, stating that the Convention, if
+attacked, would remove to Chalons-sur-Marne; and the commanders of the
+armed force were called upon to defend that body.
+
+The 5th of October, the day on which the Sections of Paris attacked the
+Convention, is certainly one which ought to be marked in the wonderful
+destiny of Bonaparte.
+
+With the events of that day were linked, as cause and effect, many great
+political convulsions of Europe.  The blood which flowed ripened the
+seeds of the youthful General's ambition.  It must be admitted that the
+history of past ages presents few periods full of such extraordinary
+events as the years included between 1795 and 1815.  The man whose name
+serves, in some measure, as a recapitulation of all these great events
+was entitled to believe himself immortal.
+
+Living retired at Sens since the month of July, I only learned what had
+occasioned the insurrection of the Sections from public report and the
+journals.  I cannot, therefore, say what part Bonaparte may have taken in
+the intrigues which preceded that day.  He was officially characterised
+only as secondary actor in the scene.  The account of the affair which
+was published announces that Barras was, on that very day, Commander-in-
+chief of the Army of the Interior, and Bonaparte second in command.
+Bonaparte drew up that account.  The whole of the manuscript was in his
+handwriting, and it exhibits all the peculiarity of his style and
+orthography.  He sent me a copy.
+
+Those who read the bulletin of the 13th Vendemiaire, cannot fail to
+observe the care which Bonaparte took to cast the reproach of shedding
+the first blood on the men he calls rebels.  He made a great point of
+representing his adversaries as the aggressors.  It is certain he long
+regretted that day.  He often told me that he would give years of his
+life to blot it out from the page of his history. He was convinced that
+the people of Paris were dreadfully irritated against him, and he would
+have been glad if Barras had never made that Speech in the Convention,
+with the part of which, complimentary to himself, he was at the time so
+well pleased.  Barras said, "It is to his able and prompt dispositions
+that we are indebted for the defence of this assembly, around which he
+had posted the troops with so much skill."  This is perfectly true, but
+it is not always agreeable that every truth should be told. Being out of
+Paris, and a total stranger to this affair, I know not how far he was
+indebted for his success to chance, or to his own exertions, in the part
+assigned to him by the miserable Government which then oppressed France.
+He represented himself only as secondary actor in this sanguinary scene
+in which Barras made him his associate. He sent to me, as already
+mentioned, an account of the transaction, written entirely in his own
+hand, and distinguished by all the peculiarities of his style and
+orthography.
+
+     --[Joseph Bonaparte, in a note on this passage, insinuates that the
+     account of the 13th Vendemiaire was never sent to Sens, but was
+     abstracted by Bourrienne, with other documents, from Napoleon's
+     Cabinet (Erreurs, tome i.  p.  239).]--
+
+"On the 13th," says Bonaparte, "at five o'clock in the morning, the
+representative of the people, Barras, was appointed Commander-in-chief of
+the Army of the Interior, and General Bonaparte was nominated second in
+command.
+
+"The artillery for service on the frontier was still at the camp of
+Sablons, guarded solely by 150 men; the remainder was at Marly with 200
+men.  The depot of Meudon was left unprotected.  There were at the
+Feuillans only a few four-pounders without artillerymen, and but 80,000
+cartridges.  The victualling depots were dispersed throughout Paris.
+In many Sections the drums beat to arms; the Section of the Theatre
+Francais had advanced posts even as far as the Pont Neuf, which it had
+barricaded.
+
+"General Barras ordered the artillery to move immediately from the camp
+of Sablons to the Tuilleries, and selected the artillerymen from the
+battalions of the 89th regiment, and from the gendarmerie, and placed
+them at the Palace; sent to Meudon 200 men of the police legion whom he
+brought from Versailles, 50 cavalry, and two companies of veterans; he
+ordered the property which was at Marly to be conveyed to Meudon; caused
+cartridges to be brought there, and established a workshop at that place
+for the manufacture of more.  He secured means for the subsistence of the
+army and of the Convention for many days, independently of the depots
+which were in the Sections.
+
+"General Verdier, who commanded at the Palais National, exhibited great
+coolness; he was required not to suffer a shot to be fired till the last
+extremity.  In the meantime reports reached him from all quarters
+acquainting him that the Sections were assembled in arms, and had formed
+their columns.  He accordingly arrayed his troops so as to defend the
+Convention, and his artillery was in readiness to repulse the rebels.
+His cannon was planted at the Feuillans to fire down the Rue Honore.
+Eight-pounders were pointed at every opening, and in the event of any
+mishap, General Verdier had cannon in reserve to fire in flank upon the
+column which should have forced a passage.  He left in the Carrousel
+three howitzers (eight-pounders) to batter down the houses from which the
+Convention might be fired upon.  At four o'clock the rebel columns
+marched out from every street to unite their forces.  It was necessary to
+take advantage of this critical moment to attack the insurgents, even had
+they been regular troops.  But the blood about to flow was French; it was
+therefore for these misguided people, already guilty of rebellion, to
+embrue their hands in the blood of their countrymen by striking the first
+blow.
+
+"At a quarter before five o'clock the insurgents had formed.  The attack
+was commenced by them on all sides.  They were everywhere routed.  French
+blood was spilled: the crime, as well as the disgrace, fell this day upon
+the Sections.
+
+"Among the dead were everywhere to be recognized emigrants, landowners,
+and nobles; the prisoners consisted for the most part of the 'chouans' of
+Charette.
+
+"Nevertheless the Sections did not consider themselves beaten: they took
+refuge in the church of St. Roch, in the theatre of the Republic, and in
+the Palais Egalite; and everywhere they were heard furiously exciting the
+inhabitants to arms.  To spare the blood which would have been shed the
+next day it was necessary that no time should be given them to rally, but
+to follow them with vigour, though without incurring fresh hazards.  The
+General ordered Montchoisy, who commanded a reserve at the Place de la
+Resolution, to form a column with two twelve-pounders, to march by the
+Boulevard in order to turn the Place Vendôme, to form a junction with the
+picket stationed at headquarters, and to return in the same order of
+column.
+
+"General Brune, with two howitzers, deployed in the streets of St.
+Nicaise and St. Honore.  General Cartaux sent two hundred men and a four-
+pounder of his division by the Rue St. Thomas-du-Louvre to debouch in the
+square of the Palais Egalite.  General Bonaparte, who had his horse
+killed under him, repaired to the Feuillans.
+
+"The columns began to move, St. Roch and the theatre of the Republic were
+taken, by assault, when the rebels abandoned them, and retreated to the
+upper part of the Rue de la Loi, and barricaded themselves on all sides.
+Patrols were sent thither, and several cannon-shots were fired during the
+night, in order to prevent them from throwing up defences, which object
+was effectually accomplished.
+
+"At daybreak, the General having learned that some students from the St.
+Genevieve side of the river were marching with two pieces of cannon to
+succour the rebels, sent a detachment of dragoons in pursuit of them, who
+seized the cannon and conducted them to the Tuilleries.  The enfeebled
+Sections, however, still showed a front.  They had barricaded the Section
+of Grenelle, and placed their cannon in the principal streets.  At nine
+o'clock General Beruyer hastened to form his division in battle array in
+the Place Vendôme, marched with two eight-pounders to the Rue des Vieux-
+Augustins, and pointed them in the direction of the Section Le Pelletier.
+General Vachet, with a corps of 'tirailleurs', marched on his right,
+ready to advance to the Place Victoire.  General Brune marched to the
+Perron, and planted two howitzers at the upper end of the Rue Vivienne.
+General Duvigier, with his column of six hundred men, and two twelve-
+pounders, advanced to the streets of St. Roch and Montmartre.  The
+Sections lost courage with the apprehension of seeing their retreat cut
+off, and evacuated the post at the sight of our soldiers, forgetting the
+honour of the French name which they had to support.  The Section of
+Brutus still caused some uneasiness.  The wife of a representative had
+been arrested there.  General Duvigier was ordered to proceed along the
+Boulevard as far as the Rue Poissonniere.  General Beruyer took up a
+position at the Place Victoire, and General Bonaparte occupied the Pont-
+au-Change.
+
+"The Section of Brutus was surrounded, and the troops advanced upon the
+Place de Greve, where the crowd poured in from the Isle St. Louis, from
+the Theatre Francais, and from the Palace.  Everywhere the patriots had
+regained their courage, while the poniards of the emigrants, armed
+against us, had disappeared.  The people universally admitted their
+error.
+
+"The next day the two Sections of Le Pelletier and the Theatre Francais
+were disarmed."
+
+
+The result of this petty civil war brought Bonaparte forward; but the
+party he defeated at that period never pardoned him for the past, and
+that which he supported dreaded him in the future.  Five years after he
+will be found reviving the principles which he combated on the 5th of
+October 1795.  On being appointed, on the motion of Barras, Lieutenant-
+General of the Army of the Interior, he established his headquarters in
+the Rue Neuve des Capucines.  The statement in the 'Manuscrit de Sainte
+Helene, that after the 13th Brumaire he remained unemployed at Paris, is
+therefore obviously erroneous.  So far from this, he was incessantly
+occupied with the policy of the nation, and with his own fortunes.
+Bonaparte was in constant, almost daily, communication with every one
+then in power, and knew how to profit by all he saw or heard.
+
+To avoid returning to this 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', which at the
+period of its appearance attracted more attention than it deserved, and
+which was very generally attributed to Bonaparte, I shall here say a few
+words respecting it.  I shall briefly repeat what I said in a note when
+my opinion was asked, under high authority, by a minister of Louis XVIII.
+
+No reader intimately acquainted with public affairs can be deceived by
+the pretended authenticity of this pamphlet.  What does it contain?
+Facts perverted and heaped together without method, and related in an
+obscure, affected, and ridiculously sententious style.  Besides what
+appears in it, but which is badly placed there, it is impossible not to
+remark the omission of what should necessarily be there, were Napoleon
+the author.  It is full of absurd and of insignificant gossip, of
+thoughts Napoleon never had, expressions unknown to him, and affectations
+far removed from his character.  With some elevated ideas, more than one
+style and an equivocal spirit can be seen in it.  Professed coincidences
+are put close to unpardonable anachronisms, and to the most absurd
+revelations.  It contains neither his thoughts, his style, his actions,
+nor his life.  Some truths are mixed up with an inconceivable mass of
+falsehoods.  Some forms of expression used by Bonaparte are occasionally
+met with, but they are awkwardly introduced, and often with bad taste.
+
+It has been reported that the pamphlet was written by M. Bertrand,
+formerly an officer of the army of the Vistula, and a relation of the
+Comte de Simeon, peer of France.
+
+     --['Manuscrit de Sainte Helene d'une maniere inconnue', London.
+     Murray; Bruxelles, De Mat, 20 Avril 1817.  This work merits a note.
+     Metternich (vol, i.  pp. 312-13) says, "At the time when it appeared
+     the manuscript of St. Helena made a great impression upon Europe.
+     This pamphlet was generally regarded as a precursor of the memoirs
+     which Napoleon was thought to be writing in his place of exile.  The
+     report soon spread that the work was conceived and executed by
+     Madame de Stael.  Madame de Stael, for her part, attributed it to
+     Benjamin Constant, from whom she was at this time separated by some
+     disagreement.  Afterwards it came to be known that the author was
+     the Marquis Lullin de Chateauvieux, a man in society, whom no one
+     had suspected of being able to hold a pen: Jomini (tome i.  p. 8
+     note) says.  "It will be remarked that in the course of this work
+     [his life of Napoleon] the author has used some fifty pages of the
+     pretended 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene'.  Far from wishing to commit
+     a plagiarism, he considers he ought to render this homage to a
+     clever and original work, several false points of view in which,
+     however, he has combated.  It would have been easy for him to
+     rewrite these pages in other terms, but they appeared to him to be
+     so well suited to the character of Napoleon that he has preferred to
+     preserve them."  In the will of Napoleon occurs (see end of this
+     work): "I disavow the 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', and the other
+     works under the title of Maxims, Sentences, etc., which they have
+     been pleased to publish during the last six years.  Such rules are
+     not those which have guided my life: This manuscript must not be
+     confused with the 'Memorial of Saint Helena'.]--
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1795-1797
+
+     On my return to Paris I meet Bonaparte--His interview with Josephine
+     --Bonaparte's marriage, and departure from Paris ten days after--
+     Portrait and character of Josephine--Bonaparte's dislike of national
+     property--Letter to Josephine--Letter of General Colli, and
+     Bonaparte's reply--Bonaparte refuses to serve with Kellerman--
+     Marmont's letters--Bonaparte's order to me to join the army--My
+     departure from Sens for Italy--Insurrection of the Venetian States.
+
+After the 13th Vendemiaire I returned to Paris from Sens.  During the
+short time I stopped there I saw Bonaparte less frequently than formerly.
+I had, however, no reason to attribute this to anything but the pressure
+of public business with which he was now occupied.  When I did meet him
+it was most commonly at breakfast or dinner.  One day he called my
+attention to a young lady who sat opposite to him, and asked what I
+thought of her.  The way in which I answered his question appeared to
+give him much pleasure.  He then talked a great deal to me about her, her
+family, and her amiable qualities; he told me that he should probably
+marry her, as he was convinced that the union would make him happy.  I
+also gathered from his conversation that his marriage with the young
+widow would probably assist him in gaining the objects of his ambition.
+His constantly-increasing influence with her had already brought him into
+contact with the most influential persons of that epoch.  He remained in
+Paris only ten days after his marriage, which took place on the 9th of
+March 1796.  It was a union in which great harmony prevailed,
+notwithstanding occasional slight disagreements.  Bonaparte never, to my
+knowledge, caused annoyance to his wife.  Madame Bonaparte possessed
+personal graces and many good qualities.
+
+     --["Eugene was not more than fourteen years of age when he ventured
+     to introduce himself to General Bonaparte, for the purpose of
+     soliciting his father's sword, of which he understood the General
+     had become possessed.  The countenance, air, and frank manner of
+     Eugene pleased Bonaparte, and he immediately granted him the boon he
+     sought.  As soon as the sword was placed in the boy's hands he
+     burst into tears, and kissed it.  This feeling of affection for his
+     father's memory, and the natural manner in which it was evinced,
+     increased the interest of Bonaparte in his young visitor.  Madame de
+     Beauharnais, on learning the kind reception which the General had
+     given her son, thought it her duty to call and thank him.  Bonaparte
+     was much pleased with Josephine on this first interview, and he
+     returned her visit.  The acquaintance thus commenced speedily led to
+     their marriage."--Constant]--
+
+     --[Bonaparte himself, at St. Helena, says that he first met
+     Josephine at Barras' (see Jung's Bonaparte, tome iii.  p. 116).]--
+
+     --["Neither of his wives had ever anything to complain of from
+     Napoleon's personal manners" (Metternich, vol. 1  p. 279).]--
+
+     --[Madame de Remusat, who, to paraphrase Thiers' saying on
+     Bourrienne himself, is a trustworthy witness, for if she received
+     benefits from Napoleon they did not weigh on her, says, "However,
+     Napoleon had some affection for his first wife; and, in fact, if he
+     has at any time been touched, no doubt it has been only for her and
+     by her" (tome i.  p. 113).  "Bonaparte was young when he first knew
+     Madame de Beauharnais.  In the circle where he met her she had a
+     great superiority by the name she bore and by the extreme elegance
+     of her manners .  .  .  .  In marrying Madame de Beauharnais,
+     Bonaparte believed he was allying himself to a very grand lady; thus
+     this was one more conquest" (p. 114).  But in speaking of
+     Josephine's complaints to Napoleon of his love affairs, Madame de
+     Remusat says, "Her husband sometimes answered by violences, the
+     excesses of which I do not dare to detail, until the moment when,
+     his new fancy having suddenly passed, he felt his tenderness for his
+     wife again renewed.  Then he was touched by her sufferings, replaced
+     his insults by caresses which were hardly more measured than his
+     violences and, as she was gentle and untenacious, she fell back into
+     her feeling of security" (p. 206).]--
+
+     --[Miot de Melito, who was a follower of Joseph Bonaparte, says, "No
+     woman has united so much kindness to so much natural grace, or has
+     done more good with more pleasure than she did.  She honoured me
+     with her friendship, and the remembrance of the benevolence she has
+     shown me, to the last moment of her too short existence, will never
+     be effaced from my heart" (tome i.  pp.101-2).]--
+
+     --[Meneval, the successor of Bourrienne is his place of secretary to
+     Napoleon, and who remained attached to the Emperor until the end,
+     says of Josephine (tome i.  p. 227), "Josephine was irresistibly
+     attractive.  Her beauty was not regular, but she had 'La grace, plus
+     belle encore que la beaute', according to the good La Fontaine.  She
+     had the soft abandonment, the supple and elegant movements, and the
+     graceful carelessness of the creoles.--(The reader must remember
+     that the term "Creole" does not imply any taint of black blood, but
+     only that the person, of European family, has been born in the West
+     Indies.)--Her temper was always the same.  She was gentle and
+     kind."]--
+
+I am convinced that all who were acquainted with her must have felt bound
+to speak well of her; to few, indeed, did she ever give cause for
+complaint.  In the time of her power she did not lose any of her friends,
+because she forgot none of them.  Benevolence was natural to her, but she
+was not always prudent in its exercise.  Hence her protection was often
+extended to persons who did not deserve it.  Her taste for splendour and
+expense was excessive.  This proneness to luxury became a habit which
+seemed constantly indulged without any motive.  What scenes have I not
+witnessed when the moment for paying the tradesmen's bills arrived!  She
+always kept back one-half of their claims, and the discovery of this
+exposed her to new reproaches.  How many tears did she shed which might
+have been easily spared!
+
+When fortune placed a crown on her head she told me that the event,
+extraordinary as it was, had been predicted: It is certain that she put
+faith in fortune-tellers.  I often expressed to her my astonishment that
+she should cherish such a belief, and she readily laughed at her own
+credulity; but notwithstanding never abandoned it: The event had given
+importance to the prophecy; but the foresight of the prophetess, said to
+be an old negress, was not the less a matter of doubt.
+
+Not long before the 13th of Vendemiaire, that day which opened for
+Bonaparte his immense career, he addressed a letter to me at Sens, in
+which, after some of his usually friendly expressions, he said, "Look out
+a small piece of land in your beautiful valley of the Yonne.  I will
+purchase it as soon as I can scrape together the money.  I wish to retire
+there; but recollect that I will have nothing to do with national
+property."
+
+Bonaparte left Paris on the 21st of March 1796, while I was still with my
+guardians.  He no sooner joined the French army than General Colli, then
+in command of the Piedmontese army, transmitted to him the following
+letter, which, with its answer, I think sufficiently interesting to
+deserve preservation:
+
+     GENERAL--I suppose that you are ignorant of the arrest of one of my
+     officers, named Moulin, the bearer of a flag of truce, who has been
+     detained for some days past at Murseco, contrary to the laws of war,
+     and notwithstanding an immediate demand for his liberation being
+     made by General Count Vital.  His being a French emigrant cannot
+     take from him the rights of a flag of truce, and I again claim him
+     in that character.  The courtesy and generosity which I have always
+     experienced from the generals of your nation induces me to hope that
+     I shall not make this application in vain; and it is with regret
+     that I mention that your chief of brigade, Barthelemy, who ordered
+     the unjust arrest of my flag of truce, having yesterday by the
+     chance of war fallen into my hands, that officer will be dealt with
+     according to the treatment which M. Moulin may receive.
+
+     I most sincerely wish that nothing may occur to change the noble and
+     humane conduct which the two nations have hitherto been accustomed
+     to observe towards each other.  I have the honour, etc.,
+                                                       (Signed) COLLI.
+
+     CEVA.  17th April 1796.
+
+
+Bonaparte replied as follows:
+
+     GENERAL--An emigrant is a parricide whom no character can render
+     sacred.  The feelings of honour, and the respect due to the French
+     people, were forgotten when M. Moulin was sent with a flag of truce.
+     You know the laws of war, and I therefore do not give credit to the
+     reprisals with which you threaten the chief of brigade, Barthelemy.
+     If, contrary to the laws of war, you authorise such an act of
+     barbarism, all the prisoners taken from you shall be immediately
+     made responsible for it with the most deplorable vengeance, for I
+     entertain for the officers of your nation that esteem which is due
+     to brave soldiers.
+
+The Executive Directory, to whom these letters were transmitted, approved
+of the arrest of M. Moulin; but ordered that he should be securely
+guarded, and not brought to trial, in consequence of the character with
+which he had been invested.
+
+About the middle of the year 1796 the Directory proposed to appoint
+General Kellerman, who commanded the army of the Alps, second in command
+of the army of Italy.
+
+On the 24th of May 1796 Bonaparte wrote to Carnot respecting, this plan,
+which was far from being agreeable to him.  He said, "Whether I shall be
+employed here or anywhere else is indifferent to me: to serve the
+country, and to merit from posterity a page in our history, is all my
+ambition.  If you join Kellerman and me in command in Italy you will undo
+everything.  General Kellerman has more experience than I, and knows how
+to make war better than I do; but both together, we shall make it badly.
+I will not willingly serve with a man who considers himself the first
+general in Europe."
+
+Numbers of letters from Bonaparte to his wife have been published.
+I cannot deny their authenticity, nor is it my wish to do so.  I will,
+however, subjoin one which appears to me to differ a little from the
+rest.  It is less remarkable for exaggerated expressions of love, and a
+singularly ambitious and affected style, than most of the correspondence
+here alluded to.  Bonaparte is announcing the victory of Arcola to
+Josephine.
+
+                                             VERONA, the 29th, noon.
+
+     At length, my adored Josephine, I live again.  Death is no longer
+     before me, and glory and honour are still in my breast.  The enemy
+     is beaten at Arcola.  To-morrow we will repair the blunder of
+     Vaubois, who abandoned Rivoli.  In eight days Mantua will be ours,
+     and then thy husband will fold thee in his arms, and give thee a
+     thousand proofs of his ardent affection.  I shall proceed to Milan
+     as soon as I can: I am a little fatigued.  I have received letters
+     from Eugene and Hortense.  I am delighted with the children.  I will
+     send you their letters as soon as I am joined by my household, which
+     is now somewhat dispersed.
+
+     We have made five thousand prisoners, and killed at least six
+     thousand of the enemy.  Adieu, my adorable Josephine.  Think of me
+     often.  When you cease to love your Achilles, when your heart grows
+     cool towards him, you wilt be very cruel, very unjust.  But I am
+     sure you will always continue my faithful mistress, as I shall ever
+     remain your fond lover ('tendre amie').  Death alone can break the
+     union which sympathy, love, and sentiment have formed.  Let me have
+     news of your health.  A thousand and a thousand kisses.
+
+
+It is impossible for me to avoid occasionally placing myself in the
+foreground in the course of these Memoirs.  I owe it to myself to answer,
+though indirectly, to certain charges which, on various occasions, have
+been made against me.  Some of the documents which I am about to insert
+belong, perhaps, less to the history of the General-in-Chief of the army
+of Italy than to that of his secretary; but I must confess I wish to show
+that I was not an intruder, nor yet pursuing, as an obscure intriguer,
+the path of fortune.  I was influenced much more by friendship than by
+ambition when I took a part on the scene where the rising glory of the
+future Emperor already shed a lustre on all who were attached to his
+destiny.  It will be seen by the following letters with what confidence
+I was then honoured; but these letters, dictated by friendship, and not
+written for history, speak also of our military achievements; and
+whatever brings to recollection the events of that heroic period must
+still be interesting to many.
