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diff --git a/35015.txt b/35015.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..adaa46c --- /dev/null +++ b/35015.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3143 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Wrinkles in Electric Lighting + +Author: Vincent Stephen + +Release Date: January 20, 2011 [EBook #35015] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lame and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + + +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | | + | TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES | + | | + | * Some minor typographical errors corrected. | + | * Inconsistencies in spelling and lay-out have not been corrected. | + | * Italics are represented between underscores as in _italics_. | + | * Bold faced type is represented as in =bold face=. | + | * Sidenotes from the original work have been deleted from this | + | e-text, since their sheer number made reading the text difficult.| + | The section titles given in the Table of Contents are the same | + | as the original sidenotes. | + | | + +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + WRINKLES + IN + ELECTRIC LIGHTING. + + + + + WRINKLES + IN + ELECTRIC LIGHTING. + + BY + + VINCENT STEPHEN. + + [Illustration] + + E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON. + + NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET. + + 1888. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +In the following pages it is my intention to give engineers on board +ship, who may be put in charge of electric lighting machinery without +having any electrical knowledge, some idea of the manner in which +electricity is produced by mechanical means; how it is converted into +light; what precautions must be used to keep the plant in order, and +what to do in the event of difficulties arising. I do not therefore aim +at producing a literary work, but shall try and explain everything in +the plainest language possible. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS. PAGE + + Production of electric current in chemical battery--Current very + weak--Current compared to circulation of the blood--Strength and + volume of current--Pressure not sufficient without volume--Action + of current is instantaneous--Resistance to the passage of the + current--Copper the usual metal for conductors--Heat produced by + current when wire is too small 1 + + + PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS. + + _Magneto-Electric Machines._ + + Current produced by mechanical means--Alternating current-- + Magneto-electric machines--Shock produced by interruption of + current--The current must be commutated--Description of + commutator--Current, though alternating in the dynamo, is + continuous in the circuit--Continuous current used for + electro-plating 5 + + _Dynamo-Electric Machines._ + + Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar--Permanent magnet-- + Electro-magnet--Where the magneto and dynamo machines differ-- + Armature of so-called continuous-current dynamo--Type of + commutator--Commutator brushes--Current continuous in the + circuit--Alternating-current dynamos--Current not commutated-- + Intense magnetic field produced--Simplicity of Ferranti armature-- + Large number of alternations of the current--Alternating current + cannot be used to excite an electro-magnet--Exciter coupled on + to same spindle as dynamo--Power of exciter if used alone 9 + + + ELECTRIC LAMPS. + + Production of electric light--Arc lights--Mechanism to regulate + carbons--Some lamps suitable for alternating current--When + carbons are consumed, light goes out--Arc lamps very complicated-- + Jablochkoff candles--Arc formed between the carbons--Candles + require alternating current--Incandescent lamps--Vacuum formed + in lamps prevents combustion--Vacuum not perfect--Advantages of + incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting--Unaffected by + wind, and suitable for either continuous or alternating currents 19 + + + LEADS. + + Leads made usually of copper wire--Short circuit--High E.M.F. for + arc lights, but low for incandescent--Arc lights in series-- + Incandescent lamps in parallel circuit--E.M.F. same for one lamp + as for a number--If lamps suitable, each one turns on and off + separately--Safety fuses 24 + + + SHIP LIGHTING. + + Position for dynamo--Dynamo to be kept clean and cool--Quick-speed + engines--Slow-speed engines with belts--Means of keeping belt on + the pulley--Engine must work steadily--A good sensitive governor + wanted--The belt must be kept tight--A handy belt-stretcher-- + Friction gearing--Switch board near dynamo--Leads of different + colours--Main leads and branch leads--Lamps held in frosted + globes--Switches for each lamp--Lamps of various candle-powers-- + Plan for lighting quarter-deck at times--Arrangement of + temporary leads--Leads and lamps always ready, and easily fixed + up--Lighting of ships' holds--Danger of fire with oil lamps--Arc + lamps not suitable--Arrangement of leads for incandescent lamps-- + Work carried on better, and pilfering of cargo prevented--Hold + leads disconnected while at sea--Installation complete--Lights + wanted as night approaches--Precautions before starting dynamo-- + Lubrication must be perfect--Commutators and collectors require + very little oil--Position of brushes--Start the engine--Switches + not turned on; no current except from exciter--Testing work + of exciter--Dynamos very powerful magnets--Look out for your + watches--Switch on the lamps--Current is produced in large dynamo-- + Difference of a few lamps compensated by governor--Turn all + lamps on, and light up gradually--Inequality of light in different + lamps--Weeding out of bad lamps--Lamps not to be run too bright-- + No trouble with dynamo if oiling is attended to--Seizing--Oil + must be thin--The dynamo must be kept clean--Little troubles with + the lamps--No safety fuse--Effects of vibration of ship on lamps-- + What to look to if a lamp is out.--Recapitulation--A current of + 50 volts is hardly felt--Incandescent lights for side lights-- + Mast-head light--Arc light should never be used--Present mast-head + light quite powerful enough--On passenger steamers, side one + blaze of light, and side lights barely visible--Speed of dynamo + constant, but steam power used in proportion to number of lamps + in use--No danger to life from electric current on board ship-- + Binnacle lamps. Electric light not suitable--Dynamo if near a + compass will affect it--Notes 27 + + + + +WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. + +THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.] + +It will first be necessary to explain how electric currents are produced +by means of chemicals. In a jar A, Fig. 1, are placed two plates B and +C, one zinc, and the other copper, each having connected to it at the +top a copper wire of any convenient length. The plates are kept in +position by means of pieces of wood, and the jar is about half filled +with a solution of salt and water, or sulphuric acid and water; if then +the two wires are joined, a current of electricity at once flows through +them, however long they may be. The current produced in this manner is +very weak, and does not even keep what strength it has for any length of +time, but rapidly gets weaker until quite imperceptible. The current +is, however, continuous; that is, it flows steadily in the one direction +through the wire, and may be used for ringing bells, or for other +purposes where a feeble current only is required to do intermittent +work. The wire E in connection with the copper plate is called the +positive lead, and the other the negative, and the current is said to +flow from the copper plate, through the wire E through the circuit to D, +and thence to the zinc plate, and through the liquid to the copper +plate. The current has often been compared to water flowing through a +pipe, but I think it can be better compared to the blood in the human +body, which through the action of the heart is continually forced +through the arteries and veins in one steady stream. There is, however, +this difference, that there is no actual progression of matter in the +electric current, it being like a ripple on water, which moves from end +to end of a lake without the water itself being moved across. Now that I +have given you an idea of how the current acts, I must try and explain +how different degrees of strength and volume are obtained. In the first +place, let us consider what constitute strength and volume in an +electric current, or at least try and get a general notion about them. +For this purpose I shall compare the electric current to water being +forced through a pipe; and the strength of the electric current, or +electromotive force, written for short E.M.F., will be like the pressure +of water at any part of the pipe. Two pipes may carry different +quantities of water, and yet the pressure may be the same in each; in +one a gallon of water may pass a given point in the same time that a +pint passes the same point in the other, and yet in each case the +different quantities may pass that point at the same speed. Thus in +electricity, two currents may be of different volume or quantity, +measured in amperes, and yet be of the same E.M.F. measured in volts; or +they may be of different E.M.F., or pressure, or intensity, and yet be +of the same volume. If any work is to be done by the water forced +through a pipe, such as turning a turbine, it is evident that pressure +of itself is not sufficient, seeing that a stream an inch in diameter +may be at the same pressure as another a foot in diameter. So with the +electric current, if work is to be done, such as driving a motor or +lighting a lamp, it is not sufficient to have a certain E.M.F.; there +must be quantity or volume in proportion to the amount of work, so that +if it takes a given quantity to work one lamp, it will take twice that +quantity to work two lamps of the same kind. It must not be inferred +from this, that if one lamp requires a certain E.M.F., that two lamps +will require it to be doubled, as such is not the case, except under +certain conditions which I will explain later on. + +The action of electricity is practically instantaneous in any length of +wire, so that if the current is used to ring two bells a mile apart, +but connected by wires, they will commence to ring simultaneously. I +have so far not said anything about resistance to the passage of the +current through the wires. I shall therefore refer again to our +comparison of the current to water forced through a pipe, and you will +agree that a certain sized pipe will only convey a certain amount of +water in a given time. If a larger quantity is to be conveyed in the +same time, a greater pressure must be applied, or a larger pipe must be +used. + +It is evident that increasing the size of the pipe will get over the +difficulty more readily than increasing the pressure of the water. The +pipes themselves offer a certain resistance to the passage of the water +through them, in the shape of friction; so that if an effect is to be +produced at a distance, rather more pressure is required than if it is +done close at hand, so as to make up for the loss sustained by friction. + +Much the same may be said of the electric current; a certain sized wire +will only carry a certain current, and if more current is required, a +thicker wire must be used to convey it, or it must be of a greater +E.M.F. It is usually more convenient to increase the thickness of the +wire than to increase the E.M.F. of the current. The wire offers a +certain resistance to the passage of the current through it, which may +be compared to friction, and this resistance varies according to the +metal of which it is composed. Copper is the metal in ordinary use for +wires for electric lighting purposes, and the purer it is the better +will it convey the current. Iron is used for telegraph wires on account +of cheapness, the current used being so small that this metal conveys it +readily enough; if copper were used, the wires will only require to be +about one-third the diameter of the iron ones. The following are the +respective values for electrical conductivity of various metals when +pure, taking silver as a standard:--Silver 100, copper 99.9, gold 80, +zinc 29, brass 22, iron 16.8, tin 13.1, lead 8.3, mercury 1.6. + +If a wire is made to convey a current which is too large for its +electrical capacity, it will get heated, which decreases its +conductivity, with the result that the heat increases until finally the +wire fuses. I shall have more to say about this when speaking of +electric lighting. + + + + +PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS. + + +_Magneto-electric Machines._ + +I have shown how the electric current is produced by the action of +chemical or primary batteries, and how this current will flow through +suitable conductors. I shall now explain how mechanical power may be +converted into electricity. It has been found that if a wire, preferably +of copper, of which the ends are joined together, is moved past a magnet +a current is induced in the wire, flowing in one direction while the +wire is approaching the magnet, and in the opposite direction while it +is receding from it. This is then not a continuous current like we +obtained from the chemical battery, but an alternating one, and you will +see later on how it can be made to produce similar effects. The oftener +the wire passes the magnet the more electricity is generated, so that if +we make a coil of the wire and move a large number of parts of wire past +at one time, the effects on each part are accumulated; and if instead of +having one magnet to pass before, we have several, the effects will be +doubled or trebled, &c., in proportion to the number. If, again, the +coil is moved at an increased speed past the magnets, the effects will +be still further increased. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.] + +The knowledge of these facts led to the construction of the various +magneto-electric machines, of which a familiar type is seen in those +small ones used for medical purposes. They contain a large horse-shoe +magnet, close to the end of which two bobbins of copper wire are made to +revolve at a high speed, and all who have used these machines know that +the more quickly they turn the handle the greater shock the person +receives who is being operated upon. The current generated is really +very feeble, the shock being produced by interrupting it at every half +revolution by means of a small spring or other suitable mechanism. If +the current is not so interrupted, it cannot be felt at all, which may +be proved by lifting up the spring on the spindle of the ordinary kind. +The current is an alternating one, and changes its direction throughout +the circuit, however extended it may be, at every half revolution. If it +is required to have a continuous current, use must be made of what is +termed a commutator, and I shall endeavour to explain the manner in +which it acts as simply as possible. Without going into any further +details as to the construction of the bobbins, and their action at any +particular moment, I shall content myself with saying that if the wire +on the two bobbins is continuous, and the ends are connected, the +current will flow one way during half a revolution, and the other way +during the other half. Now, in Fig. 2, on the spindle A on which the +bobbins are fixed, is fitted a split collar formed of two halves B and +C, to which are joined respectively the ends of the wires + and -. This +collar is insulated from the spindle by a suitable insulating material, +that is to say, a material which does not conduct electricity, such as +wood, ivory, &c., and is represented in Fig. 2 by the dark parts D. So +far the circuit is not complete, so that however quickly you turn the +machine no current is produced. If, however, some means is employed for +joining B and C by a conductor, the alternating current is produced as +before. In Fig. 3, I show a section through B A C. On a base E made of +wood, are fixed two metal springs F and G, which are made to press +against B and C respectively; wires are connected at H and K, which, +joined together, complete the circuit. A continuous current is said to +be + or positive where it leaves a battery, and - or negative where it +returns; it will be convenient to use these signs and terms in the +following explanation. At one portion of the revolution the spindle will +be in the position shown in Fig. 3, and the + current is flowing into B, +through F, to the terminal H, thence through the circuit to the terminal +K, through G to C, and so back through the - wire to the bobbins of the +machine. In Fig. 4 the spindle has made a half revolution, bringing B in +contact with G, and C with F. But by this half turn the current is +reversed in the bobbins, and the + current flows into C, through F, to +terminal H as before, and through the circuit to K, through G and B, +back to the bobbins. Thus you see that in the circuit the current will +be always in the same direction, or continuous, although in the bobbins +it is alternating, and may be used for any purpose for which a +continuous current is required, such as electro-plating, &c. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.] + +There are various forms of the magneto-electric machines, as well as of +commutators, but the foregoing shows the general principle of them all. + + +_Dynamo-electric Machines._ + +It will now be necessary to explain the nature of a dynamo-electric +machine, called, for shortness, a dynamo, and to show in what it +differs from a magneto-electric machine. + +I have explained how an electric current is produced by a wire passing +in front of a magnet; now, this magnet may either be of the ordinary +kind, or it may be what is termed an electro-magnet. One of the effects +which electricity can be made to produce is the magnetising of steel +bars to form the ordinary and well-known permanent magnets which are +used in ships' compasses, &c. To produce this effect, part of the wire +in a circuit is made into a spiral as in Fig. 5. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.] + +The steel rod to be magnetised is placed within the spiral, and a +continuous current of electricity is then sent through the wire, which +causes the rod to become magnetised with a North pole at one end, and a +South pole at the other. The more current is passed through the circuit, +and the more turns are in the spiral, the more quickly and strongly is +the rod magnetised; and it will retain its magnetism for an indefinite +time if made of suitable steel. There is a point at which the metal is +said to be saturated with magnetism, and the strength it has then +acquired will be that which it will retain afterwards, although while +under the influence of the current that strength may be considerably +exceeded. If instead of a steel rod one of iron is placed in the +spiral, and the current is passed through as before, it will be +magnetised in the same manner; but as soon as the current is stopped, +the rod loses almost all its magnetism, and if the current is then +passed in the opposite direction the rod will be magnetised in the +opposite way. The softer and more homogeneous is the iron, the more +instantaneously will it acquire and lose its magnetism, and the greater +strength of magnetism it is able to acquire. An iron bar, round which +are wound a large number of turns of insulated or covered wire, +constitutes an electro-magnet. The difference then between a +magneto-electric and a dynamo-electric machine is, that in the former +permanent magnets are used, and in the latter electro-magnets take their +place. I do not intend to go into particulars as to the construction of +the various dynamos in present use, as there are many books to be had in +which these machines are fully described. I need merely say that in the +so-called continuous-current dynamos, the whole or part of the current +produced is made to pass through the coils of the electro-magnets, thus +inducing in them the required magnetism. I showed how, in the +magneto-electric machine, the currents are collected by means of a +commutator, and it is evident that in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 there might be +separate wires coming from each bobbin to B and C; and if there were +more than two bobbins, there might still be two wires from each to B +and C. On the other hand the collecting collar might be split into more +sections; in fact there might be as many sections as bobbins. To show +how the current is collected in continuous-current dynamos, I must give +a short explanation of the revolving part or armature of a standard type +of machine. + +In Fig. 6 is shown a horse-shoe magnet, with its North and South poles, +N and S. Between these poles is made to revolve the armature, composed +of a number of coils of wire made to form a ring like a life-buoy. The +ends of the wires are made to lie along a collar on the spindle, made of +some insulating material, each wire being parallel to its neighbour, and +kept separate from it, as shown in Fig. 7. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.] + +These wires are so arranged that if one end of a sectional coil is on +top of the spindle at a given moment, the other will be on the under +side. If then, as shown in Fig. 7, a rubber of copper, made in the form +of a brush of copper wire for convenience, is placed in contact with the +upper part of the commutator collar, and another similar one with the +lower, it is evident the circuit will be completed in the same manner as +before explained. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8. Edison Dynamo.] + +A wire which is + when above the spindle, will be - when below it, +and as the spindle revolves the current changes in the various wires +from - to + as they reach the top, so that it will always therefore +be + in the upper brush and - in the lower one, and will accordingly be +continuous through the circuit. It will be seen in the illustrations +of various continuous-current dynamos, that though their shape and +arrangement differ, the mode of collecting the current is much about the +same as I have described above. Figs. 8 and 9 show some of the +continuous-current dynamos at present in use. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9. Brush Dynamo.] + +I will now explain the nature of an alternating-current dynamo. + +The principal difference between the continuous-and alternating-current +dynamo, is in the number of magnets used. Most of the former have only +four magnets, while the latter have frequently as many as thirty-two. In +reality, as I have shown, these are all alternating-current dynamos, +only that in the so-called continuous-current ones, the current is +commutated, whereas in the others it is not, but is used as it is +produced. In the principal alternating-current dynamos, a number of +small magnets, usually sixteen, are attached to a framework directly +opposite a similar number of others of the same size, the space between +the ends being only about an inch or two. These are all electro-magnets, +and are wound in such manner that when excited by a current, every +alternate one shall have the same magnetism, as in Fig. 10, and every +opposite one a contrary magnetism. + +This produces an intense magnetic field between the ends of the magnets, +and in this space revolves the armature. This armature, in the Siemens +dynamo, is composed of a disc having as many bobbins on the periphery as +there are magnets on each side of the dynamo. As each bobbin approaches +each magnet a current is induced in one direction, which is reversed +when the bobbin recedes; thus an alternating current is produced, which +is collected by connecting the ends to insulated rings or collars on the +spindle, and having small copper brushes or rubbers in contact with +them. In the Ferranti dynamo, the armature is quite different, and much +more simple, as comparison of Figs. 11 and 12 will show. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 11. Siemens Armature.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 12. Ferranti Armature.] + +It consists of a copper tape bent in and out so as to form a sort of +star with eight arms, the number of layers of insulated copper tape +being from ten to thirty, according to requirements. The centre is made +in a similar shape with bolts or rivets holding each convolution in +place. The two ends of the tape are attached respectively to two +collector-rings on the spindle, against which press two solid metal +rubbers which carry off the current for use in the circuit. It can be +shown that as each arm approaches a magnet a current will be induced in +one direction, which will be reversed as each arm recedes; and therefore +an alternating current will be produced. As there are sixteen magnets +for the armature to pass at each revolution, there must be sixteen +alternations of the current during the same time, so that if the speed +of the armature is 500 revolutions per minute, there will be 500 x 16 = +8000 alternations in one minute. These alternations being so extremely +rapid, when this current is used for electric lighting, the steadiness +of the light will be in no way affected, but will remain as constant as +with a continuous current. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13. Siemens Alternating Dynamo.] + +The alternating current produced by these dynamos cannot be used for +exciting an electro-magnet, as the magnetism would be reversed at every +alternation; a separate small dynamo of the continuous type is therefore +used as an exciter to magnetise all the electro-magnets in the field, +and it is usually coupled on to the same spindle, and therefore goes at +the same speed as the alternating-current dynamo. The exciter is usually +of a size to be able to do alone about one-tenth to one-twentieth of +the work that the larger machines does in the way of lighting; so that +if from any cause the latter is disabled while the ship lighted by it is +at sea, the exciter may be used alone to do a portion of the lighting, +in the first-class saloon for instance. This can only be done if the +exciter is so constructed as to give the proper E.M.F. that the lamps +require. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14. Ferranti Alternating Dynamo.] + +Figs. 13 and 14 are illustrations of two of the alternating current +dynamos in use on board ship and elsewhere. + + + + +ELECTRIC LAMPS. + + +I have explained how power can be converted into electric currents, +either continuous or alternating, and I must now show how these currents +can be applied to the production of light. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.] + +The current may be used to produce an _arc light_ in the following +manner:--Two carbon rods, A and B, are held by suitable means in the +position shown in Fig. 15, and the two wires from a dynamo are joined +respectively to A and B, the upper one always being the positive lead +when a continuous current is used. When the current is sent through the +circuit, it passes through the carbons A and B, which are conductors. +Immediately this occurs, suitable mechanism in the lamp, being acted on +by the current, or by hand in the case of search-lights, or by +clock-work, moves the two carbons a small distance apart, with the +consequence that a dazzling arc of light is formed between them. If the +carbons get too far apart, the mechanism brings them nearer together +again, and on the delicacy with which it acts, depends the steadiness of +the light. It would be useless to explain how this mechanism acts, as it +is in a different form in each maker's lamp. Some lamps have been +constructed for use with an alternating current, but with the majority a +continuous current is used. While an arc light is burning the carbons +waste away, the upper one more rapidly than the lower, and the mechanism +has to approach them constantly to make up for this waste. + +When the carbons are consumed as far as convenient, an automatic +arrangement cuts off the current, and the light goes out; or it diverts +the current to another set of carbons, which at once light up. The +carbons are made in suitable lengths to last a certain number of hours, +four, six, eight, &c. In Fig. 16 is shown an arc lamp complete. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16. Arc Lamp Complete.] + +An arc lamp is of necessity a complicated affair, which it is not +advisable to have on board ship, except where an electrician is engaged +permanently. + +Another way of producing light is to use the current in what is called +an _electric candle_, of which a familiar type is the Jablochkoff +candle. + +Fig. 17 shows the form of this candle, A and B being two carbon rods +parallel to one another, and joined, but at the same time insulated from +one another by kaolin, a sort of chalky substance, which is a +non-conductor. + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.] + +The wires C and D from the dynamo are joined respectively to A and B +through metallic supports, as in an arc lamp, and when the current is +turned on it flows through C A and across by a small strip of carbon E +to B and D back to the dynamo. The strip E is only large enough to carry +the current across for a moment, and is immediately consumed, but an arc +of light is then formed between the carbons as in the arc lamp. As the +carbons consume, the kaolin in between burns away, just in the same +manner as, in an ordinary candle, the wick is consumed and the wax melts +and burns away, except that in the latter case the wax feeds the light, +whereas the kaolin is only used to keep the carbons the required +distance apart and the arc of light from running down them. It is +evident that the carbons must be consumed equally, for which reason use +must be made of the alternating current. Any unsteadiness that occurs in +the light produced is consequent on unsteadiness of the current, or +impurities in the carbons, &c., there being no mechanism of any kind +required. These candles do not give such a great light as arc lights, +but it is of the same nature in every way. Fig. 18 shows one of these +candles in its holder, from which can be seen how electrical contact is +made with the two carbons. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.] + +If the current is interrupted in any way, and the light goes out, it +will not be produced again automatically, but requires a small piece of +carbon between the two carbons as a path for the current to pass across +as in the beginning. + +A third form of electric light is produced by using the current in an +_incandescent lamp_. + +To explain the action of an incandescent lamp, I must refer back to what +I said about wires getting heated by a current being passed through them +which was too large for their capacity. If two large wires are joined by +a small one, and a strong current is passed through the circuit, the +small wire rapidly gets red hot, and finally fuses. If this small wire +is contained in a globe from which the air is exhausted, when the +current is passed through it, it gets red, then white hot, and when +very brilliant gets fused. If, instead of wire, we have in the small +globe a thin filament of carbon, when the current is passed through, we +get a brilliant light which remains constant because the carbon does not +fuse, and it cannot burn away for want of air. Fig. 19 shows a Swan +lamp, and Fig. 20 an Edison lamp, both made on this principle. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.] + +If in these lamps the vacuum were perfect, the carbon filament would +never get consumed; it is, however, impossible to get a perfect vacuum, +but the better it is, the longer will the filament last. Incandescent +lamps are the only ones that are suitable for house or ship lighting. +[Advantages of incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting.] They +give a yellowish light like a good gas-flame, they do not consume the +air of a room, they cause no smell, and only give out a very slight +heat. They are perfectly safe, because if the globe gets broken and +allows air to get in, the filament is instantly consumed, and the light +goes out. They can be put in all sorts of places where it would be +impossible to have any other lamps, such as near the ceiling, close to +curtains, in a room full of explosives or combustibles, and even under +water. They are not affected by wind; they can therefore be used under +punkahs, or near open windows, sky-lights, or ports, or in the open air. +These lamps can be used with either continuous or alternating currents, +but will probably last longer with the latter, because, when a +continuous current is used, particles of the carbon of the filament +appear to be conveyed from one end of the filament to the other, +reducing the thickness at the one end, until finally it breaks. This +evidently cannot occur with an alternating current, as the impulse in +one direction is counteracted by the following one in the opposite +direction. If the current used is of too high a tension for the lamps, +they will show an intensely brilliant light for a short time, but the +filament will soon be destroyed, and the lamp rendered useless. + + + + +LEADS. + + +We have now to consider the means used for conveying the current, +continuous or alternating, to the lamps we intend to use. The leads for +the electric current, which correspond in some measure with the pipes +which convey gas, are made of copper wire, as pure as can be obtained, +covered with some insulating material to prevent the escape of the +current through contact with other conductors. The size of the wire is +regulated according to the amount of current which is to be conveyed; it +will do no harm to have it of twice the required section, but if it is +of less than the required section, it will offer so much resistance to +the passage of the current, that it will probably get fused in a very +short time. If the lead attached to one terminal of the dynamo comes +back to the other terminal without there being any lamps in the circuit, +or other means of making use of the current, it is said to be short +circuited, and if the dynamo is kept going something must give out very +soon. The two leads must therefore never be connected with one another, +except by a lamp or other resistance, and the manner in which the lamps +are placed, and the size of the leads, depend upon the relative tension +and quantity of current and the kind of lamps to be used. If the current +is to be used in arc lamps it is usual to have a high E.M.F., which +allows of the leads being of small section; but if it is to be used in +incandescent lamps it is found more convenient to have a low E.M.F., and +as this implies a large quantity of current, the leads have to be of +large section. + +Arc lamps usually require to be placed in series, that is to say, in +such a manner that the current, after leaving the dynamo, passes through +each lamp in succession. The E.M.F. required in this case is the sum of +the E.M.F. for each lamp, the quantity required being the same as for +one lamp. This accounts for the high E.M.F. used in arc lighting and +the small size of the wire for conducting the current. Incandescent +lamps can be either in series or parallel, and frequently the two +systems are combined. To explain the meaning of having lamps parallel, +we will suppose the two leads from a dynamo to be taken along a wall, +parallel to one another, and about six inches apart, ending at the end +of the wall, but not connected in any way. If we then place lamps at +intervals between the two leads, connecting one loop of each to the +upper lead, and the other to the lower lead, by means of small copper +wire, these lamps are said to be all parallel. In this arrangement the +current required is the sum of the quantity necessary for each lamp, but +the E.M.F. is the same as that required for one lamp of the same kind. +As we therefore require to send a large quantity of current through the +leads at a small pressure or E.M.F., these leads must be of large +section. In the above arrangement each lamp may be turned on or off +separately without affecting the others. Sometimes two or more lamps are +placed in groups between the parallel leads; these are then in series +with regard to one another, and can only be turned on or off two or more +at a time, in other words, one group at a time. If our dynamo is +producing a current of 100 volts E.M.F. when working at its proper +speed, and our lamps are 100-volt lamps, we shall be able to turn each +lamp on or off separately; but if we want to put in 50-volt lamps, we +must place two together, and we shall then have to turn them on or off +two at a time. I am supposing that in both cases the lamps require the +same quantity of current, though of different E.M.F. + +To prevent the lamps being spoilt by the current being too strong +through a sudden increase in the speed of the dynamo, as also to prevent +the leads getting fused, and perhaps setting fire to the casing, it is +usual to have safety fuses in various parts of the circuit. These are of +different kinds, but a typical one consists of a small lead wire, large +enough to carry the normal current, but which fuses when the current is +too strong, and at once interrupts its passage. The lamps in the same +portion of the circuit are then extinguished and so saved from +destruction, and cannot then be lighted again until the fuse is renewed, +which, however, can be done with ease. + + + + +SHIP LIGHTING. + + +We will consider now the case of a steamship to be lighted by means of +incandescent lamps. It is sometimes a matter of some difficulty to fix +on a suitable position for the dynamo and engine, especially in ships +which have already been running for some time. In selecting a position, +it must be borne in mind that a dynamo will work best in a cool clean +place, cleanliness being most important. If a lot of coal dust is flying +about where the dynamo is working, it will be drawn into it, and tend to +impair its electrical, as well as mechanical efficiency. If the dynamo +is kept properly lubricated, it will work well enough in a hot place, +but we must remember that the heating of the wire which makes up a large +portion of the dynamo, reduces its conductivity, so that the cooler it +is kept the better. The dynamo should be so placed that the engineer can +get to every side of it easily. If a quick-speed engine is to be used +for driving it direct, it will make a very compact installation, but +there seems to be some difficulty as yet in getting suitable reliable +engines, besides which many marine engineers object to quick-speed +engines altogether. If a slow-speed engine is to be used, a belt is of +course required to get the necessary speed on the dynamo, and various +precautions are needful to prevent the belt slipping off the pulley when +the ship is rolling about in a sea-way. In all cases, the engine and +dynamo should be placed with their spindles fore-and-aft, or in a line +with the ship's keel, the rolling being felt more than the pitching. +There are various ways of keeping the belt from slipping off the pulley. +Some have flanges on the pulley, others have guides or rollers on each +side of the belt, each plan having its advantages and disadvantages; but +some plan must be used, otherwise the belt slips off, usually in the +middle of the first-saloon dinner, and out go all the lights, besides +which the belt may be considerably damaged before the engine can be +stopped. The engine must be one that will work very steadily, otherwise +the lights will pulsate at each revolution of the engine, which is most +unpleasant. If the engine is a single one, it must have a large +fly-wheel, or a driving-wheel large and heavy enough to answer the same +purpose. The engine requires a good sensitive governor, so as to keep +the speed regular when some of the lamps are turned on or off. When the +engine and dynamo are in the main engine-room, the throttle-valve, or a +stop-valve, should be in a convenient place for the engineer on watch to +get at so as to instantly shut off the steam if the belt slips off or +breaks. In ships where an electrician is carried there will not be the +same necessity for this precaution. It is necessary to have some means +of tightening up the belt, so as to keep it from slipping round the +pulley. Where the engine and dynamo are on the same level there may be a +screw arrangement in the base-plate of the latter by which the distance +between centres can be increased. Where the engine and dynamo are on +different levels, and the latter is a fixture, recourse must be had to a +roller, bearing against the upper part of the belt and capable of screw +adjustment. If link leather belting is used, it will be found necessary +to take out several rows of links each day until it has finished +stretching. A very handy thing to use for this purpose, and which can be +made on board by an engineer, is a double clamp with a screw in between, +just like the ones which are being sold for stretching trousers which +have got baggy at the knees. Whatever belt is used, it is very important +that there should be no joint or inequality which can cause a jump or +slip when going over the pulley, as this will cause the lights to +pulsate each time. In America friction gearing has been tried, but I do +not know with what success. From my experience of friction gearing, I am +inclined to think it might do very well. There is certainly no doubt +that direct-acting quick-speed engines are the ones to use, and it is +only a question of getting a suitable one. + +The dynamo being firmly fixed in position, the main leads are connected +to it, and carried along to the switch-board, which should be in a +convenient position near at hand. On this switch-board are usually +placed the large safety fuses. The board should have a cover to it, to +prevent any one meddling with it, and to keep it clean. The main leads +are of a large size, and from these other smaller ones branch off, being +spliced and soldered to them. It is a very good practice to use leads of +two different colours, as we can then work by the following rule: Never +connect together two leads of different colours except by means of a +lamp or other resistance. The size of the various leads depends on the +current to be conveyed, and is a matter for the electricians. On the +main-deck of a large passenger steamer, the main leads may be carried +along side by side under the upper deck, and from these, smaller ones +branch off into the various sets of rooms, smaller ones still going into +each room. In each room there will be one lamp with its switch to turn +it on or off as desired, and a safety fuse. The lamps are held in small +brackets, and are contained when desired in frosted globes, which +diffuse the light and make it very pleasant. When these globes are held +rigidly in the brackets, the least knock breaks them. A very good +bracket I have seen in use is one which allows the globe to move about +on its support when touched, being at the same time sufficiently a +fixture to resist the motion of the ship; and in the particular ship in +which I saw these used in the first saloon, there was not a single +breakage during a four months' voyage. The switches for turning each +light on or off can be under the control of the passengers, or, on the +other hand, they can be fitted to work with keys kept by the stewards, +as thought most desirable. + +The lamps used can be of various candle-powers, within certain limits, +and of whatever make is considered best. They can also be of various +makes, as long as they are constructed to stand the same E.M.F. The +lamps in the passenger berths give quite sufficient light if of +10-candle power; the ones for lighting the saloons, passages, and other +large spaces, may with advantage be of 20-candle power. In these days of +luxurious travelling, when the various lines are trying to attract +passengers to their particular ships, what follows may be thought worth +consideration. In steamers going through the tropics to India, China, +Australia, &c., it is usual to get up dances, concerts, and other +entertainments on the quarter-deck, at times when it would be impossible +to do anything below on account of the heat. The quarter-deck then has +to be lighted up. This is effected by means of globe oil-lamps hung +about here and there, two being hung in front of the piano, in +unpleasant proximity to the head of the obliging lady pianist. Now in a +ship lighted by electricity, there is no reason why a couple of leads +should not be brought up from below through a skylight or other opening, +on to the quarter-deck. Indeed the leads might be arranged to screw into +a place in the deck, or on the side of a skylight, just in the same +manner as a hose is connected for washing decks. These leads would have +holders for lamps fitted permanently at intervals, and when required for +use would be stopped up along the awning-spar or ridge-chains, and the +lamps screwed or hooked into the holders. With a few handy men, five or +ten minutes would suffice to arrange the whole thing after the leads had +once been fitted. The leads once fitted for this purpose would be +always ready for use, and could be kept coiled away in a box which might +also have a compartment to contain the dozen or so of lamps required. + +If the dynamo is already running as many lamps as it is capable of, some +of the bedroom lights may be turned off while the quarter-deck is being +lighted. Another thing which I think has not yet been done is the +following. When working cargo at night, and indeed during the day to +some extent, lights are of necessity used in the holds. The _theory_ is, +that no naked lights shall be allowed, but the _practice_ is this: lamps +are taken below, get knocked about, the wicks fall down and want +pricking up, the lamps are opened for this purpose, and as they are +found to give more light without a dusty glass round them than with it, +they are left open. Candles are often taken below lighted, and even +matches struck to see the mark on a bale. I am aware that arc lamps are +used in the Royal Albert Docks, London, in connection with the dock +lighting, lamps being carried below when required, with flexible leads +attached, and that, in some few steamers, arc lamps have been used in +the same manner in connection with their own plant. These arc lamps are, +I think, not nearly as suitable as incandescent lamps for the purpose of +lighting up a ship's hold; the light is too glaring, and casts deep +shadows amongst the bales and cases, besides which, the lamps are large +and clumsy. I would suggest that leads should be carried behind the +stringer-battens in the ship's side, or along under the next upper-deck, +having simple sockets or holders for incandescent lamps at certain +intervals. Whoever might be in charge of the hold would screw or hook on +the lamps as required, and so light up every part of the hold thoroughly +while work was going on. There would be no risk of fire, and I am +convinced that the extra leads and lamps would pay for themselves in a +very short time, because work would get on more quickly, and pilfering +of the cargo would be in a great measure put a stop to. The leads for +the holds could be so arranged as to be quite unconnected with the +dynamo while at sea, so that there could not be the remotest possibility +of the current finding its way below when not wanted. In fine, there is +no reason whatever why a ship's hold should not be lighted up when +required, as well as a warehouse or store on shore. + +Now, we will suppose that our installation is complete, ready for +working, everything having been pronounced in order by the electrician +who has looked after the work. Evening is approaching, and the lights +will soon be required; we must therefore see that our engine and dynamo +are ready for a start. If the engine and dynamo are separate, the belt +must be felt, to see that it is tight enough, otherwise it must be +tightened by whatever means are provided for the purpose. We must also +see that the engine and dynamo are properly oiled, and that the +worsteds are down the tubes of the oil-cups, and working properly, not +dry, as I have known them to be, with fatal results to the dynamo. If +the lubrication is performed by means of tubes leading to each bearing +from an elevated oil-box, we must see that the oil really gets to the +bearings, and regulate its flow as required. The commutators and +collector-rings and rubbers require only a wipe of oil, just sufficient +to prevent undue wearing of the surfaces; if too much is put on them, +they will spark a great deal, and sparking will wear them away more +quickly than friction. The brushes of copper wire which collect the +current of the exciter dynamo, and others of similar pattern, must be +placed so that the ends press on the commutator as shown in Fig. 21. +The ends should project just a little way beyond the point or +line of contact, and when the dynamo is running, there should be +very little sparking. I am supposing that our plant consists of an +alternating-current dynamo with a small exciter. The wires leading from +the exciter to the other dynamo remain always connected, as there is no +need for meddling with them. + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.] + +We will now start the engine, and thereby set the dynamo going round, +slowly at first, and gradually up to the speed required. The main +switches are not yet turned on, so there is no current going through the +leads as yet; what then is being done? A current is being produced by +the exciter only, and is magnetising the electro-magnets of the larger +dynamo, and if we want to know if it is really doing its work as +intended, we just hold a small pocket-compass over the ends of two +opposite magnets of the dynamo, and observe how the needle points. It +should at once take up the position shown in Fig. 22, and if then held +over the next couple in like manner, the needle should simply turn +round, and point in exactly the opposite direction. If it points in any +other direction, there is something wrong with the connections. If, +however, the connections are right at starting, they will of course +remain right, and there should be no need for this test. It is well to +remember that when dynamos are working, they are, or contain for the +time being, very powerful magnets, therefore if we bend over them to +examine them, our watches will get magnetised, which does not improve +their qualities as time-keepers. Say that our dynamo is now going round +at the required speed, which may be 500 or 600 revolutions per minute; +the engine is not using much steam as yet, because very little work is +being done. We now switch on a set of lamps; this closes the circuit, +and the large dynamo begins to produce its alternating current, which +goes through the lamps and lights them up. This, however, gives the +engine more work to do, and more steam must be turned on, otherwise the +necessary speed will not be kept up. We switch on all the other lamps as +required, and must see that the speed of the dynamo is kept constant. A +difference of a few lamps, affecting the engine to a small extent only, +should be compensated automatically by the governor. If the brightest +lamps are not bright enough, the speed should be increased a little, but +care must be taken not to overdo it, because if the current is too +strong, some of the safety fuses will melt, and the corresponding lamps +will go out. It must not be inferred from what I have said, that it is +necessary to run the dynamo at first without switching on any lamps. On +the contrary, a better effect will be produced if all the lamps are +switched on before starting, as they will then gradually work up to +their full brilliancy; whereas, if one set of lamps is started first, +and run bright, and we then switch on another set, the current at first +will be too small for the two sets, and the first set will get quite +dull, remaining so until the dynamo is going at its proper speed again. +When lighted up for the first time, it will be found that some of the +lamps are much brighter than others; this is because the lamps at +present made are not of perfectly equal resistances. We must go round, +then, and note where the dull ones are, and we can either at once, or +during next day, shift them into the bathrooms and places where such a +perfect light is not required. All the lamps in one room, the first +saloon, or music room, for instance, should be equalised as much as +possible, and in such places the brightest should be used. Nothing looks +worse than to see a couple of dull lights in the same room as a lot of +bright ones. By seeing to these matters we can make the lighting much +more satisfactory than it otherwise would be. During the first few +evenings we shall probably have some of the lamps go out through the +filaments breaking. This I consider a weeding out of defective lamps, +because if it were that the current was too strong, the fuses would have +given way. Some of the fuses give way when the current is _not_ too +strong; this is owing to imperfections in the fuses, and they must be +replaced by spare ones. For the sake of economy, it is well not to run +the lamps too bright. Without giving the lamps the maximum current a +very good light can be obtained, and they will last all the longer. I +need hardly say that there is a medium in this as in everything else, +and it does not look well when a candle is placed alongside of an +electric lamp to enable a person to read or write in comfort. + +All this time the dynamo is running, and we must feel the bearings +occasionally to see if they are keeping cool. There will be no trouble +if the lubrication is all right. If the oil does not get into the +bearings as it should do, they will heat, jam the spindle, or seize, and +bring up the engine or break the belt. The lights will then all go out, +and everybody will say hard things of the electric light, while the +fault really rests with us. Sometimes seizing occurs through the spindle +not being slack enough in the bearings, but this generally occurs while +testing the dynamo at the works. + +It must be borne in mind that in dynamos the spindle must be a good fit, +and there may be room in the bearings for ordinary engine-oil while +there may not be for a thicker oil, such as castor oil. Therefore, if +the bearings show a tendency to heat, it may improve matters to thin the +oil used with petroleum. While giving the dynamo its proper supply of +oil, we must only apply it in the proper places. If we let the bobbins +get smothered in oil, the insulating material on the wire will get +rotted, and a short circuiting will probably take place. The dynamo +cannot be kept too clean, and there should be a canvas cover to put over +it while not in use, especially while coaling. We will suppose that all +is going on right; a steward comes along and says: "Mr. So-and-so, I +cannot get the lamp in number 6 berth to light although I have turned +the switch the right way." "All right, I will go and look at it," you +answer. Now, let us see what is the matter. We unhook or unscrew the +lamp, and look at the filament; it is not broken. We replace the lamp +again, and are careful that it makes good contact; but still no light. +Let us look at the safety fuse; why, there is none! it has been missed +out. We get one of the spare ones out of our electric store, and put it +in its place, and the lamp lights properly at once. We find another lamp +out, and look at it. We see at once that the filament is broken, so +there is no question about this one; it must be changed. Hallo! what is +up with this one? it goes in and out all the time like a flash light. +The current must be getting to it all right, otherwise it would not +light at all. I see what it is; it is a Swan lamp, and the spring is not +pressing quite fairly on it, so that one hook is making good contact, +while the other tightens and slacks with the vibration of the ship. This +is soon set right by turning the spring round a little, or hooking the +lamp the other way. Or it is an Edison lamp, which has got slightly +unscrewed, and no longer makes good contact at the back end of the +holder. In some lamp-fittings the ends of the leads are held in a spring +grip in the base of the bracket, and it may happen that they have +slipped out, and so broken the circuit, and extinguished the light. In +the Swan lamps, and others of a similar pattern, one of the little +platinum loops in the base of the lamps sometimes gets broken off; the +lamp is then of no further use. To recapitulate, if a lamp goes out, the +first thing is to see if the filament is broken, next if it makes good +contact. If it does not then light up, see if there is any current +getting to it; this may be found out by touching the two hooks in a Swan +holder, or the back and side of an Edison screw holder, with a moistened +finger. With a current of 50 volts a slight tickling sensation will be +felt if the current is passing through. If this cannot be felt, there +must be some part or other disconnected, perhaps the safety fuse has +given out, or the ends of the leads got adrift from the bracket. If in +any doubt about the lamp, try another in the same place. + +In some steamers incandescent lamps are used in the side lamps; they can +easily be fitted for this purpose, especially when the ship is provided +with lighthouses built in, as in the Anchor Line steamers. Two or more +incandescent lamps can be arranged on a small stand, which will slide +into the lantern, taking the place of the regulation oil lamp, and +connected by flexible leads to the other leads. It would be easy to put +six 20-candle power lamps in a group in each lantern, as it does not +matter in what position they are placed; two might be used on ordinary +occasions, while on a foggy night, the whole six could be switched on. +If one lamp went out through the filament giving way, it would not +affect the others, so that there would still be a light in the lantern. +If, through some breakdown of the engine or dynamo, the electric current +were no longer to be had, then it would only be necessary to withdraw +the stand of lamps, and put in the ordinary regulation oil-lamp. The +mast-head lamp could also be fitted with the electric light, as indeed +has already been done. On no account, however, should an arc light be +used, as besides being too dazzling, it is much too uncertain; in fact +many other reasons could be given for rejecting it. It is even a +question whether it is an advantage to have incandescent lamps for a +mast-head light. There is certainly the great advantage of not having to +pull the lamp up and down to trim it, a rather risky performance in +heavy weather, and also of the light not being affected by any wind that +may get into the lamp; though as regards the first, English officers +would never be satisfied to see a lamp dangling on the stay all day +long, as appears to be the custom in some foreign steamers, besides +which it would have to be lowered to be cleaned outside. + +The present mast-head lights are quite powerful enough already, too much +so when compared with the side lights. I am not aware of any collisions +having occurred through a mast-head light not being seen in time, but +how many from the side lights not being seen! It was no doubt +contemplated, as indeed the regulations show, that no lights should be +visible about a vessel, except the regulation lights; but many who have +seen a large passenger steamer go past will have noticed how her side +was--one, two, or three rows of dazzling bright lights, and will have +looked almost in vain for the green or red light dimly visible in the +midst of all the bright ones. If bright electric lights, therefore, are +shining through the ports, we must have our side lights at least as +bright, so as to give them a chance of being seen. If electric lamps are +used as side lights, the dynamo must be kept running all night. If it is +thought desirable to put out all unnecessary lights at 11 P.M., the +leads can be so arranged that these lights can be all on one or more +circuits, and the necessary ones on another. + +Although the dynamo will have to go at nearly the same speed throughout +the night, it will not have the same amount of work to do, and the +engine will therefore use much less steam, the consumption being in +proportion to the number of lights used. An economical engineer will +therefore see that bedroom lamps are not kept lighted all the evening +without any necessity. On shore we should never think of keeping +gas-lights blazing away for no purpose, and why should we use +electricity with more lavishness, especially when it is so easy to turn +a light on or off. The switches might with advantage be painted with +Balmain's luminous paint, and there would then be no trouble in finding +them in the dark. It is well to know that on board ship, probably in all +cases of electric lighting, there is no danger to life to be apprehended +from touching any of the leads where bare, or indeed any part of the +dynamos, as the E.M.F. is usually not more than 50 volts. It is best, +however, not to try any experiments, and it is a good general rule, not +to touch a bare part of a dynamo or lead with both hands at the same +time. The fear of getting hurt has the good effect of keeping passengers +and others from meddling with their lamps. + +I have said nothing about the use of electric lights in binnacles, +though it would be a great advantage to be able to supply them with a +good steady light quite unaffected by wind. There is an obstacle to +their use for this purpose, in that the electric current being used near +the compass, the latter is affected by it. In theory, an alternating +current should have no effect; but it would require very exhaustive +experiments to be made before enough confidence could be inspired +concerning its innocence, and I fancy it would usually be looked upon +with great suspicion by captains and officers of ships. The dynamo being +made up of powerful magnets, must of course be always at a good distance +from the compasses. In some installations on iron steamers, the return +leads have been dispensed with, the iron of the ship carrying the +current back, in the same way that the earth or sea does it in a +telegraph circuit. + +It is to be observed that a dynamo with _brushes_ on the commutator is +not necessarily a _Brush_ dynamo as a good many people seem to think, +the latter being named after its inventor, Mr. Brush. + +A dynamo is not a _battery_ as some people call it, and there is no need +for multiplying names. + +A pocket speed-indicator should be supplied for testing the speed of the +dynamo, to see that it is kept up to proper speed, and that the belt (if +used) does not slip to an unreasonable extent. + +I think I have now said enough to redeem my introductory promise, and if +I have, so to speak, let more electric light on to a subject previously +dark to a good many people, I shall be well satisfied with my labour, +and I hope that those who peruse this book will be induced to go more +deeply into the subject by means of the many good books which have been +written by cleverer men than I, and which enter more thoroughly into all +its details. + +[Illustration] + + + + + LONDON + + PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET + AND CHARING CROSS. + + + + + BOOKS RELATING + TO + APPLIED SCIENCE, + PUBLISHED BY + E. & F. N. SPON, + LONDON: 125, STRAND. + + NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET. + + +_A Pocket-Book for Chemists, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists, +Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students, +etc., etc._ By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland, Analytical and +Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Fourth edition, with additions, 437 pp., +royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._ + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS: + + Atomic Weights and Factors--Useful Data--Chemical Calculations-- + Rules for Indirect Analysis--Weights and Measures--Thermometers and + Barometers--Chemical Physics--Boiling Points, etc.