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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg Canada eBook of The Children's Story Of The War (Volume 1),
+      by Sir Edward Parrott, M.A., LL.D.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Childrens' Story of the War, Volume 1
+(of 10), by James Edward Parrott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Childrens' Story of the War, Volume 1 (of 10)
+       From the Beginning of the War to the Landing of the British
+              Army in France
+
+Author: James Edward Parrott
+
+Release Date: February 18, 2011 [EBook #35310]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN'S STORY OF THE WAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Ross Cooling and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0001.jpg" width="314" height="465" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<h2>THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF THE WAR</h2>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Once more we hear the word</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;That sickened earth of old:&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">"No law except the sword</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Unsheathed and uncontrolled."</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Once more it knits mankind,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Once more the nations go</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To meet and break and bind</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;A crazed and driven foe.</span>
+&nbsp;
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;No easy hopes or lies</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Shall bring us to our goal,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;But iron sacrifice</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Of body, will, and soul.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;There is but one task for all&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;For each one life to give.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Who stands if freedom fall?</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Who dies if England live?</span>
+</div></div>
+<p style="margin-left: 50%;"><span class="smcap">Rudyard Kipling.</span></p>
+<p style="margin-left: 55%;"><i>(By kind permission.)</i></p>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0008.jpg" width="504" height="342" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>How the Boy Scouts helped.</h3>
+
+<h4>The war found the Boy Scouts true to their motto, "Be Prepared." In
+London alone 25,000 Scouts were organised to help the various
+Government departments by acting as messengers. Along the south and east
+coasts nearly 3,000 went on duty to guard culverts, telephone and
+telegraph lines, railway stations, reservoirs, etc. Numbers of Scouts
+also worked as harvesters in the place of men who had joined the Army.
+The boys above are "doing their little bit" by carrying soldiers'
+baggage to the railway station.</h4>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<h1>THE CHILDREN'S STORY OF THE WAR</h1>
+<br /><br />
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3>SIR EDWARD PARROTT, M.A., LL.D.</h3>
+<h4>AUTHOR OF "BRITAIN OVERSEAS," "THE PAGEANT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE," ETC.</h4>
+<br /><br />
+<h3>From the Beginning of the War to the Landing of the British Army in France</h3>
+<br /><br />
+<h3>THOMAS NELSON AND SONS, <span class="smcap">Ltd</span>.<br />
+LONDON, EDINBURGH, PARIS, AND NEW YORK</h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<h2><i>THIS STORY OF THE GREAT WAR</i></h2>
+<h3><i>recounting for Children the Triumphs of<br />
+British Valour and Endurance by Land and Sea</i></h3>
+<h3><i>is</i></h3>
+<h2><i>DEDICATED</i></h2>
+<h3><i>by special and gracious permission of<br />
+Her Majesty the QUEEN</i></h3>
+<h3><i>to</i></h3>
+<h1><i>H. R. H. PRINCE GEORGE.</i></h1>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<table summary="Contents" width="60%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">I.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">A Bolt from the Blue</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">II.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">The Seething Whirlpool</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">III.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">The Beginnings of Prussia</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">35</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">The Great War Lord of Europe</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">V.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">How the Great War Lord Fell</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">The Man of Blood and Iron</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Clearing the Path</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">81</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Preparing for War</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">IX.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">"The Cockpit of Europe"</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">X.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">A Terrible Struggle</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XI.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">France under the Harrow</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">The Boyhood of the Kaiser</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">121</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">Crown Prince and Kaiser</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIV.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">The Dawn of "The Day"</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">145</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XV.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Fateful Days</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">155</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XVI.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">Why Britain went to War</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">161</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XVII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">The Submarine that Failed</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">177</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XVIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Infantry and its Work</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIX.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">Cavalry and Artillery</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">193</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XX.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Some Military Terms</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXI.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">The Invasion of Belgium</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">220</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">How Li&eacute;ge won the Legion of Honour</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">225</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">The Raid into Alsace</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">241</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXIV.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">The Germans in Belgium</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXV.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXV">Deeds of Shame and Horror</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">257</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXVI.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVI">The Rally of the British Empire</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">273</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXVII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVII">How India answered the Call</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">289</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXVIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVIII">The German Advance on Brussels</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">295</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXIX.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIX">How the Germans entered Brussels</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">305</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXX.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXX">How the British Army was carried Overseas</a></td>
+<td class="tdr">310</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0015.jpg" width="447" height="170" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>A BOLT FROM THE BLUE.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne Sunday afternoon, in the month of December 1908, the beautiful city
+of Messina<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was all life and light and gaiety. The sky was blue and
+cloudless, and out in the Strait the little, crested waves leaped and
+sparkled in the sunshine. The squares and gardens were thronged with
+townsfolk in holiday attire; laughing groups of young men and maidens
+went to and fro or paused to listen to the band; fathers of families
+were romping with their children on the grass; mothers were quietly
+knitting hard by: all was merry as a marriage bell. Happy, careless ease
+reigned everywhere, and when night fell, the big, round moon shone upon
+a silent town in which thousands of people were wrapped in peaceful
+slumber.</p>
+
+<p>But ere the dawn had begun to brighten the eastern sky an awful doom
+fell upon that city. The thunder roared, the lightning flashed, the
+earth heaved and cracked, houses and churches and public buildings came
+crashing to the ground, fires broke out, and a huge, angry wave from the
+sea swept over the land. The morning sun shone upon a terrible scene of
+destruction. The fair city was no more; thousands of the happy folks of
+yesterday had been hurried into eternity, and those who were spared
+found themselves homeless and ruined.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+<p>With almost the same startling suddenness the Great War broke upon
+Europe. The thunderbolt fell upon us from a sky of blue; the peace of
+the world was broken on a smiling day. Five of the Great Powers<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> of
+Europe blew their war trumpets, and millions of armed men stood ready to
+carry death and destruction into countless homes in many lands. The
+Great War had begun.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0017.jpg" width="355" height="444" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>In the Summer Holidays.</h3>
+
+<h4>A scene on the Thames at Henley Regatta, held every year in the month of
+July.<br />
+
+(<i>From a photograph by the Sport and General Press Agency.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>Do you remember the 24th of July 1914? I think you do, for it was just
+about the beginning of that time which most boys and girls consider the
+very happiest of all the year. Your school had just broken up, the books
+were all put away, and you fondly hoped that you would see no more of
+them for a month or six weeks. You were all agog for the holidays. Your
+mind was full of that jolly seaside place to which you were going
+to-morrow or the next day. You were dreaming of boats and bathing, of
+games on the sands, of bicycle spins in the country lanes, and picnics
+in the woods. And in the midst of all these happy dreams, perhaps you
+heard your father say, as he turned his newspaper at breakfast time,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Yesterday Austria sent a very harsh Note<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> to Servia. Looks like more
+war in the East.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>I daresay you paid no attention to this remark. To you it meant nothing
+at all. You would have been far more interested if your father had told
+you how Middlesex was getting on with Kent, and whether Woolley or
+Hearne or P. F. Warner had made another century or not. But your
+father's remark was really far more important than all the cricket
+matches that were ever played, or that ever will be played. It was the
+first appearance of the bolt from the blue. Few, even the wisest of us,
+realized that it was the beginning of the greatest war that the world
+has ever known; a war of such vastness and terror that men would speak
+of it as <i>Armageddon</i><a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>&mdash;that is, a war similar to that which is
+described in the Book of Revelation, when "the kings of the earth and of
+the whole world gather them to the battle of God Almighty."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0018.jpg" width="704" height="455" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>War.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A., in the National Gallery
+of British Art.</i>)</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+<p>As your father's remark was so important, let us try to understand its
+meaning. He mentioned two countries, Austria and Servia, and you would
+easily guess that there was some quarrel between them. It is not easy to
+explain to you exactly what the quarrel was about, and perhaps you will
+find the explanation a little dull; but if you are really to understand
+how the war arose, you must not mind a little dulness. We shall come to
+the exciting events by-and-by.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+<p>Look at the map on the next page. It shows you the two countries which
+had fallen out&mdash;Austria and Servia. You see at a glance that the
+Austrian Empire, which consists of Austria and Hungary, is by far the
+larger country; in fact, Austria-Hungary is seven times as large as
+Servia, and has eleven times as many people. There is no country on
+earth which contains so many different races as Austria-Hungary. Within
+its bounds we find Germans, Italians, Magyars,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Jews, Armenians,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+and Gypsies, as well as eight distinct Slav races.</p>
+
+<p>You will come across the word <i>Slav</i> many times in these pages, so I
+must explain it to you at once. By the word Slav we mean a member of
+that branch of mankind known as the Slavonic race. The Slavs inhabit
+most of the east of Europe and a large part of Asia, and they are really
+more Asiatic than European. Most of the Russians and the Christian
+peoples of the Balkan Peninsula are Slavs, and so, too, are the Poles,
+who live partly in Austria, partly in Germany, and partly in Russia. In
+Austria, and especially in Hungary, there are many Slav races, but the
+ruling peoples in these countries are Germans in Austria and Magyars in
+Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>The Servians are Slavs. They are a tall, handsome race, and are very
+warlike in character. During the recent war in the Balkans they fought
+very bravely and successfully against the Turks. At the end of the war
+the Powers of Europe gave them more than 15,000 square miles of fresh
+territory. The Servians have always been ambitious, and they wish their
+country to become great and powerful.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+<p>Now look at your map again, and find the river Save, which joins the
+Danube at Belgrade,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> the capital of Servia. South of the Save you see
+a country marked Bosnia,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and, still farther south, another country
+marked Herzegovina.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> You are sure to notice that these two countries
+stand between Servia and the Adriatic Sea, and that they belong to
+Austria. Both Bosnia and Herzegovina are inhabited by Slavs, who hate
+being under Austria, and are eager to join their kinsmen the Servians.
+You cannot blame them for this, because they naturally would like to
+form one kingdom with men of their own race, religion, and modes of
+life. Besides, they feel that they have been very badly treated. Let me
+explain.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0020.jpg" width="335" height="280" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In the year 1877, when Turkey was master of the Balkan Peninsula, Russia
+made up her mind to fight the Turks. The Austrians were afraid that the
+Russians would beat the Turks, and take from them the city of
+Constantinople. The Russians, as you know, have a very poor sea coast.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+Away fronting the Arctic Ocean they have a strip of coast, but it is of
+very little use to them, as it is frozen up for a large part of the
+year. So, too, is their coast on the Baltic Sea. In the south they have
+a good deal of coast on the Black Sea; but in order to get from the
+Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and so to the oceans of the world,
+they have to pass through two narrow straits, known as the Bosporus<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+and the Dardanelles.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The Turks hold these straits, and they can shut
+them against ships at any time. So you see that the Russians can only
+carry on trade in the south by leave and licence of Turkey. If they
+could obtain possession of Constantinople all their difficulties would
+vanish. They would be masters of a port which would enable them to
+become a great sea power.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0021.jpg" width="451" height="311" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Servia is a land of peasant soldiers. Here you see some
+of them coming into Belgrade to join the colours.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Topical.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Now, Austria is even worse off than Russia in the matter of sea coast.
+She has about a thousand miles of seaboard on the Adriatic Sea, and
+there are many excellent harbours and deep and sheltered bays on it;
+but, unfortunately, a long range of steep limestone mountains cuts them
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+off from the interior, and makes communication very difficult. There is
+a mountain railway joining the port of Trieste<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> with the interior,
+but it is easier to send bulky produce down the Danube to the Black Sea
+than across the mountains. Austria has always longed for better access
+to the sea, and lately she has coveted the port of Salonica,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> which
+you will find on the &AElig;gean<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Sea.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0022.jpg" width="461" height="293" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>This map shows what Servia would become if Bosnia and
+Herzegovina were to be united with her.</h4>
+
+<p>When, therefore, Russia was about to fight Turkey, the Austrians feared
+that all the Balkans would come under Russian sway, and that their hopes
+of gaining power in the peninsula would be vain. So they prepared to
+fight Russia, but were bought off. Russia secretly promised Austria that
+if she would stand out of the fight she should receive as her reward the
+provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria stood out, and when the
+war was over the Great Powers said that she might rule these two
+provinces, though they were not to become her actual property. You can
+easily imagine the anger of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina when
+they found themselves handed over to Austria, just as though they were a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+flock of sheep to be bought and sold. Ever since 1878 the Austrians have
+ruled them; but they have always been discontented, and when, in 1908,
+they were told that they now belonged wholly and entirely to Austria,
+their anger knew no bounds. During the recent Balkan War they saw the
+peasant soldiers of Servia conquering on the battlefield, and they hoped
+that when the war was over they might be allowed to join Servia, and
+with her form one strong state. Servia would have welcomed them with
+open arms, but, as you know, they were doomed to disappointment. Both
+Servia and Russia were much annoyed when Austria annexed the two
+provinces. The anger of Russia and Servia nearly brought about another
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the state of things at the beginning of June in the year 1914.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0023.jpg" width="321" height="463" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo by C.
+Pietzner.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Here is a portrait of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Franz
+Josef. He is an old man, eighty-five years of age&mdash;the oldest monarch in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+Europe. It is impossible not to be sorry for him; his life has been full
+of trouble, and he has had to rule over the most divided kingdom on
+earth. There has never been any love lost between Austrians and
+Hungarians, and the only bond that unites them is the aged king-emperor.
+Probably there never was so unfortunate a royal family as that of which
+Franz Josef is the head. His younger brother, Maximilian, after being
+invited to become Emperor of Mexico, was shot by the Mexicans in 1867;
+his heir, Rudolf, was found dead in a hunting-lodge in 1889; and his
+wife, the Empress, was stabbed to death in the streets of Geneva nine
+years later. Nor was this the last of his sorrows, as you will presently
+hear.</p>
+
+<p>The heir to the Austrian throne in June 1914 was the Archduke Francis
+Ferdinand, the aged Emperor's nephew. He was a man of strong will and
+great ambition, and he eagerly desired to win power for Austria in the
+Balkans, and so secure for his country the port of Salonica. This port
+would enable Austria to develop her foreign trade, and become an
+important sea power.</p>
+
+<p>Now, before Austria could send her army into the Balkans and carve out a
+road to Salonica, she must be sure that the Slavs of Bosnia and
+Herzegovina would not rise in rebellion and make her task doubly
+difficult. So, on the 23rd of June last, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand
+and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, a lady who had Slav blood in her
+veins, left the Austrian capital to pay a state visit to Bosnia, for the
+purpose of reviewing the troops in that province and trying to secure
+the favour of the Bosnian people.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0025.jpg" width="449" height="313" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>The Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the Archduchess, and their family.</h4>
+
+<p>If you and I proposed to visit Bosnia, our best route would be to take
+ship, say, from Venice, and cross the Adriatic Sea to the beautiful town
+of Ragusa,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> with its castled walls, its dizzy cliffs, its quaint old
+buildings, its palaces, churches, and monasteries, all shut in between
+the blue sea and the steep gray hills that rise up suddenly in the rear.
+At Ragusa we should take the train through the wild, rugged country of
+Herzegovina, which has been called the Turkish Switzerland. Our train
+would run through rocky defiles, up steep passes, by the side of yawning
+chasms, until we reached Mostar,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> the chief city of the country. The
+Austrian part of Mostar, we should find, consists of two white streets,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+a modern hotel, a public garden with a bandstand, and barracks for
+soldiers. All the rest of it is Turkish. You see the same narrow
+streets, the same kind of bazaars, the same mosques, the same solemn,
+white-turbaned Turks and veiled women that you see in Constantinople;
+but you also see swarthy, stalwart men of Herzegovina and Albania,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+every one of them carrying a sharp knife at his girdle and a gun in his
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>We now leave Mostar for Sarajevo,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> the capital of Bosnia, by a
+railway which is one of the wonders of the world. "In places whole
+cliffs have been blasted away to enable the metals to follow a narrow
+pathway with granite walls and a nasty precipice on either side. As the
+engine creeps carefully over the slender iron bridges towards the summit
+you may look down from your carriage window into a thousand feet of
+space, and feel thankful that cog-wheels are beneath you, for otherwise
+any hitch with the brakes might cause a frightful accident. At times the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+track twists and turns so much that an engine-driver may glance across
+a chasm, and without looking back see the rear van winding round a
+corner." Such is the railway by which we reach Sarajevo.</p>
+
+<p>Let us suppose that we have arrived in Sarajevo on the morning of
+Sunday, June 28th of the year 1914. Upon the craggy heights above the
+town we see the citadel and fortifications, and here and there above the
+roofs of the houses the minarets and white domes of mosques; but we soon
+perceive that we are not in an Eastern but in a modern Western town. The
+Austrians have made wide streets, with fine shops, caf&eacute;s, and
+beer-halls; they have erected handsome public buildings, theatres, and
+hotels; trams run along the streets, and taxis ply for hire; and on the
+outskirts of the town we find a racecourse and golf links. We must give
+the Austrians their due. They have done wonders in civilizing the
+country and in making it prosperous; but they have not won the hearts of
+the people, and that is the all-important business of rulers, after
+all.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>To-day Sarajevo is in festive array. The yellow Austrian standard, with
+its black, double-headed eagle, flies above all the public buildings,
+and flutters from the upper windows of the shops along the Franz Josef
+Strasse; soldiers are marching through the streets; bugles are blowing,
+and bands are playing. On the pavements stand the townsfolk, and you
+notice that many of them are sullen and silent. They are waiting for the
+coming of their future king, but they show no signs of loyalty. When our
+beloved Prince of Wales visits one of our towns, we flock gladly to see
+him and greet him with the heartiest of cheers. Suppose, however, he was
+a man of another race, and that he was going some day to be our king
+against our will; how do you think we should receive him? Very much as
+the Bosnians are receiving their future king to-day.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0027.jpg" width="441" height="296" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>View in the old part of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.</h4>
+
+<p>Now the guns roar out from the citadel to announce the coming of the
+Archduke and his wife. The Archduke inspects the troops drawn up at the
+station, and then he and his wife enter a motor-car and drive towards
+the Town Hall, where the mayor is waiting to receive them. Suddenly, as
+they drive along one of the quays, you hear a loud report and see a
+cloud of smoke arise. What has happened? A young printer, twenty years
+of age, has hurled a bomb at the Archduke. He wards it off with his arm,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+but it has wounded an officer in the next car, and has inflicted
+injuries on several bystanders. Neither of the royal pair is hurt,
+though, as you may well imagine, they are much upset by this attempt on
+their lives.</p>
+
+<p>The motor moves on, and arrives at the Town Hall, where the mayor, who
+knows nothing of what has happened, comes forward and begins to read an
+address of welcome. The Archduke, who is much annoyed at the treatment
+which he has received, cuts the mayor short angrily. "What," says he,
+"is the good of your speeches? I come to Sarajevo on a visit, and I get
+bombs thrown at me. It is outrageous!"</p>
+
+<p>After a short stay at the Town Hall the Archduke and his wife re-enter
+their motor to return to the station. They have not gone far before a
+High School student hurls another bomb at them. It fails to explode, but
+the lad, who is armed with a pistol, fires three shots in quick
+succession. The first bullet strikes the Archduke in the throat. His
+wife, who loves him tenderly, throws herself in front of him, in order
+to shield him from further attack, and the second bullet enters her
+body. The third bullet completes the deadly work, and the dying pair are
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+rapidly conveyed to the palace. The Archduke rouses himself. "Sophie,"
+he says to his stricken wife, "live for our children." But she, too, is
+mortally wounded, and in a few minutes both are dead.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>No possible excuse can be found for this foul deed. It was black
+murder&mdash;the worst of all possible crimes. The printer and the High
+School student were seized, and at first they denied that they knew each
+other. Bit by bit, however, it was discovered that not only were they
+working together, but that a great plot had been formed to kill the
+Archduke that day. Had they failed, there were others in the crowd ready
+and willing to take their places.</p>
+
+<p>The date chosen for the Archduke's visit to Sarajevo was most
+unfortunate. On that day, in the year 1389, the Serbs<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> of Servia,
+which then included Bosnia, suffered the most terrible defeat in all
+their history. In the battle which was then fought, treachery was at
+work, and the best and bravest of their race perished on the
+battlefield. The Serbs have never forgotten the story of how their sires
+were slaughtered on the "Field of the Blackbirds." Even now their bards
+sing national songs which tell of the glorious deeds of those who fell
+at Kossovo,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and call upon the Serbs of to-day to spare neither
+"land, nor gold, nor son, nor wife, nor limb, nor life" in upholding the
+freedom of their race.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Amidst the high Alps a pistol shot may start an avalanche high on the
+snowy mountains. Slowly it moves at first; soon it gathers speed, and at
+last it comes crashing down with terrible force upon the quiet
+homesteads in the valley. So did the pistol-shot of a schoolboy in
+far-off Bosnia start an avalanche which has swept down upon Europe,
+leaving death and destruction and untold misery in its train.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0029.jpg" width="289" height="457" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Austrian soldiers on the bank of the Danube, opposite to
+Belgrade.<br />
+
+<i>By permission of the Sphere.</i></h4>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SEETHING WHIRLPOOL.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he scene shifts to Vienna,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> the capital of Austria, the largest city
+of Austria-Hungary and the heart and centre of the Austrian Empire. It
+is one of the most attractive cities in all Europe, and has long been
+renowned as the favoured home of art, music, and gaiety. You will find
+the city by the side of the Danube, where the river leaves the Bavarian
+highlands and enters the great plain. Most of it is modern, and in the
+Ringstrasse you may see some of the finest buildings in the world, such
+as the Opera House, which seats 3,000 people; the University, which
+contains one of the most famous of medical schools; the Parliament House
+of Austria; and the chief law courts of the country.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0032.jpg" width="483" height="332" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Vienna, the capital of Austria, heart and centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.</h4>
+
+<p>The city is surrounded by the Danube and its canals, and has several
+parks and numerous shady avenues of trees, beneath which the gay
+Viennese love to stroll or sit at the tables of outdoor caf&eacute;s listening
+to the bands. You can scarcely walk half a mile in Vienna without
+hearing music. The gipsy bands which are often heard in Vienna play
+their national airs with a dash and fire that sets even the most
+sluggish pulse dancing.</p>
+
+<p>One of the finest of all the public buildings of Vienna is the Imperial
+Palace, or Hofburg, which contains a library of a million volumes. The
+great chamber in which the books are housed is said to be the most
+splendid library hall in the world. Its floor of red and white marble is
+adorned with noble statues, and its vaulted dome, which rises 193 feet
+above the pavement, is covered with beautiful paintings.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+<p>In the palace are preserved the crown, sword, and sceptre of
+Charlemagne,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> the great Emperor of the West, who gave laws to nearly
+the whole of civilized Europe, and is renowned in song and story as a
+prince of knights, and the champion of the Christian religion. To this
+day he lives in the hearts of the German peoples both of Germany and
+Austria. They say that he still watches over them, and every autumn
+comes riding over the Rhine, across a bridge of gold, to bless their
+vineyards and cornfields with increase.</p>
+
+<p>In the heart of the city stands the old cathedral of St. Stephen. For
+more than six hundred years this magnificent pile has lifted its towers
+to the sky. It has seen the Crusaders halt within its shadow on their
+way to free the Holy Land from the infidel, and it has looked down on
+great hordes of conquering Turks striving to capture the city. Vienna
+was the high-water mark at which the progress of the Turkish flood was
+stayed. The Turks beat upon its ramparts in vain; they were flung back
+from its walls like ocean waves from the cliffs of a rocky coast. In the
+old cathedral you may see a huge bell cast out of cannon captured from
+the Turks in the last of their sieges. For centuries Vienna has been the
+frontier city between the Eastern and Western peoples of Europe.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the very day of the murders at Sarajevo the Emperor Franz Josef left
+Vienna for his summer holiday at the beautiful watering-place of
+Ischl,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> in Upper Austria. What a difference between the reception of
+the old Emperor by the citizens of Vienna and that of his heir by the
+citizens of Sarajevo! At the station the mayor and members of the city
+council met the aged sovereign and told him how greatly they rejoiced at
+his recovery from a recent sickness. The Emperor was deeply touched by
+their words of affection and loyalty, and as his train steamed out of
+the station loud cheers were raised and the national anthem was sung.</p>
+
+<p>A few hours later the terrible news from Sarajevo was flashed to him
+across the telegraph wires. You can imagine the anguish of the poor old
+man when he knew that fate had dealt him yet another crushing blow.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+When, sixteen years ago, he learned that his Empress had been murdered,
+he cried in his grief, "Then I am spared nothing." How true! Fate seemed
+again to have replied to his despairing cry, "Nothing." Long ago his
+mother said of him, "God has given him the qualities needed to meet all
+turns of fate." From every one of his former blows he had rallied, and
+prayed the Almighty for power to fulfil what he had been called upon to
+perform. Now he was fain to cry, with Elijah, "It is enough; now, O
+Lord, take away my life."</p>
+
+<p>I have already told you that the peoples of Austria-Hungary are divided
+by wide and deep differences, and that they have little in common, but
+that they are all united in their reverence for their aged sovereign.
+They regard him with the same sort of affection which the people of this
+country used to feel for Queen Victoria. She was more than a queen; she
+was the mother of her people, high above all the quarrels of parties and
+sects. So it is with Franz Josef, and you can therefore imagine the
+bitter anger and the eager desire for revenge which took possession of
+the Austrian people when they learnt of the murder of his nephew. They
+showed their sympathy with the Emperor very clearly when he returned to
+Vienna to take part in the funeral ceremonies, and still more when
+thousands of them passed through the Hofburg Chapel, where the Archduke
+and his wife lay in state.</p>
+
+<p>Every government in Europe sent messages of deep sympathy with the
+Emperor in his hour of sorrow, and that which was tendered by Mr.
+Asquith, our Prime Minister, was one of the most sincere of them all.</p>
+
+<p>The children of the Archduke and Archduchess were living in a castle in
+Bohemia<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> when the sad news came to them that they were
+orphans&mdash;bereft of father and mother in one dread day. The German
+Emperor and his wife sent the following message to them: "We can
+scarcely find words to express to you children how our hearts bleed at
+the thought of you and your inexpressible grief. To have spent such
+happy hours with you and your parents only a fortnight ago, and now to
+think that you are plunged in this immeasurable sorrow! May God stand by
+you, and give you strength to bear this blow! The blessing of parents
+reaches beyond the grave."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+<p>Meanwhile the Austrian people had begun to fasten the blame for the
+murders on Servia. While the funeral procession was passing through the
+streets, crowds gathered in front of the Servian minister's residence
+with shouts of "Hurrah for Austria!" and "Down with Servia!" The sight
+of the Servian flag, to which a streamer of crape had been attached,
+only made them more angry still; the flag was burnt, and stones were
+thrown at the police. The newspapers now began to declare openly that
+the plot had been hatched in Servia, and that high officials in the
+Servian government had encouraged it. The Council of Ministers met and
+inquired into the question, and then came a lull of three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>For a time the Austro-Servian question sank out of sight, and it was
+thought that at the worst there would only be another Balkan War. No one
+suspected for a moment that the other Powers of Europe would be dragged
+into the quarrel, and that the schoolboy's pistol-shot at Sarajevo
+would be the signal for Armageddon. Had any one suggested in the early
+days of July that in three weeks all the Great Powers would be at war,
+he would have been laughed at. But all the while a great whirlpool was
+seething, and slowly but surely Russia, Germany, France, and Great
+Britain were being drawn into the centre.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Before I tell you the further history of the quarrel between Austria and
+Servia, and show you how the chief Powers of Europe became mixed up with
+it, let me tell you of a very fortunate event which happened at home. On
+Saturday, the 18th of July, our King went down to Portsmouth to visit
+his Fleet, which had been assembled at Spithead. Every boy and girl
+knows that we live on an island home, and that the sea which surrounds
+us has been a great source of blessing to us.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thy story, thy glory,</span>
+<span class="i2">The very fame of thee,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;It rose not, it grows not,</span>
+<span class="i2">It comes not save by sea."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Shakespeare tells us that the encircling sea serves us</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"In the office of a wall,</span>
+<span class="i0">Or as a moat defensive to a house</span>
+<span class="i0">Against the envy of less happier lands."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0035.jpg" width="358" height="458" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>King George V. in the uniform of a British admiral.<br />
+
+<i>Photo, W. and D. Downey.</i></h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+<p>This "defensive moat" has always proved a barrier against foreign
+attack, but it has not preserved our islands from invasion. Celts,
+Romans, English, Danes, and Normans have in turn conquered England; but
+never since it became the home of a united nation with a strong Navy has
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+any foreign invader landed in strength on our shores. For more than
+eight hundred years no hostile army has dared to invade us, and our
+people have never been forced to lay down their tools and snatch up
+their weapons to drive away the invader. No other land in Europe can
+make this boast. We owe this long reign of security to our Navy.</p>
+
+<p>Not only has our Navy kept us free from invasion, but by winning for us
+the mastery of the sea it has enabled us to build up a great foreign
+trade, by which we have grown rich and great, and to found colonies and
+hold possessions in every continent on the face of the globe. At the
+present time it does even more than this&mdash;it secures for us the means
+whereby we live and move and have our being. So many of our people are
+now engaged in mines and quarries and factories, on railways, and in
+offices, that we do not grow enough food for our needs. There is never
+enough food in this country to last our people for more than a couple
+of months or so. We draw our food supplies from all parts of the world,
+and were a foreign foe to destroy our Navy and cut off our food ships,
+the great bulk of us would soon perish of starvation. So you see that
+"Britannia <i>must</i> rule the waves," if we are to exist at all and remain
+the greatest trading and colonial nation of the world, as we are to-day.
+Every sensible man understands this, and all agree that our Navy must be
+very strong and very efficient. It must be able to command the seas,
+for, as Raleigh told us long ago, "Whosoever commands the sea commands
+the trade; whosoever commands the trade of the world commands the riches
+of the world, and, consequently, the world itself."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0037.jpg" width="324" height="465" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>H.M.S. Colossus firing a salute.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Cribb.</i></h4>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0038.jpg" width="478" height="324" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>The sure shield of Britain&mdash;a scene at the Naval Review.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Cribb.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Never has the British Navy been so powerful and so well equipped both in
+ships and guns and men as at present. The "wooden walls" in which Blake
+and Nelson fought have long since disappeared, and our bluejackets now
+fight behind bulwarks of steel. Steam has taken the place of sail; the
+old muzzle-loading guns have been superseded by huge weapons, the
+largest of which can hurl nearly a ton of metal for twelve miles with
+deadly aim. Our modern warships are filled with costly machinery quite
+unknown and even undreamt of in the days when Britain fought and won the
+greatest sea fights of her history. But though the ships have changed
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+out of knowledge, the officers, bluejackets, and marines who man them
+possess all the old fighting spirit and all the courage and daring of
+their forefathers.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ye mariners of England,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;That guard our native seas;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Whose flag has braved, a thousand years,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The battle and the breeze!</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Your glorious standard launch again</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To match another foe!</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And sweep through the deep</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;While the stormy winds do blow&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;While the battle rages loud and long,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And the stormy winds do blow."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When the King went down to Portsmouth on the 20th of July there
+appeared to be no foe to fight; there was no sign of any war in which we
+could possibly be engaged, yet in less than a fortnight the Navy had
+cleared for action, and our sailors were standing at the guns watching
+and waiting for the battleships of Germany to appear.</p>
+
+<p>Gray skies were overhead, and a cold easterly wind was sweeping over the
+seas as His Majesty led out to sea the largest and most powerful fleet
+ever seen in British waters. When the royal yacht anchored, no less than
+twenty-two miles of warships passed in procession before it. First came
+four battle-cruisers, headed by the <i>Lion</i>, and followed by the <i>Queen
+Mary</i>, <i>Princess Royal</i>, and <i>New Zealand</i>. Then in stately order, two
+by two, came the latest of our battleships, led by the <i>Iron Duke</i> and
+the <i>King George</i>. Marines and bands were paraded on the sides of the
+ships nearest to the King's yacht, and their scarlet uniforms ran like a
+ribbon of bright colour along the edge of the great gray monsters. Just
+as each ship reached the stern of the royal yacht, the sailors, with the
+smartness of a machine, removed their hats, held them at arm's length,
+and waved them to the roar of British huzzas. At the same moment the
+bands struck up the National Anthem, and the marines presented arms. The
+King and the Prince of Wales stood on the bridge of the royal yacht,
+saluting the ships as they passed.</p>
+
+<p>Behind Sir George Callaghan's flagship came the four First Fleet battle
+squadrons, including twenty-nine vessels of the vastest power in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+whole world. In the first and second squadrons were eight Dreadnoughts,
+in the third squadron eight of the great ships that were built before
+the all-big-gun ships became the first line of our Navy, and in the
+fourth squadron were three more Dreadnoughts and the <i>Agamemnon</i>.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+Following these were the smart cruisers of the First Fleet&mdash;swift, armed
+ships that act as the fighting scouts of the seas. In their wake passed
+fifty-six torpedo destroyers, moving in sections of fours. By the time
+the last of the First Fleet ships had passed the King's yacht, the
+leading vessels were far away on the horizon.</p>
+
+<p>A slight pause, and then the Second and Third Fleets began to appear,
+led by the <i>Lord Nelson</i> and the <i>Prince of Wales</i> respectively. When
+these ships had saluted their sovereign there still remained the
+cruisers attached to these fleets. Never had such an array been seen
+before in the history of the world&mdash;twenty-two miles of warships in
+endless columns, gliding slowly through the water, every one of them a
+tower of strength and a mighty engine of destruction. Not only was
+every type of warship represented, but the new powers of the air were
+visible. Scores of seaplanes and aeroplanes flew over the King's yacht
+like huge birds of prey.</p>
+
+<p>Such was Britain's display of naval strength at the moment when the
+issue of war or peace was hanging in the balance. It was a sign to the
+world that, whatever might befall, Britain was ready, aye ready, to
+guard her own with the strong arm of ancient renown:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Come the four quarters of the world in arms,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And we shall shock them."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>"It's a long, long way to Tipperary," sing our soldiers on the march,
+and it's a long, long way from Spithead to the Servian capital,
+Belgrade, whither we must now wend our way. On a bright, sunny morning,
+when the train has clattered across the iron bridge which spans the
+Danube, and the city comes into view, it looks very attractive. Belgrade
+in the distance well deserves its title of the "White City." A
+poetically minded person has described it as "shining like a pearl
+through the silvery mists of sunrise."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0041.jpg" width="330" height="444" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Prince Albert, the King's second son, as a midshipman.
+This photograph was taken during the King's inspection of the Fleet.<br />
+
+<i>Photo, Ernest Brooks.</i></h4>
+
+<p>In the 'seventies Belgrade was a miserable, dirty, and comfortless town;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+its main thoroughfare was a sea of mud; its buildings were poor; and it
+was no better than a tumble-down Turkish fortress. But since those days
+Servia has become an independent kingdom, and she has made Belgrade a
+really fine city, with broad, tree-fringed streets, electric trams, and
+fine hotels. Only two of the ancient landmarks remain&mdash;the cathedral,
+and the citadel, over which flies the national flag. Through modern
+Belgrade runs a fine street more than a mile long, overtopped about the
+middle by the golden domes of the new palace. Here are the principal
+hotels, private houses, and shops, the latter of which blaze with
+electric light in the evenings. The people of Belgrade sometimes call
+their town "Little Paris," and they strive to make it as gay as the
+French capital itself.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0042.jpg" width="482" height="351" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>The city of Belgrade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Exclusive News Agency.</i></h4>
+
+<p>While the British fleet was unfolding itself before our King, there
+was no gaiety amongst the high government officials in Belgrade. They
+were getting very anxious. The Council of Ministers in Vienna was
+inquiring closely into the part played by them in the Sarajevo murders.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+It was rumoured that the Austrians had traced the arms and explosives
+with which the murderers were provided to certain Servian officers and
+officials of the government who were members of a National Union for
+making Slav power supreme in the Balkan Peninsula. It was also said that
+these same officers and officials had secretly passed the murderers into
+Bosnia, and had helped them in various other ways to do their deadly
+work. If Austria could prove all this, she would be able to say that
+Servia had been playing the part of a secret enemy, and rightly deserved
+punishment of some sort.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0043.jpg" width="446" height="313" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>The King and Crown Prince of Servia.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Topical.</i></h4>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 23rd of July the Austro-Hungarian ministers in
+Belgrade handed the Note to which your father referred when he read his
+newspaper at the breakfast table. You know that every European country
+sends officials to live in the capitals of other countries, and that
+these officials represent the powers by which they are sent. They are
+always treated with the greatest possible respect, and their houses are
+supposed to be bits of their own land planted down in a foreign country.
+Sometimes these representatives are called ambassadors, sometimes simply
+ministers. When the government of one country wishes to communicate with
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+the government of another country, it sends and receives messages
+through its ambassadors or ministers.</p>
+
+<p>In Belgrade there was, of course, an Austrian minister, and it was he
+who handed the Note to the Servian Prime Minister. This Note was of such
+grave importance that I must tell you what was in it. First, it began by
+telling Servia that for a long time past she had been stirring up her
+people against Austria; that she had allowed men connected with the
+government to plot against her; and that she had taken no steps to
+punish those who had assisted the murderers at Sarajevo. The Servians
+were greatly to blame, and upon them must fall much of the
+responsibility for the wicked deeds that had been done in Bosnia.</p>
+
+<p>Then followed a list of ten things which Servia was to do to make up for
+the mischief which she was said to have caused. She was to print on the
+front page of the government newspaper a statement that she would no
+longer permit her people to work against Austria, either by word or
+deed; she was to express regret that Servian officers and officials had
+spoken or acted in an unfriendly manner against Austria; and she was to
+remove from their posts all who had done so. The whole army was to be
+told that such conduct would no longer be permitted, and the National
+Union was to be broken up. Two officers, mentioned by name, were to be
+arrested, and all who had in any way helped the murderers of Sarajevo,
+either by giving them arms or helping them to get into Bosnia, were to
+be brought to trial. Austrian officials were to take part in the
+punishment of the wrongdoers, and in putting an end to the bad feeling
+between the two countries.</p>
+
+<p>The Note ended as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Austro-Hungarian Government expects the reply of the Servian
+Government at the latest by six o'clock on Saturday evening, the 25th of
+July."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0045.jpg" width="351" height="436" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Czar of Russia and President Poincar&eacute;.</h3>
+
+<h4>This photograph was taken on board the Czar's yacht when President
+Poincar&eacute; visited Russia in the middle of July.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<i>Photo, Record.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>This was very short notice indeed, and it clearly meant that if the
+Servian Government did not immediately agree to the Austrian demands war
+would be declared. In a few hours the full text of this letter was known
+to all the world. Your father read it, and called it "very harsh."
+Certainly it was very severe, and the Austrians meant it to be severe.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+They knew very well that they were asking for some things which no state
+could possibly yield and still call itself independent. For instance, if
+the Servians had agreed to remove officers and officials from their
+posts at the bidding of Austria, and had allowed Austrians to take part
+in the police work of the country, they would be confessing to all the
+world that they were no longer masters in their own house, and that they
+were nothing more than the tools of Austria. The Servians were prepared
+to punish any officers who were proved guilty, and were quite willing to
+give way on nearly all the points in the Note, because they wished to
+stave off war with their powerful neighbours; but they were not ready to
+acknowledge the Austrians as their overlords. Do you blame them? I
+don't.</p>
+
+<p>So they handed in their reply to the Austrians, and in it they said that
+they would agree to all Austria's demands; but they asked for delay in
+order to make new laws by which they could carry out her wishes. They
+also asked for an explanation of the way in which Austrian officials
+were to take part in their police and law-court work. This ought to have
+been enough; but Austria had all along meant war, and she had drawn up
+the Note, with the knowledge, and perhaps the help, of the German
+Ambassador at Vienna, in such a way that the Servians were bound to
+refuse some of its terms. Immediately the reply was handed to the
+Austrian minister he rejected it, and asked for a safe conduct back to
+his own country. When a minister does this he clearly indicates that his
+country means to fight. The same evening the Austrian minister left
+Belgrade, and on the 28th Austria declared war. The next day fighting
+began, and the Austrians bombarded Belgrade.</p>
+
+<p>Now we are to understand how Russia came into the quarrel. Russia has
+always regarded herself as the protector of the Slav races, and
+especially of the little Slav races. When, therefore, Russia saw that
+Austria was bent on conquering Servia, she began to call her troops
+together, and to prepare them for war. When a nation does this she is
+said to mobilize her forces. Russia is such a vast country and her
+troops are so widely dispersed that she cannot mobilize so quickly. She
+only partly mobilized, and by doing so meant to show Austria that she
+was not going to allow Servia to be swallowed up, or even to be badly
+beaten, especially after Servia had shown such willingness to meet
+Austria's demands.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0047.jpg" width="317" height="451" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>For Fatherland.</h3>
+
+<h4>This beautiful picture, which hangs in the Luxembourg Palace in Paris,
+illustrates the sacrifice which Frenchmen are always ready to make for
+their dearly loved native land.</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+<p>Now I must break off my story for a few moments to explain to you that
+Germany and Austria, as far back as 1879, made a treaty by which they
+promised to stand by each other if either of them should go to war.
+Italy joined Germany and Austria three years later, but on the
+understanding that she would fight only if one or other of the three
+partners should be attacked. This agreement is called the <i>Triple
+Alliance</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since 1870, when the Germans invaded France, and in less than five
+months utterly overcame her, tore from her two provinces, and fined her
+two hundred million pounds, there has been ill-feeling between France
+and Germany. Frenchmen have longed for the day on which they might win
+back the lost provinces and pay off old scores. Germany is too rich and
+powerful and has too big an army for France to be able to meet her on
+equal terms, so she has formed an alliance with Russia. This is known as
+the <i>Dual Alliance</i>. France and Russia have agreed to help each other if
+either of them should be attacked.</p>
+
+<p>During the lifetime of our late King Edward VII., who was very fond of
+France, we were brought nearer and nearer to our friends across the
+Channel. For centuries they have been our foes; we have fought them off
+and on since the days of William the Conqueror. Our great admiral, Lord
+Nelson, used to say to his midshipmen, "Your duty is to fear God, honour
+the King, and hate the Frenchman." King Edward was a man who loved
+peace, and he did much to bring the French and the British people
+together, and make it easier for our statesmen to come to an
+understanding with French statesmen. This understanding was that if the
+coasts of France should be attacked by the fleet of an enemy, our Navy
+would help the French Navy. Now, when we came to an understanding with
+France we also came to an understanding with the ally of France&mdash;that
+is, with Russia. For a long time we had only an understanding with these
+countries, but not long ago we turned this understanding into an
+alliance. So you see that in July last there were two triple alliances
+in Europe&mdash;Germany, Austria, and Italy on the one side, and Great
+Britain, France, and Russia on the other. Later on, when I tell you
+something about Germany, you will understand why this new triple
+alliance was formed.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BEGINNINGS OF PRUSSIA.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>bout forty years ago a German boy, accompanied by his tutor and other
+attendants, was spending a holiday at a seaside resort in the south of
+England. One morning this boy went down to the beach and amused himself
+by throwing stones at the bathing machines. The son of the owner of the
+machines, a boy of about his own age, saw him so engaged, and, going up
+to him, told him to stop throwing. Now the German boy had been brought
+up to believe that he could do as he pleased, without anyone daring to
+take him to task. So he drew himself up proudly, and said, "Do you know
+who I am?" "No," replied the English boy, "and I don't care either. I
+only know that I'm not going to let you damage our machines."</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon the German boy hit out and knocked the speaker down. In a
+moment the English boy was on his feet again. He pulled off his coat,
+put up his fists, and a fight began. Just when the German boy was
+getting the worst of it his tutor arrived, separated the fighters, and
+put an end to the combat.</p>
+
+<p>That German boy is now the Kaiser<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Wilhelm, the man who has plunged
+Europe into this terrible war. From the story which you have just read
+you may learn something of his character when he was a boy. Later on I
+shall tell you what sort of a man he became; but first you must learn
+something of the history of the land over which he rules.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0050.jpg" width="367" height="467" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Kaiser Wilhelm and the Emperor Franz Josef.</h3>
+<h4><i>Photo, Topical Press.</i></h4>
+
+<p>On a lofty, lonely crag, amidst the wilds of Swabia,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> stands the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+picturesque castle of Hohenzollern, the cradle of the family from which
+the rulers of Prussia are descended. On this high rock the eagles
+formerly made their home, hence the crest of the Prussian royal family
+is the eagle&mdash;the boldest and fiercest of all the birds. About the
+middle of the twelfth century the lord of this castle, a man named
+Conrad, took service with the great Emperor of what was called the Holy
+Roman Empire&mdash;that is, with the overlord of nearly all Western Europe.
+Conrad served the Emperor so faithfully that as his reward he was made
+governor of the city of Nuremberg<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> in Bavaria. If you were to visit
+Nuremberg you would be charmed with the castle, now a royal palace, the
+ancient walls and towers, the grand old buildings, including churches
+which are full of priceless pictures and carvings, and the art
+galleries, which contain some of the best paintings of the great
+masters. The chief trade of Nuremberg to-day is the manufacture of toys,
+scientific instruments, motor cars, cycles, and beer.</p>
+
+<p>About the beginning of the fifteenth century the Hohenzollern who was
+governor of Nuremberg was a man named Frederick. He had been very loyal
+to the Emperor, who rewarded him by making him ruler of the Mark of
+Brandenburg. The greatest day in the history of the Hohenzollerns was
+April 17, 1417, the day on which Frederick received from the hands of
+the Emperor the flag of Brandenburg, and swore to be faithful to him.</p>
+
+<p>If you look at a map of Germany you will see in the middle of the North
+German plain the city of Berlin, the capital of the German Empire. Round
+about Berlin, in the valleys of the Middle Oder, and its tributary the
+Warthe, and in the valley of the Elbe, extends the province of Prussia,
+known as the Mark of Brandenburg. It was one of the first districts of
+Germany to be peopled by men of German race when they came advancing
+from the east in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but it was by no
+means a land flowing with milk and honey. Parts of the country were
+marshy or heavily wooded, and in many places the land was so thickly
+covered with sand that it was known as the "sandbox of the Holy Roman
+Empire." Thin crops of rye and oats alone could be raised on this
+thankless soil; nevertheless the colony prospered greatly under
+Frederick and his successors.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0052.jpg" width="419" height="314" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Map of Modern Germany.</h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+<p>The Hohenzollern prince who really founded the greatness of his house
+was Frederick William, who began to reign in the year 1640. He is known
+as the "Great Elector."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> If I were to show you a coloured map of
+Germany as it was when this prince began to reign, you would say that it
+looked like a patchwork quilt of many colours. From the Baltic Sea to
+the Alps there were no fewer than three hundred states of all sorts and
+sizes, the smallest of them consisting only of a single town or village.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick William was a very able man, and so well did he fight, and so
+skilfully did he plot and plan during what is known as the Thirty Years'
+War, that he added several of these small states to his own, and thus
+became master of the largest state in all Germany. Brandenburg under
+his rule spread out a little to the west, but a great deal to the
+north-east, and included a stretch of coast-line on the Baltic Sea. The
+present Kaiser has always revered the memory of the Great Elector. He
+once said: "Of all my predecessors, he is the one for whom I feel the
+greatest enthusiasm, and who from of old has stood before me as the
+example of my youth."</p>
+
+<p>When the Great Elector died he was succeeded by his son Frederick, who
+was very eager to be called king. He attained this great object of his
+life in the year 1700; but, because he was a spendthrift and a lover of
+empty display, he did nothing to advance the interests of his country.
+After him reigned another Frederick William, who had some talents and
+did the business of his state very well, but was a thoroughly wicked
+fellow, and was, indeed, next door to a madman. Nevertheless he was the
+first Prussian king to set himself the task of making his kingdom strong
+enough to take its place among the European Powers. Carlyle calls him
+the "drill-sergeant of the Prussian nation."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0054.jpg" width="323" height="383" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Statue of the Great Elector in Berlin.</h3>
+
+<h4>The present Kaiser is devoted to the memory of his ancestors, and does
+everything in his power to make the Prussians believe that they owe
+everything to the Hohenzollern sovereigns. Berlin is full of statues to
+these princes. In one of the avenues of the chief park there is a row of
+statues to all the rulers of Prussia. Of the Great Elector, who was the
+real founder of Prussia, and whose statue is shown above, the Kaiser has
+said, "He has stood before me as the example of my youth." He is also a
+great admirer of Frederick the Great, and has imitated some of the worst
+features of that monarch.<br />
+
+<i>Photo, Exclusive News Agency.</i></h4>
+
+<p>This Frederick William stinted himself and his family of food and
+clothing, in order to keep up an army of 60,000 men, and he drilled them
+so well that they were the best troops of the time. The great desire of
+his heart was to possess a brigade of giants, and his agents scoured all
+the countries of Europe to find big men. He would pay almost anything
+for men over six feet, and it is said that he gave &pound;1,200 for an
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+Irishman who was more than seven feet high. These Potsdam<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Guards
+were his passion; he hoarded his money like a miser on most things, but
+he spent it lavishly on buying tall men for his army.</p>
+
+<p>Some day he hoped to send these huge fellows into the field, and see
+them drive the whipper-snappers of other nations before them. But he was
+so proud of his giants that he hated the thought of risking their lives
+in battle, and while he lived they never saw any harder service than
+sham fights in the fields round Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>When King Frederick was gathered to his fathers, his son, one of the
+most remarkable men who ever lived, came to the throne. When you are
+grown up you will, if you are wise, read his life as Thomas Carlyle<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+wrote it. Here I can only touch very lightly on his character and the
+work which he did for his country. He is known to history as Frederick
+the Great.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0055.jpg" width="176" height="442" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>One of the Potsdam Guards.</h3>
+
+<p>Probably no boy had ever so hard an upbringing as Prince Frederick.
+Macaulay tells us that "Oliver Twist in the parish workhouse and Smike
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+at Dotheboys Hall were petted children when compared with this wretched
+heir-apparent of a crown." This is, perhaps, an over-statement; but
+there is no doubt that the boy spent a very hard and loveless boyhood.
+His father was a rough, bluff man, who thought that the whole business
+of life was to drill and to be drilled. He loved to drink beer, smoke
+strong tobacco, play cards, hunt wild hogs, and shoot partridges by the
+thousand, and he despised all the arts and graces which make life sweet
+and beautiful. Carlyle tells us that the young prince was nourished on
+beer soup, and that every hour of his life he was taught to be thrifty,
+active, and exact in everything that he did. His very sleep was stingily
+meted out to him. "Too much sleep stupefies a fellow," his gruff old
+father used to say. So little sleep was the boy allowed to have that the
+doctors had to interfere for the sake of his health. He had no money of
+his own until he was seventeen, and then he was provided with
+eighteenpence a month, and made to keep an exact account of all that he
+spent.</p>
+
+<p>His father was determined to make the boy a soldier from his youth up.
+He thought of nothing else but soldiering; to him it was the only work
+fit for a man. A hundred and ten lads about the age of the young prince,
+and all sons of noble families, were formed into a tiny regiment for
+little Fritz, and when he had learnt his drill he took command of them.
+"Which he did duly, in a year or two; a little soldier thenceforth;
+properly strict, though of small dimensions; in tight blue bit of coat
+and cocked hat; miniature image of Papa (it is fondly hoped and
+expected), resembling him as a sixpence does a half-crown." Later on a
+little arsenal was set up for him, and in it he learnt to mount
+batteries and fire small brass guns.</p>
+
+<p>His governess was a very clever woman, and she had taught him to read
+and enjoy French, and had given him some instruction in music. In the
+brief intervals which he could snatch from his soldiering he loved to
+read French books and to play on the flute; but when his father
+discovered how he spent his leisure there were terrible scenes. The
+flute was broken, the French books were sent out of the palace, and the
+Prince was kicked and cudgelled and pulled by the hair. At dinner the
+plates were hurled at his head, and sometimes his only fare was bread
+and water. Once his father knocked him down, and would have strangled
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+him if the Queen had not interfered. At last the unhappy boy was driven
+to despair, and he tried to run away to the court of his uncle, George
+II. of England. At this the old tyrant his father was roused to madness.
+The poor boy was an officer, and he had committed the basest crime that
+the King could imagine&mdash;he had deserted. A young lieutenant who was
+trying to help him to get out of the clutches of his father was seized,
+and the King forced his son to look on while this friend was hanged.</p>
+
+<p>The boy himself would have been shot, had not the kings of Sweden and
+Poland and the Emperor of Germany pleaded for his life. As it was, he
+was sent to prison; but he found his cell happier than his home. His
+gaolers were kind to him; he had wholesome food and plenty of it; he
+could read his French books without being kicked, and play his flute
+without having it broken over his head. Nevertheless, in less than a
+fortnight after the death of his friend he was ready to promise the King
+that he would not misbehave in the future. He was released from prison,
+but for some time was not restored to his old position in the army.</p>
+
+<p>At length he became a man, and was allowed to set up a home of his own.
+He married a wife, and amused himself in his country retreat by laying
+out gardens and growing rare fruits and flowers. The friends whom he
+gathered around him were all French, and amongst them he set up a
+brotherhood called the Order of Bayard, after the name of the great
+French knight who was "without fear and without reproach"&mdash;the noblest
+hero of the Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1740 "Old Fritz" lay on his death-bed, and was able to
+say, as he put his arms round the Prince's neck, that he was content to
+die, knowing that he was leaving behind him so worthy a son and
+successor. Thus Frederick became King of Prussia in his twenty-eighth
+year. His subjects thought that he would prove a gentle and easy-going
+king; but imagine their surprise when they found that, like Prince Hal,
+he bade farewell to his companions and completely turned over a new
+leaf. "No more of these fooleries," he said, and at once flung himself
+into the work of making his army as strong and efficient as possible.
