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diff --git a/35427.txt b/35427.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..babcece --- /dev/null +++ b/35427.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1220 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Raid of John Brown at Harper's Ferry as +I Saw It, by Rev. Samuel Vanderlip Leech + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Raid of John Brown at Harper's Ferry as I Saw It + +Author: Rev. Samuel Vanderlip Leech + +Release Date: February 28, 2011 [EBook #35427] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RAID OF JOHN BROWN *** + + + + +Produced by David Edwards, Mike Zeug, Lisa Reigel, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: No corrections of typographical or other errors +have been made to this text. Words in italics in the original are +surrounded by _underscores_. Words in bold in the original are +surrounded by =equal signs=. On pages 6 and 7 of the original, a note +was typed vertically in the margin. These notes have been treated as +footnotes and an anchor has been added in the text. The letter that +occurs at the end of the text was not bound into the original book. It +was an insert included with the book and has been reproduced here. + + + + +[Illustration: CAPT. JOHN BROWN] + + + + + The Raid of John Brown at Harper's + Ferry As I Saw It. + + + BY + + REV. SAMUEL VANDERLIP LEECH, D. D. + + +_Author of "Ingersoll and The Bible," "The Three Inebriates," "From West + Virginia to Pompeii," "Seven Elements in Successful Preaching," Etc._ + + + PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. + + + THE DESOTO + WASHINGTON, D. C. + 1909 + + + + + Copyright by S. V. Leech, 1909. + + + + +THE RAID OF JOHN BROWN AT HARPER'S FERRY AS I SAW IT. + +_By REV. SAMUEL VANDERLIP LEECH, D. D._ + + +The town of Harper's Ferry is located in Jefferson County, West +Virginia. Lucerne, in Switzerland does not excel it in romantic grandeur +of situation. On its northern front the Potomac sweeps along to pass the +national capital, and the tomb of Washington, in its silent flow towards +the sea. On its eastern side the Shenandoah hurries to empty its waters +into the Potomac, that in perpetual wedlock they may greet the stormy +Atlantic. Across the Potomac the Maryland Heights stand out as the tall +sentinels of Nature. Beyond the Shenandoah are the Blue Ridge mountains, +fringing the westward boundary of Loudon County, Virginia. Between these +rivers, and nestling inside of their very confluence, reposes Harper's +Ferry. Back of its hills lies the famous Shenandoah Valley, celebrated +for its natural scenery, its historic battles and "Sheridan's Ride." At +Harper's Ferry the United States authorities early located an Arsenal +and an Armory. + +Before the Civil War, the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist +Episcopal Church was constituted of five extensive districts in +Virginia, stretching from Alexandria to Lewisburg and two great +districts north of the Potomac, including the cities of Washington and +Baltimore. The first three years of my ministerial life I spent on +Shepherdstown, West Loudon and Hillsboro Circuits, being then all in +Virginia. The State of West Virginia, now embracing Harper's Ferry, had +not been organized by Congress as a war measure out of the territory of +the mother State. Our Methodist Episcopal Church was theoretically an +anti-slavery organization; but our Virginia and Maryland members held +thousands of inherited and many purchased slaves. These were generally +well-cared for and contented. Being close to the free soil of +Pennsylvania they could have gotten there in a night had they wished to +escape bondage, and then they could have easily reached Canada by that +Northern aid, called the "Underground Railroad." + +On the Sunday night when John Brown and his men invaded Virginia, I +slept within a half mile of Harper's Ferry. That day I inaugurated +revival services at my westward appointment called "Ebenezer," in Loudon +County two miles from Harper's Ferry. I was twenty-two years of age. + +Three months before this raid Captain John Brown with two of his sons, +Owen and Oliver, and Jeremiah G. Anderson, calling themselves "Isaac +Smith and Sons" rented a small farm on the Maryland side of the Potomac +four miles from Harper's Ferry. It was known as the "Booth-Kennedy +Place." They also carried on across the mountains at Chambersburg, +Pennsylvania, a small hardware store managed by John H. Kagi. It was a +depot for the munitions of war to be hauled to their Maryland farm. +Another of Brown's men, John E. Cook, sold maps in the vicinity. He was +a relative of Governor Willard of Indiana who secured the services of +Hon. Daniel W. Voorhees, Attorney General of Indiana, to defend Cook at +his after trial in Virginia. It was a time of profound national peace. +Brown and his men represented themselves as geologists, miners and +speculators. They had a mule and wagon with which to haul their boxes +from Chambersburg. A wealthy merchant of Boston, Mr. George Luther +Stearns, Chairman of the Massachusetts Aid Society had financed Brown's +Kansas border warfare work, as well as his approaching Harper's Ferry +raid. Other Northern friends assisted. Brown had completed his +preparations and collected his twenty-one helpers early in October, +1859. He had hidden in an old log cabin on the place 200 Sharpe's +rifles, 13,000 rifle cartridges, 950 long iron pikes, 200 revolving +pistols, 100,000 pistol caps, 40,000 percussion caps, 250 pounds of +powder, 12 reams of cartridge paper and other warlike materials. He +organized his twenty-two men, himself included, into a "=Military +Provisional Government=" to superintend the possible uprising of the +slaves of Virginia. Thirteen of these men had engaged in border warfare +in Kansas, in a successful effort to prevent Kansas from becoming a +slave state. He, sixteen other white men and five negroes, constituted +his entire Virginia army. The white men were Captain John Brown, +Adjutant General John H. Kagi, Captains Owen Brown, Oliver Brown, Watson +Brown, Aaron D. Stephens, John E. Cook, Dauphin Adolphus Thompson, +George P. Tidd, William Thompson and Edwin Coppoc. The Lieutenants were +Jeremiah G. Anderson, Albert Hazlitt and William Henry Leeman. The +privates numbered eight. Three of them were white men and five were +negroes. The whites were Francis J. Merriam, Barclay Coppoc and Steward +Taylor. The negroes were Dangerfield Newby, Osborne P. Anderson, John A. +Copeland, Sherrard Lewis Leary and Shields Green. + +On Sunday morning, October 16th, 1859, Brown assembled his men and +informed them that on that night their invasion into Virginia would take +place. They took the oath of allegiance to the "Provisional Government." +Adjutant General Kagi presented to each officer his commission. + +The contents of the Armory, Arsenal and Hall's Rifle Works were daily +open to public inspection. Captain John Brown well knew that Daniel +Whelan was the only watchman, during the night time, at the Armory +grounds. He believed that if he could secure the arms and ammunition in +these buildings, carry them into the fastnesses of the adjacent +mountains, and then unfurl the flag of freedom for all slaves who would +flock to his standard, the result would be a general uprising of the +negro population throughout the border states. A more idiotic and +senseless theory never entered an American mind. In the superlative +degree it was unreasonable and ridiculous. I personally know of the +general loyalty of the slaves to their masters in that locality, at that +period in our national history. Federal generals were astonished at the +devotion of the negroes to their masters everywhere in the South after +the war had begun. This was especially true along the border states. But +John Brown--honest, enthusiastic and intensely fanatical on the slavery +question--issued his commands. On this Sunday he assigned to each his +earliest work. Captain Owen Brown, Barclay Coppoc and Francis J. Merriam +were to remain at the farm to guard the arms and ammunition. Hence only +nineteen left the Kennedy farm. They were to walk down the river road on +the Maryland side to the Maryland end of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad +bridge. The Virginia end was close to the depot, hotel, Armory and the +Arsenal. Captain John Brown was to ride in the wagon with the necessary +guns, pistols and tools. Captains Cook and Tidd were to go in advance +and cut the telegraph wires on the Maryland side. Captain Stephens and +Adjutant General Kagi were to capture Mr. Williams, the guard of the +bridge. Captain Watson Brown and Taylor were to hold up the passenger +train due from the west at 1:40 A. M. It would be bound for Washington +and Baltimore. Captain Oliver Brown and Thompson were to hold the +bridges spanning the two rivers. Captain Dauphin Adolphus Thompson and +Lieutenant Anderson were to hold the first building in the Armory[6:1] +grounds popularly known afterwards as "=John Brown's Fort=." It was the +engine house where Brown held his most distinguished prisoners. From the +portholes of it that they made after his entrance, his men did their +final fighting. Captain Coppoc and Lieutenant Hazlitt were to hold the +Arsenal outside and opposite the Armory gates. Adjutant General Kagi and +Copeland were to seize and retain Hall's Rifle Works. They were half of +a mile up the western shore of the Shenandoah. Captain Stephens, and +such men as he might select, were to go out to the home of Colonel Lewis +W. Washington, the grand nephew of General George Washington, and bring +him and some of his adult male slaves, to the engine house. They were +also to secure the swords presented to General George Washington by +Frederick the Great and by General Lafayette. For this object Stephens +selected as his helpers Captains Tidd and Cook and privates Leary, Green +and Anderson. Brown made the raid at 11:30 that night. Mr. Williams the +bridge guard was captured by Stephens and Kagi. The watchman at the +Armory[7:1], Daniel Whelan, refused Brown and his men admission to the +grounds. They broke the locks with tools, captured Whelan, and took +possession of the Armory and also of the Arsenal outside. The following +prisoners were brought in early on Monday and placed in the engine +house: Jesse W. Graham who was master workman, Colonel Lewis W. +Washington, Terance Byrne, John M. Allstadt, John Donohue, who was clerk +of the railroad company; Benjamin F. Mills, the master armorer; Armstead +M. Ball, the master machinist; Archibald M. Kitzmiller, assistant +superintendent; Isaac Russell, a Justice of the Peace; George D. Shope, +of Frederick and J. Bird, Arsenal armorer. The white prisoners were to +be held as hostages and the blacks were to be armed and placed in +Brown's army. Cook and Tidd evidently mistrusted their surroundings. +During the night they made their way back to the farm and hastily +escaped into Pennsylvania. Captain Watson Brown and Taylor held up the +train bound for Baltimore, detaining it for three hours. The colored +porter of the depot, Shepherd Hayward, went out on the bridge to hunt +for Williams. He was brutally shot by one of Brown's bridge guards. +Hayward managed to crawl to the baggage room where he died at noon on +Monday. Dr. John Starry dressed his wounds and ministered to his every +want. The physician was under the impression that a band of train +robbers had captured the depot. He told this to Mr. Kitzmiller before +Kitzmiller's imprisonment. Captain E. P. Dangerfield, clerk to the +paymaster, entered the grounds and was hustled into the engine house +quite early in the morning. Numerous arriving workmen were imprisoned in +an adjoining building. Colonel Washington said that fully sixty men were +imprisoned by eight o'clock on Monday morning. The citizens were hearing +of the situation. Newby and Green, negroes, were stationed at the +junction of High and Shenandoah streets. Newby shot at and killed +Captain George W. Turner, a graduate of West Point. Green shot and +killed Mr. Thomas Boerley, a grocer. Dr. Claggett attended Boerley, who +also soon died. After the mulatto had shot Turner, a