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+Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Wrinkles in Electric Lighting
+
+Author: Vincent Stephen
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2011 [EBook #35015]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
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+
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |                                                                    |
+  |                       TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES                          |
+  |                                                                    |
+  | * Some minor typographical errors corrected.                       |
+  | * Inconsistencies in spelling and lay-out have not been corrected. |
+  | * Italics are represented between underscores as in _italics_.     |
+  | * Bold faced type is represented as in =bold face=.                |
+  | * Sidenotes from the original work have been deleted from this     |
+  |   e-text, since their sheer number made reading the text difficult.|
+  |   The section titles given in the Table of Contents are the same   |
+  |   as the original sidenotes.                                       |
+  |                                                                    |
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+                                WRINKLES
+                                   IN
+                           ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+
+
+
+                                WRINKLES
+                                   IN
+                           ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+                                   BY
+
+                            VINCENT STEPHEN.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                  E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
+
+                     NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
+
+                                  1888.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In the following pages it is my intention to give engineers on board
+ship, who may be put in charge of electric lighting machinery without
+having any electrical knowledge, some idea of the manner in which
+electricity is produced by mechanical means; how it is converted into
+light; what precautions must be used to keep the plant in order, and
+what to do in the event of difficulties arising. I do not therefore aim
+at producing a literary work, but shall try and explain everything in
+the plainest language possible.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS.       PAGE
+
+  Production of electric current in chemical battery--Current very
+  weak--Current compared to circulation of the blood--Strength and
+  volume of current--Pressure not sufficient without volume--Action
+  of current is instantaneous--Resistance to the passage of the
+  current--Copper the usual metal for conductors--Heat produced by
+  current when wire is too small                                       1
+
+
+  PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS.
+
+  _Magneto-Electric Machines._
+
+  Current produced by mechanical means--Alternating current--
+  Magneto-electric machines--Shock produced by interruption of
+  current--The current must be commutated--Description of
+  commutator--Current, though alternating in the dynamo, is
+  continuous in the circuit--Continuous current used for
+  electro-plating                                                      5
+
+  _Dynamo-Electric Machines._
+
+  Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar--Permanent magnet--
+  Electro-magnet--Where the magneto and dynamo machines differ--
+  Armature of so-called continuous-current dynamo--Type of
+  commutator--Commutator brushes--Current continuous in the
+  circuit--Alternating-current dynamos--Current not commutated--
+  Intense magnetic field produced--Simplicity of Ferranti armature--
+  Large number of alternations of the current--Alternating current
+  cannot be used to excite an electro-magnet--Exciter coupled on
+  to same spindle as dynamo--Power of exciter if used alone            9
+
+
+  ELECTRIC LAMPS.
+
+  Production of electric light--Arc lights--Mechanism to regulate
+  carbons--Some lamps suitable for alternating current--When
+  carbons are consumed, light goes out--Arc lamps very complicated--
+  Jablochkoff candles--Arc formed between the carbons--Candles
+  require alternating current--Incandescent lamps--Vacuum formed
+  in lamps prevents combustion--Vacuum not perfect--Advantages of
+  incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting--Unaffected by
+  wind, and suitable for either continuous or alternating currents    19
+
+
+  LEADS.
+
+  Leads made usually of copper wire--Short circuit--High E.M.F. for
+  arc lights, but low for incandescent--Arc lights in series--
+  Incandescent lamps in parallel circuit--E.M.F. same for one lamp
+  as for a number--If lamps suitable, each one turns on and off
+  separately--Safety fuses                                            24
+
+
+  SHIP LIGHTING.
+
+  Position for dynamo--Dynamo to be kept clean and cool--Quick-speed
+  engines--Slow-speed engines with belts--Means of keeping belt on
+  the pulley--Engine must work steadily--A good sensitive governor
+  wanted--The belt must be kept tight--A handy belt-stretcher--
+  Friction gearing--Switch board near dynamo--Leads of different
+  colours--Main leads and branch leads--Lamps held in frosted
+  globes--Switches for each lamp--Lamps of various candle-powers--
+  Plan for lighting quarter-deck at times--Arrangement of
+  temporary leads--Leads and lamps always ready, and easily fixed
+  up--Lighting of ships' holds--Danger of fire with oil lamps--Arc
+  lamps not suitable--Arrangement of leads for incandescent lamps--
+  Work carried on better, and pilfering of cargo prevented--Hold
+  leads disconnected while at sea--Installation complete--Lights
+  wanted as night approaches--Precautions before starting dynamo--
+  Lubrication must be perfect--Commutators and collectors require
+  very little oil--Position of brushes--Start the engine--Switches
+  not turned on; no current except from exciter--Testing work
+  of exciter--Dynamos very powerful magnets--Look out for your
+  watches--Switch on the lamps--Current is produced in large dynamo--
+  Difference of a few lamps compensated by governor--Turn all
+  lamps on, and light up gradually--Inequality of light in different
+  lamps--Weeding out of bad lamps--Lamps not to be run too bright--
+  No trouble with dynamo if oiling is attended to--Seizing--Oil
+  must be thin--The dynamo must be kept clean--Little troubles with
+  the lamps--No safety fuse--Effects of vibration of ship on lamps--
+  What to look to if a lamp is out.--Recapitulation--A current of
+  50 volts is hardly felt--Incandescent lights for side lights--
+  Mast-head light--Arc light should never be used--Present mast-head
+  light quite powerful enough--On passenger steamers, side one
+  blaze of light, and side lights barely visible--Speed of dynamo
+  constant, but steam power used in proportion to number of lamps
+  in use--No danger to life from electric current on board ship--
+  Binnacle lamps. Electric light not suitable--Dynamo if near a
+  compass will affect it--Notes                                       27
+
+
+
+
+WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
+
+It will first be necessary to explain how electric currents are produced
+by means of chemicals. In a jar A, Fig. 1, are placed two plates B and
+C, one zinc, and the other copper, each having connected to it at the
+top a copper wire of any convenient length. The plates are kept in
+position by means of pieces of wood, and the jar is about half filled
+with a solution of salt and water, or sulphuric acid and water; if then
+the two wires are joined, a current of electricity at once flows through
+them, however long they may be. The current produced in this manner is
+very weak, and does not even keep what strength it has for any length of
+time, but rapidly gets weaker until quite imperceptible. The current
+is, however, continuous; that is, it flows steadily in the one direction
+through the wire, and may be used for ringing bells, or for other
+purposes where a feeble current only is required to do intermittent
+work. The wire E in connection with the copper plate is called the
+positive lead, and the other the negative, and the current is said to
+flow from the copper plate, through the wire E through the circuit to D,
+and thence to the zinc plate, and through the liquid to the copper
+plate. The current has often been compared to water flowing through a
+pipe, but I think it can be better compared to the blood in the human
+body, which through the action of the heart is continually forced
+through the arteries and veins in one steady stream. There is, however,
+this difference, that there is no actual progression of matter in the
+electric current, it being like a ripple on water, which moves from end
+to end of a lake without the water itself being moved across. Now that I
+have given you an idea of how the current acts, I must try and explain
+how different degrees of strength and volume are obtained. In the first
+place, let us consider what constitute strength and volume in an
+electric current, or at least try and get a general notion about them.
+For this purpose I shall compare the electric current to water being
+forced through a pipe; and the strength of the electric current, or
+electromotive force, written for short E.M.F., will be like the pressure
+of water at any part of the pipe. Two pipes may carry different
+quantities of water, and yet the pressure may be the same in each; in
+one a gallon of water may pass a given point in the same time that a
+pint passes the same point in the other, and yet in each case the
+different quantities may pass that point at the same speed. Thus in
+electricity, two currents may be of different volume or quantity,
+measured in ampères, and yet be of the same E.M.F. measured in volts; or
+they may be of different E.M.F., or pressure, or intensity, and yet be
+of the same volume. If any work is to be done by the water forced
+through a pipe, such as turning a turbine, it is evident that pressure
+of itself is not sufficient, seeing that a stream an inch in diameter
+may be at the same pressure as another a foot in diameter. So with the
+electric current, if work is to be done, such as driving a motor or
+lighting a lamp, it is not sufficient to have a certain E.M.F.; there
+must be quantity or volume in proportion to the amount of work, so that
+if it takes a given quantity to work one lamp, it will take twice that
+quantity to work two lamps of the same kind. It must not be inferred
+from this, that if one lamp requires a certain E.M.F., that two lamps
+will require it to be doubled, as such is not the case, except under
+certain conditions which I will explain later on.
+
+The action of electricity is practically instantaneous in any length of
+wire, so that if the current is used to ring two bells a mile apart,
+but connected by wires, they will commence to ring simultaneously. I
+have so far not said anything about resistance to the passage of the
+current through the wires. I shall therefore refer again to our
+comparison of the current to water forced through a pipe, and you will
+agree that a certain sized pipe will only convey a certain amount of
+water in a given time. If a larger quantity is to be conveyed in the
+same time, a greater pressure must be applied, or a larger pipe must be
+used.
+
+It is evident that increasing the size of the pipe will get over the
+difficulty more readily than increasing the pressure of the water. The
+pipes themselves offer a certain resistance to the passage of the water
+through them, in the shape of friction; so that if an effect is to be
+produced at a distance, rather more pressure is required than if it is
+done close at hand, so as to make up for the loss sustained by friction.
+
+Much the same may be said of the electric current; a certain sized wire
+will only carry a certain current, and if more current is required, a
+thicker wire must be used to convey it, or it must be of a greater
+E.M.F. It is usually more convenient to increase the thickness of the
+wire than to increase the E.M.F. of the current. The wire offers a
+certain resistance to the passage of the current through it, which may
+be compared to friction, and this resistance varies according to the
+metal of which it is composed. Copper is the metal in ordinary use for
+wires for electric lighting purposes, and the purer it is the better
+will it convey the current. Iron is used for telegraph wires on account
+of cheapness, the current used being so small that this metal conveys it
+readily enough; if copper were used, the wires will only require to be
+about one-third the diameter of the iron ones. The following are the
+respective values for electrical conductivity of various metals when
+pure, taking silver as a standard:--Silver 100, copper 99·9, gold 80,
+zinc 29, brass 22, iron 16·8, tin 13·1, lead 8·3, mercury 1·6.
+
+If a wire is made to convey a current which is too large for its
+electrical capacity, it will get heated, which decreases its
+conductivity, with the result that the heat increases until finally the
+wire fuses. I shall have more to say about this when speaking of
+electric lighting.
+
+
+
+
+PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS.
+
+
+_Magneto-electric Machines._
+
+I have shown how the electric current is produced by the action of
+chemical or primary batteries, and how this current will flow through
+suitable conductors. I shall now explain how mechanical power may be
+converted into electricity. It has been found that if a wire, preferably
+of copper, of which the ends are joined together, is moved past a magnet
+a current is induced in the wire, flowing in one direction while the
+wire is approaching the magnet, and in the opposite direction while it
+is receding from it. This is then not a continuous current like we
+obtained from the chemical battery, but an alternating one, and you will
+see later on how it can be made to produce similar effects. The oftener
+the wire passes the magnet the more electricity is generated, so that if
+we make a coil of the wire and move a large number of parts of wire past
+at one time, the effects on each part are accumulated; and if instead of
+having one magnet to pass before, we have several, the effects will be
+doubled or trebled, &c., in proportion to the number. If, again, the
+coil is moved at an increased speed past the magnets, the effects will
+be still further increased.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.]
+
+The knowledge of these facts led to the construction of the various
+magneto-electric machines, of which a familiar type is seen in those
+small ones used for medical purposes. They contain a large horse-shoe
+magnet, close to the end of which two bobbins of copper wire are made to
+revolve at a high speed, and all who have used these machines know that
+the more quickly they turn the handle the greater shock the person
+receives who is being operated upon. The current generated is really
+very feeble, the shock being produced by interrupting it at every half
+revolution by means of a small spring or other suitable mechanism. If
+the current is not so interrupted, it cannot be felt at all, which may
+be proved by lifting up the spring on the spindle of the ordinary kind.
+The current is an alternating one, and changes its direction throughout
+the circuit, however extended it may be, at every half revolution. If it
+is required to have a continuous current, use must be made of what is
+termed a commutator, and I shall endeavour to explain the manner in
+which it acts as simply as possible. Without going into any further
+details as to the construction of the bobbins, and their action at any
+particular moment, I shall content myself with saying that if the wire
+on the two bobbins is continuous, and the ends are connected, the
+current will flow one way during half a revolution, and the other way
+during the other half. Now, in Fig. 2, on the spindle A on which the
+bobbins are fixed, is fitted a split collar formed of two halves B and
+C, to which are joined respectively the ends of the wires + and -. This
+collar is insulated from the spindle by a suitable insulating material,
+that is to say, a material which does not conduct electricity, such as
+wood, ivory, &c., and is represented in Fig. 2 by the dark parts D. So
+far the circuit is not complete, so that however quickly you turn the
+machine no current is produced. If, however, some means is employed for
+joining B and C by a conductor, the alternating current is produced as
+before. In Fig. 3, I show a section through B A C. On a base E made of
+wood, are fixed two metal springs F and G, which are made to press
+against B and C respectively; wires are connected at H and K, which,
+joined together, complete the circuit. A continuous current is said to
+be + or positive where it leaves a battery, and - or negative where it
+returns; it will be convenient to use these signs and terms in the
+following explanation. At one portion of the revolution the spindle will
+be in the position shown in Fig. 3, and the + current is flowing into B,
+through F, to the terminal H, thence through the circuit to the terminal
+K, through G to C, and so back through the - wire to the bobbins of the
+machine. In Fig. 4 the spindle has made a half revolution, bringing B in
+contact with G, and C with F. But by this half turn the current is
+reversed in the bobbins, and the + current flows into C, through F, to
+terminal H as before, and through the circuit to K, through G and B,
+back to the bobbins. Thus you see that in the circuit the current will
+be always in the same direction, or continuous, although in the bobbins
+it is alternating, and may be used for any purpose for which a
+continuous current is required, such as electro-plating, &c.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.]
+
+There are various forms of the magneto-electric machines, as well as of
+commutators, but the foregoing shows the general principle of them all.
+
+
+_Dynamo-electric Machines._
+
+It will now be necessary to explain the nature of a dynamo-electric
+machine, called, for shortness, a dynamo, and to show in what it
+differs from a magneto-electric machine.
+
+I have explained how an electric current is produced by a wire passing
+in front of a magnet; now, this magnet may either be of the ordinary
+kind, or it may be what is termed an electro-magnet. One of the effects
+which electricity can be made to produce is the magnetising of steel
+bars to form the ordinary and well-known permanent magnets which are
+used in ships' compasses, &c. To produce this effect, part of the wire
+in a circuit is made into a spiral as in Fig. 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.]
+
+The steel rod to be magnetised is placed within the spiral, and a
+continuous current of electricity is then sent through the wire, which
+causes the rod to become magnetised with a North pole at one end, and a
+South pole at the other. The more current is passed through the circuit,
+and the more turns are in the spiral, the more quickly and strongly is
+the rod magnetised; and it will retain its magnetism for an indefinite
+time if made of suitable steel. There is a point at which the metal is
+said to be saturated with magnetism, and the strength it has then
+acquired will be that which it will retain afterwards, although while
+under the influence of the current that strength may be considerably
+exceeded. If instead of a steel rod one of iron is placed in the
+spiral, and the current is passed through as before, it will be
+magnetised in the same manner; but as soon as the current is stopped,
+the rod loses almost all its magnetism, and if the current is then
+passed in the opposite direction the rod will be magnetised in the
+opposite way. The softer and more homogeneous is the iron, the more
+instantaneously will it acquire and lose its magnetism, and the greater
+strength of magnetism it is able to acquire. An iron bar, round which
+are wound a large number of turns of insulated or covered wire,
+constitutes an electro-magnet. The difference then between a
+magneto-electric and a dynamo-electric machine is, that in the former
+permanent magnets are used, and in the latter electro-magnets take their
+place. I do not intend to go into particulars as to the construction of
+the various dynamos in present use, as there are many books to be had in
+which these machines are fully described. I need merely say that in the
+so-called continuous-current dynamos, the whole or part of the current
+produced is made to pass through the coils of the electro-magnets, thus
+inducing in them the required magnetism. I showed how, in the
+magneto-electric machine, the currents are collected by means of a
+commutator, and it is evident that in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 there might be
+separate wires coming from each bobbin to B and C; and if there were
+more than two bobbins, there might still be two wires from each to B
+and C. On the other hand the collecting collar might be split into more
+sections; in fact there might be as many sections as bobbins. To show
+how the current is collected in continuous-current dynamos, I must give
+a short explanation of the revolving part or armature of a standard type
+of machine.
+
+In Fig. 6 is shown a horse-shoe magnet, with its North and South poles,
+N and S. Between these poles is made to revolve the armature, composed
+of a number of coils of wire made to form a ring like a life-buoy. The
+ends of the wires are made to lie along a collar on the spindle, made of
+some insulating material, each wire being parallel to its neighbour, and
+kept separate from it, as shown in Fig. 7.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.]
+
+These wires are so arranged that if one end of a sectional coil is on
+top of the spindle at a given moment, the other will be on the under
+side. If then, as shown in Fig. 7, a rubber of copper, made in the form
+of a brush of copper wire for convenience, is placed in contact with the
+upper part of the commutator collar, and another similar one with the
+lower, it is evident the circuit will be completed in the same manner as
+before explained.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. Edison Dynamo.]
+
+A wire which is + when above the spindle, will be - when below it,
+and as the spindle revolves the current changes in the various wires
+from - to + as they reach the top, so that it will always therefore
+be + in the upper brush and - in the lower one, and will accordingly be
+continuous through the circuit. It will be seen in the illustrations
+of various continuous-current dynamos, that though their shape and
+arrangement differ, the mode of collecting the current is much about the
+same as I have described above. Figs. 8 and 9 show some of the
+continuous-current dynamos at present in use.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. Brush Dynamo.]