+
+
+                                        HEADQUARTERS AT MILAN,
+                              20th Prairial, year IV.  (8th June 1796).
+
+     The General-in-Chief has ordered me, my dear Bourrienne, to make
+     known to you the pleasure he experienced on hearing of you, and his
+     ardent desire that you should join us.  Take your departure, then,
+     my dear Bourrienne, and arrive quickly.  You may be certain of
+     obtaining the testimonies of affection which are your due from all
+     who know you; and we much regret that you were not with us to have a
+     share in our success.  The campaign which we have just concluded
+     will be celebrated in the records of history. With less than 30,000
+     men, in a state of almost complete destitution, it is a fine thing
+     to have, in the course of less than two months, beaten, eight
+     different times, an army of from 65 to 70,000 men, obliged the King
+     of Sardinia to make a humiliating peace, and driven the Austrians
+     from Italy.  The last victory, of which you have doubtless had an
+     account, the passage of the Mincio, has closed our labours.  There
+     now remain for us the siege of Mantua and the castle of Milan; but
+     these obstacles will not detain us long.  Adieu, my dear Bourrienne:
+     I repeat General Bonaparte's request that you should repair hither,
+     and the testimony of his desire to see you.
+     Receive, etc.,                               (Signed) MARMONT.
+     Chief of Brigade (Artillery) and Aide de camp to the
+     General-in-Chief.
+
+I was obliged to remain at Sens, soliciting my erasure from the emigrant
+list, which I did not obtain, however, till 1797, and to put an end to a
+charge made against me of having fabricated a certificate of residence.
+Meanwhile I applied myself to study, and preferred repose to the
+agitation of camps.  For these reasons I did not then accept his friendly
+invitation, notwithstanding that I was very desirous of seeing my young
+college friend in the midst of his astonishing triumphs.  Ten months
+after, I received another letter from Marmont, in the following terms:--
+
+                                   HEADQUARTERS GORIZIA
+                         2d Germinal, year V.  (22d March 1797).
+
+     The General-in-Chief, my dear Bourrienne, has ordered me to express
+     to you his wish for your prompt arrival here.  We have all along
+     anxiously desired to see you, and look forward with great pleasure
+     to the moment when we shall meet.  I join with the General, my dear
+     Bourrienne, in urging you to join the army without loss of time.
+     You will increase a united family, happy to receive you into its
+     bosom.  I enclose an order written by the General, which will serve
+     you as a passport.  Take the post route and arrive as soon as you
+     can.  We are on the point of penetrating into Germany.  The language
+     is changing already, and in four days we shall hear no more Italian.
+     Prince Charles has been well beaten, and we are pursuing him.  If
+     this campaign be fortunate, we may sign a peace, which is so
+     necessary for Europe, in Vienna.  Adieu, my dear Bourrienne: reckon
+     for something the zeal of one who is much attached to you.
+                                        (Signed) MARMONT.
+
+
+     BONAPARTE, GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY.
+
+          Headquarters, Gorizia, 2d Germinal, year V.
+
+     The citizen Bourrienne is to come to me on receipt
+     of the present order.
+                              (Signed)  BONAPARTE.
+
+
+The odious manner in which I was then harassed, I know not why, on the
+part of the Government respecting my certificate of residence, rendered
+my stay in France not very agreeable.  I was even threatened with being
+put on my trial for having produced a certificate of residence which was
+alleged to be signed by nine false witnesses.  This time, therefore, I
+resolved without hesitation to set out for the army.  General Bonaparte's
+order, which I registered at the municipality of Sens, answered for a
+passport, which otherwise would probably have been refused me.  I have
+always felt a strong sense of gratitude for his conduct towards me on
+this occasion.
+
+Notwithstanding the haste I made to leave Sens, the necessary formalities
+and precautions detained me some days, and at the moment I was about to
+depart I received the following letter:
+
+
+                                   HEADQUARTERS, JUDENBOURG,
+                         19th Germinal, Year V.  (8th April 1797).
+
+     The General-in-Chief again orders me, my dear Bourrienne, to urge
+     you to come to him quickly.  We are in the midst of success and
+     triumphs.  The German campaign begins even more brilliantly than did
+     the Italian.  You may judge, therefore, what a promise it holds out
+     to us.  Come, my dear Bourrienne, immediately--yield to our
+     solicitations--share our pains and pleasures, and you will add to
+     our enjoyments.
+
+     I have directed the courier to pass through Sens, that he may
+     deliver this letter to you, and bring me back your answer.
+                                   (Signed) MARMONT.
+
+
+To the above letter this order was subjoined:
+
+     The citizen Fauvelet de Bourrienne is ordered to leave Sens, and
+     repair immediately by post to the headquarters of the army of Italy.
+                                   (Signed) BONAPARTE.
+
+
+I arrived at the Venetian territory at the moment when the insurrection
+against the French was on the point of breaking out.  Thousands of
+peasants were instigated to rise under the pretext of appeasing the
+troubles of Bergamo and Brescia.  I passed through Verona on the 16th of
+April, the eve of the signature of the preliminaries of Leoben and of the
+revolt of Verona.  Easter Sunday was the day which the ministers of Jesus
+Christ selected for preaching "that it was lawful, and even meritorious,
+to kill Jacobins."  Death to Frenchmen!--Death to Jacobins!  as they
+called all the French, were their rallying cries.  At the time I had not
+the slightest idea of this state of things, for I had left Sens only on
+the 11th of April.
+
+After stopping two hours at Verona, I proceeded on my journey without
+being aware of the massacre which threatened that city.  When about a
+league from the town I was, however, stopped by a party of insurgents on
+their way thither, consisting, as I estimated, of about two thousand men.
+They only desired me to cry 'El viva Santo Marco', an order with which I
+speedily complied, and passed on.  What would have become of me had I
+been in Verona on the Monday?  On that day the bells were rung, while the
+French were butchered in the hospitals.  Every one met in the streets was
+put to death.  The priests headed the assassins, and more than four
+hundred Frenchmen were thus sacrificed.  The forts held out against the
+Venetians, though they attacked them with fury; but repossession of the
+town was not obtained until after ten days.  On the very day of the
+insurrection of Verona some Frenchmen were assassinated between that city
+and Vicenza, through which I passed on the day before without danger; and
+scarcely had I passed through Padua, when I learned that others had been
+massacred there.  Thus the assassinations travelled as rapidly as the
+post.
+
+I shall say a few words respecting the revolt of the Venetian States,
+which, in consequence of the difference of political opinions, has been
+viewed in very contradictory lights.
+
+The last days of Venice were approaching, and a storm had been brewing
+for more than a year.  About the beginning of April 1797 the threatening
+symptoms of a general insurrection appeared.  The quarrel commenced when
+the Austrians entered Peschiera, and some pretext was also afforded by
+the reception given to Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII.  It was certain
+that Venice had made military preparations during the siege of Mantua in
+1796.  The interests of the aristocracy outweighed the political
+considerations in our favour.  On, the 7th of June 1796 General Bonaparte
+wrote thus to the Executive Directory:
+
+     The Senate of Venice lately sent two judges of their Council here to
+     ascertain definitively how things stand.  I repeated my complaints.
+     I spoke to them about the reception given to Monsieur.  Should it be
+     your plan to extract five or six millions from Venice, I have
+     expressly prepared this sort of rupture for you.  If your intentions
+     be more decided, I think this ground of quarrel ought to be kept up.
+     Let me know what you mean to do, and wait till the favourable
+     moment, which I shall seize according to circumstances; for we must
+     not have to do with all the world at once.
+
+The Directory answered that the moment was not favourable; that it was
+first necessary to take Mantua, and give Wurmser a sound beating.
+However, towards the end of the year 1796 the Directory began to give
+more credit to the sincerity of the professions of neutrality made on the
+part of Venice.  It was resolved, therefore, to be content with obtaining
+money and supplies for the army, and to refrain from violating the
+neutrality.  The Directory had not then in reserve, like Bonaparte,
+the idea of making the dismemberment of Venice serve as a compensation
+for such of the Austrian possessions as the French Republic might retain.
+
+In 1797 the expected favourable moment had arrived.  The knell of Venice
+was rung; and Bonaparte thus wrote to the Directory on the 30th of April:
+"I am convinced that the only course to be now taken is to destroy this
+ferocious and sanguinary Government."  On the 3d of May, writing from
+Palma Nuova, he says: "I see nothing that can be done but to obliterate
+the Venetian name from the face of the globe."
+
+Towards the end of March 1797 the Government of Venice was in a desperate
+state.  Ottolini, the Podesta of Bergamo, an instrument of tyranny in the
+hands of the State inquisitors, then harassed the people of Bergamo and
+Brescia, who, after the reduction of Mantua, wished to be separated from
+Venice.  He drew up, to be sent to the Senate, a long report respecting
+the plans of separation, founded on information given him by a Roman
+advocate, named Marcelin Serpini; who pretended to have gleaned the facts
+he communicated in conversation with officers of the French army.  The
+plan of the patriotic party was, to unite the Venetian territories on the
+mainland with Lombardy, and to form of the whole one republic.  The
+conduct of Ottolini exasperated the party inimical to Venice, and
+augmented the prevailing discontent.  Having disguised his valet as a
+peasant, he sent him off to Venice with the report he had drawn up on
+Serpini's communications, and other information; but this report never
+reached the inquisitors.  The valet was arrested, his despatches taken,
+and Ottolini fled from Bergamo.  This gave a beginning to the general
+rising of the Venetian States.  In fact, the force of circumstances alone
+brought on the insurrection of those territories against their old
+insular government.  General La Hoz, who commanded the Lombard Legion,
+was the active protector of the revolution, which certainly had its
+origin more in the progress of the prevailing principles of liberty than
+in the crooked policy of the Senate of Venice.  Bonaparte, indeed, in his
+despatches to the Directory, stated that the Senate had instigated the
+insurrection; but that was not quite correct, and he could not wholly
+believe his own assertion.
+
+Pending the vacillation of the Venetian Senate, Vienna was exciting the
+population of its States on the mainland to rise against the French.  The
+Venetian Government had always exhibited an extreme aversion to the
+French Revolution, which had been violently condemned at Venice.  Hatred
+of the French had been constantly excited and encouraged, and religious
+fanaticism had inflamed many persons of consequence in the country.  From
+the end of 1796 the Venetian Senate secretly continued its armaments, and
+the whole conduct of that Government announced intentions which have been
+called perfidious, but the only object of which was to defeat intentions
+still more perfidious.  The Senate was the irreconcilable enemy of the
+French Republic.  Excitement was carried to such a point that in many
+places the people complained that they were not permitted to arm against
+the French.  The Austrian generals industriously circulated the most
+sinister reports respecting the armies of the Sambre-et-Meuse and the
+Rhine, and the position of the French troops in the Tyrol.  These
+impostures, printed in bulletins, were well calculated to instigate the
+Italians, and especially the Venetians, to rise in mass to exterminate
+the French, when the victorious army should penetrate into the Hereditary
+States.
+
+The pursuit of the Archduke Charles into the heart of Austria encouraged
+the hopes which the Venetian Senate had conceived, that it would be easy
+to annihilate the feeble remnant of the French army, as the troops were
+scattered through the States of Venice on the mainland.  Wherever the
+Senate had the ascendency, insurrection was secretly fomented; wherever
+the influence of the patriots prevailed, ardent efforts were made to
+unite the Venetian terra firma to the Lombard Republic.
+
+Bonaparte skillfully took advantage of the disturbances, and the
+massacres consequent on them, to adopt towards the Senate the tone of an
+offended conqueror.  He published a declaration that the Venetian
+Government was the most treacherous imaginable.  The weakness and cruel
+hypocrisy of the Senate facilitated the plan he had conceived of making a
+peace for France at the expense of the Venetian Republic.  On returning
+from Leoben, a conqueror and pacificator, he, without ceremony, took
+possession of Venice, changed the established government, and, master of
+all the Venetian territory, found himself, in the negotiations of Campo
+Formio, able to dispose of it as he pleased, as a compensation for the
+cessions which had been exacted from Austria.  After the 19th of May he
+wrote to the Directory that one of the objects of his treaty with Venice
+was to avoid bringing upon us the odium of violating the preliminaries
+relative to the Venetian territory, and, at the same time, to afford
+pretexts and to facilitate their execution.
+
+At Campo Formio the fate of this republic was decided.  It disappeared
+from the number of States without effort or noise.  The silence of its
+fall astonished imaginations warmed by historical recollections from the
+brilliant pages of its maritime glory.  Its power, however, which had
+been silently undermined, existed no longer except in the prestige of
+those recollections.  What resistance could it have opposed to the man
+destined to change the face of all Europe?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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diff --git a/3551-8.zip b/3551-8.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of the Memoirs of Napoleon, V1, 1797
+NB#01 in our Napoleon series, by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
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+Title: Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, V1
+
+Author: Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
+Release Date: December, 2002  [Etext #3551]
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+
+MEMOIRS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, VOLUME 1.
+
+by LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+His Private Secretary
+
+Edited by R. W. Phipps
+Colonel, Late Royal Artillery
+
+1891
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+Preface, Notes and Introduction
+Chapter I. to Chapter IV., 1797
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+BY THE EDITORS OF THE 1836 EDITION.
+
+In introducing the present edition of M. de Bourrienne's Memoirs to the
+public we are bound, as Editors, to say a few Words on the subject.
+Agreeing, however, with Horace Walpole that an editor should not dwell
+for any length of time on the merits of his author, we shall touch but
+lightly on this part of the matter.  We are the more ready to abstain
+since the great success in England of the former editions of these
+Memoirs, and the high reputation they have acquired on the European
+Continent, and in every part of the civilised world where the fame of
+Bonaparte has ever reached, sufficiently establish the merits of M. de
+Bourrienne as a biographer.  These merits seem to us to consist chiefly
+in an anxious desire to be impartial, to point out the defects as well as
+the merits of a most wonderful man; and in a peculiarly graphic power of
+relating facts and anecdotes.  With this happy faculty Bourrienne would
+have made the life of almost any active individual interesting; but the
+subject of which the most favourable circumstances permitted him to treat
+was full of events and of the most extraordinary facts.  The hero of his
+story was such a being as the world has produced only on the rarest
+occasions, and the complete counterpart to whom has, probably, never
+existed; for there are broad shades of difference between Napoleon and
+Alexander, Caesar, and Charlemagne; neither will modern history furnish
+more exact parallels, since Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick the Great,
+Cromwell, Washington, or Bolivar bear but a small resemblance to
+Bonaparte either in character, fortune, or extent of enterprise.  For
+fourteen years, to say nothing of his projects in the East, the history
+of Bonaparte was the history of all Europe!
+
+With the copious materials he possessed, M. de Bourrienne has produced a
+work which, for deep interest, excitement, and amusement, can scarcely be
+paralleled by any of the numerous and excellent memoirs for which the
+literature of France is so justly celebrated.
+
+M. de Bourrienne shows us the hero of Marengo and Austerlitz in his
+night-gown and slippers--with a 'trait de plume' he, in a hundred
+instances, places the real man before us, with all his personal habits
+and peculiarities of manner, temper, and conversation.
+
+The friendship between Bonaparte and Bourrienne began in boyhood, at the
+school of Brienne, and their unreserved intimacy continued during the
+moat brilliant part of Napoleon's career.  We have said enough, the
+motives for his writing this work and his competency for the task will be
+best explained in M. de Bourrienne's own words, which the reader will
+find in the Introductory Chapter.
+
+M. de Bourrienne says little of Napoleon after his first abdication and
+retirement to Elba in 1814: we have endeavoured to fill up the chasm thus
+left by following his hero through the remaining seven years of his life,
+to the "last scenes of all" that ended his "strange, eventful history,"
+--to his deathbed and alien grave at St. Helena.  A completeness will
+thus be given to the work which it did not before possess, and which we
+hope will, with the other additions and improvements already alluded to,
+tend to give it a place in every well-selected library, as one of the
+most satisfactory of all the lives of Napoleon.
+
+LONDON, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+BY THE EDITOR OF THE 1885 EDITION.
+
+The Memoirs of the time of Napoleon may be divided into two classes--
+those by marshals and officers, of which Suchet's is a good example,
+chiefly devoted to military movements, and those by persons employed in
+the administration and in the Court, giving us not only materials for
+history, but also valuable details of the personal and inner life of the
+great Emperor and of his immediate surroundings.  Of this latter class
+the Memoirs of Bourrienne are among the most important.
+
+Long the intimate and personal friend of Napoleon both at school and from
+the end of the Italian campaigns in 1797 till 1802--working in the same
+room with him, using the same purse, the confidant of most of his
+schemes, and, as his secretary, having the largest part of all the
+official and private correspondence of the time passed through his hands,
+Bourrienne occupied an invaluable position for storing and recording
+materials for history.  The Memoirs of his successor, Meneval, are more
+those of an esteemed private secretary; yet, valuable and interesting as
+they are, they want the peculiarity of position which marks those of
+Bourrienne, who was a compound of secretary, minister, and friend.  The
+accounts of such men as Miot de Melito, Raederer, etc., are most
+valuable, but these writers were not in that close contact with Napoleon
+enjoyed by Bourrienne.  Bonrrienne's position was simply unique, and we
+can only regret that he did not occupy it till the end of the Empire.
+Thus it is natural that his Memoirs should have been largely used by
+historians, and to properly understand the history of the time, they must
+be read by all students.  They are indeed full of interest for every one.
+But they also require to be read with great caution.  When we meet with
+praise of Napoleon, we may generally believe it, for, as Thiers
+(Consulat., ii. 279) says, Bourrienne need be little suspected on this
+side, for although be owed everything to Napoleon, he has not seemed to
+remember it.  But very often in passages in which blame is thrown on
+Napoleon, Bourrienne speaks, partly with much of the natural bitterness
+of a former and discarded friend, and partly with the curious mixed
+feeling which even the brothers of Napoleon display in their Memoirs,
+pride in the wonderful abilities evinced by the man with whom he was
+allied, and jealousy at the way in which be was outshone by the man he
+had in youth regarded as inferior to himself.  Sometimes also we may even
+suspect the praise.  Thus when Bourrienne defends Napoleon for giving, as
+he alleges, poison to the sick at Jaffa, a doubt arises whether his
+object was to really defend what to most Englishmen of this day, with
+remembrances of the deeds and resolutions of the Indian Mutiny, will seem
+an act to be pardoned, if not approved; or whether he was more anxious to
+fix the committal of the act on Napoleon at a time when public opinion
+loudly blamed it.  The same may be said of his defence of the massacre of
+the prisoners of Jaffa.
+
+Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne was born in 1769, that is, in the
+same year as Napoleon Bonaparte, and he was the friend and companion of
+the future Emperor at the military school of Brienne-le-Chateau till
+1784, when Napoleon, one of the sixty pupils maintained at the expense of
+the State, was passed on to the Military School of Paris.  The friends
+again met in 1792 and in 1795, when Napoleon was hanging about Paris, and
+when Bourrienne looked on the vague dreams of his old schoolmate as only
+so much folly.  In 1796, as soon as Napoleon had assured his position at
+the head of the army of Italy, anxious as ever to surround himself with
+known faces, he sent for Bourrienne to be his secretary. Bourrienne had
+been appointed in 1792 as secretary of the Legation at Stuttgart, and
+had, probably wisely, disobeyed the orders given him to return, thus
+escaping the dangers of the Revolution. He only came back to Paris in
+1795, having thus become an emigre. He joined Napoleon in 1797, after the
+Austrians had been beaten out of Italy, and at once assumed the office of
+secretary which he held for so long. He had sufficient tact to forbear
+treating the haughty young General with any assumption of familiarity in
+public, and he was indefatigable enough to please even the never-resting
+Napoleon. Talent Bourrienne had in abundance; indeed he is careful to
+hint that at school if any one had been asked to predict greatness for
+any pupil, it was Bourrienne, not Napoleon, who would have been fixed on
+as the future star. He went with his General to Egypt, and returned with
+him to France. While Napoleon was making his formal entry into the
+Tuileries, Bourrienne was preparing the cabinet he was still to share
+with the Consul. In this cabinet--our cabinet, as he is careful to call
+it--lie worked with the First Consul till 1802.
+
+During all this time the pair lead lived on terms of equality and
+friendship creditable to both. The secretary neither asked for nor
+received any salary : when he required money, he simply dipped into the
+cash-box of the First Consul. As the whole power of the State gradually
+passed into the hands of the Consul, the labours of the secretary became
+heavier. His successor broke down under a lighter load, and had to
+receive assistance; but, perhaps borne up by the absorbing interest of
+the work and the great influence given by his post, Bourrienne stuck to
+his place, and to all appearance might, except for himself, have come
+down to us as the companion of Napoleon during his whole life. He had
+enemies, and one of them --[ Boulay de la Meurthe.]-- has not shrunk from
+describing their gratification at the disgrace of the trusted secretary.
+Any one in favour, or indeed in office, under Napoleon was the sure mark
+of calumny for all aspirants to place; yet Bourrienne might have
+weathered any temporary storm raised by unfounded reports as successfully
+as Meneval, who followed him.  But Bourrienne's hands were not clean in
+money matters, and that was an unpardonable sin in any one who desired to
+be in real intimacy with Napoleon.  He became involved in the affairs of
+the House of Coulon, which failed, as will be seen in the notes, at the
+time of his disgrace; and in October 1802 he was called on to hand over
+his office to Meneval, who retained it till invalided after the Russian
+campaign.
+
+As has been said, Bourrienne would naturally be the mark for many
+accusations, but the conclusive proof of his misconduct--at least for any
+one acquainted with Napoleon's objection and dislike to changes in
+office, whether from his strong belief in the effects of training, or his
+equally strong dislike of new faces round him--is that he was never again
+employed near his old comrade; indeed he really never saw the Emperor
+again at any private interview, except when granted the naval official
+reception in 1805, before leaving to take up his post at Hamburg, which
+he held till 1810.  We know that his re-employment was urged by Josephine
+and several of his former companions.  Savary himself says he tried his
+advocacy; but Napoleon was inexorable to those who, in his own phrase,
+had sacrificed to the golden calf.
+
+Sent, as we have said, to Hamburg in 1805, as Minister Plenipotentiary to
+the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and to the Hanse
+towns, Bourrienne knew how to make his post an important one.  He was at
+one of the great seats of the commerce which suffered so fearfully from
+the Continental system of the Emperor, and he was charged to watch over
+the German press.  How well he fulfilled this duty we learn from
+Metternich, who writes in 1805: "I have sent an article to the newspaper
+editors in Berlin and to M. de Hofer at Hamburg.  I do not know whether
+it has been accepted, for M. Bourrienne still exercises an authority so
+severe over these journals that they are always submitted to him before
+they appear, that he may erase or alter the articles which do not please
+him."