+The men were drilled without mercy, and the officers frequently beat
+them with canes; but in spite of this treatment they were full of
+spirit, and in after years showed great valour on the battlefield.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+Frederick was soon looking about for an opportunity of testing them in
+war.</p>
+
+<p>A few months after he came to the throne, Charles VI., the Holy Roman
+Emperor, died, and there was no son to succeed him. He left his great
+dominions&mdash;Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, parts of the Netherlands, and
+parts of North Italy&mdash;to his daughter, Maria Theresa,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> and before his
+death he had persuaded the sovereigns of Europe to support her as
+Empress. Amongst those who faithfully promised to do so was Frederick;
+but I am sorry to say that, very shortly after Maria Theresa ascended
+her throne, he suddenly assembled his army and marched at its head into
+her country. He broke his plighted word; he fell upon a state which he
+thought was unable to defend itself; and he plunged Europe into a long
+and terrible war, simply because he was eager to increase his power and
+make people talk about him. You cannot think of a baser crime than
+this. Frederick used to say: "He is a fool, and that nation is a fool,
+which, having the power to strike his enemy unawares, does not strike
+and strike his deadliest."</p>
+
+<p>It was the depth of winter when Frederick set his armies in motion. Poor
+Maria Theresa was taken unawares; town after town yielded, until, before
+the end of January 1741, Frederick was master of Silesia,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> and was
+able to return to Berlin, where he was received with joy by his
+subjects. Then some of the other greedy sovereigns followed Frederick's
+bad example, and soon all Europe was in arms.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0059.jpg" width="274" height="440" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Maria Theresa and the Hungarian Nobles.</h3>
+
+<h4>When Frederick the Great was about to invade Silesia, Maria Theresa,
+holding her young son in her arms, begged the Hungarian nobles to fight
+for her. With one accord they drew their swords and cried, "Let us die
+for our <i>king</i>, Maria Theresa!"</h4>
+
+<p>Frederick had been brought up as a soldier, but up to this time he had
+seen nothing of actual war, and had never commanded great bodies of men
+in the field. In his first battle his cavalry was put to flight, and he
+spurred his English grey out of the battle, and ran away! He took refuge
+in a mill, and late at night the news was brought to him that, thanks to
+an old field-marshal, his army had won a great victory. When he realized
+that he had been running away while his men had been winning a battle
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+for him, he was filled with shame. This was the turning-point in his
+career. In the next battle he showed great courage, and so diligently
+did he study the art of war, that he soon became renowned as one of the
+greatest generals who ever lived.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0060.jpg" width="561" height="364" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Frederick the Great visiting his People.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by von Menzel.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>I cannot tell you here of all the long and cruel warfare which Frederick
+the Great waged. He gained many victories, chiefly by making cat-like
+leaps before his enemy expected an attack; but he had many defeats too,
+for several nations joined together to fight him. He would have been
+hopelessly beaten but for the British king, George II., who was also
+Elector of Hanover,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> one of the German states. George II. sent him
+men and money, and enabled him to meet his foes on the battlefield. For
+seven years Frederick held his ground against the three great
+military Powers of the time&mdash;France, Austria, and Russia. In the year
+1761 the British refused to help him any further, and it seemed as if he
+must be forced to give up the struggle for want of means to carry it on.
+But fortune favoured him; the new Emperor of Russia wished to make
+peace, and thus Frederick was freed from one of his powerful enemies.
+One by one his other foes dropped off, and in 1763 peace was made.</p>
+
+<p>In some of his battles so many of his men were killed, and so terrible
+was the condition of his country, that more than once he thought of
+committing suicide as the only escape from the evils which he had
+brought upon his kingdom. But when peace came Prussia was a great Power,
+respected for her military strength by the whole of Europe. Thereafter,
+Frederick devoted himself to building up his country anew. Before his
+death he had increased his territories to an area of 75,000 square
+miles, and his people numbered 5,500,000. He had made Prussia great, but
+he had done it by craft and cunning and violence, and at the cost of
+untold misery and suffering.</p>
+
+<p>Before I conclude the story of Frederick the Great I must tell you of
+another piece of wickedness which he did in the latter years of his
+life. I have already mentioned the Poles as a Slav race, and have told
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+you that they now live partly in Austria, partly in Germany, and partly
+in Russia. There is no country of Poland now, but there may be one again
+when this war is over. In the reign of the English king, Edward III.,
+Poland was an important and flourishing kingdom. Its capital was the old
+city of Cracow,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> now in the Austrian province of Galicia.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> If you
+were to visit its cathedral church, which stands high on a rocky hill to
+the south-west of the town, you would see the tombs of many of the
+Polish kings, patriots, and poets who have made Poland so famous amongst
+the nations. Amongst them you would see the last resting-place of John
+Sobieski,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> who was the noblest warrior of them all. He it was who
+drove back the Turks from the walls of Vienna and saved Europe from the
+infidel.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1772 Poland was too weak to defend herself. Her nobles
+quarrelled fiercely amongst themselves, and the land was torn with
+disunion and strife. Then the cruel, crafty King of Prussia made an
+agreement with Russia and Austria, whereby they were to seize part of
+Poland. This was done, and the three sovereigns, like robbers in a cave,
+divided the spoils between them. Frederick took a big slice, and so did
+Russia, while Austria was given Galicia. This was the first mouthful.
+Twenty-one years later the same three Powers gobbled up poor Poland
+completely; and now, like the Jews, the Poles have no land which they
+can call their own. But they still love Poland, and yearn for the day
+when it will be a kingdom once more. When the present great war broke
+out, the Czar of Russia sent a message to the Poles saying that if they
+would help him to win he would set up the old kingdom of Poland again,
+and let it have a king of its own, under his protection. This was great,
+glad news to the Poles, and they eagerly agreed to help him.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GREAT WAR LORD OF EUROPE.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he noblest street in all Berlin is called the Unter den Linden, which
+simply means "under the lime trees." In this fine, tree-shaded avenue
+stands a splendid monument to Frederick the Great, the man who laid the
+foundations of Prussia by means of force and fraud. His successor,
+Frederick William II., was a weak man, who squandered the public money
+on favourites. Under his rule Prussia grew poorer every day; instead of
+being the best governed state in Europe, it rapidly became one of the
+worst, and a clever Frenchman at his court declared that no country was
+nearer to ruin. The army, however, was still kept up in the old way,
+though it had lost much of its fiery spirit. Frederick William was just
+as eager for war as Frederick the Great; but he was no general, and when
+he did fight, was badly beaten. Then, as you will soon hear, he made
+peace with his victorious foe, and had to give up a part of his country.
+It was in his time, however, that further slices were taken from Poland
+and added to Prussia.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0064.jpg" width="567" height="388" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Kaiser and his Troops in the Unter den Linden.</h3>
+<h4><i>Photo, Exclusive News Agency.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Three years after Frederick William II. came to the throne, one of the
+greatest events in all history took place. For hundreds of years the
+kings and nobles of France had ground down the people in all sorts of
+harsh and cruel ways. At length the people rose in wrath and began to
+upturn the government and try to set up a new state of things. In July
+1789 a Paris mob stormed the state prison and set free the prisoners;
+whereupon the peasants all over the country rose in rebellion, murdered
+the nobles, and burned their castles. The king dared not interfere; all
+power was taken from him, and a sort of Parliament began to pass laws
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+sweeping away all the old abuses. The Revolution, or great upturning of
+the government, had begun.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0065.jpg" width="449" height="353" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Attack on the Bastille.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>From a contemporary print.</i></h3>
+
+<p>The leaders of the people grew more and more violent, and thousands of
+nobles and gentry fled the country. The king and his family tried to
+escape, but were caught and brought back as prisoners. Those who had
+managed to get out of France went to the courts of the various kings,
+and begged them to declare war against the country which was so cruelly
+treating them and their king. At length the kings of the other European
+countries began to perceive that their own thrones were in danger, and
+that they must unite to protect themselves. Leopold II., Emperor of
+Austria, and Frederick William of Prussia prepared to fight. At the head
+of 50,000 of his own men and 30,000 Austrians, Frederick William crossed
+the eastern frontier of France. At this the Paris mob was filled with
+fury. They burst open the prisons in which their nobles and gentry were
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+confined, and killed many of them. The same dreadful scenes took place
+in several other towns of France.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0066.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>French nobles and gentry waiting the call to execution.</h3>
+
+<p>The French got together an army which was little better than a rabble,
+but was full of fiery zeal. It entered Belgium, and called on the people
+to rise against their government and set up a republic. Another French
+army advanced to the Rhine to meet Frederick. The anger of the French
+was now so great that they resolved to hurl at the kings of Europe the
+head of a king. On January 21, 1793, they cut off the head of their
+king, and a few months later that of the queen. A thrill of horror ran
+through the courts of Europe, and Great Britain, Holland, Spain,
+Austria, and Prussia united to make war on France. In the summer of
+1793, during the six weeks of what was called the Reign of Terror, the
+French put to death more than 1,400 of their nobles and gentry, and
+some of the most bloodthirsty scenes in all history took place.</p>
+
+<p>During this terrible time the French raised army after army, though they
+had scarcely the means of feeding and clothing and arming their men.
+These armies fought with wonderful spirit, and they attacked all the
+nations opposed to them. On the other hand, the Allies were jealous of
+each other, and were slow to mass their armies. The Prussians, with whom
+we are specially concerned, were beaten, and so were the Austrians. Then
+Frederick William II. deserted his fellow kings, and made peace with the
+French Republic,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> giving up to it the whole of the left bank of the
+Rhine. He died two years later, and was succeeded by Frederick William
+III. At the end of the year 1795 France held the upper hand in Europe.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Every boy and every girl who reads these pages must have heard the
+<i>Marseillaise</i>,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> the great French war song. Here are the words of it,
+and on the next page you will find the music:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ye sons of France, awake to glory!</span>
+<span class="i2">Hark, hark! what myriads round you rise!</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Your children, wives, and grandsires hoary&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i2">Behold their tears and hear their cries!</span>
+&nbsp;<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Shall hateful tyrants, mischief breeding,</span>
+<span class="i2">With hireling hosts, a ruffian band,</span>
+<span class="i2">Affright and desolate the land,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;While peace and liberty lie bleeding?</span>
+<span class="i4">To arms! To arms! ye brave.</span>
+<span class="i4">The avenging sword unsheathe.</span>
+<span class="i4">March on! March on!</span>
+<span class="i4">All hearts resolved on victory or death!</span>
+&nbsp;<br />
+<span class="i0">"Now, now the dang'rous storm is rolling,</span>
+<span class="i2">Which treach'rous kings confed'rate raise;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The dogs of war let loose are howling,</span>
+<span class="i2">And lo! our fields and cities blaze.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And shall we basely view the ruin,</span>
+<span class="i2">While lawless Force, with guilty stride,</span>
+<span class="i2">Spreads desolation far and wide,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;With crime and blood his hands embruing?</span>
+<span class="i4">To arms! To arms! ye brave, etc.</span>
+&nbsp;<br />
+<span class="i0">"With luxury and pride surrounded,</span>
+<span class="i2">The vile insatiate despots dare,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Their thirst for pow'r and gold unbounded</span>
+<span class="i2">To mete and vend the light and air.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Like beasts of burden would they load us,</span>
+<span class="i2">Like gods would bid their slaves adore;</span>
+<span class="i2">But man is man, and who is more?</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Then shall they longer lash and goad us?</span>
+<span class="i4">To arms! To arms! ye brave, etc.</span>
+&nbsp;<br />
+<span class="i0">"O Liberty, can man resign thee,</span>
+<span class="i2">Once having felt thy gen'rous flame?</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Can dungeons, bolts, and bars confine thee,</span>
+<span class="i2">Or whips thy noble spirit tame?</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Too long the world has wept, bewailing</span>
+<span class="i2">That Falsehood's dagger tyrants wield;</span>
+<span class="i2">But Freedom is our sword and shield,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And all their arts are unavailing.</span>
+<span class="i4">To arms! To arms! ye brave, etc."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br /><br />
+<h2>THE MARSEILLAISE HYMN.</h2>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0068.jpg" width="393" height="462" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0069.jpg" width="393" height="497" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ye Sons of France awake to glory! Hark, hark! what</span>
+<span class="i0">myriads round you rise! Your children, wives, and grandsires hoary; Behold their</span>
+<span class="i0">tears, and hear their cries! Behold their tears and hear their cries! Shall hateful</span>
+<span class="i0">Tyrants, mischief breeding, With hireling hosts, a ruffian band. Affright</span>
+<span class="i0">and desolate the land, While peace and liberty lie bleeding? To</span>
+<span class="i0">arms! to arms! ye brave! Th'avenging sword unsheath,</span>
+<span class="i0">March on! March on!</span>
+<span class="i0">all hearts resolv'd On victory or death! March on! March</span>
+<span class="i0">on! all hearts resolv'd On victory or death!</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It will interest you to learn that this splendid marching song, which is
+the French national anthem, was composed during the years when France
+was fighting with almost all the other nations of Europe. In April 1792,
+when war was declared on Austria, a young captain of Engineers named
+Rouget de Lisle<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> was in Strassburg<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> with his company, waiting the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+order to advance. He was fond of writing verse and composing music, but
+up to this time he had written and composed nothing worthy of special
+mention. His heart and mind were fired with the thought of giving
+freedom to all the world; to him it seemed that the armies of France
+were engaged in a holy crusade.</p>
+
+<p>Food was scarce in Strassburg at this time, and many of the officers and
+soldiers would have gone hungry but for the mayor, who did everything he
+possibly could to supply them with food. Every evening he asked a number
+of the officers to sup with him, and one evening Rouget de Lisle was
+invited. During the meal the mayor said that he wished some one would
+compose a new war song which would stir up the young soldiers about to
+march on Austria. A major who was one of the company turned to Rouget
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+and said, "You are a poet and a musician; can't you compose something
+that will do?"</p>
+
+<p>Rouget was a very modest young fellow, and at once he said that a war
+song was quite beyond his powers. Some of the other men seated at the
+table joined in the request, and Rouget at last began to think that he
+would try. He retired to his chamber, and as he thought of his beloved
+France and of the great battles which she had to fight, he became
+greatly excited. Then the words flowed from his pen, and as he wrote
+them a tune sprang into his mind which seemed to suit the words exactly.
+By seven o'clock in the morning he had composed both words and music. At
+once he hastened to his friend the major, and said, "Listen to this, and
+tell me what you think of it." The major listened and was delighted, and
+some hours later carried him off to the mayor's house. Here Rouget sang
+his song, while one of the mayor's nieces accompanied him on the piano.
+Every one who heard it was thrilled. It seemed to call forth all the
+fighting spirit in them.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0071.jpg" width="445" height="374" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Rouget de Lisle singing "The Marseillaise."</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the painting by Pils, in the Louvre Gallery. Photo by Mansell.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>The same day the song was published, and next day one of the military
+bands played it. Immediately it became all the rage. Through Alsace to
+the south of France it spread like wildfire; but the people of Paris
+knew nothing of the song until they heard the volunteers from
+Marseilles<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> chanting it as they marched through the streets. They had
+sung it in every town and village through which they had passed, and
+everywhere it had been greeted with loud cries of delight. Because it
+was first sung in Paris by the men of Marseilles, it was called the
+<i>Marseillaise</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the story of the great French war song which all Europe learned
+to know and fear in what is known as the War of the Revolution. It
+worked like a charm: men marched and fought and suffered and died to its
+strains. At the present time French soldiers are singing it as they
+swing along the roads to engage the enemy, and you and I sing it in this
+country because the French are our friends and allies, and their cause
+is ours.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0073.jpg" width="459" height="352" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Napoleon at School.</h3>
+
+<h4>When Napoleon was a boy at a French military school he was jeered at by
+his fellows, who called him a surly Corsican.</h4>
+
+<p>Out of the bloodshed and terror of this time arose the figure of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+Napoleon, the greatest war lord that the world has ever known. He was a
+Corsican,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> who first proved his ability by forcing the British to
+give up Toulon.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Thereafter he rose rapidly in the service of the
+Republic, and in 1796 was placed in command of the army of Italy. In two
+campaigns he completely overthrew the Austrians, and was hailed by his
+countrymen as the greatest general of the age. As he rose in power and
+fame he began to dream of making himself the master of France, and then
+of all Europe. Before long Great Britain alone stood against him. On sea
+the British were then, as now, supreme, and our great Admiral Nelson,
+and others worthy to be mentioned with him, defeated his fleets again
+and again. Nevertheless he won so many great victories on land that in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+the year 1801 the continental nations were obliged to make peace with
+him. You already know that Prussia had done so six years before, and had
+been forced to give up the whole of the left bank of the Rhine. Next
+year Britain made peace with him too.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0074.jpg" width="468" height="344" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Napoleon at Austerlitz.</h3>
+
+<p>On May 18, 1804, Napoleon put an end to the French Republic, and made
+himself Emperor of the French. He now planned a great scheme for turning
+all Europe into one vast empire, with kings and princes over the various
+nations, but himself as the head of all. He sent an army into Hanover,
+and overran it; but Prussia did not interfere, because she hoped that
+Napoleon would hand over that state to her if she remained quiet. Great
+Britain now persuaded Austria, Russia, and Sweden to join together
+against France, but Frederick William III. would not unite with them. He
+allowed Napoleon to do as he pleased in Germany, because he thought that
+Austria would be beaten, and that the conqueror would reward him with
+some of the spoils. The Emperors of Austria and Russia begged him to
+desert Napoleon and join them, but he would not listen to them. When
+Napoleon won the famous battle of Austerlitz, at which the three great
+emperors of Christendom were present, Frederick William received his
+reward&mdash;Hanover was handed over to him.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon was now master of all Europe except Great Britain. In the next
+year sixteen of the German princes separated themselves from the German
+Empire and joined him, and he turned many of the provinces which he had
+won into kingdoms, and placed his relatives and his generals on their
+thrones. As for Prussia, Napoleon had no respect for her, and very soon
+showed that he was going to seize her too. Louisa, the beautiful Queen
+of Prussia, had alone seen what the end of her country would be, and had
+begged the king to draw the sword against the conqueror. When Napoleon
+took one of the Prussian fortresses she again besought her husband to
+fight. The Emperor of Russia visited him, and joined his entreaties to
+hers, and at last, in 1806, he took the field against the great war
+lord.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0076.jpg" width="561" height="435" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Napoleon with King Frederick William III. and Queen Louisa at Tilsit.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>From the picture by von Gros.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Napoleon struck swiftly. At Jena<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> he held the Prussians in check till
+his cavalry came up, and when they dashed down on the foe all was over.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+The Prussian horse and foot fled in panic; 20,000 Prussians were killed
+or taken, as well as 300 guns and 60 standards. After the victory
+Napoleon treated the Prussians very harshly. He said many bitter things
+about the old Duke of Brunswick, who had fought so bravely against him,
+and he overran his states. He insulted the queen, and he told the nobles
+that he would make them so poor that they would be obliged to beg their
+bread. He quickly subdued the whole country, and made Prussia pay him
+some millions of money. Then the conquered states were divided into four
+parts, over which he set commanders.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving 60,000 French to hold beaten Prussia, he now turned on Russia,
+and in February 1807 marched 100,000 men into Poland, where he met the
+Russian army and the remnants of the Prussian army. On a field covered
+with snow a battle was fought during the short hours of a winter day.
+The slaughter was horrible, and the battle was drawn. In the following
+May the armies met again, and this time Napoleon was victorious. A week
+later he and the Czar met on a raft moored on the river Niemen,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+and made plans for the greatest scheme of robbery ever known to history:
+they agreed to divide Europe between them.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain still struggled against Napoleon, and her fleet was the
+only force which prevented him from becoming the unchecked master of the
+whole world. Napoleon now tried to bring Great Britain to her knees.
+Some years before he had gathered fleets of flat-bottomed boats at
+Boulogne,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> and had prepared a huge army for the invasion of Britain,
+but could not obtain that twelve hours' mastery of the Channel which
+would enable him to cross the "silver streak." Now he tried another
+plan. He ordered the harbours of the Continent to be closed against the
+British, so that they could not carry on trade or sell their
+manufactures. In this way he hoped to make Great Britain so poor that
+she would be unable to hold out against him.</p>
+
+<p>By this time the Czar was tired of being Napoleon's underling, and he
+now said that he would not close his ports against the British. Napoleon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+was furiously angry, and marched a great army towards the Russian
+frontier, which was crossed on June 23, 1812. The Russians did not
+attempt to fight; they fell back, and lured him on, meanwhile wasting
+the country over which he had to pass. Soon the French found themselves
+short of food, and thousands died of hunger. Napoleon's line of march
+was marked by the dead bodies of thousands of men and horses.</p>
+
+<p>At last the Russians stood firm, and a great battle was fought some
+seventy miles from Moscow. One hundred thousand men lay dead or wounded
+on the field, but Napoleon was not checked. A week later his troops
+entered Moscow<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> with shouts of delight. To their dismay they found it
+as silent as a city of the dead. All the people had left it, but before
+doing so had set fire to the place. Soon after the French marched in,
+flames began to shoot up from a thousand different points. The fire
+burned for five days, and the city lay in ruins. Then want of food and
+shelter compelled Napoleon to retreat. When he left Moscow his army had
+dwindled to about 100,000 men. The Cossacks<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> hung upon their flanks
+and rear, and cut off all stragglers. Soon the snow began to fall, and
+the cruel Russian winter set in. Thousands perished daily of cold and
+hunger.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon's starving and frost-bitten army soon became a rabble. As he
+approached the river Beresina<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> he learned that the Russians were
+waiting to oppose the passage. A battery of guns commanded the bridge,
+and as the French tried to cross thousands of them were mowed down, and
+heaps of dead and wounded blocked the way. A miserable, crushed remnant
+of 20,000 men was all that struggled back to Germany. The downfall of
+Napoleon had begun.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0079.jpg" width="459" height="334" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Retreat of Napoleon from Moscow.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>After the picture by Meissonier.</i>)</h4>
+
+<br />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW THE GREAT WAR LORD FELL.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>his unexpected blow seemed to the enslaved peoples of Europe a sign
+that their hour of deliverance had struck. Everywhere they began to take
+fresh courage, and ere long there was a general rising of the nations
+against Napoleon. Berlin was still in the hands of the French; but when
+the King of Prussia called upon his people to rise against the common
+enemy, every able-bodied man was ready to throw off the hated yoke. The
+news reached Napoleon's ears; but he only exclaimed, "Pah! Germans can't
+fight like Spaniards." However, he got together another French army, and
+many of the German princes were so terrified that they let their troops
+join him. Prussia stood almost alone.</p>
+
+<p>Her people, however, were filled with new hope and energy. The whole
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+country became an armed camp. Youths scarcely more than boys, old men
+with gray hair, fathers of families, doctors, lawyers, tradesmen, even
+women in men's clothing, snatched up guns and grasped swords. Never was
+a nation more united. A large army sprang into being, the Tsar sent
+help, and Napoleon was defied. But once more the great war lord
+conquered, and in two fierce battles Prussia was beaten to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor of Austria now tried to act as a peace-maker, and sent
+Metternich,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> his chief minister, to talk the matter over with
+Napoleon. As soon as he arrived, the French emperor said, "Well, Count
+Metternich, how much money have you been bribed with by England to take
+this part?" So saying, he threw his hat down on the floor to see if
+Count Metternich would stoop to pick it up. The minister looked at the
+hat and then at Napoleon, but did not stoop. Seeing this, Napoleon
+turned his back on him, and Metternich knew that war would be declared
+on his country.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon had now to fight Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Sweden. It may
+perhaps surprise you to find Sweden amongst Napoleon's foes, especially
+when you learn that the Prince of Sweden had been a French general, and
+had fought for Napoleon. But he, too, was tired of Napoleon's yoke, and
+was ready to help in throwing it off. Three armies were gathered
+together&mdash;a northern army, a second in Bohemia, and a third in Silesia,
+the last being under the command of Marshal Bl&uuml;cher,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> of whom we
+shall hear again.</p>
+
+<p>On August 23, 1813, a battle took place between the French and the
+northern army at a place called Gross-Beeren.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> The Swedish king was
+supposed to be in command of this army, but he and his Swedes looked on
+without fighting. It was a battle of untrained men against a trained
+army. The Prussian peasants rushed on the foe, beat down whole
+battalions of them with the butt-ends of their muskets, and captured
+2,400 prisoners. Three days later Marshal Bl&uuml;cher also won a success in
+Silesia. Having lured the French across the river Neisse, he drove them
+back into the stream, which was then swollen by heavy rains. The muskets
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+of his men were wetted, and so were of no use for firing; but Bl&uuml;cher
+drew his sabre and dashed forward, shouting, "Forward!" The Prussians
+clubbed their muskets and beat thousands of the French to death. Many
+others were drowned or bayoneted, and the victory was complete. The
+French general escaped almost alone, and galloped to Dresden,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> where
+Napoleon then was. "Sire," he said, "your army no longer exists."
+Marshal Bl&uuml;cher was made a prince, and thenceforward was known as
+"Marshal Forward."</p>
+
+<p>While his generals were thus suffering defeat, Napoleon himself gained a
+victory near Dresden. But when his army learned that elsewhere his
+forces had been beaten, the Germans under his command began to waver,
+and the outlook was black indeed. Napoleon knew that his end was drawing
+near, and for several days he could not make up his mind whether to
+fight or to return to France. At last he determined to fight, and then
+took place what is known as the "battle of the nations," because
+soldiers of so many different nations were engaged in it. This battle
+was one of the longest and fiercest that had ever been fought up to that
+time. It lasted four days, and at the end of it Napoleon was defeated.
+He lost no less than 78,000 men; but the Allies, though victorious, lost
+very heavily too.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon was beaten at last, and Germany was full of rejoicing. The yoke
+of French bondage was broken, and many nations were free once more.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0082.jpg" width="470" height="313" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Prussians fighting their way through the village of
+Planchenoit to reach the field of Waterloo.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Von Udolf Northen.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>I can tell you the rest of Napoleon's story in a very few words. He
+struggled hard with the remnants of his army, but in vain, and on March
+31, 1814, the Allies entered Paris, where the French people received
+them with shouts of joy. They had been devoted to Napoleon while he was
+victorious; now that he was defeated, they remembered all the sorrow and
+suffering that he had caused them, and cried, "Down with the tyrant!"
+The Allies forced Napoleon to give up his throne, and sent him to reign
+over the little island of Elba.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> For eight or nine months he lived on
+this island, and Europe thought that the last had been seen of him. But
+he was biding his time, watching and waiting for the chance to become
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+Emperor of France once more. The king to whom his throne had been given
+was a selfish, stupid man, and he soon disgusted the army and the
+people. At the moment when they were ready to rise, Napoleon suddenly
+appeared on the south coast of France, and as he travelled north to
+Paris his old soldiers flocked to him. The troops sent against him
+deserted and went over to his side. When he entered Paris, on the 20th
+of March, the king had fled.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies now bound themselves to put more than a million men into the
+field against him, and never to rest until they had subdued him for
+ever. Napoleon, however, gathered an army, and marched into Belgium,
+where the Duke of Wellington had a mixed force of British and Belgians,
+and Prince Bl&uuml;cher an army of Prussians. I cannot now tell you fully the
+story of the great fight which followed. Napoleon's general, Ney,
+attacked the British at Quatre Bras,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> but was beaten. On the same
+day, at Ligny,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Napoleon met Bl&uuml;cher, and defeated him, but not so
+badly that he was unable to fight again. The Prussians were obliged to
+retreat, and Wellington was forced to fall back to the field of
+Waterloo,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> at which place Bl&uuml;cher promised to meet him next day.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of June the great battle took place. All day the British
+held their ground, though they were fiercely assailed again and again.
+At eight o'clock in the evening, just when the last desperate charge had
+been driven back, Bl&uuml;cher and his Prussians appeared. Then the French
+army turned and fled. Napoleon put spurs to his horse and rode through
+the summer night to the coast, where he tried to escape to America.
+Failing to do this, he gave himself up to the captain of a British
+man-of-war. "Last scene of all to end this strange eventful history,"
+Napoleon was banished to the lonely Atlantic island of St. Helena,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+where he was kept prisoner like a caged tiger for nearly six years. He
+died on May 5, 1821. So much had he passed out of history that a great
+Frenchman said his death was not an event, only a piece of news.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+<p>Why did we fight so hard and so long against Napoleon? First, because he
+was a tyrant, bent on making himself master of Europe and ruling it as
+he pleased; secondly, because he wiped out or trod underfoot many of the
+smaller nations; and thirdly, because we were determined not to allow
+him to gain possession of the Netherlands. Look at a map of Europe, and
+you will see that the Netherlands, which now consist of Holland and
+Belgium, are opposite to our east and south-east coasts. These two
+countries are small, but they are very fertile, because they are mainly
+formed of the rich soil brought down by the Rhine, the Meuse, and the
+Scheldt.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0084.jpg" width="495" height="355" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Map of Northern Europe.</h3>
+
+<h4>The thick lines show the chief trade routes.</h4>
+
+<p>Thanks to the rivers, the Netherlands have some of the best ports in
+the world, and through them passes much of the sea-borne trade of
+Northern Europe. Antwerp, on the Scheldt, is opposite to the mouth of
+the Thames, and is one of the great ports of the world. Rotterdam, at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+the mouth of the Rhine, and Amsterdam, near the Zuider Zee,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> are also
+very important seaports. If an enemy held these ports, and was able to
+drive our navy from the North Sea, he might invade us very easily.
+Napoleon used to say that Antwerp was a pistol held at the heart of
+England. We should have been very blind and very foolish if we had
+allowed him to be master of the Netherlands, and permitted him to point
+the pistol at our heart. As master of the Netherlands he would not only
+have gained greatly in strength, but he would have been better able to
+carry out an invasion of our shores than he had ever been before. When
+we pressed him very hard to give up the Netherlands, he refused, and
+said that he would rather surrender the French colonies than Antwerp.
+His overthrow removed a great danger from our very doors.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0085.jpg" width="315" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The last days of the man who tried to make himself Master
+of the World.</h3>
+
+<h4>This picture, which is by the famous French artist Paul Delaroche, shows
+Napoleon at St. Helena.</h4>
+
+<p>Before we part from Napoleon I want you to learn a lesson from his fate.
+He was one of the greatest soldiers who ever lived, and a man of
+wonderful powers of mind. His ambition was boundless, and he tried to
+make himself master of Europe, and therefore of the world. For many
+years he succeeded, but from the first his doom was sealed. The nations
+of Europe will never permit one man, however great, to be their master.
+While many of the nations of the Continent were forced to yield to him,
+we British never did. We fought him by sea and by land, and we were
+always ready to send men and money to those nations who stood up against
+him. The contest was very long; but the British people never wavered.
+They held on with the courage of a British bulldog, and in the end, by
+destroying his fleets at Trafalgar<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and defeating his army at
+Waterloo, they brought the tyrant low.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0086.jpg" width="567" height="368" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Preparing the famous signal at Trafalgar.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>From the picture by Thomas Davidson.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>Just before the battle began, Nelson ordered the famous signal to be
+made: "England expects every man to do his duty."</h4>
+
+<p>The story of how Britain saved Europe from the tyranny of Napoleon
+should steel our hearts and animate our minds at this time, when we are
+trying to lay a would-be tyrant low. The British people by their courage
+and doggedness overthrew the most powerful man and the most powerful
+nation in the world, and what they did then they can do now. Our
+forefathers struggled with wonderful patience and courage for long,
+weary years, but in the end they were victorious. We shall be victorious
+too if we are but worthy of our sires.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE MAN OF BLOOD AND IRON.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen Napoleon was safely imprisoned on St. Helena the Powers met to make
+peace, and to rearrange the map of Europe. A large part of the left bank
+of the Rhine which Napoleon had reft from Prussia was given back to her.
+An arrangement was made that thirty-nine states of Germany should join
+together into a <i>Bund</i>,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> or bond, and that each state should be
+represented in its ruling body. Saxony,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Wurtemberg,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> and
+Bavaria,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> which had been turned into kingdoms by Napoleon, were
+allowed to keep their kings, but the brothers and field-marshals whom he
+had placed on other thrones were dismissed. The only one of his
+marshals who retained his throne was the King of Sweden.</p>
+
+<p>When peace reigned once more, a German prince said, "I have slept seven
+years; now we will forget the bad dream." But the "bad dream" was a good
+dream for the peoples of Europe. Though they had suffered so terribly in
+the wars, the French Revolution had made men very disinclined to allow
+kings to rule them as they pleased, and had encouraged them everywhere
+to ask for more freedom to govern themselves. In Germany the people had
+only two duties&mdash;to pay and to obey. Now they asked for many rights
+which they had never possessed before, and in some of the states they
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+obtained them; but the King of Prussia held out to the last, and only
+gave his people a Parliament when he could resist the demand no longer.</p>
+
+<p>During this time, when the people were crying out for more freedom, one
+very good arrangement was made. Germany, as you know, consisted of a
+large number of states, some small and some large, but all of them with
+their own rulers, and armies, and customs officials. It was possible to
+pass through several of these states in the course of a day's ride. All
+of them took toll of goods passing through them, and all of them had to
+have guards at their frontiers, to see that the goods did not pass
+through without paying toll.</p>
+
+<p>You will get some idea of what this meant if you suppose the English
+counties to be separate states, and that a wagon-load of goods is being
+sent, say, from Birmingham to Carlisle. Suppose the wagon to reach the
+border of Staffordshire: it would be stopped there by customs officers,
+who would estimate the value of the goods in it, and make the owner pay
+a certain sum before he was allowed to proceed. When the wagon came to
+the Cheshire border, there would be another search and another payment;
+and the same business would be repeated on the borders of Lancashire,
+Westmorland, and Cumberland. I am sure you will say in a moment that
+this was not only a great nuisance, but it must have interfered with
+trade a great deal, and made goods very expensive to the purchaser. This
+is exactly what happened in Germany. Of course, men tried to get out of
+paying toll whenever they could, and smuggling goods from one state to
+another became a regular business.</p>
+
+<p>If I were to ask you to suggest a way out of the difficulty, you would
+say: "Let all the states join together into a group, and take toll once
+and for all when the goods enter the group. The money so received can be
+divided up amongst the states afterwards." This is just what was done. A
+Customs Union, or Zollverein, was formed by Prussia and several of the
+neighbouring states, and each state sent a member to represent it in a
+sort of Parliament known as the Bund Diet.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the German people began to see the advantages of joining together
+in this way so as to make trade easier, they would soon come to perceive
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+that a union for other purposes would be good too. In the year 1848, six
+hundred representatives from the German states met at Frankfort,<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> and
+did away with the old Bund. They said that they wished all the German
+states to be united into one empire, with one Parliament and one set of
+laws. They asked the King of Prussia, Frederick William IV.,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> to be
+emperor; but he refused, because he was not going to be dictated to by
+the people. "They forget," he said, "that there are princes still in
+Germany, and that I am one of them." Then there were many risings,
+especially in the south of Germany; but they were all put down, and the
+kings and princes seemed to have gained the upper hand. As a matter of
+fact, the people had gained much; they had aimed at unity, and though
+many years were to pass before they obtained their desire, unity was
+bound to come. In May 1851 the old Bund was restored, and once more held
+its meetings at Frankfort.</p>
+
+<p>Now let me introduce to you the man who brought about the union of the
+German states into an empire. His name was Otto von Bismarck, and he
+was born in the year of Waterloo. The title <i>von</i> shows you that he was
+of what is called gentle birth. His father was a Brandenburg squire, and
+young Bismarck spent his childhood on the flat stretches of his father's
+estates. As a boy he had a great reverence for kings, and thought that
+those who rose against them were wicked men. For example, he believed
+that William Tell,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> whose story you are sure to remember, was a rebel
+and a murderer.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0090.jpg" width="323" height="417" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Otto von Bismarck.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Franz von Lenbach.</i>)<br />
+
+This portrait shows Bismarck at a time when he was practically ruler of
+Prussia.</h4>
+
+<p>In 1832 he was sent to a university, where he was more renowned outside
+the classroom than in it. He was a big, burly man, of great strength,
+with a large, firm chin, and a look of confidence and self-control. It
+is the custom for German students to fight duels as a pastime. When they
+do so they protect their bodies and heads and eyes, and leave only the
+face exposed. The foolish young fellows slash at each other's faces, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+are very proud of the scars which remain when their wounds have healed.
+Bismarck was a great duellist; he fought and won while he was in the
+university no fewer than twenty-seven duels.</p>
+
+<p>He was the son of a soldier, and was very proud of the fact that his
+ancestors had fought in all the great Prussian wars. Rough and bluff in
+his manner, and homely in his speech, he greatly admired strong men who
+could force others to do their bidding. For people who were turned from
+their purpose by feelings of pity or kindness he had nothing but
+contempt. He had few friends outside his own family, but he was very
+fond of his dogs. Above all things he was a Prussian, and he was ready
+to do anything and everything to make Prussia not only the greatest
+state of Germany, but the leader of all the German states as well. By
+nature he was honest and straightforward; but he did not stick at deceit
+if he thought that thereby the interests of his country might be
+advanced.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1847 we find him attending the Bund Diet as the member for
+Prussia. He soon showed that he was a king's man, and that he had no
+belief in the rule of the people. Prussia, he knew, had been created by
+the power of the sword, under the sway of kings who did pretty much as
+they pleased, and allowed the people to have no part or lot in the
+government. No doubt his father had often told him of the black day when
+Napoleon beat the Prussians at Jena, and of the sad years when his
+beloved land was beneath the Corsican's yoke. It was in those days that
+the great Baron Stein<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> did his great work. At the peace of Tilsit
+Napoleon said that Prussia might have a standing army of 42,000 men.
+Stein set his wits to work to use this army as a means of training all
+the men of the nation. When 42,000 men were drilled they were dismissed,
+another 42,000 were called up, and so on. In three years Prussia had
+180,000 well-drilled men and 120,000 reserves. With these troops Prussia
+played a large part in overthrowing Napoleon. Remembering all this,
+Bismarck felt that parliaments had done nothing; strong men and a strong
+army had done everything, and it was by similar means that Prussia might
+be made the great overlord of Germany. Such was Bismarck's fixed belief.</p>
+
+<p>Though he had made no mark at college, he possessed the biggest brain of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+his time, and he now began to set it to work. Soon he was a marked man,
+and the king made him ambassador, first at St. Petersburg and then at
+Paris. In 1862 he was recalled to be the first minister of King William
+I., brother of Frederick William IV., who had died insane. From that day
+down to the year 1890 he was the foremost man, first of Prussia, then of
+Germany, and finally of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>At that time Prussia's great rival for chief power amongst the German
+states was Austria. It was Austria who had forced the Prussian king to
+set up the old Bund again, because in it she had the chief power. When
+Bismarck went to the Bund in 1862, he plainly told Austria that Germany
+could never be united until she ceased to interfere with German affairs,
+and that she had plenty of work to do in looking after her own business.
+He also told the Bund that the unity of Germany could never be brought
+about by parliaments, but only by "blood and iron." By this he meant a
+European war. He firmly believed that the German states could only be
+welded together when their soldiers fought and died side by side on the
+battlefield.</p>
+
+<p>But first of all he had to build up an army so strong that it could
+strike respect or fear into all the German peoples, and make them regard
+Prussia as their leader and chief. You already know that when the
+Prussians beat Napoleon in 1813, all the men of military age in the
+country had been passed through the army. Bismarck determined that the
+new army should be formed in the same way. Most of the people objected,
+but Bismarck still persisted, and his old college friend von Roon<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>
+began to plan an army on these lines. The Prussian Parliament would not
+agree to the new army law, and at last the king said he would resign his
+throne. Bismarck, however, would not give way, and one day, after he had
+made a bold speech in Parliament, the king said, "Over there, in front
+of the Opera House, under my windows, they will cut off your head, and
+mine a little while afterwards." Bismarck, however, was not frightened.
+He succeeded in getting the king to take no notice of Parliament, and
+the army was created.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0094.jpg" width="566" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Coronation of William I. of Prussia in the Cathedral
+of K&ouml;nigsberg on October 18, 1861.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Adolf von Menzel.</i>)</h4>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>CLEARING THE PATH.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he new Prussian army was trained by a great soldier named von
+Moltke,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> whose nephew was chief of the German staff<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> when the war
+in which we are now engaged broke out. When this new army was strong
+enough, Bismarck meant to go to war with Austria; but until that time
+arrived he intended to keep the peace with her. In the year 1863 the
+King of Denmark died, and when the new king came to the throne a dispute
+arose about the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> which you
+will see on the map to the south of Denmark. I cannot explain here to
+you all the rights and wrongs of this dispute. An English statesman of
+the time said that only two men understood it&mdash;one was dead, and the
+other was in a lunatic asylum. Both these duchies were subject to
+Denmark; but the people of Holstein were Germans, while those of
+Schleswig were Danes. There were constant quarrels between the Danes and
+the Germans in these duchies, and Bismarck thought that the time had
+come for Prussia to seize them. So, like the far-sighted man that he
+was, he made preparations, and took care that none of the other nations
+would interfere. He made a treaty with Russia on the eastern border, and
+asked Austria to join him in fighting the Danes. The idea of joining
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+these duchies to Germany was very popular in all the German states, and
+Austria felt bound to take part in their conquest. If she had not done
+so, Prussia would have stood forward as the leader of Germany, and this
+was the very thing that Austria was determined to prevent. You now begin
+to perceive what a wily man Bismarck was.</p>
+
+<p>To make a long story short, the two giants, Prussia and Austria,
+attacked the little kingdom of Denmark; and, though the Danes fought
+like heroes, they were crushed, and the two duchies were seized. But
+what was to become of them?&mdash;that was the question. Prussia soon showed
+that she meant to have them both. To this Austria would not agree, and
+thus the robbers fell out over the division of their booty. Before they
+came to blows, King William made Bismarck a count, and thus addressed
+him: "In the four years which have elapsed since I summoned you to the
+head of the State Government, Prussia has gained a position which is
+worthy of her history, and which promises a fortunate and glorious
+future."</p>
+
+<p>During the spring of 1866 von Moltke was rapidly preparing his army, and
+studying his plan of campaign. He had a surprise in store, not only for
+Austria, but for all the world. What that surprise was you shall now
+learn.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0097.jpg" width="326" height="404" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Chief of the Staff General von Moltke (nephew of the
+great General who trained the Prussian Army for the wars against
+Denmark, Austria, and France).</h3>
+
+<h4>He is here seen with the Kaiser Wilhelm watching the manoeuvres of
+German troops.<br />
+
+(<i>Photo, Oscar Tellgmann.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>In the year 1806 a Prussian boy, named John Nicholas Dreyse, finished
+his apprenticeship as a locksmith. The battle of Jena<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> had just been
+fought, and Dreyse wandered on to the battlefield, where the Prussians
+lay thick on the ground, with their muskets beside them. He picked up
+one of these guns and examined it carefully. He was a clever and
+inventive lad, and he soon saw that the musket was a poor weapon, and
+that his countrymen had been beaten because Napoleon's army had a much
+better gun. Thereupon he began to dream of inventing a gun for his
+country that should be the best in the world. He found his way to Paris,
+and obtained employment in the workshop of a Swiss gunmaker who was
+trusted by the Emperor Napoleon.</p>
+
+<p>The clever, hard-working Prussian boy soon gained the confidence of his
+master, who one day told him that he was going to make for the Emperor a
+gun that would be loaded at the breech. Dreyse had never thought of this
+before. All the guns that he had ever seen were muzzle-loaders&mdash;that is,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+they were loaded by pouring powder into the barrel and ramming home a
+bullet. The new idea filled his mind, and night and day he thought of
+ways in which such a quick-loading gun might be made. When Napoleon
+heard how he was occupied, he encouraged him to further effort by
+promising him a gift of money and the Cross of the Legion of Honour.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>
+Before, however, the gun was made, Napoleon was sleeping his last sleep
+under the willow-tree on the island of St. Helena.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0098.jpg" width="124" height="243" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Cross of the Legion of Honour.</h3>
+
+<p>At length, in 1835, after thirty years of thought and trial and
+disappointment, Dreyse made a breech-loading gun which was fired by the
+prick of a needle. At once he offered his gun to the Government of his
+own country. It was tried against the Danes, and proved so successful
+that the Prussian Government set up a large factory in which to
+manufacture it.</p>
+
+<p>By the month of June 1866, many of the Prussian soldiers were armed with
+this needle-gun, and had learned how to use it. Then when all was ready
+war began.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23rd of June three Prussian armies entered Bohemia<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> by
+different routes, with orders to drive back the Austrians and gather in
+force near Sadowa.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> These armies had to advance through the passes in
+the wall of mountains which forms the natural rampart of Bohemia. What
+the Austrians should have done was to fling themselves against the
+Prussians as they issued from the passes; but, as of old, the Austrian
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+generals were slow to move, and before they did anything the Prussians
+were all in Bohemia. At Sadowa, or K&ouml;niggr&auml;tz,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> as the Germans call
+it, a terrible battle took place. The Austrians were posted in a strong
+position, and they had good artillery, with which they caused many
+losses in the Prussian ranks. After three or four hours' fighting, it
+seemed as if the Austrians had driven off their foes. Suddenly, however,
+the second army, under the Crown Prince,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> arrived on the field of
+battle. Regiment after regiment of Prussians in their dark-blue uniforms
+advanced, all armed with the needle-gun. Then a rapid and deadly fire
+burst upon the Austrian army. Nothing so terrible had been known before.
+The Austrians held their ground for an hour, suffering fearful losses;
+but they were obliged to give way at last, and the battle was won.
+Thirty-two thousand Austrians were killed, wounded, or missing; the
+Prussians had lost only nine thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>The defeat was so crushing that Austria could no longer resist. The
+Prussians marched on Vienna, and peace was made. Austria had to pay the
+Prussians a great deal of money; she had to give up her claim to the
+duchies, and agree to let the German states form a union, from which she
+was excluded. The whole campaign had only lasted seven weeks. At the end
+of it Prussia stood without a rival in Germany. She was now a large,
+compact state of nearly thirty millions of people, stretching over the
+whole of North Germany from Frankfort in the south to Kiel<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> in the
+north. Not only had Prussia become the greatest state of Germany, but
+she had cleared away the great obstacle that stood in the path of a
+united German Empire of which she was to be the head.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0100.jpg" width="469" height="323" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Place de la Concorde.</h3>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>PREPARING FOR WAR.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he finest of all the squares of Paris is the Place de la Concorde.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>
+Let us stand in the middle of this square and look around. To the west
+we see a long avenue of chestnut trees, the Champs Elys&eacute;es;<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> to the
+north we catch a glimpse of the Madeleine,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> one of the most famous of
+all the Parisian churches; to the south, across the river, is the noble
+building in which the French Members of Parliament (Deputies) meet; and
+to the east we see the terraces and trees of the Garden of the
+Tuileries,<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> leading by the pond on which children sail their toy
+yachts to the Louvre Museum. If we stroll in the park of the Champs
+Elys&eacute;es, we shall be sure to see roundabouts and swings, and hear the
+squeak of our old friend Punch, whom the French children call
+Guignol.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+<p>The Place de la Concorde is very bright and gay now, and does not in the
+least suggest sad scenes to your mind. But it was here in January 1793
+that the guillotine<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> was set up, and hundreds of the nobility and
+gentry of France were executed. Louis XVI. and his queen, Marie
+Antoinette, here saw the light of the sun for the last time before the
+cruel axe descended, and all was over. The square was then known as the
+Place de la R&eacute;volution.</p>
+
+<p>As you glance round the square you will see a number of statues. Each of
+the following towns has its own statue&mdash;Marseilles, Lyons,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>
+Lille,<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Rouen,<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> Brest, Nantes, Bordeaux,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and Strassburg. You
+can look these places out for yourselves on a map of France. It is the
+statue of Strassburg to which I wish to direct your special attention.
+Up to the end of July in the year 1914, it was draped in black, and
+mourning wreaths were placed on it. As soon as the war broke out, the
+students of Paris tore away the black drapery, and replaced it with the
+French flag. They also removed the mourning wreaths, and put bright,
+fresh flowers in their place.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps you wonder why the statue of Strassburg remained in mourning
+from the year 1871 to the end of July in the year 1914. By the time you
+have read the next two chapters you will understand.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now we must return to the story of Germany. In the former chapter I told
+you how Austria was overthrown, and how Prussia became the leading power
+amongst the German peoples. Thus, by means of "blood and iron," the
+first step towards German unity was taken. After the Austrian War the
+German states north of the Main<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> were united into a Nord-Bund, with
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+Prussia at their head. The states south of the Main remained outside the
+combination, and had still to be brought into it. Bismarck knew that
+this could only be done by means of war. I will now tell you how this
+war came about.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0102.jpg" width="737" height="499" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Battle of Magenta (June 4, 1859).</h3>
+
+<h4>This picture represents the second attack by the French soldiers known
+as Zouaves on the town of Magenta, 15 miles west of Milan, in that part
+of N. Italy known as Lombardy. A French officer carrying the flag of his
+regiment is seen leading his men on to victory.<br />
+
+(<i>From the picture by Yvon. In the Versailles Gallery.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>In the year 1852 France had once more an emperor, who was a nephew of
+the great Napoleon,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> but was by no means a man of the same military
+genius. His throne was not secure, and he believed that he could make it
+so by restoring the old martial glory of his country. His troops fought
+along with us in the Crimea<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> against the Russians, and in 1859 he
+sent them to the help of the Italians, who were then throwing off the
+yoke of Austria. In the course of a few weeks he took a leading part in
+winning three victories, and returned to Paris in triumph, where he was
+hailed as the saviour of Italy.</p>
+
+<p>For centuries the French had kept a jealous eye on Germany, and had done
+everything they could to keep it from becoming a rival. Louis XIV. had
+taken away from Germany the two provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, which
+you will see on the map between the Moselle and the Rhine. Napoleon I.,
+as you know, stole a good deal of Germany, and gave it away to his
+marshals and to the members of his own family. After his fall, the
+Germans began to grow in power by good government and by peaceful
+industry, and France regarded this growth with a very unfriendly eye.
+When Prussia beat Austria and made herself head of the North German
+Bund, the French began to think that the time had come for clipping
+Prussia's wings.</p>
+
+<p>Soon a quarrel arose, as quarrels always do if you seek for them. The
+King of Spain died, and Bismarck put forward a German prince as a
+candidate for the vacant throne. The French people were much alarmed at
+the prospect of a German king ruling Spain, and there was great
+excitement in all parts of France. The German prince was withdrawn; but
+this did not satisfy the French people, who were eager for war.</p>
+
+<p>At this time King William of Prussia was at Ems,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> enjoying a holiday,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+and his chief ministers were away on holiday too. The French ambassador
+went to Ems and demanded that the Prussian king should apologize, and
+give a promise never to put forward a German candidate for the Spanish
+throne again. King William refused to do this, and sent a telegram to
+Bismarck, giving him an account of the interview. Bismarck, you will
+remember, wanted war in order to unite North and South Germany into an
+empire. He saw his chance, and cut out part of the telegram so as to
+make it read in a way that angered both the French and the Germans. Then
+he published it, and almost at once the French declared war.</p>
+
+<p>On July 16, 1870, the North Bund met, and agreed to fight. Three days
+later, to the great surprise of Napoleon, the South German states held a
+meeting, and declared that they would join with the North states in
+making war against France, under the leadership of the King of Prussia.
+This was a great triumph for Bismarck, who now saw clearly that if the
+united German armies could beat France, their comradeship in arms and
+their common joy in victory would make a German Empire very probable.</p>
+
+<p>The united armies of North and South Germany were far greater than those
+of France, and the Germans were also far stronger than the French in
+another important way. For years past they had prepared for war. All
+their plans had been made. They had all the stores, and guns, and
+ammunition, and railway trains they needed, and the whole system was
+arranged like clockwork. On the other hand, the French were very badly
+prepared. The Minister of War said he could place 400,000 men on the
+frontier. He also said that everything was in order; that there were
+huge stores of clothing, and that not even a "gaiter-button" was
+missing. There were enough cartridges to kill all the Germans twice
+over, and the army had a new machine gun<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> that would prove more
+deadly than the needle-gun which the Prussians had used against the
+Austrians. But all this was mere boasting. The French people had been
+living in a fool's paradise. They were as ill-prepared for war as they
+possibly could be.</p>
+
+<p>When the Emperor joined the army at Metz,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> prepared to lead his eager
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+troops across the Rhine to Berlin, he found to his dismay that he had
+but 220,000 men in place of the 400,000 promised. The men of the
+reserve<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> joined the colours very slowly, and when they appeared it
+was discovered that they had not been drilled in the use of the
+breech-loading rifle, and that they would not be ready to take the field
+for weeks. It was discovered, too, that the officers who had learned how
+to handle the machine guns had been drafted off to other duties, and
+that those who were in charge of these terrible new weapons knew nothing
+about them. There were huge stores of food in two or three depots, but
+there were no means of bringing it rapidly to the army. The transport
+wagons were stored in one place, while their wheels lay elsewhere at a
+distance, and wheels and wagons could not be brought together for weeks.