+
+I will now explain the nature of an alternating-current dynamo.
+
+The principal difference between the continuous-and alternating-current
+dynamo, is in the number of magnets used. Most of the former have only
+four magnets, while the latter have frequently as many as thirty-two. In
+reality, as I have shown, these are all alternating-current dynamos,
+only that in the so-called continuous-current ones, the current is
+commutated, whereas in the others it is not, but is used as it is
+produced. In the principal alternating-current dynamos, a number of
+small magnets, usually sixteen, are attached to a framework directly
+opposite a similar number of others of the same size, the space between
+the ends being only about an inch or two. These are all electro-magnets,
+and are wound in such manner that when excited by a current, every
+alternate one shall have the same magnetism, as in Fig. 10, and every
+opposite one a contrary magnetism.
+
+This produces an intense magnetic field between the ends of the magnets,
+and in this space revolves the armature. This armature, in the Siemens
+dynamo, is composed of a disc having as many bobbins on the periphery as
+there are magnets on each side of the dynamo. As each bobbin approaches
+each magnet a current is induced in one direction, which is reversed
+when the bobbin recedes; thus an alternating current is produced, which
+is collected by connecting the ends to insulated rings or collars on the
+spindle, and having small copper brushes or rubbers in contact with
+them. In the Ferranti dynamo, the armature is quite different, and much
+more simple, as comparison of Figs. 11 and 12 will show.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. Siemens Armature.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. Ferranti Armature.]
+
+It consists of a copper tape bent in and out so as to form a sort of
+star with eight arms, the number of layers of insulated copper tape
+being from ten to thirty, according to requirements. The centre is made
+in a similar shape with bolts or rivets holding each convolution in
+place. The two ends of the tape are attached respectively to two
+collector-rings on the spindle, against which press two solid metal
+rubbers which carry off the current for use in the circuit. It can be
+shown that as each arm approaches a magnet a current will be induced in
+one direction, which will be reversed as each arm recedes; and therefore
+an alternating current will be produced. As there are sixteen magnets
+for the armature to pass at each revolution, there must be sixteen
+alternations of the current during the same time, so that if the speed
+of the armature is 500 revolutions per minute, there will be 500 × 16 =
+8000 alternations in one minute. These alternations being so extremely
+rapid, when this current is used for electric lighting, the steadiness
+of the light will be in no way affected, but will remain as constant as
+with a continuous current.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. Siemens Alternating Dynamo.]
+
+The alternating current produced by these dynamos cannot be used for
+exciting an electro-magnet, as the magnetism would be reversed at every
+alternation; a separate small dynamo of the continuous type is therefore
+used as an exciter to magnetise all the electro-magnets in the field,
+and it is usually coupled on to the same spindle, and therefore goes at
+the same speed as the alternating-current dynamo. The exciter is usually
+of a size to be able to do alone about one-tenth to one-twentieth of
+the work that the larger machines does in the way of lighting; so that
+if from any cause the latter is disabled while the ship lighted by it is
+at sea, the exciter may be used alone to do a portion of the lighting,
+in the first-class saloon for instance. This can only be done if the
+exciter is so constructed as to give the proper E.M.F. that the lamps
+require.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. Ferranti Alternating Dynamo.]
+
+Figs. 13 and 14 are illustrations of two of the alternating current
+dynamos in use on board ship and elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRIC LAMPS.
+
+
+I have explained how power can be converted into electric currents,
+either continuous or alternating, and I must now show how these currents
+can be applied to the production of light.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.]
+
+The current may be used to produce an _arc light_ in the following
+manner:--Two carbon rods, A and B, are held by suitable means in the
+position shown in Fig. 15, and the two wires from a dynamo are joined
+respectively to A and B, the upper one always being the positive lead
+when a continuous current is used. When the current is sent through the
+circuit, it passes through the carbons A and B, which are conductors.
+Immediately this occurs, suitable mechanism in the lamp, being acted on
+by the current, or by hand in the case of search-lights, or by
+clock-work, moves the two carbons a small distance apart, with the
+consequence that a dazzling arc of light is formed between them. If the
+carbons get too far apart, the mechanism brings them nearer together
+again, and on the delicacy with which it acts, depends the steadiness of
+the light. It would be useless to explain how this mechanism acts, as it
+is in a different form in each maker's lamp. Some lamps have been
+constructed for use with an alternating current, but with the majority a
+continuous current is used. While an arc light is burning the carbons
+waste away, the upper one more rapidly than the lower, and the mechanism
+has to approach them constantly to make up for this waste.
+
+When the carbons are consumed as far as convenient, an automatic
+arrangement cuts off the current, and the light goes out; or it diverts
+the current to another set of carbons, which at once light up. The
+carbons are made in suitable lengths to last a certain number of hours,
+four, six, eight, &c. In Fig. 16 is shown an arc lamp complete.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. Arc Lamp Complete.]
+
+An arc lamp is of necessity a complicated affair, which it is not
+advisable to have on board ship, except where an electrician is engaged
+permanently.
+
+Another way of producing light is to use the current in what is called
+an _electric candle_, of which a familiar type is the Jablochkoff
+candle.
+
+Fig. 17 shows the form of this candle, A and B being two carbon rods
+parallel to one another, and joined, but at the same time insulated from
+one another by kaolin, a sort of chalky substance, which is a
+non-conductor.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.]
+
+The wires C and D from the dynamo are joined respectively to A and B
+through metallic supports, as in an arc lamp, and when the current is
+turned on it flows through C A and across by a small strip of carbon E
+to B and D back to the dynamo. The strip E is only large enough to carry
+the current across for a moment, and is immediately consumed, but an arc
+of light is then formed between the carbons as in the arc lamp. As the
+carbons consume, the kaolin in between burns away, just in the same
+manner as, in an ordinary candle, the wick is consumed and the wax melts
+and burns away, except that in the latter case the wax feeds the light,
+whereas the kaolin is only used to keep the carbons the required
+distance apart and the arc of light from running down them. It is
+evident that the carbons must be consumed equally, for which reason use
+must be made of the alternating current. Any unsteadiness that occurs in
+the light produced is consequent on unsteadiness of the current, or
+impurities in the carbons, &c., there being no mechanism of any kind
+required. These candles do not give such a great light as arc lights,
+but it is of the same nature in every way. Fig. 18 shows one of these
+candles in its holder, from which can be seen how electrical contact is
+made with the two carbons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.]
+
+If the current is interrupted in any way, and the light goes out, it
+will not be produced again automatically, but requires a small piece of
+carbon between the two carbons as a path for the current to pass across
+as in the beginning.
+
+A third form of electric light is produced by using the current in an
+_incandescent lamp_.
+
+To explain the action of an incandescent lamp, I must refer back to what
+I said about wires getting heated by a current being passed through them
+which was too large for their capacity. If two large wires are joined by
+a small one, and a strong current is passed through the circuit, the
+small wire rapidly gets red hot, and finally fuses. If this small wire
+is contained in a globe from which the air is exhausted, when the
+current is passed through it, it gets red, then white hot, and when
+very brilliant gets fused. If, instead of wire, we have in the small
+globe a thin filament of carbon, when the current is passed through, we
+get a brilliant light which remains constant because the carbon does not
+fuse, and it cannot burn away for want of air. Fig. 19 shows a Swan
+lamp, and Fig. 20 an Edison lamp, both made on this principle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.]
+
+If in these lamps the vacuum were perfect, the carbon filament would
+never get consumed; it is, however, impossible to get a perfect vacuum,
+but the better it is, the longer will the filament last. Incandescent
+lamps are the only ones that are suitable for house or ship lighting.
+[Advantages of incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting.] They
+give a yellowish light like a good gas-flame, they do not consume the
+air of a room, they cause no smell, and only give out a very slight
+heat. They are perfectly safe, because if the globe gets broken and
+allows air to get in, the filament is instantly consumed, and the light
+goes out. They can be put in all sorts of places where it would be
+impossible to have any other lamps, such as near the ceiling, close to
+curtains, in a room full of explosives or combustibles, and even under
+water. They are not affected by wind; they can therefore be used under
+punkahs, or near open windows, sky-lights, or ports, or in the open air.
+These lamps can be used with either continuous or alternating currents,
+but will probably last longer with the latter, because, when a
+continuous current is used, particles of the carbon of the filament
+appear to be conveyed from one end of the filament to the other,
+reducing the thickness at the one end, until finally it breaks. This
+evidently cannot occur with an alternating current, as the impulse in
+one direction is counteracted by the following one in the opposite
+direction. If the current used is of too high a tension for the lamps,
+they will show an intensely brilliant light for a short time, but the
+filament will soon be destroyed, and the lamp rendered useless.
+
+
+
+
+LEADS.
+
+
+We have now to consider the means used for conveying the current,
+continuous or alternating, to the lamps we intend to use. The leads for
+the electric current, which correspond in some measure with the pipes
+which convey gas, are made of copper wire, as pure as can be obtained,
+covered with some insulating material to prevent the escape of the
+current through contact with other conductors. The size of the wire is
+regulated according to the amount of current which is to be conveyed; it
+will do no harm to have it of twice the required section, but if it is
+of less than the required section, it will offer so much resistance to
+the passage of the current, that it will probably get fused in a very
+short time. If the lead attached to one terminal of the dynamo comes
+back to the other terminal without there being any lamps in the circuit,
+or other means of making use of the current, it is said to be short
+circuited, and if the dynamo is kept going something must give out very
+soon. The two leads must therefore never be connected with one another,
+except by a lamp or other resistance, and the manner in which the lamps
+are placed, and the size of the leads, depend upon the relative tension
+and quantity of current and the kind of lamps to be used. If the current
+is to be used in arc lamps it is usual to have a high E.M.F., which
+allows of the leads being of small section; but if it is to be used in
+incandescent lamps it is found more convenient to have a low E.M.F., and
+as this implies a large quantity of current, the leads have to be of
+large section.
+
+Arc lamps usually require to be placed in series, that is to say, in
+such a manner that the current, after leaving the dynamo, passes through
+each lamp in succession. The E.M.F. required in this case is the sum of
+the E.M.F. for each lamp, the quantity required being the same as for
+one lamp. This accounts for the high E.M.F. used in arc lighting and
+the small size of the wire for conducting the current. Incandescent
+lamps can be either in series or parallel, and frequently the two
+systems are combined. To explain the meaning of having lamps parallel,
+we will suppose the two leads from a dynamo to be taken along a wall,
+parallel to one another, and about six inches apart, ending at the end
+of the wall, but not connected in any way. If we then place lamps at
+intervals between the two leads, connecting one loop of each to the
+upper lead, and the other to the lower lead, by means of small copper
+wire, these lamps are said to be all parallel. In this arrangement the
+current required is the sum of the quantity necessary for each lamp, but
+the E.M.F. is the same as that required for one lamp of the same kind.
+As we therefore require to send a large quantity of current through the
+leads at a small pressure or E.M.F., these leads must be of large
+section. In the above arrangement each lamp may be turned on or off
+separately without affecting the others. Sometimes two or more lamps are
+placed in groups between the parallel leads; these are then in series
+with regard to one another, and can only be turned on or off two or more
+at a time, in other words, one group at a time. If our dynamo is
+producing a current of 100 volts E.M.F. when working at its proper
+speed, and our lamps are 100-volt lamps, we shall be able to turn each
+lamp on or off separately; but if we want to put in 50-volt lamps, we
+must place two together, and we shall then have to turn them on or off
+two at a time. I am supposing that in both cases the lamps require the
+same quantity of current, though of different E.M.F.
+
+To prevent the lamps being spoilt by the current being too strong
+through a sudden increase in the speed of the dynamo, as also to prevent
+the leads getting fused, and perhaps setting fire to the casing, it is
+usual to have safety fuses in various parts of the circuit. These are of
+different kinds, but a typical one consists of a small lead wire, large
+enough to carry the normal current, but which fuses when the current is
+too strong, and at once interrupts its passage. The lamps in the same
+portion of the circuit are then extinguished and so saved from
+destruction, and cannot then be lighted again until the fuse is renewed,
+which, however, can be done with ease.
+
+
+
+
+SHIP LIGHTING.
+
+
+We will consider now the case of a steamship to be lighted by means of
+incandescent lamps. It is sometimes a matter of some difficulty to fix
+on a suitable position for the dynamo and engine, especially in ships
+which have already been running for some time. In selecting a position,
+it must be borne in mind that a dynamo will work best in a cool clean
+place, cleanliness being most important. If a lot of coal dust is flying
+about where the dynamo is working, it will be drawn into it, and tend to
+impair its electrical, as well as mechanical efficiency. If the dynamo
+is kept properly lubricated, it will work well enough in a hot place,
+but we must remember that the heating of the wire which makes up a large
+portion of the dynamo, reduces its conductivity, so that the cooler it
+is kept the better. The dynamo should be so placed that the engineer can
+get to every side of it easily. If a quick-speed engine is to be used
+for driving it direct, it will make a very compact installation, but
+there seems to be some difficulty as yet in getting suitable reliable
+engines, besides which many marine engineers object to quick-speed
+engines altogether. If a slow-speed engine is to be used, a belt is of
+course required to get the necessary speed on the dynamo, and various
+precautions are needful to prevent the belt slipping off the pulley when
+the ship is rolling about in a sea-way. In all cases, the engine and
+dynamo should be placed with their spindles fore-and-aft, or in a line
+with the ship's keel, the rolling being felt more than the pitching.
+There are various ways of keeping the belt from slipping off the pulley.
+Some have flanges on the pulley, others have guides or rollers on each
+side of the belt, each plan having its advantages and disadvantages; but
+some plan must be used, otherwise the belt slips off, usually in the
+middle of the first-saloon dinner, and out go all the lights, besides
+which the belt may be considerably damaged before the engine can be
+stopped. The engine must be one that will work very steadily, otherwise
+the lights will pulsate at each revolution of the engine, which is most
+unpleasant. If the engine is a single one, it must have a large
+fly-wheel, or a driving-wheel large and heavy enough to answer the same
+purpose. The engine requires a good sensitive governor, so as to keep
+the speed regular when some of the lamps are turned on or off. When the
+engine and dynamo are in the main engine-room, the throttle-valve, or a
+stop-valve, should be in a convenient place for the engineer on watch to
+get at so as to instantly shut off the steam if the belt slips off or
+breaks. In ships where an electrician is carried there will not be the
+same necessity for this precaution. It is necessary to have some means
+of tightening up the belt, so as to keep it from slipping round the
+pulley. Where the engine and dynamo are on the same level there may be a
+screw arrangement in the base-plate of the latter by which the distance
+between centres can be increased. Where the engine and dynamo are on
+different levels, and the latter is a fixture, recourse must be had to a
+roller, bearing against the upper part of the belt and capable of screw
+adjustment. If link leather belting is used, it will be found necessary
+to take out several rows of links each day until it has finished
+stretching. A very handy thing to use for this purpose, and which can be
+made on board by an engineer, is a double clamp with a screw in between,
+just like the ones which are being sold for stretching trousers which
+have got baggy at the knees. Whatever belt is used, it is very important
+that there should be no joint or inequality which can cause a jump or
+slip when going over the pulley, as this will cause the lights to
+pulsate each time. In America friction gearing has been tried, but I do
+not know with what success. From my experience of friction gearing, I am
+inclined to think it might do very well. There is certainly no doubt
+that direct-acting quick-speed engines are the ones to use, and it is
+only a question of getting a suitable one.
+
+The dynamo being firmly fixed in position, the main leads are connected
+to it, and carried along to the switch-board, which should be in a
+convenient position near at hand. On this switch-board are usually
+placed the large safety fuses. The board should have a cover to it, to
+prevent any one meddling with it, and to keep it clean. The main leads
+are of a large size, and from these other smaller ones branch off, being
+spliced and soldered to them. It is a very good practice to use leads of
+two different colours, as we can then work by the following rule: Never
+connect together two leads of different colours except by means of a
+lamp or other resistance. The size of the various leads depends on the
+current to be conveyed, and is a matter for the electricians. On the
+main-deck of a large passenger steamer, the main leads may be carried
+along side by side under the upper deck, and from these, smaller ones
+branch off into the various sets of rooms, smaller ones still going into
+each room. In each room there will be one lamp with its switch to turn
+it on or off as desired, and a safety fuse. The lamps are held in small
+brackets, and are contained when desired in frosted globes, which
+diffuse the light and make it very pleasant. When these globes are held
+rigidly in the brackets, the least knock breaks them. A very good
+bracket I have seen in use is one which allows the globe to move about
+on its support when touched, being at the same time sufficiently a
+fixture to resist the motion of the ship; and in the particular ship in
+which I saw these used in the first saloon, there was not a single
+breakage during a four months' voyage. The switches for turning each
+light on or off can be under the control of the passengers, or, on the
+other hand, they can be fitted to work with keys kept by the stewards,
+as thought most desirable.
+
+The lamps used can be of various candle-powers, within certain limits,
+and of whatever make is considered best. They can also be of various
+makes, as long as they are constructed to stand the same E.M.F. The
+lamps in the passenger berths give quite sufficient light if of
+10-candle power; the ones for lighting the saloons, passages, and other
+large spaces, may with advantage be of 20-candle power. In these days of
+luxurious travelling, when the various lines are trying to attract
+passengers to their particular ships, what follows may be thought worth
+consideration. In steamers going through the tropics to India, China,
+Australia, &c., it is usual to get up dances, concerts, and other
+entertainments on the quarter-deck, at times when it would be impossible
+to do anything below on account of the heat. The quarter-deck then has
+to be lighted up. This is effected by means of globe oil-lamps hung
+about here and there, two being hung in front of the piano, in
+unpleasant proximity to the head of the obliging lady pianist. Now in a
+ship lighted by electricity, there is no reason why a couple of leads
+should not be brought up from below through a skylight or other opening,
+on to the quarter-deck. Indeed the leads might be arranged to screw into
+a place in the deck, or on the side of a skylight, just in the same
+manner as a hose is connected for washing decks. These leads would have
+holders for lamps fitted permanently at intervals, and when required for
+use would be stopped up along the awning-spar or ridge-chains, and the
+lamps screwed or hooked into the holders. With a few handy men, five or
+ten minutes would suffice to arrange the whole thing after the leads had
+once been fitted. The leads once fitted for this purpose would be
+always ready for use, and could be kept coiled away in a box which might
+also have a compartment to contain the dozen or so of lamps required.