+
+His position at Hamburg gave him great opportunities for both financial
+and political intrigues.  In his Memoirs, as Meneval remarks, he or his
+editor is not ashamed to boast of being thanked by Louis XVIII. at St.
+Ouen for services rendered while he was the minister of Napoleon at
+Hamburg.  He was recalled in 1810, when the Hanse towns were united, or,
+to use the phrase of the day, re-united to the Empire.  He then hung
+about Paris, keeping on good terms with some of the ministers--Savary,
+not the most reputable of them, for example.  In 1814 he was to be found
+at the office of Lavallette, the head of the posts, disguising, his
+enemies said, his delight at the bad news which was pouring in, by
+exaggerated expressions of devotion.  He is accused of a close and
+suspicious connection with Talleyrand, and it is odd that when Talleyrand
+became head of the Provisional Government in 1814, Bourrienne of all
+persons should have been put at the head of the posts.  Received in the
+most flattering manner by Louis XVIII, he was as astonished as poor
+Beugnot was in 1815, to find himself on 13th May suddenly ejected from
+office, having, however, had time to furnish post-horses to Manbreuil for
+the mysterious expedition, said to have been at least known to
+Talleyrand, and intended certainly for the robbery of the Queen of
+Westphalia, and probably for the murder of Napoleon.
+
+In the extraordinary scurry before the Bourbons scuttled out of Paris in
+1814, Bourrienne was made Prefet of the Police for a few days, his tenure
+of that post being signalised by the abortive attempt to arrest Fouche,
+the only effect of which was to drive that wily minister into the arms of
+the Bonapartists.
+
+He fled with the King, and was exempted from the amnesty proclaimed by
+Napoleon.  On the return from Ghent he was made a Minister of State
+without portfolio, and also became one of the Council.  The ruin of his
+finances drove him out of France, but he eventually died in a madhouse at
+Caen.
+
+When the Memoirs first appeared in 1829 they made a great sensation.
+Till then in most writings Napoleon had been treated as either a demon or
+as a demi-god.  The real facts of the case were not suited to the tastes
+of either his enemies or his admirers.  While the monarchs of Europe had
+been disputing among themselves about the division of the spoils to be
+obtained from France and from the unsettlement of the Continent, there
+had arisen an extraordinarily clever and unscrupulous man who, by
+alternately bribing and overthrowing the great monarchies, had soon made
+himself master of the mainland.  His admirers were unwilling to admit the
+part played in his success by the jealousy of his foes of each other's
+share in the booty, and they delighted to invest him with every great
+quality which man could possess.  His enemies were ready enough to allow
+his military talents, but they wished to attribute the first success of
+his not very deep policy to a marvellous duplicity, apparently considered
+by them the more wicked as possessed by a parvenu emperor, and far
+removed, in a moral point of view, from the statecraft so allowable in an
+ancient monarchy.  But for Napoleon himself and his family and Court
+there was literally no limit to the really marvellous inventions of his
+enemies.  He might enter every capital on the Continent, but there was
+some consolation in believing that he himself was a monster of
+wickedness, and his Court but the scene of one long protracted orgie.
+
+There was enough against the Emperor in the Memoirs to make them
+comfortable reading for his opponents, though very many of the old
+calumnies were disposed of in them.  They contained indeed the nearest
+approximation to the truth which had yet appeared.  Metternich, who must
+have been a good judge, as no man was better acquainted with what he
+himself calls the "age of Napoleon," says of the Memoirs: "If you want
+something to read, both interesting and amusing, get the M6moires de
+Bourrienne.  These are the only authentic Memoirs of Napoleon which have
+yet appeared.  The style is not brilliant, but that only makes them the
+mere trustworthy."  Indeed, Metternich himself in his own Memoirs often
+follows a good deal in the line of Bourrienne: among many formal attacks,
+every now and then he lapses into half involuntary and indirect praise of
+his great antagonist, especially where he compares the men he had to deal
+with in aftertimes with his former rapid and talented interlocutor.  To
+some even among the Bonapartists, Bourrienne was not altogether
+distasteful.  Lucien Bonaparte, remarking that the time in which
+Bourrienne treated with Napoleon as equal with equal did not last long
+enough for the secretary, says he has taken a little revenge in his
+Memoirs, just as a lover, after a break with his mistress, reveals all
+her defects.  But Lucien considers that Bourrienne gives us a good enough
+idea of the young officer of the artillery, of the great General, and of
+the First Consul.  Of the Emperor, says Lucien, he was too much in
+retirement to be able to judge equally well.  But Lucien was not a fair
+representative of the Bonapartists; indeed he had never really thought
+well of his brother or of his actions since Lucien, the former "Brutus"
+Bonaparte, had ceased to be the adviser of the Consul.  It was well for
+Lucien himself to amass a fortune from the presents of a corrupt court,
+and to be made a Prince and Duke by the Pope, but he was too sincere a
+republican not to disapprove of the imperial system.  The real
+Bonapartists were naturally and inevitably furious with the Memoirs.
+They were not true, they were not the work of Bourrienne, Bourrienne
+himself was a traitor, a purloiner of manuscripts, his memory was as bad
+as his principles, he was not even entitled to the de before his name.
+If the Memoirs were at all to be pardoned, it was because his share was
+only really a few notes wrung from him by large pecuniary offers at a
+time when he was pursued by his creditors, and when his brain was already
+affected.
+
+The Bonapartist attack on the Memoirs was delivered in full form, in two
+volumes, 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs, Volontaires et Involontaires'
+(Paris, Heideloff, 1830), edited by the Comte d'Aure, the Ordonnateur en
+Chef of the Egyptian expedition, and containing communications from
+Joseph Bonaparte, Gourgaud, Stein, etc.'
+
+     --[In the notes in this present edition these volumes are referred
+     to in brief 'Erreurs'.]--
+
+Part of the system of attack was to call in question the authenticity of
+the Memoirs, and this was the more easy as Bourrienne, losing his
+fortune, died in 1834 in a state of imbecility.  But this plan is not
+systematically followed, and the very reproaches addressed to the writer
+of the Memoirs often show that it was believed they were really written
+by Bourrienne.  They undoubtedly contain plenty of faults.  The editor
+(Villemarest, it is said) probably had a large share in the work, and
+Bourrienne must have forgotten or misplaced many dates and occurrences.
+In such a work, undertaken so many years after the events, it was
+inevitable that many errors should be made, and that many statements
+should be at least debatable.  But on close investigation the work stands
+the attack in a way that would be impossible unless it had really been
+written by a person in the peculiar position occupied by Bourrienne.  He
+has assuredly not exaggerated that position: he really, says Lucien
+Bonaparte, treated as equal with equal with Napoleon during a part of his
+career, and he certainly was the nearest friend and confidant that
+Napoleon ever had in his life.
+
+Where he fails, or where the Bonapartist fire is most telling, is in the
+account of the Egyptian expedition.  It may seem odd that he should have
+forgotten, even in some thirty years, details such as the way in which
+the sick were removed; but such matters were not in his province; and it
+would be easy to match similar omissions in other works, such as the
+accounts of the Crimea, and still more of the Peninsula.  It is with his
+personal relations with Napoleon that we are most concerned, and it is in
+them that his account receives most corroboration.
+
+It may be interesting to see what has been said of the Memoirs by other
+writers. We have quoted Metternich, and Lucien Bonaparte; let us hear
+Meneval, his successor, who remained faithful to his master to the end:
+"Absolute confidence cannot be given to statements contained in Memoirs
+published under the name of a man who has not composed them. It is known
+that the editor of these Memoirs offered to M. de Bourrienne, who had
+then taken refuge in Holstein from his creditors, a sum said to be thirty
+thousand francs to obtain his signature to them, with some notes and
+addenda.  M. de Bourrienne was already attacked by the disease from which
+he died a few years latter in a maison de sante at Caen. Many literary
+men co-operated in the preparation of his Memoirs. In 1825 I met M. de
+Bourrienne in Paris. He told me it had been suggested to him to write
+against the Emperor.  'Notwithstanding the harm he has done me,' said he,
+'I would never do so. Sooner may my hand be withered.'  If M. de
+Bourrienne had prepared his Memoirs himself, he would not have stated
+that while he was the Emperor's minister at Hamburg he worked with the
+agents of the Comte de Lille (Louis XVIII.) at the preparation of
+proclamations in favour of that Prince, and that in 1814 he accepted the
+thanks of the King, Louis XVIII., for doing so; he would not have said
+that Napoleon had confided to him in 1805 that he had never conceived the
+idea of an expedition into England, and that the plan of a landing, the
+preparations for which he gave such publicity to, was only a snare to
+amuse fools. The Emperor well knew that never was there a plan more
+seriously conceived or more positively settled.  M. de Bourrienne would
+not have spoken of his private interviews with Napoleon, nor of the
+alleged confidences entrusted to him, while really Napoleon had no longer
+received him after the 20th October 1802.  When the Emperor, in 1805,
+forgetting his faults, named him Minister Plenipotentiary at Hamburg, he
+granted him the customary audience, but to this favour he did not add the
+return of his former friendship.  Both before and afterwards he
+constantly refused to receive him, and he did not correspond with him
+"(Meneval, ii.  378-79).  And in another passage Meneval says: "Besides,
+it would be wrong to regard these Memoirs as the work of the man whose
+name they bear.  The bitter resentment M. de Bourrienne had nourished for
+his disgrace, the enfeeblement of his faculties, and the poverty he was
+reduced to, rendered him accessible to the pecuniary offers made to him.
+He consented to give the authority of his name to Memoirs in whose
+composition he had only co-operated by incomplete, confused, and often
+inexact notes, materials which an editor was employed to put in order."
+And Meneval (iii. 29-30) goes on to quote what he himself had written in
+the Spectateur Militaire, in which he makes much the same assertions, and
+especially objects to the account of conversations with the Emperor after
+1802, except always the one audience on taking leave for Hamburg.
+Meneval also says that Napoleon, when he wished to obtain intelligence
+from Hamburg, did not correspond with Bourrienne, but deputed him,
+Meneval, to ask Bourrienne for what was wanted.  But he corroborates
+Bourrienne on the subject of the efforts made, among others by Josephine,
+for his reappointment.
+
+Such are the statements of the Bonaparists pure; and the reader, as has
+been said, can judge for himself how far the attack is good.  Bourrienne,
+or his editor, may well have confused the date of his interviews, but he
+will not be found much astray on many points.  His account of the
+conversation of Josephine after the death of the Due d'Eughien may be
+compared with what we know from Madame de Remusat, who, by the way, would
+have been horrified if she had known that he considered her to resemble
+the Empress Josephine in character.
+
+We now come to the views of Savary, the Due de Rovigo, who avowedly
+remained on good terms with Bourrienne after his disgrace, though the
+friendship of Savary was not exactly a thing that most men would have
+much prided themselves on.  "Bourrienne had a prodigious memory; he spoke
+and wrote in several languages, and his pen ran as quickly as one could
+speak.  Nor were these the only advantages he possessed.  He knew the
+routine of public business and public law.  His activity and devotion
+made him indispensable to the First Consul.  I knew the qualities which
+won for him the unlimited confidence of his chief, but I cannot speak
+with the same assurance of the faults which made him lose it.  Bourrienne
+had many enemies, both on account of his character and of his place"
+(Savary, i. 418-19).
+
+Marmont ought to be an impartial critic of the Memoirs.  He says,
+"Bourrienne .  .  .  had a very great capacity, but he is a striking
+example of the great truth that our passions are always bad counsellors.
+By inspiring us with an immoderate ardour to reach a fixed end, they
+often make us miss it.  Bourrienne had an immoderate love of money.  With
+his talents and his position near Bonaparte at the first dawn of
+greatness, with the confidence and real good-will which Bonaparte felt
+for him, in a few years he would have gained everything in fortune and in
+social position.  But his eager impatience mined his career at the moment
+when it might have developed and increased" (Marmont, i. 64).  The
+criticism appears just.  As to the Memoirs, Marmont says (ii. 224), "In
+general, these Memoirs are of great veracity and powerful interest so
+long as they treat of what the author has seen and heard; but when he
+speaks of others, his work is only an assemblage of gratuitous
+suppositions and of false facts put forward for special purposes."
+
+The Comte Alexandre de Puymaigre, who arrived at Hamburgh soon after
+Bourrienne had left it in 1810, says (page 135) of the part of the
+Memoirs which relates to Hamburg, "I must acknowledge that generally his
+assertions are well founded.  This former companion of Napoleon has only
+forgotten to speak of the opinion that they had of him in this town.
+
+"The truth is, that he was believed to have made much money there."
+
+Thus we may take Bourrienne as a clever, able man, who would have risen
+to the highest honours under the Empire had not his short-sighted
+grasping after lucre driven him from office, and prevented him from ever
+regaining it under Napoleon.
+
+In the present edition the translation has been carefully compared with
+the original French text.  Where in the original text information is
+given which has now become mere matter of history, and where Bourrienne
+merely quotes the documents well enough known at this day, his possession
+of which forms part of the charges of his opponents, advantage has been
+taken to lighten the mass of the Memoirs.  This has been done especially
+where they deal with what the writer did not himself see or hear, the
+part of the Memoirs which are of least valve and of which Marmont's
+opinion has just been quoted.  But in the personal and more valuable part
+of the Memoirs, where we have the actual knowledge of the secretary
+himself, the original text has been either fully retained, or some few
+passages previously omitted restored.  Illustrative notes have been added
+from the Memoirs of the successor of Bourrienne, Meneval, Madame de
+Remusat, the works of Colonel Iung on 'Bonaparte et Son Temps', and on
+'Lucien Bonaparte', etc., and other books.  Attention has also been paid
+to the attacks of the 'Erreurs', and wherever these criticisms are more
+than a mere expression of disagreement, their purport has been recorded
+with, where possible, some judgment of the evidence.  Thus the reader
+will have before him the materials for deciding himself how far,
+Bourrienne's statements are in agreement with the facts and with the
+accounts of other writers.
+
+At the present time too much attention has been paid to the Memoirs of
+Madame de Remusat.  She, as also Madame Junot, was the wife of a man on
+whom the full shower of imperial favours did not descend, and, womanlike,
+she saw and thought only of the Court life of the great man who was never
+less great than in his Court.  She is equally astonished and indignant
+that the Emperor, coming straight from long hours of work with his
+ministers and with his secretary, could not find soft words for the
+ladies of the Court, and that, a horrible thing in the eyes of a
+Frenchwoman, when a mistress threw herself into his arms, he first
+thought of what political knowledge he could obtain from her.
+Bourrienne, on the other hand, shows us the other and the really
+important side of Napoleon's character.  He tells us of the long hours in
+the Cabinet, of the never-resting activity of the Consul, of Napoleon's
+dreams, no ignoble dreams and often realised, of great labours of peace
+as well as of war.  He is a witness, and the more valuable as a reluctant
+one, to the marvellous powers of the man who, if not the greatest, was at
+least the one most fully endowed with every great quality of mind and
+body the world has ever seen.
+
+R. W. P.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION.
+
+The trading upon an illustrious name can alone have given birth to the
+multitude of publications under the titles of historical memoirs, secret
+memoirs, and other rhapsodies which have appeared respecting Napoleon.
+On looking into them it is difficult to determine whether the impudence
+of the writers or the simplicity of certain readers is most astonishing.
+Yet these rude and ill digested compilations, filled with absurd
+anecdotes, fabricated speeches, fictitious crimes or virtues, and
+disfigured by numerous anachronisms, instead of being consigned to just
+contempt and speedy oblivion, have been pushed into notice by
+speculators, and have found zealous partisans and enthusiastic
+apologists.
+
+     --[This Introduction has been reprinted as bearing upon the
+     character of the work, but refers very often to events of the
+     day at the time of its first appearance.]--
+
+For a time I entertained the idea of noticing, one by one, the numerous
+errors which have been written respecting Napoleon; but I have renounced
+a task which would have been too laborious to myself, and very tedious to
+the reader.  I shall therefore only correct those which come within the
+plan of my work, and which are connected with those facts, to a more
+accurate knowledge of which than any other person can possess I may lay
+claim.  There are men who imagine that nothing done by Napoleon will ever
+be forgotten; but must not the slow but inevitable influence of time be
+expected to operate with respect to him?  The effect of that influence
+is, that the most important event of an epoch soon sinks, almost
+imperceptibly and almost disregarded, into the immense mass of historical
+facts.  Time, in its progress, diminishes the probability as well as the
+interest of such an event, as it gradually wears away the most durable
+monuments.
+
+I attach only a relative importance to what I am about to lay before the
+public.  I shall give authentic documents.  If all persons who have
+approached Napoleon, at any time and in any place, would candidly record
+what they saw and heard, without passion, the future historian would be
+rich in materials.  It is my wish that he who may undertake the difficult
+task of writing the history of Napoleon shall find in my notes
+information useful to the perfection of his work.  There he will at least
+find truth.  I have not the ambition to wish that what I state should be
+taken as absolute authority; but I hope that it will always be consulted.
+
+I have never before published anything respecting Napoleon.  That
+malevolence which fastens itself upon men who have the misfortune to be
+somewhat separated from the crowd has, because there is always more
+profit in saying ill than good, attributed to me several works on
+Bonaparte; among others, 'Les Memoires secrets d'un Homnae qui ne l'a pas
+quitte', par M. B-------, and 'Memoires secrets sur Napoleon Bonaparte,
+par M. de B------, and 'Le Precis Historique sur Napoleon'.  The initial
+of my name has served to propagate this error.  The incredible ignorance
+which runs through those memoirs, the absurdities and inconceivable
+silliness with which they abound, do not permit a man of honour and
+common sense to allow such wretched rhapsodies to be imputed to him.  I
+declared in 1816, and at later periods in the French
+and foreign journals, that I had no hand in those publications, and I
+here formally repeat this declaration.
+
+But it may be said to me, Why should we place more confidence in you than
+in those who have written before you?
+
+My reply shall be plain.  I enter the lists one of the last I have read
+all that my predecessors have published confident that all I state is
+true.  I have no interest in deceiving, no disgrace to fear, no reward to
+expect.  I ether wish to obscure nor embellish his glory.  However great
+Napoleon may have been, was he not also liable to pay his tribute to the
+weakness of human nature?  I speak of Napoleon such as I have seen him,
+known him, frequently admired and sometimes blamed him.  I state what I
+saw, heard, wrote, and thought at the time, under each circumstance that
+occurred.  I have not allowed myself to be carried away by the illusions
+of the imagination, nor to be influenced by friendship or hatred.  I
+shall not insert a single reflection which did not occur to me at the
+very moment of the event which gave it birth.  How many transactions and
+documents were there over which I could but lament!--how many measures,
+contrary to my views, to my principles, and to my character!--while the
+best intentions were incapable of overcoming difficulties which a most
+powerful and decided will rendered almost insurmountable.
+
+I also wish the future historian to compare what I say with what others
+have related or may relate.  But it will be necessary for him to attend
+to dates, circumstances, difference of situation, change of temperament,
+and age,--for age has much influence over men.  We do not think and act
+at fifty as at twenty-five.  By exercising this caution he will be able
+to discover the truth, and to establish an opinion for posterity.
+
+The reader must not expect to find in these Memoirs an uninterrupted
+series of all the events which marked the great career of Napoleon; nor
+details of all those battles, with the recital of which so many eminent
+men have usefully and ably occupied themselves.  I shall say little about
+whatever I did not see or hear, and which is not supported by official
+documents.
+
+Perhaps I shall succeed in confirming truths which have been doubted, and
+in correcting errors which have been adopted.  If I sometimes differ from
+the observations and statements of Napoleon at St.  Helena, I am far from
+supposing that those who undertook to be the medium of communication
+between him and the public have misrepresented what he said.  I am well
+convinced that none of the writers of St. Helena can be taxed with the
+slightest deception; disinterested zeal and nobleness of character are
+undoubted pledges of their veracity.  It appears to me perfectly certain
+that Napoleon stated, dictated, or corrected all they have published.
+Their honour is unquestionable; no one can doubt it.  That they wrote
+what he communicated must therefore be believed; but it cannot with equal
+confidence be credited that what he communicated was nothing but the
+truth.  He seems often to have related as a fact what was really only an
+idea,-- an idea, too, brought forth at St. Helena, the child of
+misfortune, and transported by his imagination to Europe in the time of
+his prosperity.  His favourite phrase, which was every moment on his
+lips, must not be forgotten--"What will history say--what will posterity
+think?"  This passion for leaving behind him a celebrated name is one
+which belongs to the constitution of the human mind; and with Napoleon
+its influence was excessive.  In his first Italian campaign he wrote thus
+to General Clarke: "That ambition and the occupation of high offices were
+not sufficient for his satisfaction and happiness, which he had early
+placed in the opinion of Europe and the esteem of posterity."  He often
+observed to me that with him the opinion of posterity was the real
+immortality of the soul.
+
+It may easily be conceived that Napoleon wished to give to the documents
+which he knew historians would consult a favourable colour, and to
+direct, according to his own views, the judgment of posterity on his
+actions: But it is only by the impartial comparison of periods,
+positions, and age that a well founded decision will be given.  About his
+fortieth year the physical constitution of Napoleon sustained
+considerable change; and it may be presumed that his moral qualities were
+affected by that change.  It is particularly important not to lose sight
+of the premature decay of his health, which, perhaps, did not permit him
+always to, possess the vigour of memory otherwise consistent enough with
+his age.  The state of our organisation often modifies our recollections,
+our feelings, our manner of viewing objects, and the impressions we
+receive.  This will be taken into consideration by judicious and thinking
+men; and for them I write.
+
+What M. de Las Casas states Napoleon to have said in May 1816 on the
+manner of writing his history corroborates the opinion I have expressed.
+It proves that all the facts and observations he communicated or dictated
+were meant to serve as materials.  We learn from the Memorial that M. de
+Las Casas wrote daily, and that the manuscript was read over by Napoleon,
+who often made corrections with his own hand.  The idea of a journal
+pleased him greatly.  He fancied it would be a work of which the world
+could afford no other example.  But there are passages in which the order
+of events is deranged; in others facts are misrepresented and erroneous
+assertions are made, I apprehend, not altogether involuntarily.
+
+I have paid particular attention to all that has been published by the
+noble participators of the imperial captivity.  Nothing, however, could
+induce me to change a word in these Memoirs, because nothing could take
+from me my conviction of the truth of what I personally heard and saw.
+It will be found that Napoleon in his private conversations often
+confirms what I state; but we sometimes differ, and the public must judge
+between us.  However, I must here make one observation.
+
+When Napoleon dictated or related to his friends in St.  Helena the facts
+which they have reported he was out of the world,--he had played his
+part.  Fortune, which, according to his notions, had conferred on him all
+his power and greatness, had recalled all her gifts before he sank into
+the tomb.  His ruling passion would induce him to think that it was due
+to his glory to clear up certain facts which might prove an unfavourable
+escort if they accompanied him to posterity.  This was his fixed idea.