+The artillery<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> were without horses, and the guns could not be moved
+until horses were borrowed from the cavalry.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The only maps which
+were provided were those of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>While everything was at sixes and sevens on the French side, the
+Germans were massing their armies in a perfectly wonderful way. The
+boast of the French minister was true as regards them: the Germans were
+prepared to the last gaiter-button. Every detail had been thought out;
+every difficulty had been foreseen and provided for. By night and day
+railway trains followed each other to the frontier, laden with soldiers,
+horses, and guns. In fourteen days 450,000 Germans, well trained, well
+armed, and well fed, were ready to give battle to the ill-prepared
+armies of France.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0106.jpg" width="570" height="389" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Belgian Soldiers of to-day.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Sport and General.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>Notice the dogs drawing the machine guns.</h4>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>"THE COCKPIT OF EUROPE."</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>efore I tell you the story of the great struggle between France and
+Germany in 1870-71, I must ask you to look for a little time at Belgium.
+You know that it lies between Holland and France, and is one of the
+smallest countries in the world. The five northern counties of England
+cover a greater area than the whole of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>The coast is low and sandy, and is fringed with dunes. There are only
+two important harbours on the coast&mdash;Nieuport, which is the same word as
+our English "Newport," and Ostend, which simply means "East-end." The
+eastern part of the country contains a few low ranges of forest-clad
+hills, but elsewhere the surface resembles that of Holland.</p>
+
+<p>Let us climb to the top of the belfry which happily still remains in the
+fine old town of Bruges.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> Looking westwards, we see the North Sea;
+southwards and eastwards and northwards the country is as flat as the
+sea, and only just above its level. As you glance across the plain your
+eye lights upon other towers similar to that upon which you are
+standing. About twenty-five miles to the south-east you make out the
+belfry of Ghent,<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> and you might see, if the weather is clear, the
+ruins of Ypres,<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> an old cloth-working town, far to the south.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+Bruges, Ghent, Ypres, and the other towns which you see, were rich and
+flourishing for centuries, and they prove very clearly that the Belgian
+plain has long been famous for manufactures and trade.</p>
+
+<p>We now proceed to Ghent, and climb its belfry, which is higher than St.
+Paul's Cathedral. Looking around, we notice that the towns within view
+are even more numerous than those which we saw from the belfry at
+Bruges. Below us are two large rivers, the Scheldt<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and the
+Lys,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> which unite and wander away eastwards in a broad, full stream.
+If we look at the map, we see many other broad and deep rivers, all
+tributaries or sub-tributaries of the Scheldt.</p>
+
+<p>As we travel eastwards to Brussels, the capital, the flat land begins to
+get tumbled and uneven. There are no real hills yet, but you feel that
+you are rising to higher land.</p>
+
+<p>As we proceed eastwards from Brussels we shall ascend higher and higher,
+until we reach a point from which we can look down a deep valley,
+through which flows a broad, clear river. This is the Meuse,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> and
+you notice at once that it is quite unlike the rivers of the east of
+Belgium. The Meuse runs everywhere between steep hills, and where it
+enters Belgium from France it flows through a narrow gorge. From this
+gorge we can row for a long day down the river between the deep, silent
+forests covering the hills, which rise hundreds of feet on both sides of
+us. As we proceed, the hills sink in height, the stream becomes broader,
+and the towns upon its banks become larger and more frequent. We pass
+the beautiful town of Dinant,<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> and later on the larger fortified
+town of Namur,<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> where the river is joined by the Sambre.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> Still
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+further down the river, near the German frontier, is the great
+industrial town of Li&eacute;ge,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> the "Belgian Birmingham."</p>
+
+<p>Beyond the Meuse we find the third and final division of Belgium. It is
+quite unlike the rest of the country. The hills are lofty and are
+covered with woods, which on the south are known as the Forest of the
+Ardennes.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> Where there are no forests, this part of the country
+consists of heaths and moors.</p>
+
+<p>If you look at an ordinary map of Belgium you will see a number of
+crossed swords showing you the position of battlefields. So many battles
+have been fought in Belgium that it has been called the "Cockpit of
+Europe." Now why has Belgium been the scene of so many battles? You see
+that the country stands between England and France and Germany, and I
+must tell you that before Napoleon I. conquered Holland and Belgium they
+belonged to Austria. If Germany should go to war with France, and Great
+Britain should join in, their armies naturally meet in Belgium. An army
+from North Germany and an army marching north from France would come
+into contact somewhere on the rolling land between Brussels and the
+Meuse, where you see so many crossed swords. The French would find a
+shorter way into Germany, and the Germans into France, across the
+Ardennes and the high land, but an army with its food and baggage trains
+always avoids hill country if it can. The reason why the British have
+fought battles in this district is also clear. They had to meet their
+allies as rapidly as possible after crossing the sea, and the most
+convenient meeting-place was the rolling country between Brussels and
+the Meuse.</p>
+
+<p>You can easily understand that when these armies entered Belgium to
+fight their battles, the Belgians were sure to suffer. Their fair fields
+would be trodden down, their industries would cease, food supplies would
+be seized, houses and public buildings would be destroyed, and many
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+innocent townsfolk and peasants who had no part or lot in the war would
+be killed by stray shots, or put to death because they gave information
+to the enemy. The plight of Belgium, when her big neighbours quarrelled
+and fought out their quarrels on her soil, was always terrible, so in
+the year 1839 the five great European Powers&mdash;Great Britain, France,
+Russia, Austria-Hungary, and <i>Prussia</i>&mdash;made a solemn treaty, by which
+they promised faithfully that they would never again trespass on Belgian
+soil in time of war. This is what we mean when we talk about the
+neutrality<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> of Belgium.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now what has all this to do with the war between France and Germany in
+1870? We shall soon see. When there was no doubt that Germany and France
+were going to fight, the British Government sent a message to each of
+them, saying that it would declare war against that Power which broke
+its plighted word with regard to Belgium. Bismarck replied by telegraph
+that she had no intention of invading Belgium, and France gave her
+answer in the same strain. Thus Belgium was spared untold suffering. A
+new treaty was made renewing the old one, and this treaty up to the
+beginning of the present war was Belgium's charter of freedom from
+foreign invasion.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian people were very much relieved when they knew that they were
+to be left alone during the war, and the town council of Brussels sent a
+beautiful letter of thanks to Queen Victoria. It ran as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The great and noble people over whose destinies you preside have just
+given another proof of its benevolent sentiments towards this country.
+The voice of the English nation has been heard above the din of arms. It
+has asserted the principles of justice and right. Next to the
+unalterable attachment of the Belgian people to their independence, the
+strongest sentiment which fills their hearts is that of an imperishable
+gratitude to the people of Great Britain."</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>A TERRIBLE STRUGGLE.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow we must hark back and pick up the threads of the story which we
+dropped at the end of Chapter IX. Look at the map of the French frontier
+which you will find on the next page. If you trace the present boundary
+line between France and Germany, you will see it running south from the
+little state of Luxemburg,<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> in front of Metz, then turning
+south-east, and proceeding to the Vosges<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Mountains, along the ridge
+of which it continues to the border of Switzerland. In July 1870 the
+French frontier ran eastwards from Luxemburg to the right bank of the
+Rhine, and continued south along that river to Basel.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> France, you
+will observe, then possessed the two frontier provinces of Lorraine and
+Alsace.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> The most important town in these provinces is Strassburg,
+on the left bank of the Rhine.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0112.jpg" width="711" height="516" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Now look closely at the province of Lorraine, and find Metz. You see
+that it is marked with a star, which indicates that it is a fortress. It
+stands on a fertile peninsula, formed by the confluence of the
+Seille<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> and the Moselle, and is surrounded by low-lying meadows,
+which are now rich market gardens. There is hill country to the west and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+hill country to the east and south, so that it is naturally a strong
+place and capable of resisting attacks. At the time of which we are
+speaking it was the strongest fortress of France.</p>
+
+<p>Let us suppose that we have the invisible cloak of the fairies, and are
+thus enabled to enter unseen the long dining-room of the H&ocirc;tel de
+l'Europe in Metz during the closing days of July 1870. The first figure
+to catch our eye is that of the Emperor Napoleon III. We observe that he
+is a grave, dreamy man, with nothing of the first Napoleon's power and
+determination. We guess that he is seriously ill, and our guess is true;
+for he is suffering from an incurable complaint, which will soon render
+him incapable of directing the affairs of the army and the country. Ever
+since he was a child the great Napoleon has been his ideal, and he has
+long dreamed of founding an empire just as great as his uncle's, but far
+more lasting. By his side you see a boy of fourteen, the Prince
+Imperial,<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> his only son. Before another month is over this boy
+will receive his baptism of fire, and will bear himself on the
+battlefield with a coolness far beyond his years. He will, however,
+never wear the crown of France, and nine years later will receive his
+death-wound while fighting for Britain in South Africa.</p>
+
+<p>At a glance you perceive that Napoleon and the staff officers about him
+are full of anxiety; and well they may be, for not half the expected
+number of soldiers have mobilized, and the reserves are coming in by
+driblets. Telegrams arrive every few moments from the generals,
+beseeching the Emperor to send them transport, horses, and camp
+equipment. The army is utterly incapable of advancing, and it is very
+clear that the great dash across the Rhine must be put off. Meanwhile
+the German armies are moving like a well-oiled machine. Three great
+masses of men are assembling on the Rhine, ready to invade France. Their
+plan of campaign has been thought out long ago; it is now being followed
+to the letter. On the other hand, Napoleon and his generals are
+powerless to move, and are chopping and changing their plans every day.
+The Parisians are beginning to growl: "We ought to be across the Rhine
+by now. Why does the Emperor wait? On to Berlin! to Berlin!"</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+<p>On the 2nd of August something had to be done to allay the impatience of
+the French people, and Napoleon ordered an advance on Saarbr&uuml;cken,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>
+where a Prussian detachment of 1,300 lay. After a fight of three hours
+the Prussians were driven back; but they retired in good order, and were
+not pursued, neither was Saarbr&uuml;cken occupied. Shortly afterwards the
+tide of German invasion began to roll across the frontier. It consisted
+of three armies, and comprised 447,000 men. Behind these armies was a
+first reserve of 188,000 men, ready to be sent forward later; and behind
+them, again, a second reserve of 160,000 men. In addition, there were
+226,000 men to fill up the gaps caused by the killed and wounded. Von
+Moltke's plan was that the three armies should march into France
+separately, and then unite to give battle.</p>
+
+<p>At Weissenburg,<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> which you will see on your map almost directly east
+of Metz, the 3rd German army came in contact with the French.
+MacMahon,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> the French general, had no idea of how the German armies
+were disposed, and he had sent but a single division to Weissenburg.
+This division had to meet a whole German army, and though it struggled
+gallantly for five hours, it was crushed by overwhelming odds. The
+Emperor and his staff now lost their heads completely; all was confusion
+and dismay.</p>
+
+<p>The victorious Germans marched southwards towards W&ouml;rth,<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> where
+Marshal MacMahon was striving to draw his scattered forces together. A
+careless watch was kept, and early in the morning the marshal was
+painfully surprised to find himself attacked by a force which greatly
+outnumbered his own. He was well and strongly posted, and had with him a
+number of fine Algerian troops;<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> but the enemy attacked with such
+fierceness that, in spite of the desperate bravery of his men, they
+could not hold their ground. Under cover of darkness the remnants of the
+French army escaped.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+<p>The same day another calamity befell the French. The 1st and 2nd German
+Armies had by this time crossed the Rhine, and were marching on
+Saarbrucken. When the advanced guard reached that place, about nine on
+the morning of the 6th of August, it discovered that the French, under
+General Frossard,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> were strongly entrenched on a plateau with steep
+wooded sides. Almost immediately the French guns opened fire, and the
+German troops at a distance from the battlefield marched "to the sound
+of the guns." As each regiment arrived it was hurried into action, and
+one of the fiercest and most deadly battles of the war began. The French
+ought to have won. There were enough of their troops in the
+neighbourhood to beat back the Germans, but the commanders had not been
+trained to act together, and the consequence was that several divisions
+of the army never came into the fight at all.</p>
+
+<p>When darkness began to fall, Frossard fell back, and the Germans had won
+a victory of which they were hardly aware. The poor, distracted Emperor
+sent a telegram to Paris announcing this double defeat, and doubtfully
+declaring, "All may yet be regained."</p>
+
+<p>All the three German armies were now on French soil. The 3rd Army, which
+formed the German left, was commanded by the Crown Prince, afterwards
+the Emperor Frederick; the 1st Army, on the right, was under old General
+Steinmetz;<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> and the 2nd Army, forming the centre, was under King
+William's nephew, Prince Frederick Charles of Hohenzollern, called by
+the soldiers the "Red Prince," because of his fondness for wearing the
+red jacket of the famous Death's Head Hussars. The aged King William
+held supreme command of these armies, and with him as chief of the staff
+was von Moltke.</p>
+
+<p>So great was the anger of the Parisians at the French defeats that the
+Emperor hurried to the capital, leaving Marshal Bazaine<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> to command
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+the "Army of the Rhine." From Paris he ordered Bazaine to retreat on
+Ch&acirc;lons,<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> the French Aldershot, and there join the remnant of
+MacMahon's army and a reserve army which was being formed.</p>
+
+<p>At once Bazaine began blundering. While the Germans were sending out
+their cavalry to scout in all directions and to pick up information as
+to the movements of the French, Bazaine made no such use of his mounted
+men, and was quite ignorant of the doings of the Germans. He ought to
+have retired on Metz with all speed, but he wasted much time. Only part
+of his army was across the Moselle when the Germans attacked his
+rearguard at a place called Colombey.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> After a fight of seven hours,
+darkness ended the battle, and the French claimed a victory. Both sides
+had lost heavily, and Bazaine was wounded for the sixth time in his long
+career, during which he had fought his way up from private to
+field-marshal.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0117.jpg" width="293" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Napoleon III.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the painting by J. H. Flandrin at Versailles.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>The Emperor now joined his victorious army, and Bazaine continued his
+retreat, which was to be by way of Verdun<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> to Ch&acirc;lons. There were
+four roads by which Bazaine might have marched through the chalk downs
+to Verdun, but he had ordered his whole army, 150,000 strong, to march
+by a single road until they reached the village of Gravelotte,<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>
+which stands seven miles west of Metz. I think you can form a good idea
+of what this meant. The road was hopelessly cumbered with guns and
+wagons, mounted men and foot soldiers, and this caused great confusion
+and delay. So long was the column that it took two days and nights to
+pass a given point. While it was slowly plodding up the sloping road to
+Gravelotte, the Emperor lay in a little inn near the village, and
+Bazaine went to see him. The old marshal was doubtful whether, after
+having been wounded, he was fit to command the army. "It is nothing,"
+said Napoleon. "You have won a victory. You have broken the spell. Bring
+the army to Ch&acirc;lons, and all will yet be well."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0118.jpg" width="688" height="473" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Germans at Gravelotte.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>From the picture by E. J. H&uuml;nten.</i></h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+<p>That was the difficulty&mdash;to bring the army to Ch&acirc;lons. I am sure you do
+not suppose that the Germans were idle while the French were slowly
+moving along the crowded road to Gravelotte. As soon as King William
+heard of the fight at Colombey he ordered his 2nd army to cross the
+Moselle at a point nine or ten miles south of Metz, from which the Roman
+road runs by way of Verdun to Ch&acirc;lons. When the army reached the river
+it discovered that the bridges had not been destroyed, and was therefore
+able to cross unmolested and hasten forward to cut off the French
+retreat. Not a moment was wasted. On the morning of Tuesday, August
+16th, the French army left Gravelotte, and found before it two roads,
+both running across the downs to Ch&acirc;lons, the one a few miles to the
+north of the other. One column travelled by the northern road, the other
+by the southern road.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon and the Prince Imperial sped along the more northern road in
+their carriage, and soon after bidding them farewell Bazaine learnt that
+great masses of Prussian troops were rapidly advancing northwards to
+cut him off. He halted some of his troops, and rode on towards the first
+village on the road&mdash;Rezonville.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> At that time the leading cavalry
+of the French were at the village of Mars-la-Tour, some miles farther
+along the same road. One German corps struck at the left of the French
+line, while another tried to turn its flank at Mars-la-Tour. The battle
+was long and fierce, and both sides claimed the victory. Bazaine
+telegraphed to the Emperor: "The enemy left us masters of the
+battlefield;" while Moltke sent the following message to King William:
+"Our troops, worn out by a twelve hours' struggle, encamped on the
+victorious field, opposite the French lines."</p>
+
+<p>The fight was largely between cavalry, and there were several
+magnificent charges. Two German cavalry regiments made a charge that day
+which is remembered in the Fatherland as we in Great Britain remember
+the charge of the "Six Hundred" at Balaclava. They dashed down on the
+French guns, and sabred or rode down all the gunners save one. Then they
+charged through a line of infantry, and turned to return. Out of 600 men
+who rode in that "death-ride," only 194 ever came back.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0120.jpg" width="566" height="328" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Metz as it was in 1870.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>From the picture by Meyret.</i></h3>
+
+<p>Next day the French retired to a line of hills lying north of the road
+from Gravelotte to Metz. Here they dug trenches and threw up
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+embankments, and thus fortified themselves in a strong position. The
+Germans attacked this position, but again the battle was indecisive. The
+hardest fighting was near the village of St. Privat,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> on the French
+right wing, where the line was fiercely bombarded for several hours.
+Attack after attack was made at this point, but none was successful
+until the French defenders ran short of cartridges. Even then they
+fought most stubbornly with the bayonet in and around the village, but
+were overcome at last, and the left wing was turned. This meant that the
+whole French army had to retire for protection to the forts of Metz.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Visitors to this battlefield need no guide to show them the line of
+heights which the Germans stormed so desperately and the French held so
+stubbornly on that day. All along the ridge are monuments and mounds
+marking the graves of the dead. Beneath some of the mounds hundreds of
+bodies lie buried. "They rise like green islands out of the growing corn
+or the ridges of the cultivated ground." A gigantic bronze statue of St.
+Michael,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> leaning on a long sword, has been erected on the summit
+within a few hundred yards of the present frontier between France and
+Germany. This statue was unveiled by Kaiser William II., who said that
+he wished it to be a memorial not only to those who fought and died for
+the German Fatherland but to those equally brave men who gave their
+lives for France. In this terrible fight the loss of the French was
+7,850 killed and wounded; that of the Germans, 19,640.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0122.jpg" width="689" height="347" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Advance of the German Grenadiers at Nuits.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by G. Emel&eacute;.</i>)<br />
+
+[This battle took place near Dijon, in December 1870.]</h4>
+
+<p>When Bazaine reached Metz with his army he discovered that the railway
+running north had been cut, and that he was surrounded. Two German
+armies, numbering 160,000 men, were left to hem him in and wait until
+starvation drove him to surrender. Two other armies were sent to meet
+MacMahon, who was supposed to be at Ch&acirc;lons. The cavalry, however, soon
+discovered that Ch&acirc;lons was deserted; MacMahon had marched north, with
+what purpose could only be guessed. The cavalry hunted the country for
+him, and at last found him trying to reach Metz so as to relieve
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+Bazaine. Had he pushed on with all speed he might have relieved Metz,
+and, with the troops in that city, have formed a strong army which could
+have faced the German legions once more. But he had wasted ten precious
+days on the road, and this gave the Germans time to catch him up. They
+came upon him unawares, for his watch had been carelessly kept, and his
+men were cooking their dinners as the advance guards of the enemy burst
+upon them. MacMahon found to his dismay that the Germans were between
+him and Metz and that he was obliged to retreat. They drove him
+northwards to the town of Sedan,<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> which you will find on the Meuse,
+in a corner of the country from which there was no escape unless he
+crossed the Belgian border. He might have done this and avoided the
+onslaught of the Germans; but, as you know, the French had promised that
+they would not trespass on Belgian soil, and they kept their word,
+though it cost them dear.</p>
+
+<p>Through the dark night, amidst a heavy downpour of rain, the men toiled
+along the heavy roads in great confusion, and reached Sedan at nine next
+morning. The Emperor, who was following MacMahon's army, arrived late at
+night, without baggage or escort, and walked almost alone from the
+railway station to the little town. Next day MacMahon tried to restore
+some sort of order in his ranks and prepare his forces to meet the
+enemy; but by nightfall the two German armies had so completely hemmed
+them in that he could neither hope to break through nor escape if
+defeated. His army was massed under the walls of Sedan in a valley known
+as the Sink of Givonne,<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> in a sort of horse-shoe line, concave to
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>At five the next morning, on all the hills around, appeared the dark
+masses of the German troops. Two hundred and fifty thousand men were in
+a circle on the heights round the Sink of Givonne. They had come as
+stealthily as serpents. They were there when the sun rose, and when the
+French saw them they knew that all was over. The German guns commanded
+every part of the crowded valley, and when they opened fire the result
+was a massacre. One of the first to fall was MacMahon, who was struck
+down by a bursting shell, and was carried from the field. Another
+commander took his place, but no general, however great, could save the
+French army, which was now a helpless, beaten mob.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+<p>That night the miserable Emperor, worn out by fatigue and suffering,
+sent an aide-de-camp to the King of Prussia with a note containing this
+message: "Not having been able to die in the midst of my troops, it only
+remains for me to place my sword in the hands of your Majesty.&mdash;I am,
+your Majesty's good brother, <span class="smcap">Napoleon</span>."</p>
+
+<p>Next day the fallen Emperor and Bismarck met in a weaver's house upon
+the banks of the Meuse. Chairs were brought out, and they talked in the
+open air. It was a glorious autumn morning. The Emperor looked careworn,
+as well he might. He wished to speak with the King of Prussia before the
+terms of surrender were drawn up, but William refused to see him. When,
+however, terms had been arranged, the king visited the Emperor, who had
+taken refuge in a country house, and showed him much kindness. The next
+day the royal prisoner was sent to a palace in Germany, where he
+remained until the end of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, on September 2, 1870, 80,000 French soldiers yielded, and were
+marched as prisoners into Germany.</p>
+
+<p>But what of Bazaine, who was shut up in Metz with 170,000 men? Several
+times he tried to break through the ring of steel surrounding him, but
+in vain. Famine and fever struck down his soldiers every day, and after
+ten weeks he too was obliged to yield. On the 27th of October he handed
+over the fortress, 170,000 prisoners, including three marshals of
+France, and more than 1,500 guns. From this second great blow France
+could not recover.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as MacMahon's army had yielded at Sedan, the Germans without
+loss of time began their march on Paris. When the news of the disaster
+arrived, the Parisians deposed the Emperor and set up a republic. The
+new government at once determined to defend Paris to the last.
+Meanwhile, the Germans had entirely surrounded the city, and had begun
+to starve it into submission. They did not fire on the city. There was
+no need to do that, for hunger and disease were far more deadly weapons.
+During four months the Parisians held out. When all the meat in the city
+was consumed, they slaughtered the animals in the Zoological Gardens,
+and at length were so short of food that a sewer rat was a delicacy.
+From time to time balloons were sent up, and men and letters thus found
+their way to the outer world. Carrier pigeons were also used to carry
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+messages, which were tucked into quills and concealed beneath their
+wings. The new French Government, which had its headquarters at Tours,
+called out every able-bodied man in the country, and strove with all its
+might to relieve Paris. But the new soldiers, though full of heroism,
+could not stand against the well-drilled and well-tried armies of
+Germany. One by one the new French armies were defeated, and all hope of
+relieving the capital vanished. At length Paris could hold out no
+longer. On January 30, 1871, she yielded, and the hosts of Germany
+marched through the streets in triumph and took possession of the city.
+The ruin of France was complete.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>At this point let us pause a moment to notice with what great rapidity
+the French were overcome. On the 4th of August the Germans crossed the
+frontier; by the 22nd of the same month Bazaine was shut up in Metz; and
+on the 2nd of September Napoleon and 80,000 men surrendered at Sedan.
+Thirteen days later the siege of Paris began. Bazaine surrendered at
+Metz on the 27th of October, and when Paris fell on the 30th of January
+all was over. The whole campaign, from the moment the first gun was
+fired to the day Paris fell, lasted only six months. As we shall see
+later, the Germans believed that what they did in 1870-71 they could do
+again in 1914.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0126.jpg" width="572" height="425" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Defence of Paris.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>From the picture by J. L. Meissonier.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>[This picture does not represent an actual scene, but is intended to
+illustrate the heroism of the defenders who freely gave their lives for
+their city and country. France is shown in the centre of the picture as
+a female figure. The angel of destruction, attended by a carrion crow is
+seen on the upper corner on the left.]</h4>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>FRANCE UNDER THE HARROW.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>efore Paris fell, Bismarck's hour of triumph had arrived. The
+headquarters of the German armies around Paris was at Versailles,<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>
+where King William held his court in the palace of the French emperors.
+Early in December King Ludwig of Bavaria proposed that a German empire
+should be established, and that the King of Prussia should be its first
+emperor. All the leading states gladly agreed, and on January 18, 1871,
+an imposing ceremony took place in the great gallery of the palace at
+Versailles. Every regiment around Paris sent its colours in charge of
+an officer and two non-commissioned officers, and all the chiefs of the
+army were present. A chaplain read a special service, and then the king,
+ascending a dais, announced himself German Emperor, and called upon
+Bismarck to read a proclamation addressed to the whole German nation.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0128.jpg" width="570" height="395" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Proclaiming the German Emperor at Versailles, January 18, 1871.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>From the picture by Anton von Werner.</i><br />
+
+1. Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg-Gortha. 2. Crown Prince, afterwards
+Frederick II. 3. William I. 4. Grand Duke of Boden. 5. Bismark. 6. Molke.</h4>
+
+<p>The Crown Prince, as the first subject of the empire, came forward and
+kneeled before his father in homage. The Emperor raised him, and clasped
+in his arms the son who had toiled and fought and borne so great a share
+in bringing about that unity which the German peoples had so long
+desired.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the 24th of February terms of peace were arranged, and on the 15th of
+March peace was signed. Before I tell you how France was punished by her
+conqueror, I wish to introduce to you two men who fought in this
+war&mdash;the one a Frenchman, the other an Englishman. If you were to see
+the Frenchman to-day you would find him a sturdy, thick-set man, with a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+heavy white moustache, huge eyebrows, and teeth that flash when he
+speaks. His head is massive, his neck is short and thick, and he gives
+you the idea of a trustworthy watch-dog. He is General Joffre,<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>
+Commander-in-Chief of the French army.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0129.jpg" width="307" height="357" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>General Joffre, Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies.</h3>
+
+<p>He was a lad of eighteen, a cadet at a military school, when the
+Franco-German War broke out. At once he was promoted second lieutenant
+and attached to a regiment of artillery. During the siege of Paris he
+fought his gun bravely against the Germans. Since that time he has seen
+much fighting, and his countrymen know him to be strong and silent&mdash;"a
+great soldier and a great man." He now commands the armies of France
+against the foe with whom he fought as a boy of eighteen. France and her
+soldiers have laid to heart the lessons of those terrible days, and the
+present war sees them no less brave, but far better prepared to meet
+their old enemy.</p>
+
+<p>When the war began, an English boy of twenty, a cadet of the Royal
+Military Academy at Woolwich, was staying with his father in Brittany.
+Without waiting to consult his father or his masters at Woolwich, he
+enlisted in the French army as a private, and joined the 2nd Army of the
+Loire. An attack of pneumonia put an end to his services, but not before
+he had realized the terrible peril which a nation runs when unprepared
+for war. One of his experiences with the French army was a perilous
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+ascent in a war balloon; forty-three years later he made his first
+aeroplane flight.</p>
+
+<p>That boy is now Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener,<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> the British Secretary
+of State for War, the man whom we all regard as our organizer of
+victory. Since the days when he fought against the Germans in France he
+has seen warfare in many lands, especially in Africa. In 1898 he
+overcame the Mahdi<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> in the Sudan, and it was largely due to him that
+the Boers were forced to make peace after the long war of 1899-1902. A
+German general who was with him in the Sudan said: "Lord Kitchener was
+cool and perfectly calm; he gave his orders without in the least raising
+his voice; he always made the right arrangements at the right moment. He
+seemed to be absolutely indifferent to personal danger, and never did
+anything out of bravado. Acting is out of the question with him; he is
+always perfectly natural." Such is the man who is the Secretary for War
+at this time of national stress and anxiety. The Germans were his first
+foes. Let us hope that they will be his last.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>France paid dearly for her defeat. Germany demanded &pound;200,000,000, and
+ordained that a German army should remain on French soil until this huge
+sum was paid. It seemed at first sight quite impossible for France to
+find the money; but so rich is her soil, and so thrifty are her
+peasants, that the whole of it was paid by the end of the year 1874. To
+most Frenchmen this was by no means the heaviest blow which France
+suffered. When Germany took back Eastern Lorraine and Alsace, which, you
+will remember, had once been her own, there was the deepest shame and
+sorrow throughout the land, and thousands of Frenchmen swore they would
+never rest until these provinces had been recovered. Though forty-three
+years have come and gone since that black day, Frenchmen have never
+forgotten the shame which they then endured. They have mourned without
+ceasing for Alsace and Lorraine, and that is why the statue of
+Strassburg in the Place de la Concorde has been draped in black for so
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+many years. Every patriotic Frenchman believes that, when the present
+war is over, the tricolour will once more wave from the towers of Alsace
+and Lorraine.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0131.jpg" width="305" height="443" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Field-Marshal Lord Kitchener, British Secretary for War.</h3>
+
+<p>Most of the people in Alsace were French by descent and by sympathy, and
+they were greatly distressed when they found that they must become
+subjects of Germany. When the Germans tried to force the German language
+on them, they were reduced to despair. I think the best way to explain
+to you their feelings is to ask you to read the following pathetic
+little story, which was written by a great French novelist, named
+Alphonse Daudet.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> It is entitled&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">The Last French Lesson.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>"This morning I was late in going to school, and I was very much afraid
+of a reprimand, as Mr. Hamel had said he would question me on the
+participles, and I had not prepared a single word. For a moment I
+thought of playing truant; the day was warm and bright, the blackbirds
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+were whistling, and the Prussian soldiers were at drill in the park. I
+managed to resist all these attractions, however, and hurried on to
+school.</p>
+
+<p>"In passing the mayor's house, I saw that a new notice was posted up on
+the board, which every one stopped to read. Many a sad notice had been
+posted up there during the last two years&mdash;news of battles lost, and
+orders for men and money for the war. As I passed on, the blacksmith,
+who was standing there, called to me, 'Don't hurry, my boy; you will be
+at your school soon enough to-day.' I thought he was making fun of me,
+and ran on.</p>
+
+<p>"When I reached the playground, I did not hear that buzz of noise which
+I had counted on to enable me to get to my place unnoticed. Everything
+was quiet. You may imagine how frightened I was at having to open the
+door and enter in the midst of this silence. But Mr. Hamel only looked
+at me, and said in a kindly voice, 'Hurry to your place, my little
+Franz; we were about to commence without you.'</p>
+
+<p>"When I was seated at my own desk, I had time to notice that the master
+had on his handsome green coat, his finely-embroidered shirt-front, and
+his black silk skull-cap, all of which he wore in school only on
+examination days and at the distribution of prizes. But what surprised
+me most was to see the benches at the end of the room, which were
+usually unoccupied, filled by the old people of the town, all sitting
+silent like ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hamel took his seat, and in a grave, sweet voice he said, 'My
+children, this is the last time I shall teach you. The order has come
+from Berlin that nothing but German is to be taught in the schools of
+Alsace. The new master will come to-morrow. To-day is your last lesson
+in French. Be very attentive, I pray you.'</p>
+
+<p>"Now I understood why he had put on his fine Sunday clothes, and why the
+old men were seated at the end of the room. My last French lesson! Why,
+I could hardly write. How I regretted the time I had wasted in
+bird-nesting and in sliding on the Saar! My books, that I had found so
+wearisome, now seemed old friends that were about to leave me.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0133.jpg" width="314" height="440" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Alsace.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Henriette Browne.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>"I heard my name called. What would I not have given to be able to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+recite all those rules of the participles without a blunder! But I could
+only stand silent, with a swelling heart, not daring to look up.</p>
+
+<p>"'I will not scold you, my little Franz,' said Mr. Hamel, in a sad tone;
+'you are punished enough. Every day you have said, 'I have time
+enough&mdash;I will learn to-morrow;' and now what has happened? This putting
+off instruction till to-morrow has been the fault of us all in Alsace.
+Now the invaders say to us, 'How can you pretend to be French, when you
+cannot read and write your own language?'</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hamel went on to speak of the French language, saying that it was
+the most beautiful, the most polished, and the richest language in the
+world, and that we must now watch over each other and see that we never
+forgot it; for even when a people become slaves, while they keep their
+own language it is as if they held the key to their prison.</p>
+
+<p>"Then he took up a grammar, and went over our lesson with us. I was
+astonished to find that I could understand it quite easily. I had never
+listened so eagerly, and the master had never explained so patiently. It
+seemed as if he wished to make all his knowledge enter our heads at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>"Next we passed to writing. He had prepared an entirely new exercise for
+us, to be written in round hand: 'France, Alsace; France, Alsace.' How
+eagerly each one applied himself! Nothing could be heard but the
+scratching of the pens upon the paper. A butterfly entered, but no one
+stopped to watch it.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hamel sat silent in the chair he had occupied for forty years.
+To-morrow he would leave the country for ever; even now we could hear
+his sister in the room above packing the trunks. Yet he had the courage
+to go through the school work to the end.</p>
+
+<p>"Suddenly the clock struck noon. At the same time the bugles of the
+Prussian soldiers sounded under our windows, where they had come to
+drill.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Hamel rose, pale, but full of dignity.</p>
+
+<p>"'My friends,' he said in a low voice&mdash;'my friends, I&mdash;' But he was not
+able to finish the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>"He turned to the blackboard, and with a piece of chalk wrote, in
+letters that covered the whole board, '<i>Vive la France!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>"Then he stopped, leaned against the wall, and without saying a word, he
+waved his hand as if to say, 'The end has come; go!'"</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BOYHOOD OF THE KAISER.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> must now redeem the promise which I made to you at the beginning of
+Chapter III., and tell you the story of the present Kaiser. His father
+was that young prince whom we saw clasped in his father's arms at the
+great moment when the German Empire was proclaimed at Versailles. His
+mother was Princess Victoria, the eldest child of our own Queen Victoria
+and the Prince Consort. So you see that the Kaiser and King George are
+first cousins.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Victoria was a clever, sprightly girl when the Crown Prince
+came to woo her at Balmoral, and Queen Victoria in her <i>Journal</i> gives
+the following charming account of how the two young people plighted
+their troth:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 70%;">"<i>September 29, 1855.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Our dear Victoria was this day engaged to Prince Frederick
+William of Prussia, who had been on a visit to us since the
+14th. He had already spoken to us on the 20th of his wishes; but
+we were uncertain, on account of her extreme youth, whether he
+should speak to her himself, or wait till he came back again.
+However, we felt it better he should do so, and during our ride
+up Craig-na-Ban this afternoon he picked a piece of white
+heather (the emblem of 'good luck'), which he gave to her; and
+this enabled him to make an allusion to his hopes and wishes as
+they rode down Glen Girnock, which led to this happy
+conclusion."</p>
+
+<p>The Princess was a little more than seventeen years of age when she thus
+became engaged, and her lover was twenty-four. At this time his uncle,
+Frederick William IV., was King of Prussia, and his father, afterwards
+the first German Emperor, was Crown Prince. The happy pair were married
+at Windsor with great pomp and circumstance on January 25, 1858. Three
+years later the bridegroom's uncle died, his father was crowned King of
+Prussia, and he became Crown Prince.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0136.jpg" width="684" height="457" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Prince William (afterwards Emperor William I.) with his
+wife and family at the Castle of Babelsberg.</h3>
+
+<h4>[The little boy with the sword afterwards became the Crown Prince and
+the father of the present Kaiser.]</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+<p>When the young bride arrived in Berlin her youth and happy disposition
+won her many friends; but Bismarck was not among them. He did not like
+her&mdash;first, because she was British, and secondly, because she was
+clever, and had a great influence over her husband. He thought with the
+present Kaiser that women should give all their attention to <i>Kinder</i>,
+<i>K&uuml;che</i>, <i>Kirche</i>,<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> and not meddle in matters of State. The Princess
+had come from a land where her mother reigned as queen, and she
+naturally expected to be something more than the mere mistress of a
+household. Bismarck did his best to keep her in the background, and no
+love was lost between them. As time went by, the Princess was much
+misunderstood.</p>
+
+<p>Her first child&mdash;the present Kaiser&mdash;was born on January 27, 1859. When
+Queen Victoria heard the news, she telegraphed, "Is it a <i>fine</i> boy?" It
+was a fine boy, for an old field-marshal who saw him when he was but a
+few hours old declared that he was as strapping a recruit as one could
+ever wish for. There is a story told that when the little prince, still
+in long clothes, was shown by his proud father to a group of princes and
+generals and statesmen, one of them took out his watch to amuse the
+baby. Instantly the little fellow grabbed the prize, and would not let
+it go. "You see, gentlemen," said the father, "that when a Hohenzollern
+once gets hold of a thing he does not easily let it go."</p>
+
+<p>Though the child was a fine boy, he had one defect&mdash;his left arm was
+shorter and weaker than his right, and even to this day he cannot raise
+it to his shoulder, though he can use it in driving or playing the
+piano. This withered arm has always been a great source of bitterness to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>As a baby he had an English nurse, and his mother devoted herself to
+him. His early upbringing was far too English to suit many of the
+Germans, and all sorts of stories were told about the harshness of the
+Princess to her children. There was not a word of truth in them. The
+Princess loved her children greatly, and spared no pains to bring them
+up in the best possible way.</p>
+
+<p>The boy was reared amidst wars and the rumours of wars. He was only a
+few months old when King William and Bismarck were struggling with the
+Parliament over the army law, which you read about on page <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. He was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+only five years old when the war broke out with Denmark, and seven years
+old when the Austrian War began. In his tenth year, according to the
+custom of his House, he was made second lieutenant of the 1st Foot
+Guards. A little more than a year later his regiment marched away to the
+war in France, and the little lieutenant was eager to accompany them.
+When his father told him that he was too young, he burst into tears.
+Many years later he said that he well remembered the day on which war
+was declared.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0139.jpg" width="307" height="446" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Views in Potsdam.</h3>
+
+<h4>1. Palace of Sans-Souci. 2. Castle of Babelsberg. 3. Brandenburg Gate.
+4. The Orangery. 5. The New Palace.</h4>
+
+<p>"It was at Potsdam. We were about to take our places at table for
+dinner, when my father, pale and much overcome, came suddenly into the
+room. 'It is all over,' he said, in a broken voice, as he embraced us.
+'France wishes for war. Ah, my children, what a frightful misfortune!'"</p>
+
+<p>I do not think that the children would be able to understand what their
+father meant when he spoke of the frightful misfortune of war. At
+Potsdam, the beautiful country place near Berlin where they lived, they
+saw only the bright and dashing side of war. Little William loved to
+strut with drawn sword by the side of his regiment, and try to keep pace
+with the long-legged guardsmen as they performed the high and prancing
+step in which the German army indulges. Especially did he love to be
+with his regiment when the king came to review the troops. His
+grandfather would pass in front of his soldiers and say, "Good morning,
+Uhlans, or Cuirassiers," as the case might be, and then would come a
+noise like thunder, as every man in the regiment shouted at the top of
+his voice, "Good morning, your Majesty!" How the boy's eyes flashed, and
+how his heart leaped within him at all this martial parade! One day,
+perhaps, he would command the German army, and then&mdash;.</p>
+
+<p>Cannot you imagine how the boy swelled with pride as the story of
+victory after victory came to his ears? When they told him that his
+grandfather was now German Emperor, he could not fail to remember that
+some day he would be German Emperor too.</p>
+
+<p>His grandfather had added great glory to the House of Hohenzollern. When
+his turn came to sit on the throne, he would give it even greater glory.</p>
+
+<p>On his twelfth birthday he received as a present a wonderful panorama of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+the Franco-German War. He delighted in this toy, and no doubt it made
+him long more than ever to be a leader of armies and a victor in battle.</p>
+
+<p>By this time it was clear to his parents and tutors that he was a very
+clever boy. He was exceedingly quick, and he took the greatest possible
+interest in his sports and studies. He desired to shine in them all. His
+mother determined that he should be brought up as an English boy, and
+that he should live an outdoor life, and learn to play outdoor games. A
+number of other boys were chosen as his playmates, and he and his
+brothers spent many merry hours in the park at Sans-Souci. He became a
+good fencer, a good shot, a good rider, a good swimmer, and a good
+oarsman. On horseback he accustomed himself to hold the reins with his
+weak left arm, so that he might have his sword-arm free.</p>
+
+<p>His younger brother Henry was to become a sailor, so masts and rigging
+were set up in the park, and many a mimic battle was fought round this
+ship on dry land. Better still, on the lake there was a complete frigate
+mounted with guns, which the boys loved to fire. A little steam tender
+was provided to tow the frigate home in case the wind should fail, and a
+party of bluejackets was always on duty to look after the vessels.</p>
+
+<p>This is what his English tutor wrote about him at this time:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"After an experience of teaching many hundreds of English boys
+of the same age, I do not hesitate to say that Prince William
+could read English as well, and knew as much of English history
+and English literature, as boys of fifteen at an ordinary
+English public school. Since then I have given hundreds of
+lessons to many hundreds of boys, but a more promising pupil
+than Prince William, or more gentlemanly, frank, and natural
+boys than both Prince William and his younger brother I can
+honestly say it has never been my lot to meet."</p></div>
+
+<p>When the Prince was fifteen he was sent to a German public school, where
+he was made to study very hard. This was the kind of day which he spent.
+He rose before six in the morning, and prepared his lessons until it was
+time to go to school. At twelve he returned home for lunch, and then
+went back to school until five. Bedtime was at nine. The rest of his
+time was taken up with lessons in French, English, music, shooting, and
+in riding or taking walks. Sometimes he and his brother were allowed to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+play with their schoolfellows, and this was a great treat to them. On
+their birthdays, and on the birthdays of their near relations, they were
+usually taken to a theatre. By way of pocket-money, Prince William
+received five shillings a week and Prince Henry two shillings and
+sixpence.</p>
+
+<p>Though William was a clever and diligent lad, he was not a brilliant
+pupil. When the time came for him to leave school for the university he
+had to pass an examination; he was tenth out of seventeen candidates,
+and his certificate was marked "satisfactory." Shortly afterwards he was
+sent to a university.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0141.jpg" width="543" height="325" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Prussian Guard, the flower of the German army, and
+the pride of the Kaiser.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Record Press.</i></h4>
+
+<p>At the University of Bonn he was accompanied by an aide-de-camp, who
+did everything in his power to foster the young man's already keen
+interest in soldiering. At this time he also received instruction from
+the three men who, more than any others, had made German history&mdash;the
+Emperor William, Bismarck, and Moltke. The Emperor taught him to
+reverence the name and fame of the Hohenzollerns; to believe himself
+chosen specially by God for his high office; to do his duty without fear
+or favour, and not to be turned from his path by the wishes of his
+people if he thought them wrong. Bismarck deeply impressed upon him the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+policy of "blood and iron;" taught him how to manage Parliament and the
+people; and how to deal with foreign countries, so that the name and
+fame of the Fatherland might grow in greatness. Moltke instructed him in
+the art of war.</p>
+
+<p>The Crown Prince himself had none of the high and mighty notions of
+Bismarck. He had no desire to prevent the people from obtaining freedom
+to rule themselves, and many Germans believed that his wife had taught
+him that the British way of governing was the wisest and best. The upper
+classes in Germany, and especially the great land-owning nobles, hated
+these ideas of liberty for the people. They believed that the whole duty
+of the middle and working classes was to pay and obey, and they grew
+more and more angry with the Princess, who was supposed to be leading
+the Crown Prince astray. Meanwhile Bismarck was doing his best to teach
+Prince William that he must be a man of blood and iron. How well the
+young man learnt the lesson we now know&mdash;only too well.</p>
+
+<p>While he was at Bonn he joined the "crack" fencing club, and proudly
+wore its colours and its white cap. He attended its beer-drinking bouts
+and "sing-songs," and watched his companions fighting duels. Though he
+did not fight himself, he greatly admired seeing others do so; and in
+later years, when he was old enough to know better, he hoped that the
+students would always take delight in handling the duelling blade,
+because it made them strong and courageous.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>CROWN PRINCE AND KAISER.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the autumn of 1878 Prince William paid a visit to his royal
+grandmother at Balmoral. As he passed through London he met Princess
+Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, who happened to be staying with her
+uncle in England, and on February 27, 1881, he married her. Bismarck
+approved of the marriage, for the bride's father had all along claimed
+Schleswig-Holstein<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> as his own, and had continually objected to
+Prussia's action in seizing these provinces. The marriage put an end to
+the Duke's claims, and was, in Bismarck's words, "the concluding act of
+joy in a drama otherwise rich in strife."</p>
+
+<p>The Germans were specially pleased that the young Prince had chosen a
+German bride, and they cheered the happy pair to the echo. After the
+wedding the Prince and Princess made their home in the Marble Palace at
+Potsdam, and there, on May 6, 1882, their first son, the present Crown
+Prince, was born. When old King William heard the news, he cried, "God
+be praised and thanked! Four generations of kings!"</p>
+
+<p>Prince William now threw himself with energy into his military duties.
+He became colonel of the famous Hussar regiment, the Garde du Corps, and
+was speedily renowned as a brilliant and dashing cavalry officer. When
+he led his regiment for the first time before the old Emperor at a
+review, his uncle, the famous "Red Prince," who was a man very difficult
+to please, said, "You have done very well; I should never have believed
+it."</p>
+
+<p>Not only did the Prince give his nights and days to the study of war,
+but he also began to study the business arrangements of the Empire, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+to make himself acquainted at first hand with the work of the Foreign
+Office. Old Bismarck watched his progress keenly. He believed that the
+young Prince would prove an emperor after his own heart; that he would
+care nothing for parliaments, and stand up for his imperial rights like
+a rock of bronze. So popular did he become, and so much was he admired,
+that the people began to overlook his father, the Crown Prince,
+altogether. Military men had never regarded the Crown Prince with
+favour, and he was now almost eclipsed by his strong-willed, eager,
+gifted son. The ruling classes of Prussia saw in him the man who would
+surely lead them on to military glory.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1887 a growth appeared in the Crown Prince's throat. It
+increased so rapidly that soon he could only speak in a strained, husky
+voice. He gradually grew worse, and an English doctor was summoned by
+the Crown Princess to examine him. She was much blamed for putting her
+faith in an English doctor rather than in German doctors, and many
+bitter things were said about her. When the old Emperor heard of his
+son's affliction he was overwhelmed with grief. "I have only one wish,"
+he said, "which I should like to be gratified before I die, and that is
+to hear my poor son Fritz speak as clearly as he used to do." Alas! this
+was a wish never to be realized. The poor Crown Prince had lost his
+voice for ever.</p>
+
+<p>At the first sign of his father's serious illness all eyes were turned
+to Prince William, who began to appear on all sorts of public occasions,
+and make speeches about the military glories of his house, and its
+bulwark, the Army. At this time there was some trouble with France and
+Russia, and the German army was increased by more than half a million
+men. Bismarck, who had made a secret treaty with Austria as far back as
+1879, went to Parliament and explained the situation in what is thought
+to be his greatest speech. He thus concluded: "We Germans fear God, and
+nothing else in the world." There was no more delighted listener in the
+assembly than Prince William. This defiant speech exactly suited his
+temper of mind. He was all for military glory, and though in after years
+he constantly declared himself the friend of peace, and more than once
+strove to preserve it, we now know that towards the end of the year 1913
+he was ready to stake all upon a war which would make him master of
+Europe.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0145.jpg" width="395" height="488" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>"Four Generations of Kings."</h3>
+
+<h4>The old Emperor William I. is seated, nursing his great-grandson, the
+present Crown Prince, who was born in 1882. On the left stands the Crown
+Prince, who became the Emperor Frederick III. on the death of William I.
+in 1888. On the right stands his son, the baby's father, Prince William,
+who became Emperor on the death of his father, after a brief reign of
+eighty-four days (1888). When the old Emperor learnt that a
+great-grandson had been born to him, he cried, "God be praised and
+thanked! Four generations of kings!" He could not, of course, foresee
+the present war, which may bring about the ruin of his house and make
+his prophecy false. You will learn something of the present Crown Prince
+later on.</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+<p>The sands of the old Emperor's life were now fast running out. He was
+ninety-one years of age, and he had felt his son's affliction very
+keenly. It was Prince William who watched over the last few years of the
+old Kaiser's life. It was to him that the aged monarch gave warning and
+counsel for the future. He advised his grandson to be patient and
+dutiful during his father's reign, which could not last long, and he
+begged him to be "considerate" to Russia, for he had always feared to
+make an enemy of that great Power. He knew full well that if ever
+Germany should come to blows with Russia, France would attack her, and
+thus she would have to fight two wars, one on each frontier, at the same
+time. Then the old man begged Bismarck to remain in office, no matter
+what should befall; and a few days later he died, full of years and
+honour, leaving the imperial crown to his poor afflicted son. His dying
+words were, "Fritz, lieber<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> Fritz."</p>
+
+<p>William was now Crown Prince, and he knew that he would soon be Emperor.
+His poor father was a doomed man. He reigned eighty-four days, and bore
+his sufferings with the greatest fortitude. He once wrote to the Crown
+Prince: "Learn to suffer without complaint, for that is all that I can
+teach you." With his broken-hearted wife and some of his devoted
+servants kneeling round him, he breathed his last on June 15, 1888, and
+the Crown Prince in his twenty-ninth year became Kaiser as William II.</p>
+
+<p>How he received the news of his father's death we do not know, but in
+less than half an hour he called out a squadron of Hussars in their red
+jackets, and sent them clattering to the Palace where the dead Emperor
+lay. They surrounded the building, and behind them came a company of
+infantry at the double. The place was thus sealed up, and no one was
+allowed to go in or come out. Before his poor mother had recovered from
+her first transports of grief the home in which her dead husband lay was
+in a state of siege.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0147.jpg" width="334" height="549" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Emperor Frederick III.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Heinrich von Angeli.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>The late Emperor had issued his first proclamation to his people, and
+his second to his Army, but the new Emperor reversed the order. On the
+day of his father's death he sent messages to the Army and Navy, and
+kept his people waiting three days before they received their
+proclamation. To the Army he wrote as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+<p>"I and the army belong to one another; we are born for one another, and
+we will stand together in an indissoluble bond in peace or storm, as God
+may will. I swear always to remember that the eyes of my ancestors look
+down upon me from the other world, and that one day I shall have to give
+an account to them of the honour and glory of the army."</p>
+
+<p>Then he proceeded to bury his father, but there was none of the military
+pomp which had been seen at the Emperor William's funeral. It looked as
+though the new sovereign thought lightly of his own father because he
+was a peace-loving monarch, and had determined to follow the example of
+the "War Lord" who had brought France to her knees, and by doing so had
+created the German Empire.</p>
+
+<p>In the passage quoted above the Emperor spoke of the bond which united
+him with the Army. Let us see what this bond is. As King of Prussia he
+is supreme over the Prussian army; he can declare peace or war as he
+pleases, though, of course, his people must vote him "the sinews of
+war"&mdash;that is, money, before he can set his armies in motion. In
+ordinary times the Prussian army forms about two-thirds of the whole
+German army, so you see that as King of Prussia the Kaiser is a very
+powerful "war lord" indeed.</p>
+
+<p>As German Emperor his position is quite different. He is the leader of
+the five-and-twenty sovereigns and free cities which are united into the
+German Empire, and before he can declare war he must call together the
+representatives of all these states, and obtain their consent. Each of
+the states has to send to the German army a certain number of troops,
+according to its population. In peace time the Kaiser has the right to
+inspect them, and to see that they are properly trained and ready to
+take the field. As soon as war is declared, he takes the supreme
+command, not only of the Prussian soldiers, but also of all the other
+German troops.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot now tell you the Kaiser's story in detail. I can only dwell on
+a few incidents that reveal his character. When he first opened the
+Prussian Parliament in state he declared, amidst a perfect storm of
+applause, that he should be guided by the maxim of Frederick the
+Great&mdash;that the King of Prussia was but the first servant of the state.
+To do him justice, he has devoted himself unsparingly to the duties of
+his high office; and though he has made many mistakes, and has brought
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+his Empire to the edge of the precipice over which it bids fair to
+topple in utter ruin, he has always laboured, according to his lights,
+to make Germany overwhelmingly strong in war and prosperous in peace.