man named Bogert +entered the residence of Mrs. Stephenson by a rear door. Having no +bullet he put a large nail into his gun, went up stairs and shot Newby, +the nail cutting his throat from ear to ear. He was also shot in the +stomach by some one else. I saw him die, in great agony, with an +infuriated crowd around him. About ten o'clock in the morning, armed +citizens crossed the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers to prevent the escape +by the bridges, or by water, of any of the raiders. Some walked down the +Maryland river road and wounded Captain Oliver Brown on the bridge. He +reached the engine house but soon died beside his father. Citizens +seized the uninjured prisoner, Captain Thompson, and put him under guard +at the Galt hotel. Captain Stephens tried to reach the hotel to propose, +as he stated, terms of surrender. George Chambers wounded him, and then +assisted him into the Galt hotel, where his wounds were dressed. About +eleven o'clock in the morning the Jefferson Guards from Charlestown +commanded by Captain J. W. Rowen arrived. A half hour passed and the +Hamtramck guards under Captain V. M. Butler came to the Ferry. They were +followed by the Shepherdstown Mounted Troop commanded by Captain Jacob +Reinhart. Then a military company from Martinsburg twenty miles distant +reached the place, under the command of Captain Alburtis. Colonels W. R. +Baylor and John T. Gibson took the general direction of the military +affairs. Some soldiers crossed the Shenandoah along with armed citizens +to intercept the four raiders Kagi, Leary, Leeman and Copeland, when +they should be driven out of Hall's Rifle Works. These raiders also had +in these works one of Colonel Washington's slaves pressed into their +service. All of them ran out into the river to swim across to the Loudon +County shore. All were shot to death in the river with the exception of +Copeland. He threw up his hands and surrendered. During the excitement +Hazlitt and the negro Anderson left the Arsenal and, undetected, escaped +into Pennsylvania. Early in the morning Captain Owen Brown, Barclay +Coppoc and Merriam had deserted the Kennedy farm and gone north. Thus +seven of the twenty-two men fled to the North. Cook and Hazlitt were +captured. They were returned to Virginia, tried and executed. + +By 2 o'clock P. M., the town and hills swarmed with militia and +citizens. Brown had barricaded the engine house doors with the engine +and reel. Inside were Captains John Brown and his son Watson; also +Captain Oliver Brown, who was soon dead; Shields Green, Captain Edwin +Coppoc, Lieutenant Jeremiah G. Anderson, Captain Dauphin Adolphus +Thompson and ten white prisoners. The numerous prisoners, mostly +workmen, in the adjoining structure had all escaped from the grounds, +Brown having no port-holes on that side of his fort. The militia were +afraid to fire into the port-holes for fear of killing some of the +prominent prisoners. About 4 o'clock the Mayor, Mr. Fontaine Beckham, +aged sixty years, who was also station agent of the railroad company, +went out on the platform unarmed. He was shot dead by the negro Shields +Green. Captain Watson Brown in the engine house received his death wound +soon afterwards. Mayor Beckham was very much beloved by the people. A +number of citizens hurried into the hotel and brutally seized Captain +Thompson, threw him over the wall into the Potomac and riddled him with +bullets. Mrs. Foulke of the hotel, and her colored porter, went to the +platform and brought in the dead body of the Mayor. + +As night was settling on the excited city a military company from +Winchester, Virginia, commanded by Captain B. B. Washington, arrived by +a Shenandoah Valley train. Shortly thereafter a Baltimore and Ohio +railroad train brought several companies of soldiers from Frederick, +Maryland. They were commanded by Colonel Shriver. Soon several +independent companies from Baltimore, accompanied by the Second Light +Brigade, arrived under the general command of General Charles C. +Edgerton. Colonel Robert E. Lee of the United States army, overtook +these troops at Sandy Hook, a mile and a half below the Ferry on the +Maryland side. He had come from Washington with several companies of +marines. He was accompanied by Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart, afterwards a +famous Confederate Cavalry General; also by Major Russell and by +Lieutenant Israel Green, who died several months ago in the West. All +were regular army officers. Colonel Lee regarded it as unwise to attack +the engine house that night, fearing that Colonel Lewis W. Washington or +other prisoners might be killed. Early in the morning he sent Lieutenant +J. E. B. Stuart, who had once held Brown as a prisoner in Kansas, to +demand an immediate and unconditional surrender. Brown refused to trust +himself and men to the United States officers. About this time Colonel +Robert E. Lee got within range of Captain Coppoc's rifle. Prisoners said +that Mr. Graham knocked the muzzle aside. Lee's life was saved. Had he +been then killed who knows that the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, and +the final conflicts north of the Appomattox would have ever been fought? +On the Confederate side no abler general or more magnificent man, ever +sat on a saddle than Robert E. Lee. He was the son of "Light Horse Harry +Lee," a brave Major General of the Revolutionary War. He was the father +of William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, who became a Major General of the +Confederate forces of Virginia, at a later date. General Robert E. Lee +made a brilliant record in the Mexican war as Chief Engineer of the +United States army. After surrendering his decimated army to General +Ulysses S. Grant, at Appomattox, he accepted the political situation +with dignity. He became President of the Washington University at +Lexington, Virginia. The South lavished on him every possible honor. +During the late summer the Virginia legislature placed in the National +Hall of Fame, at the United States Capitol, two fine statues of two +representative men of their