+
+If the dynamo is already running as many lamps as it is capable of, some
+of the bedroom lights may be turned off while the quarter-deck is being
+lighted. Another thing which I think has not yet been done is the
+following. When working cargo at night, and indeed during the day to
+some extent, lights are of necessity used in the holds. The _theory_ is,
+that no naked lights shall be allowed, but the _practice_ is this: lamps
+are taken below, get knocked about, the wicks fall down and want
+pricking up, the lamps are opened for this purpose, and as they are
+found to give more light without a dusty glass round them than with it,
+they are left open. Candles are often taken below lighted, and even
+matches struck to see the mark on a bale. I am aware that arc lamps are
+used in the Royal Albert Docks, London, in connection with the dock
+lighting, lamps being carried below when required, with flexible leads
+attached, and that, in some few steamers, arc lamps have been used in
+the same manner in connection with their own plant. These arc lamps are,
+I think, not nearly as suitable as incandescent lamps for the purpose of
+lighting up a ship's hold; the light is too glaring, and casts deep
+shadows amongst the bales and cases, besides which, the lamps are large
+and clumsy. I would suggest that leads should be carried behind the
+stringer-battens in the ship's side, or along under the next upper-deck,
+having simple sockets or holders for incandescent lamps at certain
+intervals. Whoever might be in charge of the hold would screw or hook on
+the lamps as required, and so light up every part of the hold thoroughly
+while work was going on. There would be no risk of fire, and I am
+convinced that the extra leads and lamps would pay for themselves in a
+very short time, because work would get on more quickly, and pilfering
+of the cargo would be in a great measure put a stop to. The leads for
+the holds could be so arranged as to be quite unconnected with the
+dynamo while at sea, so that there could not be the remotest possibility
+of the current finding its way below when not wanted. In fine, there is
+no reason whatever why a ship's hold should not be lighted up when
+required, as well as a warehouse or store on shore.
+
+Now, we will suppose that our installation is complete, ready for
+working, everything having been pronounced in order by the electrician
+who has looked after the work. Evening is approaching, and the lights
+will soon be required; we must therefore see that our engine and dynamo
+are ready for a start. If the engine and dynamo are separate, the belt
+must be felt, to see that it is tight enough, otherwise it must be
+tightened by whatever means are provided for the purpose. We must also
+see that the engine and dynamo are properly oiled, and that the
+worsteds are down the tubes of the oil-cups, and working properly, not
+dry, as I have known them to be, with fatal results to the dynamo. If
+the lubrication is performed by means of tubes leading to each bearing
+from an elevated oil-box, we must see that the oil really gets to the
+bearings, and regulate its flow as required. The commutators and
+collector-rings and rubbers require only a wipe of oil, just sufficient
+to prevent undue wearing of the surfaces; if too much is put on them,
+they will spark a great deal, and sparking will wear them away more
+quickly than friction. The brushes of copper wire which collect the
+current of the exciter dynamo, and others of similar pattern, must be
+placed so that the ends press on the commutator as shown in Fig. 21.
+The ends should project just a little way beyond the point or
+line of contact, and when the dynamo is running, there should be
+very little sparking. I am supposing that our plant consists of an
+alternating-current dynamo with a small exciter. The wires leading from
+the exciter to the other dynamo remain always connected, as there is no
+need for meddling with them.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.]
+
+We will now start the engine, and thereby set the dynamo going round,
+slowly at first, and gradually up to the speed required. The main
+switches are not yet turned on, so there is no current going through the
+leads as yet; what then is being done? A current is being produced by
+the exciter only, and is magnetising the electro-magnets of the larger
+dynamo, and if we want to know if it is really doing its work as
+intended, we just hold a small pocket-compass over the ends of two
+opposite magnets of the dynamo, and observe how the needle points. It
+should at once take up the position shown in Fig. 22, and if then held
+over the next couple in like manner, the needle should simply turn
+round, and point in exactly the opposite direction. If it points in any
+other direction, there is something wrong with the connections. If,
+however, the connections are right at starting, they will of course
+remain right, and there should be no need for this test. It is well to
+remember that when dynamos are working, they are, or contain for the
+time being, very powerful magnets, therefore if we bend over them to
+examine them, our watches will get magnetised, which does not improve
+their qualities as time-keepers. Say that our dynamo is now going round
+at the required speed, which may be 500 or 600 revolutions per minute;
+the engine is not using much steam as yet, because very little work is
+being done. We now switch on a set of lamps; this closes the circuit,
+and the large dynamo begins to produce its alternating current, which
+goes through the lamps and lights them up. This, however, gives the
+engine more work to do, and more steam must be turned on, otherwise the
+necessary speed will not be kept up. We switch on all the other lamps as
+required, and must see that the speed of the dynamo is kept constant. A
+difference of a few lamps, affecting the engine to a small extent only,
+should be compensated automatically by the governor. If the brightest
+lamps are not bright enough, the speed should be increased a little, but
+care must be taken not to overdo it, because if the current is too
+strong, some of the safety fuses will melt, and the corresponding lamps
+will go out. It must not be inferred from what I have said, that it is
+necessary to run the dynamo at first without switching on any lamps. On
+the contrary, a better effect will be produced if all the lamps are
+switched on before starting, as they will then gradually work up to
+their full brilliancy; whereas, if one set of lamps is started first,
+and run bright, and we then switch on another set, the current at first
+will be too small for the two sets, and the first set will get quite
+dull, remaining so until the dynamo is going at its proper speed again.
+When lighted up for the first time, it will be found that some of the
+lamps are much brighter than others; this is because the lamps at
+present made are not of perfectly equal resistances. We must go round,
+then, and note where the dull ones are, and we can either at once, or
+during next day, shift them into the bathrooms and places where such a
+perfect light is not required. All the lamps in one room, the first
+saloon, or music room, for instance, should be equalised as much as
+possible, and in such places the brightest should be used. Nothing looks
+worse than to see a couple of dull lights in the same room as a lot of
+bright ones. By seeing to these matters we can make the lighting much
+more satisfactory than it otherwise would be. During the first few
+evenings we shall probably have some of the lamps go out through the
+filaments breaking. This I consider a weeding out of defective lamps,
+because if it were that the current was too strong, the fuses would have
+given way. Some of the fuses give way when the current is _not_ too
+strong; this is owing to imperfections in the fuses, and they must be
+replaced by spare ones. For the sake of economy, it is well not to run
+the lamps too bright. Without giving the lamps the maximum current a
+very good light can be obtained, and they will last all the longer. I
+need hardly say that there is a medium in this as in everything else,
+and it does not look well when a candle is placed alongside of an
+electric lamp to enable a person to read or write in comfort.
+
+All this time the dynamo is running, and we must feel the bearings
+occasionally to see if they are keeping cool. There will be no trouble
+if the lubrication is all right. If the oil does not get into the
+bearings as it should do, they will heat, jam the spindle, or seize, and
+bring up the engine or break the belt. The lights will then all go out,
+and everybody will say hard things of the electric light, while the
+fault really rests with us. Sometimes seizing occurs through the spindle
+not being slack enough in the bearings, but this generally occurs while
+testing the dynamo at the works.
+
+It must be borne in mind that in dynamos the spindle must be a good fit,
+and there may be room in the bearings for ordinary engine-oil while
+there may not be for a thicker oil, such as castor oil. Therefore, if
+the bearings show a tendency to heat, it may improve matters to thin the
+oil used with petroleum. While giving the dynamo its proper supply of
+oil, we must only apply it in the proper places. If we let the bobbins
+get smothered in oil, the insulating material on the wire will get
+rotted, and a short circuiting will probably take place. The dynamo
+cannot be kept too clean, and there should be a canvas cover to put over
+it while not in use, especially while coaling. We will suppose that all
+is going on right; a steward comes along and says: "Mr. So-and-so, I
+cannot get the lamp in number 6 berth to light although I have turned
+the switch the right way." "All right, I will go and look at it," you
+answer. Now, let us see what is the matter. We unhook or unscrew the
+lamp, and look at the filament; it is not broken. We replace the lamp
+again, and are careful that it makes good contact; but still no light.
+Let us look at the safety fuse; why, there is none! it has been missed
+out. We get one of the spare ones out of our electric store, and put it
+in its place, and the lamp lights properly at once. We find another lamp
+out, and look at it. We see at once that the filament is broken, so
+there is no question about this one; it must be changed. Hallo! what is
+up with this one? it goes in and out all the time like a flash light.
+The current must be getting to it all right, otherwise it would not
+light at all. I see what it is; it is a Swan lamp, and the spring is not
+pressing quite fairly on it, so that one hook is making good contact,
+while the other tightens and slacks with the vibration of the ship. This
+is soon set right by turning the spring round a little, or hooking the
+lamp the other way. Or it is an Edison lamp, which has got slightly
+unscrewed, and no longer makes good contact at the back end of the
+holder. In some lamp-fittings the ends of the leads are held in a spring
+grip in the base of the bracket, and it may happen that they have
+slipped out, and so broken the circuit, and extinguished the light. In
+the Swan lamps, and others of a similar pattern, one of the little
+platinum loops in the base of the lamps sometimes gets broken off; the
+lamp is then of no further use. To recapitulate, if a lamp goes out, the
+first thing is to see if the filament is broken, next if it makes good
+contact. If it does not then light up, see if there is any current
+getting to it; this may be found out by touching the two hooks in a Swan
+holder, or the back and side of an Edison screw holder, with a moistened
+finger. With a current of 50 volts a slight tickling sensation will be
+felt if the current is passing through. If this cannot be felt, there
+must be some part or other disconnected, perhaps the safety fuse has
+given out, or the ends of the leads got adrift from the bracket. If in
+any doubt about the lamp, try another in the same place.
+
+In some steamers incandescent lamps are used in the side lamps; they can
+easily be fitted for this purpose, especially when the ship is provided
+with lighthouses built in, as in the Anchor Line steamers. Two or more
+incandescent lamps can be arranged on a small stand, which will slide
+into the lantern, taking the place of the regulation oil lamp, and
+connected by flexible leads to the other leads. It would be easy to put
+six 20-candle power lamps in a group in each lantern, as it does not
+matter in what position they are placed; two might be used on ordinary
+occasions, while on a foggy night, the whole six could be switched on.
+If one lamp went out through the filament giving way, it would not
+affect the others, so that there would still be a light in the lantern.
+If, through some breakdown of the engine or dynamo, the electric current
+were no longer to be had, then it would only be necessary to withdraw
+the stand of lamps, and put in the ordinary regulation oil-lamp. The
+mast-head lamp could also be fitted with the electric light, as indeed
+has already been done. On no account, however, should an arc light be
+used, as besides being too dazzling, it is much too uncertain; in fact
+many other reasons could be given for rejecting it. It is even a
+question whether it is an advantage to have incandescent lamps for a
+mast-head light. There is certainly the great advantage of not having to
+pull the lamp up and down to trim it, a rather risky performance in
+heavy weather, and also of the light not being affected by any wind that
+may get into the lamp; though as regards the first, English officers
+would never be satisfied to see a lamp dangling on the stay all day
+long, as appears to be the custom in some foreign steamers, besides
+which it would have to be lowered to be cleaned outside.
+
+The present mast-head lights are quite powerful enough already, too much
+so when compared with the side lights. I am not aware of any collisions
+having occurred through a mast-head light not being seen in time, but
+how many from the side lights not being seen! It was no doubt
+contemplated, as indeed the regulations show, that no lights should be
+visible about a vessel, except the regulation lights; but many who have
+seen a large passenger steamer go past will have noticed how her side
+was--one, two, or three rows of dazzling bright lights, and will have
+looked almost in vain for the green or red light dimly visible in the
+midst of all the bright ones. If bright electric lights, therefore, are
+shining through the ports, we must have our side lights at least as
+bright, so as to give them a chance of being seen. If electric lamps are
+used as side lights, the dynamo must be kept running all night. If it is
+thought desirable to put out all unnecessary lights at 11 P.M., the
+leads can be so arranged that these lights can be all on one or more
+circuits, and the necessary ones on another.
+
+Although the dynamo will have to go at nearly the same speed throughout
+the night, it will not have the same amount of work to do, and the
+engine will therefore use much less steam, the consumption being in
+proportion to the number of lights used. An economical engineer will
+therefore see that bedroom lamps are not kept lighted all the evening
+without any necessity. On shore we should never think of keeping
+gas-lights blazing away for no purpose, and why should we use
+electricity with more lavishness, especially when it is so easy to turn
+a light on or off. The switches might with advantage be painted with
+Balmain's luminous paint, and there would then be no trouble in finding
+them in the dark. It is well to know that on board ship, probably in all
+cases of electric lighting, there is no danger to life to be apprehended
+from touching any of the leads where bare, or indeed any part of the
+dynamos, as the E.M.F. is usually not more than 50 volts. It is best,
+however, not to try any experiments, and it is a good general rule, not
+to touch a bare part of a dynamo or lead with both hands at the same
+time. The fear of getting hurt has the good effect of keeping passengers
+and others from meddling with their lamps.
+
+I have said nothing about the use of electric lights in binnacles,
+though it would be a great advantage to be able to supply them with a
+good steady light quite unaffected by wind. There is an obstacle to
+their use for this purpose, in that the electric current being used near
+the compass, the latter is affected by it. In theory, an alternating
+current should have no effect; but it would require very exhaustive
+experiments to be made before enough confidence could be inspired
+concerning its innocence, and I fancy it would usually be looked upon
+with great suspicion by captains and officers of ships. The dynamo being
+made up of powerful magnets, must of course be always at a good distance
+from the compasses. In some installations on iron steamers, the return
+leads have been dispensed with, the iron of the ship carrying the
+current back, in the same way that the earth or sea does it in a
+telegraph circuit.
+
+It is to be observed that a dynamo with _brushes_ on the commutator is
+not necessarily a _Brush_ dynamo as a good many people seem to think,
+the latter being named after its inventor, Mr. Brush.
+
+A dynamo is not a _battery_ as some people call it, and there is no need
+for multiplying names.
+
+A pocket speed-indicator should be supplied for testing the speed of the
+dynamo, to see that it is kept up to proper speed, and that the belt (if
+used) does not slip to an unreasonable extent.
+
+I think I have now said enough to redeem my introductory promise, and if
+I have, so to speak, let more electric light on to a subject previously
+dark to a good many people, I shall be well satisfied with my labour,
+and I hope that those who peruse this book will be induced to go more
+deeply into the subject by means of the many good books which have been
+written by cleverer men than I, and which enter more thoroughly into all
+its details.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+
+      PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET
+                           AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+                             BOOKS RELATING
+                                   TO
+                            APPLIED SCIENCE,
+                              PUBLISHED BY
+                            E. & F. N. SPON,
+                          LONDON: 125, STRAND.
+
+                      NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET.
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book for Chemists, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists,
+Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students,
+etc., etc._ By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland, Analytical and
+Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Fourth edition, with additions, 437 pp.,
+royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Atomic Weights and Factors--Useful Data--Chemical Calculations--
+     Rules for Indirect Analysis--Weights and Measures--Thermometers and
+     Barometers--Chemical Physics--Boiling Points, etc.--Solubility of
+     Substances--Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity--Conversion of
+     Hydrometers--Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity--Analysis--
+     Gas Analysis--Water Analysis--Qualitative Analysis and Reactions--
+     Volumetric Analysis--Manipulation--Mineralogy--Assaying--Alcohol--
+     Beer--Sugar--Miscellaneous Technological matter relating to Potash,
+     Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk,
+     Tallow, Photography, Prices, Wages, Appendix, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The Mechanician_: A Treatise on the Construction and Manipulation of
+Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers and Scientific
+Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and Forging; the
+Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the various Methods of
+Using and Grinding them; the Construction of Machine Tools, and how to
+work them; Machine Fitting and Erection; description of Hand and Machine
+Processes; Turning and Screw Cutting; principles of Constructing and
+details of Making and Erecting Steam Engines, and the various details of
+setting out work, etc., etc. By CAMERON KNIGHT, Engineer. _Containing
+1147 illustrations_, and 397 pages of letter-press, Fourth edition, 4to,
+cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+
+
+_Just Published, in Demy 8vo, cloth, containing 975 pages and 250
+Illustrations, price 7s. 6d._
+
+
+SPONS' HOUSEHOLD MANUAL:
+
+     A Treasury of Domestic Receipts and Guide for Home Management.
+
+     PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.
+
+     =Hints for selecting a good House=, pointing out the essential
+     requirements for a good house as to the Site, Soil, Trees, Aspect,
+     Construction, and General Arrangement; with instructions for
+     Reducing Echoes, Waterproofing Damp Walls, Curing Damp Cellars.
+
+     =Sanitation.=--What should constitute a good Sanitary Arrangement;
+     Examples (with illustrations) of Well--and Ill-drained Houses; How
+     to Test Drains; Ventilating Pipes, etc.
+
+     =Water Supply.=--Care of Cisterns; Sources of Supply; Pipes; Pumps;
+     Purification and Filtration of Water.
+
+     =Ventilation and Warming.=--Methods of Ventilating without causing
+     cold draughts, by various means; Principles of Warming; Health
+     Questions; Combustion; Open Grates; Open Stoves; Fuel Economisers;
+     Varieties of Grates; Close-Fire Stoves; Hot-air Furnaces; Gas
+     Heating; Oil Stoves; Steam Heating; Chemical Heaters; Management
+     of Flues; and Cure of Smoky Chimneys.