+But from the first he meant to do this in his own way. He clearly told
+the Prussian Parliament that, while he had no desire to take away such
+liberties as the people had, he would never yield one jot or tittle of
+his rights as king. British sovereigns know that they derive all their
+power from their people, but the Kaiser has always held that he holds
+his throne directly from God. Some years later he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>The German people are the chosen of God. On me, on me as German
+Emperor, the Spirit of God has descended. I am His weapon, His sword,
+and His viceregent. Woe to cowards and unbelievers!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>There is only one master in this country. I am he, and I shall suffer
+no other beside me.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"<i>There is only one law&mdash;my law, the law which I myself lay down.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Four years ago, at K&ouml;nigsberg, he repeated his claim to "divine right"
+in the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>It was on this spot that my grandfather placed the royal crown of
+Prussia on his head,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> insisting once again that it was bestowed upon
+him by the grace of God alone, and not by Parliaments and meetings and
+decisions of the people. He thus regarded himself as the chosen
+instrument of Heaven. I consider myself such an instrument of Heaven,
+and shall go my way without regard to the views and opinions of the
+day.</i>"</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0150.jpg" width="686" height="408" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Kaiser Wilhelm II. opening his First Parliament.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Anton von Werner.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>Now to you and me such statements as this seem to be the ravings of a
+madman, and we wonder why the Prussians permit one man to lord it over
+them in this fashion. The explanation is that the Prussians have never
+known any other condition of things; that though every man over
+twenty-five has a vote, matters are so arranged that a hundred rich men
+have more voting power than two thousand poor men. The nobles and the
+officials dislike popular liberty, and they do their utmost to prevent
+any further rights being granted to the people. Then, again, as every
+Prussian must be a soldier for one or more years, the nation has been
+well drilled into submission. All Prussians know that the Empire was
+founded by the sword, and they believe that it can only be maintained in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+the same way. The majority of them, therefore, regard the Emperor as
+their commanding officer, and are prepared to obey him with
+unquestioning obedience.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>William had not been long on the throne before he quarrelled with
+Bismarck, the wily old Chancellor who had served his grandfather so long
+and so faithfully, and had taught the young Emperor all the tricks of
+government. The fact was, that while Bismarck remained Chancellor,
+William could not truthfully say, "There is only one master in this
+country. I am he." All the Prussians who were not jealous of Bismarck
+knew that he was the chief maker of the German Empire, and they,
+therefore, held him in the greatest honour and esteem. The old man was
+very strong and self-willed; so was the young monarch, who was extremely
+vain as well, and quite confident that he could do everything he turned
+his hand to better than anybody else. William therefore determined to
+dismiss Bismarck, and treated the old man in such a manner that he
+resigned office. When the Chancellor went to the Palace to give up his
+seals he still thought that the Emperor would give way. He was soon
+undeceived. After listening to the Kaiser for some time, Bismarck said,
+"Then I am in your way, sir?" To which William replied, "Yes." He had
+already got rid of Moltke.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of his reign William had treated his mother very
+harshly, probably because he thought this would be pleasing to those of
+his subjects who hated Britain. He now began to behave better to his
+mother, and then suggested to his grandmother, Queen Victoria, that he
+should pay her a visit in England. She agreed, and he came amongst us
+for the first time as German Emperor. He was present at a naval review,
+and the Queen made him, to his great delight, a British admiral. In
+return, he made the old Queen colonel of one of his regiments.
+Thereafter he professed great friendship for our country. When Queen
+Victoria died he walked behind her coffin along the streets of Windsor,
+side by side with his uncle, King Edward VII., and showed great grief.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0153.jpg" width="431" height="568" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>King Edward VII. and the Kaiser following the coffin of
+Queen Victoria through the streets of Windsor.</h3>
+
+<p>On his return to Germany the Emperor shone in the full blaze of the
+limelight as the one only man in the whole land. He made many speeches,
+declaring over and over again that he was the chosen of God, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
+assuring his subjects that all who would help in his great task would be
+heartily welcomed, but those who attempted to oppose him would be dashed
+in pieces. Of course there were many Germans who greatly disliked the
+acts and speeches of their boastful and meddlesome sovereign. On one
+occasion he told these critical persons that if they were dissatisfied
+they should "shake the dust of Germany from their feet." A newspaper
+pointed out that if all those who were dissatisfied in the German Empire
+were to emigrate, his Imperial Majesty would be left entirely alone, and
+then he also would be dissatisfied and would leave too!</p>
+
+<p>At various times during his reign the Emperor has tried hard to win the
+favour of the peoples who have been forcibly included in the German
+Empire. He went to Alsace, and made a gracious speech in Strassburg; but
+later on, at Metz, he harshly told the people of Lorraine, "German you
+are, and German you will remain. May God and our German sword help us to
+effect this." These words were meant to crush any hopes that the people
+might entertain of one day being reunited with France. He also went
+amongst the Poles,<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> who have never been satisfied with German rule,
+and severely rebuked the nobles and the citizens. When he was leaving
+one of the Polish towns he said to the Mayor, "I hope that my words will
+be well borne in mind, for you know that I can be very disagreeable
+too."</p>
+
+<p>Not content with being supreme in government, William now set up to be a
+judge of art and poetry in the Empire. He wrote a set of verses of pagan
+fierceness, and sent for an artist, and gave him the idea of the picture
+which you see on page <a href="#Page_143">142</a>. It represents the civilized nations of Europe
+standing in the midst of mountains, valleys, and cities, with the castle
+of Hohenzollern in the foreground. Confronting the nations is a sea of
+flames and clouds of smoke, which are twisted into the form of terrible
+faces, representing the Chinese and Japanese. Buddha<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> sits enthroned
+in the midst of this framework as the demon of destruction. The
+Archangel Michael with a flaming sword appears in front of the civilized
+nations, urging them to prepare for a terrific conflict. Underneath the
+original picture the Emperor wrote, "Nations of Europe, defend your
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+holiest possessions." You will observe that in this picture, which is
+supposed to warn us of what is called the Yellow Peril,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> Germany is
+the chief figure, and that clinging to her is her ally, Austria.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1895 the Kaiser began to turn his thoughts to the
+Navy. Already he had the finest and best-organized army in the world;
+now he desired to win the sovereignty of the seas as well. "Germany's
+future," he said, "is upon the waters." The navy which he proposed to
+build was out of all proportion to the number of merchant ships which
+Germany possessed, and from the first many people in this country
+rightly guessed that it was meant to be the means of overcoming Great
+Britain. The Kaiser also caused a canal to be dug through
+Schleswig-Holstein, so as to unite the North Sea with the Baltic Sea, in
+order that his warships might rapidly pass from one to the other. The
+work of enlarging and deepening this canal was only finished in June
+1914, within six weeks of the outbreak of war.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>All this time envy and hatred of Britain was growing in Germany. Thanks
+to hard work, great perseverance, and much thought, Germany had become a
+great manufacturing nation, the rival of Great Britain. She felt that
+she was marked out to be the head of a world-empire, yet there were many
+drawbacks in her way. If you look at a map of Europe you will see that
+Germany has a very poor sea coast, and but few good harbours. The bulk
+of the Baltic Sea, which fronts the greater part of her coast, is frozen
+up for months every year. Every day Germany feels the necessity of
+possessing ports on the open ocean; yet she can only secure them by
+conquest. She is surrounded by old-established nations: by France on the
+west, Russia on the east, Austria-Hungary on the south. Two small
+states, one of them neutralized by a treaty to which she was a party,
+lie between her and the North Sea, and both of them possess ports which
+rank amongst the world's finest havens. The bulk of her sea-borne trade
+must pass through Belgium, the more southerly of these states, and she
+has never concealed her eager desire to possess it. Holland has long
+been regarded by her as a "brave bit of the Fatherland."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+<p>Germany, therefore, cannot expand in Europe without conquest, and she
+has found many difficulties in the way of expanding overseas. When she
+was ready to make herself a world-power, all the best parts of the earth
+had been taken up by other nations. She found that she had been born too
+late. She managed to found several colonies in Africa; but, with the
+exception of Togoland and the Kamerun, they were unfruitful and
+thankless regions of sand and stones. In Asia she set up the colony of
+Kiao-chau, in North China, and thereby aroused the anger of the
+Japanese. When she tried to get territory elsewhere she found herself in
+conflict with one or other of the Great Powers. Then, too, she saw
+hundreds of thousands of her people departing for America or for the
+colonies of other Powers, and there becoming lost to her. All this has
+been very galling to the Germans, and the Prussian military class has
+never ceased to point out that Germany can only expand by means of
+warfare.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0155.jpg" width="407" height="311" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Kiel Canal.</h3>
+
+<p>Though the Kaiser has frequently declared himself the friend of peace,
+he has always made the most warlike speeches to his own subjects. When
+he addresses his Army and Navy he does so in a defiant and boastful
+manner, and is fond of talking about the "mailed fist" and "shining
+armour" of Germany. For many years past this kind of talk has been very
+irritating to the other nations of Europe. On the eve of the Boer War he
+sent a telegram to Mr. Kruger, the President of the South African
+Republic, which plainly showed that he was no friend to Great Britain.
+When the war went against us in its early stages he and his advisers
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+thought that we should be beaten, and that the British Empire would fall
+to pieces. It was openly said by Germans that if they had then possessed
+a strong navy they would have been able to capture some of the British
+colonies. The Kaiser seized the opportunity to press his Parliament to
+give him a big grant for building warships. He plainly told his people
+that his navy was to be so strong that "the next greatest naval
+power"&mdash;that is, Great Britain&mdash;would not be able to attack it without
+grave risk. So a big navy, costing more than 300 millions of money, was
+built.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0156.jpg" width="692" height="476" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>"Nations of Europe, defend your most sacred possessions."</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>Painted by H. Knackfuss from a sketch by the Kaiser.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>I have already told you that for many years past Germany has been very
+envious of the British Empire. A great German historian was never tired
+of teaching that Britain was <i>the</i> enemy of Germany. She was, he said, a
+"robber state;" she had become mistress of one-fifth of the whole world
+by making cat's paws of other races; and she had no real right to all
+this territory. She could not even rule it properly. If ever she had
+been strong and warlike, that time had long gone by. Though she appeared
+to be strong, she was really very weak, and quite unable to hold her
+Empire against such a strong Power as Germany. The Germans have come to
+believe this teaching, and for years past they have looked forward to
+"the day" on which they would challenge the power of Great Britain, and,
+after having defeated her, would enter into her heritage. They have also
+been taught that there is nothing wrong in trying to seize the territory
+of other nations. Might, they believe, is right, and the spoils of the
+world are for the strongest.</p>
+
+<p>Newspaper writers in Germany have constantly preached this doctrine to
+the people, and several Prussian officers have written books showing how
+Germany ought to go to work to beat down Great Britain, and tear her
+Empire from her. War has become the religion of Germany, and she has
+prepared for it with wonderful foresight and zeal. While she has grown
+to be a great manufacturing and trading nation, she has never for a
+moment neglected her Army nor ceased to build up her Navy.</p>
+
+<p>She has also tried to win the mastery of the air. When Count Zeppelin,
+about the year 1899, invented a great airship which could travel for
+hundreds of miles and carry some thirty or forty men, the Kaiser saw at
+once that it might become a great weapon of war. Germany now possesses
+about thirty of these airships, and they are meant to play a large part
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+in an invasion of Britain. On the opposite page you will see a picture
+of a modern Zeppelin, with a part of the covering removed to show you
+the framing of the interior, and the many separate gas chambers which it
+contains. It is said that even if half these chambers were destroyed the
+airship would still float and answer its helm. The outside covering is
+made of light metal known as aluminium. It costs some thousands of
+pounds to inflate a Zeppelin, and two hundred pounds a week to restore
+the gas lost by evaporation.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Victoria Luise</i>, one of the crack Zeppelins, has made some
+wonderful trips, and she could no doubt fly from Kiel or Hamburg over
+any part of the British Isles and back again. But fog and storm are her
+deadly enemies, and there are many other difficulties to be overcome
+before she could make a raid upon Britain, drop bombs on her cities, and
+return in safety.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0159.jpg" width="550" height="322" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A Zeppelin with part of the covering removed to show the interior.</h3>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE DAWN OF "THE DAY."</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he great instrument of the Kaiser's ambition is his army. Every male
+who is a German subject can be called upon to serve as a soldier from
+his seventeenth to his forty-fifth year. Though this is the law, men who
+are not strong, or have to support a family, or intend to be ministers
+of the Church, are excused from serving. Most German boys, however, know
+from childhood that they will have not only to learn a trade or prepare
+themselves for a profession, but become soldiers as well. As a rule,
+Germans begin their military training at twenty-one. If a young man has
+done well at one of the higher-grade schools, and can afford to keep
+himself, he need only spend one year with the colours; all others must
+be trained for two years if they are in the infantry, and three years if
+they are in the cavalry and horse artillery. When this time is over they
+go back to their work, and belong to the reserve. The two-year men serve
+five years with the first-line reserve, and the three-year men four
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+years. Large bodies of the reserve are called up each year for exercise,
+but the same men are not called up more than once in two years, and, as
+a rule, their service amounts to two periods of about thirty days each.
+From the first-line reserve men pass into the <i>Landwehr</i>,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> or second
+reserve, for five or six years if infantry, and for a longer period if
+cavalry. They, too, are called up from time to time for training, which
+lasts from a week to a fortnight. Finally, they pass into the
+<i>Landsturm</i>, and are only called up now and then for roll-call. Except
+in such special times of stress as the present war, the <i>Landsturm</i> are
+not required to serve in the field. Under ordinary conditions they leave
+the army altogether at the age of forty-five.</p>
+
+<p>If you look at the diagram on page <a href="#Page_150">150</a> you will see a comparison of the
+war strength of the great Powers of Europe. Germany has a population of
+65,000,000, and her war strength is given as 4,500,000 men. As a last
+resource she can probably put into the field 7,500,000 men. Russia has a
+population of 141,000,000 in Europe alone; her war strength is given as
+5,500,000 men, but as a last resource she can probably call to the
+colours about 15,000,000 men. You thus see that the great military
+Power which stands in the way of Germany's overlordship of Europe is
+Russia. Bismarck knew this well, and he constantly insisted that Germany
+should always keep on good terms with Russia. Since the Kaiser took the
+helm into his own hands, he has regarded the growth of the Russian army
+as a great menace to his power, and has come to the conclusion that
+unless something is done, and done quickly, to check it, he cannot
+realize his ambitions.</p>
+
+<p>He and his advisers have always regarded Germany as the heir of Austria.
+For long it has been thought that Austria-Hungary would go to pieces on
+the death of Franz Josef, and that Austria would then be included in the
+German Empire. Now Austria, as you know, possesses Bosnia and
+Herzegovina, which would give Germany a footing in the Balkan Peninsula,
+and enable her to push her way southward to warm water ports on the
+Mediterranean Sea. Should Germany be able to capture Constantinople she
+would soon be mistress of Asia Minor, and would hold a very powerful
+position on the sea road to India. Her dreams of world-empire would then
+be likely to come true.</p>
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0161.jpg" width="298" height="444" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Kaiser as a Yachtsman.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Record Press.</i></h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+<p>Germany has already obtained a footing in Asia Minor. As far back as
+1898 the Emperor and the Empress visited the Sultan at Constantinople,
+where they were received with all honour, and the Empress accepted from
+the Commander of the Faithful<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> a present of diamonds worth &pound;25,000.
+Then the Kaiser and his wife visited the Holy Land, and entered
+Jerusalem to take part in the dedication service of a German church
+within the walls of the Holy City. At this service His Majesty was
+attired in the white uniform of the Garde du Corps, with a white silk
+mantle such as was worn by the Crusaders. Before him was borne aloft the
+German Imperial standard.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year, thanks to the Kaiser, the Sultan gave a German
+company permission to build a railway line from Konieh<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> to the
+Persian Gulf, by way of Bagdad.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> You can easily understand that a
+German railway through Asia Minor to the head of the Persian Gulf would
+practically make Germany master of all the resources of this part of the
+world. France was not willing that the railway should be entirely
+German, so she was allowed to provide some of the money for it. Great
+Britain pointed out that the proposed line would be the shortest route
+to India, and that it would end in the territory of a chief with whom
+she had a special treaty, and that, therefore, Britain ought to have a
+hand in it too. There was a great deal of debate over the question, and
+at last it was agreed that the Germans should own four-tenths of the
+line, and that the other six-tenths should be owned by Frenchmen,
+Austrians, Swiss, Italians, and Turks. The railway was to end at
+Basra,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> and was not to be continued to the Persian Gulf without
+Great Britain's consent. The Germans have spent between &pound;16,000,000 and
+&pound;18,000,000 on this railway, which was begun in 1912, and is now half
+built. In addition to the Bagdad railway, Germany has other important
+undertakings in Asia Minor, which is rich in coal and copper, oil and
+timber. The Russians, it should be noticed, have also large business
+interests in the same part of the Turkish Empire.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
+<p>What connection has all this with the present war? Let us see. You
+already know that the late Sultan of Turkey was the friend of the
+Kaiser, and that he had given the Germans some very valuable rights in
+Asia Minor. Since that time German soldiers have trained the Turkish
+army, German money has been lent to the Turkish Government, and German
+influence has become so strong that we may almost regard Turkey as a
+German province. In 1908 there was a revolution in Turkey, the Sultan
+was forced from his throne, and his younger brother was chosen to take
+his place. In the autumn of 1912 the Balkan States declared war on
+Turkey, and beat her very badly. When the war was over all that remained
+of her territory in Europe was a little country less than twice the size
+of Wales. Serbia had become very powerful in the Balkan Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>Now this did not suit Germany at all. The Kaiser saw very clearly that
+if Serbia became the chief power in the Balkan Peninsula, Germany would
+be crushed out, and her interests in Asia Minor would be in great
+jeopardy. From the German point of view it was necessary that Serbia
+should be crippled as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>You remember the murder of the Archduke Ferdinand, which I described to
+you in Chapter I. of this book. Austria was naturally very angry with
+Serbia, and was bent on making her pay dearly for her part in the crime.
+The Kaiser egged on Austria to fight Serbia, because he thought that a
+war would give him an excellent chance of reducing Serbia's strength,
+and of beginning that career of conquest on which he was now bent.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0164.jpg" width="724" height="461" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>The above diagram compares the armies and navies of the chief European Powers.</h3>
+
+
+<p>We know, from a French Yellow Book<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> which was published on December
+1, 1914, why the Germans wanted war, and what preparations they made for
+it. From a dispatch written by the French Ambassador at Berlin, we
+gather that even in July 1913 the Germans thought war was "inevitable,"
+for the following reasons. Since the Franco-German War the national
+pride of the Germans has been fostered to such an extent that they
+really do believe themselves to be the greatest, strongest, and most
+efficient nation of the world. They believe that they must have colonies
+in order to provide new markets and an outlet for their surplus
+population, and they are very sore at the failure of their attempts to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
+win them. In this respect they are specially angry with us and with
+France, because they consider that we and the French gained a victory
+over them in 1911, when they tried to secure a part of Morocco,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> and
+were prevented from doing so. They cannot bear to think that a country
+which they beat so badly in 1870 should dare to stand in their way. The
+great manufacturers of guns and armour plate, and the chief merchants,
+believe that war is "good business," and in this belief they are
+strongly backed up by the nobles and military class. The soldiers are
+naturally anxious for war because it is their profession, and because
+war brings that quick promotion which is impossible in time of peace.
+The nobles fear the growing power of the people, and believe that they
+will only be able to preserve their "rights" by means of a war which
+will turn the nation's thoughts away from plans of reform. Armed peace
+such as Germany has maintained for many years past is a crushing burden
+to the nation; it swallows up the money which might be expended on
+improving the condition of the people, and turns many of them into
+Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>From a secret report to the German Government, which somehow fell into
+French hands in April 1914, we learn how Germany proposed to prepare for
+this "inevitable" war. Since 1906 she has increased her Army four
+times, and in 1913 she raised from her people a war levy of &pound;50,000,000.
+Her object in increasing the Army and raising this money is clearly
+revealed in the course of the report&mdash;namely, to fortify and extend
+German power "throughout the whole world." In order to do this, the
+people were to be taught that Germany must begin a war because her foes
+were threatening her, and that such a war would make their burdens
+lighter, and give them many years of peace and prosperity. When the mind
+of the people was thus prepared, discontent was to be stirred up amongst
+the native peoples in the French and British possessions of North Africa
+and Egypt, as well as in Russia, so that these countries would be full
+of revolt when war was declared. As for the small states, such as
+Belgium and Holland, they must be forced to follow Germany, or be
+conquered. If Belgium should prepare to resist, she would be invaded, in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+spite of the treaty which guaranteed her neutrality. All this was
+arranged as far back as May 1913.</p>
+
+<p>In November of the same year King Albert of Belgium<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> had an
+interview with the Emperor and General von Moltke. It was then very
+clear that the Kaiser had been won over by the war party. The French
+Minister suggests that the Kaiser was jealous of the popularity of his
+son, the Crown Prince, who was then the rising hope of the soldiers. If
+so, history had repeated itself. The Kaiser as a young man had played
+for popularity against his father; the Crown Prince had followed his
+father's example, and had tried to throw him into the shade. It is
+probable, too, that the Emperor was very angry with France, because she
+had strengthened her army by making her soldiers serve three years
+instead of two.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0167.jpg" width="383" height="570" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>King Albert of Belgium.</h3>
+
+<h4>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations Limited.</h4>
+
+<p>During this interview with King Albert the Kaiser and von Moltke threw
+off the mask. They told the King that the time had come to "finish" with
+France, and they assured him that the German army was bound to win. The
+object of this conversation was to show the King of the Belgians that he
+would be wise not to resist if war with France should arise. We shall
+see later on that King Albert was not moved from the path of honour
+either by threats or promises.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Germany was busy asking her ambassadors to find out what the
+other Powers would be likely to do if Austria and Germany were to join
+together to fight Serbia. Germany's agents at St. Petersburg<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> said
+that Russia would not stir; there were serious labour troubles in that
+country, and the Czar would be afraid to call his troops together for
+fear they would join with the strikers. From France came the news that
+the French army was not fit to fight. On the 13th of July a speaker in
+the French Parliament declared that the forts were weak; that there was
+not sufficient ammunition for the guns; and that the soldiers were
+without a sufficient supply of boots. If war broke out the men would
+have to take the field with one pair of boots, and only one reserve boot
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
+in their knapsacks, and that one would be thirty years old. Thus the
+Kaiser believed that Russia dared not fight, and that France could not
+fight, because, as in 1870, she was unprepared.</p>
+
+<p>But what of Britain? The Kaiser had flooded the British Isles with
+spies, who kept him informed of every movement of our fleet and troops,
+and gave him full information about all our political affairs. These
+spies told him that civil war was about to break out in Ireland, and
+that the Government would have its hands so full at home that it could
+not possibly spare troops to fight on the Continent. The German
+ambassador in London did not believe all this talk about civil war, and
+he advised his Government not to rely upon it. The German Government,
+however, would not listen to him. The Kaiser knew better; he believed
+his spies.</p>
+
+<p>Feeling sure, then, that Russia would not fight, that France could not
+resist, and that Great Britain would not interfere in what seemed to be
+a far-off quarrel, the Kaiser decided that "<span class="smcap">The Day</span>," so long hoped for
+and prepared for, had come. In July of the present year he was ready to
+"let slip the dogs of war."</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<h3>FATEFUL DAYS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">E</span>very visitor to London knows Trafalgar Square, with its huge column
+guarded by four bronze lions. On the top of the column is a statue to
+the "little, one-armed, one-eyed hero of a hundred fights," our greatest
+seaman, Lord Nelson. South of Trafalgar Square is the broad, fine street
+known as Whitehall. On the right-hand side of Whitehall, just before you
+come to Westminster, is Downing Street, and on the left-hand side of
+Downing Street is the handsome pile of buildings known as the Foreign
+Office.</p>
+
+<p>The head of the Foreign Office is the Foreign Secretary, that member of
+the British Cabinet who looks after British interests abroad. All
+letters sent by the British Government to foreign Governments are
+written and dispatched by him and his officials, and all communications
+from foreign Governments are received by him. He appoints and controls
+all the ambassadors and ministers and consuls who represent us in
+foreign countries. They are his agents and his eyes and ears in the
+countries to which they are sent. It is their duty to keep him well and
+promptly informed of all matters which directly or indirectly affect the
+British Empire in its relation to other Powers. So widespread is the
+British Empire, and so world-wide are its interests, that very little
+happens abroad that does not concern us in some way or other.</p>
+
+<p>Our present Foreign Secretary is Sir Edward Grey.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> He is the
+grandson of a famous statesman, and has been a member of Parliament
+since 1885, when he was twenty-three years of age. No Briton has studied
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
+foreign affairs more diligently than he, and all parties have the
+fullest confidence in him as a cool, prudent, far-seeing statesman. He
+is a great lover of peace, and it is due to him that the representatives
+of the warring nations of the Balkan Peninsula were induced to meet in
+conference and come to terms in May 1913.</p>
+
+<p>Let me remind you once again of the murder of the Archduke Ferdinand at
+Sarajevo on the 23rd of June 1914.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> When Sir Edward Grey heard the
+tragic news, he saw at once that it might lead to a great war. He was
+anxious to know what Austria proposed to do in the matter, but was kept
+in the dark. He spoke to the German Ambassador about it, and was told
+that Austria was certainly going to take some step, and that the outlook
+was grave. On the 22nd of July our representative in Berlin told him
+that the German Secretary of State<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> thought that Austria and Serbia
+alone were concerned in the quarrel, and that outsiders ought not to
+interfere. Next day Sir Edward Grey met the Austrian Ambassador, who
+explained to him what Austria was going to demand<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> from Serbia. He
+also informed him that Austria would fix a time limit within which
+Serbia was to reply in a manner satisfactory to Austria, and that if the
+reply was not satisfactory, war would be declared.</p>
+
+<p>At once Sir Edward Grey pointed out that the time limit was really a
+threat of war, and that it might anger Russia, and make her get ready to
+fight against Austria. You can easily see what the result would be. If
+Russia joined Serbia against Austria, Germany, as Austria's ally, would
+fight for her; and if this came about, France would be sure to help her
+ally, Russia, so that a vast and terrible European war would arise&mdash;the
+vastest and most terrible conflict that the world has ever known. To
+this the Austrian Ambassador replied that it all depended on Russia; but
+Sir Edward Grey reminded him that it takes two to keep the peace, as
+well as two to make a quarrel.</p>
+
+<p>As we already know, the Note was sent to Serbia with a time limit of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+forty-eight hours. As soon as Russia received a copy of the Note, she
+felt that it was meant as an indirect challenge to her. A Council of
+Ministers was held to consider the question. It was fortunate that the
+President of the French Republic was then paying a visit to the Czar,
+and that the two allies could take immediate counsel together.</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of July the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs told the
+British Ambassador in Petrograd that Austria was trying to bring about
+war with Serbia, and that she would never have done this had Germany not
+been backing her up. He also said that France would stand side by side
+with Russia if war should break out.</p>
+
+<p>During the forty-eight hours allowed by the Austrian Note Sir Edward
+Grey made three attempts to bring about peace. First, he tried to get
+the time limit extended, and Great Britain, France, and Russia united in
+urging Austria to give Serbia more time. He begged Germany to join with
+the other Powers in trying to persuade Austria to do this, but all that
+Germany would consent to do was to "pass on" the message to Vienna.
+Next, Sir Edward Grey tried to get Great Britain, France, Germany, and
+Italy&mdash;all of whom had no interest in Serbia&mdash;to unite in an attempt to
+bring Russia and Austria to a friendly agreement. All the Powers
+mentioned were ready to do this except Germany. She said that she had
+no objection to the course proposed if war should be threatened between
+Austria and Russia. Sir Edward Grey's third effort was to advise Serbia
+to do as much as possible to meet Austria's demands.</p>
+
+<p>I have already told you that on the 25th of July Serbia accepted all
+Austria's terms, and only asked for delay in order to make new laws by
+which she could carry them out, and for information as to the way in
+which Austrian officials were to take part in Serbia's police and
+law-court work. Every one hoped that this would end the quarrel; but the
+same evening the Serbian reply was declared unsatisfactory, and the
+Austrian Minister left Belgrade, thus showing clearly that war would
+follow. Serbia at once ordered her troops to mobilize.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0172.jpg" width="718" height="430" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>French Infantry.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News</i>.</h3>
+
+<h4>[These soldiers are French regulars, who, unlike the conscripts, serve
+for more than three years in the army.]</h4>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Grey learnt what the Serbian reply was to be an hour or two
+before it was handed to Austria. At once he begged Germany to press
+Austria to accept it, but again Germany would only pass on his
+suggestion to Vienna. Directly afterwards the German Ambassador in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
+Vienna told our ambassador that Serbia had merely pretended to give way,
+and that her promises were only a sham.</p>
+
+<p>During the next four days&mdash;26th July to 29th July&mdash;Sir Edward Grey
+strove with all his might to bring Russia and Austria to agreement. On
+the evening of the 28th the German Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> told our ambassador
+that he was trying to bring the Russians and Austrians to agreement.
+This was very good news to Sir Edward Grey, who now thought that he saw
+a chance of staving off the European war which was threatening. He had
+already proposed that the German, French, and Italian ambassadors should
+meet him in London, to try to bring about a settlement; but though
+France and Italy had agreed to this proposal, Germany had refused, and
+had said that it would be better if Austria and Russia could be
+persuaded to come to some agreement between themselves. Now that Germany
+declared that she was working for peace at Vienna and Petrograd, Sir
+Edward Grey sent a telegram to the German Government, on the afternoon
+of the 29th, telling them that he would agree to any method of bringing
+Russia and Austria together that might be proposed. All that Germany had
+to do was to "press the button in the interests of peace."</p>
+
+<p>A strange reply came to this telegram. It came from Sir Edward
+Goschen,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> our ambassador in Berlin, towards midnight of the same
+day. He had just seen the German Chancellor, who said that if Austria
+should be attacked by Russia, Germany would have to fight for Austria,
+her ally. He then made an amazing offer to Britain. If Great Britain
+would promise not to fight, Germany on her part would promise to take no
+part of France from her. "But what about the French colonies?"<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>
+asked Sir Edward Goschen. To which the Chancellor replied that he could
+give no such promise with regard to them. In answer to other questions,
+he said that the action of France might force Germany to invade Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Now this was very startling. For the first time we knew that Germany was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+about to invade France, and that she would probably march her troops
+through Belgium for that purpose. We also knew that Germany was so
+anxious to keep us out of the war that she was prepared to make a
+bargain with us. "What the German Chancellor asks us in effect," said
+Sir Edward Grey, "is to engage to stand by while French colonies are
+taken and France is beaten, so long as Germany does not take French
+territory as distinct from the colonies." What answer should you have
+given to Germany if you had been our Foreign Secretary? I think it would
+have been just the answer which Sir Edward Grey gave. He told Germany
+that we could not possibly accept such a proposal, nor could we permit
+Germany to break her solemn pledge to Belgium and advance through that
+country.</p>
+
+<p>On July 31 there was a gleam of hope in the darkness. Russia offered to
+stop all her military preparations if Austria would agree that all the
+European Powers were now concerned in her quarrel with Serbia, and if
+she would strike out of the Note those demands<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> which would destroy
+Serbia's independence. Strange to say, Austria agreed to this
+proposal&mdash;to the very thing she had refused to do in the early days of
+the crisis&mdash;that is, to discuss the whole question of the Note to
+Serbia. Perhaps you wonder why Austria should give way at the last
+moment. The fact was that Austria had been assured by the German
+Ambassador that Russia would not and could not fight. She now discovered
+that Russia was quite prepared for war. She had been deceived and
+misled, and she was eager to draw back. You will soon see that no chance
+was given to her of doing this.</p>
+
+<p>Just at the moment when men were beginning to breathe more freely, and
+to believe that war might yet be averted, the thunderbolt fell from the
+blue. On the very day when the horizon was brightening, the Kaiser sent
+an impudent message to the Czar, ordering him to cease mobilizing his
+troops within twelve hours under pain of war! No answer was returned,
+and at midnight on the 1st of August Germany declared war against
+Russia. Armageddon had begun.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<h3>WHY BRITAIN WENT TO WAR.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">D</span>o you remember the week-end between Friday, 31st July, and Monday, 3rd
+August? It was the most anxious and exciting time that living Britons
+have ever known. On every tongue there was the same question: "Are we
+going to war?" Everywhere you saw people feverishly buying edition after
+edition of the evening papers, and gathering into little groups to
+discuss the situation.</p>
+
+<p>London, as you know, is the chief money market of the world, and the
+effect of wars and rumours of wars in any country on the globe is felt
+at once in the City of London. When it was evident that the four
+greatest continental nations were setting their armies in motion, stocks
+and shares fell to such a low price that dealing in them became
+impossible. Many of the stockbroking firms failed, and business was
+suspended, not only in London, but on almost every exchange throughout
+the world. It was thought that there would be a shortage of gold, and
+from noon onwards on the 31st of July the court-yard of the Bank of
+England was crowded with people eager to exchange notes for gold.
+Nevertheless "the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street," as the Bank of
+England is sometimes called, remained perfectly calm, and inside the
+building business went on as usual. On the 1st of August the bank
+rate<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> rose to 10 per cent., and the Stock Exchange was closed.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0176.jpg" width="574" height="389" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Naval Reserves passing through Portsmouth to join their
+ships.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Sport and General.</i></h3>
+
+<p>On Sunday, 2nd August, the Naval Reserves<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> were called up, and the
+War Office became very active. A number of the London Territorial<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+regiments were on their way to camp for their annual training, but they
+were ordered to return and remain within reach of headquarters. It was
+very clear to everybody that the issue of war or peace was hanging in
+the balance.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On Sunday, 2nd August, the first important act of war was committed.
+Look at the map on page <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, and find the river Moselle. Not far from its
+left bank you will see the city of Luxemburg, which stands in the little
+independent duchy of the same name, at the south-east corner of Belgium.
+This state is about as large as the county of Essex, and its population
+is less than that of the city of Edinburgh. It is a country of low
+ridges and meadow land, and more than a quarter of its surface is
+covered with forests. There are good deposits of iron, and many of the
+people are engaged in mining and smelting the ore. From 1825 to 1867 the
+state belonged to Germany, and down to 1872 its fortress was in the
+hands of the Prussians. In that year the garrison was withdrawn, the
+fortress was dismantled, and the state was neutralized. The army of
+Luxemburg only consists of 150 soldiers and the same number of armed
+policemen. Its Grand Duchess is Marie Adelaide, who is now in her
+twenty-first year.</p>
+
+<p>I want you to notice especially that the Germans did not propose to
+invade France by the routes which they followed in 1870. In that year,
+you will remember, they crossed the frontier in the direction of Metz,
+and south of it. They had determined not to do this during the present
+war, because, as you will gather from the map on page <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, the country is
+hilly, and therefore difficult to traverse, and because the frontier is
+protected by a chain of very powerful fortresses. As we shall see later,
+they wished to enter France very quickly, and beat her as rapidly as
+possible. Time was all-important to them, and they could not afford to
+waste it in the long business of besieging barrier fortresses. They
+therefore decided to invade France by the easy route through Belgium,
+even though they would have to break a solemn treaty by so doing.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
+<p>The frontier between Belgium and Germany is very narrow, only about
+forty miles in width. As this space is insufficient for the quick and
+orderly transfer of the huge armies which the Germans proposed to send
+into France, they determined to break another treaty, and enter through
+Luxemburg as well. This would give them another forty miles of line
+across which to advance, and would place them in possession of a town in
+which the whole network of railways uniting Germany, France, and Belgium
+forms a junction. Once in Luxemburg, they were in command of the whole
+system of roads and railways leading from North Germany into France and
+Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>When the inhabitants of Luxemburg awoke on the hot Sunday morning of 2nd
+August, they were surprised to find that the Adolf Bridge, which leads
+to the city across the river Alzette, was in the hands of the Germans. A
+little later, armed motor cars, filled with German officers and men,
+were seen approaching the city. It was the vanguard of the 39th
+Regiment. A member of the Luxemburg Government met the invaders, and
+handed them a copy of the treaty guaranteeing the neutrality of the
+state. They told him that they knew all about the treaty, but that they
+had their orders. The Archduchess now drove up, and tried to block the
+path of the Germans with her motor car. She was told to go home at
+once; and, having no force behind her, was obliged to obey.</p>
+
+<p>On and on came the Germans, and the people were greatly surprised to see
+amongst them many men who up to that time had been clerks in the offices
+of Luxemburg. These men, while pretending to be peaceful citizens, had
+made themselves thoroughly acquainted with the geography of the country,
+had carefully noted the best points for the Germans to occupy, and the
+places where they could procure provisions. Before nightfall the whole
+state was in their hands; the roads and railways were guarded by
+sentries; and houses, woods, and standing crops which might afford cover
+to the enemy were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>That same day German cavalry crossed the French border near Longwy,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+and farther south, near Strassburg, they pushed across the frontier to
+the town of Cirey-les-Forges.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Still farther south, near the Swiss
+boundary, another raid was made. You will remember that the French had
+promised to keep their troops back from the border as long as there was
+the slightest chance of bringing Austria and Russia to agreement.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Monday, 3rd August, was the most remarkable Bank Holiday ever known in
+Britain. All Bank Holiday excursions were cancelled, for the railways
+were in the hands of the military authorities. Hundreds of thousands of
+persons, who would otherwise have spent the day at the seaside or in the
+country, were forced to remain in London. Great crowds gathered at
+Westminster to see the members of Parliament enter Palace Yard. It was
+known that a Cabinet Council had been held on the previous day, and that
+a very important statement was to be made that very afternoon.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Let us peep into the House of Commons on that memorable occasion. The
+Chamber, which is far too small to accommodate all the members of
+Parliament, is crowded to excess. All the green benches are filled, the
+side galleries are thronged, and there are rows of chairs in the
+gangways. It is evident that a matter of great pith and moment is now
+about to arise. There is some preliminary business to be got through,
+and the House is impatient to see the end of it. Then Sir Edward Grey
+rises, and amidst loud cheering advances to the table, and begins the
+most fateful speech that was ever made in all our long history. He is
+very grave, and his set face shows traces of the anxious and laborious
+days through which he has recently passed. He speaks without passion,
+and with no attempt at fine language; but every word that he utters is
+full of deep meaning, and the House listens with eager attention.</p>
+
+<p>He tells his fellow-members that the Government has worked with a single
+mind, and with all the earnestness in its power, to preserve the peace,
+but that its labours have proved vain&mdash;Germany and Russia have declared
+war on each other. Then he goes on to speak of our friendship with
+France&mdash;that warm and cordial friendship, which has replaced the enmity
+of long ages. This friendship, he declares, entails duties upon us. The
+French fleet is in the Mediterranean Sea, because of the good feeling
+and confidence that has grown up between us, and the northern and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+western coasts of France are without defence. "My own feeling is," he
+says, "that if a foreign fleet, engaged in a war which France had not
+sought, and in which she had not been the aggressor, came down the
+English Channel and bombarded and battered the unprotected coasts of
+France, we could not stand aside." The loud cheers which immediately
+break forth show that the great majority of the members thoroughly agree
+with him. When the cheers have subsided, he proceeds: "We could not see
+this going on practically within sight of our eyes, with our arms
+folded, doing nothing, and I believe that would be the feeling of this
+country."</p>
+
+<p>France, he says, is entitled to know at once whether she can depend upon
+British support should her northern and western coasts be attacked. He
+has therefore given an assurance to the French Government that, should
+the German fleet come into the Channel or through the North Sea to
+undertake hostile operations against the French coasts or shipping, the
+British fleet, if Parliament approves, will give all the protection in
+its power. The cheers that follow this statement clearly show that the
+House of Commons fully approves of the undertaking which he has given to
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Then he turns to the all-important question of Belgium. He tells the
+House what you already know&mdash;namely, that in 1870 we made a stand for
+the neutrality of that little country, and were thus able to save her
+from the horrors of invasion. What we did then, we are trying to do now.
+France has given us her assurance that she will not enter Belgium if it
+is not invaded by another Power, but Germany refuses to reply. She has
+already asked King Albert to grant unopposed passage for her troops
+through his country, and has promised to guarantee its independence if
+he will consent to this course; but, at the same time, she has
+threatened to treat Belgium as an enemy if the request is refused. The
+Belgians are determined to resist the invasion of their land by every
+means in their power.</p>
+
+<p>Our treaty with Belgium binds us in honour to take her part. If in a
+crisis like this we run away, we shall lose the respect of the
+nations&mdash;a respect which we can never regain. Though we might, by
+husbanding our resources, be able at the end of the war to prevent the
+whole of western Europe from falling into the hands of Germany, our
+moral position would be such&mdash;&mdash;. The rest of the sentence is lost
+amidst a loud burst of cheering. Almost to a man the members of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+House of Commons are convinced that we should sink to the lowest depths
+of dishonour were we to abandon Belgium in her dark hour of trial.</p>
+
+<p>The cheers are renewed when Sir Edward Grey declares that our Fleet has
+been mobilized, and that our Army is mobilizing. Britain is ready to
+play her part, whatever that may be. Then the speaker points out the one
+bright spot in the whole terrible situation. Formerly, when Britain has
+been engaged in war, the Irish people have seized the opportunity to
+rise in revolt. At this time we have no such fear. Finally, he believes
+that, should war come, the Government will be supported, not only by the
+House of Commons, but by the determination, the resolution, the courage,
+and the endurance of the whole country. Amidst loud and prolonged cheers
+the speaker resumes his seat.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Leader of the Opposition<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> rises and pledges the loyalty of
+his followers in this great and grave crisis. So, too, does the leader
+of the Irish Nationalists,<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> and only one voice is heard disapproving
+of the course which the Government proposes to take. In the face of
+national peril the vast majority of the men of every party, creed, and
+sect stand shoulder to shoulder&mdash;forgetting their differences of
+opinion, and only remembering that they are Britons, faced with the
+greatest danger that has ever threatened their land. When Lord
+Macaulay, in his ballad <i>Horatius</i>, wished to show us the Romans in
+their noblest aspect, he said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Then none was for a party;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Then all were for the State; . . .</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The Romans were like brothers</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;In the brave days of old."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>So it is with Britons all over the world in these days of anxiety and
+peril. None is for a party, and all are for the State; and so it will be
+until the war clouds roll away, and peace once more smiles upon us.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0182.jpg" width="819" height="495" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Sir Edward Grey making his great Speech in the House of
+Commons on August 3, 1914.</h3>
+
+<h4>"My own feeling is this, that if a foreign fleet, engaged in a war which
+France had not sought, and in which she had not been the aggressor, came
+down the English Channel and bombarded and battered the unprotected
+coasts of France, we could not stand aside [loud cheers] and see this
+going on practically within sight of our eyes, with our arms folded,
+looking on dispassionately doing nothing; and I believe that would be
+the feeling of this country [cheers]. ...If, in a crisis like this, we
+ran away [loud cheers] from our obligations of honour and interest with
+regard to the Belgian Treaty, I doubt whether whatever material force we
+might have at the end of it would be of very much value in face of the
+respect that we should have lost."<br />
+
+<i>By permission of the illustrated London News.</i></h4>
+
+<p>That afternoon the King and Queen drove from Buckingham Palace along the
+Mall, and were everywhere greeted with the heartiest of cheers,
+especially when they passed the German Embassy.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> His Majesty could
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
+not fail to understand the meaning of these cheers&mdash;the nation was one
+in heart and mind in the great task which lay before it. In the evening,
+thousands of people gathered outside Buckingham Palace, singing
+patriotic songs and cheering again and again. Just after nine o'clock
+the King, accompanied by the Queen and the Prince of Wales, appeared on
+the balcony above the entrance to the north side of the Palace. Then the
+cheers grew louder than ever. The King and Queen bowed again and again
+to the people, and the Prince waved his hand. By this time it was clear
+to all the world that the people of Britain were ready to face the
+future, as Sir Edward Grey had prophesied, with determination,
+resolution, courage, and endurance.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Next morning Sir Edward Grey telegraphed to Sir Edward Goschen, bidding
+him request an immediate assurance from the German Government that
+Belgium would not be invaded. Later in the day he telegraphed again,
+telling our Ambassador that Belgium had already been invaded, and asking
+for a satisfactory reply by twelve o'clock that night. If such a reply
+was not forthcoming, Sir Edward Goschen was told to ask for his
+passports, and say that Great Britain would do everything in her power
+to uphold those treaty rights of Belgium to which Germany was a party as
+well as Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Goschen accordingly called upon the German Secretary of
+State, Herr von Jagow, about seven o'clock that evening, and
+delivered his message. The Secretary at once replied that he was sorry
+to say that he could give no such undertaking, for the German troops
+were already in Belgium. He then explained why his Government had been
+obliged to take this step, and, in so doing, revealed the German plan of
+campaign. They had to advance into France, he said, by the quickest and
+easiest way, so as to be able to strike a decisive blow as soon as
+possible. It was a matter of life and death to them; for, if they had
+gone by the more southern route, they would have had bad roads to cross
+and strong fortresses to take, and would, therefore, have wasted much
+time. This loss of time would mean that the Russians would be able to
+bring up their troops to the German frontier before the German conquest
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>
+of France was complete. As Russia had an almost endless number of
+soldiers, they were bound to overthrow France as quickly as possible
+before the Russians could muster in full strength.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Goschen then asked if there was not still time for the
+Germans to draw back, and so avoid bringing Great Britain into the war.
+To this, Herr von Jagow replied that it was now too late. Thus there was
+nothing left for Sir Edward Goschen to do but to demand his passports.
+Before doing so, however, he went to see the Chancellor, the man next in
+authority to the Kaiser himself. Then followed one of the most dramatic
+interviews known to history.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Goschen tells us that he found the Chancellor much upset, and
+that he at once began a loud, angry speech, which lasted twenty minutes.
+He said that the step taken by the British Government was terrible to a
+degree. We were going to war just for a word&mdash;"neutrality"&mdash;a word which
+had so often been set aside in time of war. Just for a treaty&mdash;"<i>a scrap
+of paper</i>"&mdash;we were going to fight a kindred nation which desired
+nothing better than to be friends with us. What we had done was like
+striking a man from behind while he was struggling for his life against
+two foes. He should hold Great Britain responsible for all the terrible
+events that might happen.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Edward Goschen strongly protested against this statement, and said
+that in the same way that the Chancellor and Herr von Jagow thought the
+violation of Belgium's neutrality was a matter of life and death to
+them, so it was a matter of life and death to the honour of Great
+Britain that she should keep her solemn engagements, and do her utmost
+to defend Belgium if she should be attacked. If Great Britain did not
+keep faith, what confidence would other nations have in her word for the
+future? To which the Chancellor replied, "Has the British Government
+thought of the price at which this compact will be kept?" Sir Edward
+Goschen replied that no fear of consequences could be regarded as an
+excuse for breaking solemn engagements; and he would have said more, but
+the Chancellor was so agitated by the news that Great Britain would
+fight for her honour, that he was incapable of listening to reason.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+<p>So the painful interview ended. A report of what had passed was drawn up
+and handed in at a telegraph office a little before 9 p.m., but was
+never dispatched.</p>
+
+<p>You can now understand how the German Government regards its solemn
+agreements. When they stand in the way of its ambitions they are but
+"scraps of paper," to be torn into shreds. You can also understand how
+anxious Germany was to keep us out of this war. Up to the last she
+believed that we should not fight, and that she would be allowed to work
+her wicked will on Belgium and France, while we stood by without lifting
+a finger. We want no other charter of right for taking part in this war
+than the speech of the German Chancellor which you have just read.</p>
+
+<p>By our action we had put a spoke in the German wheel, and it was soon
+evident that the Berlin crowds understood this, for they gathered before
+the British Embassy and hurled stones at the windows. Police were
+summoned, and the street was cleared; but large crowds assembled at the
+stations, and jeered at Sir Edward Goschen as he travelled to the Dutch
+frontier. Just before he left Berlin the Kaiser sent him a message,
+regretting what had taken place, and saying that he would no longer
+retain his rank as a British field-marshal and a British admiral.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Later on, the Chancellor made a speech in Parliament, and tried to
+explain why Germany had broken her plighted word with regard to the
+neutrality of Luxemburg and Belgium. He said, "We are now in a state of
+necessity, and necessity knows no law. We were compelled to override the
+just protest of the Luxemburg and Belgian Governments. The wrong&mdash;I
+speak openly&mdash;that we are committing we will endeavour to make good as
+soon as our military goal is reached. Anybody who is threatened as we
+are threatened, and is fighting for his highest possessions, can only
+have one thought&mdash;how he is <i>to hack his way through</i>." Thus Germany
+began the war by a confession of wrongdoing. Since the Chancellor spoke,
+nothing more has been said of the "wrong;" but attempts have been made
+to prove that Germany only invaded Belgium because Great Britain and
+France were about to do so, and she wished to be ahead of them. There is
+not a particle of truth in this excuse.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0187.jpg" width="404" height="501" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Scrap of Paper.</h3>
+
+<h4>This is a copy of the really important part of the treaty of
+1839 which guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium. It is signed by
+the representatives of Britain, Belgium, Austria, France,
+Prussia, and Russia. The French words which are written above
+the seals may be translated as follows: "Belgium, within the
+limits indicated by Articles I., II., and IV., shall form an
+independent and perpetually neutral State. She will be bound to
+observe this same neutrality towards all the other States."</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+<p><i>At 11 p.m. on the 4th of August Great Britain declared war on Germany.</i></p>
+
+<p>The order for placing the British Army on a war footing was signed the
+same day, and immediately all the reservists of the Regular army and the
+Territorials were called to the colours. At once the country became an
+armed camp. Everywhere we heard the tramp of soldiers, the rattle of
+moving guns, and the rumble of baggage trains. The railways passed into
+the hands of the Government, and time-tables were suspended in order
+that the troops might be moved to and fro without loss of time. The
+Territorials took over the work of home defence, and guards were
+stationed at arsenals, reservoirs, bridges, and docks. The country was
+so full of German spies that it was feared attempts would be made to do
+damage to the railways and other important public works; but thanks to
+the careful guard kept by our citizen soldiers, no harm was done. Even
+the Boy Scouts, whose motto is "Be Prepared," were pressed into service.
+In a hundred different ways they proved useful, especially as
+messengers.</p>
+
+<p>Next day Lord Kitchener was appointed Secretary of War, with the
+approval of the whole nation. Everybody felt that the right man was in
+the right place, and that he would see us through. It is said that, when
+he entered the War Office for the first time as Secretary, he asked the
+porter, "Is there a bed here?" "No, sir," replied the man. "Then get
+one," he said, clearly showing that he meant to spend his nights as
+well as his days in the laborious work of raising armies and fitting
+them for the work of war. At the same time Sir John Jellicoe<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> was
+appointed to command the Grand Fleet in home waters.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0189.jpg" width="411" height="502" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Sir John Jellicoe.</h3>
+
+<h4>Our artist has here shown him as "the man at the wheel," for he is in
+supreme command of the Grand Fleet in home waters. He is fifty-five
+years of age, and has been in the Navy for forty-two years. He has the
+full confidence of every officer and man in the service, and Britons
+everywhere believe that he will uphold the fame of the great admirals
+who gave Britain command of the seas.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the 6th of August the Prime Minister asked the House of Commons for a
+war vote of a hundred millions of money, and seized the occasion to
+reply to the question, What are we fighting for? In the first place, he
+said, we are fighting to keep our solemn promise&mdash;a promise which, had
+it been made between private persons in the ordinary course of life,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+would have been thought so binding in law and honour that no
+self-respecting man would have dreamed of setting it aside. In the
+second place, we are fighting on behalf of the little nations. When
+their safety has been guaranteed by treaty, we are determined that they
+shall not be crushed out of existence by any Power, however strong and
+over-mastering it may be. No nation, he said, has ever entered into a
+great war with a clearer conscience or with a more certain knowledge
+that it is fighting for the right. We are not battling for power or land
+or gold, not even for our own selfish interests, but we are struggling
+to maintain that good faith amongst the nations without which the world
+would sink back into barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>The war vote was at once granted, and it was quickly agreed that the
+Army should be increased by half a million men. On the next day Lord
+Kitchener called for a first army of 100,000 men, and instantly recruits
+of high quality came flocking to the colours. Men waited in front of the
+London recruiting offices hour after hour for days together, in order to
+offer their services to the country. From the Colonies and from India
+came the most loyal of messages, and the most generous offers of men and
+money. The whole Empire was united as never before, in this the most
+righteous war that has ever been waged.</p>
+
+<p>I have already told you that there was what is called a "run" upon the
+Bank of England at the prospect of war. In order that the nation should
+be steadied at this crisis, the Bank Holiday was continued for three
+days longer, and an order was made that no one need pay his business
+debts for a month. To keep gold in the banks for the service of the
+Government, paper money was introduced, and postal orders passed from
+hand to hand instead of coin. The newspapers were not allowed to print
+anything they pleased about the war, for fear that the enemy might gain
+important information. All war news was to be passed by what is called a
+censor before being printed.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SUBMARINE THAT FAILED.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>eanwhile our Grand Fleet was watching and waiting for the German Navy
+to come out and fight. Our sailors seized many German merchant vessels
+on the seas, and those that were in our ports were captured; but the
+warships of the enemy were nowhere visible. We soon began to understand
+that the Germans did not propose to risk their ships in battle for some
+time to come. One of their military writers had recommended that they
+should try to reduce our Navy to the strength of their own by means of
+submarine<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> and destroyer<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> attacks before coming out to fight. On
+the second day after war was declared, we discovered that they had
+planned another method of sinking our ships without endangering their
+own.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0191.jpg" width="212" height="342" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Floating Mine.</h3>
+
+<p>Here is a little picture of what is known as a floating mine. It
+consists of a hollow, pear-shaped case, containing an electric battery
+and a large amount of gun-cotton, or some other high explosive. This
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>
+mine is thrown into the sea, and by means of an iron weight is made to
+float three or four feet below the surface. If the mine is struck hard,
+it will cant over sixty-five or seventy degrees. Then the mercury in a
+little cup would overflow, and by so doing would complete an electric
+circuit and explode the gun-cotton. So terrible is the explosive force
+of gun-cotton, that it will tear asunder the biggest ship, and either
+cripple it or send it to the bottom. Never before has any nation strewn
+the open seas with such floating mines, and their use in this way is
+against all the laws of war which are observed by civilized nations.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0192.jpg" width="712" height="422" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Sweeping up mines in the North Sea.</h3>
+
+<p>The Germans soon discovered that large mine-layers ran a great risk of
+being sunk by the guns of our warships, so they employed fishing-boats
+and other small craft to lay these deadly engines in the sea. Many of
+these ships flew the flag of a neutral Power, and thus pretended that
+they were engaged on lawful and peaceful business. The North Sea became
+a death-trap, and our Admiralty had to meet the danger by employing a
+large number of trawlers to sweep up the mines.</p>
+
+<p>The work is done in the following way. Two trawlers sailing parallel
+with each other drag through the sea a steel hawser which is attached to
+each of them. The hawser drags the mines along, and they are then picked
+up. You can readily understand how dangerous this work is. The trawlers
+themselves may strike a mine, and be blown up; or two mines drawn
+along by the hawser may collide when they are near to the trawlers, in
+which case the same result follows. Many gallant smacksmen have lost
+their lives in trying to free the sea from this terrible peril. We ought
+to think of them as heroes of the best and highest type. Always remember
+that it is more glorious to save life than to destroy it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of August a flotilla of British destroyers, accompanied by
+the light cruiser<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> <i>Amphion</i>,<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> sighted a German vessel off the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+Dutch coast engaged in throwing out floating mines. The <i>Lance</i>, a
+British destroyer, at once attacked this vessel, and in four shots
+destroyed her bridge, tore away her stern, and sank her&mdash;all within the
+space of six minutes. Some fifty members of the crew were saved by the
+British boats. Though the mine-layer was at the bottom of the sea, she
+had done her deadly work, and was soon to achieve a victory. As the
+<i>Amphion</i> was steaming towards Harwich, and was about thirty miles off
+Aldeburgh, she struck one of the mines laid by the sunken ship, and was
+instantly blown up. The bow of the ship was shattered, and in less than
+twenty minutes she sank, with a loss of 131 lives. The captain, sixteen
+officers, and 135 men were saved; but twenty German prisoners confined
+in the bow were killed by the explosion of their own mine. Since the
+<i>Amphion</i> went down, many peaceful merchant ships and trawlers, both
+British and neutral, have been sunk by these mines, as well as two other
+British warships.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Here is a section of a submarine, a type of vessel which is now being
+used for the first time in warfare. You see that it is shaped like a
+rather fat cigar, tapering towards its after or tail end. In the centre
+of the top of the hull we see a small conning-tower. At the stern there
+is a propeller, and also a series of rudders which enables it to steer
+to and fro, or up and down. If you study the picture, you will see what
+the interior of a submarine is like. By means of tanks, which can be
+filled with water or emptied, the submarine can sink or rise at will.