state. One was the statue of General George +Washington; the other that of General Robert E. Lee. + +By the advice of Colonel Lewis W. Washington all of Brown's prisoners +mounted the fire engine and the reel carriage and lifted up their hands +when the attack began. Three marines undertook to batter down the doors +with heavy sledge hammers. They were not successful. Then twelve +marines struck the doors with the end of a strong ladder. They opened. +Lieutenant Green entered first of all amidst a shower of bullets. +Discovering Brown reloading his rifle he sprang on him with his sword +and cut his head and stomach. The raider Captain Anderson rose to shoot +Green. A marine named Luke Quinn ran his bayonet through him. Another +raider shot Luke Quinn who soon died. Two other marines were wounded. I +saw Captains Anderson and Watson Brown as they lay dying on the grass +after their capture. The dead body of Captain Oliver Brown lay beside +them. Captain Watson Brown had been dying for sixteen hours. Captain +John Brown, bleeding profusely, and Captain Stephens from the hotel, +were carried into the paymaster's office. Brown's long grey beard was +stained with wet blood. He was bare headed. His shirt and trousers were +grey in color. His trousers were tucked into the top of his boots. +Captain Coppoc and the negro Green were also taken prisoners. They were +not wounded. + +As Brown lay on the floor of the paymaster's office he was very cool and +courageous. Governor Henry A. Wise, United States Senator J. M. Mason of +Virginia and Honorable Clement L. Vallandingham of Ohio plied him with +many questions. To all he gave intelligent and fearless replies. He +refused to involve his Northern financiers and advisers. He took the +entire responsibility on himself. He told Governor Wise that he, Brown, +was simply "An instrument in the hands of Providence." He said to some +newspaper correspondents and others: "I wish to say that you had +better--all you people of the South--prepare for a settlement of this +question. You may dispose of me very easily. I am nearly disposed of +now. But this question is yet to be settled--this negro question I mean. +The end is not yet." Before thirteen months had passed one of the +greatest Americans of any century, Abraham Lincoln, had been elected +President of the United States; the Republican party was for the first +time dominating national affairs and, soon thereafter, the Civil War +was begun which culminated in the physical freedom of every slave in +this Republic. + +On Wednesday Captains John Brown, Stephens and Coppoc, along with +Copeland and Green, were removed to the county jail at Charlestown, ten +miles south of Harper's Ferry. Being acquainted with the jailor, Captain +John Avis, I was permitted to visit Brown on one occasion. Captain Aaron +D. Stephens was lying on a cot in the same room. I was told that Brown +had ordered out of his room a Presbyterian minister named Lowrey when he +had proposed to offer prayer. He had also said to my first colleague, +Rev. James H. March, "You do not know the meaning of the word +Christianity. Of course I regard you as a gentleman, but only as a +=heathen= gentleman." I was advised to say nothing to him about prayer. He +had told other visitors that he wanted no minister to pray with him who +would not be willing to die to free a slave. I was not conscious that I +was ready for martyrdom from Brown's standpoint. I have never been +anxious to die to save the life of any body. My life is as valuable to +me and my family as any other man's is to him and his family. But young +as I was I hated American slavery. I was a "boy minister" of a great +anti-slavery denomination of Christians. For more than a century the +Methodist Episcopal Church has carried in its Disciplines its printed +testimony against slavery. It is to-day the largest fully organized +anti-slavery society on earth. I would have gladly offered prayer in +Brown's room at Charlestown if an honorable opportunity had been +afforded. + +At his preliminary examination before five justices, Colonel Davenport +presiding, Brown said: "Virginians! I did not ask for quarter at the +time I was taken. I did not ask to have my life spared. Your governor +assured me of a fair trial. If you seek my blood you can have it at any +time without this mockery of a trial. I have no counsel. I have not been +able to advise with any one. I know nothing of the feelings of my fellow +prisoners and am utterly unable to attend to my own defense. If a fair +trial is to be allowed there are mitigating circumstances to be urged. +But, if we are forced with a mere form, a trial for execution, you +might spare yourselves that trouble. I am ready for my fate." + +Two very able Virginia attorneys were assigned as a matter of State form +as counsel for Brown. They were Honorable Charles J. Faulkner of +Martinsburg, afterwards United States Envoy Extraordinary to France, and +Judge Green, Ex-Mayor of Charlestown. The county grand jury indicted +Brown on three separate charges: first, conspiracy with slaves for +purposes of insurrection; second, treason against the commonwealth of +Virginia; third, murder in the first degree. Mr. Faulkner withdrew from +the case and Mr. Lawson Botts took his place. Mr. Samuel Chilton a +learned lawyer of Washington, D. C., and Judge Henry Griswold of Ohio, +another distinguished attorney, volunteered their services as counsel +for John Brown and were accepted. Some of Brown's friends sent an +excellent young lawyer named George H. Hoyt from Boston, as additional +counsel. These attorneys made an able defense, whatever may have been +their private opinion as to Brown's guilt or innocence. The prosecuting +attorney for the State of Virginia was Andrew Hunter, an exceptionally +brilliant orator and able lawyer. He was a courtly and commanding +speaker. He was gifted with a rich and powerful voice. After the +indictment of Brown by the court of justices, the prosecuting attorney +of Jefferson county, Mr. Charles B. Harding left the prosecution almost +exclusively to Mr. Andrew Hunter, who represented the State. So