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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay, by 
+Watkin Tench
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay
+
+Author: Watkin Tench
+
+Release Date: May 8, 2006 [EBook #3535]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPEDITION TO BOTANY BAY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Col Choat and Stuart Kidd
+
+
+
+
+
+whitespace; small checks; poetry; italics; dashes; gut;
+
+
+
+A NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION TO BOTANY BAY
+
+
+by Watkin Tench
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+In offering this little tract to the public, it is equally the writer's
+wish to conduce to their amusement and information.
+
+The expedition on which he is engaged has excited much curiosity, and
+given birth to many speculations, respecting the consequences to arise
+from it. While men continue to think freely, they will judge variously.
+Some have been sanguine enough to foresee the most beneficial effects to
+the Parent State, from the Colony we are endeavouring to establish;
+and some have not been wanting to pronounce the scheme big with folly,
+impolicy, and ruin. Which of these predictions will be completed, I
+leave to the decision of the public. I cannot, however, dismiss the
+subject without expressing a hope, that the candid and liberal of each
+opinion, induced by the humane and benevolent intention in which it
+originated, will unite in waiting the result of a fair trial to an
+experiment, no less new in its design, than difficult in its execution.
+
+As this publication enters the world with the name of the author,
+candour will, he trusts, induce its readers to believe, that no
+consideration could weigh with him in an endeavour to mislead them.
+Facts are related simply as they happened, and when opinions are
+hazarded, they are such as, he hopes, patient inquiry, and deliberate
+decision, will be found to have authorised. For the most part he has
+spoken from actual observation; and in those places where the relations
+of others have been unavoidably adopted. He has been careful to search
+for the truth, and repress that spirit of exaggeration which is almost
+ever the effect of novelty on ignorance.
+
+The nautical part of the work is comprized in as few pages as possible.
+By the professional part of my readers this will be deemed judicious;
+and the rest will not, I believe, be dissatisfied at its brevity. I beg
+leave, however, to say of the astronomical calculations, that they
+may be depended on with the greatest degree of security, as they were
+communicated by an officer, who was furnished with instruments, and
+commissioned by the Board of Longitude, to make observations during the
+voyage, and in the southern hemisphere.
+
+An unpractised writer is generally anxious to bespeak public attention,
+and to solicit public indulgence. Except on professional subjects,
+military men are, perhaps, too fearful of critical censure. For the
+present narrative no other apology is attempted, than the intentions of
+its author, who has endeavoured not only to satisfy present curiosity,
+but to point out to future adventurers, the favourable, as well as
+adverse circumstances which will attend their settling here. The candid,
+it is hoped, will overlook the inaccuracies of this imperfect sketch,
+drawn amidst the complicated duties of the service in which the Author
+is engaged, and make due allowance for the want of opportunity of
+gaining more extensive information.
+
+Watkin Tench, Capt. of the Marines.
+
+Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, New South Wales, 10 July, 1788.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+
+From the Embarkation of the Convicts, to the Departure of the Ships from
+England.
+
+
+The marines and convicts having been previously embarked in the River,
+at Portsmouth, and Plymouth, the whole fleet destined for the expedition
+rendezvoused at the Mother Bank, on the 16th of March 1787, and remained
+there until the 13th of May following. In this period, excepting a
+slight appearance of contagion in one of the transports, the ships were
+universally healthy, and the prisoners in high spirits. Few complaints
+or lamentations were to be heard among them, and an ardent wish for the
+hour of departure seemed generally to prevail.
+
+As the reputation, equally with the safety of the officers and
+soldiers appointed to guard the convicts, consisted in maintaining due
+subordination, an opportunity was taken, immediately on their being
+embarked, to convince them, in the most pointed terms, that any attempt
+on their side, either to contest the command, or to force their escape,
+should be punished with instant death; orders to this effect were given
+to the centinels in their presence; happily, however, for all parties,
+there occurred not any instance in which there was occasion to have
+recourse to so desperate a measure; the behavior of the convicts being
+in general humble, submissive, and regular: indeed I should feel myself
+wanting in justice to those unfortunate men, were I not to bear this
+public testimony of the sobriety and decency of their conduct.
+
+Unpleasant as a state of inactivity and delay for many weeks appeared
+to us, it was not without its advantages; for by means of it we were
+enabled to establish necessary regulations among the convicts, and to
+adopt such a system of defence, as left us little to Apprehend for our
+own security, in case a spirit of madness and desperation had hurried
+them on to attempt our destruction.
+
+Among many other troublesome parts of duty which the service we were
+engaged on required, the inspection of all letters brought to, or sent
+from the ships, was not one of the least tiresome and disagreeable. The
+number and contents of those in the vessel I was embarked in, frequently
+surprised me very much; they varied according to the dispositions of
+the writers: but their constant language was, an apprehension of the
+impracticability of returning home, the dread of a sickly passage,
+and the fearful prospect of a distant and barbarous country. But this
+apparent despondency proceeded in few instances from sentiment. With too
+many it was, doubtless, an artifice to awaken compassion, and call forth
+relief; the correspondence invariably ending in a petition for money
+and tobacco. Perhaps a want of the latter, which is considered a great
+luxury by its admirers among the lower classes of life, might be the
+more severely felt, from their being debarred in all cases whatever,
+sickness excepted, the use of spirituous liquors.
+
+It may be thought proper for me to mention, that during our stay at the
+Mother Bank, the soldiers and convicts were indiscriminately served
+with fresh beef. The former, in addition, had the usual quantity of beer
+allowed in the navy, and were at what is called full allowance of all
+species of provisions; the latter, at two thirds only.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+
+From the Departure, to the Arrival of the Fleet at Teneriffe.
+
+
+Governor Phillip having at length reached Portsmouth, and all things
+deemed necessary for the expedition being put on board, at daylight
+on the morning of the 13th, the signal to weigh anchor was made in the
+Commanding Officer's ship the Sirius. Before six o'clock the whole
+fleet were under sail; and, the weather being fine and wind easterly,
+proceeded through the Needles with a fresh leading breeze. In addition
+to our little armament, the Hyena frigate was ordered to accompany us
+a certain distance to the westward, by which means our number was
+increased to twelve sail: His Majesty's ships 'Sirius', 'Hyena', and
+'Supply', three Victuallers with two years stores and provisions on
+board for the Settlement, and six Transports, with troops and convicts.
+In the transports were embarked four captains, twelve subalterns,
+twenty-four serjeants and corporals, eight drummers, and one hundred and
+sixty private marines, making the whole of the military force, including
+the Major Commandant and Staff on board the Sirius, to consist of two
+hundred and twelve persons, of whom two hundred and ten were volunteers.
+The number of convicts was five hundred and sixty-five men, one hundred
+and ninety-two women, and eighteen children; the major part of the
+prisoners were mechanics and husbandmen, selected on purpose by order of
+Government.
+
+By ten o'clock we had got clear of the Isle of Wight, at which time,
+having very little pleasure in conversing with my own thoughts, I
+strolled down among the convicts, to observe their sentiments at this
+juncture. A very few excepted, their countenances indicated a high
+degree of satisfaction, though in some, the pang of being severed,
+perhaps for ever, from their native land, could not be wholly
+suppressed; in general, marks of distress were more perceptible among
+the men than the women; for I recollect to have seen but one of those
+affected on the occasion, "Some natural tears she dropp'd, but wip'd
+them soon." After this the accent of sorrow was no longer heard; more
+genial skies and change of scene banished repining and discontent, and
+introduced in their stead cheerfulness and acquiescence in a lot, now
+not to be altered.
+
+To add to the good disposition which was beginning to manifest
+itself, on the morning of the 20th, in consequence of some favorable
+representations made by the officers commanding detachments, they were
+hailed and told from the Sirius, that in those cases where they judged
+it proper, they were at liberty to release the convicts from the fetters
+in which they had been hitherto confined. In complying with these
+directions, I had great pleasure in being able to extend this humane
+order to the whole of those under my charge, without a single exception.
+It is hardly necessary for me to say, that the precaution of ironing the
+convicts at any time reached to the men only.
+
+In the evening of the same day, the Hyena left us for England, which
+afforded an early opportunity of writing to our friends, and easing
+their apprehensions by a communication of the favourable accounts it was
+in our power to send them.
+
+From this time to the day of our making the land, little occurred worthy
+of remark. I cannot, however, help noticing the propriety of employing
+the marines on a service which requires activity and exertion at sea, in
+preference to other troops. Had a regiment recruited since the war
+been sent out, sea-sickness would have incapacitated half the men from
+performing the duties immediately and indispensably necessary; whereas
+the marines, from being accustomed to serve on board ship, accommodated
+themselves with ease to every exigency, and surmounted every difficulty.
+
+At daybreak, on the morning of the 30th of May we saw the rocks named
+the Deserters, which lie off the south-east end of Madeira; and found
+the south-east extremity of the most southerly of them, to be in the
+latitude of 32 deg 28 min north, longitude 16 deg 17 1/2 min west of
+Greenwich. The following day we saw the Salvages, a cluster of rocks
+which are placed between the Madeiras and Canary Islands, and determined
+the latitude of the middle of the Great Salvage to be 30 deg 12 min
+north, and the longitude of its eastern side to be 15 deg 39 min west.
+It is no less extraordinary than unpardonable, that in some very modern
+charts of the Atlantic, published in London, the Salvages are totally
+omitted.
+
+We made the island of Teneriffe on the 3d of June, and in the evening
+anchored in the road of Santa Cruz, after an excellent passage of three
+weeks from the day we left England.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+
+From the Fleet's Arrival at Teneriffe, to its Departure for Rio de
+Janeiro, in the Brazils.
+
+
+There is little to please a traveller at Teneriffe. He has heard wonders
+of its celebrated Peak, but he may remain for weeks together at the town
+of Santa Cruz without having a glimpse of it, and when its cloud-topped
+head emerges, the chance is, that he feels disappointed, for, from the
+point of view in which he sees it, the neighbouring mountains lessen its
+effect very considerably. Excepting the Peak, the eye receives little
+pleasure from the general face of the country, which is sterile and
+uninviting to the last degree. The town, however, from its cheerful
+white appearance, contrasted with the dreary brownness of the back
+ground, makes not an unpleasing coup d'oeil. It is neither irregular in
+its plan, nor despicable in its style of building; and the churches and
+religious houses are numerous, sumptuous, and highly ornamented.
+
+The morning of our arrival, as many officers as could be spared from the
+different ships were introduced to the Marquis de Brancifort, Governor
+of the Canary Islands, whose reception was highly flattering and polite.
+His Excellency is a Sicilian by birth, and is most deservedly popular in
+his government. He prefers residing at Teneriffe, for the conveniency
+of frequent communication with Europe, to the Grand Canary, which is
+properly the seat of power; and though not long fixed here, has already
+found means to establish a manufactory in cotton, silk, and thread,
+under excellent regulations, which employs more than sixty persons, and
+is of infinite service to the common people. During our short stay we
+had every day some fresh proof of his Excellency's esteem and attention,
+and had the honour of dining with him, in a style of equal elegance and
+splendor. At this entertainment the profusion of ices which appeared in
+the desert was surprising, considering that we were enjoying them under
+a sun nearly vertical. But it seems the caverns of the Peak, very far
+below its summit, afford, at all seasons, ice in abundance.
+
+The restless importunity of the beggars, and the immodesty of the lowest
+class of women, are highly disgusting. From the number of his countrymen
+to be found, an Englishman is at no loss for society. In the mercantile
+houses established here, it is from gentlemen of this description that
+any information is derived, for the taciturnity of the Spaniards is not
+to be overcome in a short acquaintance, especially by Englishmen, whose
+reserve falls little short of their own. The inland country is described
+as fertile, and highly romantic; and the environs of the small town of
+Laguza mentioned as particularly pleasant. Some of our officers who made
+an excursion to it confirmed the account amply.
+
+It should seem that the power of the Church, which has been so long
+on the decline in Europe, is at length beginning to be shaken in the
+colonies of the Catholic powers: some recent instances which have taken
+place at Teneriffe, evince it very fully. Were not a stranger, however,
+to be apprized of this, he would hardly draw the conclusion from his own
+observations. The Bishop of these islands, which conjunctively form a
+See, resides on the Grand Canary. He is represented as a man in years,
+and of a character as amiable as exalted, extremely beloved both by
+foreigners and those of his own church. The bishopric is valued at ten
+thousand pounds per annum; the government at somewhat less than two.
+
+In spite of every precaution, while we lay at anchor in the road, a
+convict had the address, one night, to secrete himself on the deck, when
+the rest were turned below; and after remaining quiet for some hours,
+let himself down over the bow of the ship, and floated to a boat that
+lay astern, into which he got, and cutting her adrift, suffered himself
+to be carried away by the current, until at a sufficient distance to
+be out of hearing, when he rowed off. This elopement was not discovered
+till some hours after, when a search being made, and boats sent to the
+different parts of the island, he was discovered in a small cove, to
+which he had fled for refuge. On being questioned, it appeared he had
+endeavoured to get himself received on board a Dutch East Indiaman in
+the road; but being rejected there, he resolved on crossing over to
+the Grand Canary, which is at the distance of ten leagues, and when
+detected, was recruiting his strength in order to make the attempt. At
+the same time that the boats of the fleet were sent on this pursuit,
+information was given to the Spanish Governor of what had happened,
+who immediately detached parties every way in order to apprehend the
+delinquent.
+
+Having remained a week at Teneriffe, and in that time completed our
+stock of water, and taken on board wine, &c. early on the morning of
+the 10th of June we weighed anchor, and stood out to sea with a light
+easterly breeze. The shortness of our stay, and the consequent hurry,
+prevented our increasing much any previous knowledge we might have had
+of the place. For the information of those who may follow us on this
+service, it may not, however, be amiss to state the little that will be
+found of use to them.
+
+The markets afford fresh meat, though it is neither plentiful nor good.
+Fish is scarce; but poultry may be procured in almost any quantity, at
+as cheap a rate as in the English sea-ports. Vegetables do not abound,
+except pumpkins and onions, of which I advise all ships to lay in a
+large stock. Milch goats are bought for a trifle, and easily procured.
+Grapes cannot be scarce in their season; but when we were here, except
+figs and excellent mulberries, no fruit was to be procured. Dry wines,
+as the merchants term them, are sold from ten to fifteen pounds a pipe;
+for the latter price, the very best, called the London Particular, may
+be bought: sweet wines are considerably dearer. Brandy is also a cheap
+article. I would not advise the voyager to depend on this place for
+either his hogs or sheep. And he will do well to supply himself with
+dollars before he quits England, to expend in the different ports he may
+happen to touch at. Should he, however, have neglected this precaution,
+let him remember when he discounts bills, or exchanges English money
+here, not to receive his returns in quarter dollars, which will be
+tendered to him, but altogether in whole ones, as he will find the
+latter turn to better account than the former, both at Rio de Janeiro
+and the Cape of Good Hope.