+When she comes near an enemy, she sinks until only a short mast appears
+above the surface. This mast is a hollow tube fitted with a lens and
+mirrors, so arranged that images of objects outside the boat and above
+the surface are thrown on to another mirror, where they are examined by
+means of a magnifying glass. This "periscope," as the hollow mast is
+called, is the eye of the submarine. It enables her to see when her hull
+is beneath the waves. If she sinks altogether, or if the periscope
+should be carried away, she is blind and can see nothing.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0195.jpg" width="721" height="262" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Section of a Submarine.</h3>
+
+<p>Some submarines have a gun on deck, but their real weapon is the
+torpedo. There is a picture of one on page <a href="#Page_184">183</a>. It is really a little
+warship in itself, with its own hull, propeller, rudders, engines, and a
+mass of gun-cotton in the place of guns. This explosive is stored in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>
+head of the torpedo, which is provided with a striker-rod of steel. When
+this rod hits the target it is forced back and explodes a little charge,
+which in its turn explodes the gun-cotton which lies behind it. A
+torpedo is fired from a tube, and immediately it strikes the water its
+engines begin to work. It then rushes towards its target at the rate of
+forty or fifty miles an hour for a distance of three miles or more. By
+means of a very remarkable piece of apparatus, it is steered back to its
+line of fire if it should be turned out of its course. If the aim is
+sure, and the torpedo hits its mark, the gun-cotton explodes with such
+terrific force that it will sink or cripple the biggest ship afloat.</p>
+
+<p>On ordinary warships a torpedo can be fired from a tube either above or
+below water. The tube can be moved just like a gun, and so a correct aim
+can be taken. The tubes of a submarine, however, are all below water,
+and they are fixed so that the submarine itself must be moved into the
+right position before it can discharge a torpedo with correct aim.</p>
+
+<p>Submarines have been called, with good reason, "the deadliest things
+that keep the sea." With only the thin periscope showing above the
+waves, they can silently and secretly creep within range of a warship,
+and send off a torpedo on its deadly errand. To detect the thin
+periscope from the bridge of a warship is not easy, and during the
+present war several gallant ships have been taken unawares and sent to
+the bottom.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now let me tell you the story of a submarine that failed.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
+<p>On the 9th of August a flotilla of German submarines was in the North
+Sea. Their narrow gray bodies were furrowing the waves at a speed of
+about fifteen knots an hour. On the little deck of each of them stood a
+commander, sweeping the horizon through powerful glasses for signs of
+the enemy. Down below men were standing by the motors, examining the
+gauges, filling the compressed air chambers, and making sure that the
+torpedoes were "ship-shape."</p>
+
+<p>Yonder is Submarine U 9. Suddenly her commander closes his glasses with
+a snap. He has sighted the funnels of British cruisers, and the hour of
+action has arrived. The long-expected signal rings out below, and the
+commander leaves the tiny deck and withdraws into the interior through a
+hatch, which is carefully closed behind him. He takes his place in the
+conning-tower, where, under his hand and eye, is all the apparatus
+needed for steering and controlling the boat.</p>
+
+<p>A valve is opened, and air is allowed to escape from the water-ballast
+tanks in the bottom of the vessel. Water flows in, and the submarine
+sinks until she is running "awash," with the base of the conning-tower
+only just clear of the waves. She is now ready to dive. This she must do
+before getting within range of the cruisers out yonder. There are
+hundreds of keen eyes on the British warships, and even the
+conning-tower of a submarine a mile away will be seen. A wheel is
+moved, the boat tilts downward slightly at the bows, and in a few
+moments the water is swirling round the windows of the conning-tower.
+Diving has begun. Down, down she goes. Presently the wheel is moved
+again, and the boat returns to an even keel. The only part of her that
+now shows above the water is the periscope.</p>
+
+<p>The commander glues his eyes to the mirror which gives him a view of the
+sea around. The images of the cruisers grow larger and larger; one of
+them, H.M.S. <i>Birmingham</i>, is now within range. He moves his boat so
+that the torpedo tube at her bow points directly towards the
+<i>Birmingham</i>. His hand hovers over the switch which will launch a
+torpedo on its death-dealing errand. Why risk missing to avoid the
+slight danger of discovery? Another five hundred yards, and then&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The fateful moment has come. His hand slightly trembles with excitement
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>
+as he prepares to make the trifling movement which may send some
+hundreds of men to a watery grave, and a gallant ship, worth more than a
+million of money, to the bottom.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0197a.jpg" width="551" height="371" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>This picture gives an excellent view of a torpedo and its
+tube on board a destroyer. The tube, you will observe, can be trained
+like a gun, and thus a correct aim can be taken.</h4>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0197b.jpg" width="917" height="197" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>This diagram gives a section of a torpedo, which has been
+well described as a complete little warship. It has engines to drive it
+along; rudders to steer it; a special apparatus to make it return to the
+line of fire, if it should swerve; a supply of explosives to damage the
+enemy, and apparatus for firing the explosive at the right moment. A
+torpedo such as is used in our navy costs &pound;1,000. Warships at anchor
+have steel nets around them as a protection against torpedoes. Some
+torpedoes, however, are fitted with a pair of powerful wire cutters,
+which enable them to pierce the net and strike the ship.</h4>
+
+<p>He presses the button; a flap opens in the tube in the bows; a valve
+admits compressed air into the rear end of it, and a shining torpedo
+leaps forward towards the quarry.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crash!</i> The image in the periscope has disappeared, and the submarine
+rocks slightly. The periscope has been sighted by a keen eye on the
+<i>Birmingham</i>, and a superb shot has carried it away. The submarine is
+now as blind as the giant after Ulysses had bored into his one eye. The
+biter has been bitten. It cannot remain under water, for a touch of the
+cruiser's steel bow will be the stroke of doom. If it comes up, a storm
+of shell will rage about it. The commander has a choice of perils.
+Desperately he decides to come up and endeavour to fire another
+torpedo.</p>
+
+<p>The horizontal rudders are set in motion; compressed air is admitted to
+the ballast chambers, and some of the water is blown out. The
+conning-tower rises above the level of the water; but, before she can
+use her sting, all is over. The cruiser's quick-firing guns have been
+waiting, and the moment the deck appears a four-inch shell is discharged
+at it. The armour at the base of the conning-tower is cleft through as
+though it were a biscuit-box. Water rushes in, and a minute later the
+ill-fated craft, a marvel of ingenuity, lies on the bottom, twenty
+fathoms deep. There it will rust away long after the war in which it
+played such a brief part has passed into history.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Such is the story of how H.M.S. <i>Birmingham</i> sank the German submarine U
+9. Some accounts tell us that the periscope was not shot away, but that
+when the torpedo from the submarine missed its mark, the cruiser made a
+rapid turn and drove straight at her, crumpling her to pieces by the
+terrible force of its weight and speed. This is the method which our
+cruisers usually adopt when attacked by submarines. They steam rapidly
+in a zigzag course, so as to disconcert those who are aiming the
+torpedo, and, at the first sign of the submarine's presence, charge down
+upon her and sink her.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0199.jpg" width="368" height="500" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A cruiser ramming a submarine.</h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>INFANTRY AND ITS WORK.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>efore I describe the German invasion of Belgium, I must explain
+certain military terms which will crop up again and again in the
+following pages. Unless you understand these terms, you cannot read war
+news intelligently.</p>
+
+<p>An army, you know, is a body of armed men, trained and organized and
+disciplined for the work of war. Most of the fighting men in an army are
+either infantry, cavalry, or artillery. Let me tell you something about
+each of these "arms."</p>
+
+<p><i>Infantry</i> are foot-soldiers armed with rifles and bayonets. In time of
+peace you have seen them marching by in their scarlet and blue uniforms
+and smart spiked helmets. You have also seen the Highlanders, with their
+waving feather bonnets, short scarlet coats with yellow facings, white
+belts and gaiters, plaid stockings, and bare knees. In time of war all
+these fine uniforms are discarded, and the men are dressed in khaki.</p>
+
+<p>Every foot-soldier belongs to a <i>regiment</i>, and is one of a <i>company</i>
+of that regiment. A company consists of 227 men of all ranks, and is
+commanded by a captain or major, with a captain as second in command.
+Every company is divided into four platoons under lieutenants, each of
+whom has a sergeant as second in command, and each platoon consists of
+four sections under junior sergeants, corporals, or lance-corporals.</p>
+
+<p>In the British Army four companies form a <i>battalion</i>, which has been
+well called the household or family to which the soldier belongs. It
+consists, when at war strength, of 1,007 men, including what is called
+headquarters&mdash;that is, the battalion staff, the men of the machine-gun
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
+section, the signallers, pioneers, and the bandsmen who in time of war
+serve as stretcher-bearers. A battalion is commanded by a
+lieutenant-colonel, who is assisted by a major, an adjutant, a
+quartermaster, together with a number of sergeants, orderlies, and
+clerks. The adjutant is specially responsible for the book-keeping of
+the battalion, for issuing the orders, and for seeing that all military
+duties are properly performed. The quartermaster has charge of the
+stores, clothing, and the equipment of the men.</p>
+
+<p>The strength of an infantry force is reckoned in battalions, not in
+regiments. Four battalions&mdash;that is, 4,000 men&mdash;form a <i>brigade</i> of
+infantry, which is commanded by a brigadier-general, who is assisted by
+a brigade-major and a staff-captain.</p>
+
+<p>Foot-soldiers are now armed with what is called a magazine rifle. The
+short Lee-Enfield,<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> which our infantry carry, can fire a dozen aimed
+shots in a minute; and if the magazine is opened, the ten cartridges in
+it can be discharged in less than thirty seconds. With this rifle, which
+is sighted up to 2,800 yards, a man can hit a large object a mile and a
+half away, and if he is a good shot, can kill a man at half a mile. The
+cartridge&mdash;which contains bullet and powder in one case&mdash;is so light
+that a man can carry his one hundred and twenty cartridges without much
+discomfort. The powder used is smokeless, so that it is almost
+impossible to tell where the shots come from if the riflemen take
+<i>cover</i>&mdash;that is, if they conceal themselves behind bushes, rocks, or
+hedges. British soldiers are exceedingly good at taking cover, and they
+learnt the art from the Boers in South Africa. They are careful to
+notice the folds and waves of the ground, and to take advantage of
+everything which will hide them from the enemy. A skilful leader can
+march his company or platoon across country so that a man sitting still
+half a mile away from his route cannot catch as much as a glimpse of it.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0202.jpg" width="713" height="522" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Territorial Infantry marching along Fleet Street, London.
+Most of these men in private life are lawyers.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Record Press.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Before a man can fire accurately at a distant enemy he must know the
+range, and must sight his rifle accordingly. To show you how this range
+is found, let us suppose that a platoon sees a party of the enemy on a
+ridge in front of it. At one end of this ridge there is a little sand
+heap. "The lieutenant calls for three good shots from your section, of
+whom you are one. You go up and lie down, and your section commander
+tells you that you are to fire at the sand hill to get the range, which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>
+he thinks is 800 yards. You fire at 800 yards, and see no result; the
+next man fires at 750&mdash;no result. The third man fires at 700, and the
+sergeant, with a field-glass, sees a splash of dust on the sand heap.
+That settles the range."[179] When the troops occupy a position some
+time before the enemy is in sight, it is usual to mark distances. "Half
+a dozen men are told to cut sticks from the nearest trees, and to tie
+red rags on to each of them. Then they are to pace 600 yards in a
+straight line to the front, stepping yards as well as they can, and then
+to plant their sticks so that the line of red sticks may mark the 600
+yards line from where their comrades are lying down."<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p>
+
+<p>Each infantryman carries a short bayonet, about twelve inches long. When
+a charge is ordered, the bayonet is fixed on to the end of the
+rifle-barrel, and is used as a thrusting-sword. British soldiers have
+always been famous for their prowess with the bayonet. A bayonet charge
+usually occurs when an enemy has been beaten by gun fire, and his
+trenches are carried by a final rush.</p>
+
+<p>Each battalion has with it two machine guns, manned by an officer, a
+sergeant, and sixteen men. Two wagons accompany this section to convey
+the guns and their ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>A machine gun is nothing but a rifle barrel fixed into a machine so that
+it becomes self-firing. The barrel is surrounded by a large tube filled
+with water, to keep the barrel from getting too hot. The gun is so
+fixed on a tripod stand that it can be turned round in any direction.
+One man carries the gun, which weighs about sixty pounds, to the
+selected position, and the other carries the tripod on which it is
+fixed. On the march, both gun and tripod are carried in a wagon. Each
+gun is supplied with boxes containing 3,500 rounds, and 8,000 more
+rounds are kept in reserve.</p>
+
+<p>On the next page you will see a picture of this gun at work. When it is
+fixed and sighted, a button is pressed, and the first shot is fired. The
+recoil of this shot empties and reloads the gun, and so the process goes
+on just as long as the button is pressed. Some three hundred shots can
+be fired in a minute very accurately, and the effect on a body of men
+advancing along a road or across a bridge is deadly in the extreme.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0204.jpg" width="726" height="498" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A concealed machine gun in action.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations Ltd.</i></h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
+<p>Besides their rifles and bayonets, each infantryman carries a light,
+short-handled shovel attached to his belt. This is for making trenches
+and rifle pits to afford protection against the enemy's bullets. In a
+very short time a battalion can "dig itself in," and, thus protected,
+fire on the enemy from shelter. A trench a hundred yards long, three
+feet deep, and two feet wide, can be dug in easy soil by forty men in
+about three hours. Every battalion is accompanied by mules or carts,
+carrying picks and additional shovels.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0205.jpg" width="496" height="275" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A trench made by infantry.</h3>
+
+<h4>In the drawing the trench has been cut through vertically to show how it
+is made. "a" is the parapet piled up behind the hedge to protect the
+firer, who is shooting through a loophole ("d") made of bags of earth.
+"b" is the bank of earth thrown up behind the trench to protect the men
+from the "back blast" of shells, for when they burst, their effect is
+felt as severely behind them as in front. "c" is the bank of earth at
+the end of the trench to protect the men from enfilade fire&mdash;that is,
+from fire along the length of the trench. Frequently trenches are made
+in zigzags to avoid this danger.</h4>
+
+<p>A good infantryman must be able to shoot well and march well. If you are
+in good condition, you perhaps think nothing of a ten-mile walk. But
+suppose you are loaded up, as the soldier is, with rifle, bayonet, and
+knapsack, ammunition pouches, haversack, water-bottle, and entrenching
+tool, a total weight of about sixty-one pounds, you will find ten miles
+a long and very tiring distance. Our infantry usually march at about two
+and three-quarter miles an hour on a fourteen-mile march. The French
+are famous for what are called "forced marches"&mdash;that is, for marches
+more than twenty miles in one day&mdash;but British soldiers have done even
+better. In 1898, before the Battle of Atbara, some of our infantrymen
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
+covered 134 miles&mdash;mostly desert&mdash;in six and a half days, ninety-eight
+miles being covered in four successive days. The men were in fine
+condition, otherwise they could not have stood the strain. As it was,
+many of them arrived at their destination barefooted, the soles of their
+boots having come off owing to the rough nature of the country. This, of
+course, made the march all the more creditable.</p>
+
+<p>In South Africa the 2nd Shropshire Light Infantry once marched
+forty-three miles in thirty-two hours. When pursuing De Wet in August
+1900, the City Imperial Volunteers (C.I.V.) marched thirty miles in
+seventeen hours.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0206.jpg" width="423" height="129" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Lee-Enfield Rifle.</h3>
+
+<h4>A spring (A) at the bottom of the magazine pushes the cartridges up
+towards the top. By pushing forward the bolt (B) in the direction of the
+arrow, you shove the top cartridge (C) into the chamber (D). After you
+have fired, you pull back the bolt, and this pulls out the empty
+cartridge case. A small metal leaf can be pushed across the top of the
+magazine at E, so that you can load and fire the rifle without using the
+cartridges in the magazine. This leaf is called the "cut-off."</h4>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span>avalry are soldiers mounted on horses. One of the finest of our cavalry
+regiments is the 12th Lancers. In peace time the troopers of this
+regiment wear blue tunics with red fronts and cuffs, helmets with
+square-cut tops and red feathery plumes, and carry long, slender lances
+with red and white pennons. As they ride by, bolt upright on their
+splendid chargers, in all the glory of scarlet, blue, and gold, you
+cannot imagine a gayer and more gallant sight. None of this finery,
+however, is worn in war time; they are clad in the same kind of khaki as
+the infantry.</p>
+
+<p>The fighting part of a cavalry regiment consists of three squadrons,
+each divided into four troops, with some additional officers and men. A
+troop consists of one officer and thirty-two men, and a squadron of 160
+officers and men, so that a cavalry regiment numbers 480. At the head of
+the regiment is a lieutenant-colonel, and the "second in command" is a
+major, who takes the place of the colonel if he should be killed or put
+out of action. In every cavalry regiment there are also shoeing-smiths,
+saddlers, etc., as well as a doctor and a veterinary surgeon. Every
+cavalry regiment is accompanied by a machine-gun section. In the British
+Army three regiments form a cavalry brigade.</p>
+
+<p>Each cavalryman is armed with a rifle and a sabre. In a Lancer regiment
+all the men carry lances as well; in a Dragoon regiment the front rank
+men alone are armed with these weapons. The rifle is carried with its
+butt in a leather case, and its barrel passes through a loop around the
+cavalryman's left arm. As you will see from the drawing on p. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
+carries many other things as well. In time of peace a British cavalry
+regiment marches in double file, the officers riding on the flank of
+their respective troops or squadrons. On ordinary marches the horses
+"walk" at the rate of four miles an hour, and the "trot" of eight miles
+per hour is only resorted to when time presses, or when men and horses
+are becoming chilled. If for any reason the "gallop" becomes necessary,
+the men at once form fours, and dash along at the rate of fifteen miles
+an hour. In time of war a cavalry regiment usually operates at the
+"trot."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0208.jpg" width="597" height="370" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Troopers and their Equipment.</h3>
+
+<h4>The trooper's uniform is the same as that of the infantryman. Until a
+few years ago he was armed with a carbine (3), which he carried in a
+leather bucket (4), attached to the right side of the saddle by straps.
+He is now armed with the infantry rifle. This is not shown in the
+pictures, but is carried as the carbine was, with its butt in a leather
+case hanging by straps from the saddle near the man's left heel. Its
+barrel passes through a loop around his right arm, as the lance is
+carried. (See picture on the right.) 1 is the loop attaching lance to
+the arm; 2, the sabre; 3, the carbine; 4, the bucket; 5, the bandolier,
+carrying cartridges; 6, a pair of boots; 7, a cloak; 8, a saddlebag,
+holding knife, fork, spoon, brush, comb, towel, emergency ration, etc.;
+9, a saddlebag, holding shirt, drawers, socks, currycomb, stable-brush,
+etc.; 10, breeches and puttees rolled in waterproof sheet; 11, hay net;
+12, nosebag, holding corn; 13, picketing ropes; 14, haversack with man's
+food; 15, water-bottle; 16, two horse-shoes in leather case; 17, numnah
+(felt to save horse's back) and horse-blanket under the saddle; 18,
+halter; 19, halter-rope twisted up.</h4>
+
+<p>Cavalry used to be the most important of all "arms," and in the great
+historical wars cavalry charges usually carried the day. But with the
+coming of quick-firing rifles their importance has greatly lessened. In
+recent times they became the "eyes and ears" of the army, and nearly
+all the scouting was done by them. Though a good deal of scouting is now
+done by aeroplanes, cycles, and motor cars, it is still the duty of
+cavalry to precede the main body, and "feel" for the enemy. What is
+called a "cavalry screen" is pushed forward in the hope of drawing the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>
+enemy's fire, and thus showing his position. When cavalry are engaged in
+this work, they are said to conduct a <i>reconnaissance</i>. When our cavalry
+conduct a reconnaissance, they ride in scattered formation, so as to
+offer as small a target as possible to the enemy. Unfortunately, in dry
+weather the advance of such a force is often revealed to the enemy by
+the clouds of dust raised by the horses' hoofs.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0209.jpg" width="394" height="450" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Cavalry held up by Infantry.</h3>
+
+<h4>This illustration shows a body of German horsemen attempting to attack
+infantry who have taken cover in a shallow trench. The Germans have had
+to charge across an open field, and the infantry, by rapid rifle fire,
+have shot down many of the men and their horses. Only a handful have
+been able to come within fifty yards of the trench, and these, as you
+see, have been thrown into confusion. Two of them are holding up the
+hand in token of surrender. From this drawing you will easily understand
+that "if infantry keep cool and collected, have plenty of ammunition,
+and can see the mounted men for some minutes before they arrive at close
+quarters, they can shoot down horses and troopers, and probably save
+themselves from being ridden over."</h4>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, cavalry secure the main body of the army from
+surprise. They also do good work by moving rapidly, and occupying
+positions in which they can hamper or delay the enemy. Sometimes they
+make raids far behind the enemy's army, and are able to blow up bridges,
+destroy railways, or capture stores of food and ammunition wagons.
+Cavalry are perhaps more useful than cyclists and men in motor cars,
+because they can travel across all kinds of country, while cycles and
+motor cars are chiefly confined to roads.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes cavalry are able to take the enemy's artillery unawares, or
+fall upon his infantry while it is in disorder. When this happens, their
+charge is very effective; guns are captured, and the infantry is
+dispersed. If, however, infantry keep cool and collected, have plenty of
+ammunition, and can see the mounted men for some minutes before they
+arrive at close quarters, they can shoot down horses and troopers, and
+probably save themselves from being ridden over. Cavalry has its best
+chance of success when it suddenly attacks infantry from a flank, and at
+the same time is secure from being taken in <i>flank</i> by the fire of other
+infantry or machine guns. When cavalry are called upon to charge, they
+do so in a line of two ranks, with the officers riding in front.
+Sometimes cavalrymen fight on foot, much as infantry do.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now let us learn something of the guns and the men who work them. The
+gunner's weapon is simply a big rifle, very thick as compared with its
+length, and so heavy that it has to be hauled along by horses or motors.
+Guns meant for use in the field are mounted on a two-wheeled carriage.
+When the gun is in action the end of the trail or steel beam at its rear
+rests on the ground. On the march this trail is lifted up and hooked on
+to another two-wheeled carriage, called the limber. The four-wheeled
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>
+carriage thus formed is drawn by six horses, driven by men riding on
+three of them. Along with every gun there are two carriages for
+transporting the shell and shrapnel which are fired from it.</p>
+
+<p>Field guns are of various sorts and sizes, according to the work which
+they have to do. Our Royal Field Artillery is armed with a quick-firing
+gun, called an eighteen-pounder, because it throws a shot weighing
+eighteen pounds. This gun is made by winding strong ribbons of steel
+round a long steel tube. It can throw its charge for about three and a
+half miles, but it is most effective when the range is not more than
+about two and a quarter miles.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the guns fire shells which are shaped like bullets, but are, of
+course, very much bigger. They consist of a hollow steel case, with
+rings of soft copper, some of which fit into the rifling or grooves of
+the gun. The shell, like the bullet from a rifle, is given a spinning
+motion by the grooving in the barrel, and this makes the shot travel
+point foremost.</p>
+
+<p>Inside the shell there is a high explosive. When the shell reaches its
+target this substance explodes with such terrific force that it will
+smash a wall, a house, or an earthwork.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0211.jpg" width="102" height="260" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Shrapnel Shell. (Section.)</h3>
+
+<p>When the gunners are firing against troops they usually use shrapnel,
+which is so called from the name of its inventor, the English colonel
+Henry Shrapnel.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> This also consists of a thin steel bullet-shaped
+case, which is divided into two parts. One part of it is filled with
+round bullets, and in the other part there is a charge of powder.
+Attached to this charge of powder is a fuse made of a slow-burning
+material which is lighted by the firing of the gun. The gunners "set"
+this fuse&mdash;that is, they make it of such a length that the burning part
+will reach the powder when the shell is some distance in front of its
+target. If a shot is aimed at troops which are two miles away, it will
+take about ten seconds to reach them. As the gunner wishes the shrapnel
+to burst about fifty yards before reaching the troops, he makes his fuse
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>
+of such a length that it will explode the powder in a little less than
+ten seconds after the shell has left the gun.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0212.jpg" width="715" height="454" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Royal Field Artillery in Action.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Exclusive News Agency.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>Notice that the gun is hidden behind bushes. Sometimes the guns are
+covered with straw or branches of trees in order to hide them from
+observers in aeroplanes.</h4>
+
+<p>When the powder explodes, it blows out the bullets, which fly forward in
+a cone-shaped shower. A shrapnel shell contains 375 bullets, and when it
+has burst they travel fifty yards over a space about five yards wide and
+fifty yards long. As you may imagine, the bullets work great havoc on
+men and horses within this area. Sometimes the fuse does not explode the
+powder at the right time. In order that the shot may not be wasted, it
+is provided with a cap, which causes the shell to explode when it
+strikes the ground. A quick-firing gun, such as is used by the Royal
+Field Artillery, fires about six times a minute. When necessary it can
+fire much more rapidly than this. As many as twenty shots a minute have
+been fired from a British field gun.</p>
+
+<p>You already know that the shells and cartridges are carried on wagons,
+each of which contains one hundred rounds. When a battery goes into
+action, each section has one of its wagons a few yards behind it. When
+all the shells and cartridges in that wagon are used, another wagon is
+brought up. When that is empty, the forty rounds carried in each gun
+limber are fired, and finally the two rounds in each gun carriage. After
+that, unless a fresh supply of ammunition is brought up, the gun is
+useless.</p>
+
+<p>The 75 mm.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> field gun used by the French is said to be the best in
+existence. It is a little over 8 feet 1 inch in length, fires a
+projectile weighing 15-2/3 pounds, and has a range of 7,110 yards. As
+each piece can fire twenty shots per minute, a perfect hail of shells
+can be kept up on an enemy's position.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It is a splendid sight to see a Royal Horse battery come into action.
+The teams advance at the gallop. At the signal "Halt! Section front,"
+the gunners jump down from their seats on the gun carriages and limbers.
+Two of them lift the trail of the gun off the hook at the back of the
+limber, and two others man the wheels of the gun; the teams drive on
+with the limbers, the guns are spun round, and in three seconds are
+ready for firing.</p>
+
+<p>Before the gun can do its work properly, the range&mdash;that is, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>
+distance between the gun and the target&mdash;must be found. For this purpose
+trial shots are fired. The gunners guess the range, and then fire at a
+point some hundred yards less than the supposed distance. They watch for
+the puff of smoke which arises when the shell strikes the ground. If
+they see it in front of their target, they know that the range is short.
+Then another shell is fired one hundred yards beyond the supposed range.
+If this falls behind the target, they know that the range is too long.
+The next shot is fired at a distance midway between the short shot and
+the long shot, and thus the correct range is found. In order that the
+puffs of smoke may be distinctly seen, observers are sent forward to the
+right or left of the line of fire to watch where the shells fall.
+Sometimes they are provided with telescopic iron ladders, which they
+mount in order to have a better view. Field telephones are sometimes
+laid so that the observers can communicate with the batteries.</p>
+
+<p>If an enemy has dug himself in and is firing from concealed trenches,
+aeroplanes are sent up to spy out the land. When the aviators discover a
+trench they drop down bits of tinsel, which glitter in the sunshine, or
+a bomb, which ignites when it strikes the ground, and sends up a cloud
+of smoke. The gunners then know where their target is. Sometimes the
+range is found by means of an instrument known as the range-finder. When
+firing begins the aviator watches the shots, and signals to the gunners
+until they are aiming correctly. The aeroplanes also discover the
+position of the enemy's artillery, so that it can be fired at. In order
+to deceive the airmen, the guns are covered with straw or boughs, so
+that they cannot be easily detected from above.</p>
+
+<p>Another type of gun which is used in the field is called a <i>howitzer</i>.
+The great difference between the action of an ordinary gun and that of a
+howitzer is the difference between a boy throwing a stone at a mark
+which he can see and the same boy pitching a stone over a wall so that
+it will fall on something hidden from his view. The ordinary field gun
+has a long flat sweep of fire, and is therefore unable to shoot over
+hills, trees, or houses, or to drop shells on men lying close beside a
+bank or in a deep, narrow trench. Field guns can burst their shrapnel so
+that such men would not dare to look over the bank in front of their
+trenches and aim their rifles at the enemy, but they cannot actually hit
+the men in the trenches. In order to do this, the shots must be thrown
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>
+high into the air, so that they will drop straight down on the trenches.
+Howitzers are used for this purpose. They are so made that the barrel
+can be tilted and the shots fired at a high angle.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0215a.jpg" width="532" height="280" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Heavy German Howitzer for siege work.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations.</i>)</h4>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0215b.jpg" width="752" height="190" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>The left-hand picture shows the advantage possessed by a
+howitzer over a field gun when firing over a hill at some troops at <span class="smcap">t</span>. <span class="smcap">i</span>
+is the howitzer, and <i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>a</i> is the track of its shell. 2 is the
+field gun, and <i>b</i>, <i>b</i> would be the path of its shell were it not
+stopped at B by the hill.<br />
+
+The right-hand picture compares the effects on a trench of a shell from
+a howitzer and a shell from a field-gun. 3 is the howitzer's shrapnel
+shell bursting and pouring its bullets into the trench; but you will
+notice that the parapet of earth protects the occupants of the trench
+from the bullets of the field-gun's shrapnel shell, which is bursting at 4.<br />
+
+Both of these shells are fitted with "time fuses," which make them
+explode in the air as shown. If they were fitted with "percussion
+fuses," the howitzer shell would fall to the bottom of the trench, and
+explode at <span class="smcap">h</span>; while the field-gun shell would not burst until it hit the
+ground at <span class="smcap">s</span>.<br />
+
+In both pictures the howitzer is firing at a range of 2&frac34; miles&mdash;that is,
+it is 2&frac34; miles from the target&mdash;and the field gun at a range of 2&frac14;
+miles.</h4>
+
+<p>You can easily understand that howitzers are very useful when troops
+are advancing on the enemy. They can be fired behind the advancing line,
+for the shots from them fly high over the men's heads. Ordinary guns
+cannot be used at such a time, for they must be in line with the
+infantry or in front of them. These guns are usually held in reserve
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
+until the enemy shows himself. Then they are brought forward, and open
+fire. The barrel of a howitzer has a wider bore than that of a field
+gun, and its shell is not so long. The 5-inch howitzer with which the
+Royal Garrison Artillery is armed is so heavy that eight horses are
+needed to haul it along good roads. When it is taken over broken country
+the team must at least be doubled. Six-inch howitzers are also used.</p>
+
+<p>For battering down fortresses very heavy howitzers are brought up. The
+Germans have reserved as the surprise of this war a howitzer with a
+calibre of seventeen inches, which throws a huge weight of metal for a
+tremendous distance. The gun is so heavy that it is provided with
+caterpillar wheels, and is hauled by motor or by thirty-six or forty
+horses. It is fired by electricity, and it is said that the gunners
+stand four hundred yards behind it when it is discharged.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0216.jpg" width="286" height="366" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Armoured Train.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>(Photo, Central News.)</i></h4>
+
+<p>Guns for firing high at aeroplanes are also used, and some of them are
+mounted on motor cars. On the railways naval guns are placed on armoured
+trains, which dash along the line and harass the enemy. Armoured motor
+cars are sometimes provided with machine guns, but these belong to the
+infantry, and not to the artillery.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us see what part artillery plays in a modern battle. Its first
+object is to help the movements of its own infantry, and to harass the
+movements of the enemy's infantry. Guns are thus the handmaids of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>
+infantry. Almost every modern battle opens with what is called an
+artillery duel. The guns of the one side engage those of the other, so
+as to keep them busy, and prevent them from hampering the movements of
+the infantry when they are forming line of battle or are advancing.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0217.jpg" width="352" height="367" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Columns marching along one road and deploying.</h3>
+
+<p>Infantry march to the battlefield in columns, one behind the other; but
+before they can attack they must <i>deploy</i>&mdash;that is, unfold, open out,
+and extend into a line so as to face the enemy with their full force.
+Suppose the six columns, from A to B, are marching along a road, and are
+required to attack. They must "deploy"&mdash;that is, march as shown in the
+figure to take up the positions indicated by the dotted blocks from E to
+F. I need not tell you that the deeper the columns are the longer they
+will take to deploy. A general, therefore, tries to choose a line of
+advance where there are many more or less parallel roads or railways
+leading in the desired direction. When his troops move in this way his
+deployment may be very rapid (see figure below). This is one reason why
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>
+the Germans violated the neutrality of Belgium. They wished to have as
+wide a front as possible to advance their troops into France.</p>
+
+<p>When the line E F begins to advance, its guns will bombard the position
+which it hopes to capture. They will also try to put out of action any
+guns firing on their troops, and will crush all attempts of the enemy's
+infantry to make a counter-attack. They thus prepare the way for an
+advance, and protect the advance while it is being made. If they are
+successful, their infantry will probably reach the goal in such
+condition that they can make a bayonet charge. When this time arrives
+the artillery cannot fire straight forward, because by so doing they
+will hit their own men. They therefore sweep the ground to the right and
+left in order to prevent the enemy from making flank attacks on the
+advancing force. When the position has been won the guns hurry up and
+begin the business all over again. Always remember that a battle is
+nothing but a great shooting match, in which both guns and rifles are
+used.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0218.jpg" width="752" height="305" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Columns marching along three parallel roads and deploying.</h3>
+
+<p>Guns work in groups or batteries of six guns each, and three batteries
+form a brigade. If you see artillery on the march, you will notice that
+the guns and their wagons always follow each other, and never go two
+abreast. In battle the artillery form a line of guns, with about
+nineteen yards between gun and gun. Three men work each gun, and they
+are protected by a steel shield. The horses and drivers take cover some
+distance in the rear of the guns, but within easy reach of them.
+Artillery officers always try to secure a position in which their guns
+are not easily seen, and yet have in front of them a large area of open
+country over which they can direct their fire.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>
+<p>In addition to riflemen, horsemen, and gunners, an army needs other
+services in order to make it an effective fighting machine. For example,
+it needs engineers to remove those obstacles in its path which prevent
+it from advancing quickly and easily. Engineers make roads and light
+railways, bridge rivers, or blow up bridges in order to delay the enemy.
+They also make fortifications and set up telegraphs and telephones, so
+that a general may know what is going on in all parts of his line, and
+transmit his orders as quickly as possible to the various commanders.</p>
+
+<p>What is called a field company of Engineers is, roughly, of the same
+strength as an infantry company. It carries with it shovels for digging
+trenches, axes for cutting down trees, wire for making entanglements,
+sand-bags for protecting men firing from trenches, explosives,
+carpenters' and smiths' tools, water-supply stores, signalling
+apparatus, and the materials for making maps. All these things are
+carried in four-horsed carts and on the backs of pack animals.
+Six-horsed wagons are laden with the materials for building bridges,
+such as pontoons, trestles, planks, and so forth. An Engineer company
+can erect a bridge across a stream in a very short time, and take it
+down even more rapidly.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0220.jpg" width="771" height="448" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Engineers at work erecting a pontoon bridge over a river.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations, Ltd.</i></h3>
+
+<p>An army must be fed, or it cannot fight. This is what Napoleon meant
+when he said that an army marches on its stomach. The work of bringing
+food to an army or part of an army is entrusted to a very important
+branch of the service known as the Army Service Corps. Then there must
+be a Medical Corps, to look after the sick and wounded; a Flying Corps,
+for scouting purposes; and a Signalling Corps, to transmit messages from
+one part of the field to another. Signalling is done by "flag-wagging,"
+by flashes of light sent from mirrors (heliographs<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>) or lamps, or by
+means of telegraphs, both wire and wireless, and by telephones. Our army
+is famous all over the world for its expertness in signalling. By means
+of relays of flag-waggers messages can be conveyed for fifty miles with
+great speed and certainty.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0221.jpg" width="401" height="485" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Signalling by means of two flags. Most signalling is now
+done by means of one flag.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On page <a href="#Page_208">208</a> you will see a little picture which compares a man with an
+army. An army in the field is very like a man, as you will plainly see
+if you study the drawing.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>
+<p>First, let us look at the man's brain. By means of it he thinks, makes
+his plans, and orders all the movements of his body. What is called the
+<i>staff</i> of an army is the brain of the army. It plans how to outwit the
+enemy, thinks out ways and means, and controls the movements of all the
+troops.</p>
+
+<p>Now consider the man's eyes and ears. With these he obtains information
+as to what is going on around him. Without them he is at the mercy of
+those who are better provided than he. The eyes and ears of the army are
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>
+the <i>Flying Corps</i>, the <i>motor cyclists</i>, and the <i>cavalry</i>. They
+discover the enemy's movements, and keep the staff well informed of his
+doings.</p>
+
+<p>When a man is boxing, he usually leads off with a blow at the head from
+his left arm. We may call his left arm the <i>artillery</i>, for with its
+artillery an army strikes hard and far.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0222.jpg" width="730" height="354" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A comparison between a man and an army.</h3>
+
+<p>A man's feet enable his body to advance. We may call the <i>Engineers</i>,
+the <i>Army Service Corps</i>, and the <i>Royal Medical Corps</i> the feet of the
+army.</p>
+
+<p>There now only remains the man's body, in which lies all his power.
+The body of an army is the mass of <i>Infantry</i> which comprises its chief
+force.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<h3>SOME MILITARY TERMS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>efore we proceed, we must clearly understand some terms which are used
+in war. In reading newspapers we frequently meet with the term army
+corps. A modern army is made up of a certain number of <i>army corps</i>,
+each of which is a complete army in itself. At the beginning of a
+campaign we may reckon an army corps to consist roughly of 40,000 men of
+all arms, under the command of a general.</p>
+
+<p>An army corps is divided as a rule into two <i>divisions</i>, and each
+division is also a complete little army in itself.</p>
+
+<p>Study this little table, and you will see the composition of a British
+division.</p>
+
+
+<table summary="Page_209" width="70%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">Total Officers</td>
+<td class="tdr">No. of</td>
+<td class="tdr">No. of Guns,</td>
+<td class="tdr">No. of Vehicles,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">and Men.</td>
+<td class="tdr">Horses.</td>
+<td class="tdr">including</td>
+<td class="tdr">including those</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdr">Machine Guns.</td>
+<td class="tdr">of the Artillery.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Headquarters</td>
+<td class="tdr">82</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Infantry Brigades</td>
+<td class="tdr">12,165</td>
+<td class="tdr">741</td>
+<td class="tdr">24</td>
+<td class="tdr">309</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Headquarters Divisional Artillery</td>
+<td class="tdr">22</td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Field Artillery Brigades</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,385</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,244</td>
+<td class="tdr">54</td>
+<td class="tdr">240</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Field Artillery (Howitzer) Brigade</td>
+<td class="tdr">755</td>
+<td class="tdr">697</td>
+<td class="tdr">18</td>
+<td class="tdr">67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Heavy Battery and Ammunition Column</td>
+<td class="tdr">198</td>
+<td class="tdr">144</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+<td class="tdr">19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Divisional Ammunition Column</td>
+<td class="tdr">568</td>
+<td class="tdr">709</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">110</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Headquarters Divisional Engineers</td>
+<td class="tdr">13</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">2 Field Companies of Engineers</td>
+<td class="tdr">434</td>
+<td class="tdr">152</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">102</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Signal Company</td>
+<td class="tdr">162</td>
+<td class="tdr">80</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Cavalry Squadron</td>
+<td class="tdr">159</td>
+<td class="tdr">167</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">1 Divisional Train</td>
+<td class="tdr">428</td>
+<td class="tdr">378</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">176</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">3 Field Ambulances</td>
+<td class="tdr">702</td>
+<td class="tdr">198</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td class="tdr">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">18,073</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,592</td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,169</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>
+<p>Such a division on the march would cover from head to tail about 15&frac34;
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>The supreme head of all the army corps which form an army is a
+commander-in-chief, or generalissimo, who is assisted by what is called
+the supreme general staff. The commander-in-chief and his staff are the
+brain and driving force of the army as a whole. It will interest you to
+learn how the commander-in-chief and his staff are linked up with every
+part of the army.</p>
+
+<p>The commander-in-chief and his staff occupy what is called the general
+headquarters of the army, which is stationed in some town behind the
+area in which fighting is actually going on. Battles are now waged over
+so many miles that a commander-in-chief cannot possibly see for himself
+what is happening all along his line. He has to rely upon others, who
+bring him or send him information by telegraph, telephone, motor car,
+motor cycle, or aircraft. All day, and all night too, a constant stream
+of information as to the movements of the enemy, the position of his own
+troops, the progress of the fighting, and so forth, arrives at the
+headquarters of a commander-in-chief, and officers are set apart to
+receive this information and arrange it so that he may have a clear and
+full knowledge of all that is going on. Large maps are spread out on
+tables, and officers are constantly engaged in marking the movements
+of each side by means of flags or coloured chalks, so that at a glance
+the situation at any given moment may be seen. It is by the study of
+these marked maps that the commander and his staff decide what movements
+the army shall make to resist or attack the enemy.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0224.jpg" width="714" height="429" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>This picture represents the headquarters of a French
+division in a village. Notice the cavalry and cyclist scouts and the men
+receiving messages by telephone. Notice also the officers writing orders
+and poring over maps.</h4>
+
+<p>Each army corps, division, and brigade has a similar headquarters, where
+the same kind of work is done and information is gathered up to be sent
+to the general headquarters, or the G.H.Q., as soldiers call it.</p>
+
+<p>As the army moves backwards or forwards, general headquarters is moved
+from one place to another; but it is always far enough in the rear not
+to be disturbed by the guns of the enemy, and in such a position that it
+can easily be in touch with every part of the fighting line. It often
+happens that the commander wishes to be in closer touch with the
+operations that are going on, or perhaps he desires to meet his generals
+in order to consult with them, and to receive their reports in person.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>
+For this purpose he has report-centres, or what are called <i>postes de
+commandement</i>, nearer the front than general headquarters. Between the
+general headquarters and the headquarters of army corps officers
+constantly travel to and fro in motor cars. They carry messages to the
+various generals, and, if necessary, explain the commander's wishes to
+them more fully than could be done in writing.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0226.jpg" width="553" height="417" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>In Trenches.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photopress</i>.</h3>
+
+<h4>These trenches have been occupied for a considerable time, and much has
+been done to make them habitable. Notice the parapet behind which the
+men stand to fire, and the dug-out in which they take refuge when the
+trench is heavily shelled.</h4>
+
+<p>Behind each army corps, and some way in front of general headquarters,
+but also sufficiently far from the turmoil of the fighting, are the army
+corps headquarters, which are exactly like general headquarters, though
+on a smaller scale. Here are stationed the corps commanders and their
+staffs. They, too, have <i>postes de commandement</i> nearer the front, and
+officers who go to and fro with messages and orders.</p>
+
+<p>The headquarters of each <i>division</i> is pushed as far forward as
+possible without coming within range of the enemy's artillery. In the
+neighbourhood of divisional headquarters we first see signs that
+fighting is going on. The soldiers themselves we cannot see, because
+they are hidden away in villages, in woods, or in folds of the ground.
+But we shall probably see houses wrecked by the enemy's shells, and
+strings of wagons moving along the roads with food and ammunition for
+the fighting men.</p>
+
+<p>Still nearer the fighting line are the <i>brigade</i> headquarters, which are
+usually within range of the enemy's guns. Four or five hundred yards
+farther on is the irregular line of trenches, occupied by the men
+engaged in firing on the enemy, or by the supports which are rushed up
+when the attack becomes too hot for the defenders. When the hostile
+forces have been facing each other in trenches for some time, the ground
+which they occupy is seamed with dug-outs, burrows, and holes of all
+sorts. The line of trenches is fringed with barbed wire, and is broken
+here and there by what are called "saps"&mdash;that is, by narrow trenches
+which are dug forward from the main trench towards the enemy's trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Between the trenches of the hostile forces is a No Man's Land, strewn
+with the dead of both sides. When darkness falls, a patrol or a solitary
+"sniper" creeps out of his trench without a sound, and crawls along this
+dread space until he reaches some point from which he can, while
+concealed, examine the enemy's position, or fire with advantage on his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>
+foes. All that he can see in the light of the moon is a fringe of wire
+and long rows of low mounds marking the trenches occupied by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Frequently in front of the firing line a secret position is found, which
+enables an officer or man to observe the enemy's movements. From these
+observation posts to the headquarters of the battalion, thence to those
+of the brigade, and onward to the divisional headquarters and the
+general headquarters, runs a long trail of telegraph wire, through which
+information is constantly being sent or orders are being transmitted.
+Away in front of the trenches this wire lies half hidden in the mud by
+the roadside; farther back it is looped from tree to tree or along the
+hedges. Still farther back it is carried on slender black-and-white
+poles, and finally it reaches the general headquarters on permanent
+posts.</p>
+
+<p>These telegraph wires, you will observe, are just like the nerves which
+branch out from your brain to the uttermost parts of your body. Along
+them comes all the information which your brain can receive from
+outside. Your brain decides what action you will take, and messages
+flash along the nerves to the muscles which set the various parts of
+your body in motion. If you think of the commander and his staff as the
+brain of the army, and of the telegraph, telephone, motor car, motor
+cycle, and aircraft as the nerves of the army, you will have a good idea
+of how hundreds of thousands of men are moved and controlled by one
+master mind.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Another important term which you continually meet with is the word
+<i>communications</i>. Every army moves forward from what is called its
+base&mdash;that is, the place where its ammunition, food, and general
+supplies are stored. These stores must be continually brought up to the
+army as it needs them; otherwise it would starve. There must, then, be a
+speedy and safe road or system of roads and railways between the army
+and its base. As the army advances this <i>line of communications</i> becomes
+longer and longer. It must be kept safe from the attacks of the enemy:
+for if a part of it between the <i>base</i> and the <i>army</i> were to be
+captured, the army would be cut off from its food and stores; and if it
+could not find a new line of communication, it would very soon be forced
+to surrender. Large numbers of soldiers are required to guard these
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>
+lines of communications. You may think of them as the air-tube which
+supplies a diver with air. If by any means the air-tube should be cut or
+stopped up, the diver must immediately come to the surface, or perish.</p>
+
+<p>Along the lines of communication there is a constant coming and going.
+Food, ammunition, general supplies, and new bodies of men are
+continually passing from the base to the front, and the wounded and the
+empty trains are continually being moved from the front to the base.
+When an army so spreads out that it has a wide front, it must have
+several parallel lines of communication, so as to keep itself supplied
+with the necessities of war.</p>
+
+<p>So vastly important are these lines of communication that the opposing
+generals strive to cut them, and by so doing deprive their enemy of his
+supplies of food and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>Another important way in which a general seeks to overcome his enemy is
+by breaking through the line opposed to him in one or more places. If he
+succeeds in doing this, he has no longer a strong, united force opposed
+to him, but two or more fragments which he can overcome separately with
+his own united and unbroken force.</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways of breaking an enemy's line. The first way is by
+holding the enemy all along his line, and suddenly bringing against one
+part of it a large, powerful force. If this force breaks through, it
+divides the opposing army, and can beat it in detail. Such an attack is
+known as a <i>frontal attack</i>. Napoleon tried it at Waterloo, but could
+not break through the "thin red line" of Wellington's heroes.</p>
+
+<p>The other way of breaking the enemy's line is to <i>outflank</i> it, and then
+<i>envelop</i> or surround his forces. I have already used the word <i>flank</i>
+several times in these pages. It simply means the side or wing. If a man
+attacks you when you are sideways, you cannot well resist him. In order
+to do so you must turn your face towards him. So it is with an army. If
+it is attacked on its side or wing, it cannot properly resist until it
+forms a line facing the attacker. While it is doing this it runs the
+risk of being thrown into confusion, and perhaps destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Look at the diagram on p. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>. Let <span class="smcap">A-F</span> be a British force, and <i>a-f</i> a
+German force equal in strength. While these forces are fighting front to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>
+front, suppose a new British force, <span class="smcap">G H I</span>, should appear, and attack the
+flank <i>a</i>. It is clear that the soldiers at <i>a</i> can only defend
+themselves if they swing round to meet the attack of <span class="smcap">G H I</span>. If they
+remain where they are, they will very soon have the foe behind them as
+well as in front of them, and they will then be between two fires, in
+which case they can hardly escape destruction.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0230.jpg" width="367" height="351" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Suppose they swing round the two bodies <i>a, b</i>, as in Figure 1 (p. <a href="#Page_217">217</a>)
+to meet <span class="smcap">G H I</span>, what happens? The German line is weakened. Instead of
+having six bodies to meet six bodies, they have now only four to oppose
+the six of the attacking force. Immediately <span class="smcap">E F</span> will try to take <i>f</i> in
+flank, and soon the line will assume the position shown in Figure 2 (p.
+<a href="#Page_217">217</a>). You can easily see that the line of the enemy's communications is
+now in danger, and that if the movement continues the whole force will
+be surrounded. You will remember that the Germans managed to surround a
+large French army at Sedan and force it to surrender.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> When a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
+general finds himself being outflanked by a superior force, he is bound
+to retreat and straighten out his line again, if he is to save himself
+from disaster.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0231a.jpg" width="377" height="279" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Fig. 1.</h4>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0231b.jpg" width="377" height="271" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h4>Fig. 2.</h4>
+
+<p>In reading war news you will often meet with the word <i>strategy</i>, which
+means the art of generalship, of moving and arranging great bodies of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>
+troops in order to put the enemy at a disadvantage, and so overcome him.
+I have given you some examples of strategy above.</p>
+
+<p>Do you play draughts? When you do so, you and your opponent resemble the
+generals of two opposing armies. You think out every move of the game,
+and your object in making the move is to capture all your opponent's
+men, or to hem them in so that they cannot move without being taken.
+This is <i>strategy</i>, but the strategy of war is a far more puzzling
+business. In the game of draughts all the men are of the same value at
+the beginning, and you can only move them along certain fixed paths laid
+down by the rules. All the moves are open and above board, and if you
+and your opponent are equally skilful at the game, neither of you ought
+to be taken by surprise. The better strategist will win, or, if you are
+equally good, the game will end in a draw.</p>
+
+<p>In the great game of war the opposing generals have to deal with men of
+flesh and blood, and not with wooden pieces. These men are bodies of
+infantry, cavalry, and artillery, which do different kinds of work on
+the battlefield, and move at different speeds. Before the general can
+make his first move&mdash;which may be the successful move or the fatal
+move&mdash;he must study the map of the country in which he is to operate,
+and must choose the line or lines of his advance, always taking care to
+have good and well-protected communications in his rear. Though he may
+fix on his plan of campaign beforehand, he must always be ready with
+another, to suit altered circumstances. Then he must calculate carefully
+the time which each "arm" will take to come into its required position,
+and in order to do this he must know the kinds of roads over which the
+men are to march, and the state they are in. And at the same time he
+must get all the information possible about the strength and movements
+of his enemy. He must form an idea of what the opposing general is
+aiming at, and must make arrangements to thwart him. He must make his
+moves as silently and secretly as possible, and whenever he can he must
+put his enemy on a false scent, so that he may fall upon him unawares.