too, +after the arrival of Brown's chosen outside counsel, Judge Green and Mr. +Lawson Botts withdrew, in good taste, from his defense. + +At the regular trial Brown's counsel requested a postponement on account +of the prisoner's health. But Dr. Mason, his physician, attested the +physical ability of his patient to undergo the strain. The State was +spending almost a thousand dollars a day for military guards and other +items. When Brown's counsel presented telegrams from his relatives +asking for delay until they could forward proofs of his insanity, Brown +said, "I will say, if the court will allow me, that I look on this as a +miserable artifice and trick of those who ought to take a different +course in regard to me if they take any at all. I view it with contempt +more than otherwise. I am perfectly unconscious of insanity and I +reject, so far as I am capable, any attempts to interfere in my behalf +on that score." + +On the last day of the trial, October 31st, after six hours of argument +by Hunter, Chilton and Griswold, the jury delivered the following +verdict: "Guilty of treason, and of conspiring and advising with slaves +and others to rebel; and of murder in the first degree." On Wednesday, +November the 2nd, he was brought into court to receive his sentence. The +County Clerk, Robert H. Brown, asked: "Have you anything to say why +sentence should not be passed on you?" Brown, leaning on a cane, slowly +arose from his chair and with plaintive emphasis addressed Judge Parker +as follows: + +"I have, may it please the court, a few words to say. In the first place +I deny everything but what I have all along admitted, the design on my +part to free the slaves. I certainly intended to have made a clean thing +of that matter as I did last winter when I went into Missouri and took +slaves without the snapping of a gun on either side, moved them through +the country and finally left them in Canada. I designed to have done the +same thing again on a larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did +intend murder or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite +or incite slaves to rebellion or to make insurrection. I have another +objection and that is that it is unjust that I should suffer such a +penalty. Had I interfered in the manner which I admit, and which I admit +has been fairly proved, for I admire the truthfulness and candor of the +greater portion of the witnesses who have testified in this case,--had I +so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the +so-called great; or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, +mother, sister, brother, wife or children, or any of that class, and +suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have +been all right and every man in this court would have deemed it an act +worthy of reward rather than punishment. This court acknowledges as I +suppose the validity of the law of God. I see a book kissed here which I +suppose is the Bible, or at least the New Testament. That teaches me +that all things, whatsoever I would that men should do to me I should do +even unto them. It teaches me further to 'Remember them that are in +bonds as bound with them.' I endeavored to act up to that instruction. I +say that I am yet too young to understand that God is any respecter of +persons. I believe that to have interfered as I have done, as I have +always admitted freely I have done, in behalf of His despised poor was +not wrong but right. Now if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit +my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood +further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in +this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel and +unjust enactments, I submit. So let it be done. + +"Let me say one word further. I feel entirely satisfied with the +treatment I have received on my trial. Considering all the circumstances +it has been more generous than I expected. But I feel no consciousness +of guilt. I never had any design against the life of any person, nor any +disposition to commit treason or excite slaves to rebellion or make any +general insurrection. I never encouraged any man to do so but always +discouraged any idea of the kind. + +"Let me say a word in regard to the statements made by some of those +connected with me. I hear it has been stated by some of them that I +induced them to join me. But the contrary is true. I do not say this to +injure them, but as regards their weakness. There is not one of them but +joined me of his own accord and the greater part of them at their own +expense. A number of them I never saw, and never had a word of +conversation with, till the day they came to me and that was for the +purpose I have stated. Now I am done." + +Brown's statement was not exactly sustained by the facts. Why had he +collected the Sharpe's rifles, the pikes, the kegs of powder, many +thousands of caps and much warlike material at the Kennedy farm? Why did +he and other armed men, break into the United States Armory and +Arsenal, make portholes in the engine house, shoot and kill citizens and +surround their own imprisoned persons with prominent men as hostages? +But everybody in the court house believed the old man when he said that +he did everything with a solitary motive, the liberation of the slaves. + +Judge Parker could, under his oath, do nothing else than to sentence him +to be hung. He fixed the date for Friday, the second of December. +Brown's counsel appealed to the Supreme Court of Virginia. Its five +judges unanimously sustained the action of the Jefferson county court. + +Brown was hung on the bright and beautiful morning of December 2nd at +11:15 o'clock. At his request Andrew Hunter wrote his will. He then +visited his fellow prisoners who were all executed at a later date. He +rode to his death between Sheriff Campbell and Captain Avis in a +furniture wagon drawn by two white horses. He did not ride seated on his +coffin as some of his chief eulogists have affirmed. The wagon was +escorted to the scaffold by State military companies. No citizens were +allowed near to the