--Solubility of + Substances--Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity--Conversion of + Hydrometers--Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity--Analysis-- + Gas Analysis--Water Analysis--Qualitative Analysis and Reactions-- + Volumetric Analysis--Manipulation--Mineralogy--Assaying--Alcohol-- + Beer--Sugar--Miscellaneous Technological matter relating to Potash, + Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk, + Tallow, Photography, Prices, Wages, Appendix, etc., etc. + + +_The Mechanician_: A Treatise on the Construction and Manipulation of +Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers and Scientific +Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and Forging; the +Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the various Methods of +Using and Grinding them; the Construction of Machine Tools, and how to +work them; Machine Fitting and Erection; description of Hand and Machine +Processes; Turning and Screw Cutting; principles of Constructing and +details of Making and Erecting Steam Engines, and the various details of +setting out work, etc., etc. By CAMERON KNIGHT, Engineer. _Containing +1147 illustrations_, and 397 pages of letter-press, Fourth edition, 4to, +cloth, 18_s._ + + + + +_Just Published, in Demy 8vo, cloth, containing 975 pages and 250 +Illustrations, price 7s. 6d._ + + +SPONS' HOUSEHOLD MANUAL: + + A Treasury of Domestic Receipts and Guide for Home Management. + + PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. + + =Hints for selecting a good House=, pointing out the essential + requirements for a good house as to the Site, Soil, Trees, Aspect, + Construction, and General Arrangement; with instructions for + Reducing Echoes, Waterproofing Damp Walls, Curing Damp Cellars. + + =Sanitation.=--What should constitute a good Sanitary Arrangement; + Examples (with illustrations) of Well--and Ill-drained Houses; How + to Test Drains; Ventilating Pipes, etc. + + =Water Supply.=--Care of Cisterns; Sources of Supply; Pipes; Pumps; + Purification and Filtration of Water. + + =Ventilation and Warming.=--Methods of Ventilating without causing + cold draughts, by various means; Principles of Warming; Health + Questions; Combustion; Open Grates; Open Stoves; Fuel Economisers; + Varieties of Grates; Close-Fire Stoves; Hot-air Furnaces; Gas + Heating; Oil Stoves; Steam Heating; Chemical Heaters; Management + of Flues; and Cure of Smoky Chimneys. + + =Lighting.=--The best methods of Lighting; Candles, Oil Lamps, Gas, + Incandescent Gas, Electric Light; How to test Gas Pipes; Management + of Gas. + + =Furniture and Decoration.=--Hints on the Selection of Furniture; + on the most approved methods of Modern Decoration; on the best + methods of arranging Bells and Calls; How to Construct an Electric + Bell. + + =Thieves and Fire.=--Precautions against Thieves and Fire; Methods + of Detection; Domestic Fire Escapes; Fireproofing Clothes, etc. + + =The Larder.=--Keeping Food fresh for a limited time; Storing Food + without change, such as Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, Honey, etc. + + =Curing Foods for lengthened Preservation=, as Smoking, Salting, + Canning, Potting, Pickling, Bottling Fruits, etc.; Jams, Jellies, + Marmalade, etc. + + =The Dairy.=--The Building and Fitting of Dairies in the most + approved modern style; Butter-making; Cheesemaking and Curing. + + =The Cellar.=--Building and Fitting; Cleaning Casks and Bottles; + Corks and Corking; Aerated Drinks; Syrups for Drinks; Beers; + Bitters; Cordials and Liqueurs; Wines; Miscellaneous Drinks. + + =The Pantry.=--Bread-making; Ovens and Pyrometers; Yeast; German + Yeast; Biscuits; Cakes; Fancy Breads; Buns. + + =The Kitchen.=--On Fitting Kitchens; a description of the best + Cooking Ranges, close and open; the Management and Care of Hot + Plates, Baking Ovens, Dampers, Flues, and Chimneys; Cooking by Gas; + Cooking by Oil; the Arts of Roasting, Grilling, Boiling, Stewing, + Braising, Frying. + + =Receipts for Dishes.=--Soups, Fish, Meat, Game, Poultry, + Vegetables, Salads, Puddings, Pastry, Confectionery, Ices, etc., + etc.; Foreign Dishes. + + =The Housewife's Room.=--Testing Air, Water, and Foods; Cleaning + and Renovating; Destroying Vermin. + + =Housekeeping, Marketing.= + + =The Dining-Room.=--Dietetics; Laying and Waiting at Table; + Carving; Dinners, Breakfasts, Luncheons, Teas, Suppers, etc. + + =The Drawing-Room.=--Etiquette; Dancing; Amateur Theatricals; + Tricks and Illusions; Games (indoor). + + =The Bedroom= and Dressing-Room; Sleep; the Toilet; Dress; Buying + Clothes; Outfits; Fancy Dress. + + =The Nursery.=--The Room; Clothing; Washing; Exercise; Sleep; + Feeding; Teething; Illness; Home Training. + + =The Sick-Room.=--The Room; the Nurse; the Bed; Sick Room + Accessories; Feeding Patients; Invalid Dishes and Drinks; + Administering Physic; Domestic Remedies; Accidents and Emergencies; + Bandaging; Burns; Carrying Injured Persons; Wounds; Drowning; Fits; + Frost-bites; Poisons and Antidotes; Sunstroke; Common Complaints; + Disinfection, etc. + + =The Bath-Room.=--Bathing in General; Management of Hot-Water + System. + + =The Laundry.=--Small Domestic Washing Machines, and methods of + getting up linen; Fitting up and Working a Steam Laundry. + + =The School-Room.=--The Room and its Fittings; Teaching, etc. + + =The Playground.=--Air and Exercise; Training; Outdoor Games and + Sports. + + =The Workroom.=--Darning, Patching, and Mending Garments. + + =The Library.=-Care of Books. + + =The Garden.=--Calendar of Operations for Lawn, Flower Garden, and + Kitchen Garden. + + =The Farmyard.=--Management of the Horse, Cow, Pig, Poultry, Bees, + etc., etc. + + =Small Motors.=--A description of the various small Engines useful + for domestic purposes, from 1 man to 1 horse power, worked by + various methods, such as Electric Engines, Gas Engines, Petroleum + Engines, Steam Engines, Condensing Engines, Water Power, Wind + Power, and the various methods of working and managing them. + + =Household Law.=--The Law relating to Landlords and Tenants, + Lodgers, Servants, Parochial Authorities, Juries, Insurance, + Nuisance, etc. + + +_On Designing Belt Gearing._ By E. J. COWLING WELCH, Mem. Inst. Mech. +Engineers, Author of 'Designing Valve Gearing.' Fcap. 8vo, sewed, 6_d._ + + +_A Handbook of Formulae, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural +Surveyors and others engaged in Building._ By J. T. HURST, C. E. +Fourteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, 5_s._ + + "It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer + to, to say that in our opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst's + is the very best of them all, without any exception. It would be + useless to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears + to contain almost _everything_ that anyone connected with building + could require, and, best of all, made up in a compact form for + carrying in the pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about + 1/4 in. thick, in a limp cover. We congratulate the author on the + success of his laborious and practically compiled little book, + which has received unqualified and deserved praise from every + professional person to whom we have shown it."--_The Dublin + Builder._ + + +_Tabulated Weights of Angle, Tee, Bulb, Round, Square, and Flat Iron and +Steel_, and other information for the use of Naval Architects and +Shipbuilders. By C. H. JORDAN, M.I.N.A. Fourth edition, 32mo, cloth, +2_s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Complete Set of Contract Documents for a Country Lodge_, comprising +Drawings, Specifications, Dimensions (for quantities), Abstracts, Bill +of Quantities, Form of Tender and Contract, with Notes by J. LEANING, +printed in facsimile of the original documents, on single sheets fcap., +in paper case, 10_s._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts_; for the +Use of Engineers, Architects, &c. By THOMAS BOX. _With 14 plates._ Third +edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments_: their +construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, and suggestions +for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colouring. By W. F. +STANLEY, M.R.I. Fifth edition, _with numerous illustrations_, crown 8vo, +cloth, 5_s._ + + +_Quantity Surveying_, By J. LEANING. With 42 illustrations. Second +edition, revised, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + A complete Explanation of the London Practice. + General Instructions. + Order of Taking Off. + Modes of Measurement of the various Trades. + Use and Waste. + Ventilation and Warming. + Credits, with various Examples of Treatment. + Abbreviations. + Squaring the Dimensions. + Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of each Trade. + Billing. + Examples of Preambles to each Trade. + Form for a Bill of Quantities. + Do. Bill of Credits. + Do. Bill for Alternative Estimate. + Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill. + Variations before Acceptance of Tender. + Errors in a Builder's Estimate. + Schedule of Prices. + Form of Schedule of Prices. + Analysis of Schedule of Prices. + Adjustment of Accounts. + Form of a Bill of Variations. + Remarks on Specifications. + Prices and Valuation of Work, with Examples and Remarks upon each + Trade. + The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, with Law Reports. + Taking Off after the Old Method. + Northern Practice. + The General Statement of the Methods recommended by the Manchester + Society of Architects for taking Quantities. + Examples of Collections. + Examples of "Taking Off" in each Trade. + Remarks on the Past and Present Methods of Estimating. + + +_Spons' Architects' and Builders' Pocket-Book of Prices and Memoranda._ +Edited by W. YOUNG, Architect. Crown 8vo, cloth, _Published annually_. +Fifteenth edition. _Now ready._ + + +_Long-Span Railway Bridges_, comprising Investigations of the +Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various adopted +or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous Formulae and +Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in Bridges from 300 +feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added similar Investigations +and Tables relating to Short-span Railway Bridges. Second and revised +edition. By B. BAKER, Assoc. Inst. C.E. _Plates_, crown 8vo, cloth, +5_s._ + + +_Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges and Roofs._ By AUGUST +RITTER, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic School at Aix-la-Chapelle. +Translated from the third German edition, by H. R. SANKEY, Capt. R.E. +With 500 _illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._ + + +_The Elementary Principles of Carpentry._ By THOMAS TREDGOLD. Revised +from the original edition, and partly re-written, by JOHN THOMAS HURST. +Contained in 517 pages of letter-press, and _illustrated with 48 plates +and 150 wood engravings_. Sixth edition, reprinted from the third, crown +8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + Section I. On the Equality and Distribution of Forces--Section II. + Resistance of Timber--Section III. Construction of Floors--Section + IV. Construction of Roofs--Section V. Construction of Domes and + Cupolas--Section VI. Construction of Partitions--Section VII. + Scaffolds, Staging, and Gantries--Section VIII. Construction of + Centres for Bridges--Section IX. Coffer-dams, Shoring, and + Strutting--Section X. Wooden Bridges and Viaducts--Section XI. + Joints, Straps, and other Fastenings--Section XII. Timber. + + +_The Builder's Clerk_: a Guide to the Management of a Builder's +Business. By THOMAS BALES. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Our Factories, Workshops, and Warehouses_: their Sanitary and +Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By _B. H. Thwaite_, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. +_With 183 wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._ + + +_Gold_: Its Occurrence and Extraction, embracing the Geographical and +Geological Distribution and the Mineralogical Characters of Gold-bearing +rocks; the peculiar features and modes of working Shallow Placers, +Rivers, and Deep Leads; Hydraulicing; the Reduction and Separation of +Auriferous Quartz; the treatment of complex Auriferous ores containing +other metals; a Bibliography of the subject and a Glossary of Technical +and Foreign Terms. By _Alfred G. Lock_, F.R.G.S. _With numerous +illustrations and maps_, 1250 pp., super-royal 8vo, cloth, 2_l._ 12_s._ +6_d._ + + +_Iron Roofs_: Examples of Design, Description. _Illustrated with 64 +Working Drawings of Executed Roofs._ By ARTHUR T. WALMISLEY, Assoc. Mem. +Inst. C.E. Second edition, revised, imp. 4to, half-morocco, 3_l._ 3_s._ + + +_A History of Electric Telegraphy_, to the Year 1837. Chiefly compiled +from Original Sources, and hitherto Unpublished Documents, by J. J. +FAHIE, Mem. Soc. of Tel. Engineers, and of the International Society of +Electricians, Paris. Crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._ + + +_Spons' Information for Colonial Engineers._ Edited by J. T. HURST. Demy +8vo, sewed. + + No. 1, Ceylon. By ABRAHAM DEANE, C.E. 2_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + Introductory Remarks--Natural Productions--Architecture and + Engineering--Topography, Trade, and Natural History--Principal + Stations--Weights and Measures, etc., etc. + + No. 2. Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, and the + Dutch Republics. By HENRY HALL, F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. With Map. 3_s._ + 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + General Description of South Africa--Physical Geography with + reference to Engineering Operations--Notes on Labour and Material + in Cape Colony--Geological Notes on Rock Formation in South + Africa--Engineering Instruments for Use in South Africa--Principal + Public Works in Cape Colony: Railways, Mountain Roads and Passes, + Harbour Works, Bridges, Gas Works, Irrigation and Water Supply, + Lighthouses, Drainage and Sanitary Engineering, Public Buildings, + Mines--Table of Woods in South Africa--Animals used for Draught + Purposes--Statistical Notes--Table of Distances--Rates of Carriage, + etc. + + No. 3. India. By F. C. DANVERS, Assoc. Inst. C.E. With Map. 4_s._ + 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + Physical Geography of India--Building Materials--Roads--Railways-- + Bridges--Irrigation--River Works--Harbours--Lighthouse Buildings-- + Native Labour--The Principal Trees of India--Money--Weights and + Measures--Glossary of Indian Terms, etc. + + +_A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining._ By GEORGE G. ANDRE, F.G.S., +Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. _With 82 +lithographic plates._ 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on Casting and Founding_, including descriptions +of the modern machinery employed in the art. By N. E. SPRETSON, +Engineer. Third edition, with 82 _plates_ drawn to scale, 412 pp., demy +8vo, cloth, 18_s._ + + +_The Depreciation of Factories and their Valuation._ By EWING MATHESON, +M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ + + +_A Handbook of Electrical Testing._ By H. R. KEMPE, M.S.T.E. Fourth +edition, revised and enlarged, crown 8vo, cloth, 16_s._ + + +_Gas Works_: their Arrangement, Construction, Plant, and Machinery. By +F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E. _With 31 folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 24_s._ + + +_The Clerk of Works_: a Vade-Mecum for all engaged in the +Superintendence of Building Operations. By G. G. HOSKINS, F.R.I.B.A. +Third edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._ + + +_American Foundry Practice_: Treating of Loam, Dry Sand, and Green Sand +Moulding, and containing a Practical Treatise upon the Management of +Cupolas, and the Melting of Iron. By T. D. WEST, Practical Iron Moulder +and Foundry Foreman. Second edition, _with numerous illustrations_, +crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads._ By T. CODRINGTON, M.I.C.E, +F.G.S., General Superintendent of County Roads for South Wales. 8vo, +cloth, 6_s._ + + +_Hydraulic Steam and Hand Power Lifting and Pressing Machinery._ By +FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. _With 73 plates_, 8vo, +cloth, 18_s._ + + +_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 23 +folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER. Second Part. _With 11 large +plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Cure of Dry Rot in +Timber_; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood from Destruction +by Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By THOMAS ALLEN BRITTON, late Surveyor +to the Metropolitan Board of Works, etc., etc. _With 10 plates_, crown +8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer's Handbook._ By H. PERCY BOULNOIS, +Mem. Inst. C.E., Borough Engineer, Portsmouth. _With numerous +illustrations_, demy 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + The Appointment and Duties of the Town Surveyor--Traffic-- + Macadamised Roadways--Steam Rolling--Road Metal and Breaking-- + Pitched Pavements--Asphalte--Wood Pavements--Footpaths--Kerbs and + Gutters--Street Naming and Numbering--Street Lighting--Sewerage-- + Ventilation of Sewers--Disposal of Sewage--House Drainage-- + Disinfection--Gas and Water Companies, etc., Breaking up Streets-- + Improvement of Private Streets--Borrowing Powers--Artizans' and + Labourers' Dwellings--Public Conveniences--Scavenging, including + Street Cleansing--Watering and the Removing of Snow--Planting + Street Trees--Deposit of Plans--Dangerous Buildings--Hoardings-- + Obstructions--Improving Street Lines--Cellar Openings--Public + Pleasure Grounds--Cemeteries--Mortuaries--Cattle and Ordinary + Markets--Public Slaughter-houses, etc.--Giving numerous Forms + of Notices, Specifications, and General Information upon these + and other subjects of great importance to Municipal Engineers and + others engaged in Sanitary Work. + + +_Metrical Tables._ By G. L. MOLESWORTH, M.I.C.E. 32mo, cloth, 1_s._ +6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + General--Linear Measures--Square Measures--Cubic Measures--Measures + of Capacity--Weights--Combinations--Thermometers. + + +_Elements of Construction for Electro-Magnets._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL, +Mem. de I'lnstitut de France. Translated from the French by C. J. +WHARTON. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Practical Electrical Units Popularly Explained_, with _numerous +illustrations_ and Remarks. By JAMES SWINBURNE, late of J. W. Swan and +Co., Paris, late of Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, U.S.A. 18mo, +cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Transmission of Power._ By J. +H. COOPER. Second edition, _illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._ + + +_A Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical +Engineers._ By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTH, Mem. Inst. C.E., Consulting +Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways. _With numerous +illustrations_, 744 pp. Twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged, +32mo, roan, 6_s._ + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS: + + Surveying, Levelling, etc.--Strength and Weight of Materials-- + Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc.--Struts, Columns, + Beams, and Trusses--Flooring, Roofing, and Roof Trusses--Girders, + Bridges, etc.--Railways and Roads--Hydraulic Formulae--Canals, + Sewers, Waterworks, Docks--Irrigation and Breakwaters--Gas, + Ventilation, and Warming--Heat, Light, Colour, and Sound--Gravity: + Centres, Forces, and Powers--Millwork, Teeth of Wheels, Shafting, + etc.--Workshop Recipes--Sundry Machinery--Animal Power--Steam and + the Steam Engine--Water-power, Water-wheels, Turbines, etc.--Wind + and Windmills--Steam Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc.-- + Gunnery, Projectiles, etc.--Weights, Measures, and Money-- + Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and Curves--Telegraphy--Mensuration-- + Tables of Areas and Circumference, and Arcs of Circles--Logarithms, + Square and Cube Roots, Powers--Reciprocals, etc.--Useful Numbers-- + Differential and Integral Calculus--Algebraic Signs--Telegraphic + Construction and Formulae. + + +_Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship._ By G. W. TUXFORD HALLATT. +Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Spons' Tables and Memoranda for Engineers_; selected and arranged by J. +T. HURST, C.E., Author of 'Architectural Surveyors' Handbook,' 'Hurst's +Tredgold's Carpentry,' etc. Ninth edition, 64mo, roan, gilt edges, +1_s._; or in cloth case, 1_s._ 6_d._ + + This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring + only 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4 in. by 1/4 in. thick, that it may be easily + carried in the waistcoat pocket. + + "It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to be + called upon to notice a volume measuring but 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4 + in., yet these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the + handy little book before us. The volume--which contains 118 printed + pages, besides a few blank pages for memoranda--is, in fact, a true + pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the waistcoat pocket, and + containing a far greater amount and variety of information than + most people would imagine could be compressed into so small a + space.... The little volume has been compiled with considerable + care and judgment, and we can cordially recommend it to our readers + as a useful little pocket companion."--_Engineering._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties +and Constructive Adaptations._ By HENRY REID, Author of the 'Science and +Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.' New Edition, _with 59 +woodcuts and 5 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._ + + +_Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete_; especially written to assist +those engaged upon Public Works. By JOHN NEWMAN, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., +crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Electricity as a Motive Power._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL, Membre de +l'Institut de France, and FRANK GERALDY, Ingenieur des Ponts et +Chaussees. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by C. J. WHARTON, +Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. _With 113 engravings and diagrams_, +crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Treatise on Valve-Gears_, with special consideration of the +Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER, Professor of +Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of Zurich. +Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. KLEIN, +Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. _Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 1_2s._ +6_d._ + + +_The French-Polisher's Manual._ By a French-Polisher; containing Timber +Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations, Directions +for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing, +French-Polishing, Directions for Re-polishing. Third edition, royal +32mo, sewed, 6_d._ + + +_Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries._ By +P. L. SIMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Principles of Graphic Statics._ By GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, Capt. +Royal Engineers. _With 112 illustrations._ 4to, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Dynamo-Electric Machinery_: A Manual for Students of Electro-technics. +By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, B.A., D.Sc., Professor of Experimental Physics +in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Second edition, +_illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Practical Geometry, Perspective, and Engineering Drawing_; a Course of +Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering +Draughtsman, including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric +Projection, each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which +are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, etc., together with practical +instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general +treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing +Instruments. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. Second edition, _with 21 +plates_. 2 vols., cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Elements of Graphic Statics._ By Professor KARL VON OTT, translated +from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical +Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. _With 93 illustrations_, +crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas._ +By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with _numerous wood engravings and 29 +plates_, cloth, 28_s._ + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS: + + Introduction--History of Gas Lighting--Chemistry of Gas + Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.--Coal, with + Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop, + Esqrs.--Retorts, Iron and Clay--Retort Setting--Hydraulic Main-- + Condensers--Exhausters--Washers and Scrubbers--Purifiers-- + Purification--History of Gas Holder--Tanks, Brick and Stone, + Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron-- + Specifications--Gas Holders--Station Meter--Governor-- + Distribution--Mains--Gas Mathematics, or Formulae for the + Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.--Services--Consumers' + Meters--Regulators--Burners--Fittings--Photometer--Carburization + of Gas--Air Gas and Water Gas--Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis + Thompson, Esq.--Analyses of Gas--Influence of Atmospheric Pressure + and Temperature on Gas--Residual Products--Appendix--Description + of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc. + + +_The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals._ +By W. R. KUTTER. Translated from articles in the 'Cultur-Ingenieur,' by +LOWIS D'A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Practical Millwright and Engineer's Ready Reckoner_; or Tables for +finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight, and +power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By THOMAS DIXON. +Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._ + + +_Tin_: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dressing and Smelting it +abroad; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and Wolfram. By ARTHUR G. +CHARLETON, Mem. American Inst. of Mining Engineers. _With plates_, 8vo, +cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Perspective, Explained and Illustrated._ By G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. +_With illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Practical Hydraulics_; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of +Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS BOX. Fifth edition, _numerous plates_, +post 8vo, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle +of Work_, designed for Engineering Students. By OLIVER BYRNE, formerly +Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition, +_with 148 wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without + reference to a Unit of Time--Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents, + the Influence of Friction, and introduces one of the most beautiful + Laws of Motion--Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and + second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies--Chap. 4. The + Transmission of Work by simple Machines--Chap. 5. Useful + Propositions and Rules. + + +_Breweries and Maltings_: their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery, +and Plant. By G. SCAMELL, F.R.I.B.A. Second edition, revised, enlarged, +and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 20 plates_, +8vo, cloth, 18_s._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical +Waterwheels_, specially designed for the use of operative mechanics. By +WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. _With 11 plates._ Second +edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, _12s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc._; +for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS BOX. Third edition, _with 11 +plates_. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Mining Machinery_: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and +other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. +C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the +Author's Treatise on Coal Mining, containing _182 plates_, accurately +drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting-- + Ventilation--Pumping--Treatment of Mineral Products, including + Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal, Sulphur, + China Clay, Brick Earth, etc. + + +_Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc._, +varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. KENNEDY and +R. W. HACKWOOD. _Illustrated_, 32mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement_, with +observations on some of its constructive applications. _With 66 +illustrations_. By HENRY REID, C.E., Author of 'A Practical Treatise on +Concrete,' etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._ + + +_The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_; including +instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and +Mechanical Drawings. _With numerous illustrations in the text, and 33 +plates_ (_15 printed in colours_). By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. +C.E. 4to, cloth, 9_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + The Drawing Office and its Furnishings--Geometrical Problems-- + Lines, Dots, and their Combinations--Colours, Shading, Lettering, + Bordering, and North Points--Scales--Plotting--Civil Engineers' + and Surveyors' Plans--Map Drawing--Mechanical and Architectural + Drawing--Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulae, etc., etc. + + +_The Boiler-maker's and Iron Ship-builder's Companion_, comprising a +series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the utmost +utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By JAMES FODEN, author +of 'Mechanical Tables,' etc. Second edition revised, _with +illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_Rock Blasting_: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting +Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. +_With 56 illustrations and 12 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Painting and Painters' Manual_: a Book of Facts for Painters and those +who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By C. L. CONDIT and J. SCHELLER. +_Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + +_A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private +Rope-yards_, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of +Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways, +Builders, etc. By R. CHAPMAN, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart and +Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford. +Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._ + + +_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables_; for the use of Engineers, +Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and others. Bricklayer, +containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables._ Excavator, Earth, Land, +Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 24,000 calculations. +4to, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_Sanitary Engineering_: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage +and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the calculations of the +Engineer. By BALDWIN LATHAM, C.E., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., F.M.S., +Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, _with +numerous plates and woodcuts_, 8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 10_s._ + + +_Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists_, giving the values +of the different trains of Wheels required to produce Screws of any +pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., etc. Cloth, +oblong, 2_s._ + + +_Screw Cutting Tables_, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the +proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the Threads of Screws of any +required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads +and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. Second edition, oblong, cloth, +1_s._, or sewed, 6_d._ + + +_A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by +Simple Geometrical Construction_, based upon the principles enunciated +in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain +Slide-Valve and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson's, Gooch's, +and Allan's Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable +expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst. +Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ + + +_Cleaning and Scouring_: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for +Domestic Use. By S. CHRISTOPHER. 18mo, sewed, 6_d._ + + +_A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining._ By WILLIAM STUKELEY GRESLEY, +Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member of the North of England Institute +of Mining Engineers. _Illustrated with numerous woodcuts and diagrams_, +crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._ + + +_A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users_, comprising a variety +of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors, +Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips, +Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By MAURICE +JOHN SEXTON. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._ + + +_Electrolysis_: a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, Coppering, Gilding, +Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment of Ores by means of +Electricity. By HIPPOLYTE FONTAINE, translated from the French by J. A. +BERLY, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. _With engravings._ 8vo, cloth, 9_s._ + + +_Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, +Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000._ Post 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ + + +_A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine_, containing Plans and +Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the +Principles involved in Design and Construction. By ARTHUR RIGG, +Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal +Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, _copiously illustrated with +woodcuts and 96 plates_, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._; +or cheaper edition, cloth, 25_s._ + + This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history + of the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed + Steam Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive + or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the + most recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, + Winding, Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and + other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain + and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be + observed in the construction of the various details, such as + Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads, + Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and + Equilibrium Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt + with. In this connection will be found articles upon the Velocity + of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, Heat + and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer's + desire to draw illustrations from every possible source, and give + only those rules that present practice deems correct. + + +_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying, +Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc._, with a general description of +the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting, +etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Fourth edition, revised by G. W. USILL, Assoc. +Mem. Inst. C.E. _41 plates, with illustrations and tables_, royal 8vo, +cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + PRINCIPAL CONTENTS: + + Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land + Surveying; comprising General Observations--The Chain--Offsets + Surveying by the Chain only--Surveying Hilly Ground--To Survey an + Estate or Parish by the Chain only--Surveying with the Theodolite-- + Mining and Town Surveying--Railroad Surveying--Mapping--Division + and Laying out of Land--Observations on Enclosures--Plane + Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling--Simple and Compound Levelling-- + The Level Book--Parliamentary Plan and Section--Levelling with a + Theodolite--Gradients--Wooden Curves--To Lay out a Railway Curve-- + Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for + Estimates--Cuttings and Embankments--Tunnels--Brickwork--Ironwork-- + Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of Instruments in + Surveying and Plotting--The Improved Dumpy Level--Troughton's + Level--The Prismatic Compass--Proportional Compass--Box Sextant-- + Vernier--Pantagraph--Merrett's Improved Quadrant--Improved + Computation Scale--The Diagonal Scale--Straight Edge and Sector. + Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers--Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines, + Tangents and Co-Tangents--Natural Sines and Co-Sines--Tables for + Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, + etc., etc., etc. + + +_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by +Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating the +Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J. +DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement, +_with plates_, demy 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Assayer's Manual_: an Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic +Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial Products. By BRUNO +KERL. Translated by W. T. BRANNT. _With 65 illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, +12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Electricity_: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By J. T. SPRAGUE, +M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, _with numerous +illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 15_s._ + + +_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with +Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the +Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on Ornamental +Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Third edition, _with +wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + On Lathes--Turning Tools--Turning Wood--Drilling--Screw Cutting-- + Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes--Turning Particular Forms-- + Staining--Polishing--Spinning Metals--Materials--Ornamental + Turning, etc. + + +_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP, +M.A., F.S.A. _With 32 illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork--Tools--Time-- + Historical Summary--On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels + and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains, etc.--Of Dial + Wheels, or Motion Work--Length of Time of Going without Winding + up--The Verge--The Horizontal--The Duplex--The Lever--The + Chronometer--Repeating Watches--Keyless Watches--The Pendulum, + or Spiral Spring--Compensation--Jewelling of Pivot Holes-- + Clerkenwell--Fallacies of the Trade--Incapacity of Workmen-- + How to Choose and Use a Watch, etc. + + +_Algebra Self-Taught._ By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst +C.E., Author of 'A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,' etc. Second +edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + Symbols and the Signs of Operation--The Equation and the Unknown + Quantity--Positive and Negative Quantities--Multiplication-- + Involution--Exponents--Negative Exponents--Roots, and the Use + of Exponents as Logarithms--Logarithms--Tables of Logarithms + and Proportionate Parts--Transformation of System of Logarithms-- + Common Uses of Common Logarithms--Compound Multiplication and + the Binomial Theorem--Division, Fractions, and Ratio--Continued + Proportion--The Series and the Summation of the Series--Limit + of Series--Square and Cube Roots--Equations--List of Formulae, etc. + + +_Spons' Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, Military, and +Naval_; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish, +3100 pp., and _nearly 8000 engravings_, in super-royal 8vo, in 8 +divisions, 5_l._ 8_s._ Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5_l._ 5_s._ Bound in +a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6_l._ 12_s._ + + +_Notes in Mechanical Engineering._ Compiled principally for the use of +the Students attending the Classes on this subject at the City of London +College. By HENRY ADAMS, Mem. Inst. M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of +Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Canoe and Boat Building_: a complete Manual for Amateurs, containing +plain and comprehensive directions for the construction of Canoes, +Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. By W. P. STEPHENS. _With +numerous illustrations and 24 plates of Working Drawings._ Crown 8vo, +cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians, Philadelphia_, +October 8th to 13th, 1884. 18mo, cloth, 3_s._ + + +_Dynamo-Electricity_, its Generation, Application, Transmission, +Storage, and Measurement. By G. B. PRESCOTT. _With 545 illustrations._ +8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._ + + +_Domestic Electricity for Amateurs._ Translated from the French of E. +HOSPITALIER, Editor of "L'Electricien," by C. J. WHARTON, Assoc. Soc. +Tel. Eng. _Numerous illustrations._ Demy 8vo, cloth, 9_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + 1. Production of the Electric Current--2. Electric Bells-- + 3. Automatic Alarms--4. Domestic Telephones--5. Electric Clocks-- + 6. Electric Lighters--7. Domestic Electric Lighting--8. Domestic + Application of the Electric Light--9. Electric Motors-- + 10. Electrical Locomotion--11. Electrotyping, Plating, and + Gilding--12. Electric Recreations--13. Various applications-- + Workshop of the Electrician. + + +_Wrinkles in Electric Lighting._ By VINCENT STEPHEN. _With +illustrations._ 18mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + 1. The Electric Current and its production by Chemical means-- + 2. Production of Electric Currents by Mechanical means-- + 3. Dynamo-Electric Machines--4. Electric Lamps--5. Lead-- + 6. Ship Lighting. + + +_The Practical Flax Spinner_; being a Description of the Growth, +Manipulation, and Spinning of Flax and Tow. By LESLIE C. MARSHALL, of +Belfast. _With illustrations._ 8vo, cloth, 15_s._ + + +_Foundations and Foundation Walls for all classes of Buildings_, Pile +Driving, Building Stones and Bricks, Pier and Wall construction, +Mortars, Limes, Cements, Concretes, Stuccos, &c. _64 illustrations_. By +G. T. POWELL and F. BAUMAN. 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Manual for Gas Engineering Students._ By D. LEE. 18mo, cloth 1_s._ + + +_Hydraulic Machinery, Past and Present._ A Lecture delivered to the +London and Suburban Railway Officials' Association. By H. ADAMS, Mem. +Inst. C.E. _Folding plate._ 8vo, sewed, 1_s._ + + +_Twenty Years with the Indicator._ By THOMAS PRAY, Jun., C.E., M.E., +Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 2 vols., royal 8vo, +cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Annual Statistical Report of the Secretary to the Members of the Iron +and Steel Association on the Home and Foreign Iron and Steel Industries +in 1884._ Issued March 1885. 8vo, sewed, 5_s._ + + +_Bad Drains, and How to Test them_; with Notes on the Ventilation of +Sewers, Drains, and Sanitary Fittings, and the Origin and Transmission +of Zymotic Disease. By R. HARRIS REEVES. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Standard Practical Plumbing_; being a complete Encyclopaedia for +Practical Plumbers and Guide for Architects, Builders, Gas Fitters, +Hot-water Fitters, Ironmongers, Lead Burners, Sanitary Engineers, Zinc +Workers, &c. _Illustrated by over 2000 engravings._ By P. J. DAVIES. +Vol. I, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Pneumatic Transmission of Messages and Parcels between Paris and +London, via Calais and Dover._ By J. B. BERLIER, C.E. Small folio, +sewed, 6_d._ + + +_List of Tests_ (_Reagents_), arranged in alphabetical order, according +to the names of the originators. Designed especially for the convenient +reference of Chemists, Pharmacists, and Scientists. By HANS M. WILDER. +Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Ten Years Experience in Works of Intermittent Downward Filtration._ By +J. BAILEY DENTON, Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, with additions. Royal +8vo, sewed, 4_s._ + + +_A Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and Candles, Lubricants and +Glycerin._ By W. LANT CARPENTER, B.A., B.Sc. (late of Messrs. C. Thomas +and Brothers, Bristol). _With illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ +6_d._ + + +_The Stability of Ships explained simply, and calculated by a new +Graphic method._ By J. C. SPENCE, M.I.N.A. 4to, sewed, 3_s._ 6_d._ + + +_Steam Making, or Boiler Practice._ By CHARLES A. SMITH, C.E. 8vo, +cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._ + + CONTENTS: + + 1. The Nature of Heat and the Properties of Steam--2. Combustion.