+But is there not some ground for suspecting the fidelity of him who
+writes or dictates his own history?  Why might he not impose on a few
+persons in St. Helena, when he was able to impose on France and Europe,
+respecting many acts which emanated from him during the long duration of
+his power?  The life of Napoleon would be very unfaithfully written were
+the author to adopt as true all his bulletins and proclamations, and all
+the declarations he made at St.  Helena.  Such a history would frequently
+be in contradiction to facts; and such only is that which might be
+entitled, 'The History of Napoleon, written by Himself'.
+
+I have said thus much because it is my wish that the principles which
+have guided me in the composition of these Memoirs may be understood.
+I am aware that they will not please every reader; that is a success to
+which I cannot pretend.  Some merit, however, may be allowed me on
+account of the labour I have undergone.  It has neither been of a slight
+nor an agreeable kind.  I made it a rule to read everything that has been
+written respecting Napoleon, and I have had to decipher many of his
+autograph documents, though no longer so familiar with his scrawl as
+formerly.  I say decipher, because a real cipher might often be much more
+readily understood than the handwriting of Napoleon.  My own notes, too,
+which were often very hastily made, in the hand I wrote in my youth, have
+sometimes also much embarrassed me.
+
+My long and intimate connection with Bonaparte from boyhood, my close
+relations with him when General, Consul, and Emperor, enabled me to see
+and appreciate all that was projected and all that was done during that
+considerable and momentous period of time.  I not only had the
+opportunity of being present at the conception and the execution of the
+extraordinary deeds of one of the ablest men nature ever formed, but,
+notwithstanding an almost unceasing application to business, I found
+means to employ the few moments of leisure which Bonaparte left at my
+disposal in making notes, collecting documents, and in recording for
+history facts respecting which the truth could otherwise with difficulty
+be ascertained; and more particularly in collecting those ideas, often
+profound, brilliant, and striking, but always remarkable, to which
+Bonaparte gave expression in the overflowing frankness of confidential
+intimacy.
+
+The knowledge that I possessed much important information has exposed me
+to many inquiries, and wherever I have resided since my retirement from
+public affairs much of my time has been spent in replying to questions.
+The wish to be acquainted with the most minute details of the life of a
+man formed on an unexampled m del [?? D.W.] is very natural; and the
+observation on my replies by those who heard them always was,
+"You should publish your Memoirs!"
+
+I had certainly always in view the publication of my Memoirs; but, at the
+same time, I was firmly resolved not to publish them until a period
+should arrive in which I might tell the truth, and the whole truth.
+While Napoleon was in the possession of power I felt it right to resist
+the urgent applications made to me on this ~Subject by some persons of
+the highest distinction.  Truth would then have sometimes appeared
+flattery, and sometimes, also, it might not have been without danger.
+Afterwards, when the progress of events removed Bonaparte to a far
+distant island in the midst of the ocean, silence was imposed on me by
+other considerations,-by considerations of propriety and feeling.
+
+After the death of Bonaparte, at St.  Helena, reasons of a different
+nature retarded the execution of my plan.  The tranquillity of a secluded
+retreat was indispensable for preparing and putting in order the abundant
+materials in my possession.  I found it also necessary to read a great
+number of works, in order to rectify important errors to which the want
+of authentic documents had induced the authors to give credit.  This
+much-desired retreat was found.  I had the good fortune to be introduced,
+through a friend, to the Duchesse de Brancas, and that lady invited me to
+pass some time on one of her estates in Hainault.  Received with the most
+agreeable hospitality, I have there enjoyed that tranquillity which could
+alone have rendered the publication of these volumes practicable.
+
+FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The Editor of the 1836 edition had added to the Memoirs several chapters
+taken from or founded on other works of the time, so as to make a more
+complete history of the period.  These materials have been mostly
+retained, but with the corrections which later publications have made
+necessary.  A chapter has now been added to give, a brief account of the
+part played by the chief historical personages during the Cent Tours, and
+another at the end to include the removal of the body of Napoleon from
+St. Helena to France.
+
+Two special improvements have, it is hoped, been made in this edition.
+Great care has been taken to get names, dates, and figures rightly
+given,--points much neglected in most translations, though in some few
+cases, such as Davoust, the ordinary but not strictly correct spelling
+has been followed to suit the general reader.  The number of references
+to other works which are given in the notes wall, it is believed, be of
+use to any one wishing to continue the study of the history of Napoleon,
+and may preserve them from many of the errors too often committed.  The
+present Editor has had the great advantage of having his work shared by
+Mr. Richard Bentley, who has brought his knowledge of the period to bear,
+and who has found, as only a busy man could do, the time to minutely
+enter into every fresh detail, with the ardour which soon seizes any one
+who long follows that enticing pursuit, the special study of an
+historical period.
+
+January 1885
+R. W. P.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                MEMOIRS
+                                   of
+                          NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+
+CHAPTER 1
+
+1769-1783.
+
+     Authentic date of Bonaparte's birth--His family rained by the
+     Jesuits-- His taste for military amusements--Sham siege at the
+     College of Brienne--The porter's wife and Napoleon--My intimacy with
+     Bonaparte at college--His love for the mathematics, and his dislike
+     of Latin--He defends Paoli and blames his father--He is ridiculed by
+     his comrades--Ignorance of the monks--Distribution of prizes at
+     Brienne--Madame de Montesson and the Duke of Orleans--Report of M.
+     Keralio on Bonaparte--He leaves Brienne.
+
+
+NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, on the 15th of August
+1769; the original orthography of his name was Buonaparte, but he
+suppressed the during his first campaign in Italy.  His motives for so
+doing were merely to render the spelling conformable with the
+pronunciation, and to abridge his signature.  He signed Buonaparte even
+after the famous 13th Vendemiaire.
+
+It has been affirmed that he was born in 1768, and that he represented
+himself to be a year younger than he really was.  This is untrue.  He
+always told me the 9th of August was his birthday, and, as I was born on
+the 9th of July 1769, our proximity of age served to strengthen our union
+and friendship when we were both at the Military College of Brienne.
+
+The false and absurd charge of Bonaparte having misrepresented his age,
+is decidedly refuted by a note in the register of M. Berton, sub-
+principal of the College of Brienne, in which it is stated that
+M. Napoleon de Buonaparte, ecuyer, born in the city of Ajaccio, in
+Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769, left the Royal Military College of
+Brienne on the 17th October 1784.
+
+The stories about his low extraction are alike devoid of foundation.  His
+family was poor, and he was educated at the public expense, an advantage
+of which many honourable families availed themselves.  A memorial
+addressed by his father, Charles Buonaparte, to the Minister of War
+states that his fortune had been reduced by the failure of some
+enterprise in which he had engaged, and by the injustice of the Jesuits,
+by whom he had been deprived of an inheritance.  The object of this
+memorial was to solicit a sub-lieutenant's commission for Napoleon, who
+was then fourteen years of age, and to get Lucien entered a pupil of the
+Military College.  The Minister wrote on the back of the memorial, "Give
+the usual answer, if there be a vacancy;" and on the margin are these
+words--"This gentleman has been informed that his request is inadmissible
+as long as his second son remains at the school of Brienne.  Two brothers
+cannot be placed at the same time in the military schools."  When
+Napoleon was fifteen he was sent to Paris until he should attain the
+requisite age for entering the army.  Lucien was not received into the
+College of Brienne, at least not until his brother had quitted the
+Military School of Paris.
+
+Bonaparte was undoubtedly a man of good family.  I have seen an authentic
+account of his genealogy, which he obtained from Tuscany.  A great deal
+has been said about the civil dissensions which forced his family to quit
+Italy and take refuge in Corsica.  On this subject I shall say nothing.
+
+Many and various accounts have been given of Bonaparte's youth.
+
+     --[The following interesting trait of Napoleon's childhood is
+     derived from the 'Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Arbranes':--"He was one
+     day accused by one of his sisters of having eaten a basketful of
+     grapes, figs, and citrons, which had come from the garden of his
+     uncle the Canon.  None but those who were acquainted with the
+     Bonaparte family can form any idea of the enormity of this offence.
+     To eat fruit belonging to the uncle the Canon was infinitely more
+     criminal than to eat grapes and figs which might be claimed by
+     anybody else.  An inquiry took place.  Napoleon.  denied the fact,
+     and was whipped.  He was told that if he would beg pardon he should
+     be forgiven.  He protested that he was innocent, but he was not
+     believed.  If I recollect rightly, his mother was at the time on a
+     visit to M. de Marbeuf, or some other friend.  The result of
+     Napoleon's obstinacy was, that he was kept three whole days on bread
+     and cheese, and that cheese was not 'broccio'.  However, be would
+     not cry: he was dull, but not sulky.  At length, on the fourth day
+     of his punishment a little friend of Marianne Bonaparte returned
+     from the country, and on hearing of Napoleon's disgrace she
+     confessed that she and Marianne had eaten the fruit.  It was now
+     Marianne's turn to be punished.  When Napoleon was asked why he had
+     not accused his sister, he replied that though he suspected that she
+     was guilty, yet out of consideration to her little friend, who had
+     no share in the falsehood, he had said nothing.  He was then only
+     seven years of age" (vol. i.  p. 9, edit. 1883).]--
+
+He has been described in terms of enthusiastic praise and exaggerated
+condemnation.  It is ever thus with individuals who by talent or
+favourable circumstances are raised above their fellow-creatures.
+Bonaparte himself laughed at all the stories which were got up for the
+purpose of embellishing or blackening his character in early life.
+An anonymous publication, entitled the 'History of Napoleon Bonaparte',
+from his Birth to his last abdication, contains perhaps the greatest
+collection of false and ridiculous details about his boyhood.  Among
+other things, it is stated that he fortified a garden to protect himself
+from the attacks of his comrades, who, a few lines lower down, are
+described as treating him with esteem and respect.  I remember the
+circumstances which, probably, gave rise to the fabrication inserted in
+the work just mentioned; they were as follows.
+
+During the winter of 1783-84, so memorable for heavy falls of snow,
+Napoleon was greatly at a loss for those retired walks and outdoor
+recreations in which he used to take much delight.  He had no alternative
+but to mingle with his comrades, and, for exercise, to walk with them up
+and down a spacious hall.  Napoleon, weary of this monotonous promenade,
+told his comrades that he thought they might amuse themselves much better
+with the snow, in the great courtyard, if they would get shovels and make
+hornworks, dig trenches, raise parapets, cavaliers, etc.  "This being
+done," said he, "we may divide ourselves into sections, form a siege, and
+I will undertake to direct the attacks."  The proposal, which was
+received with enthusiasm, was immediately put into execution.  This
+little sham war was carried on for the space of a fortnight, and did not
+cease until a quantity of gravel and small stones having got mixed with
+the snow of which we made our bullets, many of the combatants, besiegers
+as well as besieged, were seriously wounded.  I well remember that I was
+one of the worst sufferers from this sort of grapeshot fire.
+
+It is almost unnecessary to contradict the story about the ascent in the
+balloon.  It is now very well known that the hero of that headlong
+adventure was not young Bonaparte, as has been alleged, but one of his
+comrades, Dudont de Chambon, who was somewhat eccentric.  Of this his
+subsequent conduct afforded sufficient proofs.
+
+Bonaparte's mind was directed to objects of a totally different kind.
+He turned his attention to political science.  During some of his
+vacations he enjoyed the society of the Abby Raynal, who used to converse
+with him on government, legislation, commercial relations, etc.
+
+On festival days, when the inhabitants of Brienne were admitted to our
+amusements, posts were established for the maintenance of order.  Nobody
+was permitted to enter the interior of the building without a card signed
+by the principal, or vice-principal.  The rank of officers or sub-
+officers was conferred according to merit; and Bonaparte one day had the
+command of a post, when the following little adventure occurred, which
+affords an instance of his decision of character.
+
+The wife of the porter of the school,
+
+     --[This woman, named Haute, was afterwards placed at Malmaison, with
+     her husband.  They both died as concierges of Malmaison.  This shows
+     that Napoleon had a memory.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+who was very well known, because she used to sell milk, fruit, etc., to
+the pupils, presented herself one Saint Louis day for admittance to the
+representation of the 'Death of Caesar, corrected', in which I was to
+perform the part of Brutus.  As the woman had no ticket, and insisted on
+being admitted without one, some disturbance arose.  The serjeant of the
+post reported the matter to the officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, who in an
+imperious tone of voice exclaimed: "Send away that woman, who comes here
+with her camp impudence."  This was in 1782.
+
+Bonaparte and I were eight years of, age when our friendship commenced.
+It speedily became very intimate, for there was a certain sympathy of
+heart between us.  I enjoyed this friendship and intimacy until 1784,
+when he was transferred from the Military College of Brienne to that of
+Paris.  I was one among those of his youthful comrades who could best
+accommodate themselves to his stern character.  His natural reserve, his
+disposition to meditate on the conquest of Corsica, and the impressions
+he had received in childhood respecting the misfortunes of his country
+and his family, led him to seek retirement, and rendered his general
+demeanour, though in appearance only, somewhat unpleasing.  Our equality
+of age brought us together in the classes of the mathematics and 'belles
+lettres'.  His ardent wish to acquire knowledge was remarkable from the
+very commencement of his studies.  When he first came to the college he
+spoke only the Corsican dialect, and the Sieur Dupuis,
+
+     --[He afterwards filled the pout of librarian to Napoleon at
+     Malmaison.]--
+
+who was vice-principal before Father Berton, gave him instructions in the
+French language.  In this he made such rapid progress that in a short
+time he commenced the first rudiments of Latin.  But to this study he
+evinced such a repugnance that at the age of fifteen he was not out of
+the fourth class.  There I left him very speedily; but I could never get
+before him in the mathematical class, in which he was undoubtedly the
+cleverest lad at the college.  I used sometimes to help him with his
+Latin themes and versions in return for the aid he afforded me in the
+solution of problems, at which he evinced a degree of readiness and
+facility which perfectly astonished me.
+
+When at Brienne, Bonaparte was remarkable for the dark color of his
+complexion (which, subsequently, the climate of France somewhat changed),
+for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his
+conversation both with his masters and comrades.  His conversation almost
+always bore the appearance of ill-humour, and he was certainly not very
+amiable.  This I attribute to the misfortunes his family had sustained
+and the impressions made on his mind by the conquest of his country.
+
+The pupils were invited by turns to dine with Father Berton, the head of
+the school.  One day, it being Bonaparte's turn to enjoy this indulgence,
+some of the professors who were at table designedly made some
+disrespectful remarks on Paoli, of whom they knew the young Corsican was
+an enthusiastic admirer.  "Paoli," observed Bonaparte, "was a great man;
+he loved his country; and I will never forgive my father, who was his
+adjutant, for having concurred in the union of Corsica with France.  He
+ought to have followed Paoli's fortune, and have fallen with him."
+
+     --[The Duchesse d'Abrantes, speaking of the personal characteristics
+     of Bonaparte in youth and manhood, says, "Saveria told me that
+     Napoleon was never a pretty boy, as Joseph was, for example: his
+     head always appeared too large for his body, a defect common to the
+     Bonaparte family.  When Napoleon grew up, the peculiar charm of his
+     countenance lay in his eye, especially in the mild expression it
+     assumed in his moments of kindness.  His anger, to be sure, was
+     frightful, and though I am no coward, I never could look at him in
+     his fits of rage without shuddering.  Though his smile was
+     captivating, yet the expression of his month when disdainful or
+     angry could scarcely be seen without terror.  But that forehead
+     which seemed formed to bear the crowns of a whole world; those
+     hands, of which the most coquettish women might have been vain, and
+     whose white skin covered muscles of iron; in short, of all that
+     personal beauty which distinguished Napoleon as a young man, no
+     traces were discernible in the boy.  Saveria spoke truly when she
+     said, that of all the children of Signora Laetitia, the Emperor was
+     the one from whom future greatness was least to be prognosticated"
+     (vol. i.  p. 10, edit. 1883)]--
+
+Generally speaking, Bonaparte was not much liked by his comrades at
+Brienne.  He was not social with them, and rarely took part in their
+amusements.  His country's recent submission to France always caused in
+his mind a painful feeling, which estranged him from his schoolfellows.
+I, however, was almost his constant companion.  During play-hours he used
+to withdraw to the library, where he-read with deep interest works of
+history, particularly Polybius and Plutarch.  He was also fond of
+Arrianus, but did not care much for Quintus Gurtius.  I often went off to
+play with my comrades, and left him by himself in the library.
+
+The temper of the young Corsican was not improved by the teasing he
+frequently experienced from his comrades, who were fond of ridiculing him
+about his Christian name Napoleon and his country.  He often said to me,
+"I will do these French all the mischief I can; " and when I tried to
+pacify him he would say, "But you do not ridicule me; you like me."
+
+Father Patrauld, our mathematical professor, was much attached to
+Bonaparte.  He was justly proud of him as a pupil.  The other professors,
+in whose classes he was not distinguished, took little notice of him.
+He had no taste for the study of languages, polite literature, or the
+arts.  As there were no indications of his ever becoming a scholar, the
+pedants of the establishment were inclined to think him stupid.  His
+superior intelligence was, however, sufficiently perceptible, even
+through the reserve under which it was veiled.  If the monks to whom the
+superintendence of the establishment was confided had understood the
+organisation of his mind, if they had engaged more able mathematical
+professors, or if we had had any incitement to the study of chemistry,
+natural philosophy, astronomy, etc., I am convinced that Bonaparte would
+have pursued these sciences with all the genius and spirit of
+investigation which he displayed in a career, more brilliant it is true,
+but less useful to mankind.  Unfortunately, the monks did not perceive
+this, and were too poor to pay for good masters.  However, after
+Bonaparte left the college they found it necessary to engage two
+professors from Paris, otherwise the college would have fallen to
+nothing.  These two new professors, MM. Durfort and Desponts, finished my
+education; and I regretted that they did not come sooner.  The often-
+repeated assertion of Bonaparte having received a careful education at
+Brienne is therefore untrue.  The monks were incapable of giving it him;
+and, for my own part, I must confess that the extended information of the
+present day is to me a painful contrast with the limited course of
+education I received at the Military College.  It is only surprising that
+the establishment should have produced a single able man.
+
+Though Bonaparte had no reason to be satisfied with the treatment he
+received from his comrades, yet he was above complaining of it; and when
+he had the supervision of any duty which they infringed, he would rather
+go to prison than denounce the criminals.
+
+I was one day his accomplice in omitting to enforce a duty which we were
+appointed to supervise.  He prevailed on me to accompany him to prison,
+where we remained three days.  We suffered this sort of punishment
+several times, but with less severity.
+
+In 1783 the Duke of Orleans and Madame de Montesson visited Brienne; and,
+for upwards of a month, the magnificent chateau of the Comte de Brienne
+was a Versailles in miniature.  The series of brilliant entertainments
+which were given to the august travellers made them almost forget the
+royal magnificence they had left behind them.
+
+The Prince and Madame de Montesson expressed a wish to preside at the
+distribution of the prizes of our college.  Bonaparte and I won the
+prizes in the class of mathematics, which, as I have already observed,
+was the branch of study to which he confined his attention, and in which
+he excelled.  When I was called up for the seventh time Madame de
+Montesson said to my mother, who had come from Sens to be present at the
+distribution, "Pray, madame, crown your son this time; my hands are a-
+weary."
+
+There was an inspector of the military schools, whose business it was to
+make an annual report on each pupil, whether educated at the public
+expense or paid for by his family.  I copied from the report of 1784 a
+note which was probably obtained surreptitiously from the War Office.  I
+wanted to purchase the manuscript, but Louis Bonaparte bought it.  I did
+not make a copy of the note which related to myself, because I should
+naturally have felt diffident in making any use of it.  It would,
+however, have served to show how time and circumstances frequently
+reversed the distinctions which arise at school or college.  Judging from
+the reports of the inspector of military schools, young Bonaparte was
+not, of all the pupils at Brienne in 1784, the one most calculated to
+excite prognostics of future greatness and glory.
+
+The note to which I have just alluded, and which was written by M. de
+Kerralio, then inspector of the military schools, describes Bonaparte in
+the following terms:
+
+                     INSPECTION OF MILITARY SCHOOLS
+                                 1784.
+             REPORT MADE FOR HIS MAJESTY BY M. DE KERALIO.
+
+     M. de Buonaparte (Napoleon), born 15th August 1769, height 4 feet 10
+     inches 10 lines, is in the fourth class, has a good constitution,
+     excellent health, character obedient, upright, grateful, conduct
+     very regular; has been always distinguished by his application to
+     mathematics.  He knows history and geography very passably.  He is
+     not well up in ornamental studies or in Latin in which he is only in
+     the fourth class.  He will be an excellent sailor.  He deserves to
+     be passed on to the Military School of Paris.
+
+Father Berton, however, opposed Bonaparte's removal to Paris, because he
+had not passed through the fourth Latin class, and the regulations
+required that he should be in the third.  I was informed by the vice-
+principal that a report relative to Napoleon was sent from the College of
+Brienne to that of Paris, in which he was described as being domineering,
+imperious, and obstinate.
+
+     --[Napoleon remained upwards of five years at Brienne, from April
+     1779 till the latter end of 1784.  In 1783 the Chevalier Keralio,
+     sub-inspector of the military schools, selected him to pass the year
+     following to the military school at Paris, to which three of the
+     best scholars were annually sent from each of the twelve provincial
+     military schools of France.  It is curious as well as satisfactory
+     to know the opinion at this time entertained of him by those who
+     were the best qualified to judge.  His old master, Le Guille,
+     professor of history at Paris, boasted that, in a list of the
+     different scholars, he had predicted his pupil's subsequent career.
+     In fact, to the name of Bonaparte the following note is added: "a
+     Corsican by birth and character--he will do something great, if
+     circumstances favour him."  Menge was his instructor in geometry,
+     who also entertained a high opinion of him.  M. Bauer, his German
+     master, was the only one who saw nothing in him, and was surprised
+     at being told he was undergoing his examination for the artillery.--
+     Hazlitt.]--
+
+I knew Bonaparte well; and I think M. de Keralio's report of him was
+exceedingly just, except, perhaps, that he might have said he was very
+well as to his progress in history and geography, and very backward in
+Latin; but certainly nothing indicated the probability of his being an
+excellent seaman.  He himself had no thought of the navy.
+
+     --[Bourrienne is certainly wrong as to Bonaparte having no thought
+     of the navy.  In a letter of 1784 to the Minister of War his father
+     says of Napoleon that, "following the advice of the Comte de
+     Marbeuf, he has turned his studies towards the navy; and so well has
+     he succeeded that be was intended by M. de Keralio for the school of
+     Paris, and afterwards for the department of Toulon.  The retirement
+     of the former professor (Keralio) has changed the fate of my son."
+     It was only on the failure of his intention to get into the navy
+     that his father, on 15th July 1784 applied for permission for him to
+     enter the artillery; Napoleon having a horror of the infantry, where
+     he said they did nothing.  It was on the success of this application
+     that he was allowed to enter the school of Parts (Iung, tome i.  pp.
+     91-103).  Oddly enough, in later years, on 30th August 1792, having
+     just succeeded in getting himself reinstated as captain after his
+     absence, overstaying leave, he applied to pass into the Artillerie
+     de la Marine.  "The application was judged to be simply absurd, and
+     was filed with this note, 'S. R.' ('sans reponse')" (Iung, tome ii.