+
+The latitude of the town of Santa Cruz is 28 deg 27 1/2 min north, the
+longitude 16 deg 17 1/2 min west of Greenwich.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+
+The Passage from Teneriffe to Rio de Janeiro, in the Brazils.
+
+
+In sailing from Teneriffe to the south-east, the various and picturesque
+appearances of the Peak are beautiful to the highest degree. The
+stupendous height, which before was lost on the traveller, now strikes
+him with awe and admiration, the whole island appearing one vast
+mountain with a pyramidal top. As we proceeded with light winds, at an
+easy rate, we saw it distinctly for three days after our departure,
+and should have continued to see it longer, had not the haziness of the
+atmosphere interrupted our view. The good people of Santa Cruz tell some
+stories of the wonderful extent of space to be seen from the summit
+of it, that would not disgrace the memoirs of the ever-memorable Baron
+Munchausen.
+
+On the 18th of June we saw the most northerly of the Cape de Verd
+Islands, at which time the Commodore gave the fleet to understand, by
+signal, that his intention was to touch at some of them. The following
+day we made St. Jago, and stood in to gain an anchorage in Port Praya
+Bay. But the baffling winds and lee current rendering it a matter of
+doubt whether or not the ships would be able to fetch, the signal for
+anchoring was hauled down, and the fleet bore up before the wind. In
+passing along them we were enabled to ascertain the south end of the
+Isle of Sal to be in 16 deg 40 min north latitude, and 23 deg 5 min west
+longitude. The south end of Bonavista to be in 15 deg 57 min north, 23
+deg 8 min west. The south end of the Isle of May in 15 deg 11 min north,
+23 deg 26 min west; and the longitude of the fort, in the town of Port
+Praya, to be 23 deg 36 1/2 min west of Greenwich.
+
+By this time the weather, from the sun being so far advanced in the
+northern tropic, was become intolerably hot, which, joined to the heavy
+rains that soon after came on, made us very apprehensive for the health
+of the fleet. Contrary, however, to expectation, the number of sick in
+the ship I was embarked on was surprisingly small, and the rest of the
+fleet were nearly as healthy. Frequent explosions of gunpowder, lighting
+fires between decks, and a liberal use of that admirable antiseptic,
+oil of tar, were the preventives we made use of against impure air; and
+above all things we were careful to keep the men's bedding and wearing
+apparel dry. As we advanced towards the Line, the weather grew gradually
+better and more pleasant. On the 14th of July we passed the Equator, at
+which time the atmosphere was as serene, and the temperature of the air
+not hotter than in a bright summer day in England. From this period,
+until our arrival on the American coast, the heats, the calms, and
+the rains by which we had been so much incommoded, were succeeded by a
+series of weather as delightful as it was unlooked for. At three o'clock
+in the afternoon of the 2nd of August, the 'Supply', which had been
+previously sent a-head on purpose, made the signal for seeing the land,
+which was visible to the whole fleet before sunset, and proved to be
+Cape Frio, in latitude 23 deg 5 min south, longitude 41 deg 40 1/4 min
+west.
+
+Owing to light airs we did not get a-breast of the city of St.
+Sebastian, in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro, until the 7th of the month,
+when we anchored about three quarters of a mile from the shore.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+
+From the Arrival of the Fleet at Rio de Janeiro, till its Departure for
+the Cape of Good Hope; with some Remarks on the Brazils.
+
+
+Brazil is a country very imperfectly known in Europe. The Portugueze,
+from political motives, have been sparing in their accounts of it.
+Whence our descriptions of it, in the geographical publications in
+England, are drawn, I know not: that they are miserably erroneous and
+defective, is certain.
+
+The city of St. Sebastian stands on the west side of the harbour, in a
+low unhealthy situation, surrounded on all sides by hills, which
+stop the free circulation of air, and subject its inhabitants to
+intermittents and putrid diseases. It is of considerable extent: Mr.
+Cook makes it as large as Liverpool; but Liverpool, in 1767, when Mr.
+Cook wrote, was not two-thirds of its present size. Perhaps it
+equals Chester, or Exeter, in the share of ground it occupies, and is
+infinitely more populous than either of them. The streets intersect each
+other at right angles, are tolerably well built, and excellently paved,
+abounding with shops of every kind, in which the wants of a stranger,
+if money is not one of them, can hardly remain unsatisfied. About the
+centre of the city, and at a little distance from the beach, the Palace
+of the Viceroy stands, a long, low building, no wise remarkable in
+its exterior appearance; though within are some spacious and handsome
+apartments. The churches and convents are numerous, and richly
+decorated; hardly a night passes without some of the latter being
+illuminated in honour of their patron saints, which has a very brilliant
+effect when viewed from the water, and was at first mistaken by us for
+public rejoicings. At the corner of almost every street stands a little
+image of the Virgin, stuck round with lights in an evening, before which
+passengers frequently stop to pray and sing very loudly. Indeed, the
+height to which religious zeal is carried in this place, cannot fail
+of creating astonishment in a stranger. The greatest part of the
+inhabitants seem to have no other occupation, than that of paying visits
+and going to church, at which times you see them sally forth richly
+dressed, en chapeau bras, with the appendages of a bag for the hair,
+and a small sword: even boys of six years old are seen parading about,
+furnished with these indispensable requisites. Except when at their
+devotions, it is not easy to get a sight of the women, and when
+obtained, the comparisons drawn by a traveller, lately arrived from
+England, are little flattering to Portugueze beauty. In justice,
+however, to the ladies of St. Sebastian, I must observe, that the custom
+of throwing nosegays at strangers, for the purpose of bringing on an
+assignation, which Doctor Solander, and another gentleman of Mr. Cook's
+ship, met with when here, was never seen by any of us in a single
+instance. We were so deplorably unfortunate as to walk every evening
+before their windows and balconies, without being honoured with a single
+bouquet, though nymphs and flowers were in equal and great abundance.
+
+Among other public buildings, I had almost forgot to mention an
+observatory, which stands near the middle of the town, and is tolerably
+well furnished with astronomical instruments. During our stay here, some
+Spanish and Portuguese mathematicians were endeavouring to determine
+the boundaries of the territories belonging to their respective crowns.
+Unhappily, however, for the cause of science, these gentleman have not
+hitherto been able to coincide in their accounts, so that very little
+information on this head, to be depended upon, could be gained. How far
+political motives may have caused this disagreement, I do not presume to
+decide; though it deserves notice, that the Portuguese accuse the Abbee
+de la Caille, who observed here by order of the King of France, of
+having laid down the longitude of this place forty-five miles too much
+to the eastward.
+
+Until the year 1770, all the flour in the settlement was brought
+from Europe; but since that time the inhabitants have made so rapid a
+progress in raising grain, as to be able to supply themselves with it
+abundantly. The principal corn country lies around Rio Grande, in the
+latitude of 32 deg south, where wheat flourishes so luxuriantly, as to
+yield from seventy to eighty bushels for one. Coffee also, which they
+formerly received from Portugal, now grows in such plenty as to enable
+them to export considerable quantities of it. But the staple commodity
+of the country is sugar. That they have not, however, learnt the art
+of making palatable rum, the English troops in New South Wales can bear
+testimony; a large quantity, very ill flavoured, having been bought and
+shipped here for the use of the garrison of Port Jackson.
+
+It was in 1771 that St. Salvador, which had for more than a century been
+the capital of Brazil, ceased to be so; and that the seat of Government
+was removed to St. Sebastian. The change took place on account of
+the colonial war, at that time carried on by the Courts of Lisbon and
+Madrid. And, indeed, were the object of security alone to determine
+the seat of Government, I know but few places better situated in that
+respect than the one I am describing; the natural strength of the
+country, joined to the difficulties which would attend an attack on the
+fortifications, being such as to render it very formidable.
+
+It may be presumed that the Portuguese Government is well apprized of
+this circumstance and of the little risque they run in being deprived
+of so important a possession, else it will not be easy to penetrate the
+reasons which induce them to treat the troops who compose the garrison
+with such cruel negligence. Their regiments were ordered out with a
+promise of being relieved, and sent back to Europe at the end of
+three years, in conformity to which they settled all their domestic
+arrangements. But the faith of Government has been broken, and at the
+expiration of twenty years, all that is left to the remnant of these
+unfortunate men, is to suffer in submissive silence. I was one evening
+walking with a Portuguese officer, when this subject was started, and
+on my telling him, that such a breach of public honour to English troops
+would become a subject of parliamentary enquiry, he seized my hand
+with great eagerness, "Ah, Sir!" exclaimed he, "yours is a free
+country--we"!----His emotions spoke what his tongue refused.
+
+As I am mentioning the army, I cannot help observing, that I saw nothing
+here to confirm the remark of Mr. Cook, that the inhabitants of the
+place, whenever they meet an officer of the garrison, bow to him with
+the greatest obsequiousness; and by omitting such a ceremony, would
+subject themselves to be knocked down, though the other seldom deigns to
+return the compliment. The interchange of civilities is general between
+them, and seems by no means extorted. The people who could submit to
+such insolent superiority, would, indeed, deserve to be treated as
+slaves.
+
+The police of the city is very good. Soldiers patrole the streets
+frequently, and riots are seldom heard of. The dreadful custom of
+stabbing, from motives of private resentment, is nearly at an end,
+since the church has ceased to afford an asylum to murderers. In other
+respects, the progress of improvement appears slow, and fettered by
+obstacles almost insurmountable, whose baneful influence will continue,
+until a more enlightened system of policy shall be adopted. From morning
+to night the ears of a stranger are greeted by the tinkling of the
+convent bells, and his eyes saluted by processions of devotees, whose
+adoration and levity seem to keep equal pace, and succeed each other in
+turns. "Do you want to make your son sick of soldiering? Shew him the
+Trainbands of London on a field-day." Let him who would wish to give his
+son a distaste to Popery, point out to him the sloth, the ignorance, and
+the bigotry of this place.
+
+Being nearly ready to depart by the 1st of September, as many officers
+as possible went on that day to the palace to take leave of his
+Excellency, the Viceroy of the Brazils, to whom we had been previously
+introduced; who on this, and every other occasion, was pleased to honour
+us with the most distinguished marks of regard and attention. Some part,
+indeed, of the numerous indulgencies we experienced during our stay
+here, must doubtless be attributed to the high respect in which the
+Portuguese held Governor Phillip, who was for many years a captain in
+their navy, and commanded a ship of war on this station: in consequence
+of which, many privileges were extended to us, very unusual to be
+granted to strangers. We were allowed the liberty of making short
+excursions into the country, and on these occasions, as well as when
+walking in the city, the mortifying custom of having an officer of the
+garrison attending us was dispensed with on our leaving our names
+and ranks, at the time of landing, with the adjutant of orders at the
+palace. It happened, however, sometimes, that the presence of a
+military man was necessary to prevent imposition in the shopkeepers, who
+frequently made a practice of asking more for their goods than the worth
+of them. In which case an officer, when applied to, always told us the
+usual price of the commodity with the greatest readiness, and adjusted
+the terms of the purchase.
+
+On the morning of the fourth of September we left Rio de Janeiro,
+amply furnished with the good things which its happy soil and clime so
+abundantly produce. The future voyager may with security depend on
+this place for laying in many parts of his stock. Among these may be
+enumerated sugar, coffee, rum, port wine, rice, tapioca, and tobacco,
+besides very beautiful wood for the purposes of household furniture.
+Poultry is not remarkably cheap, but may be procured in any quantity;
+as may hops at a low rate. The markets are well supplied with butcher's
+meat, and vegetables of every sort are to be procured at a price next to
+nothing; the yams are particularly excellent. Oranges abound so much,
+as to be sold for sixpence a hundred; and limes are to be had on terms
+equally moderate. Bananas, cocoa nuts, and guavas, are common; but the
+few pineapples brought to market are not remarkable either for
+flavour, or cheapness. Besides the inducements to lay out money already
+mentioned, the naturalist may add to his collection by an almost endless
+variety of beautiful birds and curious insects, which are to be bought
+at a reasonable price, well preserved, and neatly assorted.
+
+I shall close my account of this place by informing strangers, who may
+come here, that the Portuguese reckon their money in rees, an imaginary
+coin, twenty of which make a small copper piece called a 'vintin', and
+sixteen of these last a 'petack'. Every piece is marked with the number
+of rees it is worth, so that a mistake can hardly happen. English silver
+coin has lost its reputation here, and dollars will be found preferable
+to any other money.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+
+The Passage from the Brazils to the Cape of Good Hope; with an Account
+of the Transactions of the Fleet there.
+
+
+Our passage from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of Good Hope was equally
+prosperous with that which had preceded it. We steered away to the
+south-east, and lost sight of the American coast the day after our
+departure. From this time until the 13th of October, when we made the
+Cape, nothing remarkable occurred, except the loss of a convict in the
+ship I was on board, who unfortunately fell into the sea, and perished
+in spite of our efforts to save him, by cutting adrift a life buoy and
+hoisting out a boat. During the passage, a slight dysentery prevailed
+in some of the ships, but was in no instance mortal. We were at first
+inclined to impute it to the water we took on board at the Brazils, but
+as the effect was very partial, some other cause was more probably the
+occasion of it.
+
+At seven o'clock in the evening of the 13th of October, we cast anchor
+in Table Bay, and found many ships of different nations in the harbour.
+
+Little can be added to the many accounts already published of the Cape
+of Good Hope, though, if an opinion on the subject might be risqued, the
+descriptions they contain are too flattering. When contrasted with Rio
+de Janeiro, it certainly suffers in the comparison. Indeed we arrived at
+a time equally unfavourable for judging of the produce of the soil and
+the temper of its cultivators, who had suffered considerably from a
+dearth that had happened the preceding season, and created a general
+scarcity. Nor was the chagrin of these deprivations lessened by the news
+daily arriving of the convulsions that shook the republic, which could
+not fail to make an impression even on Batavian phlegm.
+
+As a considerable quantity of flour, and the principal part of the live
+stock, which was to store our intended settlement, were meant to be
+procured here, Governor Phillip lost no time in waiting on Mynheer Van
+Graaffe, the Dutch Governor, to request permission (according to the
+custom of the place) to purchase all that we stood in need of. How far
+the demand extended, I know not, nor Mynheer Van Graaffe's reasons for
+complying with it in part only. To this gentleman's political sentiments
+I confess myself a stranger; though I should do his politeness and
+liberality at his own table an injustice, were I not to take this public
+opportunity of acknowledging them; nor can I resist the opportunity
+which presents itself, to inform my readers, in honor of M. Van
+Graaffe's humanity, that he has made repeated efforts to recover the
+unfortunate remains of the crew of the Grosvenor Indiaman, which was
+wrecked about five years ago on the coast of Caffraria. This information
+was given me by Colonel Gordon, commandant of the Dutch troops at the
+Cape, whose knowledge of the interior parts of this country surpasses
+that of any other man. And I am sorry to say that the Colonel added,
+these unhappy people were irrecoverably lost to the world and their
+friends, by being detained among the Caffres, the most savage set of
+brutes on earth.