-- + 3. Externally Fired Stationary Boilers--4. Internally Fired + Stationary Boilers--5. Internally Fired Portable Locomotive and + Marine Boilers--6. Design, Construction, and Strength of Boilers-- + 7. Proportions of Heating Surface, Economic Evaporation, + Explosions--8. Miscellaneous Boilers, Choice of Boiler Fittings + and Appurtenances. + + +_The Fireman's Guide_; a Handbook on the Care of Boilers. By TEKNOLOG. +foereningen T. I. Stockholm. Translated from the third edition, and +revised by KARL P. DAHLSTROM, M.E. Second edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, +2_s._ + + +_A Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers_, including Land +Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers, for the use of Students. By +FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst M.E. _With 36 plates._ 4to, +cloth, 25_s._ + + CONTENTS: + + 1. Introduction--2. Original Engines--3. Boilers--4. High-Pressure + Beam Engines--5. Cornish Beam Engines--6. Horizontal Engines--7. + Oscillating Engines--8. Vertical High-Pressure Engines--9. Special + Engines--10. Portable Engines--11. Locomotive Engines--12. Marine + Engines. + + +_Steam Engine Management_; a Treatise on the Working and Management of +Steam Boilers. By F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. 18mo, cloth, +2_s._ + + +_Land Surveying on the Meridian and Perpendicular System._ By WILLIAM +PENMAN, C.E. 8vo, cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._ + + +_The Topographer, his Instruments and Methods_, designed for the use of +Students, Amateur Photographers, Surveyors, Engineers, and all persons +interested in the location and construction of works based upon +Topography. _Illustrated with numerous plates, maps, and engravings._ By +LEWIS M. 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Boilers. + Brakes. + Brick Machinery. + Bridges. + Cages for Mines. + Calculus, Differential and Integral. + Canals. + Carpentry. + Cast Iron. + Cement, Concrete, Limes, and Mortar. + Chimney Shafts. + Coal Cleansing and Washing. + Coal Mining. + Coal Cutting Machines. + Coke Ovens. Copper. + Docks. Drainage. + Dredging Machinery. + Dynamo-Electric and Magneto-Electric Machines. + Dynamometers. + Electrical Engineering, Telegraphy, Electric Lighting and its + practical details, Telephones. + Engines, Varieties of. + Explosives. Fans. + Founding, Moulding and the practical work of the Foundry. + Gas, Manufacture of. + Hammers, Steam and other Power. + Heat. Horse Power. + Hydraulics. + Hydro-geology. + Indicators. Iron. + Lifts, Hoists, and Elevators. + Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons. + Machine Tools. + Materials of Construction. + Meters. + Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress. + Piers. + Pile Driving. + Pneumatic Transmission. + Pumps. + Pyrometers. + Road Locomotives. + Rock Drills. + Rolling Stock. + Sanitary Engineering. + Shafting. + Steel. + Steam Navvy. + Stone Machinery. + Tramways. + Well Sinking. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + NOW COMPLETE. + + _With nearly 1500 illustrations_, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions, + cloth. Divisions 1 to 4, 13_s._ 6_d._ each; Division 5, 17_s._ 6_d._; + or 2 vols., cloth, L3 10_s._ + + SPONS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA + OF THE + INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. + + EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S. + + Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the + following:-- + + Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs. + Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs. + Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp. + Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs. + Alloys. + Alum. + Asphalt. + Assaying. + Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs. + Blacks. + Bleaching Powder, 15 pp. + Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs. + Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs. + Carbon Bisulphide. + Celluloid, 9 pp. + Cements. + Clay. + Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs. + Cocoa, 8 pp. + Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs. + Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs. + Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs. + Drugs, 38 pp. + Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs. + Dyestuffs, 16 pp. + Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp. + Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs. + Feathers. + Fibrous Substances, 92 pp. 79 figs. + Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs. + Food Preservation, 8 pp. + Fruit, 8 pp. + Fur, 5 pp. + Gas, Coal, 8 pp. + Gems. + Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs. + Graphite, 7 pp. + Hair, 7 pp. + Hair Manufactures. + Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs. + Honey. + Hops. + Horn. + Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs. + Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs. + Ink, 17 pp. + Ivory. + Jute Manufactures, 11 pp., 11 figs. + Knitted Fabrics--Hosiery, 15 pp. 13 figs. + Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs. + Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs. + Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs. + Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs. + Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs. + Mordants, 13 pp. + Narcotics, 47 pp. + Nuts, 10 pp. + Oils and Fatty Substances, 125 pp. + Paint. + Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs. + Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs. + Pearl and Coral, 8 pp. + Perfumes, 10 pp. + Photography, 13 pp. 20 figs. + Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs. + Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs. + Printing and Engraving, 20 pp. 8 figs. + Rags. + Resinous and Gummy Substances, 75 pp. 16 figs. + Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs. + Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs. + Silk, 8 pp. + Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs. + Skins, 5 pp. + Small Wares, 4 pp. + Soap and Glycerine, 39 pp. 45 figs. + Spices, 16 pp. + Sponge, 5 pp. + Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs. + Sugar, 155 pp. 134 figs. + Sulphur. + Tannin, 18 pp. + Tea, 12 pp. + Timber, 13 pp. + Varnish, 15 pp. + Vinegar, 5 pp. + Wax, 5 pp. + Wool, 2 pp. + Woollen Manufactures, 58 pp. 39 figs. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + Crown 8vo, cloth, with illustrations, 5_s._ + + WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, + FIRST SERIES. + + BY ERNEST SPON. + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. + + Bookbinding. + Bronzes and Bronzing. + Candles. + Cement. + Cleaning. + Colourwashing. + Concretes. + Dipping Acids. + Drawing Office Details. + Drying Oils. + Dynamite. + Electro-Metallurgy--(Cleaning, Dipping, Scratch-brushing, + Batteries, Baths, and Deposits of every description). + Enamels. + Engraving on Wood, Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone. + Etching and Aqua Tint. + Firework Making--(Rockets, Stars, Rains, Gerbes, Jets, + Tourbillons, Candles, Fires, Lances, Lights, Wheels, + Fire-balloons, and minor Fireworks). + Fluxes. + Foundry Mixtures. + Freezing. + Fulminates. + Furniture Creams, Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes. + Gilding. + Glass Cutting, Cleaning, Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, + Staining, and Painting. + Glass Making. + Glues. + Gold. + Graining. + Gums. + Gun Cotton. + Gunpowder. + Horn Working. + Indiarubber. + Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes. + Lacquers. + Lathing. + Lubricants. + Marble Working. + Matches. + Mortars. + Nitro-Glycerine. + Oils. + Paper. + Paper Hanging. + Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House, + Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting. + Photography. + Plastering. + Polishes. + Pottery--(Clays, Bodies, Glazes, Colours, Oils, Stains, Fluxes, + Enamels, and Lustres). + Scouring. + Silvering. + Soap. + Solders. + Tanning. + Taxidermy. + Tempering Metals. + Treating Horn, Mother-o'-Pearl, and like substances. + Varnishes, Manufacture and Use of. + Veneering. + Washing. + Waterproofing. + Welding. + + Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and + processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, + Blacking, Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge + Ware, Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and + others too numerous to mention. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + Crown 8vo, cloth, 485 pages, with illustrations, 5_s._ + + WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, + SECOND SERIES. + + BY ROBERT HALDANE. + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. + + Acidimetry and Alkalimetry. + Albumen. + Alcohol. + Alkaloids. + Baking-powders. + Bitters. + Bleaching. + Boiler Incrustations. + Cements and Lutes. + Cleansing. + Confectionery. + Copying. + Disinfectants. + Dyeing, Staining, and Colouring. + Essences. + Extracts. + Fireproofing. + Gelatine, Glue, and Size. + Glycerine. + Gut. + Hydrogen peroxide. + Ink. + Iodine. + Iodoform. + Isinglass. + Ivory substitutes. + Leather. + Luminous bodies. + Magnesia. + Matches. + Paper. + Parchment. + Perchloric acid. + Potassium oxalate. + Preserving. + + =Pigments, Paint, and Painting=: embracing the preparation of + _Pigments_, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort, + ivory, lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, caeruleum, + Egyptian, manganate, Paris, Peligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine), + browns (bistre, hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta, + Brighton, Brunswick, chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese, + mitis, mountain, Prussian, sap, Scheele's, Schweinfurth, titanium, + verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake, carminated lake, carmine, + Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colcothar, Indian red, + madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum, baryta, + Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead--by American, Dutch, French, + German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and + composition of commercial samples--whiting, Wilkinson's white, zinc + white), yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow + lakes); _Paint_ (vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing, + applying, priming, drying, filling, coats, brushes, surface, + water-colours, removing smell, discoloration; miscellaneous paints-- + cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint, iron paint, + lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints, + tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints); _Painting_ (general + instructions, proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work; + carriage painting--priming paint, best putty, finishing colour, + cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils, driers, and colours, + varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re-varnishing, how to + dry paint; woodwork painting). + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + JUST PUBLISHED. + + Crown 8vo, cloth, 480 pages, with 183 illustrations, 5_s._ + + WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, + THIRD SERIES. + + BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK. + + Uniform with the First and Second Series. + + SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. + + Alloys. + Aluminium. + Antimony. + Barium. + Beryllium. + Bismuth. + Cadmium. + Caeesium. + Calcium. + Cerium. + Chromium. + Cobalt. + Copper. + Didymium. + Electrics. + Enamels and Glazes. + Erbium. + Gallium. + Glass. + Gold. + Indium. + Iridium. + Iron and Steel. + Lacquers and Lacquering. + Lanthanum. + Lead. + Lithium. + Lubricants. + Magnesium. + Manganese. + Mercury. + Mica. + Molybdenum. + Nickel. + Niobium. + Osmium. + Palladium. + Platinum. + Potassium. + Rhodium. + Rubidium. + Ruthenium. + Selenium. + Silver. + Slag. + Sodium. + Strontium. + Tantalum. + Terbium. + Thallium. + Thorium. + Tin. + Titanium. + Tungsten. + Uranium. + Vanadium. + Yttrium. + Zinc. + Zirconium. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, + FOURTH SERIES, + DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS & MECHANICAL SUBJECTS. + + BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK. + + 250 Illustrations, with Complete Index, and a General Index to the + Four Series, 5_s._ + + Waterproofing--rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous + preparations. + + Packing and Storing articles of delicate odour or colour, of a + deliquescent character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer from + insects or damp, or easily broken. + + Embalming and Preserving anatomical specimens. + + Leather Polishes. + + Cooling Air and Water, producing low temperatures, making ice, + cooling syrups and solutions, and separating salts from liquors by + refrigeration. + + Pumps and Siphons, embracing every useful contrivance for raising + and supplying water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive, + tenacious, and other liquids. + + Desiccating--air-and water-ovens, and other appliances for drying + natural and artificial products. + + Distilling--water, tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical + preparations, essences, perfumes, and alcoholic liquids. + + Emulsifying as required by pharmacists and photographers. + + Evaporating--saline and other solutions, and liquids demanding + special precautions. + + Filtering--water, and solutions of various kinds. + + Percolating and Macerating. + + Electrotyping. + + Stereotyping by both plaster and paper processes. + + Bookbinding in all its details. + + Straw Plaiting and the fabrication of baskets, matting, etc. + + Musical Instruments--the preservation, tuning, and repair of + pianos, harmoniums, musical boxes, etc. + + Clock and Watch Mending--adapted for intelligent amateurs. + + Photography--recent development in rapid processes, handy + apparatus, numerous recipes for sensitizing and developing + solutions, and applications to modern illustrative purposes. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + JUST PUBLISHED. + + In demy 8vo, cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._ + + SPONS' + MECHANICS' OWN BOOK; + + A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS. + + CONTENTS. + + Mechanical Drawing--Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze, + and other Alloys--Forging and Finishing Iron--Sheetmetal + Working--Soldering, Brazing, and Burning--Carpentry and Joinery, + embracing descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of + Tools and their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints + and hinges, and Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, + rough furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building-- + Cabinet-Making and Veneering--Carving and Fretcutting--Upholstery-- + Painting, Graining, and Marbling--Staining Furniture, Woods, + Floors, and Fittings--Gilding, dead and bright, on various + grounds--Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood--Varnishing--Mechanical + movements, illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion-- + Turning in Wood and Metals--Masonry, embracing Stonework, + Brickwork, Terracotta, and Concrete--Roofing with Thatch, Tiles, + Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c.--Glazing with and without putty, and lead + glazing--Plastering and Whitewashing--Paper-hanging--Gas-fitting-- + Bell-hanging, ordinary and electric Systems--Lighting--Warming-- + Ventilating--Roads, Pavements, and Bridges--Hedges, Ditches, and + Drains--Water Supply and Sanitation--Hints on House Construction + suited to new countries. + + London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. + New York: 35, Murray Street. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING *** + +***** This file should be named 35015.txt or 35015.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/0/1/35015/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lame and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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