+     p. 201]--
+
+In consequence of M. de Keralio's report, Bonaparte was transferred to
+the Military College of Paris, along with MM. Montarby de Dampierre, de
+Castres, de Comminges, and de Laugier de Bellecourt, who were all, like
+him, educated at the public expense, and all, at least, as favorably
+reported.
+
+What could have induced Sir Walter Scott to say that Bonaparte was the
+pride of the college, that our mathematical master was exceedingly fond
+of him, and that the other professors in the different sciences had equal
+reason to be satisfied with him?  What I have above stated, together with
+the report of M. de Keralio, bear evidence of his backwardness in almost
+every branch of education except mathematics.  Neither was it, as Sir
+Walter affirms, his precocious progress in mathematics that occasioned
+him to be removed to Paris.  He had attained the proper age, and the
+report of him was favourable, therefore he was very naturally included
+among the number of the five who were chosen in 1784.
+
+In a biographical account of Bonaparte I have read the following
+anecdote:--When he was fourteen years of age he happened to be at a party
+where some one pronounced a high eulogium on Turenne; and a lady in the
+company observed that he certainly was a great man, but that she should
+like him better if he had not burned the Palatinate.  "What signifies
+that," replied Bonaparte, "if it was necessary to the object he had in
+view?"
+
+This is either an anachronism or a mere fabrication.  Bonaparte was
+fourteen in the year 1783.  He was then at Brienne, where certainly he
+did not go into company, and least of all the company of ladies.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1784-1794.
+
+     Bonaparte enters the Military College of Paris--He urges me to
+     embrace the military profession--His report on the state of the
+     Military School of Paris--He obtains a commission--I set off for
+     Vienna--Return to Paris, where I again meet Bonaparte--His singular
+     plans for raising money--Louis XVI, with the red cap on his head--
+     The 10th of August--My departure for Stuttgart--Bonaparte goes to
+     Corsica--My name inscribed on the list of emigrants--Bonaparte at
+     the siege of Toulon--Le Souper de Beaucaire--Napoleon's mission to
+     Genoa--His arrest--His autographical justification
+     --Duroc's first connection with Bonaparte.
+
+Bonaparte was fifteen years and two months old when he went to the
+Military College of Paris.
+
+     --[Madame Junot relates some interesting particulars connected with
+     Napoleon's first residence in Paris.
+     "My mother's first care," says she, "on arriving in Paris was to
+     inquire after Napoleon Bonaparte.  He was at that time in the
+     military school at Paris, having quitted Brienne in the September of
+     the preceding year.
+
+     My uncle Demetrius had met him just after he alighted from the coach
+     which brought him to town; 'And truly.' said my uncle, 'he had the
+     appearance of a fresh importation.  I met him in the Palms Royal,
+     where he was gaping and staring with wonder at everything he saw.
+     He would have been an excellent subject for sharpers, if, indeed, he
+     had had anything worth taking!'  My uncle invited him to dine at his
+     house; for though my uncle was a bachelor, he did not choose to dine
+     at a 'traiteur' (the name 'restaurateur' was not then introduced).
+     He told my mother that Napoleon was very morose.  'I fear,' added
+     he, 'that that young man has more self-conceit than is suitable to
+     his condition.  When he dined with me he began to declaim violently
+     against the luxury of the young men of the military school.  After a
+     little he turned the conversation on Mania, and the present
+     education of the young Maniotes, drawing a comparison between it and
+     the ancient Spartan system of education.  His observations on this
+     head be told me he intended to embody in a memorial to be presented
+     to the Minister of War.  All this, depend upon it, will bring him
+     under the displeasure of his comrades; and it will be lucky if he
+     escape being run through.'  A few days afterwards my mother saw
+     Napoleon, and then his irritability was at its height.  He would
+     scarcely bear any observations, even if made in his favour, and I am
+     convinced that it is to this uncontrollable irritability that be
+     owed the reputation of having been ill-tempered in his boyhood, and
+     splenetic in his youth.  My father, who was acquainted with almost
+     all the heads of the military school, obtained leave for him
+     sometimes to come out for recreation.  On account of an accident (a
+     sprain, if I recollect rightly) Napoleon once spent a whole week at
+     our house.  To this day, whenever I pass the Quai Conti, I cannot
+     help looking up at a 'mansarde' at the left angle of the house on
+     the third floor.  That was Napoleon's chamber when he paid us a
+     visit, and a neat little room it was.  My brother used to occupy the
+     one next to it.  The two young men were nearly of the same age: my
+     brother perhaps had the advantage of a year or fifteen months.  My
+     mother had recommended him to cultivate the friendship of young
+     Bonaparte; but my brother complained how unpleasant it was to find
+     only cold politeness where be expected affection.  This
+     repulsiveness on the part of Napoleon was almost offensive, and must
+     have been sensibly felt by my brother, who was not only remarkable
+     for the mildness of his temper and the amenity and grace of his
+     manner, but whose society was courted in the most distinguished
+     circles of Paris on account of his accomplishments.  He perceived in
+     Bonaparte a kind of acerbity and bitter irony, of which he long
+     endeavoured to discover the cause.  'I believe,' said Albert one day
+     to my mother, 'that the poor young man feels keenly his dependent
+     situation.'" ('Memoirs of the Duchesse d'Abrantes, vol. i.  p. 18,
+     edit. 1883).]-- I accompanied him in a carriole as far as Nogent Sur
+     Seine, whence the coach was to start.  We parted with regret, and we
+     did not meet again till the year 1792.  During these eight years we
+     maintained an active correspondence; but so little did I anticipate
+     the high destiny which, after his elevation, it was affirmed the
+     wonderful qualities of his boyhood plainly denoted, that I did not
+     preserve one of the letters he wrote to me at that period, but tore
+     them up as soon as they were answered.
+
+     I remember, however, that in a letter which I received from him
+     about a year after his arrival in Paris he urged me to keep my
+     promise of entering the army with him.  Like him, I had passed
+     through the studies necessary for the artillery service; and in 1787
+     I went for three months to Metz, in order to unite practice with
+     theory.  A strange Ordinance, which I believe was issued in 1778 by
+     M. de Segur, required that a man should possess four quarterings of
+     nobility before he could be qualified to serve his king and country
+     as a military officer.  My mother went to Paris, taking with her the
+     letters patent of her husband, who died six weeks after my birth.
+     She proved that in the year 1640 Louis XIII.  had, by letters
+     patent, restored the titles of one Fauvelet de Villemont, who in
+     1586 had kept several provinces of Burgundy subject to the king's
+     authority at the peril of his life and the loss of his property; and
+     that his family had occupied the first places in the magistracy
+     since the fourteenth century.  All was correct, but it was observed
+     that the letters of nobility had not been registered by the
+     Parliament, and to repair this little omission, the sum of twelve
+     thousand francs was demanded.  This my mother refused to pay, and
+     there the matter rested.]--
+
+On his arrival at the Military School of Paris, Bonaparte found the
+establishment on so brilliant and expensive a footing that he immediately
+addressed a memorial on the subject to the Vice-Principal Berton of
+Brienne.
+
+     --[A second memoir prepared by him to the same effect was intended
+     for the Minister of War, but Father Berton wisely advised silence to
+     the young cadet (Iung, tome i.  p. 122).  Although believing in the
+     necessity of show and of magnificence in public life, Napoleon
+     remained true to these principles.  While lavishing wealth on his
+     ministers and marshals, "In your private life," said be, "be
+     economical and even parsimonious; in public be magnificent"
+     (Meneval, tome i. p. 146).]--
+
+He showed that the plan of education was really pernicious, and far from
+being calculated to fulfil the object which every wise government must
+have in view.  The result of the system, he said, was to inspire the
+pupils, who were all the sons of poor gentlemen, with a love of
+ostentation, or rather, with sentiments of vanity and self-sufficiency;
+so that, instead of returning happy to the bosom of their families, they
+were likely to be ashamed of their parents, and to despise their humble
+homes.  Instead of the numerous attendants by whom they were surrounded,
+their dinners of two courses, and their horses and grooms, he suggested
+that they should perform little necessary services for themselves, such
+as brushing their clothes, and cleaning their boots and shoes; that they
+should eat the coarse bread made for soldiers, etc.  Temperance and
+activity, he added, would render them robust, enable them to bear the
+severity of different seasons and climates, to brave the fatigues of war,
+and to inspire the respect and obedience of the soldiers under their
+command.  Thus reasoned Napoleon at the age of sixteen, and time showed
+that he never deviated from these principles.  The establishment of the
+military school at Fontainebleau is a decided proof of this.
+
+As Napoleon was an active observer of everything passing around him, and
+pronounced his opinion openly and decidedly, he did not remain long at
+the Military School of Paris.  His superiors, who were anxious to get rid
+of him, accelerated the period of his examination, and he obtained the
+first vacant sub-lieutenancy in a regiment of artillery.
+
+I left Brienne in 1787; and as I could not enter the artillery,
+I proceeded in the following year to Vienna, with a letter of
+recommendation to M. de Montmorin, soliciting employment in the French
+Embassy at the Court of Austria.
+
+I remained two months at Vienna, where I had the honour of twice seeing
+the Emperor Joseph.  The impression made upon me by his kind reception,
+his dignified and elegant manners, and graceful conversation, will never
+be obliterated from my recollection.  After M. de Noailles had initiated
+me in the first steps of diplomacy, he advised me to go to one of the
+German universities to study the law of nations and foreign languages.
+I accordingly repaired to Leipsic, about the time when the French
+Revolution broke out.
+
+I spent some time at Leipsic, where I applied myself to the study of the
+law of nations, and the German and English languages.  I afterwards
+travelled through Prussia and Poland, and passed a part of the winter of
+1791 and 1792 at Warsaw, where I was most graciously received by Princess
+Tyszicwiez, niece of Stanislaus Augustus, the last King of Poland, and
+the sister of Prince Poniatowski.  The Princess was very well informed,
+and was a great admirer of French literature: At her invitation I passed
+several evenings in company with the King in a circle small enough to
+approach to something like intimacy.  I remember that his Majesty
+frequently asked me to read the Moniteur; the speeches to which he
+listened with the greatest pleasure were those of the Girondists.  The
+Princess Tyszicwiez wished to print at Warsaw, at her own expense, a
+translation I had executed of Kotzebue's 'Menschenhass and Reue, to which
+I gave the title of 'L'Inconnu'."
+
+     --[A play known on the English stage as The Stranger.]--
+
+I arrived at Vienna on the 26th of March 1792, when I was informed of the
+serious illness of the Emperor, Leopold II, who died on the following
+day.  In private companies, and at public places, I heard vague
+suspicions expressed of his having been poisoned; but the public, who
+were admitted to the palace to see the body lie in state, were soon
+convinced of the falsehood of these reports.  I went twice to see the
+mournful spectacle, and I never heard a word which was calculated to
+confirm the odious suspicion, though the spacious hall in which the
+remains of the Emperor were exposed was constantly thronged with people.
+
+In the month of April 1792 I returned to Paris, where I again met
+Bonaparte,
+
+     --[Bonaparte is said, on very doubtful authority, to have spent five
+     or six weeks in London in 1791 or 1792, and to have "lodged in a
+     house in George Street, Strand.  His chief occupation appeared to be
+     taking pedestrian exercise in the streets of London--hence his
+     marvellous knowledge of the great metropolis which used to astonish
+     any Englishmen of distinction who were not aware of this visit.  He
+     occasionally took his cup of chocolate at the 'Northumberland,'
+     occupying himself in reading, and preserving a provoking taciturnity
+     to the gentlemen in the room; though his manner was stern, his
+     deportment was that of a gentleman."  The story of his visit is
+     probably as apocryphal as that of his offering his services to the
+     English Government when the English forces wore blockading the coast
+     of Corsica,]--
+
+and our college intimacy was fully renewed.  I was not very well off, and
+adversity was hanging heavily on him; his resources frequently failed
+him.  We passed our time like two young fellows of twenty-three who have
+little money and less occupation.  Bonaparte was always poorer than I.
+Every day we conceived some new project or other.  We were on the look-
+out for some profitable speculation.  At one time he wanted me to join
+him in renting several houses, then building in the Rue Montholon, to
+underlet them afterwards.  We found the demands of the landlords
+extravagant--everything failed.
+
+At the same time he was soliciting employment at the War Office, and I at
+the office of Foreign Affairs.  I was for the moment the luckier of the
+two.
+
+While we were spending our time in a somewhat vagabond way,
+
+     --[It was before the 20th of June that in our frequent excursions
+     around Paris we went to St. Cyr to see his sister Marianne (Elisa).
+     We returned to dine alone at Trianon.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+the 20th of June arrived.  We met by appointment at a restaurateur's in
+the Rue St. Honore, near the Palais Royal, to take one of our daily
+rambles.  On going out we saw approaching, in the direction of the
+market, a mob, which Bonaparte calculated at five or six thousand men.
+They were all in rags, ludicrously armed with weapons of every
+description, and were proceeding hastily towards the Tuilleries,
+vociferating all kinds of gross abuse.  It was a collection of all that
+was most vile and abject in the purlieus of Paris.  "Let us follow the
+mob," said Bonaparte.  We got the start of them, and took up our station
+on the terrace of the banks of the river.  It was there that he witnessed
+the scandalous scenes which took place; and it would be difficult to
+describe the surprise and indignation which they excited in him.  When
+the King showed himself at the windows overlooking the garden, with the
+red cap, which one of the mob had put on his head, he could no longer
+repress his indignation.  "Che coglione!"
+he loudly exclaimed.  "Why have they let in all that rabble!  They should
+sweep off four or five hundred of them with the cannon; the rest would
+then set off fast enough."
+
+When we sat down to dinner, which I paid for, as I generally did, for I
+was the richer of the two, he spoke of nothing but the scene we had
+witnessed.  He discussed with great good sense the causes and
+consequences of this unrepressed insurrection.  He foresaw and developed
+with sagacity all that would ensue.  He was not mistaken.  The 10th of
+August soon arrived.  I was then at Stuttgart, where I was appointed
+Secretary of Legation.
+
+At St. Helena Bonaparte said, "On the news of the attack of the
+Tuilleries, on the 10th of August, I hurried to Fauvelet, Bourrienne's
+brother, who then kept a furniture warehouse at the Carrousel."  This is
+partly correct.  My brother was connected with what was termed an
+'enterprise d'encan national', where persons intending to quit France
+received an advance of money, on depositing any effects which they wished
+to dispose of, and which were sold for them immediately.  Bonaparte had
+some time previously pledged his watch in this way.
+
+After the fatal 10th of August Bonaparte went to Corsica, and did not
+return till 1793.  Sir Walter Scott says that after that time he never
+saw Corsica again.  This is a mistake, as will be shown when I speak of
+his return from Egypt.
+
+     --[Sir Walter appears to have collected his information for the Life
+     of Napoleon only from those libels and vulgar stories which
+     gratified the calumnious spirit and national hatred.  His work is
+     written with excessive negligence, which, added to its numerous
+     errors, shows how much respect he must have entertained for his
+     readers.  It would appear that his object was to make it the inverse
+     of his novels, where everything is borrowed from history.  I have
+     been assured that Marshal Macdonald having offered to introduce
+     Scott to some generals who could have furnished him with the most
+     accurate, information respecting military events, the glory of which
+     they had shared, Sir Walter replied, "I thank you, but I shall
+     collect my information from unprofessional reports."--Bourrienne.]--
+
+Having been appointed Secretary of Legation to Stuttgart, I set off for
+that place on the 2d of August, and I did not again see my ardent young
+friend until 1795.  He told me that my departure accelerated his for
+Corsica.  We separated, as may be supposed, with but faint hopes of ever
+meeting again.
+
+By a decree of the 28th of March of 1793, all French agents abroad were
+ordered to return to France, within three months, under pain of being
+regarded as emigrants.  What I had witnessed before my departure for
+Stuttgart, the excitement in which I had left the public mind, and the
+well-known consequences of events of this kind, made me fear that I
+should be compelled to be either an accomplice or a victim in the
+disastrous scenes which were passing at home.  My disobedience of the law
+placed my name on the list of emigrants.
+
+It has been said of me, in a biographical publication, that "it was as
+remarkable as it was fortunate for Bourrienne that, on his return, he got
+his name erased from the list of emigrants of the department of the
+Yonne, on which it had been inscribed during his first journey to
+Germany.  This circumstance has been interpreted in several different
+ways, which are not all equally favourable to M. de Bourrienne."
+
+I do not understand what favourable interpretations can be put upon a
+statement entirely false.  General Bonaparte repeatedly applied for the
+erasure of my name, from the month of April 1797, when I rejoined him at
+Leoben, to the period of the signature of the treaty of Campo-Formio; but
+without success.  He desired his brother Louis, Berthier, Bernadotte, and
+others, when he sent them to the Directory, to urge my erasure; but in
+vain.  He complained of this inattention to his wishes to Bottot, when he
+came to Passeriano, after the 18th Fructidor.  Bottot, who was secretary
+to Barras, was astonished that I was not erased, and he made fine
+promises of what he would do.  On his return to France he wrote to
+Bonaparte: "Bourrienne is erased."  But this was untrue.  I was not
+erased until November 1797, upon the reiterated solicitations of General
+Bonaparte.
+
+It was during my absence from France that Bonaparte, in the rank of 'chef
+de bataillon', performed his first campaign, and contributed so
+materially to the recapture of Toulon.  Of this period of his life I have
+no personal knowledge, and therefore I shall not speak of it as an eye-
+witness.  I shall merely relate some facts which fill up the interval
+between 1793 and 1795, and which I have collected from papers which he
+himself delivered to me.  Among these papers is a little production,
+entitled 'Le Souper de Beaucaire', the copies of which he bought up at
+considerable expense, and destroyed upon his attaining the Consulate.
+This little pamphlet contains principles very opposite to those he wished
+to see established in 1800, a period when extravagant ideas of liberty
+were no longer the fashion, and when Bonaparte entered upon a system
+totally the reverse of those republican principles professed in
+'Le Souper de Beaucaire.
+
+     --[This is not, as Sir Walter says, a dialogue between Marat and a
+     Federalist, but a conversation between a military officer, a native
+     of Nismes, a native of Marseilles, and a manufacturer from
+     Montpellier.  The latter, though he takes a share in the
+     conversation, does not say much.  'Le Souper de Beaucaire' is given
+     at full length in the French edition of these Memoirs, tome i.  pp.
+     319-347; and by Iung, tome ii.  p. 354, with the following remarks:
+     "The first edition of 'Le Souper de Beaucaire' was issued at the
+     cost of the Public Treasury, in August 1798.  Sabin Tournal, its
+     editor, also then edited the 'Courrier  d'Avignon'.  The second
+     edition only appeared twenty-eight years afterwards, in 1821,
+     preceded by an introduction by Frederick Royou (Paris: Brasseur
+     Aine, printer, Terrey, publisher, in octavo).  This pamphlet did not
+     make any sensation at the time it appeared.  It was only when
+     Napoleon became Commandant of the Army of Italy that M. Loubet,
+     secretary and corrector of the press for M. Tournal, attached some
+     value to the manuscript, and showed it to several persona.  Louis
+     Bonaparte, later, ordered several copies from M. Aurel.  The
+     pamphlet, dated 29th duly 1793, is in the form of a dialogue between
+     an officer of the army, a citizen of Nismes, a manufacturer of
+     Montpellier, and a citizen of Marseilles.  Marseilles was then in a
+     state of insurrection against the Convention.  Its forces had seized
+     Avignon, but had been driven out by the army of Cartesna, which was
+     about to attack Marseilles itself.  In the dialogue the officer
+     gives most excellent military advice to the representative of
+     Marseilles on the impossibility of their resisting the old soldiers
+     of Carteaux.  The Marseilles citizen argues but feebly, and is
+     alarmed at the officer's representations; while his threat to call
+     in the Spaniards turns the other speakers against him.  Even Colonel
+     Iung says, tome ii.  p. 372, "In these concise judgments is felt the
+     decision of the master and of the man of war.....  These marvellous
+     qualities consequently struck the members of the Convention, who
+     made much of Bonaparte, authorised him to have it published at the
+     public expense, and made him many promises."  Lanfrey, vol. i.  pp.
+     201, says of this pamphlets "Common enough ideas, expressed in a
+     style only remarkable for its 'Italianisms,' but becoming singularly
+     firm and precise every time the author expresses his military views.
+     Under an apparent roughness, we find in it a rare circumspection,
+     leaving no hold on the writer, even if events change."]--
+
+It may be remarked, that in all that has come to us from St. Helena, not
+a word is said of this youthful production.  Its character sufficiently
+explains this silence.  In all Bonaparte's writings posterity will
+probably trace the profound politician rather than the enthusiastic
+revolutionist.
+
+Some documents relative to Bonaparte's suspension and arrest, by order of
+the representatives Albitte and Salicetti, serve to place in their true
+light circumstances which have hitherto been misrepresented.  i shall
+enter into some details of this event, because I have seen it stated that
+this circumstance of Bonaparte's life has been perverted and
+misrepresented by every person who has hitherto written about him; and
+the writer who makes this remark, himself describes the affair
+incorrectly and vaguely.  Others have attributed Bonaparte's misfortune
+to a military discussion on war, and his connection with Robespierre the
+younger.
+
+     --[It will presently be seen that all this is erroneous, and that
+     Sir Walter commits another mistake when he says that Bonaparte's
+     connection with Robespierre was attended with fatal consequences to
+     him, and that his justification consisted in acknowledging that his
+     friends were very different from what he had supposed them to be.--
+     Bourrienne.]--
+
+It has, moreover, been said that Albitte and Salicetti explained to the
+Committee of Public Safety the impossibility of their resuming the
+military operations unaided by the talents of General Bonaparte.  This is
+mere flattery.  The facts are these:
+
+On the 13th of July 1794 (25th Messidor, year II), the representatives of
+the people with the army of Italy ordered that General Bonaparte should
+proceed to Genoa, there, conjointly with the French 'charge d'affaires',
+to confer on certain subjects with the Genoese Government.  This mission,
+together with a list of secret instructions, directing him to examine the
+fortresses of Genoa and the neighbouring country, show the confidence
+which Bonaparte, who was then only twenty-five, inspired in men who were
+deeply interested in making a prudent choice of their agents.
+
+Bonaparte set off for Genoa, and fulfilled his mission.  The 9th
+Thermidor arrived, and the deputies, called Terrorists, were superseded
+by Albitte and Salicetti.  In the disorder which then prevailed they were
+either ignorant of the orders given to General Bonaparte, or persons
+envious of the rising glory of the young general of artillery inspired
+Albitte and Salicetti with suspicions prejudicial to him.  Be this as it
+may, the two representatives drew up a resolution, ordering that General
+Bonaparte should be arrested, suspended from his rank, and arraigned
+before the Committee of Public Safety; and, extraordinary as it may
+appear, this resolution was founded in that very journey to Genoa which
+Bonaparte executed by the direction of the representatives of the people.