+
+His Excellency resides at the Government house, in the East India
+Company's garden. This last is of considerable extent, and is planted
+chiefly with vegetables for the Dutch Indiamen which may happen to touch
+at the port. Some of the walks are extremely pleasant from the shade
+they afford, and the whole garden is very neatly kept. The regular lines
+intersecting each other at right angles, in which it is laid out, will,
+nevertheless, afford but little gratification to an Englishman, who
+has been used to contemplate the natural style which distinguishes the
+pleasure grounds of his own country. At the head of the centre walks
+stands a menagerie, on which, as well as the garden, many pompous
+eulogiums have been passed, though in my own judgment, considering the
+local advantages possessed by the Company, it is poorly furnished
+both with animals and birds; a tyger, a zebra, some fine ostriches, a
+cassowary, and the lovely crown-fowl, are among the most remarkable.
+
+The table land, which stands at the back of the town, is a black dreary
+looking mountain, apparently flat at top, and of more than eleven
+hundred yards in height. The gusts of wind which blow from it are
+violent to an excess, and have a very unpleasant effect, by raising
+the dust in such clouds, as to render stirring out of doors next to
+impossible. Nor can any precaution prevent the inhabitants from being
+annoyed by it, as much within doors as without.
+
+At length the wished-for day, on which the next effort for reaching the
+place of our destination was to be made, appeared. The morning was calm,
+but the land wind getting up about noon, on the 12th of November we
+weighed anchor, and soon left far behind every scene of civilization and
+humanized manners, to explore a remote and barbarous land; and plant in
+it those happy arts, which alone constitute the pre-eminence and dignity
+of other countries.
+
+The live animals we took on board on the public account from the Cape,
+for stocking our projected colony, were, two bulls, three cows, three
+horses, forty-four sheep, and thirty-two hogs, besides goats, and a very
+large quantity of poultry of every kind. A considerable addition to this
+was made by the private stocks of the officers, who were, however, under
+a necessity of circumscribing their original intentions on this head
+very much, from the excessive dearness of many of the articles. It will
+readily be believed, that few of the military found it convenient to
+purchase sheep, when hay to feed them costs sixteen shillings a hundred
+weight.
+
+The boarding-houses on shore, to which strangers have recourse, are more
+reasonable than might be expected. For a dollar and a half per day
+we were well lodged, and partook of a table tolerably supplied in the
+French style. Should a traveller's stock of tea run short, it is a
+thousand chances to one that he will be able to replenish it here at a
+cheaper rate than in England. He may procure plenty of arrack and white
+wine; also raisins, and dried fruits of other sorts. If he dislikes to
+live at a boarding-house, he will find the markets well stored, and the
+price of butcher's meat and vegetables far from excessive.
+
+Just before the signal for weighing was made, a ship, under American
+colours, entered the road, bound from Boston, from whence she had sailed
+one hundred and forty days, on a trading voyage to the East Indies. In
+her route, she had been lucky enough to pick up several of the inferior
+officers and crew of the Harcourt East-Indiaman, which ship had been
+wrecked on one of the Cape de Verd Islands. The master, who appeared
+to be a man of some information, on being told the destination of our
+fleet, gave it as his opinion, that if a reception could be secured,
+emigrations would take place to New South Wales, not only from the old
+continent, but the new one, where the spirit of adventure and thirst for
+novelty were excessive.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+
+The Passage from the Cape of Good Hope to Botany Bay.
+
+
+We had hardly cleared the land when a south-east wind set in, and,
+except at short intervals, continued to blow until the 19th of the
+month; when we were in the latitude of 37 deg 40 min south, and by the
+time-keeper, in longitude 11 deg 30 min east, so that our distance from
+Botany Bay had increased nearly an hundred leagues since leaving the
+Cape. As no appearance of a change in our favour seemed likely to take
+place, Governor Phillip at this time signified his intention of shifting
+his pennant from the Sirius to the 'Supply', and proceeding on his
+voyage without waiting for the rest of the fleet, which was formed in
+two divisions. The first consisting of three transports, known to be the
+best sailors, was put under the command of a Lieutenant of the navy;
+and the remaining three, with the victuallers, left in charge of Captain
+Hunter, of his Majesty's ship Sirius. In the last division was the
+vessel, in which the author of this narrative served. Various causes
+prevented the separation from taking place until the 25th, when several
+sawyers, carpenters, blacksmiths, and other mechanics, were shifted
+from different ships into the 'Supply', in order to facilitate his
+Excellency's intention of forwarding the necessary buildings to be
+erected at Botany Bay, by the time the rest of the fleet might be
+expected to arrive. Lieutenant Governor Ross, and the Staff of the
+marine battalion, also removed from the Sirius into the Scarborough
+transport, one of the ships of the first division, in order to afford
+every assistance which the public service might receive, by their being
+early on the spot on which our future operations were to be conducted.
+
+From this time a succession of fair winds and pleasant weather
+corresponded to our eager desires, and on the 7th of January, 1788, the
+long wished for shore of Van Diemen gratified our sight. We made the
+land at two o'clock in the afternoon, the very hour we expected to see
+it from the lunar observations of Captain Hunter, whose accuracy, as
+an astronomer, and conduct as an officer, had inspired us with equal
+gratitude and admiration.
+
+After so long a confinement, on a service so peculiarly disgusting and
+troublesome, it cannot be matter of surprise that we were overjoyed at
+the near prospect of a change of scene. By sunset we had passed between
+the rocks, which Captain Furneaux named the Mewstone and Swilly.
+The former bears a very close resemblance to the little island near
+Plymouth, whence it took its name: its latitude is 43 deg 48 min south,
+longitude 146 deg 25 min east of Greenwich.
+
+In running along shore, we cast many an anxious eye towards the land,
+on which so much of our future destiny depended. Our distance, joined to
+the haziness of the atmosphere, prevented us, however, from being able
+to discover much. With our best glasses we could see nothing but hills
+of a moderate height, cloathed with trees, to which some little patches
+of white sandstone gave the appearance of being covered with snow. Many
+fires were observed on the hills in the evening.
+
+As no person in the ship I was on board had been on this coast before,
+we consulted a little chart, published by Steele, of the Minories,
+London, and found it, in general, very correct; it would be more so,
+were not the Mewstone laid down at too great a distance from the land,
+and one object made of the Eddystone and Swilly, when, in fact, they
+are distinct. Between the two last is an entire bed of impassable rocks,
+many of them above water. The latitude of the Eddystone is 43 deg 53
+1/2 min, longitude 147 deg 9 min; that of Swilly 43 deg 54 min south,
+longitude 147 deg 3 min east of Greenwich.
+
+In the night the westerly wind, which had so long befriended us, died
+away, and was succeeded by one from the north-east. When day appeared
+we had lost sight of the land, and did not regain it until the 19th, at
+only the distance of 17 leagues from our desired port. The wind was now
+fair, the sky serene, though a little hazy, and the temperature of
+the air delightfully pleasant: joy sparkled in every countenance, and
+congratulations issued from every mouth. Ithaca itself was scarcely
+more longed for by Ulysses, than Botany Bay by the adventurers who had
+traversed so many thousand miles to take possession of it.
+
+"Heavily in clouds came on the day" which ushered in our arrival. To us
+it was "a great, an important day," though I hope the foundation, not
+the fall, of an empire will be dated from it.
+
+On the morning of the 20th, by ten o'clock, the whole of the fleet had
+cast anchor in Botany Bay, where, to our mutual satisfaction, we found
+the Governor, and the first division of transports. On inquiry, we
+heard, that the 'Supply' had arrived on the 18th, and the transports
+only the preceding day.
+
+Thus, after a passage of exactly thirty-six weeks from Portsmouth,
+we happily effected our arduous undertaking, with such a train
+of unexampled blessings as hardly ever attended a fleet in a like
+predicament. Of two hundred and twelve marines we lost only one; and of
+seven hundred and seventy-five convicts, put on board in England, but
+twenty-four perished in our route. To what cause are we to attribute
+this unhoped for success? I wish I could answer to the liberal manner in
+which Government supplied the expedition. But when the reader is told,
+that some of the necessary articles allowed to ships on a common passage
+to West Indies, were withheld from us; that portable soup, wheat, and
+pickled vegetables were not allowed; and that an inadequate quantity of
+essence of malt was the only antiscorbutic supplied, his surprise will
+redouble at the result of the voyage. For it must be remembered, that
+the people thus sent out were not a ship's company starting with every
+advantage of health and good living, which a state of freedom produces;
+but the major part a miserable set of convicts, emaciated from
+confinement, and in want of cloaths, and almost every convenience to
+render so long a passage tolerable. I beg leave, however, to say, that
+the provisions served on board were good, and of a much superior quality
+to those usually supplied by contract: they were furnished by Mr.
+Richards, junior, of Walworth, Surrey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+
+From the Fleet's Arrival at Botany Bay to the Evacuation of it; and
+taking Possession of Port Jackson. Interviews with the Natives; and an
+Account of the Country about Botany Bay.
+
+
+We had scarcely bid each other welcome on our arrival, when
+an expedition up the Bay was undertaken by the Governor and
+Lieutenant-Governor, in order to explore the nature of the country, and
+fix on a spot to begin our operations upon. None, however, which could
+be deemed very eligible, being discovered, his Excellency proceeded in
+a boat to examine the opening, to which Mr. Cook had given the name of
+Port Jackson, on an idea that a shelter for shipping within it might
+be found. The boat returned on the evening of the 23rd, with such an
+account of the harbour and advantages attending the place, that it
+was determined the evacuation of Botany Bay should commence the next
+morning.
+
+In consequence of this decision, the few seamen and marines who had
+been landed from the squadron, were instantly reimbarked, and every
+preparation made to bid adieu to a port which had so long been the
+subject of our conversation; which but three days before we had entered
+with so many sentiments of satisfaction; and in which, as we had
+believed, so many of our future hours were to be passed. The thoughts of
+removal banished sleep, so that I rose at the first dawn of the morning.
+But judge of my surprize on hearing from a serjeant, who ran down almost
+breathless to the cabin where I was dressing, that a ship was seen off
+the harbour's mouth. At first I only laughed, but knowing the man
+who spoke to me to be of great veracity, and hearing him repeat his
+information, I flew upon deck, on which I had barely set my foot, when
+the cry of "another sail" struck on my astonished ear.
+
+Confounded by a thousand ideas which arose in my mind in an instant, I
+sprang upon the barricado and plainly descried two ships of considerable
+size, standing in for the mouth of the Bay. By this time the alarm had
+become general, and every one appeared lost in conjecture. Now they were
+Dutchmen sent to dispossess us, and the moment after storeships from
+England, with supplies for the settlement. The improbabilities which
+attended both these conclusions, were sunk in the agitation of the
+moment. It was by Governor Phillip, that this mystery was at length
+unravelled, and the cause of the alarm pronounced to be two French
+ships, which, it was now recollected, were on a voyage of discovery
+in the southern hemisphere. Thus were our doubts cleared up, and our
+apprehensions banished; it was, however, judged expedient to postpone
+our removal to Port Jackson, until a complete confirmation of our
+conjectures could be procured.
+
+Had the sea breeze set in, the strange ships would have been at anchor
+in the Bay by eight o'clock in the morning, but the wind blowing out,
+they were driven by a strong lee current to the southward of the port.
+On the following day they re-appeared in their former situation, and a
+boat was sent to them, with a lieutenant of the navy in her, to offer
+assistance, and point out the necessary marks for entering the harbour.
+In the course of the day the officer returned, and brought intelligence
+that the ships were the Boussole and Astrolabe, sent out by order of
+the King of France, and under the command of Monsieur De Perrouse. The
+astonishment of the French at seeing us, had not equalled that we had
+experienced, for it appeared, that in the course of their voyage they
+had touched at Kamschatka, and by that means learnt that our expedition
+was in contemplation. They dropped anchor the next morning, just as
+we had got under weigh to work out of the Bay, so that for the present
+nothing more than salutations could pass between us.
+
+Before I quit Botany Bay, I shall relate the observations we were
+enabled to make during our short stay there; as well as those which our
+subsequent visits to it from Port Jackson enabled us to complete.
+
+The Bay is very open, and greatly exposed to the fury of the S.E. winds,
+which, when they blow, cause a heavy and dangerous swell. It is of
+prodigious extent, the principal arm, which takes a S.W. direction,
+being not less, including its windings, than twenty four miles from the
+capes which form the entrance, according to the report of the French
+officers, who took uncommon pains to survey it. At the distance of a
+league from the harbour's mouth is a bar, on which at low water, not
+more than fifteen feet are to be found. Within this bar, for many miles
+up the S.W. arm, is a haven, equal in every respect to any hitherto
+known, and in which any number of ships might anchor, secured from all
+winds. The country around far exceeds in richness of soil that about
+Cape Banks and Point Solander, though unfortunately they resemble each
+other in one respect, a scarcity of fresh water.
+
+We found the natives tolerably numerous as we advanced up the river, and
+even at the harbour's mouth we had reason to conclude the country more
+populous than Mr. Cook thought it. For on the Supply's arrival in the
+Bay on the 18th of the month, they were assembled on the beach of the
+south shore, to the number of not less than forty persons, shouting
+and making many uncouth signs and gestures. This appearance whetted
+curiosity to its utmost, but as prudence forbade a few people to venture
+wantonly among so great a number, and a party of only six men was
+observed on the north shore, the Governor immediately proceeded to land
+on that side, in order to take possession of his new territory, and
+bring about an intercourse between its old and new masters. The boat in
+which his Excellency was, rowed up the harbour, close to the land, for
+some distance; the Indians keeping pace with her on the beach. At last
+an officer in the boat made signs of a want of water, which it was
+judged would indicate his wish of landing. The natives directly
+comprehended what he wanted, and pointed to a spot where water could
+be procured; on which the boat was immediately pushed in, and a landing
+took place. As on the event of this meeting might depend so much of
+our future tranquillity, every delicacy on our side was requisite.
+The Indians, though timorous, shewed no signs of resentment at the
+Governor's going on shore; an interview commenced, in which the conduct
+of both parties pleased each other so much, that the strangers returned
+to their ships with a much better opinion of the natives than they had
+landed with; and the latter seemed highly entertained with their new
+acquaintance, from whom they condescended to accept of a looking glass,
+some beads, and other toys.