jail. Hence he did not kiss any negro baby as he +emerged from his prison, as Mr. Whittier has described in a poem on the +event and as artists have memorialized in paintings. The utter absurdity +of such an incident occurring under such surroundings any Virginian will +see. Avis, Campbell and Hunter publicly denied it. But the story will +doubtless have immortality. In one of the companies of soldiers walked +the actor John Wilkes Booth, the infamous assassin of Abraham Lincoln. +At the head of the Lexington cadets walked Professor Thomas Jefferson +Jackson, who became an able Confederate General and is best known to the +world as "Stonewall Jackson." As the party neared the gallows Brown +gazed on the glorious panorama of mountain and landscape scenery. Then +he said: "This is a beautiful country." He wore a black slouch hat with +the front tipped up. Reaching the scaffold the numerous State troops +formed into a hollow square. Brown mounted the platform without +trepidation. Standing on the drop he said to the sheriff and his +assistants: "Gentlemen! I thank you for your kindness to me. I am ready +at any time. Do not keep me waiting." The drop fell and in ten minutes +Dr. Mason pronounced him dead. That evening Mrs. Brown and her friends +received the casket at Harper's Ferry and accompanied it to the old home +at North Elba, N. Y. His funeral, as reported by the metropolitan +papers, took place there six days after his execution. An immense +concourse was in attendance. The conspicuous and brilliant orator, +Wendell Phillips, delivered the address. He closed it with these words: +"In this cottage he girded himself and went forth to battle. Fuller +success than his heart ever dreamed of God had granted him. He sleeps in +the blessings of the crushed and the poor. Men believe more firmly in +virtue now that such a man has lived." Personally I remained in +Virginia. + +On the day that Brown was hung =Martyr Services=, as they were called, +were held in many Northern localities. At Concord, Dr. Edmund Sears read +a poem in which are these stanzas: + + "Not any spot, six feet by two + Will hold a man like thee: + John Brown will tramp the shaking earth + From Blue Ridge to the sea + Till the strong angel comes at length + And opes each dungeon door: + And God's Great Charter holds and waves + O'er all the humble poor. + + And then the humble poor may come + In that far distant day, + And from the felon's nameless grave + Will brush the leaves away: + And gray old men will point the spot + Beneath the pine tree's shade, + As children ask with streaming eyes + Where old John Brown was laid." + +Before he was executed many threatening communications were received by +the Virginia State and Jefferson County officers. Large numbers of E. C. +Stedman's poem, entitled "John Brown of Ossawattamie," were scattered +about Charlestown. One stanza reads as follows: + + "But Virginians! Don't do it, for I tell you that the flagon, + Filled with blood of Old Brown's offspring, was first poured by + Southern hands; + And each drop from Old Brown's life veins, like the red gore of the + dragon, + May spring up, a vengeful Fury, hissing through your slave-worn + lands; + And Old Brown, + Ossowattamie Brown, + May trouble you more than ever, + When you've nailed his coffin down." + +Whether they be from the North or the South, fair-minded men, who are +thoroughly conversant with the history of this raid, can hardly cherish +any doubt concerning the turpitude of the invasion, the fairness of +Brown's trial and the justice of his conviction and execution. He fell +under the direction of a misguided conscience. The noble endowment that +philosophers call conscience that gives its verdicts as to the moral +merit or demerit of actions and affections, was strangely warped in +Brown's intense and brave character. The possession of this faculty of +conscience is the massive foundation of all human responsibility. +Illustrations of the moral enormities that a perverted conscience can +perpetrate are manifold along the pages of sacred and secular history. + +When Jesus looked down the aisles of the future, He said to His +disciples that the men who would finally transfigure them into martyrs +would murder them in the belief that they were rendering acceptable +service to God. + +Paul declared that he regarded himself as meeting the divine approval +when he was persecuting and murdering the primitive Christians. + +When the officers of the Spanish Inquisition saw the agonies of the +victims who refused to renounce their religious creeds they joyfully +exclaimed, "Let God be glorified." + +Charles the Ninth of France said he was conscientious in ordering the +Saint Bartholomew massacre that resulted in the murder in French cities +of tens of thousands of Christian Hugenots. + +The Bloody Queen, Mary Tudor, said she had a pure conscience when she +sent to the scaffold the learned and gentle young Ex-Queen Lady Jane +Grey. Thousands of criminals have sheltered their crimes in the temple +of Conscience. + +The trend of Brown's constant defence was that he obeyed his conscience. +His lawless conduct, the death of many of his party and the murder of +Virginia citizens gave him very little apparent intellectual unrest. He +sowed to the wind and reaped the logical harvest, if it is the +appropriate word, the whirlwind. + +Brown's high Calvinism bordered on fatalism. Oliver Cromwell never +believed more radically in the foreordination of all human actions than +did he. When questioned concerning the failure of this invasion he +replied: "All of our actions, even all of the follies that led to this +disaster, were decreed to happen ages before the world was made." When +Judge Russell visited him he said: "I know that the very errors by which +my scheme was marred were decreed before the world was made. I had no +more to do with the course I pursued than a shot leaving a cannon has to +do with the spot where it shall fall." + +It is when patriotic men read the story of "John Brown's Raid" by the +torches of President Lincoln's early election, the Civil War and the +Emancipation of all