+
+     --[Madame Junot throws some light on this Persecution of Bonaparte
+     by Salicetti.  "One motive (I do not mean to say the only one),"
+     remarks this lady, "of the animosity shown by Salicetti to
+     Bonaparte, in the affair of Loano, was that they were at one time
+     suitors to the same lady.  I am not sure whether it was in Corsica
+     or in Paris, but I know for a fact that Bonaparte, in spite of his
+     youth, or perhaps I should rather say on account of his youth, was
+     the favoured lover.  It was the opinion of my brother, who was
+     secretary to Salicetti, that Bonaparte owed his life to a
+     circumstance which is not very well known.  The fact is, that
+     Salicetti received a letter from Bonaparte, the contents of which
+     appeared to make a deep impression on him.  Bonaparte's papers had
+     been delivered into Salicetti's hands, who, after an attentive
+     perusal of them, laid them aside with evident dissatisfaction.  He
+     then took them up again, and read them a second time.  Salicetti
+     declined my brother's assistance is the examination of the papers,
+     and after a second examination, which was probably as unsatisfactory
+     as the first, he seated himself with a very abstracted air.  It
+     would appear that he had seen among the papers some document which
+     concerned himself.  Another curious fact is, that the man who had
+     the care of the papers after they were sealed up was an inferior
+     clerk entirely under the control of Salicetti; and my brother, whose
+     business it was to have charge of the papers, was directed not to
+     touch them.  He has often spoken to me of this circumstance, and I
+     mention it here as one of importance to the history of the time.
+     Nothing that relates to a man like Napoleon can be considered
+     useless or trivial.
+
+     "What, after all, was the result of this strange business which
+     might have cost Bonaparte his head?--for, had he been taken to Paris
+     and tried by the Committee of Public Safety, there is little doubt
+     that the friend of Robespierre the younger would have been condemned
+     by Billaud-Varennes and Collot d'Herbois.  The result was the
+     acquittal of the accused.  This result is the more extraordinary,
+     since it would appear that at that time Salicetti stood in fear of
+     the young general.  A compliment is even paid to Bonaparte in the
+     decree, by which he was provisionally restored to liberty.  That
+     liberation was said to be granted on the consideration that General
+     Bonaparte might he useful to the Republic.  This was foresight; but
+     subsequently when measures were taken which rendered Bonaparte no
+     longer an object of fear, his name was erased from the list of
+     general officers, and it is a curious fact that Cambaceres, who was
+     destined to be his colleague in the Consulate, was one of the
+     persons who signed the act of erasure" (Memoirs of the Duchesse
+     d'Abrantes, vol. i, p. 69, edit. 1843).]--
+
+Bonaparte said at St. Helena that he was a short time imprisoned by order
+of the representative Laporte; but the order for his arrest was signed by
+Albitte, Salicetti, and Laporte.
+
+     --[Albitte and Laporte were the representatives sent from the
+     Convention to the army of the Alps, and Salicetti to the army of
+     Italy.]--
+
+Laporte was not probably the most influential of the three, for Bonaparte
+did not address his remonstrance to him.  He was a fortnight under
+arrest.
+
+Had the circumstance occurred three weeks earlier, and had Bonaparte been
+arraigned before the Committee of Public Safety previous to the 9th
+Thermidor, there is every probability that his career would have been at
+an end; and we should have seen perish on the scaffold, at the age of
+twenty-five, the man who, during the twenty-five succeeding years, was
+destined to astonish the world by his vast conceptions, his gigantic
+projects, his great military genius, his extraordinary good fortune, his
+faults, reverses, and final misfortunes.
+
+It is worth while to remark that in the post-Thermidorian resolution just
+alluded to no mention is made of Bonaparte's association with Robespierre
+the younger.  The severity with which he was treated is the more
+astonishing, since his mission to Genoa was the alleged cause of it.
+Was there any other charge against him, or had calumny triumphed over the
+services he had rendered to his country?  I have frequently conversed
+with him on the subject of this adventure, and he invariably assured me
+that he had nothing to reproach himself with, and that his defence, which
+I shall subjoin, contained the pure expression of his sentiments, and the
+exact truth.
+
+In the following note, which he addressed to Albitte and Salicetti, he
+makes no mention of Laporte.  The copy which I possess is in the
+handwriting of, Junot, with corrections in the General's hand.  It
+exhibits all the characteristics of Napoleon's writing: his short
+sentences, his abrupt rather than concise style, sometimes his elevated
+ideas, and always his plain good sense.
+
+              TO THE REPRESENTATIVES ALBITTE AND SALICETTI.
+
+You have suspended me from my duties, put me under arrest, and declared
+me to be suspected.
+
+Thus I am disgraced before being judged, or indeed judged before being
+heard.
+
+In a revolutionary state there are two classes, the suspected and the
+patriots.
+
+When the first are aroused, general measures are adopted towards them for
+the sake of security.
+
+The oppression of the second class is a blow to public liberty.  The
+magistrate cannot condemn until after the fullest evidence and a
+succession of facts.  This leaves nothing to arbitrary decision.
+
+To declare a patriot suspected is to deprive him of all that he most
+highly values--confidence and esteem.
+
+In what class am I placed?
+
+Since the commencement of the Revolution, have I not always been attached
+to its principles?
+
+Have I not always been contending either with domestic enemies or foreign
+foes?
+
+I sacrificed my home, abandoned my property, and lost everything for the
+Republic?
+
+I have since served with some distinction at Toulon, and earned a part of
+the laurels of the army of Italy at the taking of Saorgio, Oneille, and
+Tanaro.
+
+On the discovery of Robespierre's conspiracy, my conduct was that of a
+man accustomed to look only to principles.
+
+My claim to the title of patriot, therefore cannot be disputed.
+
+Why, then, am I declared suspected without being heard, and arrested
+eight days after I heard the news of the tyrant's death
+
+I am declared suspected, and my papers are placed under seal.
+
+The reverse of this course ought to have been adopted.  My papers should
+first have been sealed; then I should have been called on for my
+explanation; and, lastly, declared suspected, if there was reason for
+coming to, such a decision.
+
+It is wished that I should go to Paris with an order which declares me
+suspected.  It will naturally be presumed that the representatives did
+not draw up this decree without accurate information, and I shall be
+judged with the bias which a man of that class merits.
+
+Though a patriot and an innocent and calumniated man, yet whatever
+measures may be adopted by the Committee I cannot complain.
+
+If three men declare that I have committed a crime, I cannot complain of
+the jury who condemns me.
+
+Salicetti, you know me; and I ask whether you have observed anything in
+my conduct for the last five years which can afford ground of suspicion?
+
+Albitte, you do not know me; but you have received proof of no fact
+against me; you have not heard me, and you know how artfully the tongue
+of calumny sometimes works.
+
+Must I then be confounded with the enemies of my country and ought the
+patriots inconsiderately to sacrifice a general who has not been useless
+to the Republic?  Ought the representatives to reduce the Government to
+the necessity of being unjust and impolitic?
+
+Hear me; destroy the oppression that overwhelms me, and restore me to the
+esteem of the patriots.
+
+An hour after, if my enemies wish for my life, let them take it.  I have
+often given proofs how little I value ft.  Nothing but the thought that I
+may yet be useful to my country makes me bear the burden of existence
+with courage.
+
+
+It appears that this defence, which is remarkable for its energetic
+simplicity, produced an effect on Albitte and Salicetti.  Inquiries more
+accurate, and probably more favourable to the General, were instituted;
+and on the 3d Fructidor (20th August 1794) the representatives of the
+people drew up a decree stating that, after a careful examination of
+General Bonaparte's papers, and of the orders he had received relative to
+his mission to Genoa, they saw nothing to justify any suspicion of his
+conduct; and that, moreover, taking into consideration the advantage that
+might accrue to the Republic from the military talents of the said
+General Bonaparte, it was resolved that he should be provisionally set at
+liberty.
+
+     --[With reference to the arrest of Bonaparte (which lasted thirteen
+     days) see 'Bourrienne et ses Erreurs', tome i.  pp. 16-28, and Iung,
+     tome ii.  pp. 443-457.  Both, in opposition to Bourrienne, attribute
+     the arrest to his connection with the younger Robespierre.
+     Apparently Albitte and Salicetti wets not acquainted with the secret
+     plan of campaign prepared by the younger Robespierre and by
+     Bonaparte, or with the real instructions given for the mission to
+     Genoa.  Jealousy between the representatives in the staff of the
+     army of the Alps and those with the army of Italy, with which
+     Napoleon was, also played a part in the affair.  Iung looks on
+     Salicetti as acting as the protector of the Bonapartes; but Napoleon
+     does not seem to have regarded him in that light; see the letter
+     given in Tunot, vol. i.  p. l06, where in 1795 he takes credit for
+     not returning the ill done to him; see also the same volume, p. 89.
+     Salicetti eventually became Minister of Police to Joseph, when King
+     of Naples, in 1806; but when he applied to return to France,
+     Napoleon said to Mathieu Dumas, "Let him know that I am not powerful
+     enough to protect the wretches who voted for the death of Louis XVI.
+     from the contempt and indignation of the public" (Dumas, tome iii.
+     p. 318).  At the same time Napoleon described Salicetti as worse
+     than the lazzaroni.]--
+
+Salicetti afterwards became the friend and confidant of young Bonaparte;
+but their intimacy did not continue after his elevation.
+
+What is to be thought of the motives for Bonaparte's arrest and
+provisional liberation, when his innocence and the error that had been
+committed were acknowledged?  The importance of the General's military
+talents, though no mention is made about the impossibility of dispensing
+with them, is a pretence for restoring him to that liberty of which he
+had been unjustly deprived.
+
+It was not at Toulon, as has been stated, that Bonaparte took Duroc into
+the artillery, and made him his 'aide de camp'.
+
+     --[Michel Duroc (1773-1813) at first only aide de camp to Napoleon,
+     was several times entrusted with special diplomatic missions (for
+     example, to Berlin, etc.)  On the formation of the Empire he became
+     Grand Marechal du Palais, and Duc de Frioul.  He always remained in
+     close connection with Napoleon until he was killed in 1813.  As he
+     is often mentioned in contemporary memoirs under his abbreviated
+     title of 'Marshal', he has sometimes been erroneously included in
+     the number of the Marshals of the Empire--a military rank he never
+     attained to.]--
+
+The acquaintance was formed at a subsequent period, in Italy.  Duroc's
+cold character and unexcursive mind suited Napoleon, whose confidence he
+enjoyed until his death, and who entrusted him with missions perhaps
+above his abilities.  At St. Helena Bonaparte often declared that he was
+much attached to Duroc.  I believe this to be true; but I know that the
+attachment was not returned.  The ingratitude of princes is proverbial.
+May it not happen that courtiers are also sometimes ungrateful? --[It is
+only just to Duroc to add that this charge does not seem borne out by the
+impressions of those more capable than Bourrienne of judging in the
+matter.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1794-1795.
+
+     Proposal to send Bonaparte to La Vendee--He is struck off the list
+     of general officers--Salicetti--Joseph's marriage with Mademoiselle
+     Clary--Bonaparte's wish to go to Turkey--Note explaining the plan of
+     his proposed expedition--Madame Bourrienne's character of Bonaparte,
+     and account of her husband's arrest--Constitution of the year III--
+     The 13th Vendemiaire--Bonaparte appointed second in command of the
+     army of the interior--Eulogium of Bonaparte by Barras, and its
+     consequences--St. Helena manuscript.
+
+General Bonaparte returned to Paris, where I also arrived from Germany
+shortly after him.  Our intimacy was resumed, and he gave me an account
+of, all that had passed in the campaign of the south.  He frequently
+alluded to the persecutions he had suffered, and he delivered to me the
+packet of papers noticed in the last chapter, desiring me to communicate
+their contents to my friends.  He was very anxious, he said, to do away
+with the supposition that he was capable of betraying his country, and,
+under the pretence of a mission to Genoa, becoming a SPY on the interests
+of France.  He loved to talk over his military achievements at Toulon and
+in Italy.  He spoke of his first successes with that feeling of pleasure
+and gratification which they were naturally calculated to excite in him.
+
+The Government wished to send him to La Vendee, with the rank of
+brigadier-general of infantry.  Bonaparte rejected this proposition on
+two grounds.  He thought the scene of action unworthy of his talents, and
+he regarded his projected removal from the artillery to the infantry as a
+sort of insult.  This last was his most powerful objection, and was the
+only one he urged officially.  In consequence of his refusal to accept
+the appointment offered him, the Committee of Public Safety decreed that
+he should be struck off the list of general officers.
+
+     --[This statement as to the proposed transfer of Bonaparte to the
+     infantry, his disobedience to the order, and his consequent
+     dismissal, is fiercely attacked in the 'Erreurs', tome i.  chap. iv.
+     It is, however, correct in some points; but the real truths about
+     Bonaparte's life at this time seem so little known that it may be
+     well to explain the whole matter.  On the 27th of March 1795
+     Bonaparte, already removed from his employment in the south, was
+     ordered to proceed to the army of the west to command its artillery
+     as brigadier-general.  He went as far as Paris, and then lingered
+     there, partly on medical certificate.  While in Paris he applied, as
+     Bourrienne says, to go to Turkey to organise its artillery.  His
+     application, instead of being neglected, as Bourrienne says, was
+     favourably received, two members of the 'Comite de Saint Public'
+     putting on its margin most favorable reports of him; one, Jean
+     Debry, even saying that he was too distinguished an officer to be
+     sent to a distance at such a time.  Far from being looked on as the
+     half-crazy fellow Bourrienne considered him at that time, Bonaparte
+     was appointed, on the 21st of August 1795, one of four generals
+     attached as military advisers to the Committee for the preparation
+     of warlike operations, his own department being a most important
+     one.  He himself at the time tells Joseph that he is attached to the
+     topographical bureau of the Comite de Saint Public, for the
+     direction of the armies in the place of Carnot.  It is apparently
+     this significant appointment to which Madame Junot, wrongly dating
+     it, alludes as "no great thing" (Junot, vol. i, p. 143).  Another
+     officer was therefore substituted for him as commander of Roches
+     artillery, a fact made use of in the Erreurs (p. 31) to deny his
+     having been dismissed--But a general re-classification of the
+     generals was being made.  The artillery generals were in excess of
+     their establishment, and Bonaparte, as junior in age, was ordered on
+     13th June to join Hoche's army at Brest to command a brigade of
+     infantry.  All his efforts to get the order cancelled failed, and as
+     he did not obey it he was struck off the list of employed general
+     officers on the 15th of September 1795, the order of the 'Comite de
+     Salut Public' being signed by Cambaceres, Berber, Merlin, and
+     Boissy.  His application to go to Turkey still, however, remained;
+     and it is a curious thing that, on the very day he was struck off
+     the list, the commission which had replaced the Minister of War
+     recommended to the 'Comite de Saint Public' that he and his two
+     aides de camp, Junot and Livrat, with other officers, under him,
+     should be sent to Constantinople.  So late as the 29th of September,
+     twelve days later, this matter was being considered, the only
+     question being as to any departmental objections to the other
+     officers selected by him, a point which was just being settled.  But
+     on the 13th Vendemiaire (5th October 1795), or rather on the night
+     before, only nineteen days after his removal, he was appointed
+     second in command to Barras, a career in France was opened to him,
+     and Turkey was no longer thought of.
+
+     Thiers (vol. iv, p. 326) and most writers, contemporary and
+     otherwise, say that Aubry gave the order for his removal from the
+     list.  Aubry, himself a brigadier-general of artillery, did not
+     belong to the 'Comite de Salut Public' at the time Bonaparte was
+     removed from the south; and he had left the Comite early is August,
+     that is, before the order striking Bonaparte off was given.  Aubry
+     was, however, on the Comite in June 1795, and signed the order,
+     which probably may have originated from him, for the transfer of
+     Bonaparte to the infantry.  It will be seen that, in the ordinary
+     military sense of the term, Napoleon was only in Paris without
+     employment from the 15th of September to the 4th or 6th of October
+     1796; all the rest of the time in Paris he had a command which he
+     did not choose to take up.  The distress under which Napoleon is
+     said to have laboured in pecuniary matters was probably shared by
+     most officers at that time; see 'Erreurs', tome i.  p. 32.  This
+     period is fully described in Iung, tome ii.  p. 476, and tome iii.
+     pp.  1-93.]--
+
+Deeply mortified at this unexpected stroke, Bonaparte retired into
+private life, and found himself doomed to an inactivity very uncongenial
+with his ardent character.  He lodged in the Rue du Mail, in an hotel
+near the Place des Victoires, and we recommenced the sort of life we had
+led in 1792, before his departure for Corsica.  It was not without a
+struggle that he determined to await patiently the removal of the
+prejudices which were cherished against him by men in power; and he hoped
+that, in the perpetual changes which were taking place, those men might
+be superseded by others more favourable to him.  He frequently dined and
+spent the evening with me and my elder brother; and his pleasant
+conversation and manners made the hours pass away very agreeably.  I
+called on him almost every morning, and I met at his lodgings several
+persons who were distinguished at the time; among others Salicetti, with
+whom he used to maintain very animated conversations, and who would often
+solicit a private interview with him.  On one occasion Salicetti paid him
+three thousand francs, in assignats, as the price of his carriage, which
+his straitened circumstances obliged him to dispose of.
+
+     --[Of Napoleon's poverty at this time Madame Junot says, "On
+     Bonaparte's return to Paris, after the misfortunes of which he
+     accused Salicetti of being the cause, he was in very destitute
+     circumstances.  His family, who were banished from Corsica, found an
+     asylum at Marseilles; and they could not now do for him what they
+     would have done had they been in the country whence they derived
+     their pecuniary resources.  From time to time he received
+     remittances of money, and I suspect they came from his excellent
+     brother Joseph, who had then recently married 'Mademoiselle Clary;
+     but with all his economy these supplies were insufficient.
+     Bonaparte was therefore in absolute distress.  Junot often used to
+     speak of the six months they passed together in Paris at this time.
+     When they took an evening stroll on the Boulevard, which used to be
+     the resort of young men, mounted on fine horses, and displaying ell
+     the luxury which they were permitted to show at that time, Bonaparte
+     would declaim against fate, and express his contempt for the dandies
+     with their whiskers and their 'orielles de chiene', who, as they
+     rode Past, were eulogising in ecstasy the manner in which Madame
+     Scio sang.  And it is on such beings as these,' he would say, 'that
+     Fortune confers her favours.  Grand Dieu! how contemptible is human
+     nature!'" (Memoirs of the Duchesse  d'Abrantes, vol. i.  p. 80,
+     edit.  1883.)]--
+
+I could, easily perceive that our young friend either was or wished to be
+initiated in some political intrigue; and I moreover suspected that
+Salicetti had bound him by an oath not to disclose the plans that were
+hatching.
+
+He became pensive, melancholy, and anxious; and he always looked with
+impatience for Salicetti's daily visit.
+
+     --[Salicetti was implicated in the insurrection of the 20th May
+     1795, 1st Prairial, Year III., and was obliged to fly to Venice.]--
+
+Sometimes, withdrawing his mind from political affairs, he would envy the
+happiness of his brother Joseph, who
+had just then married Mademoiselle Clary, the daughter of a rich and
+respectable merchant of Marseilles.  He would often say, "That Joseph is
+a lucky rogue."
+
+Meanwhile time passed away, and none of his projects succeeded--none of
+his applications were listened to.  He was vexed by the injustice with
+which he was treated, and tormented by the desire of entering upon some
+active pursuit.  He could not endure the thought of remaining buried in
+the crowd.  He determined to quit France; and the favourite idea, which
+he never afterwards relinquished, that the East is a fine field for
+glory, inspired him with the wish to proceed to Constantinople, and to
+enter the service of the Grand Seignior.  What romantic plans, what
+stupendous projects he conceived!  He asked me whether I would go with
+him?  I replied in the negative.  I looked upon him as a half-crazy young
+fellow, who was driven to extravagant enterprises and desperate
+resolutions by his restless activity of mind, joined to the irritating
+treatment he had experienced, and, perhaps, it may be added, his want of
+money.  He did not blame me for my refusal to accompany him; and he told
+me that Junot, Marmont, and some other young officers whom he had known
+at Toulon, would be willing to follow his fortunes.
+
+He drew up a note which commenced with the words 'Note for .  .  .'
+It was addressed to no one, and was merely a plan.  Some days after he
+wrote out another, which, however, did not differ very materially from
+the first, and which he addressed to Aubert and Coni.  I made him a fair
+copy of it, and it was regularly for forwarded.  It was as follows:--
+
+
+                                  NOTE.
+
+At a moment when the Empress of Russia has strengthened her union with
+the Emperor of Germany (Austria), it is the interest of France to do
+everything in her power to increase the military power of Turkey.
+
+That power possesses a numerous and brave militia but is very backward in
+the scientific part of the art of war.
+
+The organization and the service of the artillery, which, in our modern
+tactics, so powerfully facilitate the gaining of battles, and on which,
+almost exclusively, depend the attack and defence of fortresses, are
+especially the points in which France excels, and in which the Turks are
+most deficient.
+
+They have several times applied to us for artillery officers, and we have
+sent them some; but the officers thus sent have not been sufficiently
+powerful, either in numbers or talent, to produce any important result.
+
+General Bonaparte, who, from his youth, has served in the artillery, of
+which he was entrusted with the command at the siege of Toulon, and in
+the two campaigns of Italy, offers his services to proceed to Turkey,
+with a mission from the (French) Government.
+
+He proposes to take along with him six or seven officers, of different
+kinds, and who may be, altogether, perfect masters of the military art.
+
+He will have the satisfaction of being useful to his country in this new
+career, if he succeed in rendering the Turkish power more formidable, by
+completing the defence of their principal fortresses, and constructing
+new ones.
+
+
+This note shows the error of the often-repeated assertion, that he
+proposed entering the service of the Turks against Austria.  He makes no
+mention of such a thing; and the two countries were not at war.
+
+     --[The Scottish biographer makes Bonaparte say that it would be
+     strange if a little Corsican should become King of Jerusalem.  I
+     never heard anything drop from him which supports the probability of
+     such a remark, and certainly there is nothing in his note to warrant
+     the inference of his having made it.--Bourrienne.]--
+
+No answer was returned to this note.  Turkey remained unaided, and
+Bonaparte unoccupied.  I must confess that for the failure of this
+project, at least I was not sorry.  I should have regretted to see a
+young man of great promise, and one for whom I cherished a sincere
+friendship, devote himself to so uncertain a fate.  Napoleon has less
+than any man provoked the events which have favoured him; no one has more
+yielded to circumstances from which he was so skilful to derive
+advantages.  If, however, a clerk of the War Office had but written on
+the note, "Granted," that little word would probably have changed the
+fate of Europe.
+
+Bonaparte remained in Paris, forming schemes for the gratification of his
+ambition, and his desire of making a figure in the world; but obstacles
+opposed all he attempted.