+
+Owing to the lateness of our arrival, it was not my good fortune to go
+on shore until three days after this had happened, when I went with a
+party to the south side of the harbour, and had scarcely landed five
+minutes, when we were met by a dozen Indians, naked as at the moment of
+their birth, walking along the beach. Eager to come to a conference, and
+yet afraid of giving offence, we advanced with caution towards them,
+nor would they, at first approach nearer to us than the distance of
+some paces. Both parties were armed; yet an attack seemed as unlikely on
+their part, as we knew it to be on our own.
+
+I had at this time a little boy, of not more than seven years of age, in
+my hand. The child seemed to attract their attention very much, for they
+frequently pointed to him and spoke to each other; and as he was not
+frightened, I advanced with him towards them, at the same time baring
+his bosom and, shewing the whiteness of the skin. On the cloaths being
+removed, they gave a loud exclamation, and one of the party, an old man,
+with a long beard, hideously ugly, came close to us. I bade my little
+charge not to be afraid, and introduced him to the acquaintance of this
+uncouth personage. The Indian, with great gentleness, laid his hand on
+the child's hat, and afterwards felt his cloaths, muttering to himself
+all the while. I found it necessary, however, by this time to send away
+the child, as such a close connection rather alarmed him; and in this,
+as the conclusion verified, I gave no offence to the old gentleman.
+Indeed it was but putting ourselves on a par with them, as I had
+observed from the first, that some youths of their own, though
+considerably older than the one with us, were, kept back by the grown
+people.
+
+Several more now came up, to whom, we made various presents, but our
+toys seemed not to be regarded as very valuable; nor would they for a
+long time make any returns to them, though before we parted, a large
+club, with a head almost sufficient to fell an ox, was obtained in
+exchange for a looking-glass. These people seemed at a loss to know
+(probably from our want of beards) of what sex we were, which having
+understood, they burst into the most immoderate fits of laughter,
+talking to each other at the same time with such rapidity and
+vociferation as I had never before heard. After nearly an hour's
+conversation by signs and gestures, they repeated several times the word
+whurra, which signifies, begone, and walked away from us to the head of
+the Bay.
+
+The natives being departed, we set out to observe the country, which,
+on inspection, rather disappointed our hopes, being invariably sandy and
+unpromising for the purposes of cultivation, though the trees and grass
+flourish in great luxuriancy. Close to us was the spring at which Mr.
+Cook watered, but we did not think the water very excellent, nor did
+it run freely. In the evening we returned on board, not greatly pleased
+with the latter part of our discoveries, as it indicated an increase of
+those difficulties, which before seemed sufficiently numerous.
+
+Between this and our departure we had several more interviews with the
+natives, which ended in so friendly a manner, that we began to entertain
+strong hopes of bringing about a connection with them. Our first object
+was to win their affections, and our next to convince them of the
+superiority we possessed: for without the latter, the former we knew
+would be of little importance.
+
+An officer one day prevailed on one of them to place a target, made of
+bark, against a tree, which he fired at with a pistol, at the distance
+of some paces. The Indians, though terrified at the report, did not run
+away, but their astonishment exceeded their alarm, on looking at the
+shield which the ball had perforated. As this produced a little shyness,
+the officer, to dissipate their fears and remove their jealousy,
+whistled the air of Malbrooke, which they appeared highly charmed
+with, and imitated him with equal pleasure and readiness. I cannot help
+remarking here, what I was afterwards told by Monsieur De Perrouse, that
+the natives of California, and throughout all the islands of the Pacific
+Ocean, and in short wherever he had been, seemed equally touched and
+delighted with this little plaintive air.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+
+The taking Possession of Port Jackson, with the Disembarkation of the
+Marines and Convicts.
+
+
+Our passage to Port Jackson took up but few hours, and those were spent
+far from unpleasantly. The evening was bright, and the prospect before
+us such as might justify sanguine expectation. Having passed between the
+capes which form its entrance, we found ourselves in a port superior, in
+extent and excellency, to all we had seen before. We continued to run
+up the harbour about four miles, in a westerly direction, enjoying the
+luxuriant prospect of its shores, covered with trees to the water's
+edge, among which many of the Indians were frequently seen, till we
+arrived at a small snug cove on the southern side, on whose banks the
+plan of our operations was destined to commence.
+
+The landing of a part of the marines and convicts took place the next
+day, and on the following, the remainder was disembarked. Business
+now sat on every brow, and the scene, to an indifferent spectator,
+at leisure to contemplate it, would have been highly picturesque and
+amusing. In one place, a party cutting down the woods; a second, setting
+up a blacksmith's forge; a third, dragging along a load of stones or
+provisions; here an officer pitching his marquee, with a detachment of
+troops parading on one side of him, and a cook's fire blazing up on
+the other. Through the unwearied diligence of those at the head of the
+different departments, regularity was, however, soon introduced, and, as
+far as the unsettled state of matters would allow, confusion gave place
+to system.
+
+Into the head of the cove, on which our establishment is fixed, runs a
+small stream of fresh water, which serves to divide the adjacent country
+to a little distance, in the direction of north and south. On the
+eastern side of this rivulet the Governor fixed his place of residence,
+with a large body of convicts encamped near him; and on the western
+side was disposed the remaining part of these people, near the marine
+encampment. From this last two guards, consisting of two subalterns, as
+many serjeants, four corporals, two drummers, and forty-two private men,
+under the orders of a Captain of the day, to whom all reports were
+made, daily mounted for the public security, with such directions to
+use force, in case of necessity, as left no room for those who were the
+object of the order, but to remain peaceable, or perish by the bayonet.
+
+As the straggling of the convicts was not only a desertion from the
+public labour, but might be attended with ill consequences to the
+settlement, in case of their meeting the natives, every care was taken
+to prevent it. The Provost Martial with his men was ordered to patrole
+the country around, and the convicts informed, that the severest
+punishment would be inflicted on transgressors. In spite, however, of
+all our precautions, they soon found the road to Botany Bay, in visits
+to the French, who would gladly have dispensed with their company.
+
+But as severity alone was known to be inadequate at once to chastize and
+reform, no opportunity was omitted to assure the convicts, that by
+their good behaviour and submissive deportment, every claim to present
+distinction and future favour was to be earned. That this caution was
+not attended with all the good effects which were hoped from it, I have
+only to lament; that it operated in some cases is indisputable; nor will
+a candid and humane mind fail to consider and allow for the situation
+these unfortunate beings so peculiarly stood in. While they were on
+board ship, the two sexes had been kept most rigorously apart; but,
+when landed, their separation became impracticable, and would have been,
+perhaps, wrong. Licentiousness was the unavoidable consequence, and
+their old habits of depravity were beginning to recur. What was to be
+attempted? To prevent their intercourse was impossible; and to palliate
+its evils only remained. Marriage was recommended, and such advantages
+held out to those who aimed at reformation, as have greatly contributed
+to the tranquillity of the settlement.
+
+On the Sunday after our landing divine service was performed under a
+great tree, by the Rev. Mr. Johnson, Chaplain of the Settlement, in the
+presence of the troops and convicts, whose behaviour on the occasion
+was equally regular and attentive. In the course of our passage this
+had been repeated every Sunday, while the ships were in port; and in
+addition to it, Mr. Johnson had furnished them with books, at once
+tending to promote instruction and piety.
+
+The Indians for a little while after our arrival paid us frequent
+visits, but in a few days they were observed to be more shy of our
+company. From what cause their distaste: arose we never could trace,
+as we had made it our study, on these occasions, to treat them with
+kindness, and load them with presents. No quarrel had happened, and we
+had flattered ourselves, from Governor Phillip's first reception among
+them, that such a connection might be established as would tend to the
+interest of both parties. It seems, that on that occasion, they not only
+received our people with great cordiality, but so far acknowledged their
+authority as to submit, that a boundary, during their first interview,
+might be drawn on the sand, which they attempted not to infringe, and
+appeared to be satisfied with.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+
+
+The reading of the Commissions, and taking Possession of the Settlement,
+in form. With an Account of the Courts of Law, and Mode of administering
+Public Justice in this Country.
+
+
+Owing to the multiplicity of pressing business necessary to be performed
+immediately after landing, it was found impossible to read the public
+commissions and take possession of the colony in form, until the 7th of
+February. On that day all the officers of guard took post in the marine
+battalion, which was drawn up, and marched off the parade with music
+playing, and colours flying, to an adjoining ground, which had been
+cleared for the occasion, whereon the convicts were assembled to hear
+His Majesty's commission read, appointing his Excellency Arthur Phillip,
+Esq. Governor and Captain General in and over the territory of New South
+Wales, and its dependencies; together with the Act of Parliament for
+establishing trials by law within the same; and the patents under the
+Great Seal of Great Britain, for holding the civil and criminal courts
+of judicature, by which all cases of life and death, as well as matters
+of property, were to be decided. When the Judge Advocate had finished
+reading, his Excellency addressed himself to the convicts in a pointed
+and judicious speech, informing them of his future intentions, which
+were, invariably to cherish and render happy those who shewed a
+disposition to amendment; and to let the rigour of the law take its
+course against such as might dare to transgress the bounds prescribed.
+At the close three vollies were fired in honour of the occasion, and the
+battalion marched back to their parade, where they were reviewed by the
+Governor, who was received with all the honours due to his rank. His
+Excellency was afterwards pleased to thank them, in public orders,
+for their behaviour from the time of their embarkation; and to ask the
+officers to partake of a cold collation at which it is scarce
+necessary to observe, that many loyal and public toasts were drank in
+commemoration of the day.
+
+In the Governor's commission, the extent of this authority is defined
+to reach from the latitude of 43 deg 49 min south, to the latitude of
+10 deg 37 min south, being the northern and southern extremities of
+the continent of New Holland. It commences again at 135th degree of
+longitude east of Greenwich, and, proceeding in an easterly direction,
+includes all islands within the limits of the above specified latitudes
+in the Pacific Ocean. By this partition it may be fairly presumed, that
+every source of future litigation between the Dutch and us will be
+for ever cut off, as the discoveries of English navigators alone are
+comprized in this territory.
+
+Nor have Government been more backward in arming Mr. Phillip with
+plenitude of power, than extent of dominion. No mention is made of a
+Council to be appointed, so that he is left to act entirely from his own
+judgment. And as no stated time of assembling the Courts of justice is
+pointed out, similar to the assizes and gaol deliveries of England,
+the duration of imprisonment is altogether in his hands. The power of
+summoning General Courts Martial to meet he is also invested with, but
+the insertion in the marine mutiny act, of a smaller number of officers
+than thirteen being able to compose such a tribunal, has been neglected:
+so that a Military court, should detachments be made from headquarters,
+or sickness prevail, may not always be found practicable to be obtained,
+unless the number of officers, at present in the Settlement, shall be
+increased.
+
+Should the Governor see cause, he is enabled to grant pardons to
+offenders convicted, "in all cases whatever, treason and wilful murder
+excepted," and even in these, has authority to stay the execution of
+the law, until the King's pleasure shall be signified. In case of the
+Governor's death, the Lieutenant Governor takes his place; and on his
+demise, the senior officer on the spot is authorised to assume the reins
+of power.
+
+Notwithstanding the promises made on one side, and the forbearance
+shewn on the other, joined to the impending rod of justice, it was
+with infinite regret that every one saw, in four clays afterwards, the
+necessity of assembling a Criminal Court, which was accordingly convened
+by warrant from the Governor, and consisted of the judge Advocate, who
+presided, three naval, and three marine officers.
+
+As the constitution of this court is altogether new in the British
+annals, I hope my reader will not think me prolix in the description
+I am about to give of it. The number of members, including the judge
+Advocate, is limited, by Act of Parliament, to seven, who are expressly
+ordered to be officers, either of His Majesty's sea or land forces. The
+court being met, completely arrayed and armed as at a military tribunal,
+the Judge Advocate proceeds to administer the usual oaths taken by
+jurymen in England to each member; one of whom afterwards swears him
+in a like manner. This ceremony being adjusted, the crime laid to the
+prisoner's charge is read to him, and the question of Guilty, or Not
+guilty, put. No law officer on the side of the crown being appointed,
+(for I presume the head of the court ought hardly to consider himself
+in that light, notwithstanding the title he bears) to prosecute the
+criminal is left entirely to the party, at whose suit he is tried. All
+the witnesses are examined on oath, and the decision is directed to
+be given according to the laws of England, "or as nearly as may be,
+allowing for the circumstances and situation of the settlement," by a
+majority of votes, beginning with the youngest member, and ending with
+the president of the court. In cases, however, of a capital nature,
+no verdict can be given, unless five, at least, of the seven members
+present concur therein. The evidence on both sides being finished,
+and the prisoner's defence heard, the court is cleared, and, on the
+judgement being settled, is thrown open again, and sentence pronounced.
+During the time the court sits, the place in which it is assembled is
+directed to be surrounded by a guard under arms, and admission to every
+one who may choose to enter it, granted. Of late, however, our colonists
+are supposed to be in such a train of subordination, as to make the
+presence of so large a military force unnecessary; and two centinels, in
+addition to the Provost Martial, are considered as sufficient.
+
+It would be as needless, as impertinent, to anticipate the reflections
+which will arise in reading the above account, wherein a regard to
+accuracy only has been consulted. By comparing it with the mode of
+administering justice in the English courts of law, it will be found to
+differ in many points very essentially. And if we turn our eyes to
+the usage of military tribunals, it no less departs from the customs
+observed in them. Let not the novelty of it, however, prejudice any one
+so far as to dispute its efficacy, and the necessity of the case which
+gave it birth.
+
+The court, whose meeting is already spoken of, proceeded to the trial of
+three convicts, one of whom was convicted of having struck a marine with
+a cooper's adze, and otherwise behaving in a very riotous and scandalous
+manner, for which he was sentenced to receive one hundred and fifty
+lashes, being a smaller punishment than a soldier in a like case would
+have suffered from the judgement of a court martial. A second, for
+having committed a petty theft, was sent to a small barren island,
+and kept there on bread and water only, for a week. And the third was
+sentenced to receive fifty lashes, but was recommended by the court to
+the Governor, and forgiven.