American slaves, that they seem to become blind to +the terrible criminal features of the invasion and look only at the +national results and the magnificient courage, benevolent motives and +supreme self-sacrifice of this martyr. Multitudes of visionary men +regard him as a divinely appointed John the Baptist raised up to usher +in the day of physical freedom for every slave on American soil and +their posterity to the end of time. They claim that in this instance +"The End has justified the Means." His raid made the North solid against +the slave system and the South as solid against anti-slavery theories +and agitators. Before the Brown raid the vote for John C. Fremont, the +Republican candidate for President, was 1341000. James Buchanan had +496000 majority. The year after the raid Abraham Lincoln received +1886000 votes for President and had 491000 majority over Stephen A. +Douglas, when the South voted for another Democrat. Fremont had 114 +votes in the Electoral College. Lincoln had 180. Under his presidency +the emancipation of every slave on the national soil took place. The +nations of Europe learned for the first time the important lesson that +the United States was able to maintain its national unity. This raid +beyond question hastened in the Civil War. I have seen Federal regiments +marching on to battle enthusiastically singing: + + "John Brown's body lies a mould'ring in the grave, + But his soul is marching on." + +A few weeks after Brown's execution Victor Hugo said, "What the South +slew last December was not John Brown but slavery." His statement +developed into a colossal historical truth. The great statesman, orator +and senator, John J. Ingalls of Kansas, closed an oration with these +remarkable words: + +"Carlyle says that when any great change in human society is to be +wrought God raises up men to whom that change is made to appear as the +one thing needful and absolutely indispensable. Scholars, orators, +poets, philanthropists, play their parts, but the crisis comes at last +through some one who is stigmatized as a fanatic by his contemporaries, +and whom the supporters of the systems he assails crucify between +theives or gibbet as a felon. The man who is not afraid to die for an +idea is the most potential and convincing advocate. + +"Already the great intellectual leaders of the movement for the +abolition of slavery are dead. The student of the future will exhume +their orations, arguments and state papers, as a part of the +subterranean history of the epoch. The antiquarian will dig up their +remains from the alluvial drift of the period, and construe their +relations to the great events in which they were actors. But the three +men of this era who will loom forever against the remotest horizon of +time, as the pyramids against the voiceless desert, or mountain peaks +over the subordinate plains, are Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant and +old John Brown of Ossowattamie." + +Senator Ingalls well knew that Brown had no such intellectual +massiveness, or splendid culture, as had Webster, Clay, Jefferson, +Sumner, and many other eminent Americans. He referred to the majesty of +personal achievements. From this standpoint men like Garabaldi, Morse, +Harriman, Edison, Roosevelt and Cook, the Arctic explorer have been +great. Brown's life was a perpetual sacrifice for the annihilation of +American slavery. Very defective as a military leader he was always +ready to do, dare and die to assist in this work. Even today tens of +thousands of educated men regard him as a monomaniac concerning the +abolition of slavery. For many years, in the state of Kansas, he had +permitted his own life, and the life of each of his sons, to be in +continual peril that they might assist in placing Kansas in the +constellation of free States. Men like Gerrit Smith and John L. Stearns +financed his schemes from their wealth. Men like Henry Ward Beecher, +Ralph Waldo Emerson, George B. Cheever, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell +Phillips and Theodore Parker, delivered eulogies on Brown after he had +been hung. They most eloquently denounced slavery from pulpits and +platforms; but they lived in the limelight of oratorical popularity and +flourished amidst luxurious ease. To Brown's immortal credit be it said +that he gave domestic security, his humble fortune, his perillous work, +the lives of his cherished sons and his own blood and life for the +anti-slavery opinions that were anchored in his soul. His prison letters +to many friends are full of intrepidity, submission to the divine +providence and heroic anticipations of immortal blessedness. Ten minutes +before he left his jail cell for the gallows he handed to a prison +official a sheet of paper on which he had written these words: "I, John +Brown, am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never +be purged away but with blood, I had, as I now think, vainly flattered +myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done." + +His surpassing bravery and self-sacrificing candor profoundly impressed +eminent Virginians. Governor Henry A. Wise said: "He is a bundle of the +best nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust; and bleeding and in bonds. He is +a man of clear head, of courage, fortitude and simple ingenuousness. He +is cool, collected, indomitable; and it is but just to him to say that +he was humane to his prisoners. He is a fanatic, but firm, and truthful +and intelligent." Colonel Lewis W. Washington and Captain John E. P. +Dangerfield bore testimony to his courage. + +Brown's wonderful moral heroism became resplendent after Judge Richard +Parker had sentenced him to death. Many of his letters to his friends, +collected and published by Mr. F. B. Sanford, would have done honor to +the pen of Paul. He was exultant from the standpoint of a happy +spiritual experience and triumphant as he gazed beyond this mortal life. +In one of his last letters he wrote these words: "I sleep as peacefully +as an infant, or if I am wakeful glorious thoughts come to me +entertaining my mind. I do not believe I shall deny