+
+Women are better judges of character than men.  Madame de Bourrienne,
+knowing the intimacy which subsisted between us, preserved some notes
+which she made upon Bonaparte, and the circumstances which struck her as
+most remarkable, during her early connection with him.  My wife did not
+entertain so favourable an opinion of him as I did; the warm friendship I
+cherished for him probably blinded me to his faults.  I subjoin Madame de
+Bourrienne's notes, word for word:
+
+On the day after our second return from Germany, which was in May 1795,
+we mat Bonaparte in the Palais Royal, near a shop kept by a man named
+Girardin.  Bonaparte embraced Bourrienne as a friend whom he loved and
+was glad to see.  We went that evening to the Theatre Francais.  The
+performance consisted of a tragedy; and 'Le Sourd, ou l'Auberge pleine'.
+During the latter piece the audience was convulsed with laughter.  The
+part of Dasnieres was represented by Batiste the younger, and it was
+never played better.  The bursts of laughter were so loud and frequent
+that the actor was several times obliged to stop in the midst of his
+part.  Bonaparte alone (and it struck me as being very extraordinary) was
+silent, and coldly insensible to the humour which was so irresistibly
+diverting to everyone else.  I remarked at this period that his character
+was reserved, and frequently gloomy.  His smile was hypocritical, and
+often misplaced; and I recollect that a few days after our return he gave
+us one of these specimens of savage hilarity which I greatly disliked,
+and which prepossessed me against him.  He was telling us that, being
+before Toulon, where he commanded the artillery, one of his officers was
+visited by his wife, to wham he had been but a short time married, and
+whom he tenderly loved.  A few days after, orders were given for another
+attack upon the town, in which this officer was to be engaged.  His wife
+came to General Bonaparte, and with tears entreated him to dispense with
+her husband's services that day.  The General was inexorable, as he
+himself told us, with a sort of savage exaltation.  The moment for the
+attack arrived, and the officer, though a very brave man, as Bonaparte
+him self-assured us, felt a presentiment of his approaching death.  He
+turned pale and trembled.  Ha was stationed beside the General, and
+during an interval when the firing from the town was very heavy,
+Bonaparte called out to him, "Take care, there is a shell coming!"  The
+officer, instead of moving to one side, stooped down, and was literally
+severed in two.  Bonaparte laughed loudly while he described the event
+with horrible minuteness.  At this time we saw him almost every day.  He
+frequently came to dine with us.  As there was a scarcity of bread, and
+sometimes only two ounces per head daily were distributed in the section,
+it was customary to request one's guests to bring their own bread, as it
+could not be procured for money.  Bonaparte and his brother Louis (a
+mild, agreeable young man, who was the General's aide de army) used to
+bring with them their ration bread, which was black, and mixed with bran.
+I was sorry to observe that all this bad bread fell to the share of the
+poor aide de camp, for we provided the General with a finer kind, which
+was made clandestinely by a pastrycook, from flour which we contrived to
+smuggle from Sens, where my husband had some farms.  Had we been
+denounced, the affair might have cost us our heads.
+
+We spent six weeks in Paris, and we went frequently with Bonaparte to the
+theatres, and to the fine concerts given by Garat in the Rue St. Marc.
+These were the first brilliant entertainments that took place after the
+death of Robespierre.  There was always something original in Bonaparte's
+behaviour, for he often slipped away from us without saying a word; and
+when we were supposing he had left the theatre, we would suddenly
+discover him in the second or third tier, sitting alone in a box, and
+looking rather sulky.
+
+Before our departure for Sens, where my husband's family reside, and
+which was fixed upon for the place of my first accouchement, we looked
+out for more agreeable apartments than we had in the Rue Grenier St.
+Lazare, which we only had temporarily.  Bonaparte used to assist us in
+our researches.  At last we took the first floor of a handsome new house,
+No. 19 Rue des Marais.  Bonaparte, who wished to stop in Paris, went to
+look at a house opposite to ours.  Ha had thoughts of taking it for
+himself, his uncle Fesch (afterwards Cardinal Fesch), and a gentleman
+named Patrauld, formerly one of his masters at the Military School.  One
+day he said, "With  that house over there, my friends in it, and a
+cabriolet, I shall be the happiest fellow in the world."
+
+We soon after left town for Sens.  The house was not taken by  him, for
+other and great affairs were preparing.  During the interval between our
+departure and the fatal day of Vendemiaire several letters passed between
+him and his school companion.  These letters were of the most amiable and
+affectionate description.  They have been stolen.  On our return, in
+November of the same year, everything was changed.  The college friend
+was now a great personage.  He had got the command of Paris in return for
+his share in the events of Vendemiaire.  Instead of a small house in the
+Rue des Marais, he occupied a splendid hotel in the Rue des Capucines;
+the modest cabriolet was converted into a superb equipage, and the man
+himself was no longer the same.  But the friends of his youth were still
+received when they made their morning calls.  They were invited to grand
+dejeuners, which were sometimes attended by ladies; and, among others, by
+the beautiful Madame Tallien and her friend  the amiable Madame de
+Beauharnais, to whom Bonaparte had begun to pay attention.  He cared
+little for his friends, and ceased to address them in the style of
+familiar equality.
+
+After the 13th of Vendemiaire M. de Bourrienne saw Bonaparte only at
+distant periods.  In the month of February 1796 my husband was arrested,
+at seven in the morning, by a party of men, armed with muskets, on the
+charge of being a returned emigrant.  He was torn from his wife and his
+child, only six months old, being barely allowed time to dress himself.
+I followed him.  They conveyed him to the guard-house of the Section, and
+thence I know not whither; and, finally, in the evening, they placed him
+in the lockup-house of the prefecture of police, which, I believe, is now
+called  the central bureau.  There he passed two nights and a day, among
+men of the lowest description, some of whom were even malefactors.  I and
+his friends ran about everywhere, trying to find somebody to rescue him,
+and, among the rest, Bonaparte was applied to.  It was with great
+difficulty he could be seen.  Accompanied by one of my husband's friends,
+I waited for the commandant of Paris until midnight, but he did not come
+home.  Next morning I returned at an early hour, and found him.  I stated
+what had happened to my husband, whose life was then at stake.  He
+appeared to feel very little for the situation of his friend, but,
+however; determined to write to Merlin, the Minister of Justice.  I
+carried the letter according to its address, and met the Minister as he
+was coming downstairs, on his way to the Directory.  Being in grand
+costume, he wore a Henri IV. hat, surmounted with a multitude of plumes,
+a dress which formed a singular contrast with his person.  He opened the
+letter; and whether it was that he cared as little for the General as for
+the cause of M. do Bourrienne's arrest, he replied that the matter was no
+longer in his hands, and that it was now under the cognisance of the
+public administrators of the laws.  The Minister then stepped into his
+carriage, and the writer was conducted to several offices in his hotel.
+She passed through them with a broken heart, for she met with none but
+harsh men, who told her that the prisoner deserved death.  From them she
+learned that on the following day he would be brought before the judge of
+the peace for his Section, who would decide whether there was ground for
+putting him on his trial.  In fact, this proceeding took place next day.
+He was conveyed to the house of the judge of the peace for the Section of
+Bondy, Rue Grange-sue-Belles, whose name was Lemaire.  His countenance
+was mild; and though his manner was cold, he had none of the harshness
+and ferocity common to the Government agents of that time.  His
+examination of the charge was long, and he several times shook his head.
+The moment of decision had arrived, and everything seemed to indicate
+that the termination would be to place the prisoner under accusation.
+At seven o'clock be desired me to be called.  I hastened to him, and
+beheld a most heart  rending scene.  Bourrienne was suffering under a
+hemorrhage,  which had continued since two o'clock, and had interrupted
+the examination.  The judge of the peace, who looked sad, sat with his
+head resting on his hand.  I threw myself at his feet and implored his
+clemency.  The wife and the two daughters of the judge visited this scene
+of sorrow, and assisted me in softening him.  He was a worthy and feeling
+man, a good husband and parent, and it was evident that he struggled
+between compassion and duty.  He kept referring to the laws on the
+subject, and, after long researches said to me, "To-morrow is Decadi, and
+no proceedings can take place on that day.  Find, madams, two responsible
+persons, who will answer for the appearance of your husband, and I will
+permit him to go home with you, accompanied by the two guardians."  Next
+day two friends were found, one of whom was M. Desmaisons, counsellor of
+the court, who became bail for M. de Bourrienne.  He continued under
+these guardians six months, until a law compelled the persons who were
+inscribed on the fatal list to remove to the distance of ten leagues from
+Paris.  One of the guardians was a man of straw; the other was a knight
+of St. Louis.  The former was left in the antechamber; the latter made,
+every -evening, one of our party at cards.  The family of M. de
+Bourrienne have always felt the warmest gratitude to the judge of the
+peace and his family.  That worthy man saved the life of M. de
+Bourrienne, who, when he returned from Egypt, and had it in his power to
+do him some service, hastened to his house; but the good judge was no
+more!
+
+
+The letters mentioned in the narrative were at this time stolen from me
+by the police officers.
+
+Everyone was now eager to pay court to a man who had risen from the crowd
+in consequence of the part he had acted at an, extraordinary crisis, and
+who was spoken of as the future General of the Army of Italy.  It was
+expected that he would be gratified, as he really was, by the restoration
+of some letters which contained the expression of his former very modest
+wishes, called to recollection his unpleasant situation, his limited
+ambition, his pretended aversion for public employment, and finally
+exhibited his intimate relations with those who were, without hesitation,
+characterised as emigrants, to be afterwards made the victims of
+confiscation and death.
+
+The 13th of Vendemiaire (5th October 1795) was approaching.  The National
+Convention had been painfully delivered of a new constitution, called,
+from the epoch of its birth, "the Constitution of Year III."  It was
+adopted on the 22d of August 1795.  The provident legislators did not
+forget themselves.  They stipulated that two-thirds of their body should
+form part of the new legislature.  The party opposed to the Convention
+hoped, on the contrary, that, by a general election, a majority would be
+obtained for its opinion.  That opinion was against the continuation of
+power in the hands of men who had already so greatly abused it.
+
+The same opinion was also entertained by a great part of the most
+influential Sections of Paris, both as to the possession of property and
+talent.  These Sections declared that, in accepting the new constitution,
+they rejected the decree of the 30th of August, which required the re-
+election of two-thirds The Convention, therefore, found itself menaced in
+what it held moat dear--its power;--and accordingly resorted to measures
+of defence.  A declaration was put forth, stating that the Convention, if
+attacked, would remove to Chalons-sur-Marne; and the commanders of the
+armed force were called upon to defend that body.
+
+The 5th of October, the day on which the Sections of Paris attacked the
+Convention, is certainly one which ought to be marked in the wonderful
+destiny of Bonaparte.
+
+With the events of that day were linked, as cause and effect, many great
+political convulsions of Europe.  The blood which flowed ripened the
+seeds of the youthful General's ambition.  It must be admitted that the
+history of past ages presents few periods full of such extraordinary
+events as the years included between 1795 and 1815.  The man whose name
+serves, in some measure, as a recapitulation of all these great events
+was entitled to believe himself immortal.
+
+Living retired at Sens since the month of July, I only learned what had
+occasioned the insurrection of the Sections from public report and the
+journals.  I cannot, therefore, say what part Bonaparte may have taken in
+the intrigues which preceded that day.  He was officially characterised
+only as secondary actor in the scene.  The account of the affair which
+was published announces that Barras was, on that very day, Commander-in-
+chief of the Army of the Interior, and Bonaparte second in command.
+Bonaparte drew up that account.  The whole of the manuscript was in his
+handwriting, and it exhibits all the peculiarity of his style and
+orthography.  He sent me a copy.
+
+Those who read the bulletin of the 13th Vendemiaire, cannot fail to
+observe the care which Bonaparte took to cast the reproach of shedding
+the first blood on the men he calls rebels.  He made a great point of
+representing his adversaries as the aggressors.  It is certain he long
+regretted that day.  He often told me that he would give years of his
+life to blot it out from the page of his history. He was convinced that
+the people of Paris were dreadfully irritated against him, and he would
+have been glad if Barras had never made that Speech in the Convention,
+with the part of which, complimentary to himself, he was at the time so
+well pleased.  Barras said, "It is to his able and prompt dispositions
+that we are indebted for the defence of this assembly, around which he
+had posted the troops with so much skill."  This is perfectly true, but
+it is not always agreeable that every truth should be told. Being out of
+Paris, and a total stranger to this affair, I know not how far he was
+indebted for his success to chance, or to his own exertions, in the part
+assigned to him by the miserable Government which then oppressed France.
+He represented himself only as secondary actor in this sanguinary scene
+in which Barras made him his associate. He sent to me, as already
+mentioned, an account of the transaction, written entirely in his own
+hand, and distinguished by all the peculiarities of--his style and
+orthography.
+
+     --[Joseph Bonaparte, in a note on this peerage, insinuates that the
+     account of the 13th Vendemiaire was never sent to Sens, but was
+     abstracted by Bourrienne, with other documents, from Napoleon's
+     Cabinet (Erreurs, tome i.  p.  239).]--
+
+"On the 13th," says Bonaparte, "at five o'clock in the morning, the
+representative of the people, Barras, was appointed Commander-in-chief of
+the Army of the Interior, and General Bonaparte was nominated second in
+command.
+
+"The artillery for service on the frontier was still at the camp of
+Sablons, guarded solely by 150 men; the remainder was at Marly with 200
+men.  The depot of Meudon was left unprotected.  There were at the
+Feuillans only a few four-pounders without artillerymen, and but 80,000
+cartridges.  The victualling depots were dispersed throughout Paris.
+In many Sections the drums beat to arms; the Section of the Theatre
+Francais had advanced posts even as far as the Pont Neuf, which it had
+barricaded.
+
+"General Barras ordered the artillery to move immediately from the camp
+of Sablons to the Tuileries, and selected the artillerymen from the
+battalions of the 89th regiment, and from the gendarmerie, and placed
+them at the Palace; sent to Meudon 200 men of the police legion whom he
+brought from Versailles, 50 cavalry, and two companies of veterans; he
+ordered the property which was at Marly to be conveyed to Meudon; caused
+cartridges to be brought there, and established a workshop at that place
+for the manufacture of more.  He secured means for the subsistence of the
+army and of the Convention for many days, independently of the depots
+which were in the Sections.
+
+"General Verdier, who commanded at the Palais National, exhibited great
+coolness; he was required not to suffer a shot to be fired till the last
+extremity.  In the meantime reports reached him from all quarters
+acquainting him that the Sections were assembled in arms, and had formed
+their columns.  He accordingly arrayed his troops so as to defend the
+Convention, and his artillery was in readiness to repulse the rebels.
+His cannon was planted at the Feuillans to fire down the Rue Honore.
+Eight-pounders were pointed at every opening, and in the event of any
+mishap, General Verdier had cannon in reserve to fire in flank upon the
+column which should have forced a passage.  He left in the Carrousel
+three howitzers (eight-pounders) to batter down the houses from which the
+Convention might be fired upon.  At four o'clock the rebel columns
+marched out from every street to unite their forces.  It was necessary to
+take advantage of this critical moment to attack the insurgents, even had
+they been regular troops.  But the blood about to flow was French; it was
+therefore for these misguided people, already guilty of rebellion, to
+embrue their hands in the blood of their countrymen by striking the first
+blow.
+
+"At a quarter before five o'clock the insurgents had formed.  The attack
+was commenced by them on all sides.  They were everywhere routed.  French
+blood was spilled: the crime, as well as the disgrace, fell this day upon
+the Sections.
+
+"Among the dead were everywhere to be recognized emigrants, landowners,
+and nobles; the prisoners consisted for the most part of the 'chouans' of
+Charette.
+
+"Nevertheless the Sections did not consider themselves beaten: they took
+refuge in the church of St. Roch, in the theatre of the Republic, and in
+the Palais Egalite; and everywhere they were heard furiously exciting the
+inhabitants to arms.  To spare the blood which would have been shed the
+next day it was necessary that no time should be given them to rally, but
+to follow them with vigour, though without incurring fresh hazards.  The
+General ordered Montchoisy, who commanded a reserve at the Place de la
+Resolution, to form a column with two twelve-pounders, to march by the
+Boulevard in order to turn the Place Vendome, to form a junction with the
+picket stationed at headquarters, and to return in the same order of
+column.
+
+"General Brune, with two howitzers, deployed in the streets of St.
+Nicaise and St. Honore.  General Cartaux sent two hundred men and a four-
+pounder of his division by the Rue St. Thomas-du-Louvre to debouch in the
+square of the Palais Egalite.  General Bonaparte, who had his horse
+killed under him, repaired to the Feuillans.
+
+"The columns began to move, St. Roch and the theatre of the Republic were
+taken, by assault, when the rebels abandoned them, and retreated to the
+upper part of the Rue de la Loi, and barricaded themselves on all sides.
+Patrols were sent thither, and several cannon-shots were fired during the
+night, in order to prevent them from throwing up defences, which object
+was effectually accomplished.
+
+"At daybreak, the General having learned that some students from the St.
+Genevieve side of the river were marching with two pieces of cannon to
+succour the rebels, sent a detachment of dragoons in pursuit of them, who
+seized the cannon and conducted them to the Tuileries.  The enfeebled
+Sections, however, still showed a front.  They had barricaded the Section
+of Grenelle, and placed their cannon in the principal streets.  At nine
+o'clock General Beruyer hastened to form his division in battle array in
+the Place Vendome, marched with two eight-pounders to the Rue des Vieux-
+Augustins, and pointed them in the direction of the Section Le Pelletier.
+General Vachet, with a corps of 'tirailleurs', marched on his right,
+ready to advance to the Place Victoire.  General Brune marched to the
+Perron, and planted two howitzers at the upper end of the Rue Vivienne.
+General Duvigier, with his column of six hundred men, and two twelve-
+pounders, advanced to the streets of St. Roch and Montmartre.  The
+Sections lost courage with the apprehension of seeing their retreat cut
+off, and evacuated the post at the sight of our soldiers, forgetting the
+honour of the French name which they had to support.  The Section of
+Brutus still caused some uneasiness.  The wife of a representative had
+been arrested there.  General Duvigier was ordered to proceed along the
+Boulevard as far as the Rue Poissonniere.  General Beruyer took up a
+position at the Place Victoire, and General Bonaparte occupied the Pont-
+au-Change.
+
+"The Section of Brutus was surrounded, and the troops advanced upon the
+Place de Greve, where the crowd poured in from the Isle St. Louis, from
+the Theatre Francais, and from the Palace.  Everywhere the patriots had
+regained their courage, while the poniards of the emigrants, armed
+against us, had disappeared.  The people universally admitted their
+error.
+
+"The next day the two Sections of Ls Pelletier and the Theatre Francais
+were disarmed."
+
+
+The result of this petty civil war brought Bonaparte forward; but the
+party he defeated at that period never pardoned him for the past, and
+that which he supported dreaded him in the future.  Five years after he
+will be found reviving the principles which he combated on the 5th of
+October 1795.  On being appointed, on the motion of Barras, Lieutenant-
+General of the Army of the Interior, he established his headquarters in
+the Rue Neuve des Capucines.  The statement in the 'Manuscrit de Sainte
+Helene, that after the 13th Brumaire he remained unemployed at Paris, is
+therefore obviously erroneous.  So far from this, he was incessantly
+occupied with the policy of the nation, and with his own fortunes.
+Bonaparte was in constant, almost daily, communication with every one
+then in power, and knew how to profit by all he saw or heard.
+
+To avoid returning to this 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', which at the
+period of its appearance attracted more attention than it deserved, and
+which was very generally attributed to Bonaparte, I shall here say a few
+words respecting it.  I shall briefly repeat what I said in a note when
+my opinion was asked, under high authority, by a minister of Louis XVIII.
+
+No reader intimately acquainted with public affairs can be deceived by
+the pretended authenticity of this pamphlet.  What does it contain?
+Facts perverted and heaped together without method, and related in an
+obscure, affected, and ridiculously sententious style.  Besides what
+appears in it, but which is badly placed there, it is impossible not to
+remark the omission of what should necessarily be there, were Napoleon
+the author.  It is full of absurd and of insignificant gossip, of
+thoughts Napoleon never had, expressions unknown to him, and affectations
+far removed from his character.  With some elevated ideas, more than one
+style and an equivocal spirit can be seen in it.  Professed coincidences
+are put close to unpardonable anachronisms, and to the most absurd
+revelations.  It contains neither his thoughts, his style, his actions,
+nor his life.  Some truths are mimed up with an inconceivable mass of
+falsehoods.  Some forms of expression used by Bonaparte are occasionally
+met with, but they are awkwardly introduced, and often with bad taste.
+
+It has been reported that the pamphlet was written by M. Bertrand,
+formerly an officer of the army of the Vistula, and a relation of the
+Comte de Simeon, peer of France.
+
+     --['Manuscrit de Sainte Helene d'une maniere inconnue', London.
+     Murray; Bruxelles, De Mat, 20 Avril 1817.  This work merits a note.
+     Metternich (vol, i.  pp. 312-13) says, "At the time when it appeared
+     the manuscript of St. Helena made a great impression upon Europe.
+     This pamphlet was generally regarded as a precursor of the memoirs
+     which Napoleon was thought to be writing in his place of exile.  The
+     report soon spread that the work was conceived and executed by
+     Madame de Stael.  Madame de Stael, for her part, attributed it to
+     Benjamin Constant, from whom she was at this time separated by some
+     disagreement.  Afterwards it came to be known that the author was
+     the Marquis Lullin de Chateauvieux, a man in society, whom no one
+     had suspected of being able to hold a pen: Jomini (tome i.  p. 8
+     note) says.  "It will be remarked that in the course of this work
+     [his life of Napoleon] the author has used some fifty pages of the
+     pretended 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene'.  Far from wishing to commit
+     a plagiarism, he considers he ought to render this homage to a
+     clever and original work, several false points of view in which,
+     however, he has combated.  It would have been easy for him to
+     rewrite these pages in other terms, but they appeared to him to be
+     so well suited to the character of Napoleon that he has preferred to
+     preserve them."  In the will of Napoleon occurs (see end of this
+     work): "I disavow the 'Manuscrit de Sainte Helene', and the other
+     works under the title of Maxims, Sentences, etc., which they have
+     been pleased to publish during the last six years.  Such rules are
+     not those which have guided my life: This manuscript must not be
+     confused with the 'Memorial of Saint Helena'.]--
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1795-1797
+
+     On my return to Paris I meet Bonaparte--His interview with Josephine
+     --Bonaparte's marriage, and departure from Paris ten days after--
+     Portrait and character of Josephine--Bonaparte's dislike of national
+     property--Letter to Josephine--Letter of General Colli, and
+     Bonaparte's reply--Bonaparte refuses to serve with Kellerman--
+     Marmont's letters--Bonaparte's order to me to join the army--My
+     departure from Sens for Italy--Insurrection of the Venetian States.
+
+After the 13th Vendemiaire I returned to Paris from Sens.  During the
+short time I stopped there I saw Bonaparte less frequently than formerly.
+I had, however, no reason to attribute this to anything but the pressure
+of public business with which he was now occupied.  When I did meet him
+it was most commonly at breakfast or dinner.  One day he called my
+attention to a young lady who sat opposite to him, and asked what I
+thought of her.  The way in which I answered his question appeared to
+give him much pleasure.  He then talked a great deal to me about her, her
+family, and her amiable qualities; he told me that he should probably
+marry her, as he was convinced that the union would make him happy.  I
+also gathered from his conversation that his marriage with the young
+widow would probably assist him in gaining the objects of his ambition.