+
+Hitherto, however, (February) nothing of a very atrocious nature had
+appeared. But the day was at hand, on which the violation of public
+security could no longer be restrained, by the infliction of temporary
+punishment. A set of desperate and hardened villains leagued themselves
+for the purposes of depredation, and, as it generally happens, had art
+enough to persuade some others, less deeply versed in iniquity, to be
+the instruments for carrying it on. Fortunately the progress of these
+miscreants was not of long duration. They were detected in stealing a
+large quantity of provisions at the time of issuing them. And on being
+apprehended, one of the tools of the superiors impeached the rest, and
+disclosed the scheme. The trial came on the 28th of the month, and of
+four who were arraigned for the offence, three were condemned to die,
+and the fourth to receive a very severe corporal punishment. In hopes
+that his lenity would not be abused, his Excellency was, however,
+pleased to order one only for execution, which took place a little
+before sun-set the same day. The name of the unhappy wretch was Thomas
+Barret, an old and desperate offender, who died with that hardy spirit,
+which too often is found in the worst and most abandoned class of men.
+During the execution the battalion of marines was under arms, and the
+whole of the convicts obliged to be present. The two associates of the
+sufferer were ordered to be kept close prisoners, until an eligible
+place to banish them to could be fixed on; as were also two more, who on
+the following day were condemned to die for a similar offence.
+
+Besides the Criminal court, there is an inferior one composed of the
+Judge Advocate, and one or more justices of the peace, for the trial of
+small misdemeanours. This court is likewise empowered to decide all law
+suits, and its verdict is final, except where the sum in dispute amounts
+to more than three hundred pounds, in which case an appeal to England
+can be made from its decree. Should necessity warrant it, an Admiralty
+court, of which Lieutenant Governor Ross is judge, can also be summoned,
+for the trial of offences committed on the high seas.
+
+From being unwilling to break the thread of my narrative, I omitted to
+note in its proper place the sailing of the 'Supply', Lieut. Ball,
+on the 15th of the month, for Norfolk Island, which the Governor had
+instructions from the ministry to take possession of. Lieut. King of
+the Sirius was sent as superintendent and commandant of this place,
+and carried with him a surgeon, a midshipman, a sawyer, a weaver, two
+marines, and sixteen convicts, of whom six were women. He was also
+supplied with a certain number of live animals to stock the island,
+besides garden seeds, grain, and other requisites.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+
+A Description of the Natives of New South Wales, and our Transactions
+with them.
+
+
+I doubt not my readers will be as glad as I feel myself, to conclude the
+dull detail of the last chapter. If they please, they may turn from the
+subtle intricacies of the law, to contemplate the simple, undisguised
+workings of nature, in her most artless colouring.
+
+I have already said, we had been but very few days at Port Jackson, when
+an alteration in the behaviour of the natives was perceptible; and I
+wish I could add, that a longer residence in their neighbourhood had
+introduced a greater degree of cordiality and intermixture between
+the old, and new, lords of the soil, than at the day on which this
+publication is dated subsists.
+
+From their easy reception of us in the beginning, many were induced to
+call in question the accounts which Mr. Cook had given of this people.
+That celebrated navigator, we were willing believe, had somehow by
+his conduct offended them, which prevented the intercourse that would
+otherwise have taken place. The result, however, of our repeated
+endeavours to induce them to come among us has been such as to confirm
+me in an opinion, that they either fear or despise us too much, to be
+anxious for a closer connection. And I beg leave at once, to apprize the
+reader, that all I can here, or in any future part of this work, relate
+with fidelity of the natives of New South Wales, must be made up of
+detached observations, taken at different times, and not from a regular
+series of knowledge of the customs and manners of a people, with whom
+opportunities of communication are so scarce, as to have been seldom
+obtained.
+
+In their persons, they are far from being a stout race of men, though
+nimble, sprightly, and vigorous. The deficiency of one of the fore teeth
+of the upper jaw, mentioned by Dampier, we have seen in almost the whole
+of the men; but their organs of sight so far from being defective, as
+that author mentions those of the inhabitants of the western side of the
+continent to be, are remarkably quick and piercing. Their colour, Mr.
+Cook is inclined to think rather a deep chocolate, than an absolute
+black, though he confesses, they have the appearance of the latter,
+which he attributes to the greasy filth their skins are loaded with.
+Of their want of cleanliness we have had sufficient proofs, but I am of
+opinion, all the washing in the world would not render them two degrees
+less black than an African negro. At some of our first interviews, we
+had several droll instances of their mistaking the Africans we brought
+with us for their own countrymen.
+
+Notwithstanding the disregard they have invariably shewn for all the
+finery we could deck them with, they are fond of adorning themselves
+with scars, which increase their natural hideousness. It is hardly
+possible to see any thing in human shape more ugly, than one of these
+savages thus scarified, and farther ornamented with a fish bone struck
+through the gristle of the nose. The custom of daubing themselves
+with white earth is also frequent among both sexes: but, unlike the
+inhabitants of the Islands in the Pacific Ocean, they reject the
+beautiful feathers which the birds of their country afford.
+
+Exclusive of their weapons of offence, and a few stone hatchets very
+rudely fashioned, their ingenuity is confined to manufacturing small
+nets, in which they put the fish they catch, and to fish-hooks made of
+bone, neither of which are unskilfully executed. On many of the rocks
+are also to be found delineations of the figures of men and birds, very
+poorly cut.
+
+Of the use or benefit of cloathing, these people appear to have no
+comprehension, though their sufferings from the climate they live in,
+strongly point out the necessity of a covering from the rigour of the
+seasons. Both sexes, and those of all ages, are invariably found naked.
+But it must not be inferred from this, that custom so inures them to
+the changes of the elements, as to make them bear with indifference the
+extremes of heat and cold; for we have had visible and repeated proofs,
+that the latter affects them severely, when they are seen shivering,
+and huddling themselves up in heaps in their huts, or the caverns of the
+rocks, until a fire can be kindled.
+
+Than these huts nothing more rude in construction, or deficient in
+conveniency, can be imagined. They consist only of pieces of bark laid
+together in the form of an oven, open at one end, and very low, though
+long enough for a man to lie at full length. There is reason, however,
+to believe, that they depend less on them for shelter, than on the
+caverns with which the rocks abound.
+
+To cultivation of the ground they are utter strangers, and wholly depend
+for food on the few fruits they gather; the roots they dig up in the
+swamps; and the fish they pick up along shore, or contrive to strike
+from their canoes with spears. Fishing, indeed, seems to engross nearly
+the whole of their time, probably from its forming the chief part of a
+subsistence, which, observation has convinced us, nothing short of the
+most painful labour, and unwearied assiduity, can procure. When fish
+are scarce, which frequently happens, they often watch the moment of
+our hauling the seine, and have more than once been known to plunder its
+contents, in spite of the opposition of those on the spot to guard it:
+and this even after having received a part of what had been caught. The
+only resource at these times is to shew a musquet, and if the bare sight
+is not sufficient, to fire it over their heads, which has seldom failed
+of dispersing them hitherto, but how long the terror which it excites
+may continue is doubtful.
+
+The canoes in which they fish are as despicable as their huts, being
+nothing more than a large piece of bark tied up at both ends with vines.
+Their dexterous management of them, added to the swiftness with which
+they paddle, and the boldness that leads them several miles in the
+open sea, are, nevertheless, highly deserving of admiration. A canoe
+is seldom seen without a fire in it, to dress the fish by, as soon as
+caught: fire they procure by attrition.
+
+From their manner of disposing of those who die, which will be mentioned
+hereafter, as well as from every other observation, there seems no
+reason to suppose these people cannibals; nor do they ever eat animal
+substances in a raw state, unless pressed by extreme hunger, but
+indiscriminately broil them, and their vegetables, on a fire, which
+renders these last an innocent food, though in their raw state many of
+them are of a poisonous quality: as a poor convict who unguardedly
+eat of them experienced, by falling a sacrifice in twenty-four hours
+afterwards. If bread be given to the Indians, they chew and spit it
+out again, seldom choosing to swallow it. Salt beef and pork they like
+rather better, but spirits they never could be brought to taste a second
+time.
+
+The only domestic animal they have is the dog, which in their language
+is called Dingo, and a good deal resembles the fox dog of England. These
+animals are equally shy of us, and attached to the natives. One of them
+is now in the possession of the Governor, and tolerably well reconciled
+to his new master. As the Indians see the dislike of the dogs to us,
+they are sometimes mischievous enough to set them on single persons
+whom they chance to meet in the woods. A surly fellow was one day out
+shooting, when the natives attempted to divert themselves in this manner
+at his expense. The man bore the teazing and gnawing of the dog at his
+heels for some time, but apprehending at length, that his patience might
+embolden them to use still farther liberties, he turned round and shot
+poor Dingo dead on the spot: the owners of him set off with the utmost
+expedition.
+
+There is no part of the behaviour of these people, that has puzzled us
+more, than that which relates to their women. Comparatively speaking we
+have seen but few of them, and those have been sometimes kept back with
+every symptom of jealous sensibility; and sometimes offered with every
+appearance of courteous familiarity. Cautious, however, of alarming the
+feelings of the men on so tender a point, we have constantly made a rule
+of treating the females with that distance and reserve, which we judged
+most likely to remove any impression they might have received of our
+intending aught, which could give offence on so delicate a subject. And
+so successful have our endeavours been, that a quarrel on this head
+has in no instance, that I know of, happened. The tone of voice of the
+women, which is pleasingly soft and feminine, forms a striking contrast
+to the rough guttural pronunciation of the men. Of the other charms
+of the ladies I shall be silent, though justice obliges me to mention,
+that, in the opinion of some amongst us, they shew a degree of timidity
+and bashfulness, which are, perhaps, inseparable from the female
+character in its rudest state. It is not a little singular, that the
+custom of cutting off the two lower joints of the little finger of the
+left hand, observed in the Society Islands, is found here among the
+women, who have for the most part undergone this amputation. Hitherto
+we have not been able to trace out the cause of this usage. At first we
+supposed it to be peculiar to the married women, or those who had borne
+children; but this conclusion must have been erroneous, as we have no
+right to believe that celibacy prevails in any instance, and some of the
+oldest of the women are without this distinction; and girls of a very
+tender age are marked by it.
+
+On first setting foot in the country, we were inclined to hold the
+spears of the natives very cheap. Fatal experience has, however,
+convinced us, that the wound inflicted by this weapon is not a trivial
+one; and that the skill of the Indians in throwing it, is far from
+despicable. Besides more than a dozen convicts who have unaccountably
+disappeared, we know that two, who were employed as rush cutters up
+the harbour, were (from what cause we are yet ignorant) most dreadfully
+mangled and butchered by the natives. A spear had passed entirely
+through the thickest part of the body of one of them, though a very
+robust man, and the skull of the other was beaten in. Their tools were
+taken away, but some provisions which they had with them at the time of
+the murder, and their cloaths, were left untouched. In addition to this
+misfortune, two more convicts, who were peaceably engaged in picking of
+greens, on a spot very remote from that where their comrades suffered,
+were unawares attacked by a party of Indians, and before they could
+effect their escape, one of them was pierced by a spear in the hip,
+after which they knocked him down, and plundered his cloaths. The poor
+wretch, though dreadfully wounded, made shift to crawl off, but his
+companion was carried away by these barbarians, and his fate doubtful,
+until a soldier, a few days afterwards, picked up his jacket and hat
+in a native's hut, the latter pierced through by a spear. We have found
+that these spears are not made invariably alike, some of them being
+barbed like a fish gig, and others simply pointed. In repairing them
+they are no less dexterous than in throwing them. A broken one
+being given by a gentleman to an Indian, he instantly snatched up an
+oyster-shell, and converted it with his teeth into a tool with which
+he presently fashioned the spear, and rendered it fit for use: in
+performing this operation, the sole of his foot served him as a
+work-board. Nor are their weapons of offence confined to the spear only,
+for they have besides long wooden swords, shaped like a sabre, capable
+of inflicting a mortal wound, and clubs of an immense size. Small
+targets, made of the bark of trees, are likewise now and then to be seen
+among them.
+
+From circumstances which have been observed, we have sometimes been
+inclined to believe these people at war with each other. They have more
+than once been seen assembled, as if bent on an expedition. An officer
+one day met fourteen of them marching along in a regular Indian file
+through the woods, each man armed with a spear in his right hand, and
+a large stone in his left: at their head appeared a chief, who was
+distinguished by being painted. Though in the proportion of five to one
+of our people they passed peaceably on.
+
+That their skill in throwing the spear sometimes enables them to kill
+the kangaroo we have no right to doubt, as a long splinter of this
+weapon was taken out of the thigh of one of these animals, over which
+the flesh had completely closed; but we have never discovered that they
+have any method of ensnaring them, or that they know any other beasts
+but the kangaroo and dog. Whatever animal is shewn them, a dog excepted,
+they call kangaroo: a strong presumption that the wild animals of the
+country are very few.
+
+Soon after our arrival at Port Jackson, I was walking out near a place
+where I observed a party of Indians, busily employed in looking at some
+sheep in an inclosure, and repeatedly crying out, 'kangaroo, kangaroo!'
+As this seemed to afford them pleasure, I was willing to increase it by
+pointing out the horses and cows, which were at no great distance. But
+unluckily, at the moment, some female convicts, employed near the place,
+made their appearance, and all my endeavours to divert their attention
+from the ladies became fruitless. They attempted not, however, to offer
+them the least degree of violence or injury, but stood at the distance
+of several paces, expressing very significantly the manner they were
+attracted.
+
+It would be trespassing on the reader's indulgence were I to impose
+on him an account of any civil regulations, or ordinances, which may
+possibly exist among this people. I declare to him, that I know not of
+any, and that excepting a little tributary respect which the younger
+part appear to pay those more advanced in years, I never could observe
+any degrees of subordination among them. To their religious rites and
+opinions I am equally a stranger. Had an opportunity offered of seeing
+the ceremonies observed at disposing of the dead, perhaps, some insight
+might have been gained; but all that we at present know with certainty
+is, that they burn the corpse, and afterwards heap up the earth around
+it, somewhat in the manner of the small tumuli, found in many counties
+of England.
+
+I have already hinted, that the country is more populous than it was
+generally believed to be in Europe at the time of our sailing. But
+this remark is not meant to be extended to the interior parts of the
+continent, which there is every reason to conclude from our researches,
+as well as from the manner of living practised by the natives, to be
+uninhabited. It appears as if some of the Indian families confine their
+society and connections within their own pale: but that this cannot
+always be the case we know; for on the north-west arm of Botany Bay
+stands a village, which contains more than a dozen houses, and
+perhaps five times that number of people; being the most considerable
+establishment that we are acquainted with in the country. As a striking
+proof, besides, of the numerousness of the natives, I beg leave to
+state, that Governor Phillip, when on an excursion between the head of
+this harbour and that of Botany Bay, once fell in with a party which
+consisted of more than three hundred persons, two hundred and twelve of
+whom were men: this happened only on the day following the murder of the
+two convict rush cutters, before noticed, and his Excellency was at
+the very time in search of the murderers, on whom, could they have been
+found, he intended to inflict a memorable and exemplary punishment. The
+meeting was unexpected to both parties, and considering the critical
+situation of affairs, perhaps not very pleasing to our side, which
+consisted but of twelve persons, until the peaceable disposition of
+the Indians was manifest. After the strictest search the Governor was
+obliged to return without having gained any information. The laudable
+perseverance of his Excellency to throw every light on this unhappy and
+mysterious business did not, however stop here, for he instituted the
+most rigorous inquiry to find out, if possible, whether the convicts
+had at any time ill treated or killed any of the natives; and farther,
+issued a proclamation, offering the most tempting of all rewards, a
+state of freedom, to him who should point out the murderer, in case such
+an one existed.