+
+     =Lighting.=--The best methods of Lighting; Candles, Oil Lamps, Gas,
+     Incandescent Gas, Electric Light; How to test Gas Pipes; Management
+     of Gas.
+
+     =Furniture and Decoration.=--Hints on the Selection of Furniture;
+     on the most approved methods of Modern Decoration; on the best
+     methods of arranging Bells and Calls; How to Construct an Electric
+     Bell.
+
+     =Thieves and Fire.=--Precautions against Thieves and Fire; Methods
+     of Detection; Domestic Fire Escapes; Fireproofing Clothes, etc.
+
+     =The Larder.=--Keeping Food fresh for a limited time; Storing Food
+     without change, such as Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, Honey, etc.
+
+     =Curing Foods for lengthened Preservation=, as Smoking, Salting,
+     Canning, Potting, Pickling, Bottling Fruits, etc.; Jams, Jellies,
+     Marmalade, etc.
+
+     =The Dairy.=--The Building and Fitting of Dairies in the most
+     approved modern style; Butter-making; Cheesemaking and Curing.
+
+     =The Cellar.=--Building and Fitting; Cleaning Casks and Bottles;
+     Corks and Corking; Aërated Drinks; Syrups for Drinks; Beers;
+     Bitters; Cordials and Liqueurs; Wines; Miscellaneous Drinks.
+
+     =The Pantry.=--Bread-making; Ovens and Pyrometers; Yeast; German
+     Yeast; Biscuits; Cakes; Fancy Breads; Buns.
+
+     =The Kitchen.=--On Fitting Kitchens; a description of the best
+     Cooking Ranges, close and open; the Management and Care of Hot
+     Plates, Baking Ovens, Dampers, Flues, and Chimneys; Cooking by Gas;
+     Cooking by Oil; the Arts of Roasting, Grilling, Boiling, Stewing,
+     Braising, Frying.
+
+     =Receipts for Dishes.=--Soups, Fish, Meat, Game, Poultry,
+     Vegetables, Salads, Puddings, Pastry, Confectionery, Ices, etc.,
+     etc.; Foreign Dishes.
+
+     =The Housewife's Room.=--Testing Air, Water, and Foods; Cleaning
+     and Renovating; Destroying Vermin.
+
+     =Housekeeping, Marketing.=
+
+     =The Dining-Room.=--Dietetics; Laying and Waiting at Table;
+     Carving; Dinners, Breakfasts, Luncheons, Teas, Suppers, etc.
+
+     =The Drawing-Room.=--Etiquette; Dancing; Amateur Theatricals;
+     Tricks and Illusions; Games (indoor).
+
+     =The Bedroom= and Dressing-Room; Sleep; the Toilet; Dress; Buying
+     Clothes; Outfits; Fancy Dress.
+
+     =The Nursery.=--The Room; Clothing; Washing; Exercise; Sleep;
+     Feeding; Teething; Illness; Home Training.
+
+     =The Sick-Room.=--The Room; the Nurse; the Bed; Sick Room
+     Accessories; Feeding Patients; Invalid Dishes and Drinks;
+     Administering Physic; Domestic Remedies; Accidents and Emergencies;
+     Bandaging; Burns; Carrying Injured Persons; Wounds; Drowning; Fits;
+     Frost-bites; Poisons and Antidotes; Sunstroke; Common Complaints;
+     Disinfection, etc.
+
+     =The Bath-Room.=--Bathing in General; Management of Hot-Water
+     System.
+
+     =The Laundry.=--Small Domestic Washing Machines, and methods of
+     getting up linen; Fitting up and Working a Steam Laundry.
+
+     =The School-Room.=--The Room and its Fittings; Teaching, etc.
+
+     =The Playground.=--Air and Exercise; Training; Outdoor Games and
+     Sports.
+
+     =The Workroom.=--Darning, Patching, and Mending Garments.
+
+     =The Library.=-Care of Books.
+
+     =The Garden.=--Calendar of Operations for Lawn, Flower Garden, and
+     Kitchen Garden.
+
+     =The Farmyard.=--Management of the Horse, Cow, Pig, Poultry, Bees,
+     etc., etc.
+
+     =Small Motors.=--A description of the various small Engines useful
+     for domestic purposes, from 1 man to 1 horse power, worked by
+     various methods, such as Electric Engines, Gas Engines, Petroleum
+     Engines, Steam Engines, Condensing Engines, Water Power, Wind
+     Power, and the various methods of working and managing them.
+
+     =Household Law.=--The Law relating to Landlords and Tenants,
+     Lodgers, Servants, Parochial Authorities, Juries, Insurance,
+     Nuisance, etc.
+
+
+_On Designing Belt Gearing._ By E. J. COWLING WELCH, Mem. Inst. Mech.
+Engineers, Author of 'Designing Valve Gearing.' Fcap. 8vo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Handbook of Formulæ, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural
+Surveyors and others engaged in Building._ By J. T. HURST, C. E.
+Fourteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, 5_s._
+
+     "It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer
+     to, to say that in our opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst's
+     is the very best of them all, without any exception. It would be
+     useless to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears
+     to contain almost _everything_ that anyone connected with building
+     could require, and, best of all, made up in a compact form for
+     carrying in the pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about
+     1/4 in. thick, in a limp cover. We congratulate the author on the
+     success of his laborious and practically compiled little book,
+     which has received unqualified and deserved praise from every
+     professional person to whom we have shown it."--_The Dublin
+     Builder._
+
+
+_Tabulated Weights of Angle, Tee, Bulb, Round, Square, and Flat Iron and
+Steel_, and other information for the use of Naval Architects and
+Shipbuilders. By C. H. JORDAN, M.I.N.A. Fourth edition, 32mo, cloth,
+2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Complete Set of Contract Documents for a Country Lodge_, comprising
+Drawings, Specifications, Dimensions (for quantities), Abstracts, Bill
+of Quantities, Form of Tender and Contract, with Notes by J. LEANING,
+printed in facsimile of the original documents, on single sheets fcap.,
+in paper case, 10_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts_; for the
+Use of Engineers, Architects, &c. By THOMAS BOX. _With 14 plates._ Third
+edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments_: their
+construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, and suggestions
+for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colouring. By W. F.
+STANLEY, M.R.I. Fifth edition, _with numerous illustrations_, crown 8vo,
+cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Quantity Surveying_, By J. LEANING. With 42 illustrations. Second
+edition, revised, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     A complete Explanation of the London Practice.
+     General Instructions.
+     Order of Taking Off.
+     Modes of Measurement of the various Trades.
+     Use and Waste.
+     Ventilation and Warming.
+     Credits, with various Examples of Treatment.
+     Abbreviations.
+     Squaring the Dimensions.
+     Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of each Trade.
+     Billing.
+     Examples of Preambles to each Trade.
+     Form for a Bill of Quantities.
+        Do.     Bill of Credits.
+        Do.     Bill for Alternative Estimate.
+     Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill.
+     Variations before Acceptance of Tender.
+     Errors in a Builder's Estimate.
+     Schedule of Prices.
+     Form of Schedule of Prices.
+     Analysis of Schedule of Prices.
+     Adjustment of Accounts.
+     Form of a Bill of Variations.
+     Remarks on Specifications.
+     Prices and Valuation of Work, with Examples and Remarks upon each
+       Trade.
+     The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, with Law Reports.
+     Taking Off after the Old Method.
+     Northern Practice.
+     The General Statement of the Methods recommended by the Manchester
+       Society of Architects for taking Quantities.
+     Examples of Collections.
+     Examples of "Taking Off" in each Trade.
+     Remarks on the Past and Present Methods of Estimating.
+
+
+_Spons' Architects' and Builders' Pocket-Book of Prices and Memoranda._
+Edited by W. YOUNG, Architect. Crown 8vo, cloth, _Published annually_.
+Fifteenth edition. _Now ready._
+
+
+_Long-Span Railway Bridges_, comprising Investigations of the
+Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various adopted
+or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous Formulæ and
+Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in Bridges from 300
+feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added similar Investigations
+and Tables relating to Short-span Railway Bridges. Second and revised
+edition. By B. BAKER, Assoc. Inst. C.E. _Plates_, crown 8vo, cloth,
+5_s._
+
+
+_Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges and Roofs._ By AUGUST
+RITTER, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic School at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+Translated from the third German edition, by H. R. SANKEY, Capt. R.E.
+With 500 _illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_The Elementary Principles of Carpentry._ By THOMAS TREDGOLD. Revised
+from the original edition, and partly re-written, by JOHN THOMAS HURST.
+Contained in 517 pages of letter-press, and _illustrated with 48 plates
+and 150 wood engravings_. Sixth edition, reprinted from the third, crown
+8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     Section I. On the Equality and Distribution of Forces--Section II.
+     Resistance of Timber--Section III. Construction of Floors--Section
+     IV. Construction of Roofs--Section V. Construction of Domes and
+     Cupolas--Section VI. Construction of Partitions--Section VII.
+     Scaffolds, Staging, and Gantries--Section VIII. Construction of
+     Centres for Bridges--Section IX. Coffer-dams, Shoring, and
+     Strutting--Section X. Wooden Bridges and Viaducts--Section XI.
+     Joints, Straps, and other Fastenings--Section XII. Timber.
+
+
+_The Builder's Clerk_: a Guide to the Management of a Builder's
+Business. By THOMAS BALES. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Our Factories, Workshops, and Warehouses_: their Sanitary and
+Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By _B. H. Thwaite_, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E.
+_With 183 wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Gold_: Its Occurrence and Extraction, embracing the Geographical and
+Geological Distribution and the Mineralogical Characters of Gold-bearing
+rocks; the peculiar features and modes of working Shallow Placers,
+Rivers, and Deep Leads; Hydraulicing; the Reduction and Separation of
+Auriferous Quartz; the treatment of complex Auriferous ores containing
+other metals; a Bibliography of the subject and a Glossary of Technical
+and Foreign Terms. By _Alfred G. Lock_, F.R.G.S. _With numerous
+illustrations and maps_, 1250 pp., super-royal 8vo, cloth, 2_l._ 12_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_Iron Roofs_: Examples of Design, Description. _Illustrated with 64
+Working Drawings of Executed Roofs._ By ARTHUR T. WALMISLEY, Assoc. Mem.
+Inst. C.E. Second edition, revised, imp. 4to, half-morocco, 3_l._ 3_s._
+
+
+_A History of Electric Telegraphy_, to the Year 1837. Chiefly compiled
+from Original Sources, and hitherto Unpublished Documents, by J. J.
+FAHIE, Mem. Soc. of Tel. Engineers, and of the International Society of
+Electricians, Paris. Crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Spons' Information for Colonial Engineers._ Edited by J. T. HURST. Demy
+8vo, sewed.
+
+     No. 1, Ceylon. By ABRAHAM DEANE, C.E. 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Introductory Remarks--Natural Productions--Architecture and
+     Engineering--Topography, Trade, and Natural History--Principal
+     Stations--Weights and Measures, etc., etc.
+
+     No. 2. Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, and the
+     Dutch Republics. By HENRY HALL, F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. With Map. 3_s._
+     6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     General Description of South Africa--Physical Geography with
+     reference to Engineering Operations--Notes on Labour and Material
+     in Cape Colony--Geological Notes on Rock Formation in South
+     Africa--Engineering Instruments for Use in South Africa--Principal
+     Public Works in Cape Colony: Railways, Mountain Roads and Passes,
+     Harbour Works, Bridges, Gas Works, Irrigation and Water Supply,
+     Lighthouses, Drainage and Sanitary Engineering, Public Buildings,
+     Mines--Table of Woods in South Africa--Animals used for Draught
+     Purposes--Statistical Notes--Table of Distances--Rates of Carriage,
+     etc.
+
+     No. 3. India. By F. C. DANVERS, Assoc. Inst. C.E. With Map. 4_s._
+     6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Physical Geography of India--Building Materials--Roads--Railways--
+     Bridges--Irrigation--River Works--Harbours--Lighthouse Buildings--
+     Native Labour--The Principal Trees of India--Money--Weights and
+     Measures--Glossary of Indian Terms, etc.
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining._ By GEORGE G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S.,
+Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. _With 82
+lithographic plates._ 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Casting and Founding_, including descriptions
+of the modern machinery employed in the art. By N. E. SPRETSON,
+Engineer. Third edition, with 82 _plates_ drawn to scale, 412 pp., demy
+8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_The Depreciation of Factories and their Valuation._ By EWING MATHESON,
+M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_A Handbook of Electrical Testing._ By H. R. KEMPE, M.S.T.E. Fourth
+edition, revised and enlarged, crown 8vo, cloth, 16_s._
+
+
+_Gas Works_: their Arrangement, Construction, Plant, and Machinery. By
+F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E. _With 31 folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 24_s._
+
+
+_The Clerk of Works_: a Vade-Mecum for all engaged in the
+Superintendence of Building Operations. By G. G. HOSKINS, F.R.I.B.A.
+Third edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_American Foundry Practice_: Treating of Loam, Dry Sand, and Green Sand
+Moulding, and containing a Practical Treatise upon the Management of
+Cupolas, and the Melting of Iron. By T. D. WEST, Practical Iron Moulder
+and Foundry Foreman. Second edition, _with numerous illustrations_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads._ By T. CODRINGTON, M.I.C.E,
+F.G.S., General Superintendent of County Roads for South Wales. 8vo,
+cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_Hydraulic Steam and Hand Power Lifting and Pressing Machinery._ By
+FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. _With 73 plates_, 8vo,
+cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 23
+folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER. Second Part. _With 11 large
+plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Cure of Dry Rot in
+Timber_; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood from Destruction
+by Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By THOMAS ALLEN BRITTON, late Surveyor
+to the Metropolitan Board of Works, etc., etc. _With 10 plates_, crown
+8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer's Handbook._ By H. PERCY BOULNOIS,
+Mem. Inst. C.E., Borough Engineer, Portsmouth. _With numerous
+illustrations_, demy 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     The Appointment and Duties of the Town Surveyor--Traffic--
+     Macadamised Roadways--Steam Rolling--Road Metal and Breaking--
+     Pitched Pavements--Asphalte--Wood Pavements--Footpaths--Kerbs and
+     Gutters--Street Naming and Numbering--Street Lighting--Sewerage--
+     Ventilation of Sewers--Disposal of Sewage--House Drainage--
+     Disinfection--Gas and Water Companies, etc., Breaking up Streets--
+     Improvement of Private Streets--Borrowing Powers--Artizans' and
+     Labourers' Dwellings--Public Conveniences--Scavenging, including
+     Street Cleansing--Watering and the Removing of Snow--Planting
+     Street Trees--Deposit of Plans--Dangerous Buildings--Hoardings--
+     Obstructions--Improving Street Lines--Cellar Openings--Public
+     Pleasure Grounds--Cemeteries--Mortuaries--Cattle and Ordinary
+     Markets--Public Slaughter-houses, etc.--Giving numerous Forms
+     of Notices, Specifications, and General Information upon these
+     and other subjects of great importance to Municipal Engineers and
+     others engaged in Sanitary Work.
+
+
+_Metrical Tables._ By G. L. MOLESWORTH, M.I.C.E. 32mo, cloth, 1_s._
+6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     General--Linear Measures--Square Measures--Cubic Measures--Measures
+     of Capacity--Weights--Combinations--Thermometers.
+
+
+_Elements of Construction for Electro-Magnets._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL,
+Mem. de I'lnstitut de France. Translated from the French by C. J.
+WHARTON. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Electrical Units Popularly Explained_, with _numerous
+illustrations_ and Remarks. By JAMES SWINBURNE, late of J. W. Swan and
+Co., Paris, late of Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, U.S.A. 18mo,
+cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Transmission of Power._ By J.
+H. COOPER. Second edition, _illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book of Useful Formulæ and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical
+Engineers._ By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTH, Mem. Inst. C.E., Consulting
+Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways. _With numerous
+illustrations_, 744 pp. Twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged,
+32mo, roan, 6_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Surveying, Levelling, etc.--Strength and Weight of Materials--
+     Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc.--Struts, Columns,
+     Beams, and Trusses--Flooring, Roofing, and Roof Trusses--Girders,
+     Bridges, etc.--Railways and Roads--Hydraulic Formulæ--Canals,
+     Sewers, Waterworks, Docks--Irrigation and Breakwaters--Gas,
+     Ventilation, and Warming--Heat, Light, Colour, and Sound--Gravity:
+     Centres, Forces, and Powers--Millwork, Teeth of Wheels, Shafting,
+     etc.--Workshop Recipes--Sundry Machinery--Animal Power--Steam and
+     the Steam Engine--Water-power, Water-wheels, Turbines, etc.--Wind
+     and Windmills--Steam Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc.--
+     Gunnery, Projectiles, etc.--Weights, Measures, and Money--
+     Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and Curves--Telegraphy--Mensuration--
+     Tables of Areas and Circumference, and Arcs of Circles--Logarithms,
+     Square and Cube Roots, Powers--Reciprocals, etc.--Useful Numbers--
+     Differential and Integral Calculus--Algebraic Signs--Telegraphic
+     Construction and Formulæ.
+
+
+_Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship._ By G. W. TUXFORD HALLATT.
+Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Spons' Tables and Memoranda for Engineers_; selected and arranged by J.
+T. HURST, C.E., Author of 'Architectural Surveyors' Handbook,' 'Hurst's
+Tredgold's Carpentry,' etc. Ninth edition, 64mo, roan, gilt edges,
+1_s._; or in cloth case, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+     This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring
+     only 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4 in. by 1/4 in. thick, that it may be easily
+     carried in the waistcoat pocket.