+His constantly-increasing influence with her had already brought him into
+contact with the most influential persons of that epoch.  He remained in
+Paris only ten days after his marriage, which took place on the 9th of
+March 1796.  It was a union in which great harmony prevailed,
+notwithstanding occasional slight disagreements.  Bonaparte never, to my
+knowledge, caused annoyance to his wife.  Madame Bonaparte possessed
+personal graces and many good qualities.
+
+     --["Eugene was not more than fourteen years of age when he ventured
+     to introduce himself to General Bonaparte, for the purpose of
+     soliciting his father's sword, of which he understood the General
+     had become possessed.  The countenance, air, and frank manner of
+     Eugene pleased Bonaparte, and he immediately granted him the boon he
+     sought.  As soon as the sword was placed in the boy's hands tie
+     burst into tears, and kissed it.  This feeling of affection for his
+     father's memory, and the natural manner in which it was evinced,
+     increased the interest of Bonaparte in his young visitor.  Madame de
+     Beauharnais, on learning the kind reception which the General had
+     given her son, thought it her duty to call and thank him.  Bonaparte
+     was much pleased with Josephine on this first interview, and he
+     returned her visit.  The acquaintance thus commenced speedily led to
+     their marriage." --Constant]--
+
+     --[Bonaparte himself, at St. Helena, says that he first met
+     Josephine at Barras' (see Iung's Bonaparte, tome iii.  p. 116).]--
+
+     --["Neither of his wives had ever anything to complain of from
+     Napoleon's personal manners" (Metternich, vol. 1  p. 279).]--
+
+     --[Madame de Remusat, who, to paraphrase Thiers' saying on
+     Bourrienne himself, is a trustworthy witness, for if she received
+     benefits from Napoleon they did not weigh on her, says, "However,
+     Napoleon had some affection for his first wife; and, in fact, if he
+     has at any time been touched, no doubt it has been only for her and
+     by her" (tome i.  p. 113).  "Bonaparte was young when he first knew
+     Madame de Beauharnais.  In the circle where he met her she had a
+     great superiority by the name she bore and by the extreme elegance
+     of her manners .  .  .  .  In marrying Madame de Beauharnais,
+     Bonaparte believed he was allying himself to a very grand lady; thus
+     this was one more conquest" (p. 114).  But in speaking of
+     Josephine's complaints to Napoleon of his love affairs, Madame de
+     Remusat says, "Her husband sometimes answered by violences, the
+     excesses of which I do not dare to detail, until the moment when,
+     his new fancy having suddenly passed, he felt his tenderness for his
+     wife again renewed.  Then he was touched by her sufferings, replaced
+     his insults by caresses which were hardly more measured than his
+     violences and, as she was gentle and untenacious, she fell back into
+     her feeling of security" (p. 206).]--
+
+     --[Miot de Melito, who was a follower of Joseph Bonaparte, says, "No
+     woman has united go much kindness to so much natural grace, or has
+     done more good with more pleasure than she did.  She honoured me
+     with her friendship, and the remembrance of the benevolence she has
+     shown me, to the last moment of her too short existence, will never
+     be effaced from my heart" (tome i.  pp.101-2).]--
+
+     --[Meneval, the successor of Bourrienne is his place of secretary to
+     Napoleon, and who remained attached to the Emperor until the end,
+     says of Josephine (tome i.  p. 227), "Josephine was irresistibly
+     attractive.  Her beauty was not regular, but she had 'La grace, plus
+     belle encore que la beaute', according to the good La Fontaine.  She
+     had the soft abandonment, the supple and elegant movements, and the
+     graceful carelessness of the creoles. --(The reader must remember
+     that the term "Creole" does not imply any taint of black blood, but
+     only that the person, of European family, has been born in the West
+     Indies.)-- Her temper was always the same.  She was gentle and
+     kind.]--
+
+I am convinced that all who were acquainted with her must have felt bound
+to speak well of her; to few, indeed, did she ever give cause for
+complaint.  In the time of her power she did not lose any of her friends,
+because she forgot none of them.  Benevolence was natural to her, but she
+was not always prudent in its exercise.  Hence her protection was often
+extended to persons who did not deserve it.  Her taste for splendour and
+expense was excessive.  This proneness to luxury became a habit which
+seemed constantly indulged without any motive.  What scenes have I not
+witnessed when the moment for paying the tradesmen's bills arrived!  She
+always kept back one-half of their claims, and the discovery of this
+exposed her to new reproaches.  How many tears did she shed which might
+have been easily spared!
+
+When fortune placed a crown on her head she told me that the event,
+extraordinary as it was, had been predicted: It is certain that she put
+faith in fortune-tellers.  I often expressed to her my astonishment that
+she should cherish such a belief, and she readily laughed at her own
+credulity; but notwithstanding never abandoned it: The event had given
+importance to the prophecy; but the foresight of the prophetess, said to
+be an old regress, was not the less a matter of doubt.
+
+Not long before the 13th of Vendemiaire, that day which opened for
+Bonaparte his immense career, he addressed a letter to me at Sens, in
+which, after some of his usually friendly expressions, he said, "Look out
+a small piece of land in your beautiful valley of the Yonne.  I will
+purchase it as soon as I can scrape together the money.  I wish to retire
+there; but recollect that I will have nothing to do with national
+property."
+
+Bonaparte left Paris on the 21st of March 1796, while I was still with my
+guardians.  He no sooner joined the French army than General Colli, then
+in command of the Piedmontese army, transmitted to him the following
+letter, which, with its answer, I think sufficiently interesting to
+deserve preservation:
+
+     GENERAL--I suppose that you are ignorant of the arrest of one of my
+     officers, named Moulin, the bearer of a flag of truce, who has been
+     detained for some days past at Murseco, contrary to the laws of war,
+     and notwithstanding an immediate demand for his liberation being
+     made by General Count Vital.  His being a French emigrant cannot
+     take from him the rights of a flag of truce, and I again claim him
+     in that character.  The courtesy and generosity which I have always
+     experienced from the generals of your nation induces me to hope that
+     I shall not make this application in vain; and it is with regret
+     that I mention that your chief of brigade, Barthelemy, who ordered
+     the unjust arrest of my flag of truce, having yesterday by the
+     chance of war fallen into my hands, that officer will be dealt with
+     according to the treatment which M. Moulin may receive.
+
+     I most sincerely wish that nothing may occur to change the noble and
+     humane conduct which the two nations have hitherto been accustomed
+     to observe towards each other.  I have the honour, etc.,
+                                                       (Signed) COLLI.
+
+     CEVA.  17th April 1796.
+
+
+Bonaparte replied as follows:
+
+     GENERAL--An emigrant is a parricide whom no character can render
+     sacred.  The feelings of honour, and the respect due to the French
+     people, were forgotten when M. Moulin was sent with a flag of truce.
+     You know the laws of war, and I therefore do not give credit to the
+     reprisals with which you threaten the chief of brigade, Barthelemy.
+     If, contrary to the laws of war, you authorise such an act of
+     barbarism, all the prisoners taken from you shall be immediately
+     made responsible for it with the most deplorable vengeance, for I
+     entertain for the officers of your nation that esteem which is due
+     to brave soldiers.
+
+The Executive Directory, to whom these letters were transmitted, approved
+of the arrest of M. Moulin; but ordered that he should be securely
+guarded, and not brought to trial, in consequence of the character with
+which he had been invested.
+
+About the middle of the year 1796 the Directory proposed to appoint
+General Kellerman, who commanded the army of the Alps, second in command
+of the army of Italy.
+
+On the 24th of May 1796 Bonaparte wrote to, Carnot respecting, this plan,
+which was far from being agreeable to him.  He said, "Whether I shall be
+employed here or anywhere else is indifferent to me: to serve the
+country, and to merit from posterity a page in our history, is all my
+ambition.  If you join Kellerman and me in command in Italy you will undo
+everything.  General Kellerman has more experience than I, and knows how
+to make war better than I do; but both together, we shall make it badly.
+I will not willingly serve with a man who considers himself the first
+general in Europe."
+
+Numbers of letters from Bonaparte to his wife have been published.
+I cannot deny their, authenticity, nor is it my wish to do so.  I will,
+however, subjoin one which appears to me to differ a little from the
+rest.  It is less remarkable for exaggerated expressions of love, and a
+singularly ambitious and affected style, than most of the correspondence
+here alluded to.  Bonaparte is announcing the victory of Arcola to
+Josephine.
+
+                                             VERONA, the 29th, noon.
+
+     At length, my adored Josephine, I live again.  Death is no longer
+     before me, and glory and honour are still in my breast.  The enemy
+     is beaten at Arcola.  To-morrow we will repair the blunder of
+     Vaubois, who abandoned Rivoli.  In eight days Mantua will be ours,
+     and then thy husband will fold thee in his arms, and give thee a
+     thousand proofs of his ardent affection.  I shall proceed to Milan
+     as soon as I can: I am a little fatigued.  I have received letters
+     from Eugene and Hortense.  I am delighted with the children.  I will
+     send you their letters as soon as I am joined by my household, which
+     is now somewhat dispersed.
+
+     We have made five thousand prisoners, and killed at least six
+     thousand of the enemy.  Adieu, my adorable Josephine.  Think of me
+     often.  When you cease to love your Achilles, when your heart grows
+     cool towards him, you wilt be very cruel, very unjust.  But I am
+     sure you will always continue my faithful mistress, as I shall ever
+     remain your fond lover ('tendre amie').  Death alone can break the
+     union which sympathy, love, and sentiment have formed.  Let me have
+     news of your health.  A thousand and a thousand kisses.
+
+
+It is impossible for me to avoid occasionally placing myself in the
+foreground in the course of these Memoirs.  I owe it to myself to answer,
+though indirectly, to certain charges which, on various occasions, have
+been made against me.  Some of the documents which I am about to insert
+belong, perhaps, less to the history of the General-in-Chief of the army
+of-Italy than to that of his secretary; but I must confess I wish to show
+that I was not an intruder, nor yet pursuing, as an obscure intriguer,
+the path of fortune.  I was influenced much more by friendship than by
+ambition when I took a part on the scene where the rising-glory of the
+future Emperor already shed a lustre on all who were attached to his
+destiny.  It will be seen by the following letters with what confidence
+I was then honoured; but these letters, dictated by friendship, and not
+written for history, speak also of our military achievements; and
+whatever brings to recollection the events of that heroic period must
+still be interesting to many.
+
+
+                                        HEADQUARTERS AT MILAN,
+                              20th Prairial, year IV.  (8th June 1796).
+
+     The General-in-Chief has ordered me, my dear Bourrienne, to make
+     known to you the pleasure he experienced on hearing of you, and his
+     ardent desire that you should join us.  Take your departure, then,
+     my dear Bourrienne, and arrive quickly.  You may be certain of
+     obtaining the testimonies of affection which are your due from all
+     who know you; and we much regret that you were not with us to have a
+     share in our success.  The campaign which we have just concluded
+     will be celebrated in the records of history. With less than 30,000
+     men, in a state of almost complete destitution, it is a fine thing
+     to have, in the course of less than two months, beaten, eight
+     different times, an army of from 65 to 70,000 men, obliged the King
+     of Sardinia to make a humiliating peace, and driven the Austrians
+     from Italy.  The last victory, of which you have doubtless had an
+     account, the passage of the Mincio, has closed our labours.  There
+     now remain for us the siege of Mantua and the castle of Milan; but
+     these obstacles will not detain us long.  Adieu, my dear Bourrienne:
+     I repeat General Bonaparte's request that you should repair hither,
+     and the testimony of his desire to see you.
+     Receive, etc.,                               (Signed) MARMONT.
+     Chief of Brigade (Artillery) and Aide de camp to the
+     General-in-Chief.
+
+I was obliged to remain at Sens, soliciting my erasure from the emigrant
+list, which I did not obtain, however, till 1797, and to put an end to a
+charge made against me of having fabricated a certificate of residence.
+Meanwhile I applied myself to study, and preferred repose to the
+agitation of camps.  For these reasons I did not then accept his friendly
+invitation, notwithstanding that I was very desirous of seeing my young
+college friend in the midst of his astonishing triumphs.  Ten months
+after, I received another letter from Marmont, in the following terms:--
+
+                                   HEADQUARTERS GORIZIA
+                         2d Germinal, year V.  (22d March 1797).
+
+     The General-in-Chief, my dear Bourrienne, has ordered me to express
+     to you his wish for your prompt arrival here.  We have all along
+     anxiously desired to see you, and look forward with great pleasure
+     to the moment when we shall meet.  I join with the General, my dear
+     Bourrienne, in urging you to join the army without loss of time.
+     You will increase a united family, happy to receive you into its
+     bosom.  I enclose an order written by the General, which will serve
+     you as a passport.  Take the post route and arrive as soon as you
+     can.  We are on the point of penetrating into Germany.  The language
+     is changing already, and in four days we shall hear no more Italian.
+     Prince Charles has been well beaten, and we are pursuing him.  If
+     this campaign be fortunate, we may sign a peace, which is so
+     necessary for Europe, in Vienna.  Adieu, my dear Bourrienne: reckon
+     for something the zeal of one who is much attached to you.
+                                        (Signed) MARMONT.
+
+
+     BONAPARTE, GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY.
+
+          Headquarters, Gorizia, 2d Germinal, year V.
+
+     The citizen Bourrienne is to come to me on receipt
+     of the present order.
+                              (Signed)  BONAPARTE.
+
+
+The odious manner in which I was then harassed, I know not why, on the
+part of the Government respecting my certificate of residence, rendered
+my stay in France not very agreeable.  I was even threatened with being
+put on my trial for having produced a certificate of residence which was
+alleged to be signed by nine false witnesses.  This time, therefore, I
+resolved without hesitation to set out for the army.  General Bonaparte's
+order, which I registered at the municipality of Sens, answered for a
+passport, which otherwise would probably have been refused me.  I have
+always felt a strong sense of gratitude for his conduct towards me on
+this occasion.
+
+Notwithstanding the haste I made to leave Sens, the necessary formalities
+and precautions detained me some days, and at the moment I was about to
+depart I received the following letter:
+
+
+                                   HEADQUARTERS, JUDENBOURG,
+                         19th Germinal, Year V.  (8th April 1797).
+
+     The General-in-Chief again orders me, my dear Bourrienne, to urge
+     you to come to him quickly.  We are in the midst of success and
+     triumphs.  The German campaign begins even more brilliantly than did
+     the Italian.  You may judge, therefore, what a promise it holds out
+     to us.  Come, my dear Bourrienne, immediately--yield to our
+     solicitations--share our pains and pleasures, and you will add to
+     our enjoyments.
+
+     I have directed the courier to pass through Sens, that he may
+     deliver this letter to you, and bring me back your answer.
+                                   (Signed) MARMONT.
+
+
+To the above letter this order was subjoined:
+
+     The citizen Fauvelet de Bourrienne is ordered to leave Sens, and
+     repair immediately by post to the headquarters of the army of Italy.
+                                   (Signed) BONAPARTE.
+
+
+I arrived at the Venetian territory at the moment when the insurrection
+against the French was on the point of breaking out.  Thousands of
+peasants were instigated to rise under the pretext of appeasing the
+troubles of Bergamo and Brescia.  I passed through Verona on the 16th of
+April, the eve of the signature of the preliminaries of Leoben and of the
+revolt of Verona.  Easter Sunday was the day which the ministers of Jesus
+Christ selected for preaching "that it was lawful, and even meritorious,
+to kill Jacobins."  Death to Frenchmen!--Death to Jacobins!  as they
+called all the French, were their rallying cries.  At the time I had not
+the slightest idea of this state of things, for I had left Sens only on
+the 11th of April.
+
+After stopping two hours at Verona, I proceeded on my journey without
+being aware of the massacre which threatened that city.  When about a
+league from the town I was, however, stopped by a party of insurgents on
+their way thither, consisting, as I estimated, of about two thousand men.
+They only desired me to cry 'El viva Santo Marco', an order with which I
+speedily complied, and passed on.  What would have become of me had I
+been in Verona on the Monday?  On that day the bells were rung, while the
+French were butchered in the hospitals.  Every one met in the streets was
+put to death.  The priests headed the assassins, and more than four
+hundred Frenchmen were thus sacrificed.  The forts held out against the
+Venetians, though they attacked them with fury; but repossession of the
+town was not obtained until after ten days.  On the very day of the
+insurrection of Verona some Frenchmen were assassinated between that city
+and Vicenza, through which I passed on the day before without danger; and
+scarcely had I passed through Padua, when I learned that others had been
+massacred there.  Thus the assassinations travelled as rapidly as the
+post.
+
+I shall say a few words respecting the revolt of the Venetian States,
+which, in consequence of the difference of political opinions, has been
+viewed in very contradictory lights.
+
+The last days of Venice were approaching, and a storm had been brewing
+for more than a year.  About the beginning of April 1797 the threatening
+symptoms of a general insurrection appeared.  The quarrel commenced when
+the Austrians entered Peschiera, and some pretext was also afforded by
+the reception given to Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII.  It was certain
+that Venice had made military preparations during the siege of Mantua in
+1796.  The interests of the aristocracy outweighed the political
+considerations in our favour.  On, the 7th of June 1796 General Bonaparte
+wrote thus to the Executive Directory:
+
+     The Senate of Venice lately sent two judges of their Council here to
+     ascertain definitively how things stand.  I repeated my complaints.
+     I spoke to them about the reception given to Monsieur.  Should it be
+     your plan to extract five or six millions from Venice, I have
+     expressly prepared this sort of rupture for you.  If your intentions
+     be more decided, I think this ground of quarrel ought to be kept up.
+     Let me know what you mean to do, and wait till the favourable
+     moment, which I shall seize according to circumstances; for we must
+     not have to do with all the world at once.
+
+The Directory answered that the moment was not favourable; that it was
+first necessary to take Mantua, and give Wurmser a sound beating.
+However, towards the end of the year 1796 the Directory began to give
+more credit to the sincerity of the professions of neutrality made on the
+part of Venice.  It was resolved, therefore, to be content with obtaining
+money and supplies for the army, and to refrain from violating the
+neutrality.  The Directory had not then in reserve, like Bonaparte,
+the idea of making the dismemberment of Venice serve as a compensation
+for such of the Austrian possessions as the French Republic might retain.
+
+In 1797 the expected favourable moment had arrived.  The knell of Venice
+was rung; and Bonaparte thus wrote to the Directory on the 30th of April:
+"I am convinced that the only course to be now taken is to destroy this
+ferocious and sanguinary Government."  On the 3d of May, writing from
+Palma Nuova, he says: "I see nothing that can be done but to obliterate
+the Venetian name from the face of the globe."
+
+Towards the end of March 1797 the Government of Venice was in a desperate
+state.  Ottolini, the Podesta of Bergamo, an instrument of tyranny in the
+hands of the State inquisitors, then harassed the people of Bergamo and
+Brescia, who, after the reduction of Mantua, wished to be separated from
+Venice.  He drew up, to he sent to the Senate, a long report respecting
+the plans of separation, founded on information given him by a Roman
+advocate, named Marcelin Serpini; who pretended to have gleaned the facts
+he communicated in conversation with officers of the French army.  The
+plan of the patriotic party was, to unite the Venetian territories on the
+mainland with Lombardy, and to form of the whole one republic.  The
+conduct of Ottolini exasperated the party inimical to Venice, and
+augmented the prevailing discontent.  Having disguised his valet as a
+peasant, he sent him off to Venice with the report he had drawn up on
+Serpini's communications, and other information; but this report never
+reached the inquisitors.  The valet was arrested, his despatches taken,
+and Ottolini fled from Bergamo.  This gave a beginning to the general
+rising of the Venetian States.  In fact, the force of circumstances alone
+brought on the insurrection of those territories against their old
+insular government.  General La Hoz, who commanded the Lombard Legion,
+was the active protector of the revolution, which certainly had its
+origin more in the progress of the prevailing principles of liberty than
+in the crooked policy of the Senate of Venice.  Bonaparte, indeed, in his
+despatches to the Directory, stated that the Senate had instigated the
+insurrection; but that was not quite correct, and he could not wholly
+believe his own assertion.
+
+Pending the vacillation of the Venetian Senate, Vienna was exciting the
+population of its States on the mainland to rise against the French.  The
+Venetian Government had always exhibited an extreme aversion to the
+French Revolution, which had been violently condemned at Venice.  Hatred
+of the French had been constantly excited and encouraged, and religious
+fanaticism had inflamed many persons of consequence in the country.  From
+the end of 1796 the Venetian Senate secretly continued its armaments, and
+the whole conduct of that Government announced intentions which have been
+called perfidious, but the only object of which was to defeat intentions
+still more perfidious.  The Senate was the irreconcilable enemy of the
+French Republic.  Excitement was carried to such a point that in many
+places the people complained that they were not permitted to arm against
+the French.  The Austrian generals industriously circulated the most
+sinister reports respecting the armies of the Sombre-et-Meuse and the
+Rhine, and the position of the French troops in the Tyrol.  These
+impostures, printed in bulletins, were well calculated to instigate the
+Italians, and especially the Venetians, to rise in mass to exterminate
+the French, when the victorious army should penetrate into the Hereditary
+States.
+
+The pursuit of the Archduke Charles into the heart of Austria encouraged
+the hopes which the Venetian Senate had conceived, that it would be easy
+to annihilate the feeble remnant of the French army, as the troops were
+scattered through the States of Venice on the mainland.  Wherever the
+Senate had the ascendency, insurrection was secretly fomented; wherever
+the influence of the patriots prevailed, ardent efforts were made to
+unite the Venetian terra firma to the Lombard Republic.
+
+Bonaparte skillfully took advantage of the disturbances, and the
+massacres consequent on them, to adopt towards the Senate the tone of an
+offended conqueror.  He published a declaration that the Venetian
+Government was the moat treacherous imaginable.  The weakness and cruel
+hypocrisy of the Senate facilitated the plan he had conceived of making a
+peace for France at the expense of the Venetian Republic.  On returning
+from Leoben, a conqueror and pacificator, he, without ceremony, took
+possession of Venice, changed the established government, and, master of
+all the Venetian territory, found himself, in the negotiations of Campo
+Formio, able to dispose of it as he pleased, as a compensation for the
+cessions which had been exacted from Austria.  After the 19th of May he
+wrote to the Directory that one of the objects of his treaty with Venice
+was to avoid bringing upon us the odium of violating the preliminaries
+relative to the Venetian territory, and, at the same time, to afford
+pretexts and to facilitate their execution.
+
+At Campo Formio the fate of this republic was decided.  It disappeared
+from the number of States without effort or noise.  The silence of its
+fall astonished imaginations warmed by historical recollections from the
+brilliant pages of its maritime glory.  Its power, however, which had
+been silently undermined, existed no longer except in the prestige of
+those recollections.  What resistance could it have opposed to the man
+destined to change the face of all Europe?
+
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Napoleon, V1, 1797
+by Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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