+
+I have thus impartially stated the situation of matters, as they stand,
+while I write, between the natives and us; that greater progress in
+attaching them to us has not been made, I have only to regret; but that
+all ranks of men have tried to effect it, by every reasonable effort
+from which success might have been expected, I can testify; nor can
+I omit saying, that in the higher stations this has been eminently
+conspicuous. The public orders of Governor Phillip have invariably
+tended to promote such a behaviour on our side, as was most likely
+to produce this much wished-for event. To what cause then are we to
+attribute the distance which the accomplishment of it appears at? I
+answer, to the fickle, jealous, wavering disposition of the people we
+have to deal with, who, like all other savages, are either too indolent,
+too indifferent, or too fearful to form an attachment on easy terms,
+with those who differ in habits and manners so widely from themselves.
+Before I close the subject, I cannot, however, omit to relate the
+following ludicrous adventure, which possibly may be of greater use in
+effecting what we have so much at heart, than all our endeavours.
+
+Some young gentlemen belonging to the Sirius one day met a native, an
+old man, in the woods; he had a beard of considerable length, which his
+new acquaintance gave him to understand, by signals, they would rid him
+of, if he pleased; stroaking their chins, and shewing him the smoothness
+of them at the same time; at length the old Indian consented, and one of
+the youngsters taking a penknife from his pocket, and making use of the
+best substitute for lather he could find, performed the operation with
+great success, and, as it proved, much to the liking of the old man, who
+in a few days after reposed a confidence in us, of which we had hitherto
+known no example, by paddling along-side the Sirius in his canoe, and
+pointing to his beard. Various arts were ineffectually tried to induce
+him to enter the ship; but as he continued to decline the invitation,
+a barber was sent down into the boat along-side the canoe, from whence,
+leaning over the gunnel, he complied with the wish of the old beau, to
+his infinite satisfaction. In addition to the consequences which our
+sanguine hopes led us to expect from this dawning of cordiality, it
+affords proof, that the beard is considered by this people more as an
+incumbrance than a mark of dignity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+The Departure of the French from Botany Bay; and the Return of the
+'Supply' from Norfolk Island; with a Discovery made by Lieutenant Ball
+on his Passage to it.
+
+
+About the middle of the month our good friends the French departed from
+Botany Bay, in prosecution of their voyage. During their stay in that
+port, the officers of the two nations had frequent opportunities of
+testifying their mutual regard by visits, and every interchange of
+friendship and esteem. These ships sailed from France, by order of
+the King, on the 1st of August, 1785, under the command of Monsieur
+De Perrouse, an officer whose eminent qualifications, we had reason
+to think, entitle him to fill the highest stations. In England,
+particularly, he ought long to be remembered with admiration and
+gratitude, for the humanity which marked his conduct, when ordered to
+destroy our settlement at Hudson's Bay, in the last war. His second
+in command was the Chevalier Clonard, an officer also of distinguished
+merit.
+
+In the course of the voyage these ships had been so unfortunate as
+to lose a boat, with many men and officers in her, off the west of
+California; and afterwards met with an accident still more to be
+regretted, at an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Monsieur
+Bougainville, in the latitude of 14 deg 19 min south, longitude 173 deg
+3 min 20 sec east of Paris. Here they had the misfortune to have no less
+than thirteen of their crews, among whom was the officer at that time
+second in command, cut off by the natives, and many more desperately
+wounded. To what cause this cruel event was to be attributed, they knew
+not, as they were about to quit the island after having lived with the
+Indians in the greatest harmony for several weeks; and exchanged, during
+the time, their European commodities for the produce of the place, which
+they describe as filled with a race of people remarkable for beauty and
+comeliness; and abounding in refreshments of all kinds.
+
+It was no less gratifying to an English ear, than honourable to Monsieur
+De Perrouse, to witness the feeling manner in which he always mentioned
+the name and talents of Captain Cook. That illustrious circumnavigator
+had, he said, left nothing to those who might follow in his track to
+describe, or fill up. As I found, in the course of conversation, that
+the French ships had touched at the Sandwich Islands, I asked M. De
+Perrouse what reception he had met with there. His answer deserves to be
+known: "During the whole of our voyage in the South Seas, the people of
+the Sandwich Islands were the only Indians who never gave us cause of
+complaint. They furnished us liberally with provisions, and administered
+cheerfully to all our wants." It may not be improper to remark, that
+Owhyee was not one of the islands visited by this gentleman.
+
+In the short stay made by these ships at Botany Bay, an Abbe, one of
+the naturalists on board, died, and was buried on the north shore. The
+French had hardly departed, when the natives pulled down a small board,
+which had been placed over the spot where the corpse was interred, and
+defaced everything around. On being informed of it, the Governor sent
+a party over with orders to affix a plate of copper on a tree near the
+place, with the following inscription on it, which is a copy of what was
+written on the board:
+
+     Hic jacet L. RECEVEUR,
+     E.F.F. minnibus Galliae, Sacerdos, Physicus, in
+     circumnavigatione mundi, Duce De La Perrouse.
+     Obiit die 17 Februarii, anno 1788.
+
+This mark of respectful attention was more particularly due, from M. De
+Perrouse having, when at Kamschatka, paid a similar tribute of gratitude
+to the memory of Captain Clarke, whose tomb was found in nearly as
+ruinous a state as that of the Abbe.
+
+Like ourselves, the French found it necessary, more than once, to
+chastise a spirit of rapine and intrusion which prevailed among the
+Indians around the Bay. The menace of pointing a musquet to them was
+frequently used; and in one or two instances it was fired off, though
+without being attended with fatal consequences. Indeed the French
+commandant, both from a regard to the orders of his Court as well as to
+our quiet and security, shewed a moderation and forbearance on this head
+highly becoming.
+
+On the 20th of March, the 'Supply' arrived from Norfolk Island, after
+having safely landed Lieutenant King and his little garrison. The
+pine-trees growing there are described to be of a growth and height
+superior, perhaps, to any in the world. But the difficulty of bringing
+them away will not be easily surmounted, from the badness and danger of
+the landing place. After the most exact search not a single plant of the
+New Zealand flax could be found, though we had been taught to believe it
+abounded there.
+
+Lieutenant Ball, in returning to Port Jackson, touched at a small
+island in latitude 31 deg 36 min south, longitude 159 deg 4 min east of
+Greenwich, which he had been fortunate enough to discover on his passage
+to Norfolk, and to which he gave the name of Lord Howe's Island. It
+is entirely without inhabitants, or any traces of any having ever been
+there. But it happily abounds in what will be infinitely more important
+to the settlers on New South Wales: green turtle of the finest kind
+frequent it in the summer season. Of this Mr. Ball gave us some very
+handsome and acceptable specimens on his return. Besides turtle, the
+island is well stocked with birds, many of them so tame as to be knocked
+down by the seamen with sticks. At the distance of four leagues from
+Lord Howe Island, and in latitude 31 deg 30 min south, longitude 159 deg
+8 min east, stands a remarkable rock, of considerable height, to which
+Mr. Ball gave the name of Ball's Pyramid, from the shape it bears.
+
+While the 'Supply' was absent, Governor Phillip made an excursion to
+Broken Bay, a few leagues to the northward of Port Jackson, in order to
+explore it. As a harbour it almost equals the latter, but the adjacent
+country was found so rocky and bare, as to preclude all possibility of
+turning it to account. Some rivulets of fresh water fall into the head
+of the Bay, forming a very picturesque scene. The Indians who live
+on its banks are numerous, and behaved attentively in a variety of
+instances while our people remained among them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+
+Transactions at Port Jackson in the Months of April and May.
+
+
+As winter was fast approaching, it became necessary to secure ourselves
+in quarters, which might shield us from the cold we were taught to
+expect in this hemisphere, though in so low a latitude. The erection
+of barracks for the soldiers was projected, and the private men of
+each company undertook to build for themselves two wooden houses, of
+sixty-eight feet in length, and twenty-three in breadth. To forward the
+design, several saw-pits were immediately set to work, and four ship
+carpenters attached to the battalion, for the purpose of directing and
+completing this necessary undertaking. In prosecuting it, however,
+so many difficulties occurred, that we were fain to circumscribe our
+original intention; and, instead of eight houses, content ourselves with
+four. And even these, from the badness of the timber, the scarcity of
+artificers, and other impediments, are, at the day on which I write, so
+little advanced, that it will be well, if at the close of the year 1788,
+we shall be established in them. In the meanwhile the married people,
+by proceeding on a more contracted scale, were soon under comfortable
+shelter. Nor were the convicts forgotten; and as leisure was frequently
+afforded them for the purpose, little edifices quickly multiplied on the
+ground allotted them to build upon.
+
+But as these habitations were intended by Governor Phillip to answer
+only the exigency of the moment, the plan of the town was drawn, and the
+ground on which it is hereafter to stand surveyed, and marked out.
+To proceed on a narrow, confined scale, in a country of the extensive
+limits we possess, would be unpardonable: extent of empire demands
+grandeur of design. That this has been our view will be readily
+believed, when I tell the reader, that the principal street in our
+projected city will be, when completed, agreeable to the plan laid
+down, two hundred feet in breadth, and all the rest of a corresponding
+proportion. How far this will be accompanied with adequate dispatch, is
+another question, as the incredulous among us are sometimes hardy enough
+to declare, that ten times our strength would not be able to finish it
+in as many years.
+
+Invariably intent on exploring a country, from which curiosity promises
+so many gratifications, his Excellency about this time undertook an
+expedition into the interior parts of the continent. His party consisted
+of eleven persons, who, after being conveyed by water to the head of
+the harbour, proceeded in a westerly direction, to reach a chain of
+mountains, which in clear weather are discernible, though at an immense
+distance, from some heights near our encampment. With unwearied industry
+they continued to penetrate the country for four days; but at the end of
+that time, finding the base of the mountain to be yet at the distance
+of more than twenty miles, and provisions growing scarce, it was judged
+prudent to return, without having accomplished the end for which the
+expedition had been undertaken. To reward their toils, our adventurers
+had, however, the pleasure of discovering and traversing an extensive
+tract of ground, which they had reason to believe, from the observations
+they were enabled to make, capable of producing every thing, which
+a happy soil and genial climate can bring forth. In addition to this
+flattering appearance, the face of the country is such, as to
+promise success whenever it shall be cultivated, the trees being at
+a considerable distance from each other, and the intermediate space
+filled, not with underwood, but a thick rich grass, growing in the
+utmost luxuriancy. I must not, however, conceal, that in this long
+march, our gentlemen found not a single rivulet, but were under a
+necessity of supplying themselves with water from standing pools, which
+they met with in the vallies, supposed to be formed by the rains that
+fall at particular seasons of the year. Nor had they the good fortune to
+see any quadrupeds worth notice, except a few kangaroos. To their great
+surprize, they observed indisputable tracks of the natives having been
+lately there, though in their whole route none of them were to be seen;
+nor any means to be traced, by which they could procure subsistence so
+far from the sea shore.
+
+On the 6th of May the 'Supply' sailed for Lord Howe Island, to take on
+board turtle for the settlement; but after waiting there several days
+was obliged to return without having seen one, owing we apprehended to
+the advanced season of the year. Three of the transports also, which
+were engaged by the East India Company to proceed to China, to take on
+board a lading of tea, sailed about this time for Canton.
+
+The unsuccessful return of the 'Supply' cast a general damp on our
+spirits, for by this time fresh provisions were become scarcer than in
+a blockaded town. The little live stock, which with so heavy an expense,
+and through so many difficulties, we had brought on shore, prudence
+forbade us to use; and fish, which on our arrival, and for a short time
+after had been tolerable plenty, were become so scarce, as to be rarely
+seen at the tables of the first among us. Had it not been for a stray
+kangaroo, which fortune now and then threw in our way, we should have
+been utter strangers to the taste of fresh food.
+
+Thus situated, the scurvy began its usual ravages, and extended its
+baneful influence, more or less, through all descriptions of persons.
+Unfortunately the esculent vegetable productions of the country are
+neither plentiful, nor tend very effectually to remove this disease.
+And, the ground we had turned up and planted with garden seeds, either
+from the nature of the soil, or, which is more probable, the lateness
+of the season, yielded but a scanty and insufficient supply of what we
+stood so greatly in need of.
+
+During the period I am describing, few enormous offences were
+perpetrated by the convicts. A petty theft was now and then heard
+of, and a spirit of refractory sullenness broke out at times in some
+individuals: one execution only, however, took place. The sufferer, who
+was a very young man, was convicted of a burglary, and met his fate with
+a hardiness and insensibility, which the grossest ignorance, and most
+deplorable want of feeling, alone could supply.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+
+From the Beginning of June, to the Departure of the Ships for Europe.
+
+
+Hours of festivity, which under happier skies pass away unregarded,
+and are soon consigned to oblivion, acquire in this forlorn and distant
+circle a superior degree of acceptable importance.
+
+On the anniversary of the King's birthday all the officers not on duty,
+both of the garrison and his Majesty's ships, dined with the Governor.
+On so joyful an occasion, the first too ever celebrated in our new
+settlement, it were needless to say, that loyal conviviality dictated
+every sentiment, and inspired every guest. Among other public toasts
+drank, was, Prosperity to Sydney Cove, in Cumberland county, now named
+so by authority. At day-light in the morning the ships of war had fired
+twenty-one guns each, which was repeated at noon, and answered by three
+vollies from the battalion of marines.
+
+Nor were the officers alone partakers of the general relaxation. The
+four unhappy wretches labouring under sentence of banishment were freed
+from their fetters, to rejoin their former society; and three days given
+as holidays to every convict in the colony. Hospitality too, which ever
+acquires a double relish by being extended, was not forgotten on the 4th
+of June, when each prisoner, male and female, received an allowance of
+grog; and every non-commissioned officer and private soldier had the
+honor of drinking prosperity to his royal master, in a pint of porter,
+served out at the flag staff, in addition to the customary allowance
+of spirits. Bonfires concluded the evening, and I am happy to say, that
+excepting a single instance which shall be taken notice of hereafter, no
+bad consequence, or unpleasant remembrance, flowed from an indulgence so
+amply bestowed.