+
+     "It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to be
+     called upon to notice a volume measuring but 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4
+     in., yet these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the
+     handy little book before us. The volume--which contains 118 printed
+     pages, besides a few blank pages for memoranda--is, in fact, a true
+     pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the waistcoat pocket, and
+     containing a far greater amount and variety of information than
+     most people would imagine could be compressed into so small a
+     space.... The little volume has been compiled with considerable
+     care and judgment, and we can cordially recommend it to our readers
+     as a useful little pocket companion."--_Engineering._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties
+and Constructive Adaptations._ By HENRY REID, Author of the 'Science and
+Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.' New Edition, _with 59
+woodcuts and 5 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete_; especially written to assist
+those engaged upon Public Works. By JOHN NEWMAN, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E.,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Electricity as a Motive Power._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL, Membre de
+l'Institut de France, and FRANK GERALDY, Ingénieur des Ponts et
+Chaussées. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by C. J. WHARTON,
+Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. _With 113 engravings and diagrams_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Treatise on Valve-Gears_, with special consideration of the
+Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER, Professor of
+Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of Zurich.
+Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. KLEIN,
+Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. _Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 1_2s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_The French-Polisher's Manual._ By a French-Polisher; containing Timber
+Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations, Directions
+for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing,
+French-Polishing, Directions for Re-polishing. Third edition, royal
+32mo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries._ By
+P. L. SIMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Principles of Graphic Statics._ By GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, Capt.
+Royal Engineers. _With 112 illustrations._ 4to, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Dynamo-Electric Machinery_: A Manual for Students of Electro-technics.
+By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, B.A., D.Sc., Professor of Experimental Physics
+in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Second edition,
+_illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Geometry, Perspective, and Engineering Drawing_; a Course of
+Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering
+Draughtsman, including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric
+Projection, each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which
+are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, etc., together with practical
+instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general
+treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing
+Instruments. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. Second edition, _with 21
+plates_. 2 vols., cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Elements of Graphic Statics._ By Professor KARL VON OTT, translated
+from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical
+Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. _With 93 illustrations_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas._
+By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with _numerous wood engravings and 29
+plates_, cloth, 28_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Introduction--History of Gas Lighting--Chemistry of Gas
+     Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.--Coal, with
+     Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop,
+     Esqrs.--Retorts, Iron and Clay--Retort Setting--Hydraulic Main--
+     Condensers--Exhausters--Washers and Scrubbers--Purifiers--
+     Purification--History of Gas Holder--Tanks, Brick and Stone,
+     Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron--
+     Specifications--Gas Holders--Station Meter--Governor--
+     Distribution--Mains--Gas Mathematics, or Formulæ for the
+     Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.--Services--Consumers'
+     Meters--Regulators--Burners--Fittings--Photometer--Carburization
+     of Gas--Air Gas and Water Gas--Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis
+     Thompson, Esq.--Analyses of Gas--Influence of Atmospheric Pressure
+     and Temperature on Gas--Residual Products--Appendix--Description
+     of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals._
+By W. R. KUTTER. Translated from articles in the 'Cultur-Ingénieur,' by
+LOWIS D'A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Practical Millwright and Engineer's Ready Reckoner_; or Tables for
+finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight, and
+power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By THOMAS DIXON.
+Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Tin_: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dressing and Smelting it
+abroad; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and Wolfram. By ARTHUR G.
+CHARLETON, Mem. American Inst. of Mining Engineers. _With plates_, 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Perspective, Explained and Illustrated._ By G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E.
+_With illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Hydraulics_; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of
+Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS BOX. Fifth edition, _numerous plates_,
+post 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle
+of Work_, designed for Engineering Students. By OLIVER BYRNE, formerly
+Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition,
+_with 148 wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without
+     reference to a Unit of Time--Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents,
+     the Influence of Friction, and introduces one of the most beautiful
+     Laws of Motion--Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and
+     second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies--Chap. 4. The
+     Transmission of Work by simple Machines--Chap. 5. Useful
+     Propositions and Rules.
+
+
+_Breweries and Maltings_: their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery,
+and Plant. By G. SCAMELL, F.R.I.B.A. Second edition, revised, enlarged,
+and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 20 plates_,
+8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical
+Waterwheels_, specially designed for the use of operative mechanics. By
+WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. _With 11 plates._ Second
+edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, _12s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc._;
+for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS BOX. Third edition, _with 11
+plates_. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Mining Machinery_: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and
+other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
+C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the
+Author's Treatise on Coal Mining, containing _182 plates_, accurately
+drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting--
+     Ventilation--Pumping--Treatment of Mineral Products, including
+     Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal, Sulphur,
+     China Clay, Brick Earth, etc.
+
+
+_Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc._,
+varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. KENNEDY and
+R. W. HACKWOOD. _Illustrated_, 32mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement_, with
+observations on some of its constructive applications. _With 66
+illustrations_. By HENRY REID, C.E., Author of 'A Practical Treatise on
+Concrete,' etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_; including
+instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and
+Mechanical Drawings. _With numerous illustrations in the text, and 33
+plates_ (_15 printed in colours_). By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
+C.E. 4to, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     The Drawing Office and its Furnishings--Geometrical Problems--
+     Lines, Dots, and their Combinations--Colours, Shading, Lettering,
+     Bordering, and North Points--Scales--Plotting--Civil Engineers'
+     and Surveyors' Plans--Map Drawing--Mechanical and Architectural
+     Drawing--Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulæ, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The Boiler-maker's and Iron Ship-builder's Companion_, comprising a
+series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the utmost
+utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By JAMES FODEN, author
+of 'Mechanical Tables,' etc. Second edition revised, _with
+illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Rock Blasting_: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting
+Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.
+_With 56 illustrations and 12 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Painting and Painters' Manual_: a Book of Facts for Painters and those
+who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By C. L. CONDIT and J. SCHELLER.
+_Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private
+Rope-yards_, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of
+Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways,
+Builders, etc. By R. CHAPMAN, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart and
+Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford.
+Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables_; for the use of Engineers,
+Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and others. Bricklayer,
+containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables._ Excavator, Earth, Land,
+Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 24,000 calculations.
+4to, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Sanitary Engineering_: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage
+and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the calculations of the
+Engineer. By BALDWIN LATHAM, C.E., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., F.M.S.,
+Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, _with
+numerous plates and woodcuts_, 8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 10_s._
+
+
+_Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists_, giving the values
+of the different trains of Wheels required to produce Screws of any
+pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., etc. Cloth,
+oblong, 2_s._
+
+
+_Screw Cutting Tables_, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the
+proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the Threads of Screws of any
+required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads
+and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. Second edition, oblong, cloth,
+1_s._, or sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by
+Simple Geometrical Construction_, based upon the principles enunciated
+in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain
+Slide-Valve and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson's, Gooch's,
+and Allan's Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable
+expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst.
+Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_Cleaning and Scouring_: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for
+Domestic Use. By S. CHRISTOPHER. 18mo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining._ By WILLIAM STUKELEY GRESLEY,
+Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member of the North of England Institute
+of Mining Engineers. _Illustrated with numerous woodcuts and diagrams_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users_, comprising a variety
+of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors,
+Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips,
+Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By MAURICE
+JOHN SEXTON. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
+
+
+_Electrolysis_: a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, Coppering, Gilding,
+Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment of Ores by means of
+Electricity. By HIPPOLYTE FONTAINE, translated from the French by J. A.
+BERLY, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. _With engravings._ 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots,
+Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000._ Post 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine_, containing Plans and
+Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the
+Principles involved in Design and Construction. By ARTHUR RIGG,
+Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal
+Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, _copiously illustrated with
+woodcuts and 96 plates_, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._;
+or cheaper edition, cloth, 25_s._
+
+     This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history
+     of the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed
+     Steam Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive
+     or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the
+     most recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping,
+     Winding, Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and
+     other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain
+     and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be
+     observed in the construction of the various details, such as
+     Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads,
+     Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and
+     Equilibrium Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt
+     with. In this connection will be found articles upon the Velocity
+     of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, Heat
+     and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer's
+     desire to draw illustrations from every possible source, and give
+     only those rules that present practice deems correct.
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying,
+Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc._, with a general description of
+the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting,
+etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Fourth edition, revised by G. W. USILL, Assoc.
+Mem. Inst. C.E. _41 plates, with illustrations and tables_, royal 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:
+
+     Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land
+     Surveying; comprising General Observations--The Chain--Offsets
+     Surveying by the Chain only--Surveying Hilly Ground--To Survey an
+     Estate or Parish by the Chain only--Surveying with the Theodolite--
+     Mining and Town Surveying--Railroad Surveying--Mapping--Division
+     and Laying out of Land--Observations on Enclosures--Plane
+     Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling--Simple and Compound Levelling--
+     The Level Book--Parliamentary Plan and Section--Levelling with a
+     Theodolite--Gradients--Wooden Curves--To Lay out a Railway Curve--
+     Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for
+     Estimates--Cuttings and Embankments--Tunnels--Brickwork--Ironwork--
+     Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of Instruments in
+     Surveying and Plotting--The Improved Dumpy Level--Troughton's
+     Level--The Prismatic Compass--Proportional Compass--Box Sextant--
+     Vernier--Pantagraph--Merrett's Improved Quadrant--Improved
+     Computation Scale--The Diagonal Scale--Straight Edge and Sector.
+     Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers--Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines,
+     Tangents and Co-Tangents--Natural Sines and Co-Sines--Tables for
+     Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations,
+     etc., etc., etc.
+
+
+_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by
+Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating the
+Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J.
+DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement,
+_with plates_, demy 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Assayer's Manual_: an Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic
+Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial Products. By BRUNO
+KERL. Translated by W. T. BRANNT. _With 65 illustrations_, 8vo, cloth,
+12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Electricity_: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By J. T. SPRAGUE,
+M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, _with numerous
+illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with
+Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the
+Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on Ornamental
+Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Third edition, _with
+wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     On Lathes--Turning Tools--Turning Wood--Drilling--Screw Cutting--
+     Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes--Turning Particular Forms--
+     Staining--Polishing--Spinning Metals--Materials--Ornamental
+     Turning, etc.
+
+
+_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP,
+M.A., F.S.A. _With 32 illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork--Tools--Time--
+     Historical Summary--On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels
+     and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains, etc.--Of Dial
+     Wheels, or Motion Work--Length of Time of Going without Winding
+     up--The Verge--The Horizontal--The Duplex--The Lever--The
+     Chronometer--Repeating Watches--Keyless Watches--The Pendulum,
+     or Spiral Spring--Compensation--Jewelling of Pivot Holes--
+     Clerkenwell--Fallacies of the Trade--Incapacity of Workmen--
+     How to Choose and Use a Watch, etc.
+
+
+_Algebra Self-Taught._ By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst
+C.E., Author of 'A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,' etc. Second
+edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Symbols and the Signs of Operation--The Equation and the Unknown
+     Quantity--Positive and Negative Quantities--Multiplication--
+     Involution--Exponents--Negative Exponents--Roots, and the Use
+     of Exponents as Logarithms--Logarithms--Tables of Logarithms
+     and Proportionate Parts--Transformation of System of Logarithms--
+     Common Uses of Common Logarithms--Compound Multiplication and
+     the Binomial Theorem--Division, Fractions, and Ratio--Continued
+     Proportion--The Series and the Summation of the Series--Limit
+     of Series--Square and Cube Roots--Equations--List of Formulæ, etc.
+
+
+_Spons' Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, Military, and
+Naval_; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish,
+3100 pp., and _nearly 8000 engravings_, in super-royal 8vo, in 8
+divisions, 5_l._ 8_s._ Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5_l._ 5_s._ Bound in
+a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6_l._ 12_s._
+
+
+_Notes in Mechanical Engineering._ Compiled principally for the use of
+the Students attending the Classes on this subject at the City of London
+College. By HENRY ADAMS, Mem. Inst. M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of
+Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Canoe and Boat Building_: a complete Manual for Amateurs, containing
+plain and comprehensive directions for the construction of Canoes,
+Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. By W. P. STEPHENS. _With
+numerous illustrations and 24 plates of Working Drawings._ Crown 8vo,
+cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians, Philadelphia_,
+October 8th to 13th, 1884. 18mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Dynamo-Electricity_, its Generation, Application, Transmission,
+Storage, and Measurement. By G. B. PRESCOTT. _With 545 illustrations._
+8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._
+
+
+_Domestic Electricity for Amateurs._ Translated from the French of E.
+HOSPITALIER, Editor of "L'Electricien," by C. J. WHARTON, Assoc. Soc.
+Tel. Eng. _Numerous illustrations._ Demy 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. Production of the Electric Current--2. Electric Bells--
+     3. Automatic Alarms--4. Domestic Telephones--5. Electric Clocks--
+     6. Electric Lighters--7. Domestic Electric Lighting--8. Domestic
+     Application of the Electric Light--9. Electric Motors--
+     10. Electrical Locomotion--11. Electrotyping, Plating, and
+     Gilding--12. Electric Recreations--13. Various applications--
+     Workshop of the Electrician.
+
+
+_Wrinkles in Electric Lighting._ By VINCENT STEPHEN. _With
+illustrations._ 18mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. The Electric Current and its production by Chemical means--
+     2. Production of Electric Currents by Mechanical means--
+     3. Dynamo-Electric Machines--4. Electric Lamps--5. Lead--
+     6. Ship Lighting.
+
+
+_The Practical Flax Spinner_; being a Description of the Growth,
+Manipulation, and Spinning of Flax and Tow. By LESLIE C. MARSHALL, of
+Belfast. _With illustrations._ 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_Foundations and Foundation Walls for all classes of Buildings_, Pile
+Driving, Building Stones and Bricks, Pier and Wall construction,
+Mortars, Limes, Cements, Concretes, Stuccos, &c. _64 illustrations_. By
+G. T. POWELL and F. BAUMAN. 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Manual for Gas Engineering Students._ By D. LEE. 18mo, cloth 1_s._
+
+
+_Hydraulic Machinery, Past and Present._ A Lecture delivered to the
+London and Suburban Railway Officials' Association. By H. ADAMS, Mem.
+Inst. C.E. _Folding plate._ 8vo, sewed, 1_s._
+
+
+_Twenty Years with the Indicator._ By THOMAS PRAY, Jun., C.E., M.E.,
+Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 2 vols., royal 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Annual Statistical Report of the Secretary to the Members of the Iron
+and Steel Association on the Home and Foreign Iron and Steel Industries
+in 1884._ Issued March 1885. 8vo, sewed, 5_s._
+
+
+_Bad Drains, and How to Test them_; with Notes on the Ventilation of
+Sewers, Drains, and Sanitary Fittings, and the Origin and Transmission
+of Zymotic Disease. By R. HARRIS REEVES. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Standard Practical Plumbing_; being a complete Encyclopædia for
+Practical Plumbers and Guide for Architects, Builders, Gas Fitters,
+Hot-water Fitters, Ironmongers, Lead Burners, Sanitary Engineers, Zinc
+Workers, &c. _Illustrated by over 2000 engravings._ By P. J. DAVIES.
+Vol. I, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Pneumatic Transmission of Messages and Parcels between Paris and
+London, via Calais and Dover._ By J. B. BERLIER, C.E. Small folio,
+sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_List of Tests_ (_Reagents_), arranged in alphabetical order, according
+to the names of the originators. Designed especially for the convenient
+reference of Chemists, Pharmacists, and Scientists. By HANS M. WILDER.
+Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Ten Years Experience in Works of Intermittent Downward Filtration._ By
+J. BAILEY DENTON, Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, with additions. Royal
+8vo, sewed, 4_s._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and Candles, Lubricants and
+Glycerin._ By W. LANT CARPENTER, B.A., B.Sc. (late of Messrs. C. Thomas
+and Brothers, Bristol). _With illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_The Stability of Ships explained simply, and calculated by a new
+Graphic method._ By J. C. SPENCE, M.I.N.A. 4to, sewed, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Steam Making, or Boiler Practice._ By CHARLES A. SMITH, C.E. 8vo,
+cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. The Nature of Heat and the Properties of Steam--2. Combustion.--
+     3. Externally Fired Stationary Boilers--4. Internally Fired
+     Stationary Boilers--5. Internally Fired Portable Locomotive and
+     Marine Boilers--6. Design, Construction, and Strength of Boilers--
+     7. Proportions of Heating Surface, Economic Evaporation,
+     Explosions--8. Miscellaneous Boilers, Choice of Boiler Fittings
+     and Appurtenances.
+
+
+_The Fireman's Guide_; a Handbook on the Care of Boilers. By TEKNOLOG.
+föreningen T. I. Stockholm. Translated from the third edition, and
+revised by KARL P. DAHLSTROM, M.E. Second edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth,
+2_s._
+
+
+_A Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers_, including Land
+Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers, for the use of Students. By
+FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst M.E. _With 36 plates._ 4to,
+cloth, 25_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. Introduction--2. Original Engines--3. Boilers--4. High-Pressure
+     Beam Engines--5. Cornish Beam Engines--6. Horizontal Engines--7.
+     Oscillating Engines--8. Vertical High-Pressure Engines--9. Special
+     Engines--10. Portable Engines--11. Locomotive Engines--12. Marine
+     Engines.
+
+
+_Steam Engine Management_; a Treatise on the Working and Management of
+Steam Boilers. By F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. 18mo, cloth,
+2_s._
+
+
+_Land Surveying on the Meridian and Perpendicular System._ By WILLIAM
+PENMAN, C.E. 8vo, cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Topographer, his Instruments and Methods_, designed for the use of
+Students, Amateur Photographers, Surveyors, Engineers, and all persons
+interested in the location and construction of works based upon
+Topography. _Illustrated with numerous plates, maps, and engravings._ By
+LEWIS M. HAUPT, A.M. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_A Text-Book of Tanning_, embracing the Preparation of all kinds of
+Leather. By HARRY R. PROCTOR, F.C.S., of Low Lights Tanneries. _With
+illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+
+
+  In super-royal 8vo, 1168 pp., _with 2400 illustrations_, in 3
+  Divisions, cloth, price 13_s._ 6_d._ each; or 1 vol., cloth, 2_l._;
+  or half-morocco, 2_l._ 8_s._
+
+  A SUPPLEMENT
+  TO
+  SPONS' DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING.