+You can easily understand from this very imperfect account of a
+general's duty that he must be a man of great powers of mind and of much
+experience in war.</p>
+
+<p>The commander-in-chief along with his staff settles the strategy, but
+the commanders of divisions, and battalions, and squadrons, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
+batteries must carry his plans into effect. The art of doing this is
+known as <i>tactics</i>. The way in which the battle line is formed at a
+particular place, the manner in which cavalry or artillery are used for
+a particular purpose, and generally the methods by which marches are
+conducted, camps are laid out, fortifications are made, and the actual
+fighting is done, come under the head of <i>tactics</i>. It has been well
+said that the art of strategy consists in getting two men to a place
+where only one man is ready to oppose them. The arrangements by which
+the two men would best attack the one man when they meet him, or by
+which the one man could resist the two, belong to the art of tactics.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE INVASION OF BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">Y</span>ou already know that the Germans thought it a matter of life and death
+to get into France and strike a decisive blow as speedily as possible.
+For this reason they meant to make their way through Belgium. We know
+that they had long intended to take this route when they went to war
+with France. Along that part of their frontier which marches with
+Belgium they had built many railways, so that troops might be brought
+rapidly to the border. At all the stations, even those of small towns,
+long platforms, often five or six hundred yards long, and special
+sidings, had been made, so that men and guns could be rapidly detrained
+within a few miles of Belgian soil. Ever since the time of Frederick the
+Great, German soldiers have believed that the worst place to make war is
+their own country, and the best the enemy's.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday evening, 2nd August, the German Government sent a long message
+to the Belgian Government, declaring that the French were going to march
+through Belgium to attack Germany, and that it feared the Belgians would
+be unable to resist them. It had, therefore, decided to enter Belgium,
+so as to anticipate the attack of the enemy. This statement, as you
+know, was quite untrue. The French had never intended to do anything of
+the kind.</p>
+
+<p>Then the message went on to say that the German Government would keenly
+regret if Belgium should consider the proposed invasion as an unfriendly
+act. If Belgium would agree to let the Germans pass through unopposed,
+they would promise neither to take away the independence of Belgium nor
+to deprive her of any of her territory, and would pledge themselves to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
+leave the country as soon as peace was made. They would pay ready cash
+for any provisions that their troops might need, and would make good any
+damage that they might do. If, however, the Belgians should oppose the
+German soldiers in any way, especially by firing on them from the forts
+on the Meuse, or by destroying roads, railways, or tunnels, they would
+be compelled to consider Belgium an enemy, and when the country was
+conquered they would hold it as their own. The message ended by hoping
+that Belgium would do as Germany wished, and that the friendly relations
+which united the two neighbouring nations would become closer and more
+lasting. Belgium was given only twelve hours in which to reply&mdash;that is,
+until 7 a.m. the next day.</p>
+
+<p>Can you imagine a more anxious twelve hours for the Belgian King and
+Government? Here was a little unoffending state of seven and a half
+millions of people, with a little army of about 263,000 men, threatened
+by a state of 67,000,000 of people, with the most powerful, the best
+organized, and the best prepared army the world has ever seen. The
+Belgians knew full well that, if they resisted, they could not hope to
+overcome the vast hordes that would be hurled against them. They knew
+that they would be at the mercy of a ruthless conqueror; that thousands
+of their people would be slain; that their fair fields would be trodden
+down, their industries destroyed, their homes rendered desolate, and
+perhaps the name of Belgium blotted out of the book of nations. Had they
+bowed the head and cried, "We are weak and you are terribly strong; pass
+on, we dare not resist you," no one could have blamed them. But to their
+eternal honour they did no such thing. The Belgian ministers met during
+the night, and about four in the morning returned the noble reply that
+they were ready to fight to the death to maintain their independence;
+that they were prepared to perish as a nation rather than sell their
+freedom. Never before has a nation made such a heroic choice. At one
+bound little Belgium rose to grandeur. She threw aside all thought of
+self, and prepared to suffer for the right. And she has already reaped
+her reward. All the nations of the world, outside Germany and Austria,
+have united to do her honour. She has written her name high on the
+scroll of history in letters of gold that can never fade.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Wherever men are staunch and free,</span>
+<span class="i2">There shall she keep her fearless state,</span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And, homeless, to great nations be</span>
+<span class="i2">The home of all that makes them great."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In times of peace Belgium is much divided by political strife. In the
+face of the great danger which now threatened her, all parties united as
+one man and prepared for the terrible struggle. The head and front of
+the nation in this desperate endeavour was the "hero king," Albert,
+nephew of Leopold II. "A country that defends itself," he said, "cannot
+perish."</p>
+
+<p>When he ascended the throne, in December 1909, he was almost a stranger
+to his people. They knew little more of him than that he was a tall man,
+a student, very intelligent, shy, and simple in manner and tastes, and
+that he had travelled widely, and had striven hard to make himself
+acquainted with the daily life of the Belgian people. One day the Press
+would tell of the Prince going down a coal-mine; another day of his
+driving a railway engine; again another day of his mountaineering
+exploits in the Tyrol.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> His wife was a Bavarian princess, who had
+qualified as an oculist.</p>
+
+<p>When he became king he soon won the favour, and indeed the admiration,
+of his people. So divided were the Flemings of the northern provinces
+and the Walloons of the southern provinces that it seemed likely they
+would set up separate governments. The king, however, acted as umpire
+and peace-maker, and by his wisdom and tact saved Belgium from this
+misfortune. Then there was trouble with regard to Belgium's great
+African possession, the Congo Free State.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> In this matter, too, King
+Albert was able to bring peace out of discord. So popular did he become
+that the Belgian Socialists said, "When Belgium becomes a republic,
+Albert will be its first president."</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0237.jpg" width="416" height="546" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>King George walking with King Albert in the main street of a Belgian town.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations, Ltd</i>.)</h4>
+
+<p>He also threw himself whole-heartedly into the work of army reform. His
+father had clearly seen that, sooner or later, a war cloud would burst
+over Europe, and he had persuaded Parliament to agree to two important
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>
+military measures. One was the building of forts along the Meuse; the
+other was the reform and increase of the army, which was then small in
+numbers and far from good in quality. At that time all men of military
+age were liable to serve in the army; but as only a certain number was
+needed, the men drew lots, and those on whom the lots fell were obliged
+to serve. But any man so chosen by lot could buy a substitute to take
+his place, and in this way the well-to-do men escaped service. King
+Leopold put an end to this system, and, just before his death, signed a
+law which made Belgian gentlemen and farmers serve their country in
+their own person. The army, which was soon to be at death grips with the
+Germans, was recruited partly under the old system and partly under the
+new. The new contingents, however, were not properly supplied with
+weapons and equipment, nor was the artillery well prepared for the
+terrible task which awaited it.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW LI&Eacute;GE WON THE LEGION OF HONOUR.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>n the next page you will see a map of Belgium. I want you to examine it
+carefully. You will notice that Belgium's real line of defence on the
+south and east is the river Meuse. After the war of 1870-71 the great
+military engineer, Brialmont,<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> was called upon to fortify the Meuse
+valley in such a way that an enemy advancing from the south or east
+might at least be delayed until other nations could come to the help of
+Belgium. He had already made Antwerp the chief citadel of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In the neighbourhood of Li&eacute;ge the Meuse runs in a deep wide trench
+between masses of upland. On the north lies a tableland which extends
+for fifty miles to the neighbourhood of Louvain. On the east and south
+is the hill country of the Ardennes, a land of ridges and forests seamed
+by swiftly running streams, and sinking eastwards to the plains of the
+Rhine. The tableland to the north is flat, and is covered with fields of
+beetroot and cereals. An invader can cross it with ease. But the hill
+region to the east and south is too rough and broken for large armies to
+traverse without considerable difficulty. From the map you can readily
+see that the easy road from Germany into Belgium lies between the
+northern limit of the Ardennes and the Dutch frontier. Here stands
+Li&eacute;ge, and Brialmont naturally chose it as the site of a great fortress
+which should bar the way from Germany.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0240.jpg" width="683" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Map illustrating the War in Belgium (Aug. 9-20).</h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>
+<p>The sides of the wide valley in which the Meuse runs are sharply cut,
+and are clothed for the most part with scrub, oak, and beeches. Here we
+find the Black Country of Belgium, the chief coal-mining district of the
+country, where the smoke from many factory and colliery chimney-stacks
+darkens the sky. The chief centre of this Black Country is Li&eacute;ge, which
+stands in a strikingly picturesque situation on the lofty banks of the
+broad Meuse not far from its junction with the Ourthe. Most of the city
+stands on the left bank of the river, and here we find noble public
+buildings, stately churches, pretty parks, broad boulevards, and
+spacious streets. On the right bank is the industrial quarter, with many
+factories and the homes of the workers. There is an island in the river,
+by means of which several bridges unite the two portions of the city.
+Firearms are largely manufactured by the people in their own homes; and
+zinc foundries, engine shops, motor-cycle works, a gun factory, a cannon
+foundry, and flax-spinning mills give employment to thousands of other
+workmen. The inhabitants are Walloons, who have always been renowned for
+their independence and love of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Brialmont fortified Li&eacute;ge by building around it a series of twelve
+forts in a ring some ten miles across. From the little plan on page <a href="#Page_236">236</a>
+you will see that these forts were at distances varying from 6,500 yards
+to 10,000 yards from the centre of the city. In the old days forts were
+strong castles, usually built on a high rock or hill; but when guns of
+great range and force came into use, engineers sank their forts into the
+earth as much as possible. To outward appearance a Li&eacute;ge fort seemed to
+be nothing but a low, grassy mound rising from a deep ditch. The mound
+was cased in with concrete and masonry, and its top was broken by a pit
+in which was fitted a "cupola," or gun-turret, which could be made to
+slide up and down by means of a piston. When the cupola was down,
+nothing was visible but the low mound; when it was up, the muzzles of
+the guns were seen sticking out of portholes. Inside this great molehill
+were the quarters for the garrison, the machinery for moving the guns
+and cupolas, the ammunition and supply stores, the electric-lighting
+arrangements, and the ventilating fans. The engineers and gunners
+entered and left the fort by means of a tunnel. You will see a diagram
+showing the structure of one of the most powerful of the Li&eacute;ge forts on
+page 229.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
+<p>Brialmont meant the various forts which defended Li&eacute;ge to be joined to
+each other by means of trenches and gun-pits, so as to prevent the enemy
+from rushing in between them at night or in misty weather. Unfortunately
+these lines of trenches were never completed. Nevertheless the position
+was thought to be one of the strongest in Europe. Five years ago a
+German general reported that his army had no gun strong enough to
+destroy one of the Li&eacute;ge forts, and added that such a gun must be made.
+We shall soon see that his advice was taken.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Turn to the map on page <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, and find the position of
+Aix-la-Chapelle,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> which the Germans call Aachen. It is an important
+military centre of Germany, and is on the great railway route from
+Berlin to Paris. Follow the railway, and you will see that it curves
+round by way of Verviers, and then runs along the valley of the Vesdre
+to Li&eacute;ge. As the crow flies, Aix-la-Chapelle is only twenty-five miles
+from Li&eacute;ge. About the same distance south of Aix-la-Chapelle is
+Malmedy,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> the German Aldershot, where several army corps are always
+in training. About three years ago the Germans persuaded the Belgian
+Government to let them make a branch line connecting Malmedy with the
+Belgian railway system at the little town of Stavelot.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the morning of Tuesday, 4th August, German advance guards suddenly
+seized Stavelot and began to march upon Li&eacute;ge from the south-eastward.
+At the same time, troops from Aix-la-Chapelle crossed the frontier and
+occupied Verviers.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Picked soldiers in motor cars were also hurried
+across the plain towards Vis&eacute;.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> The invasion of Belgium had begun.
+Before the vast armies of Germany could advance, Li&eacute;ge must be captured.
+The eastern forts of the city commanded all the railways, and all the
+roads but one, and that was the road leading from Aix-la-Chapelle to
+Vis&eacute;. The Germans expected little opposition from the Belgians, and
+believed that they had an easy task before them. There were no Belgian
+soldiers on the frontier to oppose them, and they advanced unmolested.
+They tried to make friends with the people in the towns and villages
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>
+through which they passed; but many of the townsfolk and villagers at
+once fled by road and rail into Holland or towards Brussels.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0243.jpg" width="347" height="563" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Diagram of a Li&eacute;ge Fort.</h3>
+
+<p>At this time the Belgian army was mobilizing along the line of the river
+Dyle,<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> to the east of Brussels. At midnight on the 4th of August the
+church bells were still ringing to call the soldiers to arms, and dogs
+were being collected to draw the machine guns. When news arrived that
+the Germans were marching on Li&eacute;ge a division and a brigade were hurried
+to the city; but, along with the Civic Guard of the town, they did not
+number more than 20,000 men. It had long been known that at least 50,000
+men were needed to hold the forts and the intervals between them. It was
+a "scratch" force that attempted the task&mdash;infantry of the line, in
+their blue and white dress; cavalry in their peaked caps, green and
+yellow uniform, and flowing capes; and the Civic Guard,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> in their
+high round hats and red facings. Already gangs of colliers and navvies
+were at work digging trenches and throwing up breastworks, and already
+houses, spinneys, and even churches in the line of fire from the guns
+of the forts were being levelled to the ground. Engineers were also at
+work blowing up bridges, viaducts, and tunnels in the Belgian Ardennes,
+so as to prevent the enemy from using the railways. By the afternoon of
+Wednesday, 5th August, the Belgians held in strength the line of the
+south-eastern forts, and cavalry covered the gap between the most
+northerly of these forts and the Dutch border. The army was under the
+command of General Leman,<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> an officer of Engineers, who had worked
+under Brialmont. He was a grave, silent man, more than sixty years of
+age, and was highly respected by his fellow-countrymen. Every Belgian in
+the trenches was a patriot, eager to defend his country, his wife,
+children, and home with his life.</p>
+
+<p>Wednesday morning (5th August) dawned hot and rather dull. Soon the
+sound of firing was heard north of Li&eacute;ge. It came from the neighbourhood
+of the little town of Vis&eacute;, where Belgian troops were holding the
+crossing of the Meuse. Watchers on the high ground above Li&eacute;ge saw black
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
+clouds of smoke drifting along the river. German guns were pounding the
+little town, and the shells had set fire to the houses. The Belgians,
+however, held the bank of the river and the houses near it with great
+bravery. They had blown up the bridges, and the enemy was forced to
+build others. In one place a number of Belgian troops lay concealed
+while a pontoon was being erected, and just as the work was completed
+they opened fire. The bridge was destroyed, and with it many of the
+engineers who were building it. After fierce fighting the Belgians were
+obliged to withdraw, and the Germans entered Vis&eacute;.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0245.jpg" width="265" height="371" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>General von Emmich, commanding the German Army in Belgium.</h3>
+
+<p>Every one expected that the main attack on Li&eacute;ge would come from this
+direction; but it began after dark next day on the southern side, along
+the wooded heights broken by the course of the little river Ourthe.
+About 11.30 p.m. shells came screaming through the darkness, and burst
+over the southern forts. The German guns were some three miles away, and
+they were firing in the blackness of the night at targets which they
+could not see. Nevertheless, by means of large-scale maps, they were
+able to aim their guns with great accuracy, and shell after shell
+exploded on the ramparts of the forts. Their heavy siege pieces had not
+yet come up, and they were using their field guns. The shells fired from
+them were filled with some high explosive which gave forth a bright
+greenish light as they burst. The guns of the forts replied to the
+German fire; but they probably did little damage, as the enemy's guns
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>
+were carefully concealed. For nearly three hours the bombardment
+continued.</p>
+
+<p>Towards three in the morning of 6th August a rattle of infantry fire was
+heard in the woods on both sides of the river Ourthe. The Germans were
+advancing to attack the trenches between Fort Boncelles and Fort
+Embourg. Parties of Belgians were sent forward to check them, but were
+driven back, and just as dawn was breaking the Germans bore down on the
+trenches in dense masses, shoulder to shoulder, believing that they
+could carry them by sheer force of numbers. Upon these closely-knit
+ranks the Belgians poured volley after volley, cutting wide lanes
+through them until the dead were heaped high before the trenches. "It
+was death in haystacks," said a Belgian soldier, who played his part in
+the fight.</p>
+
+<p>Again and again, like sheep driven to the slaughter, the Germans
+advanced, while the Belgian rifles cracked and the guns of the forts
+thundered. Again and again they were driven back, and more than once,
+when the Germans were but fifty yards away and the whites of their eyes
+could be seen, the Belgians left their trenches and swept the foe before
+them at the point of the bayonet. At the sight of the gleaming steel
+many of the Kaiser's men turned and ran or held up their hands and
+surrendered. At eight in the morning they withdrew, and the wearied
+Belgians cheered and cheered again, for they had won a victory.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, however, the fort of Fl&eacute;ron<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> had been silenced. A shell
+had burst on the turret, and had smashed the machinery of the cupola. A
+furious bombardment was also kept up on Fort Chaudfontaine,<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> at the
+point where the railway line from Aix-la-Chapelle passes through a
+tunnel. The German artillery fire reduced the fort to a heap of ruins,
+but it never surrendered. Its heroic commander blocked the tunnel by
+causing railway engines to collide within it, and then, in order that
+the German flag should never fly over even the broken remains of his
+fort, he set fire to his ammunition magazine, and thus completed its
+destruction. The fall of Chaudfontaine opened up the railway to the
+invaders.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Long ago Julius C&aelig;sar wrote, "Bravest of all peoples are the Belg&aelig;." One
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>
+who knows the Belgian soldier well says: "Greater even than my
+admiration of his careless courage is my liking for the man. For all his
+manhood, he has much of the child in him; he is such a chatterbox, and
+so full of laughter; and never are his laugh and his chaff so quick as
+when he has the sternest work in hand. Unshaven, mud-bespattered,
+hungry, so tired that he can hardly walk or lift his rifle to his
+shoulder, he will bear himself with a gallant gaiety which I think is
+quite his own, and altogether fascinating." No doubt in the eyes of the
+Germans the Belgian soldiers, almost untrained, clothed in a quaint
+jumble of curious uniforms, slovenly in appearance, and without any of
+the smartness of the drill-ground, appeared absurd; but they were
+patriots, every man of them, fighting freely, and indeed gladly, for all
+that they held dear.</p>
+
+<p>During the fighting which I have just described, a lad of nineteen
+actually managed to capture a German general single-handed. When the
+general surrendered, his captor found that he was carrying a satchel
+containing not only papers but six thousand pounds in notes and gold.
+The young Belgian handed over the money to the Red Cross Society, to aid
+it in its splendid work of tending the wounded. He kept for himself,
+however, the satchel and the general's silver helmet.</p>
+
+<p>While the forts were being bombarded, an examination was going on at the
+university. Most of the candidates finished their papers, and then
+trooped from the hall to the battlefield, where many of them lay dead a
+few hours later.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>During that day and the next the Germans tried to "rush" the forts by
+hurling dense masses of men against them. Let me tell you the story of
+one of these attacks, from the lips of a Belgian officer.</p>
+
+<p>"As line after line of the German infantry advanced we simply mowed them
+down. It was terribly easy, monsieur, and I turned to a brother officer
+of mine more than once and said, 'Voil&agrave;!<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> they are coming on again,
+in a dense, close formation. They must be mad!' They made no attempt at
+deploying, but came on, line after line, almost shoulder to shoulder,
+until, as we shot them down, the fallen were heaped one on top of the
+other in an awful barricade of dead and wounded men that threatened to
+mask our guns and cause us trouble. I thought of Napoleon's saying, if
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>
+he said it, 'It is magnificent, but it is not war.' No, it was
+slaughter&mdash;just slaughter!...</p>
+
+<p>"But, would you believe it, this wall of dead and dying actually enabled
+these wonderful Germans to creep closer, and actually charge up the
+glacis! They got no farther than half-way, for our Maxims and rifles
+swept them back. Of course, we had our own losses, but they were slight
+compared with the carnage inflicted upon our enemies."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On Thursday, 6th August, most of the forts were still holding out; but
+the Germans had brought up two more army corps from the south and
+south-east, and it was now clear that the garrison of Li&eacute;ge was too
+small in numbers to hold the forts and the intervals between them. At
+nightfall, though the forts remained intact, bodies of German troops
+pushed through the spaces between the two forts which look south-east
+towards the German frontier. On the morning of the 7th it was discovered
+that a considerable force of Germans had got within the ring of forts,
+and was in the town of Li&eacute;ge itself. Nevertheless, until the forts were
+silenced the roads and railways which they commanded could not be used,
+and the German advance was, therefore, held up.</p>
+
+<p>General von Emmich,<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> who was in command of the German forces, now
+brought up 8.4-inch howitzers, and probably one or two still heavier
+mortars, and began a furious cannonade of the forts. These guns fired
+shells which burst with such terrible power that they crashed through
+twelve feet of concrete, and crushed the sides of the forts as though
+they were sand castles on the seashore. They howled through the air,
+exploded with a terrific thunderclap, and then gigantic clouds of dust
+and smoke arose above the trembling ground. Nothing could resist them;
+the forts of Li&eacute;ge were doomed as soon as the Germans brought up their
+siege guns.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, terrible as the cannonade was, the garrisons of the forts stuck to
+their guns with marvellous courage. Here is a passage from the diary of
+an officer who served in one of the forts during that awful time:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>At 8 p.m.</i>&mdash;Two German officers asking us in French to surrender. This
+is about what they said: 'You've been able to judge of the formidable
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>
+power of our guns; you have been struck by 278 shells; but we have still
+bigger and more powerful guns, and they will destroy you in a moment.
+Surrender!' Reply of our officers was, 'Our honour forbids us to
+surrender; will resist to the end.' Our men all cheered."</p>
+
+<p>Think of it&mdash;"Our men all cheered." Though the great shells were
+smashing the forts to pieces and grinding them to powder, though the
+solid concrete was crumbling into dust, and the place was strewn with
+dead and dying, their honour forbade them to surrender, and when their
+officer told the enemy so, the doomed men cheered. Never was greater
+courage shown.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0249.jpg" width="265" height="301" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Bringing Provisions to Forts.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Central News</i>.</h4>
+
+<p>By the evening of the 6th General Leman had decided that his troops
+could make no further resistance, and that they would be shut up in
+Li&eacute;ge unless they were got away at once. He therefore ordered them to
+fall back from the city towards the Dyle, and so hurried was their
+retreat that they had only time to blow up one of the twelve Meuse
+bridges, and were obliged to leave an ambulance train and some twenty
+engines in the railway station. But the army had done its work. It had
+made a great and gallant stand; it had proved that the Germans were not
+invincible, and had won priceless time for the Allies. A time-table
+found on a German showed that they proposed to be in Brussels on 3rd
+August, and in Lille on 5th August. Already they were three days behind
+time. Not only had the gallant little Belgian army upset the German
+time-table, but it had inflicted such loss on the enemy that on the
+evening of Friday, 7th August, General von Emmich asked for a truce of
+twenty-four hours in which to bury his dead. This was refused.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0250.jpg" width="354" height="535" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Li&eacute;ge and its Forts.</h3>
+
+<h4>Note that the forts are not shown in their proper positions, but only
+indicate their direction with reference to the city.<br />
+
+(<i>By permission of the Illustrated London News</i>.)</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>
+<p>The city of Li&eacute;ge was now in the hands of the Germans. The cannonade had
+done but little harm to the buildings of the city; the inhabitants had
+taken to their cellars, and but few of them had been killed. When the
+German infantry marched in, the Burgomaster and the Bishop arranged
+terms with them. They behaved themselves well, and paid for all
+supplies. The people of Li&eacute;ge were surprised to see how young the German
+troops were, and how spick and span they looked in their new
+greenish-gray uniforms. They were housed in barracks, schools, convents,
+and other public buildings, and good order was kept.</p>
+
+<p>Now that Li&eacute;ge was in their hands, vast quantities of stores were
+poured into the city, and brigade after brigade came flocking in from
+North Germany. The hill roads of the Ardennes were choked with troops
+and convoys; the railways which the Belgians had destroyed were
+repaired, and over these, and over the undamaged lines from Luxemburg,
+came an almost endless stream of men, guns, and supplies.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Meanwhile the Germans were able to attack all the forts on the right
+bank of the river from the rear. These soon fell; but those on the west
+of the city still held out. The most powerful of them was Fort Loncin,
+situated on the great main road to Brussels. On 11th August the
+bombardment of this fort began. A German officer with signal flags
+advanced up to about two hundred yards from it, and directed the fire of
+the big guns. During the whole night, at intervals of ten minutes, the
+Germans threw their shells into the fort, causing great damage. The
+outer works were destroyed, and the armour plating of the windows was
+crushed. All the outer works were so filled with the fumes from the
+shells that the men were driven into the fort. Soon the suffocating
+smoke found its way inside, and almost choked the men working the guns.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0252.jpg" width="688" height="431" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Fort Loncin after Bombardment.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Alfieri Picture Service</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 15th the end came. A large number of heavy German
+guns were trained on the fort, and they literally smothered it with
+explosive shells. The vault occupied by General Leman and his staff
+suffered terrific blows which made the whole place tremble. The
+ventilating apparatus was destroyed, and the room was filled with deadly
+fumes and dust. During an interval in the firing the general left the
+fort to view the awful destruction around him. When the bombardment
+began again he started to return to the vault, but had hardly moved a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>
+few paces when a strong and powerful rush of air threw him to the
+ground. He rose and tried to go, but was kept back by a flood of
+poisonous fumes which nearly suffocated him. Then he tried to save the
+garrison, but fell down in a swoon, and was discovered by the enemy
+pinned to the ground by fallen beams. When he recovered he found himself
+in the hands of the Germans, who gave him water, and carried him from
+the ruins which he had so nobly defended.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment when he was stricken down the fort was blown up, and the
+Germans scrambled over the broken masses of concrete. Suddenly from one
+of the galleries which the explosion had not wrecked came the sound of
+shots. The Germans stopped in their advance. By the light of their
+torches they saw, massed at the end of the corridor, all that was left
+of the garrison. Black with powder, their faces streaked with blood,
+their clothes in ribbons, their hands grasping their shattered rifles,
+stood twenty-five men, all prepared to sell their lives dearly. Touched
+by the sight of such splendid heroism, the Germans made no attempt to
+attack. Instead of firing, they flung aside their weapons, and ran to
+the aid of the brave Belgians, who were already half choked by the
+poisonous gases set free by the explosion. Of the 500 men who formed the
+garrison of Fort Loncin, 350 were dead and more than 100 severely
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile General Leman had been carried in an ambulance to the
+headquarters of General von Emmich. He had sworn not to be taken alive,
+and he had only been captured while unconscious. Sadly he handed his
+sword to the general, who, with a courteous bow and generous words of
+congratulation, immediately returned it to him, as a tribute to the
+glorious courage which he had displayed.</p>
+
+<p>To spare the fallen, to show mercy and kindness to the conquered, is the
+duty and pride of every soldier worthy of the name. In the following
+pages we shall read of many black and shameful deeds done by the
+Germans; but let us here honour them for their treatment of General
+Leman and the gallant twenty-five who fought with him to the end.</p>
+
+<p>General Leman was carried prisoner into Germany; but before he left
+Belgium he was allowed to send the following touching letter to King
+Albert:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your Majesty will learn with sorrow that Fort Loncin was blown
+up yesterday at 5.20 p.m., and that the greater part of the
+garrison is buried under the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>"That I did not lose my life in the catastrophe is owing to the
+fact that my duty called me from the stronghold. Whilst I was
+being suffocated by gas after the explosion a German captain
+gave me drink. I was made prisoner and taken to Li&eacute;ge.</p>
+
+<p>"For the honour of our armies I have refused to surrender the
+fortress and the forts. May your Majesty deign to forgive me. In
+Germany, where I am going, my thoughts will be, as they have
+always been, with Belgium and her king. I would willingly have
+given my life the better to serve them, but death has not been
+granted me.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 60%;">"Lieutenant-General <span class="smcap">Leman</span>."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0254.jpg" width="277" height="399" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>General Leman, the heroic defender of Li&eacute;ge.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Alfieri Picture Service</i>.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>All the world applauded the heroism of the Belgians in this first great
+encounter with the vastly superior forces of the enemy, and President
+Poincar&eacute; bestowed upon the city which had held out so nobly the highest
+honour which the French can bestow upon a civilian&mdash;the Legion of
+Honour.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0255.jpg" width="533" height="355" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Belgian Cavalry.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>Photo, Underwood and Underwood</i>.)</h4>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE RAID INTO ALSACE.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">P</span>erhaps you wonder, as the Belgians did, what the French and the British
+were doing while the Germans were battering down the forts of Li&eacute;ge. You
+will probably ask why they did not rush at once to the help of the
+gallant Belgians, and fight the Germans on their own frontier. The
+answer is that neither France nor Britain was prepared for war. Both
+were hoping against hope that Russia and Austria would come to some
+peaceful arrangement. The fact that neither we nor the French were
+prepared shows clearly that we had no desire for war. The fact that
+within twenty-four hours after the declaration of war the Germans had
+three army corps in front of Li&eacute;ge shows equally clearly that they had
+long determined to fight.</p>
+
+<p>All that the Belgians could do was to hold up the German advance for a
+short time. As the terrible hours slipped by, the people grew very
+anxious, and on every lip were the questions, "O&ugrave; sont les Anglais?" "O&ugrave;
+sont les Fran&ccedil;ais?" A solitary motor car appeared, decorated with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
+Union Jack, and as it passed through the towns and villages the people
+cheered it to the echo. "The British are coming!" they cried. "Hurrah!
+hurrah!" Alas! both the French and the British were too far away to help
+the gallant Belgians struggling in the forts at Li&eacute;ge.</p>
+
+<p>While the French were mobilizing as rapidly as possible they sent a
+brigade, with some cavalry and artillery, into Upper Alsace. I need not
+tell you what their object was. You will remember that ever since 1871
+most Frenchmen have longed for the day when Alsace should again belong
+to France. The Alsatians have been harshly treated by the Germans. The
+German soldiers stationed in their towns have always been bitter against
+them because of their French sympathies.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1913, at the little Alsatian town of Zabern, a German
+lieutenant is said to have offered a reward to any of his men who
+stabbed a "Wacke," the German nickname for a native of Alsace.
+Disturbances arose, and in the course of them the lieutenant drew his
+sword and cut a lame cobbler over the head. The people of the town were
+very angry at this treatment, but when they protested their chief men
+were seized and imprisoned. An appeal was made to the Prussian
+Parliament. The War Minister supported the soldiers, but the Parliament
+stood up stoutly for the people of Zabern, and a military court
+sentenced the lieutenant to forty-three days' imprisonment. A higher
+court, however, did away with this sentence, and also found that no
+blame attached to the colonel of the regiment. While the trials were
+taking place the Crown Prince sent a telegram to the colonel praising
+him for what he had done. Thus, you see, the Germans had overthrown the
+rule of law in Alsace, and in place of it had set up the rule of the
+sword. Knowing all this, the French thought that the Alsatians would
+welcome their former fellow-countrymen with open arms, and would rise as
+one man against their oppressors. The appearance of French soldiers in
+Alsace would be a sign to them that the day of deliverance had arrived.</p>
+
+<p>We must not think of this advance into Alsace as part of a
+well-thought-out plan by the French commander-in-chief. The forces
+employed in the work were far too weak to hold Alsace, even if they had
+been able to conquer it. From the point of view of strategy it was a
+mistake.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
+<p>Look at the map on page <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, and find, to the south of the Vosges
+Mountains, the great French fortress of Belfort. From this place you
+will see a little plain across which an army can move easily to the
+Upper Rhine. While the Germans were advancing on Li&eacute;ge, French airmen
+flew across the plain and discovered that only a few of the enemy's
+troops were on the left bank of the Rhine. The French thereupon
+determined to occupy the country up to the left bank of the river. On
+the evening of Friday, 7th August, the day on which von Emmich asked
+General Leman for a truce so that he might bury his dead, a French
+brigade marched out of Belfort and crossed the frontier. Just before
+sunset it reached the little town of Altkirch, about a dozen miles
+inside German territory, and there found small bodies of Germans lining
+the trenches and awaiting an attack. The French infantry advanced with
+great spirit, carried the trenches, and by bayonet charges put the
+Germans to flight. Cavalry at once followed up the retreating enemy, and
+worked great havoc on them.</p>
+
+<p>Then the French entered Altkirch, bearing before them the tricolour.
+The townsfolk rushed out of their houses to welcome them, and when they
+saw the flag under which they had lived and prospered forty-four years
+ago, they raised cheer after cheer. Already some of the villagers on the
+frontier had torn up the poles which marked the border-line between
+France and Germany.</p>
+
+<p>In less than an hour the French were on the outskirts of Mulhouse, the
+largest and most important manufacturing town of Alsace, nine miles to
+the north of Altkirch. The people of Mulhouse have always been deeply
+attached to France. When the town became German in 1871, large numbers
+of them left their homes and settled in France and Algeria, in order
+that they might not be severed from the country which they loved so
+well. Mulhouse was occupied with but little resistance next day, and
+that evening General Joffre sent out the following message to the
+people:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Children of Alsace,&mdash;After forty-four years of sorrowful
+waiting, French soldiers once more tread the soil of your noble
+country. They are the pioneers in the great work of revenge. For
+them, what emotions it calls forth, and what pride!</p>
+
+<p>"To complete the work, they have made the sacrifice of their
+lives. The French nation as one man urges them on, and in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>
+folds of their flag are inscribed the magic words, 'Right and
+Liberty.' Long live Alsace! Long live France!</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 20%;">"General-in-chief of the French Armies,</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 80%;">"<span class="smcap">Joffre</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The news that the French army had entered Alsace was received in Paris
+with pride and delight. Men were thrilled with the thought that the lost
+provinces were on the eve of being restored to them. The Alsatians
+living in Paris, led by Alsatian women in Alsatian costume, and carrying
+palm branches, went in procession to the Place de Concorde. Ladders were
+placed against the monument, and an Alsatian climbed up and wound a
+broad tricolour sash around the statue. The crowd below cried, "Away
+with the crape!" and in an instant all the signs of mourning that had
+been on the statue since 1871 were torn away. After hearing a patriotic
+speech, the crowd sang the Marseillaise, and marched away cheering.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On Sunday morning, August 9th, came bitter disappointment. Large bodies
+of Germans, very nearly a whole army corps, were seen closing in upon
+the town from the north and east. The French were too few to hold them
+back, and were obliged to retire. "To retreat," said the French report,
+"was the wisest course."</p>
+
+<p>When the French retreated the Germans lost no time in taking vengeance
+on the Alsatians. One of the deeds which they did was so terribly cruel
+that you will hardly be able to believe it. Yet the story was told in
+one of the German newspapers, and the writer actually gloried in the
+dastardly crime that he there set forth. It seems that a German column
+was passing along a wooded defile when it met a French boy scout, who
+was seized, and asked where the French troops were. He refused to say.
+At this moment a French battery opened fire from a wood only fifty yards
+away. The Germans managed to get into cover, and took the boy with them.
+When they asked him if he knew that the French were in the wood, he did
+not deny it. They told him that they were going to shoot him, but he
+showed no fear. He walked with firm steps to a telegraph post, stood
+against it, and with the green vineyard behind him, smiled as they shot
+him dead.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0258.jpg" width="680" height="428" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Brave Boy Scout.</h3>
+
+<h4>"He walked with firm steps to a telegraph post, stood against it, and
+with the green vineyard behind him, smiled as they shot him dead."</h4>
+
+<p>The German who told the story said that "it was a pity to see such
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
+wasted courage." The boy's courage was not wasted. It has inspired many
+a French boy and girl, as I am sure it will inspire you, to be just as
+fearless as he was, and to prefer death to the betrayal of one's
+countrymen.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now let me tell you an incident of quite another character. During one
+of the fights the Germans retired, leaving behind them a young wounded
+officer. The French soldiers picked him up and treated him with that
+kindness which the Allies always show to those who fall into their
+hands. The young man, however, was dying, and nothing could save his
+life. His last words were, "Thank you, gentlemen. I have done my duty. I
+have served my country as you are serving yours."</p>
+
+<p>This young man was the son of a former German ambassador in London, and
+up to a short time before the outbreak of war was a Rhodes scholar<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>
+at Oxford.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>So the raid into Alsace ended. The French had gained nothing, but they
+had not fought in vain. They now knew that Alsace was not strongly held
+by the Germans, and they had proved that their artillery was far better
+than that of the enemy. They had shown, too, that the French infantry
+was just as gallant and dashing as it had been in the brave days of old,
+and they had encouraged the Alsatians to expect that the yoke of the
+tyrants would soon be broken.</p>
+
+<p>On the day that the French retired from Mulhouse, General Joffre decided
+that the raid should be followed by an invasion. The forces brought
+together for this purpose were commanded by General Pau, an old soldier
+who had fought in the war of 1870-71. Like Nelson, he had lost an arm.
+He was considered one of the best of French commanders.</p>
+
+<p>The French advanced to the north of their former route, and carried all
+before them. On 19th August they again attacked Mulhouse. There was a
+good deal of fierce fighting, but the Germans were driven out of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
+town, and no fewer than twenty-four of their guns were captured. On 20th
+August Mulhouse was in the hands of the French once more.</p>
+
+<p>Then they marched south to Altkirch, and the Germans, who were afraid of
+being cut off from the bridges of the Rhine, retreated before them. The
+French seized the heads of the bridges on the left bank of the river,
+and then began to move northward along the plain towards the fortress of
+Colmar, which protects the main crossing of the Rhine. All the time more
+and more French troops were swarming across the passes of the Vosges,
+and were threatening to cut off the Germans from Strassburg. Things were
+looking extremely well for the French. It seemed that before long they
+would be in front of Strassburg and Metz.</p>
+
+<p>All this time, however, the Germans were bringing up an overwhelming
+number of troops, and on 20th August they began their counter-attack. It
+was at once successful; the French were driven back, and the Germans
+claimed to have captured 10,000 prisoners and fifty guns. On the Belgian
+border, as we shall learn in the following pages, the Germans were also
+winning victories, and France needed all her troops to defend her own
+soil. By the 25th of August the French had left Alsace. The invasion was
+over. It had failed.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0262.jpg" width="860" height="536" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Fight at Mulhouse on August 9, 1914, during the
+French Raid into Alsace.</h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0264.jpg" width="680" height="428" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Uhlans on the March.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations, Ltd.</i></h4>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GERMANS IN BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow we must return to Belgium, and see what was happening there. The
+heroic manner in which Fort Loncin had held out had delayed the Germans
+for a whole week. Until the last of the forts fell they had no command
+of the railways, and therefore could not push forward great masses of
+men across the plains to the north of the Meuse. But they could push
+forward cavalry with emergency rations,<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> and bid them take food
+wherever they could find it. Some artillery, a few machine guns, and
+infantry accompanied them.</p>
+
+<p>The object of sending forward this cavalry screen was to prepare the way
+for the slower advance of infantry when Li&eacute;ge should be in German hands.
+The cavalry advanced westwards to Tongres,<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> which was occupied on
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>
+Sunday, 9th August. Though this little town was within hearing of the
+guns of Li&eacute;ge, the appearance of the enemy came as a great surprise to
+the inhabitants. They were streaming out of their churches when there
+was a sudden cry, "The Germans are coming!" and almost immediately a
+squadron of the 35th Uhlans<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> trotted into the main street. They told
+the people that they had come from Danzig,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> at the other end of
+Germany. Riding up to the town hall, they ordered the mayor to give up
+his money chest, and to pull down the flag floating above the building.
+He refused to strike his flag, so the Germans pulled it down for him.
+They seized the town's money and all that they could find in the post
+office; then they ordered food, for which they paid, and the troops
+camped in the market-place. Later on a cavalry division made the town
+its headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>The behaviour of these men was good. The Germans did not yet believe
+that the Belgians were going to hold out. They thought that when the
+last of the Li&eacute;ge forts fell, the Belgians would consider that they had
+done enough to protest against the invasion of their country, and that
+they would then permit the Germans to pass through unmolested. They
+were soon to be undeceived.</p>
+
+<p>Westwards from Tongres the German cavalry, in small detached bodies,
+spread over the country, and soon came in touch with detachments of the
+Belgian army. It was not the business of these bands of horsemen to
+fight battles but to skirmish, so that when they met Belgian riflemen
+they usually withdrew. Now and then one of them would miss his way, and
+would be captured in a starving condition. Rumours began to spread that
+the Germans were without food. A Belgian scout said, "One does not want
+a rifle to catch these Germans. They will surrender if you hold out a
+piece of bread."</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 12th, German cavalry had pushed forward to a line
+extending from Hasselt, through St. Trond, to Huy, a town on the Meuse,
+about sixteen miles south-west of Li&eacute;ge. Huy is a picturesque old town,
+with a citadel standing on a rock high above the river, but it has long
+ceased to be a fortress. At the foot of the citadel-rock close by the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
+river is a fine old church, and in the neighbourhood is a monastery, in
+which Peter the Hermit, the preacher of the First Crusade,<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> lies
+buried. The German cavalry were at first beaten back at Huy by the Civic
+Guard, but they afterwards seized the town and held the bridge. The
+capture of the town gave the Germans possession of an important railway
+connecting Luxemburg with the Belgian plain.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day the Belgians won a real victory over the invaders. Look
+at the map on page <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, and find the town of Diest, which stands about
+twelve or thirteen miles to the north-west of Hasselt. A few miles east
+of Diest is the village of Haelen, at the junction of the two rivers
+Gethe and Velpe. News reached the Belgian headquarters at Louvain that a
+strong force of German cavalry was trying to pass between Hasselt and
+Haelen, in order to turn the flank of the Belgian army, which, you will
+remember, was lying along the river Dyle. The Belgians determined to
+meet the Germans at Haelen. They hurriedly threw up barricades, dug
+trenches, placed guns in position, and waited for the appearance of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>About eleven o'clock in the morning the Germans drew near to the Belgian
+position. They were allowed to come quite close before the Belgian guns
+began to speak. At once the Germans unlimbered, and an artillery duel
+began. The Belgians had previously found their ranges, and they were
+able to burst their shrapnel amongst the German cavalry with great
+effect. The fighting grew very fierce, and both sides showed great
+courage. The Belgian Lancers forded the Gethe and tried to charge the
+Uhlans, but were foiled by the broken ground. In turn, the German
+cavalry charged down on the Belgian barricades, but were met by a
+withering fire from rifles and concealed machine guns that swept large
+numbers of them down. Again and again they tried to break through the
+barricades, but every time they were repulsed, and about six in the
+evening they withdrew, having lost three-fifths of their fighting
+strength.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0267.jpg" width="397" height="555" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Huns marching through a Belgian village.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Record Press</i>.</h4>
+
+<p>There was great joy amongst the Belgians when the battle was over. The
+whole nation felt proud of the success of its little army. You must
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>
+remember that few of the men who so bravely met the Germans were regular
+soldiers. Most of them were reservists called hurriedly from the
+factory, the shop, and the field to the work of war. All these men
+showed the highest courage. Their hearts beat high because they were
+fighting in a holy war; they were defending their native land against a
+greedy and grasping foe.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Many notable deeds of bravery were done that day. A farrier sergeant at
+the head of eight men charged a whole squadron of Uhlans, who scattered
+in all directions and fled, leaving many dead and wounded. He and his
+brave comrades were able to return to Haelen in safety, leading with
+them a dozen German horses as the spoils of victory.</p>
+
+<p>During the afternoon a lieutenant, who was told off to defend Diest, was
+asked to send reinforcements to a neighbouring village which was
+threatened with attack. He had no men to spare, so he called together
+the Fire Brigade, and picking from them as many soldiers as he needed,
+sent them forward to the village, where they pumped lead on the Germans
+as skilfully as they had pumped water on burning houses in days of
+peace.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Numerous other small fights took place, and in all of them the Belgians
+fought like heroes. One such skirmish took place at Eghezee, a village
+about ten miles north of Namur. A party of 350 Uhlans and about sixty
+cyclists rode into this place, and put up in it for the night. Early in
+the morning a Belgian airman flew over the cornfield where they had
+encamped their horses. He was fired at, and thus the position of the
+Germans was revealed. Hearing the rattle of rifle fire, a number of
+Belgian scouts rode towards the place, and took the Germans completely
+by surprise. Most of them were sitting quietly in caf&eacute;s when the alarm
+was sounded. Instantly they took to their heels, leaving horses, rifles,
+machine guns, and three motor cars behind them.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing their comrades decamp, the few Germans who were guarding the
+horses set them loose, and a bugler who was with the men who were
+running away sounded a call. The horses trotted towards the sound of the
+bugle, and just as the Belgian scouts, who were only thirty in number,
+came into view, the Uhlans flung themselves on their horses and began to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>
+gallop off. About five hundred yards away there was a trench in a field
+of beetroot, and to this the Belgians dashed. They opened fire on the
+Uhlans, and shot down many of them.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>By this time the Germans knew that the Belgians would fight to the last
+for their hearths and homes. Their pretended friendship now turned to
+bitter hate, and they went from village to village killing and looting.
+Goaded to frenzy by their terrible treatment, the Civic Guards and the
+peasants lay in wait for the Germans, and killed them whenever they
+could. About four miles north of Li&eacute;ge is the village of Herstal, the
+Belgian Woolwich, in which there is a great national factory for the
+manufacture of small arms. Most of the men engaged in this factory were
+with the army, so the women and children made up their minds to defend
+the factory. They armed themselves with revolvers and other weapons, and
+several times beat back the attacks of the Uhlans. When their ammunition
+was all gone they kept the Germans out by pouring boiling water on them
+from the windows. For two days they kept their flag flying. At last the
+Germans burst in and took a terrible vengeance on the women and children
+who had defied them so long.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>With the fall of Fort Loncin the great German advance into Belgium
+began. Wave after wave of troops rolled over the frontier and surged
+across the open country towards Brussels. King Albert knew that his
+little army would be wiped out if it attempted to fight this vast array.
+His only hope was that the French would come to his assistance; but, as
+you know, they were not ready to take the field.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of August the Belgians withdrew from the river Gethe, where,
+as you will recollect, they had beaten the advance guard of the Germans.
+They now strove manfully to stem the torrent of the invaders near the
+town of Aerschot, a few miles north of Louvain. All their efforts,
+however, were in vain.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0270.jpg" width="667" height="457" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Belgians defending a Barricade.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Sport and General.</i></h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
+
+<h3>DEEDS OF SHAME AND HORROR.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> could fill a whole book with the stories which have been told of the
+dreadful cruelty shown by the Germans to the Belgians as the days went
+by and they discovered that they could not advance as rapidly as they
+had hoped to do. In order to delay the Germans the Belgians not only
+fought bravely, but wrecked their railways and bridges and blew up their
+roads. All this angered the Germans, for it was a matter of life and
+death to them to strike a blow at France as quickly as possible. We are
+told of babies slaughtered, of old men hanged and burnt alive, of
+mothers with little children hanging to their skirts shot down, and
+young women and girls tortured in the most horrible manner. Perhaps all
+these terrible stories are not true; but no one can deny the gross
+cruelty of the Germans in Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1900, when the Emperor William sent his troops to China, he
+addressed them in the following words: "Whoever falls into your hands is
+a forfeit to you, just as a thousand years ago the Huns under King
+Attila<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> made a name for themselves in tradition and story." What
+sort of man was this Attila whom the Kaiser thus set up as his model? He
+was a ruthless, obstinate savage, who never felt the "dint of pity."
+Wherever he passed he left his mark in wasted lands, blazing cities,
+ruined homesteads, and heaps of slain. He was called the "Scourge of
+God," and at the very mention of his name men trembled. The modern Huns,
+urged on by their pitiless War Lord, have beaten even the shameful
+record of Attila.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans try to excuse themselves by declaring that the townsfolk
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>
+brought this harsh punishment on themselves. According to the laws which
+civilized nations observe in war, civilians are only free from violence
+if they remain quiet and peaceful. What are called "lawful combatants"
+are men under the command of an officer, wearing some fixed badge or
+uniform, carrying arms openly, and fighting according to the rules and
+customs of warfare. All others who attack the enemy are unlawful
+combatants, and are liable to be put to death if they are caught.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is no doubt that some Belgian civilians, maddened by the
+destruction of their homes, did actually fire on the enemy; but this is
+no excuse for the awful vengeance which the Germans took upon men,
+women, and children who were innocent of any such offence. Even in war
+it cannot be right to punish innocent and guilty alike, nor is it lawful
+to burn down whole cities because some of the inhabitants have offended.
+We know, however, from the War Book which the Germans issued to their
+officers, that they were encouraged to be pitiless, and to do all sorts
+of deeds of "frightfulness." According to this book, any deed may be
+done, however black or shameful, if it helps to defeat the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>You now begin to see what the victory of Germany would mean. Not only
+would the conquered lands lose their independence and be treated as
+provinces of Germany, but there would be a return to the days of
+savagery in warfare. Men would thereafter fight like wild beasts in the
+jungle. A soldier would no longer be a knight but a fiend. We should bid
+farewell to that noble ideal which Tennyson set before the warrior in
+his "Idylls of the King":&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To break the heathen, and uphold the Christ,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To ride abroad redressing human wrongs,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To honour his own word as if his God's."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>I must now tell you how the Germans behaved in some of the Belgian
+cities. You already know that even in the Middle Ages Belgium was a rich
+and flourishing land. The wealthy merchants of Flanders built themselves
+stately houses, and filled them with costly and beautiful things. They
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>
+also gave their money freely to build glorious churches, quaint
+belfries, and noble town halls. Artists were encouraged to paint
+pictures for their adornment, and craftsmen vied with each other in
+beautifying them with lovely designs in wood and metal. Before the war
+there was hardly a village in the whole land which could not show some
+beautiful building or some priceless work of art.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0273.jpg" width="342" height="548" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Germans in the Church at Aerschot.</h3>
+
+<h4>(From the painting by E. Matania. By permission of <i>The Sphere</i>.)</h4>
+
+<p>Let me tell you what happened at Aerschot when the Germans marched into
+the town. The men broke into the houses, stole everything of value, and
+destroyed the furniture. In the cellars they found stores of wine, and
+large numbers of them were soon mad with drink. They stabled their
+horses in the beautiful church, broke down the carved woodwork, and
+showed the utmost contempt for the sacred place. While the German
+commander was standing on the balcony of the mayor's house he was shot
+dead, it is said, by the mayor's fourteen-year-old son, though probably
+it was the act of a drunken German soldier firing his rifle in sport. At
+once one hundred and fifty of the men of the town were seized, and in
+their presence the mayor, his son, and brother were shot. Then the males
+of the town were forced to run towards the river while the Germans fired
+at them. More than forty of these poor fellows were killed.</p>
+
+<p>There is an old monkish rhyme which tells us that Brussels rejoices in
+noble men, Antwerp in money, Ghent in halters, Bruges in pretty girls,
+Louvain in learned men, and Malines in fools. The monks were not very
+complimentary to Ghent and Malines, but you will notice that they gave
+praise to the other cities. I will now tell you the fate of the city
+that was famed for learned men&mdash;Louvain. You will find it on the map, by
+the side of the river Dyle, about eighteen miles east of Brussels.</p>
+
+<p>If you had visited Louvain in July 1914, you would probably have called
+it a dull town, and said that its inhabitants were either priests or
+students or landladies. But if you had been interested in history, you
+would have found Louvain anything but dull. Its university, which is one
+of the oldest and most famous in the world, has been called the Oxford
+of Belgium. It was founded in the days when Chaucer was writing his
+"Canterbury Tales," and amongst its students were many who have made a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>
+great mark in history. For hundreds of years English scholars flocked to
+it, and amongst them was our own Sir Thomas More,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> who wrote an
+account of his visit. You perhaps know that his greatest work is
+"Utopia,"<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> a fanciful picture of a land in which everybody had a
+chance of being healthy, happy, wise, and good. More tells us at the
+beginning of his book that his friend Peter Gillies, who lived at
+Louvain, introduced him to a sunburnt sailor with a black beard, and
+that this man gave him that account of Utopia which he set down in his
+book. When the book was written More had it printed at Louvain, for the
+city was famous for its printers and booksellers. Some people think that
+More built his house at Chelsea on the model of a friend's house in the
+old city.</p>
+
+<p>Another famous scholar who was very fond of visiting Louvain was
+Erasmus.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> You can read his very interesting story in Charles Reade's
+novel "The Cloister and the Hearth." Erasmus loved Louvain, and was
+charmed with its delicious skies and its studious quiet. Indeed,
+scholars in all ages have loved the city. One of them wrote: "Hail, our
+Athens, the Athens of Belgium! O faithful, fruitful seat of the arts,
+shedding far and wide thy light and thy name!" Every year up to the time
+of the war thousands of people from all parts of the world used to visit
+this "Athens of Belgium."</p>
+
+<p>Since 1432 the university has been housed in a handsome hall which was
+first built as a warehouse for the Clothmakers' Guild. Its library,
+which was founded in 1724, was one of the most valuable in Belgium. It
+contained 150,000 volumes, in addition to many priceless manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>There are several other beautiful buildings in Louvain. There is the
+town hall, the finest building of its kind in Belgium; and the Church of
+St. Peter, which was finished in the early part of the sixteenth
+century, and stands on the site of a much earlier church. Before the war
+St. Peter's was full of art treasures, the wood-carving and the metal
+work being specially fine. The carved rood screen and the cross were
+said to be without equal in Europe, and a bronze font was specially
+prized because it was the work of Quentin Matsys,<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> who was born in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>
+Louvain, and began life as a blacksmith. As a young man he fell in love
+with an artist's daughter, and asked her hand in marriage. Her father,
+however, refused it, and said she should only marry an artist. Quentin
+loved the girl very much, so he threw down his hammer and took up the
+paint-brush. Soon he was a better painter than his future father-in-law,
+and the marriage took place. In the cathedral at Antwerp there is a
+tablet to his memory, setting forth that it was love that taught the
+smith to paint.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0276.jpg" width="241" height="374" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Town Hall of Louvain.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations, Ltd.</i></h4>
+
+<p>The Germans have always told us that they are great lovers of art and
+learning, and they constantly boast of their culture. You would have
+thought that when they entered this glorious old city of Louvain they
+would have done everything in their power to preserve it from harm. What
+they actually did was to burn down a large part of it, and in a few
+hours reduce several of its glorious old buildings to charred and
+blackened ruins. Mr. Asquith, our Prime Minister, described their work
+at Louvain as "the greatest crime against civilization and culture since
+the Thirty Years' War."<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>
+<p>You know that the Germans have laid the blame for some of their crimes
+on the townsfolk, whom they accuse of firing on them. They had no such
+excuse in the case of Louvain, for <i>all the arms had been handed in by
+the people some days before the Germans arrived</i>. The mayor had posted
+placards warning the people that if they attacked the enemy in any way
+they would bring down vengeance upon themselves and their city.</p>
+
+<p>When the Germans in overwhelming force had beaten back the Belgians who
+were trying to defend Louvain, and had placed their guns in position to
+bombard it, they sent an officer to the mayor offering to spare the
+place if the townsfolk would find food and lodgings for their soldiers.