+
+About this time (June) an accident happened, which I record with much
+regret. The whole of our black cattle, consisting of five cows and a
+bull, either from not being properly secured, or from the negligence
+of those appointed to take care of them, strayed into the woods, and in
+spite of all the search we have been able to make, are not yet found.
+As a convict of the name of Corbet, who was accused of a theft, eloped
+nearly at the same time, it was at first believed, that he had taken the
+desperate measure of driving off the cattle, in order to subsist on them
+as long as possible; or perhaps to deliver them to the natives. In this
+uncertainty, parties to search were sent out in different directions;
+and the fugitive declared an outlaw, in case of not returning by a fixed
+day. After much anxiety and fatigue, those who had undertaken the task
+returned without finding the cattle. But on the 21st of the month,
+Corbet made his appearance near a farm belonging to the Governor, and
+entreated a convict, who happened to be on the spot, to give him some
+food, as he was perishing for hunger. The man applied to, under pretence
+of fetching what he asked for, went away and immediately gave the
+necessary information, in consequence of which a party under arms was
+sent out and apprehended him. When the poor wretch was brought in, he
+was greatly emaciated and almost famished. But on proper restoratives
+being administered, he was so far recovered by the 24th, as to be able
+to stand his trial, when he pleaded Guilty to the robbery with which he
+stood charged, and received sentence of death. In the course of repeated
+examinations it plainly appeared, he was an utter stranger to the place
+where the cattle might be, and was in no shape concerned in having
+driven them off.
+
+Samuel Peyton, convict, for having on the evening of the King's
+birth-day broke open an officer's marquee, with an intent to commit
+robbery, of which he was fully convicted, had sentence of death passed
+on him at the same time as Corbet; and on the following day they were
+both executed, confessing the justness of their fate, and imploring the
+forgiveness of those whom they had injured. Peyton, at the time of his
+suffering, was but twenty years of age, the greatest part of which
+had been invariably passed in the commission of crimes, that at length
+terminated in his ignominious end. The following letter, written by a
+fellow convict to the sufferer's unhappy mother, I shall make no apology
+for presenting to the reader; it affords a melancholy proof, that
+not the ignorant and untaught only have provoked the justice of their
+country to banish them to this remote region.
+
+
+Sydney Cove, Port Jackson,
+
+New South Wales, 24th June, 1788.
+
+"My dear and honoured mother!
+
+"With a heart oppressed by the keenest sense of anguish, and too much
+agitated by the idea of my very melancholy condition, to express my own
+sentiments, I have prevailed on the goodness of a commiserating friend,
+to do me the last sad office of acquainting you with the dreadful fate
+that awaits me.
+
+"My dear mother! with what agony of soul do I dedicate the few
+last moments of my life, to bid you an eternal adieu! my doom being
+irrevocably fixed, and ere this hour to-morrow I shall have quitted this
+vale of wretchedness, to enter into an unknown and endless eternity. I
+will not distress your tender maternal feelings by any long comment on
+the cause of my present misfortune. Let it therefore suffice to say,
+that impelled by that strong propensity to evil, which neither the
+virtuous precepts nor example of the best of parents could eradicate, I
+have at length fallen an unhappy, though just, victim to my own follies.
+
+"Too late I regret my inattention to your admonitions, and feel myself
+sensibly affected by the remembrance of the many anxious moments you
+have passed on my account. For these, and all my other transgressions,
+however great, I supplicate the Divine forgiveness; and encouraged by
+the promises of that Saviour who died for us all, I trust to receive
+that mercy in the world to come, which my offences have deprived me of
+all hope, or expectation of, in this. The affliction which this will
+cost you, I hope the Almighty will enable you to bear. Banish from your
+memory all my former indiscretions, and let the cheering hope of a happy
+meeting hereafter, console you for my loss. Sincerely penitent for my
+sins; sensible of the justice of my conviction and sentence, and firmly
+relying on the merits of a Blessed Redeemer, I am at perfect peace with
+all mankind, and trust I shall yet experience that peace, which this
+world cannot give. Commend my soul to the Divine mercy. I bid you an
+eternal farewell.
+
+"Your unhappy dying Son,
+
+"SAMUEL PEYTON."
+
+
+After this nothing occurred with which I think it necessary to trouble
+the reader. The contents of the following chapters could not, I
+conceive, be so properly interwoven in the body of the work; I have,
+therefore, assigned them a place by themselves, with a view that the
+conclusions adopted in them may be more strongly enforced on the minds
+of those, to whom they are more particularly addressed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+
+The Face of the Country; its Productions, Climate, &c.
+
+
+To the geographical knowledge of this country, supplied by Captain Cook,
+and Captain Furneaux, we are able to add nothing. The latter explored
+the coast from Van Diemen's land to the latitude of 39 deg south;
+and Cook from Point Hicks, which lies in 37 deg 58 min, to Endeavour
+Streights. The intermediate space between the end of Furneaux's
+discovery and Point Hicks, is, therefore, the only part of the
+south-east coast unknown, and it so happened on our passage thither,
+owing to the weather, which forbade any part of the ships engaging with
+the shore, that we are unable to pronounce whether, or not, a streight
+intersects the continent hereabouts: though I beg leave to say, that I
+have been informed by a naval friend, that when the fleet was off this
+part of the coast, a strong set-off shore was plainly felt.
+
+At the distance of 60 miles inland, a prodigious chain of lofty
+mountains runs nearly in a north and south direction, further than the
+eye can trace them. Should nothing intervene to prevent it, the Governor
+intends, shortly, to explore their summits: and, I think there can be
+little doubt, that his curiosity will not go unrewarded. If large rivers
+do exist in the country, which some of us are almost sceptical enough
+to doubt, their sources must arise amidst these hills; and the direction
+they run in, for a considerable distance, must be either due north, or
+due south. For it is strikingly singular that three such noble harbours
+as Botany Bay, Port Jackson, and Broken Bay, alike end in shallows and
+swamps, filled with mangroves.
+
+The general face of the country is certainly pleasing, being diversified
+with gentle ascents, and little winding vallies, covered for the most
+part with large spreading trees, which afford a succession of leaves
+in all seasons. In those places where trees are scarce, a variety of
+flowering shrubs abound, most of them entirely new to an European,
+and surpassing in beauty, fragrance, and number, all I ever saw in an
+uncultivated state: among these, a tall shrub, bearing an elegant white
+flower, which smells like English May, is particularly delightful, and
+perfumes the air around to a great distance. The species of trees are
+few, and, I am concerned to add, the wood universally of so bad a grain,
+as almost to preclude a possibility of using it: the increase of labour
+occasioned by this in our buildings has been such, as nearly to exceed
+belief. These trees yield a profusion of thick red gum (not unlike the
+'sanguis draconis') which is found serviceable in medicine, particularly
+in dysenteric complaints, where it has sometimes succeeded, when all
+other preparations have failed. To blunt its acrid qualities, it is
+usual to combine it with opiates.
+
+The nature of the soil is various. That immediately round Sydney Cove is
+sandy, with here and there a stratum of clay. From the sand we have yet
+been able to draw very little; but there seems no reason to doubt, that
+many large tracts of land around us will bring to perfection whatever
+shall be sown in them. To give this matter a fair trial, some practical
+farmers capable of such an undertaking should be sent out; for the spots
+we have chosen for experiments in agriculture, in which we can scarce
+be supposed adepts, have hitherto but ill repaid our toil, which may be
+imputable to our having chosen such as are unfavourable for our purpose.
+
+Except from the size of the trees, the difficulties of clearing the land
+are not numerous, underwood being rarely found, though the country
+is not absolutely without it. Of the natural meadows which Mr. Cook
+mentions near Botany Bay, we can give no account; none such exist about
+Port Jackson. Grass, however, grows in every place but the swamps with
+the greatest vigour and luxuriancy, though it is not of the finest
+quality, and is found to agree better with horses and cows than sheep. A
+few wild fruits are sometimes procured, among which is the small purple
+apple mentioned by Cook, and a fruit which has the appearance of a
+grape, though in taste more like a green gooseberry, being excessively
+sour: probably were it meliorated by cultivation, it would become more
+palatable.
+
+Fresh water, as I have said before, is found but in inconsiderable
+quantities. For the common purposes of life there is generally enough;
+but we know of no stream in the country capable of turning a mill: and
+the remark made by Mr. Anderson, of the dryness of the country round
+Adventure Bay, extends without exception to every part of it which we
+have penetrated.
+
+Previous to leaving England I remember to have frequently heard it
+asserted, that the discovery of mines was one of the secondary objects
+of the expedition. Perhaps there are mines; but as no person competent
+to form a decision is to be found among us, I wish no one to adopt an
+idea, that I mean to impress him with such a belief, when I state, that
+individuals, whose judgements are not despicable, are willing to think
+favourably of this conjecture, from specimens of ore seen in many of the
+stones picked up here. I cannot quit this subject without regretting,
+that some one capable of throwing a better light on it, is not in the
+colony. Nor can I help being equally concerned, that an experienced
+botanist was not sent out, for the purpose of collecting and describing
+the rare and beautiful plants with which the country abounds. Indeed,
+we flattered ourselves, when at the Cape of Good Hope, that Mason, the
+King's botanical gardener, who was employed there in collecting for the
+royal nursery at Kew, would have joined us, but it seems his orders and
+engagements prevented him from quitting that beaten track, to enter on
+this scene of novelty and variety.
+
+To the naturalist this country holds out many invitations. Birds, though
+not remarkably numerous, are in great variety, and of the most exquisite
+beauty of plumage, among which are the cockatoo, lory, and parroquet;
+but the bird which principally claims attention is, a species of
+ostrich, approaching nearer to the emu of South America than any other
+we know of. One of them was shot, at a considerable distance, with a
+single ball, by a convict employed for that purpose by the Governor; its
+weight, when complete, was seventy pounds, and its length from the end
+of the toe to the tip of the beak, seven feet two inches, though there
+was reason to believe it had not attained its full growth. On dissection
+many anatomical singularities were observed: the gall-bladder was
+remarkably large, the liver not bigger than that of a barn-door fowl,
+and after the strictest search no gizzard could be found; the legs,
+which were of a vast length, were covered with thick, strong scales,
+plainly indicating the animal to be formed for living amidst deserts;
+and the foot differed from an ostrich's by forming a triangle, instead
+of being cloven.
+
+Goldsmith, whose account of the emu is the only one I can refer to,
+says, "that it is covered from the back and rump with long feathers,
+which fall backward, and cover the anus; these feathers are grey on
+the back, and white on the belly." The wings are so small as hardly to
+deserve the name, and are unfurnished with those beautiful ornaments
+which adorn the wings of the ostrich: all the feathers are extremely
+coarse, but the construction of them deserves notice--they grow in pairs
+from a single shaft, a singularity which the author I have quoted has
+omitted to remark. It may be presumed, that these birds are not very
+scarce, as several have been seen, some of them immensely large, but
+they are so wild, as to make shooting them a matter of great difficulty.
+Though incapable of flying, they run with such swiftness, that our
+fleetest greyhounds are left far behind in every attempt to catch them.
+The flesh was eaten, and tasted like beef.
+
+Besides the emu, many birds of prodigious size have been seen, which
+promise to increase the number of those described by naturalists,
+whenever we shall be fortunate enough to obtain them; but among these
+the bat of the Endeavour River is not to be found. In the woods are
+various little songsters, whose notes are equally sweet and plaintive.
+
+Of quadrupeds, except the kangaroo, I have little to say. The few met
+with are almost invariably of the opossum tribe, but even these do not
+abound. To beasts of prey we are utter strangers, nor have we yet any
+cause to believe that they exist in the country. And happy it is for us
+that they do not, as their presence would deprive us of the only fresh
+meals the settlement affords, the flesh of the kangaroo. This singular
+animal is already known in Europe by the drawing and description of Mr.
+Cook. To the drawing nothing can be objected but the position of the
+claws of the hinder leg, which are mixed together like those of a
+dog, whereas no such indistinctness is to be found in the animal I am
+describing. It was the Chevalier De Perrouse who pointed out this to me,
+while we were comparing a kangaroo with the plate, which, as he justly
+observed, is correct enough to give the world in general a good idea of
+the animal, but not sufficiently accurate for the man of science.
+
+Of the natural history of the kangaroo we are still very ignorant.
+We may, however, venture to pronounce this animal, a new species of
+opossum, the female being furnished with a bag, in which the young is
+contained; and in which the teats are found. These last are only two in
+number, a strong presumptive proof, had we no other evidence, that
+the kangaroo brings forth rarely more than one at a birth. But this
+is settled beyond a doubt, from more than a dozen females having
+been killed, which had invariably but one formed in the pouch.
+Notwithstanding this, the animal may be looked on as prolific, from the
+early age it begins to breed at, kangaroos with young having been taken
+of not more than thirty pounds weight; and there is room to believe that
+when at their utmost growth, they weigh not less than one hundred and
+fifty pounds. A male of one hundred and thirty pounds weight has been
+killed, whose dimensions were as follows:
+
+     ------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                             Feet.             Inches.
+     Extreme length                            7                  3
+     Ditt of the tail                          3                  4 1/2
+     Ditto of the hinder legs                  3                  2
+     Ditto of the fore paws                    1                  7 1/2
+     Circumference of the tail of the root     1                  5
+     ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+After this perhaps I shall hardly be credited, when I affirm that the
+kangaroo on being brought forth is not larger than an English mouse.
+It is, however, in my power to speak positively on this head, as I have
+seen more than one instance of it.
+
+In running, this animal confines himself entirely to his hinder, legs,
+which are possessed with an extraordinary muscular power. Their speed
+is very great, though not in general quite equal to that of a greyhound;
+but when the greyhounds are so fortunate as to seize them, they are
+incapable of retaining their hold, from the amazing struggles of the
+animal. The bound of the kangaroo, when not hard pressed, has been
+measured, and found to exceed twenty feet.
+
+At what time of the year they copulate, and in what manner, we know
+not: the testicles of the male are placed contrary to the usual order of
+nature.
+
+When young the kangaroo eats tender and well flavoured, tasting like
+veal, but the old ones are more tough and stringy than bullbeef. They
+are not carnivorous, and subsist altogether on particular flowers and
+grass. Their bleat is mournful, and very different from that of any
+other animal: it is, however, seldom heard but in the young ones.