+
+     Edited by ERNEST SPON, MEMB. SOC. ENGINEERS.
+
+     Abacus, Counters, Speed Indicators, and Slide Rule.
+     Agricultural Implements and Machinery.
+     Air Compressors.
+     Animal Charcoal Machinery.
+     Antimony.
+     Axles and Axle-boxes.
+     Barn Machinery.
+     Belts and Belting.
+     Blasting. Boilers.
+     Brakes.
+     Brick Machinery.
+     Bridges.
+     Cages for Mines.
+     Calculus, Differential and Integral.
+     Canals.
+     Carpentry.
+     Cast Iron.
+     Cement, Concrete, Limes, and Mortar.
+     Chimney Shafts.
+     Coal Cleansing and Washing.
+     Coal Mining.
+     Coal Cutting Machines.
+     Coke Ovens. Copper.
+     Docks. Drainage.
+     Dredging Machinery.
+     Dynamo-Electric and Magneto-Electric Machines.
+     Dynamometers.
+     Electrical Engineering, Telegraphy, Electric Lighting and its
+       practical details, Telephones.
+     Engines, Varieties of.
+     Explosives. Fans.
+     Founding, Moulding and the practical work of the Foundry.
+     Gas, Manufacture of.
+     Hammers, Steam and other Power.
+     Heat. Horse Power.
+     Hydraulics.
+     Hydro-geology.
+     Indicators. Iron.
+     Lifts, Hoists, and Elevators.
+     Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons.
+     Machine Tools.
+     Materials of Construction.
+     Meters.
+     Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress.
+     Piers.
+     Pile Driving.
+     Pneumatic Transmission.
+     Pumps.
+     Pyrometers.
+     Road Locomotives.
+     Rock Drills.
+     Rolling Stock.
+     Sanitary Engineering.
+     Shafting.
+     Steel.
+     Steam Navvy.
+     Stone Machinery.
+     Tramways.
+     Well Sinking.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  NOW COMPLETE.
+
+  _With nearly 1500 illustrations_, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions,
+  cloth. Divisions 1 to 4, 13_s._ 6_d._ each; Division 5, 17_s._ 6_d._;
+  or 2 vols., cloth, £3 10_s._
+
+  SPONS' ENCYCLOPÆDIA
+  OF THE
+  INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
+
+  EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.
+
+     Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the
+     following:--
+
+     Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs.
+     Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs.
+     Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp.
+     Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs.
+     Alloys.
+     Alum.
+     Asphalt.
+     Assaying.
+     Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs.
+     Blacks.
+     Bleaching Powder, 15 pp.
+     Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs.
+     Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs.
+     Carbon Bisulphide.
+     Celluloid, 9 pp.
+     Cements.
+     Clay.
+     Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs.
+     Cocoa, 8 pp.
+     Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs.
+     Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs.
+     Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs.
+     Drugs, 38 pp.
+     Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs.
+     Dyestuffs, 16 pp.
+     Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp.
+     Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs.
+     Feathers.
+     Fibrous Substances, 92 pp. 79 figs.
+     Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs.
+     Food Preservation, 8 pp.
+     Fruit, 8 pp.
+     Fur, 5 pp.
+     Gas, Coal, 8 pp.
+     Gems.
+     Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs.
+     Graphite, 7 pp.
+     Hair, 7 pp.
+     Hair Manufactures.
+     Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs.
+     Honey.
+     Hops.
+     Horn.
+     Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs.
+     Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs.
+     Ink, 17 pp.
+     Ivory.
+     Jute Manufactures, 11 pp., 11 figs.
+     Knitted Fabrics--Hosiery, 15 pp. 13 figs.
+     Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs.
+     Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs.
+     Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs.
+     Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs.
+     Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs.
+     Mordants, 13 pp.
+     Narcotics, 47 pp.
+     Nuts, 10 pp.
+     Oils and Fatty Substances, 125 pp.
+     Paint.
+     Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs.
+     Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs.
+     Pearl and Coral, 8 pp.
+     Perfumes, 10 pp.
+     Photography, 13 pp. 20 figs.
+     Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs.
+     Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs.
+     Printing and Engraving, 20 pp. 8 figs.
+     Rags.
+     Resinous and Gummy Substances, 75 pp. 16 figs.
+     Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs.
+     Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs.
+     Silk, 8 pp.
+     Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs.
+     Skins, 5 pp.
+     Small Wares, 4 pp.
+     Soap and Glycerine, 39 pp. 45 figs.
+     Spices, 16 pp.
+     Sponge, 5 pp.
+     Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs.
+     Sugar, 155 pp.       134 figs.
+     Sulphur.
+     Tannin, 18 pp.
+     Tea, 12 pp.
+     Timber, 13 pp.
+     Varnish, 15 pp.
+     Vinegar, 5 pp.
+     Wax, 5 pp.
+     Wool, 2 pp.
+     Woollen Manufactures, 58 pp. 39 figs.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, with illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  FIRST SERIES.
+
+  BY ERNEST SPON.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Bookbinding.
+     Bronzes and Bronzing.
+     Candles.
+     Cement.
+     Cleaning.
+     Colourwashing.
+     Concretes.
+     Dipping Acids.
+     Drawing Office Details.
+     Drying Oils.
+     Dynamite.
+     Electro-Metallurgy--(Cleaning, Dipping, Scratch-brushing,
+       Batteries, Baths, and Deposits of every description).
+     Enamels.
+     Engraving on Wood, Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone.
+     Etching and Aqua Tint.
+     Firework Making--(Rockets, Stars, Rains, Gerbes, Jets,
+       Tourbillons, Candles, Fires, Lances, Lights, Wheels,
+       Fire-balloons, and minor Fireworks).
+     Fluxes.
+     Foundry Mixtures.
+     Freezing.
+     Fulminates.
+     Furniture Creams, Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes.
+     Gilding.
+     Glass Cutting, Cleaning, Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending,
+       Staining, and Painting.
+     Glass Making.
+     Glues.
+     Gold.
+     Graining.
+     Gums.
+     Gun Cotton.
+     Gunpowder.
+     Horn Working.
+     Indiarubber.
+     Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes.
+     Lacquers.
+     Lathing.
+     Lubricants.
+     Marble Working.
+     Matches.
+     Mortars.
+     Nitro-Glycerine.
+     Oils.
+     Paper.
+     Paper Hanging.
+     Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House,
+       Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting.
+     Photography.
+     Plastering.
+     Polishes.
+     Pottery--(Clays, Bodies, Glazes, Colours, Oils, Stains, Fluxes,
+       Enamels, and Lustres).
+     Scouring.
+     Silvering.
+     Soap.
+     Solders.
+     Tanning.
+     Taxidermy.
+     Tempering Metals.
+     Treating Horn, Mother-o'-Pearl, and like substances.
+     Varnishes, Manufacture and Use of.
+     Veneering.
+     Washing.
+     Waterproofing.
+     Welding.
+
+  Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and
+  processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates,
+  Blacking, Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge
+  Ware, Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and
+  others too numerous to mention.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, 485 pages, with illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  SECOND SERIES.
+
+  BY ROBERT HALDANE.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Acidimetry and Alkalimetry.
+     Albumen.
+     Alcohol.
+     Alkaloids.
+     Baking-powders.
+     Bitters.
+     Bleaching.
+     Boiler Incrustations.
+     Cements and Lutes.
+     Cleansing.
+     Confectionery.
+     Copying.
+     Disinfectants.
+     Dyeing, Staining, and Colouring.
+     Essences.
+     Extracts.
+     Fireproofing.
+     Gelatine, Glue, and Size.
+     Glycerine.
+     Gut.
+     Hydrogen peroxide.
+     Ink.
+     Iodine.
+     Iodoform.
+     Isinglass.
+     Ivory substitutes.
+     Leather.
+     Luminous bodies.
+     Magnesia.
+     Matches.
+     Paper.
+     Parchment.
+     Perchloric acid.
+     Potassium oxalate.
+     Preserving.
+
+  =Pigments, Paint, and Painting=: embracing the preparation of
+  _Pigments_, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort,
+  ivory, lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, cæruleum,
+  Egyptian, manganate, Paris, Péligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine),
+  browns (bistre, hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta,
+  Brighton, Brunswick, chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese,
+  mitis, mountain, Prussian, sap, Scheele's, Schweinfurth, titanium,
+  verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake, carminated lake, carmine,
+  Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colcothar, Indian red,
+  madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum, baryta,
+  Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead--by American, Dutch, French,
+  German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and
+  composition of commercial samples--whiting, Wilkinson's white, zinc
+  white), yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow
+  lakes); _Paint_ (vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing,
+  applying, priming, drying, filling, coats, brushes, surface,
+  water-colours, removing smell, discoloration; miscellaneous paints--
+  cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint, iron paint,
+  lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints,
+  tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints); _Painting_ (general
+  instructions, proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work;
+  carriage painting--priming paint, best putty, finishing colour,
+  cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils, driers, and colours,
+  varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re-varnishing, how to
+  dry paint; woodwork painting).
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  JUST PUBLISHED.
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, 480 pages, with 183 illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  THIRD SERIES.
+
+  BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.
+
+  Uniform with the First and Second Series.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Alloys.
+     Aluminium.
+     Antimony.
+     Barium.
+     Beryllium.
+     Bismuth.
+     Cadmium.
+     Cæesium.
+     Calcium.
+     Cerium.
+     Chromium.
+     Cobalt.
+     Copper.
+     Didymium.
+     Electrics.
+     Enamels and Glazes.
+     Erbium.
+     Gallium.
+     Glass.
+     Gold.
+     Indium.
+     Iridium.
+     Iron and Steel.
+     Lacquers and Lacquering.
+     Lanthanum.
+     Lead.
+     Lithium.
+     Lubricants.
+     Magnesium.
+     Manganese.
+     Mercury.
+     Mica.
+     Molybdenum.
+     Nickel.
+     Niobium.
+     Osmium.
+     Palladium.
+     Platinum.
+     Potassium.
+     Rhodium.
+     Rubidium.
+     Ruthenium.
+     Selenium.
+     Silver.
+     Slag.
+     Sodium.
+     Strontium.
+     Tantalum.
+     Terbium.
+     Thallium.
+     Thorium.
+     Tin.
+     Titanium.
+     Tungsten.
+     Uranium.
+     Vanadium.
+     Yttrium.
+     Zinc.
+     Zirconium.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  FOURTH SERIES,
+  DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS & MECHANICAL SUBJECTS.
+
+  BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.
+
+  250 Illustrations, with Complete Index, and a General Index to the
+  Four Series, 5_s._
+
+     Waterproofing--rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous
+     preparations.
+
+     Packing and Storing articles of delicate odour or colour, of a
+     deliquescent character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer from
+     insects or damp, or easily broken.
+
+     Embalming and Preserving anatomical specimens.
+
+     Leather Polishes.
+
+     Cooling Air and Water, producing low temperatures, making ice,
+     cooling syrups and solutions, and separating salts from liquors by
+     refrigeration.
+
+     Pumps and Siphons, embracing every useful contrivance for raising
+     and supplying water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive,
+     tenacious, and other liquids.
+
+     Desiccating--air-and water-ovens, and other appliances for drying
+     natural and artificial products.
+
+     Distilling--water, tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical
+     preparations, essences, perfumes, and alcoholic liquids.
+
+     Emulsifying as required by pharmacists and photographers.
+
+     Evaporating--saline and other solutions, and liquids demanding
+     special precautions.
+
+     Filtering--water, and solutions of various kinds.
+
+     Percolating and Macerating.
+
+     Electrotyping.
+
+     Stereotyping by both plaster and paper processes.
+
+     Bookbinding in all its details.
+
+     Straw Plaiting and the fabrication of baskets, matting, etc.
+
+     Musical Instruments--the preservation, tuning, and repair of
+     pianos, harmoniums, musical boxes, etc.
+
+     Clock and Watch Mending--adapted for intelligent amateurs.
+
+     Photography--recent development in rapid processes, handy
+     apparatus, numerous recipes for sensitizing and developing
+     solutions, and applications to modern illustrative purposes.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  JUST PUBLISHED.
+
+  In demy 8vo, cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._
+
+  SPONS'
+  MECHANICS' OWN BOOK;
+
+  A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.
+
+     CONTENTS.
+
+     Mechanical Drawing--Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze,
+     and other Alloys--Forging and Finishing Iron--Sheetmetal
+     Working--Soldering, Brazing, and Burning--Carpentry and Joinery,
+     embracing descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of
+     Tools and their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints
+     and hinges, and Details of Construction of Workshop appliances,
+     rough furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building--
+     Cabinet-Making and Veneering--Carving and Fretcutting--Upholstery--
+     Painting, Graining, and Marbling--Staining Furniture, Woods,
+     Floors, and Fittings--Gilding, dead and bright, on various
+     grounds--Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood--Varnishing--Mechanical
+     movements, illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion--
+     Turning in Wood and Metals--Masonry, embracing Stonework,
+     Brickwork, Terracotta, and Concrete--Roofing with Thatch, Tiles,
+     Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c.--Glazing with and without putty, and lead
+     glazing--Plastering and Whitewashing--Paper-hanging--Gas-fitting--
+     Bell-hanging, ordinary and electric Systems--Lighting--Warming--
+     Ventilating--Roads, Pavements, and Bridges--Hedges, Ditches, and
+     Drains--Water Supply and Sanitation--Hints on House Construction
+     suited to new countries.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center; clear: both;}
+    hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;}
+    hr.c25 {width: 25%;}
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+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;}
+    body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute; left: 85%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; color: gray;}
+
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; font-size: .8em; text-align: justify;}
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+
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+    .denom      {vertical-align: bottom; font-size: .7em;}
+    .enum       {vertical-align: top; font-size: .7em;}
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .fsize100    {font-size: 1em;}
+    .fsize125    {font-size: 1.25em;}
+    .fsize150    {font-size: 1.5em;}
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+    .ind10       {margin-left: 10%;}
+    table.toc    {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;}
+    .justind     {text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; text-indent: -1em;}
+    .ssfont           {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal;}
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+<body>
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Wrinkles in Electric Lighting
+
+Author: Vincent Stephen
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2011 [EBook #35015]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illocover.jpg" alt="Cover" /></div>
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></p>
+
+<h1>WRINKLES<br />
+IN<br />
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING.</h1>
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+
+<h2>WRINKLES<br />
+IN<br />
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING.</h2>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>VINCENT STEPHEN.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo004.png" alt="Publisher's Logo" /></div>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1888.</p>
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></p>
+
+<div class="textind">
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<p>In the following pages it is my intention to give engineers on board ship,
+who may be put in charge of electric lighting machinery without having any
+electrical knowledge, some idea of the manner in which electricity is
+produced by mechanical means; how it is converted into light; what
+precautions must be used to keep the plant in order, and what to do in the
+event of difficulties arising. I do not therefore aim at producing a
+literary work, but shall try and explain everything in the plainest
+language possible.</p>
+
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table class="toc" summary="ToC">
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Ch1">The Electric Current, and its Production by
+Chemical Means.</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right fsize80"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn1_1">Production of electric current in chemical battery</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_2">Current very
+weak</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_3">Current compared to circulation of the blood</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_4">Strength and
+volume of current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_5">Pressure not sufficient without volume</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_6">Action
+of current is instantaneous</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_7">Resistance to the passage of the
+current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_8">Copper the usual metal for conductors</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn1_9">Heat produced by
+current when wire is too small</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Ch2">Production of Electric Currents by Mechanical Means.</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><i><a href="#Ch2a">Magneto-Electric Machines.</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn2a_1">Current produced by mechanical means</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_2">Alternating
+current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_3">Magneto-electric machines</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_4">Shock produced by interruption of
+current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_5">The current must be commutated</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_6">Description of
+commutator</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_7">Current, though alternating in the dynamo, is
+continuous in the circuit</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2a_8">Continuous current used for electro-plating</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><i><a href="#Ch2b">Dynamo-Electric Machines.</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn2b_1">Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_2">Permanent
+magnet</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_3">Electro-magnet</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_4">Where the magneto and dynamo machines
+differ</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_5">Armature of so-called continuous-current dynamo</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_6">Type of
+commutator</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_7">Commutator brushes</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_8">Current continuous in the
+circuit</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_9">Alternating-current dynamos</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_10">Current not commutated</a>&mdash;<span
+class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span><a href="#Sn2b_11">Intense magnetic field produced</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn2b_12">Simplicity of Ferranti armature</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_13">Large
+number of alternations of the current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_14">Alternating current cannot
+be used to excite an electro-magnet</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_15">Exciter coupled on to same
+spindle as dynamo</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn2b_16">Power of exciter if used alone</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Ch3">Electric Lamps.</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn3_1">Production of electric light</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_2">Arc lights</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn3_3">Mechanism to regulate carbons</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_4">Some lamps suitable for alternating current</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn3_5">When carbons are consumed, light goes out</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_6">Arc lamps very complicated</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn3_7">Jablochkoff candles</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_8">Arc formed between the carbons</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_9">Candles
+require alternating current</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_10">Incandescent lamps</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_11">Vacuum formed in
+lamps prevents combustion</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_12">Vacuum not perfect</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_13">Advantages of
+incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn3_14">Unaffected by
+wind, and suitable for either continuous or alternating currents</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Ch4">Leads.</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn4_1">Leads made usually of copper wire</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn4_2">Short circuit</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn4_3">High E.M.F. for arc lights, but low for incandescent</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn4_4">Arc lights in series</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn4_5">Incandescent lamps in parallel circuit</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn4_6">E.M.F. same for one lamp
+as for a number</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn4_7">If lamps suitable, each one turns on and off
+separately</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn4_8">Safety fuses</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Ch5">Ship Lighting.</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="justind"><a href="#Sn5_1">Position for dynamo</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_2">Dynamo to be kept clean and cool</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_3">Quick-speed engines</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_4">Slow-speed engines with belts</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_5">Means of keeping
+belt on the pulley</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_6">Engine must work steadily</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_7">A good sensitive
+governor wanted</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_8">The belt must be kept tight</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_9">A handy belt-stretcher</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_10">Friction gearing</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_11">Switch board near dynamo</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_12">Leads of
+different colours</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_13">Main leads and branch leads</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_14">Lamps held in
+frosted globes</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_15">Switches for each lamp</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_16">Lamps of various
+candle-powers</a>&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span><a
+href="#Sn5_17">Plan for lighting quarter-deck at times</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_18">Arrangement of
+temporary leads</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_19">Leads and lamps always ready, and easily fixed
+up</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_20">Lighting of ships&#8217; holds</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_21">Danger of fire with oil lamps</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_22">Arc lamps not suitable</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_23">Arrangement of leads for incandescent lamps</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_24">Work carried on better, and pilfering of cargo prevented</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_25">Hold
+leads disconnected while at sea</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_26">Installation complete</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_27">Lights
+wanted as night approaches</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_28">Precautions before starting dynamo</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_29">Lubrication
+must be perfect</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_30">Commutators and collectors require
+very little oil</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_31">Position of brushes</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_32">Start the engine</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_33">Switches not turned on</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_33a">No current except from exciter</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_34">Testing
+work of exciter</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_35">Dynamos very powerful magnets</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_36">Look out for your watches
+</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_37">Switch on the lamps</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_38">Current is produced in large dynamo</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_39">Difference of a few lamps compensated by governor</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_40">Turn all lamps
+on, and light up gradually</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_41">Inequality of light in different
+lamps</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_42">Weeding out of bad lamps</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_43">Lamps not to be run too bright</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_44">No trouble with dynamo if oiling is attended to</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_45">Seizing</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_46">Oil
+must be thin</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_47">The dynamo must be kept clean</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_48">Little troubles with
+the lamps</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_49">No safety fuse</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_50">Effects of vibration of ship on lamps</a>&mdash;<a
+href="#Sn5_51">What to look to if a lamp is out</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_52">Recapitulation</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_53">A current of
+50 volts is hardly felt</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_54">Incandescent lights for side lights</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_55">Mast-head
+light</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_56">Arc light should never be used</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_57">Present mast-head light quite powerful
+enough</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_58">On passenger steamers, side one
+blaze of light, and side lights barely visible</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_59">Speed of dynamo
+constant, but steam power used in proportion to number of lamps
+in use</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_60">No danger to life from electric current on board ship</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_61">Binnacle lamps.