+They promised that if this was done the soldiers would not molest the
+townsfolk, and that those of them who were not billeted in private
+houses would pay cash for all the goods which they needed. To this the
+mayor agreed, and the Germans marched in. Soon, however, they broke all
+their promises. The German soldiers rushed into private houses and took
+what they fancied, without any payment but worthless paper. They broke
+open the cellars and drank the wine in them as though it were beer.
+Their officers ordered the city treasurer to give them 100,000 francs,
+and grumbled greatly when he could only find part of the money.
+Meanwhile, though the city was full of drunken Germans, the people
+remained very quiet and orderly.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday evening, 25th August, the foul deed was done. That day the
+Belgians had made an attack on a body of Germans outside the town, and
+had driven them helter-skelter into it. The drunken Germans in Louvain
+thought that the fugitives were Belgians, and began firing on them. This
+was a bad mistake, which would be certain to bring down blame on the
+officer in command. In order to cover up the mistake, he pretended that
+the townsfolk had attacked his soldiers, and proceeded to punish them
+for a crime which they had not committed. A number of the male
+inhabitants were shot, and then he ordered his men to burn the city
+down.</p>
+
+<p>An eye-witness, who was threatened with death, tells us the terrible
+story. "At six o'clock," he says, "when everything was ready for dinner,
+alarm signals sounded, and the soldiers rushed into the streets; shots
+whistled through the air; cries and groans arose on all sides; but we
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>
+did not dare leave our houses, and took refuge in the cellars, where we
+stayed through long and fearful hours.</p>
+
+<p>"At break of day I crawled from the cellar to the street door, and saw
+nothing but a raging sea of fire. At nine o'clock there was a lull in
+the shooting, and we resolved to make a dash for the station. Leaving
+our home and all our goods except what we could carry, and taking all
+the money we had, we rushed out. No pen can describe what we saw on our
+way to the station. Everything was burning; the streets were covered
+with bodies, shot dead and half burnt...</p>
+
+<p>"The station was crowded with people, and I was just trying to show an
+officer my papers when the soldiers separated me from my wife and
+children. All protests were useless, and a lot of us were marched off to
+a big shed in the goods yard, from which we could see the finest
+buildings in the city burning fiercely.</p>
+
+<p>"Shortly afterwards German soldiers drove before them 300 men and lads
+to the corner of a street, where they were shot. The sight filled us
+with horror. The Burgomaster,<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> two magistrates, the rector of the
+university, and all police officials had been shot already.</p>
+
+<p>"With our hands bound behind our backs we were then marched off by the
+soldiers, still without having seen our wives and children. We were
+taken out of the town to a neighbouring hill, from which we had a full
+view of the burning town. St. Peter's was in flames, and the guns were
+firing shot after shot into the unhappy place."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Louvain was not burned down by accident. The soldiers worked on a plan.
+They began in the heart of the city and set the place on fire house by
+house and street by street. For thirty-six hours or more they continued
+to fire the houses. A student of Oxford, who was in the town on 29th
+August, tells us that "burning houses were every moment falling into the
+roads; shooting was still going on. The dead and dying, burnt and
+burning, lay on all sides. Over some of them the Germans had placed
+sacks. I saw the bodies of half a dozen women and children. In one
+street I saw two little children walking hand in hand over the bodies of
+dead men. I have no words to describe these things.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0279.jpg" width="393" height="458" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>The Destruction of Louvain.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Newspaper Illustrations, Ltd.</i></h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>
+<p>"The town hall was standing on Friday morning last, and, as we plainly
+saw, every effort was being made to save it from the flames. We were
+told by German officers that it was not to be destroyed. I have no doubt
+that it is still standing. The German officers dashing about the streets
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>
+in fine motor cars made a wonderful sight. They were well dressed,
+shaven, and contented looking; they might have been attending a
+fashionable race-meeting. The soldiers were looting everywhere;
+champagne, wines, boots, cigars&mdash;everything was being carried off."</p>
+
+<p>Until the Germans are driven out of the city we shall not know the full
+extent of the ruin which they have wrought. The Church of St. Peter has
+been terribly damaged, but not, perhaps, beyond repair; but the
+buildings of the university have been almost wiped out. The great
+library has been given to the flames. I think you can imagine the
+anguish of a professor who watched the burning from his garden, and saw
+the charred leaves of priceless manuscripts floating past him. About the
+time that the English were winning England a Saracen chief named 'Amr
+burned the great library at Alexandria, and the world has never
+forgotten his infamous deed. What will it say of the burning of the
+Louvain library, more than twelve and a half centuries later, by men of
+a race which boasts of its culture?</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Let me tell you something of the heroism of a famous citizen of
+Louvain&mdash;Dr. Noyons, head of the medical school of the university. When
+the Germans marched in he was in charge of the hospital, which was
+filled to overflowing with wounded, both Germans and Belgians. The Red
+Cross flag flew above the building, and according to all the rules of
+civilized warfare the hospital should have been spared. Nevertheless the
+Germans set it on fire. While some of his helpers were trying to put out
+the flames, the doctor and his wife calmly went on attending to the
+wounded. Next morning the hospital staff was ordered to leave the town,
+as it was to be bombarded; but Dr. Noyons and his wife decided to
+disobey the order and remain. They could not bear the thought of leaving
+their poor wounded to perish, so they and their assistants carried them
+into the cellars of the hospital, and for two days ministered to them
+underground. When, however, all danger of bombardment was past they
+brought the men up to their wards again, and continued to attend them as
+before.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Now we must turn to the story of Malines, the city which, according to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>
+the old monkish rhyme, rejoices in fools. I have spent some time in this
+city, and have seen something of its people, and I can assure you that
+they are very far from being fools. Malines is renowned through Belgium
+for its love of education and for the large number of its citizens who
+are eager to make life better and happier for toiling men and women.
+Before the war, the heart and centre of the town was the Grand'-Place.
+On the right as you enter it stood a sixteenth-century Cloth Hall; to
+the left was the town hall; behind it the huge tower of the cathedral.
+All round were quaint gabled houses. During the day the Grand'-Place was
+almost deserted, but at night, when the lights began to glow in the
+little caf&eacute;s, the people gathered at the tables outside them in little
+family groups to drink "Bock" and listen to the band. I remember
+wandering through the old-world streets, peeping into little narrow
+byways, stopping to examine painted shrines at the street corners,
+crossing the Dyle with its many bridges, and admiring the quaint
+riverside houses and the gaudy, broad-beamed barges that lay at the
+quays. Everywhere I saw the little milk-carts drawn by dogs. One Sunday
+afternoon the school children gathered in the Grand'-Place for a
+festival. I shall never forget the heartiness with which they sang the
+Belgian National Anthem, while the townsfolk, bareheaded, swelled the
+strain:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Again, O Belgium, still our Mother,</span>
+<span class="i2">We pledge thee in blood and in song;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Surely to thee and to no other</span>
+<span class="i2">Our swords, our hearts, our lives belong!</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;While thy deeds live in history's pages,</span>
+<span class="i2">Deathless thy fame shall ever be;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And the cry still ring through the ages:</span>
+<span class="i2">'For King and Law and Liberty.'"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>On that bright September day the Malinoise had no thought of war and
+bloodshed. They could not possibly foresee that, before many months had
+passed, Belgians would be called upon to give their swords and hearts to
+their Mother, and that in their heroic strife they would add such a
+glorious page to their history that thenceforward throughout the ages
+they would win deathless fame.</p>
+
+<p>Before the war, the glory of Malines was its cathedral. Its huge tower,
+which soared above the city, was 318 feet high, and was intended to be
+the highest tower in Christendom, but was never finished. No one could
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>
+be within the bounds of the city for more than a few minutes without
+hearing the wonderful chimes that floated out from this tower. The dials
+of its clock were 44 feet in diameter, and the carillon was famous all
+over the world. Every Monday evening in summer it performed a programme
+of music, and every quarter of an hour, day and night, it played a tune.
+Robert Browning, in his poem "How they brought the Good News from Aix to
+Ghent," refers to the bells of Malines Cathedral in the following
+line:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And from Mecheln church steeple we heard the half-chime."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mechlin is the Flemish name of Malines. All the girls who read this book
+have heard of Mechlin lace, which was formerly made in the city. Now its
+chief manufactures are woollen goods and "Gobelin"<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> tapestry.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral was built with money collected from pilgrims who flocked
+to the city in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Within it were
+more treasures than in any other Belgian cathedral, except in the most
+famous church of Brussels and in the cathedral at Antwerp. The pulpit
+was a miracle of wood-carving, and the altar-piece was a picture of the
+Crucifixion, by Van Dyck,<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> who was a pupil of the great Rubens,<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>
+and court painter to Charles I. of England, by whom he was knighted. The
+stained-glass windows were of wonderful richness. There were three or
+four other churches in Malines of great interest and beauty, and several
+public buildings with historic memories.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0283.jpg" width="397" height="570" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Malines Cathedral before the Bombardment.</h3>
+
+<p>Now I must tell you how the Germans treated this interesting old city.
+Four separate times they bombarded it; yet there does not appear to be
+any good reason why they should have turned their guns upon it at all.
+It was not fortified, and it offered no resistance. The first
+bombardment was on 27th August, when the town hall was battered down,
+and the roof, walls, and stained glass of the cathedral suffered
+greatly. The people deserted the city, and when the guns were silent it
+was as quiet as the grave. A second time it was bombarded, and still
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>
+more damage was done. Happily the Malinoise had removed some of their
+treasures, including Van Dyck's altar-piece, to the safety of bomb-proof
+cellars.</p>
+
+<p>On 2nd September the third bombardment took place. Over a hundred shells
+were burst over the place: great gaping holes were blown through the
+tower of the cathedral, and its superb gateway was battered into a heap
+of ruins. The bells of the carillon were knocked to pieces, and never
+again will the ancient chimes of Malines be heard.</p>
+
+<p>Though the Germans had worked such havoc on the unoffending town, they
+could not forbear to assault it a fourth time. On 26th September Belgian
+troops attacked a German detachment not far from the city and drove it
+back in disorder. In revenge for this reverse, the Germans next morning
+shelled the place again. It was on a Sunday morning that the deadly rain
+began to fall. Many of the people had returned to the city, and were
+leaving the ruined cathedral after Mass, when a shell fell amongst them
+and killed some of them. Shortly afterwards another shell exploded in
+a caf&eacute;, and wounded some of the people who had taken refuge in it. The
+railway station, the barracks, several public buildings, factories, and
+many private houses were utterly destroyed, either by the guns or by the
+fires which afterwards broke out.</p>
+
+<p>On page <a href="#Page_272">272</a> you will see a picture of the little town of Termonde as it
+appeared when the Germans had wreaked their vengeance upon it. A
+Scottish member of Parliament, who visited it a few weeks after the
+bombardment, tells us that he went through street after street and
+square after square, and found every house entirely destroyed with all
+its contents. In the early days of August it was a beautiful little town
+of 16,000 inhabitants; now it was utterly destroyed and completely
+deserted, save for a blind old woman and her daughter who groped amongst
+the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>When we look at this sad picture we can realize in some degree the
+sufferings of the poor Belgians. Their houses have been destroyed, their
+cherished belongings have been given to the flames; tens of thousands of
+their bravest and best have been slain, in some cases with the foulest
+cruelty, and hundreds of thousands of those who survive are homeless and
+ruined. All over the land ancient monuments of art and learning are in
+shapeless ruin. The love and labour and pride of centuries have been
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>
+swept away, and a prosperous land has been reduced to beggary. And what
+have the Belgians done to deserve this hideous treatment? They have
+dared to defend their own country; they have dared to stand in the way
+of a ruthless nation that had sworn not to trespass on their soil; they
+have refused to sell that which was dearer to them than life itself&mdash;the
+independence of their land; and for this they have suffered martyrdom.
+Let us never forget that the Belgians have fought and suffered for us.
+Had they given the Germans free passage through their country, or had
+they feebly resisted them, a great and sudden swoop would have been made
+upon France at the very moment when she was unprepared to meet it. Not
+only might France have gone down, and the work of the Allies in
+overcoming the enemy been made doubly difficult, but the Germans might
+have established themselves on the north coast of France, from which
+they could have seriously threatened our shores. By her splendid courage
+and staunchness Belgium has saved Europe, and the civilization of the
+world is her debtor.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"They gave their homes for the Huns to tread,</span>
+<span class="i2">Their homes for the Huns to burn;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;For our very lives they gave their dead,</span>
+<span class="i2"><i>And what shall we give in turn?</i>"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0286.jpg" width="674" height="434" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Termonde.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News.</i></h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE RALLY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hat was the British Empire doing while the Germans were overrunning
+Belgium? At home, the War Office<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> was working night and day to equip
+and dispatch an army for service in France. The Territorials were
+stationed at all the points which needed defence, and the recruiting
+offices were very busy. On all the hoardings appeared placards calling
+upon men between the ages of nineteen and thirty-eight to serve their
+king and country. Every day fine, stalwart recruits, full of energy and
+zeal, flocked to the colours. Large camps were formed in the south of
+England, and the work of training the new armies was carried on with
+the utmost speed.</p>
+
+<p>But what of Britain overseas? The Germans had been taught to believe
+that the British Empire was only a very loose collection of states, with
+no bond of union between them and the mother country. It was a
+jerry-built empire, so they thought, and they were assured that when the
+time of stress came it would tumble to pieces like a house of cards.
+Canada, they said, was drifting towards the United States, and would one
+day be part of that country; Australia had long wished to "cut the
+painter;" South Africa was yearning to throw off the yoke; India was a
+powder magazine which would explode with a spark; Egypt was only waiting
+for a chance of rising in revolt. The moment a great trial of strength
+came there would be an end of the British Empire. Such was the belief of
+the Germans. What really happened you shall now hear.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0288.jpg" width="688" height="431" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Men of the New Army drilling in Hyde Park, London.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News.</i></h3>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span>
+<p>One of our poets speaks of the peoples of the Dominions as</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Children of Britain's island-breed,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;To whom the Mother in her need</span>
+<span class="i2">Perchance may one day call."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>That day had arrived. The Mother in her need had called, and with one
+heart and one voice her sons across the seas replied, "Lo! we come."</p>
+
+<p>When war began to threaten, the Dominions lost no time in sending offers
+of help and words of cheer to the Home Government. Britons beyond the
+seas rallied gloriously to the old flag. In Canada men of all parties
+at once forgot their differences and stood shoulder to shoulder, just as
+they were doing in Great Britain and Ireland. On the day that Germany
+declared war on Russia (1st August), Sir Robert Borden, the Prime
+Minister of the Dominion of Canada, held a Cabinet Council, at which
+arrangements were made for guarding all the points of danger, and for
+calling up the Militia, which correspond to the Territorials of the
+British Isles. In time of peace these number about 44,500 men. Within a
+few hours fifteen regiments had volunteered for active service, and
+thousands of men were begging to be allowed to serve. Never before had
+such enthusiasm been seen in the Canadian cities. The Duke of Connaught,
+the Governor-General of the Dominion, spoke the simple truth when he
+said, "Canada stands united, from the Pacific to the Atlantic, in her
+determination to uphold the honour and traditions of our Empire." On
+Tuesday, 3rd August, news arrived that Britain had declared war on
+Germany. The crowds which had gathered about the newspaper offices stood
+silent for a moment, and then turned to go. The time for shouting had
+gone by; the hour of work and sacrifice had arrived.</p>
+
+<p>In a few days, more than 100,000 men had offered themselves. Old members
+of Strathcona's<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> Horse, and the Royal Canadians, who had fought so
+gallantly in South Africa, pressed forward eagerly to re-enlist. From
+all parts of the Dominion they came&mdash;French Canadians from Lower Canada;
+farmers, and artisans, and clerks from Ontario; the hardest riders and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span>
+the best shots of the prairies; the miners, trappers, and pioneers of
+the west and north. Every province sent its quota of men. Two hundred
+frontiersmen from Moosejaw,<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> finding that they could not be enlisted
+as cavalry, took the road to Ottawa at their own expense, and having
+purchased their outfits, declared that, if they were not accepted for
+service, they would hire a cattle ship and sail for Europe "on their
+own." It is pleasant to note that 60,000 citizens of the United States
+offered to enlist in the Canadian army.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were the Redskins behindhand. Many applied for enlistment, and a few
+were allowed to join. Some of the tribes sent money to the war funds,
+and the Blood Indians of Alberta passed the following resolution: "The
+first citizens of Canada, the old allies of warring French and British,
+the Redskins, the devoted wards of Victoria the Good and of her
+grandson, King George, are no whit behind the Sikhs of India, the men
+from South Africa, or the British Regulars in testifying to their
+loyalty to the Crown or to the unity of the British Empire." Two chiefs
+sent &pound;200 from their tribal funds, and hoped that Great Britain would
+ever remain the guardian of the weak. Other tribes also sent money and
+proffers of help.</p>
+
+<p>Rich citizens opened their cheque-books freely to fit out the regiments.
+One Montreal<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> millionaire offered to provide all the money for
+raising, equipping, and supporting Princess Patricia's Light Infantry,
+or "Princess Pat's," as they are known in Canada. A Calgary<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>
+cattle-dealer offered fifty thousand dollars to equip a legion of
+frontiersmen, and the various provinces vied with each other in sending
+money and provisions for the use of the British forces. The Canadian
+Government offered a million bags of flour, Ontario 250,000 bags, and
+Manitoba 50,000 bags. Alberta and Prince Edward Island sent oats, Nova
+Scotia coal, Quebec cheese, New Brunswick potatoes, British Columbia
+tinned salmon, and Saskatchewan horses. In addition, Canada offered her
+two cruisers, the <i>Niobe</i> and the <i>Rainbow</i>, for general service, and
+her two submarines for duty on the Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0291.jpg" width="374" height="543" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Views in Quebec.</h3>
+
+<h4>1. Dufferin Terrace. 2. The Citadel and Ch&acirc;teau Frontenac. 3. Plains of
+Abraham, and Wolfe Monument. 4. Sous-le-Cap Street. 5. Montmorency
+Falls. 6. Church of Notre-Dame des Victoires. 7. Parliament Buildings.
+8. French Cathedral.</h4>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>
+<p>The women of Canada subscribed for naval hospitals, and the Canadian Red
+Cross Society sent a fully-equipped field hospital and &pound;10,000 in money.
+When Canadians learned that the Belgians were in distress, they opened
+their purses most generously. Everybody did his or her "little bit." A
+newsboy of Toronto<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> gave a street car ticket worth a few cents; it
+was afterwards sold for a thousand dollars. The citizens of Berlin,<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>
+Ontario, sent the following cable message to Lord Kitchener:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Berlin, Ontario, a city of 15,000 population, of which 12,000 are
+Germans or of German descent, purposes raising &pound;15,000 or more for the
+National (Canadian) Patriotic Fund. The German people want to see
+militarism<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> in Germany smashed for good, and the people set free to
+shape a greater and better Germany. We feel confident that England has
+appointed the right men in Mr. Churchill<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> and Lord Kitchener to boss
+the job."</p>
+
+<p>At first the Canadians intended to raise a force of 22,000 men to be
+sent overseas, and another 10,000 men to guard the Dominion; but so many
+men wished to go to the front that the strength of the first force sent
+to Britain was largely increased. The men were fitted out with the best
+of everything. Their clothes and weapons were as good as money could
+buy, and their horses were especially fine. Motor transport and an
+ammunition train were provided, and more than a hundred fully qualified
+nurses went with the troops. Wealthy men provided the regiments with
+machine guns; they had their own aviators, doctors, and chaplains. By
+the end of September the force was ready to be transported overseas. It
+numbered 31,250 men, with 7,500 horses, and everything necessary for
+taking the field. The force was assembled at the Valcartier<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> Camp,
+near Quebec.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p>
+
+<p>The departure of the troops from Valcartier at the end of September was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>
+a sight never to be forgotten. At various times in the day trumpets
+sounded, the battalions packed their kits, and long lines of khaki-clad
+men marched along the road to Quebec amidst crowds of cheering
+Canadians. The bands struck up "It's a Long Way to Tipperary," and the
+troops trudged off in the highest possible spirits.</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of the artillery marched late in the afternoon and at
+night. Rain fell heavily, and they arrived in Quebec soaked and
+mud-spattered, but as full of enthusiasm as ever. The guns, ammunition
+wagons, transports, and horses filed along narrow roads flanked by
+autumn-tinted trees and fringed by quaint French-Canadian villages. At
+one point, we are told, the white-haired old cur&eacute;<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> of a French
+village stood for nearly half an hour up to his knees in the wet grass
+of his orchard, plucking apples from the trees, and throwing them to the
+men as they swung along. They cheered him, and a French-Canadian battery
+which passed sang the Marseillaise.</p>
+
+<p>Never since the days of Wolfe<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> had Quebec witnessed such martial
+scenes as when the troops tramped through the steep streets of the old
+city to embark on board the thirty-two transports which were to convey
+them to the mother country. Everywhere one heard cheering and the music
+of bands and bagpipes. Wives and sweethearts bade farewell to their dear
+ones, and then crept away from the noisy throng to weep in solitude or
+to return to their homes, where the long, anxious hours of waiting were
+to be passed until the war should end and the heroes return. Alas! many
+of them were destined never to return, but to find a last resting-place
+in the clay of France and Flanders.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>
+<p>At last came the day when all the troops were on board ready to depart.
+Dufferin Terrace, overlooking the harbour, was black with thousands of
+men and women waving handkerchiefs, and ever and anon breaking into loud
+cheers, as the transports steamed slowly one by one down the river and
+past Point Levis.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> The cheers did not cease until the last of the
+big vessels, carrying the pride of Canada's soldiery, disappeared from
+view between the Isle of Orleans<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> and the mainland.</p>
+
+<p>Guarded by grim warships, the transports crossed the ocean, and on the
+morning of October 15th arrived in Plymouth Sound. It was very fitting
+that the gallant sons of Canada should tread English soil in the port
+from which their sires in the brave days of old had gone forth to
+discover new homes for British people in the great continent of the
+West. Those of them who knew anything of British history must have felt
+their hearts swell as they gazed at the grassy slopes of Plymouth Hoe.
+The list of great seamen who trod that greensward before sailing to the
+New World is in itself a page of romance&mdash;Sir Richard Grenville<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>
+for Virginia, Sir Humphrey Gilbert<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> for Newfoundland, Sir Martin
+Frobisher<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> for the North-West Passage, and, above and beyond all,
+Sir Francis Drake<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> for the circumnavigation of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In the days following their arrival the Canadians were landed, and
+marched through the streets to the railway station, <i>en route</i> for
+Salisbury Plain, where their training was to be completed. As they
+passed along the Plymouth streets between the lines of townsfolk all
+sorts of gifts were pressed upon them. "We were snowed under with good
+things," said one of the men.</p>
+
+<p>While the first contingent was hard at work in the mud of Salisbury
+Plain, a second and a third contingent were being raised in Canada. As
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>
+soon as it was announced that more men were needed, a far larger number
+of recruits flocked to the standard than could be accepted. Within a
+little more than four months after the outbreak of war Canada had raised
+over 90,000 men for the service of king and country.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0295.jpg" width="595" height="368" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Transports arriving at Plymouth.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>The island of Newfoundland stands outside the Dominion of Canada; so she
+made a special effort of her own, for she was just as eager to come to
+the help of the mother country as any other of our overseas possessions.
+The coasts of Newfoundland, as you know, are inhabited by
+fishermen&mdash;fine, hardy fellows, who are at home in stormy seas, and can
+turn their hands to almost anything. In the old days the Newfoundlander
+was the backbone of our navy, and a branch of the Royal Naval Reserve
+has long been established in the island. On the outbreak of war
+Newfoundland offered to increase her naval reserves up to 3,000 men, and
+to provide and equip 500 soldiers for active service overseas.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In this rally of the Empire Australia played her part right manfully.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span>
+The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth spoke for all when he said: "We
+must sit tight now and see the thing through at whatever difficulty and
+whatever cost. We must be steadfast in our determination. Our resources
+are great, and British spirit is not dead. We owe it to those who have
+gone before to preserve the great fabric of British freedom and hand it
+on to our children. Our duty is quite clear. Remember, we are Britons."
+Mr. Andrew Fisher, who became Premier a little later, spoke in the same
+strain. "Australia," said he, "will support Great Britain with her last
+man and her last shilling."</p>
+
+<p>Australia and New Zealand were in a better position to send assistance
+to the mother country than any other members of our overseas empire.
+Australia possesses a navy of her own, consisting of one battle cruiser,
+three light cruisers, three destroyers, and two submarines, and these
+she at once placed at the disposal of the Admiralty. Every able-bodied
+male in Australia and New Zealand is obliged to serve as a cadet from
+twelve to eighteen years of age, and in the Citizen Defence Corps
+during manhood. When war broke out Australia had 85,000 cadets under
+training, and 50,000 men in the Citizen Defence Corps, the latter being
+fully armed and equipped. One of our generals, who inspected the
+Australian artillery some time ago, was much struck with the smartness
+and skill of the men. "I would not be afraid," he said, "to take them
+into action against European troops to-morrow."</p>
+
+<p>The Commonwealth at once asked for 20,000 volunteers, and immediately
+twice as many men as were needed rushed to enlist. They were such fine
+fellows that it was difficult to decide which of them to accept and
+which to reject. The Queensland Bushmen offered to provide a regiment,
+and were prepared to supply their own horses, while the yachtsmen of
+Australia were ready to join the Royal Naval Reserve. Even the German
+settlers stood by their fellow-Australians in this crisis, and declared
+that they were prepared, if the necessity arose, to sacrifice their
+property and their lives for the welfare of the British Empire. Instead
+of "cutting the painter," Australia doubled it, and made it more secure
+than ever.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0297.jpg" width="386" height="523" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Canadian Troops on Salisbury Plain.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photos, Alfieri and Central News</i>.<br />
+
+The King reviews Canadian troops on Salisbury Plain (top). Three cheers
+for his Majesty the King! (middle). The armoured motor cars of the
+Canadians (bottom).</h4>
+
+<p>Gifts of money and produce were most generously made to the Belgians, to
+the Red Cross Society, and in aid of other war funds. The sheep farmers
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span>
+of New South Wales gave 40,000 carcasses of mutton, 1,500 sheep,
+1,000,000 cartridges, 20 tons of dried fruit, and 1,500 horses up to the
+end of September, and in November added another 7,600 carcasses of
+mutton. From all parts of Australia came flour, wine, bacon, beef,
+condensed milk, butter, arrowroot, biscuits, sheep, fruit, and clothing.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0298.jpg" width="498" height="346" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Australians for the Front.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>Before long 20,000 men, together with a Light Horse Brigade of 6,000
+men, were ready to embark. Meanwhile many thousands of other men were
+being trained, and it was decided to send 2,000 of them regularly to
+Great Britain to repair the wastage of war.</p>
+
+<p>The troops departed in silence and secrecy. There was a squadron of
+German warships in the Pacific Ocean, and had the commanders of these
+vessels known when and by what route the transports were to set sail,
+you may be sure that they would have tried to sink them. When the
+vessels arrived off the Cocos-Keeling Islands<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> in the Indian Ocean,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>
+Japanese warships warned them that the Germans were near at hand, and
+that part of their route had been strewn with mines.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps you are surprised to learn that Japanese warships were then
+policing the Pacific Ocean for Britain. In the year 1905 we came to an
+agreement with the Japanese that if any Power made an unprovoked attack
+upon us or upon them both countries would join their forces to fight the
+enemy. On 15th August Japan gave notice to Germany that if she did not
+clear out of Kiao-chau<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> war would be declared. Germany refused, and
+on 23rd August war was declared. At once Kiao-chau was attacked, and the
+ships of the fine Japanese fleet took over the work of patrolling the
+Pacific Ocean. In the next volume we shall learn how Japan played her
+part in the war.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Australian soldiers tells us that the Japanese warned them
+that German cruisers were about, in the evening, and that orders were at
+once given to the men to put on life-belts and fall in at their messes.
+At eight o'clock they were all lined up on deck; the ship's lights
+were put out, and in the pitch-black darkness they waited for the
+enemy's attack. All were bare to the waist, and had their trousers
+rolled up to their knees. Thus they stood for a full hour, without a
+word being spoken except by the officers. Suddenly they heard the boom
+of a gun some distance astern, and soon afterwards saw the dark form of
+a cruiser dash across their bows and disappear in the darkness. It was
+the famous German cruiser <i>Emden</i>, of which we shall hear in our next
+volume. She was in too great a hurry to stop and attack the transport,
+for the biggest and fastest vessel of the Australian Navy, H.M.S.
+<i>Sydney</i>, was chasing her. The danger had passed away, and the rest of
+the voyage was uneventful.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0299.jpg" width="625" height="406" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Australians near the Pyramids.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Record Press.</i></h3>
+
+<h4>This picture shows Sir George Reid, High Commissioner of Australia,
+visiting the camp of the Australian contingent in Egypt. In the course
+of a speech he said, "The Pyramids have been silent witnesses of many
+strange events, but never before have looked upon such a splendid array
+of troops."</h4>
+
+<p>When the transports arrived in the Suez Canal the men learned that they
+were not to proceed to the front, but were to disembark and help to
+protect Egypt. This was, of course, a disappointment to them; but they
+were somewhat consoled when they learned that they might see active
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>
+service very soon, for the Turks had joined the Germans, and were
+talking of attacking Egypt.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>You know that New Zealand has also her cadets and her Citizen Defence
+Corps, and was, therefore, able to send trained men overseas without
+delay. Long before volunteers were asked for, men were besieging the
+Minister of Defence with offers of service. By eleven o'clock on the
+morning of 6th August, a thousand volunteers had handed in their names
+in the city of Auckland<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> alone. Gifts of money and produce, horses,
+and motor cars were at once forthcoming, and a few weeks later New
+Zealand presented the mother country with an aeroplane.</p>
+
+<p>Less than three weeks after the declaration of war, a cable message was
+sent to the War Office in London, saying that New Zealand had 8,000 men
+ready to go to any part of the world at a moment's notice. These troops
+consisted of mounted rifles, field artillery, and infantry, and along
+with them were 500 Maoris,<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> who were most eager to fight for
+Britain. Two hundred of them were sent to Egypt to be trained, and it
+was thought that they would prove admirable scouts. Amongst the white
+volunteers were five members of the famous "All Black" football team
+which played so well in Great Britain a few years ago, and three Rhodes
+scholars. All the men were splendid specimens of young manhood. Their
+voyage was without incident, and they were landed in Egypt to join the
+Australians and British Territorials in the defence of that country.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>British South Africa found herself, on the outbreak of war, with German
+forces on her frontiers. In the German colony of South-West Africa there
+was a large and well-equipped German army, and in German East Africa
+there were other forces. Further, there were some Boers who had not yet
+become resigned to British rule, and it was thought&mdash;as afterwards
+proved to be the case&mdash;that they had been bribed by the Germans, and
+would seize the opportunity to rise in rebellion. South Africa could
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>
+not, therefore, send forces to help the mother country; but, under the
+command of General Botha,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> who himself had been a leader of the
+Boers<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> in the late war, she undertook to guard herself and attack
+the Germans on her borders without the help of soldiers from Great
+Britain or from any of the Dominions. We shall see in the next volume
+how she carried out this duty. Meanwhile she sent many gifts of money
+and produce to Great Britain.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>There was no part of the British Empire, however small, which did not,
+to the best of its ability, help the mother country in her hour of need.
+From the Barbadoes came &pound;20,000; from the Falkland Islands, &pound;1 per head
+of the population, as well as &pound;750 for the Prince of Wales's Fund.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>
+St. Kitts and Nevis, in the West Indies, sent &pound;5,000 to the same fund;
+Mauritius, British Guiana, and Jamaica sent large gifts of sugar;
+Southern Rhodesia sent maize, and Hong Kong a large donation to the
+Prince of Wales's Fund. Take a map of the world and search out one by
+one the overseas possessions of Great Britain. You cannot find a single
+place under the Union Jack that did not rally to the Empire as soon as
+the call to arms was sounded. No wonder the King was deeply touched by
+these tenders of loyal service, and no wonder that he thanked his
+overseas subjects in a noble message. The hearts of all Britons in the
+mother country were deeply stirred to feelings of joy and pride when
+they knew that the men of the Dominions were</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Welded, each and all</span>
+<span class="i0">Into one Imperial whole,</span>
+<span class="i0">One with Britain, heart and soul&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">One life, one flag, one fleet, one throne!</span>
+<span class="i0">Britons, hold your own!"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW INDIA ANSWERED THE CALL.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Sons of Shannon, Tamar, Trent,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Men of the Lothians, men of Kent,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Essex, Wessex, shore and shire,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Mates of the net, the mine, the fire,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Lads of desk and wheel and loom,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Noble and trader, squire and groom,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Come where the bugles of Britain play,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;<i>Over the hills and far away!</i></span>
+&nbsp;
+<span class="i0">"Southern Cross and Polar Star&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Here are the Britons bred afar;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Serry,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> O serry them. See, they ride</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Under the flag of Britannia's pride;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Shoulder to shoulder, down the track,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Where, to the unretreating Jack,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The victor bugles of Britain play,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;<i>Over the hills and far away!"</i></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n Chapter XXVI. you learned how Britons all over the world answered the
+call to arms. The verses which you have just read might almost have been
+written to describe the great rally. But the greatest surprise of all
+was the response of India. It is a vast land, equal in area to the whole
+of Europe outside Russia, and containing nearly one in five of all
+people that on earth do dwell. These people consist of many races and
+many religions, and large numbers of them are ruled by their own
+princes. During recent years many educated Indians have asked for a
+larger share in the government of their own country, and this has been
+granted to them in some measure. Nevertheless, there are still many of
+them who are not satisfied with our rule, and the Germans, as you know,
+hoped and expected that when Great Britain was in straits these
+dissatisfied persons would rise and throw off the British yoke.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0304.jpg" width="635" height="446" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Types of our Indian Soldiers: Sikhs are seen above, and Cavalry below.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>Even in this country some people feared that there would be trouble in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>
+India; but their fears were soon set at rest, for in the course of a few
+hours India showed clearly that Britain's quarrel was her quarrel, and
+that she was as loyal to the Empire and as eager to help it in the hour
+of trial and stress as any of the Dominions. It is remarkable to note
+that several of those who had been most bitter against British rule at
+once ceased their work of stirring up the people, and called upon them
+to rally in Britain's cause. Thus India, instead of being a weakness to
+the Empire, proved a tower of strength; instead of a danger, she became
+a staunch bulwark.</p>
+
+<p>In times of peace we maintain in India 70,000 British troops and a
+native army of about 160,000 men, recruited from many castes and races.
+Chief amongst these are the Sikhs, a fierce warrior caste, whose home is
+in the Punjab.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> Long and bitter strife was necessary to overcome
+them; but when they were finally conquered they threw in their lot with
+the British, and ever since have proved themselves faithful and skilful
+allies. Our native army also contains fine fighting men from the lofty
+mountainous country on the north-west frontier of India, and from the
+rugged tableland of Beluchistan. Perhaps the best known of all our
+native Indian troops are the Gurkhas, little, tireless mountaineers of
+Nepal,<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> famous for their marching and shooting. I remember seeing
+some thousands of these fine little soldiers in Burma. They were clad in
+dark green, and armed with a murderous-looking knife, known as the
+kukri, in place of the bayonet. They marched on to the parade ground,
+behind the bagpipes, to the strains of the "Cock o' the North."</p>
+
+<p>The Indian army is highly trained, and is under the command of British
+officers, who know and respect their men, and are trusted and esteemed
+by them. It has seen much fighting, not only against rebellious Indian
+tribes, but in Afghanistan, Uganda, the Sudan, Egypt, Persia, and China.
+It was in China, in the year 1900, that Indian soldiers made the
+acquaintance of the Germans, with whom we were then engaged in fighting
+the Boxers.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> German officers and men during that expedition looked
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
+down upon our Indian troops with contempt, and talked of them as
+"coolies" and "niggers." As you know, they belong to the oldest and
+proudest races on earth, and their British officers always show them the
+highest possible respect. You can easily understand how deeply they were
+offended by this treatment. They have long memories, and when they were
+told that they were to fight in Europe against those who had insulted
+them in China, they were not only proud and glad to stand shoulder to
+shoulder with their British comrades, but eager to pay off old scores.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0306.jpg" width="298" height="292" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Gurkha Soldiers and Officer.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Photo, Underwood and Underwood</i>.</h4>
+
+<p>Some of the Indian princes are allowed to maintain bodies of Imperial
+Service troops, which they equip and train at their own expense. These
+troops number in all some 22,000. As soon as the princes knew that
+Britain had need of soldiers, they gladly offered their troops to fight
+for their King-Emperor. The Maharajah of Mysore<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> gave &pound;330,000 to
+fit out a force, and other princes sent large sums of money and
+thousands of horses, while little hill states in the Punjab and
+Baluchistan<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> offered camels and drivers. The Maharajah of Rewa<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>
+instantly asked, "<i>What orders has my King for me?</i>" and forthwith
+placed his troops, treasury, and even his private jewels at the disposal
+of his Majesty. Nor were the smaller chiefs behindhand. All were eager
+to help, even beyond the measure of their ability. Even the Dalai
+Lama<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> of Tibet, whose country was invaded by British troops as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>
+recently as 1904, offered soldiers, and ordered the priests throughout
+the length and breadth of the land to pray for the success of British
+arms and for the souls of the fallen. From private persons came money
+gifts, and from Indian societies blessings on the campaign. Almost every
+Indian prince desired to fight for us, and the Agha Khan,<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> the
+spiritual leader of 60,000,000 Mohammedans, offered to take his place as
+a private in the ranks. Many of the princes were accepted for service,
+and amongst them was Sir Pertab Singh,<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> who long ago swore that he
+would not die in his bed. Though seventy years of age, he was as eager
+as a boy to ride forth to the last and greatest of his wars. In this
+muster-roll of princes every great name in India was represented. Chiefs
+whose line of descent went back to the days of Alexander the Great, and
+whose forefathers had fought many a good fight against us in the days
+when we were winning India, were now assembled in battle array to do and
+die for Britain and her King.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>I am sure that you have read with feelings of great pride and
+thankfulness this brief account of how the Empire rallied as one man in
+the day of trial. What an effect this splendid response must have had
+upon the Germans! They had sent their agents with bribes and lying tales
+into every part of the Empire where they thought men were discontented
+with British rule, and they hoped that when war broke out we should be
+so troubled with risings in many lands that we should be quite unable to
+fight them on the continent of Europe. A bitter disappointment awaited
+them. Except in South Africa, where there was a small rebellion which
+was easily put down without a single soldier being sent from Great
+Britain, the Empire proved as firm as a rock and as staunch as steel.
+Our Allies, the French and the Russians, were much struck by this
+wonderful unity. It proved to them, as it has proved to all the world,
+that, though we may have made mistakes in the government of our Empire,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>
+the races under the Union Jack know that we have honestly tried to do
+our duty by them, and have made their welfare our first and foremost
+consideration. So in this great and fateful struggle they stand by us,
+one in heart and mind, and we are knitted closer to them, and they to
+us, by their splendid loyalty in this hour of danger.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans call the British army "a multicoloured travelling circus."
+One of their writers has said that the British have got together the
+peoples of the earth to fight them, and have shipped to France a
+variegated white, black, brown, yellow, and red medley of races. What
+else did they expect when they challenged an Empire that has possessions
+in every continent on the face of the globe? We have every right to be
+proud that men of such diverse races, creeds, and colours have united so
+gladly and freely against the common foe. In an earlier chapter of this
+book I told you how the states of Germany were welded together into an
+empire after they had fought side by side in the war against France. As
+Lord Rosebery tells us, "blood shed in common is the cement of nations."
+Now that miners of the Yukon, trappers of Athabasca, backwoodsmen of
+British Columbia, cowboys of Alberta, stalwart sons of Manitoba,
+Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, stockmen
+and sheep farmers of Australia and New Zealand, Boers of South Africa,
+and men of a thousand towns and villages in the old country, stand
+shoulder to shoulder with Sikhs of the Punjab, tribesmen of the Khyber,
+Gurkhas of Nepal, Egyptians of the Nile, and Maoris of the Southern
+Seas, may we not hope that hereafter a new and stronger bond will unite
+all the scattered states of the British Empire? The war of 1870-71 made
+the German Empire; the great war in which we are engaged bids fair to
+make the British Empire.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN ADVANCE ON BRUSSELS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow we must return to Belgium, and follow the progress of the German
+forces in that country. There were two armies in Belgium&mdash;the one under
+General von Buelow,[253] and the other under General Alexander von
+Kluck.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> We shall hear much of the latter general in the next volume
+of this work. If you were to examine his portrait, you would say that he
+is a man of sullen fierceness and great doggedness. This is by no means
+his first war: he fought against Austria in 1866, and was wounded at
+Metz in 1870. You already know that most of the officers holding high
+command in the German army are of noble birth. Von Kluck is an
+exception: he was only ennobled after he became a colonel.</p>
+
+<p>The two German armies in Belgium were only part of the vast force
+intended for the invasion of France. This force consisted of six main
+armies, which, on 7th August, were stationed as follows:&mdash;The Sixth Army
+was assembled in and around Strassburg; the Fifth Army, under the
+Bavarian Crown Prince, lay just south of Metz; the Fourth Army, under
+the Crown Prince of Germany, was on the border of Luxemburg; the Third
+Army was in the Moselle valley, facing the Ardennes; the Second Army was
+south of Aix-la-Chapelle; and the First Army was in and around that
+city.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0310.jpg" width="803" height="546" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Indian Troops camping in a London Park.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Topical Press</i>.</h3>
+
+<p>We shall not know for many years to come what was the exact manner in
+which the Germans meant to move these armies into France. Some say they
+intended to mass nearly all of them on a wide front in Belgium, north
+and west of the Meuse, and then march them south into France. It is more
+likely, however, that they meant to use Metz as a pivot and swing the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>
+first five armies in a great circling movement to the west, like a gate
+upon its hinges; while the Sixth Army defended Alsace, and checked any
+advance of the French through the Vosges. Lay your pencil on the map
+with the point on Metz. Hold the point in your fingers, and sweep round
+the rest of the pencil to your left, and you will see exactly what I
+mean. It is said that the Germans had about two millions of men in the
+armies which were to make this movement. Of course, many of them would
+be required to mask<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> the fortresses and guard the lines of
+communication. Probably the actual German fighting line consisted of
+something between one million and one million and a half men. The
+Emperor, as War Lord, was in supreme command; but the real conduct of
+the campaign was in the hands of Count Helmuth von Moltke, the Chief of
+the General Staff. His uncle had brought France to its knees in 1870-71;
+he was to shatter the forces of France and Britain in 1914.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0312.jpg" width="203" height="410" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Map showing how the German Armies were stationed on the Western Frontier.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Now let us turn our attention to the First and Second Armies, which, as
+you know, were actually in Belgium when I broke off my story to tell
+you how the British Empire girded up its loins for the fray. Von Kluck's
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>
+army (the First Army), which was to form the extreme right of the German
+line, had crossed the Dyle on 19th August, and von Buelow's army (the
+Second Army) was rapidly advancing towards the strong fortress of Namur,
+which stands at the point where the Meuse and the Sambre unite. The
+Belgian army at this time stood in danger of being enveloped; so it
+withdrew, much reduced in numbers, but still unbroken and undefeated, to
+the shelter of the Antwerp forts, leaving the capital, Brussels, open to
+the enemy. The Belgian Government had already left the city, and its
+headquarters were now in Antwerp.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Brussels, as you know, stands on the river Senne, and is one of the
+finest cities in Europe. It has noble buildings&mdash;churches, libraries,
+museums, picture-galleries&mdash;and broad boulevards, with a carriage drive
+down the middle, and a riding track on either side, shaded by rows of
+trees. Some of these boulevards have been made on the site of the old
+walls, which were pulled down many years ago. At one end of a pretty but
+not large park stands the king's palace, and at the other end are the
+Houses of Parliament. Much of Brussels is modern, but the Grand' Place
+belongs to the Middle Ages. On one side of it stands the town hall,
+which was built in the fifteenth century, and is a glorious old
+building, with a high steep roof, pierced by many little windows, and a
+front dotted with statues. Above its lofty and graceful spire is a
+gilded figure of the Archangel Michael, which serves as a wind-vane.</p>
+
+<p>The other sides of the square are enclosed by quaint gabled houses,
+which formerly belonged to the Merchant Guilds. Some of them have gilded
+mouldings, and one of them is shaped like the stern of a ship. In the
+paved middle of the square a flower market is held, and here you may see
+the women of Brabant<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> in their white caps and large gold earrings.
+The largest and finest of all the modern buildings is the Palace of
+Justice, in which the law courts sit. It is said to have cost
+&pound;2,000,000. As it stands on a little hill, and is so big and tall, it
+can be seen from every part of the city. The people of Brussels are
+perhaps the gayest and most lively in all Europe. Nowhere do you find
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>
+men and women so fond of jokes and fun, and so eager for amusement. They
+call their city "Little Paris."</p>
+
+<p>Brussels is very well known to British people, not only because the city
+is frequently visited by our tourists, but because some of our great
+writers have described it in their books. Laurence Sterne,<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> the
+Irish novelist, tells us much about Flanders in his "Tristram Shandy."
+The finest character in the book is Captain Shandy, or Uncle Toby, as he
+was more commonly called. This delightful old soldier was wounded at
+Namur,<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> and spent his peaceful old age in following Marlborough's
+campaigns<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> with the help of maps, books, and models. On his
+bowling-green he made trenches, saps, barricades, and redoubts, just as
+Marlborough was then doing; and he and his servant, Corporal Trim,
+fought many great battles on the greensward before his house.</p>
+
+<p>William Makepeace Thackeray,<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> in his "Vanity Fair," gives us a
+wonderful picture of Brussels in the year 1815, when the great battle of
+Waterloo was fought; and in his "Esmond" there is an exquisite account
+of the hero's visit to his mother's grave in a convent cemetery of the
+city. Charlotte Bront&euml;,<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> in what is perhaps her best story,
+"Villette," describes her own experiences as a girl in Brussels very
+fully and vividly&mdash;so much so that many British readers cannot think of
+the city without thinking of "Villette." Here is her picture of Brussels
+on a festal night: "Villette is one blaze, one broad illumination; the
+whole world seems abroad; moonlight and heaven are banished; the town by
+her own flambeaux<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> beholds her own splendour&mdash;gay dresses, grand
+equipages, fine horses, and gallant riders throng the bright streets. I
+see even scores of masks.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> It is a strange scene, stranger than
+dreams...Safe I passed down the avenues; safe I mixed with the crowd
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span>
+where it was deepest. To be still was not in my power, nor quietly to
+observe. I drank the elastic night air&mdash;the swell of sound, the dubious
+light, now flashing, now fading."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On Monday, 17th August, the people of Brussels knew for certain that the
+Germans were approaching the city. Crowds of refugees came pouring in
+from the villages and towns which the enemy had destroyed, and the
+condition of these poor folks would have melted a heart of stone.
+Mothers, weary and footsore, carried or dragged by the hand little
+children, weeping with weariness and hunger. Old men struggled along
+with bundles on their backs, or in wheelbarrows, or even in
+perambulators, containing all the little store of worldly goods which
+they had been able to save from the wreck of their homes. There were
+many widows and many fatherless in the sad throng, and they had terrible
+tales of sorrow and suffering to tell. Peasant women sent a shudder
+through the townsfolk by relating how their sons or husbands had been
+hanged for resisting the Uhlans. Young boys told how the priest, the
+doctor, and the schoolmaster of their villages had been shot, and the
+rest of the men carried off as prisoners of war. Still, in spite of all
+these alarms, the people of Brussels kept their heads. The Government
+put up notices warning them not to resist the German troops, and
+ordering them to stay in their houses with closed doors and windows, so
+that the enemy might have no excuse for shooting them down.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0315.jpg" width="246" height="347" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Belgian Civic Guards</h3>
+
+<p>All Belgian towns have what is known as a Civic Guard, composed of men
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span>
+who prepare themselves to defend their homes in case of attack. If you
+had seen these men on parade you would probably have smiled. Many of
+them were stout, elderly shopkeepers or workmen, and they wore on their
+heads a hard bowler hat, sometimes decorated with a bunch of dark green
+glossy feathers at the side. But in spite of their unsoldierlike
+appearance, they were brave fellows, all ready to lay down their lives
+in defence of hearth and home. While the Germans were approaching
+Brussels, the Civic Guard drilled daily in the park, dug trenches in the
+outskirts and even in the streets, and set up barricades of wire all
+along the roads by which the enemy could enter the city. The townsfolk
+constantly heard the dull roar of explosions as bridges and roadways
+were blown up to check the German advance. In the suburbs the people
+gladly gave the contents of their houses to form barricades. "Hundreds
+of people," we are told, "sacrificed all their household furniture in
+the common cause. Beds, pianos, carts, boxes, baskets of earth&mdash;one
+child I saw filling up a basket from the gutter&mdash;are all piled up."</p>
+
+<p>Soon, however, it was clear that Brussels could not be defended. Even if
+all the Civic Guards fell, they could not hope to beat off the German
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span>
+army that was hourly drawing nearer and nearer. The only result would be
+that the city would suffer the fate of Louvain&mdash;all its grand buildings
+would be battered down, and Brussels would be no more.</p>
+
+<p>At once there was a great exodus from the city. Motors, carts,
+carriages, and all kinds of conveyance were pressed into service, and
+were filled with people all bent on reaching the coast. Most of the
+vehicles were plastered with huge red crosses cut out of wall paper or
+old petticoats. Thousands of the poor people who had no means of escape
+went aimlessly to and fro in the streets, weeping and wailing. Every
+train was packed with people, and the roads leading to Holland were
+black with men, women, and children tramping onwards towards safety.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0316.jpg" width="208" height="408" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>M. Adolphe Max, Burgomaster of Brussels.</h3>
+
+<p>The greater part of the townsfolk, however, remained, and went about
+their work as of yore, hoping against hope that the British or French
+would soon arrive. On Thursday, 19th August, the brave Mayor, M. Adolphe
+Max, posted a notice telling the people that, despite the heroic
+efforts of the Belgian troops, it was to be feared that the enemy would
+occupy Brussels. He advised the people to be calm, and avoid all panic,
+and he promised them that as long as he was alive he would try to
+protect their rights and dignity. "Citizens," he said, "whatever may
+befall, listen to your burgomaster. He will not betray you. Long live a
+free and independent Belgium! Long live Brussels!"</p>
+
+<p>M. Max was as good as his word. By his fearless dealing with the Germans
+he won a renown which will last long after Belgium is free again.
+Whoever in future days writes the history of the war in this little
+heroic country will give M. Max a place beside King Albert and General
+Leman.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0318.jpg" width="631" height="443" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>German Soldiers parading the Streets of Brussels.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Sport and General.</i></h3>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW THE GERMANS ENTERED BRUSSELS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne Thursday morning, attired in his scarf of office, M. Max drove out
+in a motor car, along with several other city officers, to meet the
+German general, and to arrange terms of surrender. He was received with
+that lack of politeness for which the German officer is notorious. After
+roughly ordering him to remove his scarf, the German general asked him
+if he was ready to surrender the city. If not, it would be shelled. M.
+Max replied that he had no choice in the matter; and was then informed
+that he and the other city officers would be held responsible for the
+good behaviour of the people, and that if they offended they would
+suffer. It was then arranged that the Germans were to march in next day,
+and that they were to be housed and fed at the expense of the city.