+
+Fish, which our sanguine hopes led us to expect in great quantities, do
+not abound. In summer they are tolerably plentiful, but for some months
+past very few have been taken. Botany Bay in this respect exceeds Port
+Jackson. The French once caught near two thousand fish in one day, of
+a species of grouper, to which, from the form of a bone in the head
+resembling a helmet, we have given the name of light horseman. To this
+may be added bass, mullets, skait, soles, leather-jackets, and many
+other species, all so good in their kind, as to double our regret at
+their not being more numerous. Sharks of an enormous size are found
+here. One of these was caught by the people on board the Sirius, which
+measured at the shoulders six feet and a half in circumference. His
+liver yielded twenty-four gallons of oil; and in his stomach was found
+the head of a shark, which had been thrown overboard from the same ship.
+The Indians, probably from having felt the effects of their voracious
+fury, testify the utmost horror on seeing these terrible fish.
+
+Venomous animals and reptiles are rarely seen. Large snakes beautifully
+variegated have been killed, but of the effect of their bites we are
+happily ignorant. Insects, though numerous, are by no means, even in
+summer, so troublesome as I have found them in America, the West Indies,
+and other countries.
+
+The climate is undoubtedly very desirable to live in. In summer the
+heats are usually moderated by the sea breeze, which sets in early;
+and in winter the degree of cold is so slight as to occasion no
+inconvenience; once or twice we have had hoar frosts and hail, but
+no appearance of snow. The thermometer has never risen beyond 84, nor
+fallen lower than 35, in general it stood in the beginning of February
+at between 78 and 74 at noon. Nor is the temperature of the air less
+healthy than pleasant. Those dreadful putrid fevers by which new
+countries are so often ravaged, are unknown to us: and excepting a
+slight diarrhoea, which prevailed soon after we had landed, and was
+fatal in very few instances, we are strangers to epidemic diseases.
+
+On the whole, (thunder storms in the hot months excepted) I know not any
+climate equal to this I write in. Ere we had been a fortnight on shore
+we experienced some storms of thunder accompanied with rain, than
+which nothing can be conceived more violent and tremendous, and their
+repetition for several days, joined to the damage they did, by killing
+several of our sheep, led us to draw presages of an unpleasant
+nature. Happily, however, for many months we have escaped any similar
+visitations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+
+The Progress made in the Settlement; and the Situation of Affairs at the
+Time of the Ship, which conveys this Account, sailing for England.
+
+
+For the purpose of expediting the public work, the male convicts have
+been divided into gangs, over each of which a person, selected from
+among themselves, is placed. It is to be regretted that Government did
+not take this matter into consideration before we left England, and
+appoint proper persons with reasonable salaries to execute the office of
+overseers; as the consequence of our present imperfect plan is such, as
+to defeat in a great measure the purposes for which the prisoners were
+sent out. The female convicts have hitherto lived in a state of total
+idleness; except a few who are kept at work in making pegs for tiles,
+and picking up shells for burning into lime. For the last time I repeat,
+that the behaviour of all classes of these people since our arrival in
+the settlement has been better than could, I think, have been expected
+from them.
+
+Temporary wooden storehouses covered with thatch or shingles, in which
+the cargoes of all the ships have been lodged, are completed; and
+an hospital is erected. Barracks for the military are considerably
+advanced; and little huts to serve, until something more permanent can
+be finished, have been raised on all sides. Notwithstanding this the
+encampments of the marines and convicts are still kept up; and to
+secure their owners from the coldness of the nights, are covered in with
+bushes, and thatched over.
+
+The plan of a town I have already said is marked out. And as freestone
+of an excellent quality abounds, one requisite towards the completion
+of it is attained. Only two houses of stone are yet begun, which are
+intended for the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. One of the greatest
+impediments we meet with is a want of limestone, of which no signs
+appear. Clay for making bricks is in plenty, and a considerable quantity
+of them burned and ready for use.
+
+In enumerating the public buildings I find I have been so remiss as
+to omit an observatory, which is erected at a small distance from
+the encampments. It is nearly completed, and when fitted up with the
+telescopes and other astronomical instruments sent out by the Board of
+Longitude, will afford a desirable retreat from the listlessness of a
+camp evening at Port Jackson. One of the principal reasons which induced
+the Board to grant this apparatus was, for the purpose of enabling
+Lieutenant Dawes, of the marines, (to whose care it is intrusted) to
+make observations on a comet which is shortly expected to appear in the
+southern hemisphere. The latitude of the observatory, from the result of
+more than three hundred observations, is fixed at 33 deg 52 min 30 sec
+south, and the longitude at 151 deg 16 min 30 sec east of Greenwich. The
+latitude of the south head which forms the entrance of the harbour, 33
+deg 51 min, and that of the north head opposite to it at 33 deg 49 min
+45 sec south.
+
+Since landing here our military force has suffered a diminution of only
+three persons, a serjeant and two privates. Of the convicts fifty-four
+have perished, including the executions. Amidst the causes of this
+mortality, excessive toil and a scarcity of food are not to be numbered,
+as the reader will easily conceive, when informed, that they have
+the same allowance of provisions as every officer and soldier in the
+garrison; and are indulged by being exempted from labour every Saturday
+afternoon and Sunday. On the latter of those days they are expected
+to attend divine service, which is performed either within one of the
+storehouses, or under a great tree in the open air, until a church can
+be built.
+
+Amidst our public labours, that no fortified post, or place of security,
+is yet begun, may be a matter of surprise. Were an emergency in the
+night to happen, it is not easy to say what might not take place before
+troops, scattered about in an extensive encampment, could be formed, so
+as to act. An event that happened a few evenings since may, perhaps, be
+the means of forwarding this necessary work. In the dead of night the
+centinels on the eastern side of the cove were alarmed by the voices
+of the Indians, talking near their posts. The soldiers on this occasion
+acted with their usual firmness, and without creating a disturbance,
+acquainted the officer of the guard with the circumstance, who
+immediately took every precaution to prevent an attack, and at the same
+time gave orders that no molestation, while they continued peaceable,
+should be offered them. From the darkness of the night, and the distance
+they kept at, it was not easy to ascertain their number, but from the
+sound of the voices and other circumstances, it was calculated at near
+thirty. To their intentions in honouring us with this visit (the only
+one we have had from them in the last five months) we are strangers,
+though most probably it was either with a view to pilfer, or to
+ascertain in what security we slept, and the precautions we used in the
+night. When the bells of the ships in the harbour struck the hour of the
+night, and the centinels called out on their posts "All's well," they
+observed a dead silence, and continued it for some minutes, though
+talking with the greatest earnestness and vociferation but the moment
+before. After having remained a considerable time they departed without
+interchanging a syllable with our people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+
+Some Thoughts on the Advantages which may arise to the Mother Country
+from forming the Colony.
+
+
+The author of these sheets would subject himself to the charge of
+presumption, were he to aim at developing the intentions of Government
+in forming this settlement. But without giving offence, or incurring
+reproach, he hopes his opinion on the probability of advantage to be
+drawn from hence by Great Britain, may be fairly made known.
+
+If only a receptacle for convicts be intended, this place stands
+unequalled from the situation, extent, and nature of the country. When
+viewed in a commercial light, I fear its insignificance will appear very
+striking. The New Zealand hemp, of which so many sanguine expectations
+were formed, is not a native of the soil; and Norfolk Island, where we
+made sure to find this article, is also without it. So that the scheme
+of being able to assist the East Indies with naval stores, in case of a
+war, must fall to the ground, both from this deficiency, and the quality
+of the timber growing here. Were it indeed possible to transport that of
+Norfolk Island, its value would be found very great, but the difficulty,
+from the surf, I am well informed, is so insuperable as to forbid
+the attempt. Lord Howe Island, discovered by Lieut. Ball, though an
+inestimable acquisition to our colony, produces little else than the
+mountain cabbage tree.
+
+Should a sufficient military force be sent out to those employed in
+cultivating the ground, I see no room to doubt, that in the course of
+a few years, the country will be able to yield grain enough for the
+support of its new possessors. But to effect this, our present limits
+must be greatly extended, which will require detachments of troops not
+to be spared from the present establishment. And admitting the position,
+the parent country will still have to supply us for a much longer time
+with every other necessary of life. For after what we have seen, the
+idea of being soon able to breed cattle sufficient for our consumption,
+must appear chimerical and absurd. From all which it is evident, that
+should Great Britain neglect to send out regular supplies, the most
+fatal consequences will ensue.
+
+Speculators who may feel inclined to try their fortunes here, will do
+well to weigh what I have said. If golden dreams of commerce and wealth
+flatter their imaginations, disappointment will follow: the remoteness
+of situation, productions of the country, and want of connection with
+other parts of the world, justify me in the assertion. But to men of
+small property, unambitious of trade, and wishing for retirement, I
+think the continent of New South Wales not without inducements. One
+of this description, with letters of recommendation, and a sufficient
+capital (after having provided for his passage hither) to furnish him
+with an assortment of tools for clearing land, agricultural and domestic
+purposes; possessed also of a few household utensils, a cow, a few sheep
+and breeding sows, would, I am of opinion, with proper protection and
+encouragement, succeed in obtaining a comfortable livelihood, were he
+well assured before he quitted his native country, that a provision for
+him until he might be settled, should be secured; and that a grant of
+land on his arrival would be allotted him.
+
+That this adventurer, if of a persevering character and competent
+knowledge, might in the course of ten years bring matters into such a
+train as to render himself comfortable and independent, I think highly
+probable. The superfluities of his farm would enable him to purchase
+European commodities from the masters of ships, which will arrive on
+Government account, sufficient to supply his wants. But beyond this he
+ought not to reckon, for admitting that he might meet with success in
+raising tobacco, rice, indigo, or vineyards (for which last I think the
+soil and climate admirably adapted), the distance of a mart to vend them
+at, would make the expense of transportation so excessive, as to cut off
+all hopes of a reasonable profit; nor can there be consumers enough here
+to take them off his hands, for so great a length of time to come, as I
+shall not be at the trouble of computing.
+
+Should then any one, induced by this account, emigrate hither, let him,
+before he quits England, provide all his wearing apparel for himself,
+family, and servants; his furniture, tools of every kind, and implements
+of husbandry (among which a plough need not be included, as we make use
+of the hoe), for he will touch at no place where they can be purchased
+to advantage. If his sheep and hogs are English also, it will be better.
+For wines, spirits, tobacco, sugar, coffee, tea, rice, poultry, and many
+other articles, he may venture to rely on at Teneriffe or Madeira, the
+Brazils and Cape of Good Hope. It will not be his interest to draw bills
+on his voyage out, as the exchange of money will be found invariably
+against him, and a large discount also deducted. Drafts on the place he
+is to touch at, or cash (dollars if possible) will best answer his end.
+
+To men of desperate fortune and the lowest classes of the people, unless
+they can procure a passage as indented servants, similar to the custom
+practised of emigrating to America, this part of the world offers no
+temptation: for it can hardly be supposed, that Government will be fond
+of maintaining them here until they can be settled, and without such
+support they must starve.
+
+Of the Governor's instructions and intentions relative to the disposal
+of the convicts, when the term of their transportation shall be expired,
+I am ignorant. They will then be free men, and at liberty, I apprehend,
+either to settle in the country, or to return to Europe. The former
+will be attended with some public expense; and the latter, except in
+particular cases, will be difficult to accomplish, from the numberless
+causes which prevent a frequent communication between England and this
+continent.
+
+
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT
+
+
+
+Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, New South Wales.
+
+
+October 1st, 1788. Little material has occurred in this colony since the
+departure of the ships for England, on the 14th July last. On the
+20th of that month His Majesty's ship Supply, Captain Ball, sailed
+for Norfolk Island, and returned on the 26th August. Our accounts from
+thence are more favourable than were expected. The soil proves admirably
+adapted to produce all kinds of grain, and European vegetables. But the
+discovery which constitutes its value is the New Zealand flax, plants
+of which are found growing in every part of the island in the utmost
+luxuriancy and abundance. This will, beyond doubt, appear strange to the
+reader after what has been related in the former part of my work: and
+in future, let the credit of the testimony be as high as it may, I
+shall never without diffidence and hesitation presume to contradict
+the narrations of Mr. Cook. The truth is, that those sent to settle and
+explore the island knew not the form in which the plant grows, and were
+unfurnished with every particular which could lead to a knowledge of
+it. Unaccountable as this may sound, it is, nevertheless, incontestably
+true. Captain Ball brought away with him several specimens for
+inspection, and, on trial, by some flax-dressers among us, the threads
+produced from them, though coarse, are pronounced to be stronger, more
+likely to be durable, and fitter for every purpose of manufacturing
+cordage, than any they ever before dressed.
+
+Every research has been made by those on the island to find a
+landing-place, whence it might be practicable to ship off the timber
+growing there, but hitherto none has been discovered. A plan, however,
+for making one has been laid before the Governor, and is at present
+under consideration, though (in the opinion of many here) it is not such
+an one as will be found to answer the end proposed.
+
+Lieut. King and his little garrison were well when the 'Supply' left
+them: but I am sorry to add, that, from casualties, their number is
+already five less than it originally was. A ship from hence is ready to
+sail with an increase of force, besides many convicts for the purpose of
+sawing up timber, and turning the flax-plant to advantage.
+
+So much for Norfolk. In Port Jackson all is quiet and stupid as could be
+wished. We generally hear the lie of the day as soon as the beating
+of the Reveille announces the return of it; find it contradicted by
+breakfast time; and pursue a second through all its varieties, until
+night, welcome as to a lover, gives us to sleep and dream ourselves
+transported to happier climes.
+
+Let me not, however, neglect telling you the little news which presents
+itself. All descriptions of men enjoy the highest state of health; and
+the convicts continue to behave extremely well. A gang of one hundred of
+them, guarded by a captain, two subalterns and 20 marines, is about to
+be sent up to the head of the harbour, at the distance of 3 leagues, in
+a westerly direction, from Sydney Cove, for the purpose of establishing
+a settlement there. The convicts are to be employed in putting the land
+around into cultivation, as it appears to be of a more promising nature
+than that near the encampment. Indeed this last hitherto succeeds but
+very indifferently, though I do not yet despair, that when good seeds
+can be procured, our toil will be better rewarded. But as this is an
+event at a distance, and in itself very precarious, Governor Phillip has
+determined on procuring a supply of flour and other necessaries from the
+Cape of Good Hope, as our stock on hand is found to be, on examination,
+not quite so ample as had been reckoned upon. To execute this purpose
+his Excellency has ordered the Sirius to prepare for the voyage; by
+which conveyance the opportunity of writing to you is afforded me. It
+was at first intended to dispatch the Sirius to some of the neighbouring
+islands (the Friendly or Society) in the Pacific Ocean, to procure stock
+there, but the uselessness of the scheme, joined to the situation
+of matters here, has, happily for us, prevented its being put into
+execution.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Narrative of the Expedition to
+Botany Bay, by Watkin Tench
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