+Electric light not suitable</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_62">Dynamo if near a
+compass will affect it</a>&mdash;<a href="#Sn5_63">Notes</a></td>
+<td class="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+
+<h1>WRINKLES<br />
+IN<br />
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING.</h1>
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2><span class="smcap"><a name="Ch1" id="Ch1"></a>The Electric Current, and its Production
+by Chemical Means.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_1" id="Sn1_1"></a>Production of electric current in chemical battery.</span>
+It will first be necessary to explain how electric currents are produced by
+means of chemicals. In a jar A, <a href="#Fig1">Fig. 1</a>, are placed two plates B and C, one
+zinc, and the other copper, each having connected to it at the top a copper
+wire of any convenient length. The plates are kept in position by means of
+pieces of wood, and the jar is about half filled with a solution of salt
+and water, or sulphuric acid and water; if then the two wires are joined, a
+current of electricity at once flows through them, however long they may
+be.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_2" id="Sn1_2"></a>Current very weak.</span>
+The current produced in this manner is very weak, and does not even keep
+what strength it has for any length of time, but rapidly gets weaker until
+quite imperceptible. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> current is, however, continuous; that is, it
+flows steadily in the one direction through the wire, and may be used for
+ringing bells, or for other purposes where a feeble current only is
+required to do intermittent work. The wire E in connection with the copper
+plate is called the positive lead, and the other the negative, and the
+current is said to flow from the copper plate, through the wire E through
+the circuit to D, and thence to the zinc plate, and through the liquid to
+the copper plate.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_3" id="Sn1_3"></a>Current compared to circulation of the blood.</span>
+The current has often been compared to water flowing through a pipe, but I
+think it can be better compared to the blood in the human body, which
+through the action of the heart is continually forced through the arteries
+and veins in one steady stream. There is, however, this difference, that
+there is no actual progression of matter in the electric current, it being
+like a ripple on water, which moves from end to end of a lake without the
+water itself being moved across. Now that I have given you an idea of how
+the current acts, I must try and explain how different degrees of strength
+and volume are obtained.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><p class="captop">Fig. 1.</p><a name="Fig1" id="Fig1"></a>
+<img src="images/illo012.png" alt="Chemical Battery" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_4" id="Sn1_4"></a>Strength and volume of current.</span>
+In the first place, let us consider what constitute strength and volume in
+an electric current, or at least try and get a general notion about them.
+For this purpose I shall compare the electric current to water being forced
+through a pipe; and the strength of the electric current, or electromotive
+force, written for short E.M.F., will be like the pressure of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> water at any
+part of the pipe. Two pipes may carry different quantities of water, and
+yet the pressure may be the same in each; in one a gallon of water may pass
+a given point in the same time that a pint passes the same point in the
+other, and yet in each case the different quantities may pass that point at
+the same speed. Thus in electricity, two currents may be of different
+volume or quantity, measured in amp&egrave;res, and yet be of the same E.M.F.
+measured in volts; or they may be of different E.M.F., or pressure, or
+intensity, and yet be of the same volume. If any work is to be done by the
+water forced through a pipe, such as turning a turbine, it is evident that
+pressure of itself is not sufficient, seeing that a stream an inch in
+diameter may be at the same pressure as another a foot in diameter.
+So with the electric current, if work is to be done, such as driving a
+motor or lighting a lamp, it is not sufficient to have a certain E.M.F.;
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_5" id="Sn1_5"></a>Pressure not sufficient without volume.</span>
+there must be quantity or volume in proportion to the amount of work, so
+that if it takes a given quantity to work one lamp, it will take twice that
+quantity to work two lamps of the same kind. It must not be inferred from
+this, that if one lamp requires a certain E.M.F., that two lamps will
+require it to be doubled, as such is not the case, except under certain
+conditions which I will explain <a href="#Sn4_6">later on</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_6" id="Sn1_6"></a>Action of current is instantaneous.</span>
+The action of electricity is practically instantaneous in any length of
+wire, so that if the current<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> is used to ring two bells a mile apart, but
+connected by wires, they will commence to ring simultaneously. I have so
+far not said anything about resistance to the passage of the current
+through the wires. I shall therefore refer again to our comparison of the
+current to water forced through a pipe, and you will agree that a certain
+sized pipe will only convey a certain amount of water in a given time. If a
+larger quantity is to be conveyed in the same time, a greater pressure must
+be applied, or a larger pipe must be used.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that increasing the size of the pipe will get over the
+difficulty more readily than increasing the pressure of the water. The
+pipes themselves offer a certain resistance to the passage of the water
+through them, in the shape of friction; so that if an effect is to be
+produced at a distance, rather more pressure is required than if it is done
+close at hand, so as to make up for the loss sustained by friction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_7" id="Sn1_7"></a>Resistance to the passage of the current.</span>
+Much the same may be said of the electric current; a certain sized wire
+will only carry a certain current, and if more current is required, a
+thicker wire must be used to convey it, or it must be of a greater E.M.F.
+It is usually more convenient to increase the thickness of the wire than to
+increase the E.M.F. of the current. The wire offers a certain resistance to
+the passage of the current through it, which may be compared to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> friction,
+and this resistance varies according to the metal of which it is composed.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_8" id="Sn1_8"></a>Copper the usual metal for conductors.</span>
+Copper is the metal in ordinary use for wires for electric lighting
+purposes, and the purer it is the better will it convey the current. Iron
+is used for telegraph wires on account of cheapness, the current used being
+so small that this metal conveys it readily enough; if copper were used,
+the wires will only require to be about one-third the diameter of the iron
+ones. The following are the respective values for electrical conductivity
+of various metals when pure, taking silver as a standard:&mdash;Silver 100,
+copper 99&middot;9, gold 80, zinc 29, brass 22, iron 16&middot;8, tin 13&middot;1, lead 8&middot;3,
+mercury 1&middot;6.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn1_9" id="Sn1_9"></a>Heat produced by current when wire is too small.</span>
+If a wire is made to convey a current which is too large for its electrical
+capacity, it will get heated, which decreases its conductivity, with the
+result that the heat increases until finally the wire fuses. I shall have
+more to say about this when speaking of electric lighting.</p>
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2><a name="Ch2" id="Ch2"></a><span class="smcap">Production of Electric Currents by
+Mechanical Means.</span></h2>
+
+
+<h3><i><a name="Ch2a" id="Ch2a"></a>Magneto-electric Machines.</i></h3>
+
+<p>I have shown how the electric current is produced by the action of chemical
+or primary batteries, and how this current will flow through suitable
+conductors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_1" id="Sn2a_1"></a>Current produced by mechanical means.</span>
+I shall now explain how mechanical power may be converted into electricity.
+It has been found that if a wire, preferably of copper, of which the ends
+are joined together, is moved past a magnet a current is induced in the
+wire, flowing in one direction while the wire is approaching the magnet,
+and in the opposite direction while it is receding from it.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_2" id="Sn2a_2"></a>Alternating current.</span>
+This is then not a continuous current like we obtained from the chemical
+battery, but an alternating one, and you will see <a href="#Sn2b_9">later</a> on how it can be
+made to produce similar effects. The oftener the wire passes the magnet the
+more electricity is generated, so that if we make a coil of the wire and
+move a large number of parts of wire past at one time, the effects on each
+part are accumulated; and if instead of having one magnet to pass before,
+we have several, the effects will be doubled or trebled, &amp;c., in proportion
+to the number. If, again, the coil is moved at an increased speed past the
+magnets, the effects will be still further increased.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig2" id="Fig2"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 2.</p>
+<img src="images/illo018.png" alt="Commutator" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_3" id="Sn2a_3"></a>Magneto-electric machines.</span>
+The knowledge of these facts led to the construction of the various
+magneto-electric machines, of which a familiar type is seen in those small
+ones used for medical purposes. They contain a large horse-shoe magnet,
+close to the end of which two bobbins of copper wire are made to revolve at
+a high speed, and all who have used these machines know that the more
+quickly they turn the handle the greater shock the person receives who is
+being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> operated upon.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_4" id="Sn2a_4"></a>Shock produced by interruption of current.</span>
+The current generated is really very feeble, the shock being produced by
+interrupting it at every half revolution by means of a small spring or
+other suitable mechanism. If the current is not so interrupted, it cannot
+be felt at all, which may be proved by lifting up the spring on the spindle
+of the ordinary kind. The current is an alternating one, and changes its
+direction throughout the circuit, however extended it may be, at every half
+revolution.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_5" id="Sn2a_5"></a>The current must be commutated.</span>
+If it is required to have a continuous current, use must be made of what is
+termed a commutator, and I shall endeavour to explain the manner in which
+it acts as simply as possible. Without going into any further details as to
+the construction of the bobbins, and their action at any particular moment,
+I shall content myself with saying that if the wire on the two bobbins is
+continuous, and the ends are connected, the current will flow one way
+during half a revolution, and the other way during the other half.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_6" id="Sn2a_6"></a>Description of commutator.</span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>Now, in <a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2</a>,
+on the spindle A on which the bobbins are fixed, is fitted
+a split collar formed of two halves B and C, to which are joined
+respectively the ends of the wires + and -.
+This collar is insulated from the spindle by a suitable insulating
+material, that is to say, a material which does not conduct electricity,
+such as wood, ivory, &amp;c., and is represented in <a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2</a> by the dark parts D.
+So far the circuit is not complete, so that however quickly you turn the
+machine no current is produced. If, however, some means is employed for
+joining B and C by a conductor, the alternating current is produced as
+before. In <a href="#Fig3">Fig. 3</a>, I show a section through B A C. On a base E made of
+wood, are fixed two metal springs F and G, which are made to press against
+B and C respectively; wires are connected at H and K, which, joined
+together, complete the circuit. A continuous current is said to be + or
+positive where it leaves a battery, and - or negative where it returns; it
+will be convenient to use these signs and terms in the following
+explanation.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_7" id="Sn2a_7"></a>Current though alternating in the dynamo, is continuous in the circuit.</span>
+At one portion of the revolution the spindle will be in the
+position shown in <a href="#Fig3">Fig. 3</a>, and the + current is flowing into B, through F,
+to the terminal H, thence through the circuit to the terminal K,<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> through G
+to C, and so back through the - wire to the bobbins of the machine. In <a href="#Fig4">Fig.
+4</a> the spindle has made a half revolution, bringing B in contact with G, and
+C with F. But by this half turn the current is reversed in the bobbins, and the +
+current flows into C, through F, to terminal H as before, and through the
+circuit to K, through G and B, back to the bobbins.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2a_8" id="Sn2a_8"></a>Continuous current used for electro-plating.</span>
+Thus you see that in the circuit the current will be always in the same
+direction, or continuous, although in the bobbins it is alternating, and
+may be used for any purpose for which a continuous current is required,
+such as electro-plating, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig3" id="Fig3"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 3.</p>
+<img src="images/illo019.png" alt="Section B A C-1" /></div>
+
+<p>There are various forms of the magneto-electric machines, as well as of
+commutators, but the foregoing shows the general principle of them all.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig4" id="Fig4"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 4.</p>
+<img src="images/illo020.png" alt="Section B A C-2" /></div>
+
+
+<h3><i><a name="Ch2b" id="Ch2b"></a>Dynamo-electric Machines.</i></h3>
+
+<p>It will now be necessary to explain the nature of a dynamo-electric
+machine, called, for shortness, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+dynamo, and to show in what it differs
+from a magneto-electric machine.</p>
+
+<p>I have explained how an electric current is produced by a wire passing in
+front of a magnet; now, this magnet may either be of the ordinary kind, or
+it may be what is termed an electro-magnet.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_1" id="Sn2b_1"></a>Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar.</span>
+One of the effects which electricity can be made to produce is the
+magnetising of steel bars to form the ordinary and well-known permanent
+magnets which are used in ships&#8217; compasses, &amp;c. To produce this effect,
+part of the wire in a circuit is made into a spiral as in <a href="#Fig5">Fig. 5</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig5" id="Fig5"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 5.</p>
+<img src="images/illo021.png" alt="Spiral wire" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_2" id="Sn2b_2"></a>Permanent magnet.</span>
+The steel rod to be magnetised is placed within the spiral, and a
+continuous current of electricity is then sent through the wire, which
+causes the rod to become magnetised with a North pole at one end, and a
+South pole at the other. The more current is passed through the circuit,
+and the more turns are in the spiral, the more quickly and strongly is the
+rod magnetised; and it will retain its magnetism for an indefinite time if
+made of suitable steel. There is a point at which the metal is said to be
+saturated with magnetism, and the strength it has then acquired will be
+that which it will retain afterwards, although while under the influence of
+the current that strength may be considerably exceeded.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_3" id="Sn2b_3"></a>Electro-magnet.</span>
+If instead of a steel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> rod one of iron is placed in the spiral, and the
+current is passed through as before, it will be magnetised in the same
+manner; but as soon as the current is stopped, the rod loses almost all its
+magnetism, and if the current is then passed in the opposite direction the
+rod will be magnetised in the opposite way. The softer and more homogeneous
+is the iron, the more instantaneously will it acquire and lose its
+magnetism, and the greater strength of magnetism it is able to acquire. An
+iron bar, round which are wound a large number of turns of insulated or
+covered wire, constitutes an electro-magnet.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_4" id="Sn2b_4"></a>Where the magneto and dynamo machines differ.</span>
+The difference then between a magneto-electric and a dynamo-electric
+machine is, that in the former permanent magnets are used, and in the
+latter electro-magnets take their place. I do not intend to go into
+particulars as to the construction of the various dynamos in present use,
+as there are many books to be had in which these machines are fully
+described. I need merely say that in the so-called continuous-current
+dynamos, the whole or part of the current produced is made to pass through
+the coils of the electro-magnets, thus inducing in them the required
+magnetism. I showed how, in the magneto-electric machine, the currents are
+collected by means of a commutator, and it is evident that in <a href="#Fig2">Figs. 2</a>, <a href="#Fig3">3</a>,
+and <a href="#Fig4">4</a> there might be separate wires coming from each bobbin to B and C; and
+if there were more than two bobbins, there might still be<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> two wires from
+each to B and C. On the other hand the collecting collar might be split
+into more sections; in fact there might be as many sections as bobbins. To
+show how the current is collected in continuous-current dynamos, I must
+give a short explanation of the revolving part or armature of a standard
+type of machine.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig6" id="Fig6"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 6.</p>
+<img src="images/illo023a.png" alt="Horse-shoe magnet" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_5" id="Sn2b_5"></a>Armature of so-called continuous-current dynamo.</span>
+In <a href="#Fig6">Fig. 6</a> is shown a horse-shoe magnet, with its North and South poles, N
+and S. Between these poles is made to revolve the armature, composed of a
+number of coils of wire made to form a ring like a life-buoy. The ends of
+the wires are made to lie along a collar on the spindle, made of some
+insulating material, each wire being parallel to its neighbour, and kept
+separate from it, as shown in <a href="#Fig7">Fig. 7</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig7" id="Fig7"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 7.</p>
+<img src="images/illo023b.png" alt="Insulated wires" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_6" id="Sn2b_6"></a>Type of commutator.</span>
+These wires are so arranged that if one end of a sectional coil is on top
+of the spindle at a given moment, the other will be on the under side.