my Lord and Master, +Jesus Christ, in this prison or on the scaffold. But I should do so if I +denied my principles against slavery." Surely he must have been sincere +as he faced eternity. + +As early as 1820 John Quincy Adams said of the overthrow of American +slavery, "The object is vast in its compass, awful in its prospects and +sublime and beautiful in its issues. A life devoted to it would be nobly +spent or sacrificed." John Brown, along illegal and criminal lines, +placed before the world such a life and death. He saw clearly what +American statesmen of his period saw but dimly. Beyond all question he +died as emphatically for the overthrow of slavery as Paul died for the +honor of Christianity. Three of his favorite books were the life stories +of men of great achievements:--"The Life of Oliver Cromwell," "The Life +of Marco Bozarris," and "The Life of William Wallace." + +Some years ago, in an oration delivered at Harper's Ferry, the +distinguished freedman and orator, the late Frederick Douglass, said: +"If John Brown did not end the war that ended slavery he did at least +begin the war that ended slavery. If we look over the dates, places and +men for which this honor is claimed we shall find that not Carolina, but +Virginia; not Fort Sumter, but Harper's Ferry and the United States +Arsenal; not Major Anderson, but John Brown, began the war that ended +American slavery and made this a free republic. Until this blow was +struck the prospect was dim, shadowy and uncertain. The irrepressible +conflict was one of words, votes and compromises. When John Brown +stretched forth his arm the sky was cleared, the time for compromise was +gone, the armed hosts stood face to face over the chasm of a broken +Union and the clash of arms was at hand." + +And let it be remembered that when Brown had told Douglass the details +of his proposed invasion at Harper's Ferry, Douglass begged him to +abandon his plans and assured him that they would end, as they did, in +untold disaster. + +The chief authors who have written concerning John Brown and his +invasion were not in Virginia during the forty-four days intervening +between the raid and his execution. They were destitute of any personal +knowledge of the facts. They were bitter enemies of the South and most +intense admirers of the intrepid man executed at Charlestown. Their +narratives are replete with errors and contain much romance. They are, +generally, saturated with misrepresentation of the Virginia people and +are burdened with eulogistic apologies for Brown's conduct in Virginia. +Because I was on the ground and saw things as they occurred; because I +have kept in touch with Brown literature; and because I am in love with +the Truth I believe that my story is worthy of public confidence. + +I have known Virginians, personally, for over fifty years. My long +career, as a minister of Christ, was begun among them. They have not +deserved the traduction Brown's eulogists have heaped on them. His +unfortunate execution was the logical result of his criminal and bloody +raid. The Virginia people have been noble in chivalry, bounteous in +hospitality, sublime in kindness of heart and life and models of high +social and moral purity. + +Spartacus led the way for the destruction of Roman slavery. John Brown +performed a similar service for the American slaves. He mingled in his +strange character fanaticism and courage--eccentricity and a prophetical +insight into future events--a warped conscience and a sublime martyr +heroism. But whether in safety or peril, at home or in prison, in battle +or on the scaffold, this mysterious man intensely cherished the +conviction that Joanna Baillie imbedded into poetry: + + "The strength of man sinks in the hour of trial, + But there doth live a power that for the battle + Girdeth the weak." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[6:1] For Armory read Arsenal. + +[7:1] For Armory read Arsenal. + + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | | + | | + | THE DE SOTA | + | | + | Washington, D. C., November 18, 1909. | + | | + | My Dear Sir: | + | | + | There has just been issued a small volume copyrighted, | + | entitled., "The Raid Of John Brown As I Saw It" from the pen | + | of "Rev. Samuel Vanderlip Leech, D. D., of Washington, D. C.," | + | who has been a Methodist Episcopal Minister for 52 years. For | + | this book The Maurice Engraving Company furnished the latest | + | portrait of Captain John Brown. The edition is limited to four | + | hundred copies. They are not sold at any store. The object of | + | the publication is to place on the shelves of Libraries, | + | Colleges, Universities and Historical societies, from the | + | southern standpoint, an accurate narrative of the raid, and | + | the events associated with it. I was 22 years of age, was | + | preaching close to Harper's Ferry, saw the fighting and | + | capture and visited Brown in his prison. I was a witness of | + | the events of the forty four days intervening between the raid | + | and his execution. | + | | + | His partisan biographers were not in Virginia at that time. | + | Their books contain historical errors and much romance. Their | + | abuse of the Virginians is unfair. I am a Republican, and have | + | steadily voted for Republican Presidents. But I think the time | + | has come when a truthful version of this famous raid should | + | find a place in national literature. I think that you will | + | agree with me. On receipt of a money order for 45 cents I will | + | mail to you a post-paid copy of this small volume. | + | | + | With Respect, | + | | + | S. V. LEECH. | + | | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Raid of John Brown at Harper's +Ferry as I Saw It, by Rev. Samuel Vanderlip Leech + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RAID OF JOHN BROWN *** + +***** This file should be named 35427.txt or 35427.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/4/2/35427/ + +Produced by David Edwards, Mike Zeug, Lisa Reigel, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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