+When the burgomaster returned to Brussels, the Civic Guard, to their
+great disappointment, were ordered to give up their arms.</p>
+
+<p>The German General Staff meant to make the entry into Brussels a matter
+of great pomp and display, so as to impress the citizens. They therefore
+arranged that an army corps which had not yet been engaged in fighting
+should be marched through the streets. The men were halted outside the
+town and given time to furbish themselves up for the occasion. The
+people of Brussels were not to be allowed to see the Germans against
+whom their fellow-countrymen had fought so bravely. There were to be no
+thinned ranks, no scarred, wounded, or war-weary soldiers in their
+streets, but an army as fresh and spick and span as though it were
+parading before the Kaiser at Potsdam.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0320.jpg" width="632" height="426" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Germans in Grand'-Place, Brussels.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Photo, Central News.</i></h3>
+
+<p>The news that Brussels was in German hands had been flashed to every
+corner of the Fatherland, and had been received with loud rejoicings.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>
+Surely some of the more sober-minded Germans, even in that hour of
+rapture, must have remembered the remark of Napoleon, "The capture of an
+undefended city is no glory."</p>
+
+<p>Try to realize the feelings of the people of Brussels as they gathered
+in the streets on that black day to see a ruthless and faithless enemy
+take possession of their beautiful and beloved capital. "Belgians," said
+an old soldier, with tears in his eyes, "can never forget this." They
+suffered then what their forefathers had suffered on the eve of
+Waterloo:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"While thronged the citizens with terror dumb,</span>
+<span class="i0">Or whispering with white lips, 'The foe!&mdash;they come, they come!'"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At two o'clock in the afternoon of 20th August the distant sound of guns
+announced the coming of the foe. Imagine the surprise of the people when
+the news flitted from mouth to mouth that their own M. Max was riding at
+the head of the German army. He had insisted on taking this place,
+because he was, as he reminded his captors, the first citizen of
+Brussels. On the wan, strained faces of the townsfolk there was the
+ghost of a smile when they saw him appear. Their quick-witted
+burgomaster was receiving the Germans not as a captive but as a host! It
+was a good joke, and the people could appreciate it, even on such a sad
+occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Now the sound of bands was heard, and the advance guards of the Germans
+entered the city. By the side of M. Max rode a Prussian general&mdash;"a
+swarthy, black-moustached, ill-natured brute, dressed in khaki gray," as
+a bystander described him. I am sure that if he had been an angel of
+light the people of Brussels would have found fault with him at such a
+time. On came the waves of men, singing "Die Wacht am Rhein."<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The wind-tost banners proudly fly;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;While runs the river, sounds the cry,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">'We all will guard with heart and hand</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The German Rhine for German land.'</span>
+<span class="i2">Dear Fatherland, untroubled be,</span>
+<span class="i2">Thy Rhine Watch stand true, firm, and free."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Anon they broke into the strains of "Deutschland &uuml;ber Alles,"<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>
+first verse of which I translate roughly as follows. It is sung to the
+air of the Austrian National Anthem, composed by Joseph Haydn, the
+greatest of Austrian musicians, in the year 1797.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"First in all the world, my Germany,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;First and foremost shalt thou be.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;When thy sons in soul united</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Grasp the shining sword for thee,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;From the Maas, yea to the Mernel,<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;From the Adige<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> to the sea,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;First in all the world, my Germany,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;First and foremost shalt thou be."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The Brunswick,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> Death's Head, and Zieten<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> Hussars led the way;
+then came the infantry, followed by artillery with siege howitzers, and
+a hundred motor cars armed with quick-firing guns. As the men moved into
+the main streets they broke into that stiff-legged parade step which has
+been the triumphal march of the German army since the days of Frederick
+the Great.</p>
+
+<p>The townsfolk in deep dismay watched the Germans filing into the
+Grand'-Place, and many of them muttered under their breath, "They will
+never come back again; the Allies will do for them." It is said that the
+German officers behaved very rudely to the people, and laughed
+scornfully in their faces, as though they wished to goad them into acts
+which would excuse an attack upon the city. The people, however,
+restrained themselves, and there was no bloodshed or destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The city was placarded with notices threatening stern punishment to all
+those who opposed the troops, and a fine of &pound;8,000,000 was levied on the
+place. Food and lodging were provided for the troops, and when the Staff
+arrived they made the town hall their headquarters. M. Max was ordered
+to furnish three hundred beds for them. "I will provide three hundred
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>
+and one beds," said he, "for, of course, <i>I</i> shall sleep there too."</p>
+
+<p>When he was ordered to hand over a hundred of the chief men of the city
+as hostages<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> for the good behaviour of the people, the brave
+burgomaster refused to do anything of the sort. "I will be your
+hostage," he said, "and I will provide you with no others." On every
+occasion he was more than a match for the German officers. When one of
+the generals tried to browbeat him, and laid a revolver on the table to
+show him what his fate would be if he did not do as he was told, the
+burgomaster calmly picked up a pen and laid it beside the weapon. Even
+the slow, heavy Germans saw the meaning of this action. "The pen is
+mightier than the sword." Mr. Max meant them to understand that though
+they might kill him, writers in the future would tell the story of their
+shameful deeds, and brand their name with infamy for ever.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans could do nothing with this brave, gay Belgian, who stood up
+so sturdily for the rights of his people; so at last they removed him
+from his office, and sent him to a German fortress in what they called
+"honourable custody." You may be sure that the townsfolk grieved
+greatly when their burgomaster was thus removed, and the Germans soon
+discovered that they were far more difficult to handle than when they
+had been under the care and guidance of the good M. Max.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Germans occupied Brussels in force for a single day only. A garrison
+was left to hold the city, and the march through Belgium was continued.
+Meanwhile huge bodies of men, under the command of von Buelow, were
+passing unnoticed along the north bank of the Meuse towards Namur. At
+the same time two other armies were marching through the leafy Ardennes,
+where the overhanging foliage hid them from the eyes of the Belgian
+airmen. The great line was slowly but surely deploying for the
+long-delayed march into France.</p>
+
+<p>With the occupation of Brussels by the Germans the first stage of the
+war comes to an end.</p>
+
+
+<br /><br /><br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2>
+
+<h3>HOW THE BRITISH ARMY WAS CARRIED OVERSEAS.</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>n the morning of 18th August, when the fate of Brussels was hanging in
+the balance, our newspapers contained a brief paragraph which was read
+by Britons all over the world with great satisfaction&mdash;our army had been
+landed on French soil without the loss of a single man. It was a great
+feat, and we were rightly proud of it. To many of us the news came as a
+great surprise. We British are not good at keeping secrets; but on this
+occasion, like Brer Rabbit, we lay low and said "nuffin." Thousands of
+people knew what was going on, but they did not talk about it, and in
+the newspapers there was scarcely a hint of what was happening. For once
+we kept a secret; and we were rewarded, for our transports crossed the
+narrow seas without the slightest attempt on the part of the enemy to
+molest them.</p>
+
+<p>But for our navy this feat could never have been performed. A naval
+writer once said: "I consider that I have command of the sea when I am
+able to tell my Government that they can move an expedition to any point
+without fear of interference from an enemy's fleet." This is exactly
+what Admiral Jellicoe was able to tell his Government. He had "bottled
+up" the German navy in its ports, and the Channel and the Strait of
+Dover were as safe as ever they had been. From the first we had the
+great advantage of the command of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Let me tell you how our army of about 110,000 men, with guns, horses,
+and stores, was carried in safety to France. You know that the army was
+mobilized on 3rd August, and in a day or two most of the regiments were
+ready to depart with everything necessary for the grim work of war.
+Outside the barracks, in the early mornings, wives and mothers might
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>
+have been seen bidding farewell to their husbands or sons; but there
+were few other signs that a great movement of troops was in progress.
+The Government had taken over the railways, and as soon as each unit was
+ready it was hurried off by train towards the south coast. Never were
+the railways so busy as at that time, and never did they work more
+smoothly; yet all was done with the utmost secrecy. Even the drivers of
+the engines were not told beforehand the name of the place to which they
+were bound. You can form some idea of the great strain upon the railways
+when I tell you that the London and South-Western dispatched three
+hundred and fifty trains each of thirty-five cars to Southampton in
+forty-five hours. During the first three weeks of the war seventy-three
+such trains arrived at the quays every fourteen hours. Every ten
+minutes, day and night, they steamed in, all up to time. We ought not to
+forget the splendid part which our railwaymen played at this time.</p>
+
+<p>The men stationed in the Irish camp at Curragh sailed from Dublin; the
+men in the camp on Salisbury Plain boarded the transports at Avonmouth;
+while those at Aldershot found ships awaiting them at Southampton. Other
+bodies of men were embarked at Plymouth, Newhaven, Folkestone, Dover,
+and London. The busiest port of all was Southampton, which was entirely
+handed over to the army. On the outskirts of the town a rest camp had
+been formed, and in it the men who had travelled long distances were
+allowed some time to recover. Many of the trains were run directly to
+the quayside; in other cases the soldiers marched through the streets.
+Night and day for more than a week the streets of Southampton echoed to
+the tramp of khaki-clad men, the rattle of baggage-wagons, and the
+rumbling of guns.</p>
+
+<p>All sorts of passenger ships were pressed into service&mdash;the
+Holyhead-North Wall steamers, the Fishguard boats, the Channel packets,
+vessels plying between Harwich and the Hook of Holland, Antwerp, and
+Hamburg, and many others. One Atlantic liner carried three thousand men
+on a single trip. When the soldiers were on board, the transports
+steamed off, and not even the captains knew the port to which they were
+to sail until they were ten miles out at sea. Then they opened sealed
+envelopes, and for the first time knew their destination. Think of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>
+foresight and arrangement needed to engage all these ships and send them
+to their proper stations at the right time and in the right order
+without confusion and delay.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not all. Arrangements had to be made for the troops to be
+landed at the various French ports, and to be encamped until they could
+be carried by rail to the front. Some of our officers were sent across
+to France before the troops arrived to prepare for their coming; and
+French officers came to England to arrange matters on this side.
+Everything was done according to a carefully-thought-out plan, and it
+worked as smoothly as a well-oiled machine. Long before the troops
+landed, enormous quantities of stores had been shipped to the French
+ports, so that dep&ocirc;ts for the supply of the army might be established.</p>
+
+<p>Our troops were landed on the Continent at the French ports of Havre,
+Dieppe, Boulogne, Calais, and Dunkirk. All day long, and all night too,
+streams of transports crossed and recrossed the Channel. The weather was
+perfect, and the men were packed on board the ships like Bank Holiday
+trippers. They suffered no discomfort, for the passage did not in any
+case occupy more than about fifteen hours. Many of the men were
+surprised to find that no armed vessels accompanied them as an escort.
+British warships, however, were keeping their Watch on the Brine, though
+the soldiers could not see them. A squadron of cruisers patrolled the
+narrow seas between the North Foreland and the French coast, and thus
+closed the North Sea entrance to the Channel. Aeroplanes and a naval
+airship hovered above the same waters, keeping a bright lookout for
+enemy craft. It is said that the crew of one seaplane engaged in this
+work did a most daring deed in mid-air. Something went wrong with the
+propeller, and it had to be changed. The pilot thought he would be
+obliged to descend for the purpose, but two of the crew offered to do
+the work in the air. They climbed out on to the bracket carrying the
+propeller, and actually changed the blade while soaring two thousand
+feet above the sea!</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0327.jpg" width="397" height="554" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>A daring feat in mid-air.</h3>
+
+<h4>(<i>From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo.</i>)</h4>
+
+<p>On former occasions, when our soldiers have been sent abroad to fight
+for their country, we have gathered in crowds to give them a hearty
+"send off." They have departed to the noise of ringing cheers, the blare
+of bands, the waving of banners, the flutter of handkerchiefs. But those
+were days when we did not fear the secret menace of mines, submarines,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>
+and aeroplanes. On this occasion there were no public farewells. The
+men, however, were not allowed to depart without a fervent "God speed"
+from him who speaks in the name of us all. Before embarking, each
+soldier was presented with two printed messages&mdash;one from the King, the
+other from Lord Kitchener.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the King's message. You will notice how quietly confident it is,
+and how full of dignity. It is just the message which we should expect a
+British king to send to British soldiers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"You are leaving home to fight for the safety and honour of my
+Empire. Belgium, which country we are pledged to defend, has
+been attacked, and France is about to be invaded by the same
+powerful foe. I have implicit confidence in you, my soldiers.
+Duty is your watchword, and I know your duty will be nobly done.
+I shall follow your every movement with deepest interest, and
+mark with eager satisfaction your daily progress. Indeed, your
+welfare will never be absent from my thoughts. I pray God to
+bless you and guard you, and bring you back victorious.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 70%;">"<span class="smcap">George</span>, R. et I."<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The men also received a little printed letter of counsel and guidance
+from Lord Kitchener. It has been rightly called the noblest message ever
+sent to fighting men. Read the following three paragraphs very
+carefully, and try to remember them. Never before has so fine an ideal
+been set before the British soldier.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Remember that the honour of the British Empire depends on your
+individual conduct, and you can do your country no better
+service than in showing yourself in France and Belgium in the
+true character of a British soldier.</p>
+
+<p>"Be invariably courteous, considerate, and kind. Always look
+upon looting as a disgraceful act. You are sure to meet with a
+welcome, and to be trusted; your conduct must justify that
+welcome and that trust.</p>
+
+<p>"Do your duty bravely. Fear God. Honour the King.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 70%;">"<span class="smcap">Kitchener</span>, Field-Marshal."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>More of our soldiers were landed at Boulogne than at any other French
+port. Boulogne has a special interest for us: it was the port at which
+Napoleon made his preparations, between June 1803 and September 1805,
+for the invasion of England. He marched a hundred thousand men&mdash;a very
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>
+large army in those days&mdash;to Boulogne, and every road by which his
+soldiers passed bore the sign-post, "To England." A huge flotilla of
+flat-bottomed boats was collected, and the men were exercised in
+embarking and disembarking within sight of the white cliffs of Dover.
+"The Channel," said Napoleon, "is but a ditch, and anyone can cross it
+who has but the courage to try." You know that he never tried to cross
+it. He could not win that command of the narrow seas on which the
+success of his invasion depended. His fleet lured Nelson to the West
+Indies, and then sailed rapidly back; but it was met off Ferrol, and was
+so crippled that Napoleon was forced to give up his project in disgust.
+He broke up the camp at Boulogne, and marched his army against the
+Austrians and Russians instead.</p>
+
+<p>Many of our soldiers at Boulogne rested almost in the shadow of a tall
+column, 172 feet high, which stands about two miles from the port on the
+road to Calais. It was erected in 1804 to commemorate the invasion which
+never came off, and was left unfinished until 1841. On the summit is a
+statue of the emperor. Our men must also have been much interested in
+the crumbling forts which were built by Napoleon to protect his
+flat-bottomed boats from attack.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A friend who was in Boulogne when the transports were expected, tells me
+that weather-beaten sailors watched the sea eagerly for days on end, and
+at last, when they saw the hulls of our ships on the horizon, broke into
+loud cries: "Les Anglais arrivent!"<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> At once the townsfolk flocked
+to the quays, and as our men marched down the gangways they received
+them like old friends. They were full of admiration for the fine, trim,
+well-set-up Britons who had come to their help, and they loudly praised
+their arms, clothing, horses, and guns. They flocked around them,
+shaking them by the hand and patting them on the shoulder. "So milord
+Kitchener has sent you," they said. "He is indeed a fine fellow, a tough
+customer."</p>
+
+<p>Many of the soldiers were marched straight from the boat to the train,
+which they boarded in their usual business-like fashion. "Those
+English," said an admiring townsman, "take their departure as if they
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>
+were going for a walk. They are indeed brave soldiers." You can imagine
+the bustle and excitement on the quays and in the streets of the town as
+infantry, cavalry, artillery, Army Service corps, and nurses came
+ashore, and the delight of the people as they saw aeroplanes hovering
+overhead like huge dragon flies.</p>
+
+<p>Some of our soldiers were sent to a rest camp on the low hills outside
+the town, and before long they won the hearts of the townsfolk by their
+cheery good humour and excellent behaviour. All sorts of presents were
+exchanged; little French tricolours, bonbons, flowers, and cigarettes
+were pressed upon them, in return for which our men parted with their
+buttons and badges. "They are English gentlemen&mdash;that's what they are,"
+said French men and women alike. Many of the French soldiers in the town
+could speak English well, and with these our men struck up a close
+comradeship at once. "Hallo!" said one "Tommy" to a French corporal,
+"does your mother know you're out?" To which came the quick reply in
+perfect English, "Well, she ought to, for there are six of us out."</p>
+
+<p>Those early days in France were delightful to our men. The weather was
+perfect, their surroundings were novel, they had little to do, and they
+were surrounded by hosts of friends. "This isn't like war," said one of
+them; "it's just a bit of a holiday, with nothing to pay." All our
+soldiers were provided with a sheet of paper containing the French words
+and phrases which they were likely to need. As you may imagine, the
+attempts of some of the Tommies to speak French with this slender
+equipment were amusing in the extreme.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>And now, while our army is being rapidly carried by train to the front,
+where it is to form the extreme left of the Allied battle-line, let us
+learn something of its commander-in-chief, Field-Marshal Sir John
+French.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> The general public knew little of him before the war, but
+he has always been most popular in all branches of the service. In 1866
+he joined the navy as a cadet, and served as a midshipman for four
+years; but he gave up the sea in his twenty-second year, and obtained a
+commission in the 8th Hussars, because he wished to see active service,
+and there seemed little likelihood of naval warfare for a long time to
+come. He soon showed himself a keen cavalry officer, but he had to wait
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span>
+many years for the chance to draw his sword against an enemy. When
+General Gordon<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> was shut up in Khartum, Major French, as he was
+then, commanded the single cavalry squadron in the little army which was
+sent&mdash;alas! too late&mdash;to save him. Though the expedition was a failure,
+several desperate battles were fought, and Major French came home with a
+very good record. In 1885 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and later
+on was sent to India, where he made a great name as a leader of cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>When he joined the army most officers believed that the work of cavalry
+was to wait until the guns had shaken the enemy's infantry, and then to
+charge down upon it in a solid mass, and put it to flight. French did
+not think that this was the chief part which cavalry had to play in
+modern warfare. He believed that it ought to be the "eyes and ears" of
+the army, and that it should devote itself largely to scouting and to
+"feeling for the enemy." He trained his regiment on these lines, and
+though there were some of the "old school" who opposed him, he found a
+warm friend and supporter in the Duke of Connaught.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0332.jpg" width="682" height="380" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>British soldiers making friends with the people of Boulogne.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>By permission of the Illustrated London News.</i></h4>
+
+<p>It was during the South African War that General French was able to put
+his principles into practice, and by so doing he showed how valuable
+they were. He only just escaped being shut up in Ladysmith;<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> he left
+it by the last train to take charge of the cavalry division which
+relieved Kimberley,<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> stopped the retreat of Cronje at
+Paardeburg,<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> and entered Pretoria.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> His striking success in
+South Africa marked him out as the greatest of our cavalry leaders.
+Naturally we should expect him to be fond of horses. The charger which
+carried him through the South African War wore a medal round its neck,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>
+with a record of its services. When this charger died Sir john was much
+grieved, and he buried it under a memorial stone at Aldershot.</p>
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<img src="images/p0333.jpg" width="297" height="456" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<h3>Sir John French.</h3>
+
+<p>Those who know General French well tell us that he has real genius. When
+he has a problem to solve he seems more like a dreamer than a man of
+action. Suddenly, however, when he has fully grasped the situation, he
+springs to his feet, having fully made up his mind what he is going to
+do and how he is going to do it. He sketches out his plan in the fewest
+possible words, and frequently astonishes his staff by the daring and
+novelty of his plans. "Deeds, not words," is his motto, and he fully
+deserves his nickname, "Silent French." He loves his profession, and no
+general has ever been so ready to pay such generous tributes to those of
+his officers and men who deserve them. Amongst the rank and file he is
+known as "Johnny," and all of them know that their welfare is his chief
+concern. A chaplain at the front tells us that "no matter how hard he
+has worked during the day, he always tries to spend a little time in a
+field hospital at night with the wounded."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span>
+<p>Our French allies were delighted that Sir John French had been made
+commander-in-chief of the British army which was to fight side by side
+with them. Most of the leading French officers knew him well, and
+admired him greatly. They were specially pleased that his name was
+French, and they said that he must be a Frenchman by descent. When they
+discovered that he had Irish blood in his veins they found a new reason
+for giving him a hearty welcome. Many Irish soldiers, as you know, have
+fought bravely and died nobly for France. Before setting out for the
+front, he paid a flying visit to Paris, and was greeted with loud cheers
+by the Parisians who lined the streets in his honour.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>And now, while millions of men are grasping their rifles, ready for the
+first clash of arms in this gigantic struggle which will decide the fate
+of Europe, the first volume of this book comes to an end. The greatest
+story of the world has yet to be told&mdash;a story of strife on a scale far
+beyond the experiences of mankind, of combats so vast and long enduring
+that the battles of history seem in comparison but puny skirmishes, of
+slaughter that has horrified the watching world, and of heroisms that
+have thrilled it with pride.</p>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Troops to our Britain true</span>
+<span class="i2">Faring to Flanders,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;God be with all of you</span>
+<span class="i2">And your commanders.</span>
+&nbsp;
+<span class="i0">"Fending a little friend,</span>
+<span class="i2">Weak but unshaken&mdash;</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Quick! there's no time to spend,</span>
+<span class="i2">Or the fort's taken.</span>
+&nbsp;
+<span class="i0">"He hath his all at stake;</span>
+<span class="i2">More can have no man.</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Quick, ere the barrier break,</span>
+<span class="i2">On to the foeman.</span>
+&nbsp;
+<span class="i0">"Troops to this Britain true,</span>
+<span class="i2">And your commanders,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;God be with all of you</span>
+<span class="i2">Fighting in Flanders."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<br />
+<h3><span class="smcap">End of Volume</span> I.</h3>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Mes-s&#275;&acute;na</i>, town of Sicily on the Strait of Messina, which
+lies between the island of Sicily and the toe of Italy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The Great Powers are the leading nations of the world. They
+are rich in men and money, and keep up large armies or navies, or both.
+Great Britain, the United States of America, Germany, France, Russia,
+Austria-Hungary, Italy, and, since 1905, Japan, are the Great Powers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A letter sent by one government to another, referring to
+some matter which is in dispute between them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Ar-ma-ged&acute;on.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> People of partly Finnish and partly Turkish descent, now
+the ruling people in Hungary. There are nearly ten million people
+speaking the Magyar language.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Descended from the people who live in the north-east of
+Asia Minor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Bel-gr&#257;d&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Bos&acute;nia</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>Her-tse-go-v&#275;&acute;na</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Means the Ox Ford.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Dar-da-nelz&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Tre-es&acute;t&#257;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Sal-on-&#275;&acute;ka</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>E-j&#275;&acute;an</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Ra-goo&acute;za</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Mos&acute;tar</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Al-ba'nia</i>, a country on the coast of the Adriatic Sea to
+the south and west of Servia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Sa-ra-y&#257;&acute;vo</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> We speak of Servia and Servians, but it is more correct to
+say Serbia and Serbs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Kos&acute;so-vo</i>, battlefield to the west of Pristina. (See map
+on p. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Ve-en&acute;na</i>, called by the Austrians and Germans <i>Wien</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Shar-le-m&#257;n&acute;</i> (Charles the Great), became king of the
+Franks in 768, and reigned for forty-six years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Ish&acute;l</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Bo-he&acute;mi-a</i>, a kingdom in the north-west of the Austrian
+Empire fenced in by lofty mountains.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Ag-a-mem&acute;non</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>K&#299;&acute;ser</i>, a German form of C&aelig;sar, the name given to the
+Roman emperors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Former duchy of Germany, consisting of what is now
+W&uuml;rtemberg Baden, and South-west Bavaria.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> City of Bavaria, 90 miles north by west of M&#363;n&acute;ich, the
+capital.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Title given to certain princes of Germany because they had
+the right to <i>elect</i> the Emperor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Chief town of the province of Brandenburg, 16 miles west
+of Berlin. It contains a royal palace, and is practically the German
+Windsor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Born 1795, died 1881. A great writer of history and
+philosophy. His <i>History of Frederick the Great</i> was begun in 1852, and
+occupied him for thirteen years, during which he paid two visits to
+Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>M&auml;-r&#299;&acute;a Ter-e&acute;sa</i>, Queen of Hungary and German Empress;
+reigned from 1741 to 1780. She was the mother of Marie Antoinette
+(<i>ong-twa-net</i>), wife of Louis XVI. of France.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>S&#299;l-&#275;s&acute;i-a</i>, since 1742 a province of Prussia in the
+extreme south-east, between Poland and Bohemia. Most of it is in the
+basin of the Oder. It is very rich in iron, coal, and metals, and is an
+important manufacturing region.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Now a province of Prussia, stretching from the Netherlands
+east to the Elbe, and from the North Sea south to Westphalia and Hesse
+Nassau. It contains the following German ports&mdash;Emden, Harburg,
+Papenburg, and Wilhelmshaven. The town of Hanover, which still contains
+the favourite residence of George I. and George II., is 112 miles by
+rail south of Hamburg.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Kr&#257;&acute;k&#333;</i>, the old capital of Poland; stands on the left
+bank of the Vistula, in the Austrian crown land of Galicia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Ga-lish&acute;i-a</i>, crown land of Austria, on the north side of
+the Carpathians. Its north-west frontier is formed by the Vistula, and
+the eastern parts are drained by the Dniester, Pruth, and Sereth. The
+country is rich in petroleum, from which the spirit is made by which
+motors are propelled. As motors are now so largely used in war, the
+possession of Galicia is a great advantage to Austria and Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>S&#333;&acute;b&#275;-es&acute;k&#275;</i>, John III. of Poland; reigned from 1674 to
+1696.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> A form of government in which the head of the state is not
+a king, but a citizen elected by the people for a number of years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Mar-s&#257;-y&#257;z&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Roo-zh&#257;&acute; d&acute;l&#275;l&acute;</i> (1760-1836).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Capital of Alsace-Lorraine, on a small tributary of the
+Rhine. It became German in 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Mar-selz&acute;</i>, chief city of South France, on the Gulf of
+Lions, one of the two great ports (the other is Genoa) on the
+Mediterranean Sea.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Native of Corsica (<i>K&#333;r&acute;si-ka</i>), large French island, 110
+miles south of the coast of France. The chief town is Ajaccio, in which
+Napoleon's birthplace is still shown.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Too-lon&acute;</i>. French naval port, 42 miles east of
+Marseilles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> German town on the left bank of the Saale, 14 miles E.S.E.
+of Weimar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>N&#275;'men</i>, river rising in the Russian government of Minsk,
+and flowing to the Baltic Sea in East Prussia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Boo-l&#333;'ny</i>, town on the English Channel, connected with
+Folkestone by a daily cross-Channel service.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Old capital of Russia, on the Moskva, a tributary of the
+Oka, 390 miles south-east of Petrograd. Its huge citadel is called the
+Kremlin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> People living in the south and east of Russia who give
+military service to the Czar in return for the lands on which they live.
+They are very fierce and warlike, and are the best light cavalry in the
+Russian army.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>Byer-ye-z&#275;&acute;na</i>, tributary of the Dnieper, in the Minsk
+government of Russia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Met&acute;ter-nich</i>, chief minister of Austria from 1809 to
+1848.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Bl&#363;ch&acute;er</i>, field-marshal of Prussia; a very warlike,
+upright, and loyal man, but no great general. He hated Napoleon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Village, Prussia, 12 miles south of Berlin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Capital of the kingdom of Saxony, on the Elbe; a great
+centre of art and learning. It has given its name to a kind of
+porcelain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Small island (area 86 square miles) off west coast of
+Italy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>K&#257;-tr'br&#257;'</i>, village, 19 miles south-east of Brussels. It
+stands at cross-roads, whence its name (four arms).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>L&#275;'ny</i>, village, 25 miles south-east of Brussels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Village in Belgium, 11 miles south of Brussels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Island of the South Atlantic Ocean; area, 47 square miles.
+Napoleon was kept prisoner at Longwood.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Zoi&acute;der</i>, means south.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Cape of south-west Spain, at the entrance of the Strait of
+Gibraltar, memorable for Nelson's victory over the combined fleets of
+France and Spain (Oct. 21, 1805).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> German word meaning alliance or league.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Sax&acute;ony</i>, kingdom of South Germany, north of Bohemia. It
+is divided into two halves by the river Elbe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>V&uuml;r&acute;tem-berg</i>, kingdom of the German Empire, to the west
+of Bavaria. It is drained for the most part by the river Neckar
+(tributary of the Rhine) and its tributaries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ba-v&#257;&acute;ria</i>, kingdom of the German Empire, to the west and
+south-west of Bohemia. It still has its own king, and is the most
+independent part of the German Empire.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> An assembly for making laws.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Frank&acute;fort</i>, a city of Prussia, in the province of
+Hesse-Nassau, on the river Main, 22 miles above its junction with the
+Rhine. The German Diet met here from 1816 to 1866.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Succeeded to the throne on the death of his father in
+1840. He was born in 1795, and died in 1861.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> The famous hero in Swiss legend who refused to reverence
+the ducal hat of Austria, set up in 1307 at Altorf, and shot the apple
+off his son's head. He afterwards led the successful revolt against
+Austria.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Prussian statesman, born at Nassau in 1757; died in 1831.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Born 1803, died 1879. In 1859 he was appointed Prussian
+Minister of War.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Molt&acute;ka</i>, born 1800, died 1891.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> In Continental countries the "great general staff"
+consists of a body of officers, who form the thinking and directing head
+of the army.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> These duchies now form one Prussian province between the
+North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Through the province runs the Kaiser
+Wilhelm or Kiel Canal, which enables ships to pass from the North Sea to
+the Baltic Sea without rounding Denmark.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> The great battle which marked the downfall of Prussia (see
+page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> French order of merit founded by Napoleon in 1802. The
+emblem of the order is a five-rayed star of white enamel edged with
+gold, bearing on one side the image of the republic, with the
+inscription, <i>R&eacute;publique Fran&ccedil;aise</i>, and on the other side two flags,
+with the motto, <i>Honneur et Patrie</i>. It is crowned by a wreath of oak
+and laurel, and is hung from a red ribbon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Bo-h&#275;&acute;mi-a</i>, a kingdom in the north-west of the Austrian
+Empire. It is almost square in shape, and is shut in by lofty mountains.
+It is mainly drained by the Moldau, a tributary of the Elbe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>S&#257;&acute;do-wa</i>, village in Bohemia, 8 miles north-west of
+K&ouml;niggr&auml;tz (on the Elbe).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Ker&acute;nig-gr&#257;ts</i>, town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 65 miles
+east of Prague, the capital.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Son of the Emperor William I., born at Potsdam in 1831,
+and on the death of his father in 1888 became the Emperor Frederick
+III.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>K&#275;l</i>, seaport of Prussia, on a bay in the Baltic, near
+the Baltic end of the great Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, and 70 miles by rail
+north of Hamburg. It is the chief naval station of the German Empire.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Con&acute;cord</i>, peace and goodwill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Shans-e-lees-ay</i>, the Elysian fields; amongst the Greeks
+the abode of the blessed after death.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Mad&acute;lenn</i>, in honour of Mary Magdalene.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Tweel&acute;ree.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Ghee-nyol.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <i>Gil&acute;o-t&#275;n</i>, the beheading instrument, so called from its
+inventor, Joseph Ignace <i>Guillotin</i> (1738-1814).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> <i>L&#275;&acute;ong</i>, city of France, at the confluence of the Sa&ocirc;ne
+and the Rhone; the great centre of French silk manufacture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Fortified town of France, near the Belgian frontier, 66
+miles south-east of Calais. It is noted for the manufacture of linen,
+cotton, velvet, and woollen goods.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Roo-ong&acute;</i>, chief cotton port of France, on the Seine, 87
+miles by rail north-west of Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Bor-do&acute;</i>, port of France, on the Gironde, 60 miles from
+the sea; the great wine-exporting port.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> River of Germany, tributary of the Rhine, which it enters
+at Mainz.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> (1808-73). Son of Louis Napoleon, brother of Napoleon I.
+He was elected President of the French Republic in 1848, and on December
+2, 1852, after he had overthrown the Government by armed force, was
+proclaimed emperor as Napoleon III.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Kr&#299;&acute;me-a</i>, peninsula of Southern Russia, in which the
+British, French, and Turks fought the Russians (1854-6).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Watering-place of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 11 miles by rail
+east of Coblenz (at the confluence of the Rhine and its tributary the
+Moselle).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Called the mitrailleuse (<i>me-trah-yuse</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Fortified town of Lorraine, on the Moselle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Body of troops kept in hand to be called up when needed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> That branch of the army which handles the big guns.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Horse soldiers armed with sabres, carbines, and sometimes
+lances.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Br&#363;zh</i>, 63 miles north-west of Brussels, 8 miles inland
+from the North Sea, with which it is connected by two canals. From the
+12th to the 16th century Bruges was the largest business city of
+Northern Europe. It is now a quiet, quaint old city, with many ancient
+and interesting buildings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Sound the <i>g</i> hard; 32 miles north-west of Brussels, on
+the rivers Scheldt and Lys (<i>leese</i>). It is divided by canals into some
+forty islands, and has over two hundred bridges. Though it is now a
+manufacturing place, it preserves its ancient appearance, and is a most
+interesting city.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Ep&acute;r&acute;</i>, 32 miles by rail south-south-west of Bruges. Its
+Cloth Hall and St. Martin's Church date from the thirteenth century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Skelt</i>, rises in department Aisne, France, and enters
+the North Sea by two main channels formed by islands, the outermost of
+which is Walcheren. Length, 250 miles, 210 of which are navigable.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Rises in the French department of Pas de Calais, and
+flows north-east through Belgium, to join the Scheldt at Ghent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Rises in French department of Haute Marne, flows mainly
+north-east, north, north-west, and west for 500 miles. In Holland it
+joins the left arm of the Rhine. The river is navigable from the sea to
+Verdun, some 135 miles from its source.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Town on right bank of the Meuse, 17 miles by rail south
+by east of Namur. In the fifteenth century it was a busy manufacturing
+town, but prior to the war was a quiet tourist resort. The citadel
+stands on a cliff 300 feet above the river.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Na-mur&acute;</i>, strongly fortified town, at the confluence of
+the Sambre and Meuse. The citadel stands on a height in the angle
+between the rivers, and the place was, before the war, encircled by nine
+forts on high ground, from 3 to 5 miles apart.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>S&#257;n'br&acute;</i>, tributary of the Meuse. It rises in French
+department of Aisne, and becomes navigable 19 miles from its source.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <i>Le-&#257;zh&acute;</i>, 50 miles east by south of Brussels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <i>Ar-den&acute;</i>, wooded hill region between the Meuse and the
+Moselle; general elevation, 1,800 feet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> State of taking no part on either of two sides. Belgium,
+by treaty, must never take sides in any war that is waged, and the Great
+Powers guarantee that she shall not be conquered. She can, of course,
+resist an invader.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Independent Grand Duchy (area 997 sq. m.) between France,
+Belgium, and Germany. It forms a low plateau, and is drained by the
+Moselle and its tributary the Sauer. Mining and iron smelting are the
+chief occupations of the people.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>V&#333;zh.</i> You will see their position on the map. The
+highest point (4,680 ft.) is at the south end. The western slopes of the
+mountains are thickly wooded, and the valleys give pasturage to many
+cattle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>B&#257;l</i>, largest and richest town of Switzerland, on the
+north bank of the Rhine, where it sweeps eastward.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>Lor-r&#257;n&acute;, &#257;l-s&auml;s&acute;.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <i>Say.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Born 1856; died 1879. After 1870 he lived with his mother
+at Chislehurst in Kent, and entered the Royal Military Academy at
+Woolwich.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Zar&acute;br&#363;k-en</i>, on left bank of Saar, 38 miles east of
+Metz, in a coal-mining district.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>V&#299;s&acute;en-boorg</i>, 33 miles north-east of Strassburg.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Born 1808; died 1893. He was made duke and field-marshal
+after saving the day at Magenta (see p. <a href="#Page_89">88</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Vaert</i>, village, 12 miles south of Weissenburg.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> From Algeria (<i>Al-j&#275;&acute;ri-a</i>), African colony of France
+fronting the Mediterranean Sea, inhabited chiefly by Moors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Fross-ar</i>, born 1807; died 1875. He had been a colonel
+in the Crimean War.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>St&#299;n&acute;mets</i>, born 1796; died 1877. Was in command of the
+Prussian army which gained victories over the Austrians in 1866.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Baz-ane&acute;</i>, born 1811; died 1888. Marshal of France;
+previously saw service in Algeria, Spain, Italy, Morocco, the Crimea and
+Mexico. In 1873 he was denounced as a traitor and sentenced to death,
+but let off with twenty years' imprisonment. In August 1874 he escaped
+to Madrid, where he died.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>Sha-lon</i>, on the Marne, 92 miles east of Paris. The camp
+(45 sq. m.) is 12 miles north of the town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Called by the French the battle of Borny; village 2&frac12;
+miles from Metz.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>V&#257;r-dun&acute;</i>, town and fortress of France on right bank of
+the Meuse; 35 miles by rail west of Metz.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Grav&acute;lot</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Reh-zon-veel&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Nine miles north-west of Metz.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> One of the seven archangels, considered to be the
+guardian of Israel.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <i>Seh-don&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Gee-von&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>V&#257;r-sa&acute;y&acute;</i>, French town, 11 miles south-west of Paris,
+containing a famous palace of Louis XIV., said to have cost
+&pound;40,000,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>Jofr</i>, born 1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Born 1850.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Mah&acute;di</i>, false prophet of the Mohammedans, who preached
+a holy war in the Sudan, that part of Africa south of Egypt and the
+Sahara. He was conquered by a British and Egyptian force at Omdurman in
+1885.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <i>D&#333;-d&#257;&acute;</i>, born 1840, died 1897, one of the greatest
+French novelists of the later nineteenth century. He has been compared,
+not unjustly, with Dickens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Children, Cooking, Church.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> <i>L&#275;&acute;ber</i>, dear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> For the story of how part of Poland was included in
+Prussia, see p. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <i>Boo&acute;d&acute;ha</i>, the founder of a religion largely professed
+in Tibet, parts of N. India, Ceylon, Burma, China, and Japan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The danger arising from the growing power of the Yellow
+peoples, chiefly the Chinese and Japanese.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> <i>Land&acute;vair</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> The Sultan of Turkey is the religious head of Mohammedans
+throughout the world.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>K&#333;&acute;ni-&#257;</i>, town, Asia Minor, about 300 m. east of
+Smyrna.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Town of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Town on the Shat-el-Arab, 70 m. from the Persian Gulf.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> So called from the colour of its cover. It contains State
+documents explaining how the war arose.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Country of N. Africa. In 1911 the Germans made a treaty
+with France, by which they agreed to let the French rule Morocco as a
+protectorate in return for territory in the French Congo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Born 1875, nephew of Leopold, King of the Belgians, whom
+he succeeded in 1909. He is a student, has travelled widely, and is
+greatly interested in improving the lot of his people. He is very
+popular with all classes of his subjects. The Socialists, of whom there
+are many in Belgium, say that when Belgium becomes a republic Albert
+will be their first president. His wife, Elizabeth, is a princess of
+Bavaria; she has qualified as an oculist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Since the war began its name has been changed to
+Petrograd.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Born 1862. He was Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs
+from 1892 to 1895, and became Foreign Secretary in Dec. 1905.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Herr von Jagow (Ya-go), born 1863. He is a close personal
+friend of the Kaiser's, and has been the German Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs since 1913.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Bethmann-Hollweg (<i>Betman-Holvech</i>), born 1856. He has
+been Chancellor&mdash;that is, chief minister of the German Empire&mdash;since
+1909.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Born 1847. In 1905 he became ambassador at Vienna, but
+was transferred to Berlin in 1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> France has colonies in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and
+certain islands of America, comprising in all an area of more than 4&frac12;
+million square miles, with an estimated population of 41 millions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> The rate which the Bank of England charges for giving
+ready money for a legal promise to pay money at a future date. The rise
+of the bank rate shows that money is scarce; its fall, that money is
+plentiful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Sailors who have left the Navy, but must return to it
+when required to do so.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> The Territorials are citizen soldiers from 17 to 35 years
+of age, who enlist for four years, and may be required to serve in any
+part of the United Kingdom, but not out of it without their own consent.
+They must put in a certain number of drills each year, and attend an
+annual camp. At the outbreak of war they numbered about 250,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> <i>Lon-wee&acute;</i>, fortified town of France on the Belgian
+border, called by Louis the Fourteenth the "iron gate of France."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> <i>See-ra-lay-Forge</i>, manufacturing town in France, 33
+miles east of Nancy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> In the House of Commons the party or parties which
+support the Government sit on the Speaker's right; the party or parties
+which oppose the Government sit on the Speaker's left.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Those Irishmen who desire Home Rule for Ireland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Residence of the German Ambassador in London. It was in
+Carlton House Terrace.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Born 1859. He has been in the Navy since 1872, and has
+seen service in Egypt, and in China where he was wounded. When called to
+take chief command of the Fleet he was Second Sea Lord at the Admiralty,
+the headquarters of the Navy in Whitehall, London.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Destroyers are fast warships, smaller than cruisers, and
+are meant to act against torpedo boats of the enemy. They also engage in
+scouting and patrol work. Some of them have a speed of more than 40
+knots, and carry 105 men. All are armed with quick-firing guns and
+torpedoes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> War vessels built mainly for speed. They were originally
+used for scouting, but nowadays they are little inferior in strength and
+gun power to battleships. A battle cruiser is really a battleship with
+high speed. The <i>Lion</i>, for example, has a tonnage of 26,350 tons, and
+steams over 30 miles an hour. She carries eight 13.5-inch guns, and
+sixteen 4-inch guns. The <i>Lion</i>, the <i>Tiger</i>, the <i>Queen Mary</i>, and the
+<i>Princess Royal</i> are the most powerful battle cruisers in existence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Am-f&#299;&acute;on.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> For diagram see p. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Quoted from "First Lessons in War," by Spenser
+Wilkinson.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Born 1761, died 1842. He invented shrapnel in 1787, and
+it was first employed by the British in 1804. Some of our victories in
+the Peninsular War were largely won by means of it, and it played an
+important part in the battle of Waterloo. The Prussians first used it in
+1864.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Millimetre. A millimetre is 1/1000 of a metre (3-1/3
+ft.). Seventy-five millimetres is about three inches. This is the bore
+or <i>calibre</i> of the gun.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Apparatus for signalling by flashing the sun's rays.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> The Austrian Switzerland, north of Italy and east of
+Switzerland. Its capital is Innsbr&uuml;ck, on the Inn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Belgian West Africa, mainly drained by the Congo and
+covering an area of some 800,000 square miles. It was explored by H.
+M. Stanley on behalf of Leopold, King of the Belgians, and became his
+property with the consent of the Great Powers. In 1889 Leopold
+bequeathed it to Belgium, and it was taken over by that country in
+1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>Br&#275;-&auml;l-mon&acute;</i>, Henry Alexis, Belgian military engineer;
+born 1821, died 1903. The works which he planned along the Meuse were
+completed after his death.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>&#256;ks-la-sh&auml;-pel&acute;</i>, or <i>&Auml;ch&acute;en</i>, ancient city of Prussia,
+formerly the capital of Charlemagne, forty miles west-south-west of
+Cologne.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> <i>Mal-may-de</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>St&auml;&acute;ve-lot</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>V&#257;r-vi-&#257;&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>Vee-z&#257;&acute;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> River of Belgium; after a north and west course of fifty
+miles joins the Nethe to form the Rupel, four miles north-west of
+Malines.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Citizen soldiers for the defence of a town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Lay-man</i>, born 1852; one of Belgium's most scientific
+soldiers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>Flair-on</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <i>Sh&#333;d-fon-taine</i>, means warm spring.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> French for <i>behold!</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Born 1848; said to have been killed in a subsequent
+action.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Under the will of Cecil Rhodes, a former Premier of Cape
+Colony, a sum of money was set aside to send colonial students to the
+University of Oxford. In addition, Oxford scholarships were founded for
+two students from each of the states of the United States and for
+fifteen students from Germany. The students were not to be merely
+bookworms, but clever youths, manly, truthful, upright, and successful
+in outdoor sports.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> On active service soldiers are supplied with compressed
+food which they may only eat when they cannot otherwise obtain supplies.
+In the British army the emergency ration is kept in a small sealed tin
+cylinder about five inches long. It consists of a cake of beef and a
+tablet of cocoa paste.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Ton&acute;gr</i>. For this and other Belgian names, see map on
+page <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> German Lancers. The name comes from a Polish word derived
+from the Turkish.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Seaport and first-class fortress, capital of province of
+West Prussia, 3 miles from the Baltic Sea and 285 miles by rail
+north-east of Berlin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> So called from the cross which the Crusaders wore when
+they set out to free the Holy Land from the infidel. The First Crusade
+was preached in 1095, and lasted from 1096 to 1099.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Ruled over Hungary, with his capital at Budapest. Became
+King of the Huns, 434 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>; died of intemperance, 453.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> An idyll is a story poem. The king is Arthur, who "in
+twelve great battles overcame the heathen hordes, and made a realm and
+reigned."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Born 1478, died 1535; became Lord Chancellor of England.
+Was beheaded by Henry VIII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Means "Nowhere" (written 1516).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Born 1466, died 1536; a native of Antwerp, and the
+greatest scholar and critic of his age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Born 1466, died 1530. His best pictures are in Antwerp.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Fought in Germany between 1618 and 1648.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> The chief officer of a Dutch or Belgian town; the mayor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Go-b'lan&acute;</i>, so called from Gilles Gobelin, a famous
+tapestry maker of Paris in the fifteenth century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Sir Anthony Van Dyck, born 1599, died 1641. Many of his
+best portraits are to be found in private galleries in England.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Peter Paul Rubens, born 1577, died 1640; the greatest
+painter of the Flemish school.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> The home of the Army Council and of the Headquarters
+Staff in Whitehall, London. The Army Council completely controls the
+army. At the head of it is the Secretary of State for War, who is a
+member of one of the Houses of Parliament and of the Cabinet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> So called because raised by Lord Strathcona (1820-1914)
+who rose from a clerk in the Hudson Bay Company to be head of the
+company and High Commissioner for Canada. The construction of the
+Canadian Pacific Railway was almost entirely due to him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> City of Saskatchewan, Canada; 400 miles west of Winnipeg,
+on the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Chief city and commercial capital of Canada, on the St.
+Lawrence, Province of Quebec.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Town, Canada, Province of Alberta; on the Canadian
+Pacific Railway, 2,262 miles west of Montreal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Capital of Ontario, Canada; second city of the Dominion;
+on north-west shore of Lake Ontario.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Town, 60 miles south-west of Toronto.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> An over-great love of war.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, born 1874, First Lord
+of the Admiralty since 1911. He first became a minister in 1906.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Val-kar-ty&#257;&acute;.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Capital of Province of Quebec, on north bank of St.
+Lawrence, 145 miles north-east of Montreal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Parish priest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> James Wolfe (1727-59) defeated the French on the Heights
+of Abraham, to the west of Quebec, and by this victory won Canada for
+the British. He is referred to in the first verse of "The Maple Leaf,"
+Canada's national song, which runs as follows:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In days of yore from Britain's shore</span>
+<span class="i2">Wolfe, the dauntless hero, came,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;And planted firm Britannia's flag</span>
+<span class="i2">On Canada's fair domain!</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Here may it wave, our boast, our pride;</span>
+<span class="i2">And joined in love together,</span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;The Thistle, Shamrock, Rose entwine</span>
+<span class="i2">The Maple Leaf for ever!"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Opposite to Quebec, on the other side of the river.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> To the east of Point Levis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Seaman of Devonshire, a relation of Sir Walter Raleigh,
+whom he assisted in founding Virginia. In 1591 he engaged a whole
+Spanish fleet with his single ship the <i>Revenge</i>, and was fatally
+wounded in the fight.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. He took possession of
+Newfoundland (1583), but went down in the <i>Golden Hind</i> on the return
+voyage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Served under Drake, and fought against the Spanish
+Armada. Perished in the Arctic Ocean, 1594.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Francis Drake (1540-1596), the greatest of English
+admirals, the first Englishman to sail round the world (1577-1580). He
+singed the King of Spain's beard in 1587, and fought against the Spanish
+Armada (1588).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Group of twenty coral islands in the Indian Ocean, 700
+miles south-west of Sumatra. They produce cocoanuts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> German protectorate on the east coast of the Chinese
+province of Shantung. It was seized from China in 1897. The port is
+Tsing-tau. The Japanese first attacked this place on August 23, and
+declared that at the end of the war they would give it up to China.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Largest city of New Zealand, in a fine harbour in the
+north of North Island.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Tall, brown-skinned natives of New Zealand. They are a
+clever, cheerful race, very fond of games, riding, and feasting. Some of
+them visited this country in 1889, as members of a New Zealand football
+team.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Louis Botha, born 1863, first Prime Minister of the Union
+of South Africa.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Dutch farmers of what was formerly the South African
+Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> On August 7, 1914, the Prince of Wales founded a National
+Fund to relieve distress brought about by the war. He was its first
+treasurer, and he generously offered to pay the whole cost incurred in
+working the fund. Early in December 1914 it had reached &pound;4,000,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Close them up in ranks. The verses are adapted from W. E.
+Henley's "A New Song to an Old Tune."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> The Land of the Five Rivers, on the north-west frontier
+of India.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Independent state of India, on the southern slopes of the
+Himalayas. It includes Mount Everest, the highest mountain of the
+world.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Members of a secret society in China with the cry, "China
+for the Chinese." The German minister at Peking was murdered, and
+foreigners were besieged, and an expedition, in which British, French,
+Germans, Russians, Americans, and Japanese took part, relieved them
+(August 1900). China was forced to pay 64 millions of money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Native state of Madras, India; about as large as
+Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Native state of Central India; nearly twice as large as
+Wales.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Part of the Indian Empire, to the south of Afghanistan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> The high priest and ruler of Tibet, and the head of the
+religion known as Lamaism. He lives at Lhassa, the capital of Tibet, a
+country of Central Asia north of the Himalayas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Aga Sultan Mohammed Shah, born 1875. He is a man of lofty
+character and great influence. He attended the coronation of Edward VII.
+as a guest of the nation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Ruler of Kashmir, the most northerly state of India.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Both these generals were born in 1846.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Surround them with troops, and thus form a screen behind
+which other troops can advance to engage the enemy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Province of Belgium, between the Meuse and the Scheldt,
+with Brussels as its chief town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Born 1713, died 1768. "Tristram Shandy" fills out nine
+volumes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Besieged in 1695.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough, born 1650,
+died 1722, was one of the most brilliant of British soldiers. He was
+sent to Flanders to protect Holland against French invasion, and in
+1702-3 seized the line of the Meuse. Afterwards he joined Prince Eug&egrave;ne
+on the Danube, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Franco-Bavarian
+armies at Blenheim, 1705.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Born 1811, died 1863. "Vanity Fair" and "Esmond" are his
+two greatest novels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Born 1816, died 1855. Her other great novel is "Jane
+Eyre."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> <i>Flam&acute;-b&#333;</i>, flaming torches.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> A disguise for the face worn during revels.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> "The Watch on the Rhine."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> It was written by Hoffmann von Fallenleben at Heligoland
+in 1841. There is a monument to the composer in Heligoland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> German name for the Niemen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Tributary of the Po, North Italy. The sea is the Baltic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Sovereign duchy of the German Empire, chiefly surrounded
+by the provinces of Hanover, Saxony, and Westphalia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Named after the Prussian general Zieten (<i>ts&#277;t'en</i>), who
+gained great renown in the wars of Frederick the Great.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Persons left with the enemy as pledges that certain
+conditions will be fulfilled.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> <i>Rex et Imperator</i>, Latin for "King and Emperor." Our
+King is also Emperor of India.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> The English come.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Born 1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Governor of the Sudan. He defended Khartum, at the
+junction of the Blue and White Niles, for several months against the
+followers of the Mahdi, and was killed by them two days before the
+relieving force came in sight of Khartum (1885).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Town of Natal, on the Klip River; besieged by the Boers
+from November 2, 1899, to February 25, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Diamond-mining centre of British South Africa, 646 miles
+by rail north-east of Cape Town. It was besieged by the Boers from
+October 15, 1899, to February 16, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Thirty miles south-east of Kimberley, on the Modder
+River. The Boer leader Cronje was here forced to surrender with 4,000
+men, February 27, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Capital of the Transvaal. It surrendered to Lord Roberts
+on June 5, 1900.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<br /><br />
+<b>Transcriber's Notes:</b><br />
+original hyphenation, spelling and grammar have been preserved as in the original<br />
+Contents, page number for Chapter 1 changed from 3 to 1<br />
+Page 1, "hurried into eternity" changed to "hurried into eternity,"<br />
+Page 24, "Photo, Cribb" changed to "Photo, Cribb."<br />
+Page 27, "Photo, Ernest Brooks" changed to "Photo, Ernest Brooks."<br />
+Page 36, "Photo, Topical Press" changed to "[Photo, Topical Press."<br />
+Page 55, "lie bleeding" changed to "lie bleeding?"<br />
+Page 107, "guardian of Israel" changed to "guardian of Israel."<br />
+Page 135, "his weapon" changed to "His weapon"<br />
+Page 292, "large as Wales" changed to "large as Wales."<br />
+Page 303, "give M Max" changed to "give M. Max"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
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+  </body>
+</html>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:03:30 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:03:30 -0700
commit	c2f1717604741b6a98e43756fbc06155b73c7f3b (patch)
tree	efd7f02ffa07a8cd232b797338c1ce0cbafcdaa4 /35310-h