+If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> then, as shown in
+<a href="#Fig7">Fig. 7</a>, a rubber of copper, made in the form of a
+brush of copper wire for convenience, is placed in contact with the upper
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_7" id="Sn2b_7"></a>Commutator brushes.</span>
+part of the commutator collar, and another similar one with the lower, it
+is evident the circuit will be completed in the same manner as before
+explained.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig8" id="Fig8"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 8.</p>
+<img src="images/illo024.png" alt="Edison dynamo" />
+<p class="capbot">Edison Dynamo.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_8" id="Sn2b_8"></a>Current continuous in the circuit.</span>
+A wire which is + when above the spindle, will be - when below it, and as
+the spindle revolves the current changes in the various wires from - to +<span
+class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+as they reach the top, so that it will always therefore be + in the upper
+brush and - in the lower one, and will accordingly be continuous through
+the circuit. It will be seen in the illustrations of various
+continuous-current dynamos, that though their shape and arrangement differ,
+the mode of collecting the current is much about the same as I have
+described above. <a href="#Fig8">Figs. 8</a> and <a href="#Fig9">9</a> show some of the continuous-current dynamos
+at present in use.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig9" id="Fig9"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 9.</p>
+<img src="images/illo025.png" alt="Brush dynamo" />
+<p class="capbot">Brush Dynamo.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_9" id="Sn2b_9"></a>Alternating-current dynamos.</span>
+I will now explain the nature of an alternating-current dynamo.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig10" id="Fig10"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 10.</p>
+<img src="images/illo026.png" alt="Alternate polarities" /></div>
+
+<p>The principal difference between the continuous-and alternating-current
+dynamo, is in the number of magnets used. Most of the former have only four
+magnets, while the latter have frequently as many as thirty-two.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_10" id="Sn2b_10"></a>Current not commutated.</span>
+In reality, as I have shown, these are all alternating-current dynamos,
+only that in the so-called continuous-current ones, the current is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+commutated, whereas in the others it is not, but is used as it is produced.
+In the principal alternating-current dynamos, a number of small magnets,
+usually sixteen, are attached to a framework directly opposite a similar
+number of others of the same size, the space between the ends being only
+about an inch or two. These are all electro-magnets, and are wound in such
+manner that when excited by a current, every alternate one shall have the
+same magnetism, as in <a href="#Fig10">Fig. 10</a>, and every opposite one a contrary magnetism.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig11" id="Fig11"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 11.</p>
+<img src="images/illo027a.png" alt="Siemens Armature" />
+<p class="capbot">Siemens Armature.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_11" id="Sn2b_11"></a>Intense magnetic field produced.</span>
+This produces an intense magnetic field between the ends of the magnets,
+and in this space revolves the armature. This armature, in the Siemens
+dynamo, is composed of a disc having as many bobbins on the periphery as
+there are magnets on each side of the dynamo. As each bobbin approaches
+each magnet a current is induced in one direction, which is reversed when
+the bobbin recedes; thus an alternating current is produced, which is
+collected by connecting the ends to insulated rings or collars on the
+spindle, and having small copper brushes or rubbers in contact with them.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_12" id="Sn2b_12"></a>Simplicity of Ferranti armature.</span>
+In the Ferranti dynamo, the armature is quite different, and much more
+simple, as comparison of <a href="#Fig11">Figs. 11</a> and <a href="#Fig12">12</a> will show.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig12" id="Fig12"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 12.</p>
+<img src="images/illo027b.png" alt="Ferranti Armature" />
+<p class="capbot">Ferranti Armature.</p></div>
+
+<p>It consists of a copper tape bent in and out so as to form a sort of star
+with eight arms, the number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+layers of insulated copper tape being from
+ten to thirty, according to requirements. The centre is made in a similar
+shape with bolts or rivets holding each convolution in place. The two ends
+of the tape are attached respectively to two collector-rings on the
+spindle, against which press two solid metal rubbers which carry off the
+current for use in the circuit. It can be shown that as each arm approaches
+a magnet a current will be induced in one direction, which will be reversed
+as each arm recedes; and therefore an alternating current will be produced.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_13" id="Sn2b_13"></a>Large number of alternations of the current.</span>
+As there are sixteen magnets for the armature to pass at each revolution,
+there must be sixteen alternations of the current during the same time, so
+that if the speed of the armature is 500 revolutions per minute, there will
+be 500 &times; 16 = 8000 alternations in one minute. These alternations being so
+extremely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> rapid, when this current is used for electric lighting, the
+steadiness of the light will be in no way affected, but will remain as
+constant as with a continuous current.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig13" id="Fig13"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 13.</p>
+<img src="images/illo028.png" alt="Siemens Alternating Dynamo" />
+<p class="capbot">Siemens Alternating Dynamo.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_14" id="Sn2b_14"></a>Alternating current cannot be used to excite an electro-magnet.</span>
+The alternating current produced by these dynamos cannot be used for
+exciting an electro-magnet, as the magnetism would be reversed at every
+alternation;
+a separate small dynamo of the continuous type is therefore used as an
+exciter to magnetise all the electro-magnets in the field, and it is
+usually coupled on to the same spindle, and therefore goes at the same
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_15" id="Sn2b_15"></a>Exciter coupled on to same spindle as dynamo.</span>
+speed as the alternating-current dynamo.
+The exciter is usually of a size to be able to do alone<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> about one-tenth to
+one-twentieth of the work that the larger machines does in the way of
+lighting; so that if from any cause the latter is disabled while the ship
+lighted by it is at sea, the exciter may be used alone to do a portion of
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn2b_16" id="Sn2b_16"></a>Power of exciter if used alone.</span>
+the lighting, in the first-class saloon for instance. This can only be done
+if the exciter is so constructed as to give the proper E.M.F. that the
+lamps require.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig14" id="Fig14"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 14.</p>
+<img src="images/illo029.png" alt="Ferranti Alternating Dynamo" />
+<p class="capbot">Ferranti Alternating Dynamo.</p></div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig13">Figs. 13</a> and <a href="#Fig14">14</a> are illustrations of two of the alternating current dynamos
+in use on board ship and elsewhere.</p>
+
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2><a name="Ch3" id="Ch3"></a><span class="smcap">Electric Lamps.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_1" id="Sn3_1"></a>Production of electric light.</span>
+I have explained how power can be converted into electric currents, either
+continuous or alternating, and I must now show how these currents can be
+applied to the production of light.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig15" id="Fig15"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 15.</p>
+<img src="images/illo030.png" alt="Arc Light" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_2" id="Sn3_2"></a>Arc lights.</span>
+The current may be used to produce an <i>arc light</i> in the following
+manner:&mdash;Two carbon rods, A and B, are held by suitable means in the
+position shown in <a href="#Fig15">Fig. 15</a>, and the two wires from a dynamo are joined
+respectively to A and B, the upper one always being the positive lead when
+a continuous current is used. When the current is sent through the circuit,
+it passes through the carbons A and B, which are conductors. Immediately
+this occurs, suitable mechanism in the lamp, being acted on by the current,
+or by hand in the case of search-lights, or by clock-work, moves the two
+carbons a small distance apart, with the consequence that a dazzling arc of
+light is formed between them.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_3" id="Sn3_3"></a>Mechanism to regulate carbons.</span>
+If the carbons get too far apart, the mechanism brings them nearer together
+again, and on the delicacy with which it acts, depends the steadiness of
+the light. It would be useless to explain how this mechanism acts, as it is
+in a different form in each maker&#8217;s lamp.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_4" id="Sn3_4"></a>Some lamps suitable for alternating current.</span>
+Some lamps have been constructed for use with an alternating current, but
+with the majority a continuous current is used.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> While an arc light is
+burning the carbons waste away, the upper one more rapidly than the lower,
+and the mechanism has to approach them constantly to make up for this
+waste.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_5" id="Sn3_5"></a>When carbons are consumed light goes out.</span>
+When the carbons are consumed as far as convenient, an automatic
+arrangement cuts off the current, and the light goes out; or it diverts the
+current to another set of carbons, which at once light up. The carbons are
+made in suitable lengths to last a certain number of hours, four, six,
+eight, &amp;c. In <a href="#Fig16">Fig. 16</a> is shown an arc lamp complete.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig16" id="Fig16"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 16.</p>
+<img src="images/illo031.png" alt="Arc Lamp, Complete" />
+<p class="capbot">Arc Lamp Complete.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_6" id="Sn3_6"></a>Arc lamp very complicated.</span>
+An arc lamp is of necessity a complicated affair, which it is not advisable
+to have on board ship, except where an electrician is engaged permanently.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_7" id="Sn3_7"></a>Jablochkoff candle.</span>
+Another way of producing light is to use the current in what is called an
+<i>electric candle</i>, of which a familiar type is the Jablochkoff candle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig17" id="Fig17"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 17.</p>
+<img src="images/illo032.png" alt="Jablochkoff Candle" /></div>
+
+<p><a href="#Fig17">Fig. 17</a> shows the form of this candle, A and B being two carbon rods
+parallel to one another, and joined, but at the same time insulated from
+one another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> by kaolin, a sort of chalky substance, which is a
+non-conductor.</p>
+
+<p>The wires C and D from the dynamo are joined respectively to A and B
+through metallic supports, as in an arc lamp, and when the current is
+turned on it flows through C A and across by a small strip of carbon E to B
+and D back to the dynamo.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_8" id="Sn3_8"></a>Arc formed between the carbons.</span>
+The strip E is only large enough to carry the current across for a moment,
+and is immediately consumed, but an arc of light is then formed between the
+carbons as in the arc lamp. As the carbons consume, the kaolin in between
+burns away, just in the same manner as, in an ordinary candle, the wick is
+consumed and the wax melts and burns away, except that in the latter case
+the wax feeds the light, whereas the kaolin is only used to keep the
+carbons the required distance apart and the arc of light from running down
+them.<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_9" id="Sn3_9"></a>Candles require alternating current.</span>
+It is evident that the carbons must be consumed equally, for which reason
+use must be made of the alternating current. Any unsteadiness that occurs
+in the light produced is consequent on unsteadiness of the current, or
+impurities in the carbons, &amp;c., there being no mechanism of any kind
+required. These candles do not give such a great light as arc lights, but
+it is of the same nature in every way. <a href="#Fig18">Fig. 18</a> shows one of these candles
+in its holder, from which can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22"
+id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> seen how electrical contact is made with
+the two carbons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig18" id="Fig18"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 18.</p>
+<img src="images/illo033.png" alt="Jablochkoff Candle in Holder" /></div>
+
+<p>If the current is interrupted in any way, and the light goes out, it will
+not be produced again automatically, but requires a small piece of carbon
+between the two carbons as a path for the current to pass across as in the
+beginning.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_10" id="Sn3_10"></a>Incandescent lamps.</span>
+A third form of electric light is produced by using the current in an
+<i>incandescent lamp</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig19" id="Fig19"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 19.</p>
+<img src="images/illo034a.png" alt="Swan Lamp" /></div>
+
+<p>To explain the action of an incandescent lamp, I must refer back to what I
+said about wires getting heated by a current being passed through them
+which was too large for their capacity. If two large wires are joined by a
+small one, and a strong current is passed through the circuit, the small
+wire rapidly gets red hot, and finally fuses.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_11" id="Sn3_11"></a>Vacuum formed in lamp prevents combustion</span>
+If this small wire is contained in a globe from which the air is exhausted,
+when the current is passed through it, it gets red,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> then white hot, and
+when very brilliant gets fused. If, instead of wire, we have in the small
+globe a thin filament of carbon, when the current is passed through, we get
+a brilliant light which remains constant because the carbon does not fuse,
+and it cannot burn away for want of air. <a href="#Fig19">Fig. 19</a> shows a Swan lamp, and
+<a href="#Fig20">Fig. 20</a> an Edison lamp, both made on this principle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig20" id="Fig20"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 20.</p>
+<img src="images/illo034b.png" alt="Edison Lamp" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_12" id="Sn3_12"></a>Vacuum not perfect.</span>
+If in these lamps the vacuum were perfect, the carbon filament would never
+get consumed; it is, however, impossible to get a perfect vacuum, but the
+better it is, the longer will the filament last. Incandescent lamps are the
+only ones that are suitable for house or ship lighting.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_13" id="Sn3_13"></a>Advantages of incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting.</span>
+They give a yellowish light like a good gas-flame, they do not consume the
+air of a room, they cause no smell, and only give out a very slight heat.
+They are perfectly safe, because if the globe gets broken and allows air to
+get in, the filament is instantly consumed, and the light goes out. They
+can be put in all sorts of places where it would be impossible to<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> have any
+other lamps, such as near the ceiling, close to curtains, in a room full of
+explosives or combustibles, and even under water.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn3_14" id="Sn3_14"></a>Unaffected by wind, and suitable for either continuous or alternating
+currents.</span>
+They are not affected by wind; they can therefore be used under punkahs, or
+near open windows, sky-lights, or ports, or in the open air. These lamps
+can be used with either continuous or alternating currents, but will
+probably last longer with the latter, because, when a continuous current is
+used, particles of the carbon of the filament appear to be conveyed from
+one end of the filament to the other, reducing the thickness at the one
+end, until finally it breaks. This evidently cannot occur with an
+alternating current, as the impulse in one direction is counteracted by the
+following one in the opposite direction. If the current used is of too high
+a tension for the lamps, they will show an intensely brilliant light for a
+short time, but the filament will soon be destroyed, and the lamp rendered
+useless.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2><a name="Ch4" id="Ch4"></a><span class="smcap">Leads.</span></h2>
+
+<p>We have now to consider the means used for conveying the current,
+continuous or alternating, to the lamps we intend to use.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_1" id="Sn4_1"></a>Leads made usually of copper wire.</span>
+The leads for the electric current, which correspond in some measure with
+the pipes which convey gas, are made of copper wire, as pure as can be
+obtained, covered with some insulating material to prevent the escape of
+the current through contact with other conductors. The<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> size of the wire is
+regulated according to the amount of current which is to be conveyed; it
+will do no harm to have it of twice the required section, but if it is of
+less than the required section, it will offer so much resistance to the
+passage of the current, that it will probably get fused in a very short
+time.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_2" id="Sn4_2"></a>Short circuit.</span>
+If the lead attached to one terminal of the dynamo comes back to the other
+terminal without there being any lamps in the circuit, or other means of
+making use of the current, it is said to be short circuited, and if the
+dynamo is kept going something must give out very soon. The two leads must
+therefore never be connected with one another, except by a lamp or other
+resistance, and the manner in which the lamps are placed, and the size of
+the leads, depend upon the relative tension and quantity of current and the
+kind of lamps to be used.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_3" id="Sn4_3"></a>High E.M.F. for arc lights, but low for incandescent.</span>
+If the current is to be used in arc lamps it is usual to have a high
+E.M.F., which allows of the leads being of small section; but if it is to
+be used in incandescent lamps it is found more convenient to have a low
+E.M.F., and as this implies a large quantity of current, the leads have to
+be of large section.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_4" id="Sn4_4"></a>Arc lights in series.</span>
+Arc lamps usually require to be placed in series, that is to say, in such a
+manner that the current, after leaving the dynamo, passes through each lamp
+in succession. The E.M.F. required in this case is the sum of the E.M.F.
+for each lamp, the quantity required being the same as for one lamp. This<span
+class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+accounts for the high E.M.F. used in arc lighting and the small size of the
+wire for conducting the current.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_5" id="Sn4_5"></a>Incandescent lamps in parallel circuit.</span>
+Incandescent lamps can be either in series or parallel, and frequently the
+two systems are combined. To explain the meaning of having lamps parallel,
+we will suppose the two leads from a dynamo to be taken along a wall,
+parallel to one another, and about six inches apart, ending at the end of
+the wall, but not connected in any way. If we then place lamps at intervals
+between the two leads, connecting one loop of each to the upper lead, and
+the other to the lower lead, by means of small copper wire, these lamps are
+said to be all parallel.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_6" id="Sn4_6"></a>E.M.F. same for one lamp as for a number.</span>
+In this arrangement the current required is the sum of the quantity
+necessary for each lamp, but the E.M.F. is the same as that required for
+one lamp of the same kind. As we therefore require to send a large quantity
+of current through the leads at a small pressure or E.M.F., these leads
+must be of large section. In the above arrangement each lamp may be turned
+on or off separately without affecting the others. Sometimes two or more
+lamps are placed in groups between the parallel leads; these are then in
+series with regard to one another, and can only be turned on or off two or
+more at a time, in other words, one group at a time.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_7" id="Sn4_7"></a>If lamps suitable, each one turns on and off separately.</span>
+If our dynamo is producing a current of 100 volts E.M.F. when working at
+its proper speed, and our lamps are 100-volt lamps, we shall be able to
+turn each lamp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> on or off separately; but if we want to put in 50-volt
+lamps, we must place two together, and we shall then have to turn them on
+or off two at a time. I am supposing that in both cases the lamps require
+the same quantity of current, though of different E.M.F.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn4_8" id="Sn4_8"></a>Safety fuses.</span>
+To prevent the lamps being spoilt by the current being too strong through a
+sudden increase in the speed of the dynamo, as also to prevent the leads
+getting fused, and perhaps setting fire to the casing, it is usual to have
+safety fuses in various parts of the circuit. These are of different kinds,
+but a typical one consists of a small lead wire, large enough to carry the
+normal current, but which fuses when the current is too strong, and at once
+interrupts its passage. The lamps in the same portion of the circuit are
+then extinguished and so saved from destruction, and cannot then be lighted
+again until the fuse is renewed, which, however, can be done with ease.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2><a name="Ch5" id="Ch5"></a><span class="smcap">Ship Lighting.</span></h2>
+
+<p>We will consider now the case of a steamship to be lighted by means of
+incandescent lamps. It is sometimes a matter of some difficulty to fix on a
+suitable position for the dynamo and engine, especially in ships which have
+already been running for some time.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_1" id="Sn5_1"></a>Position for dynamo.</span>
+In selecting a position, it must be borne in mind<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> that a dynamo will work
+best in a cool clean place, cleanliness being most important. If a lot of
+coal dust is flying about where the dynamo is working, it will be drawn
+into it, and tend to impair its electrical, as well as mechanical
+efficiency.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_2" id="Sn5_2"></a>Dynamo to be kept clean and cool.</span>
+If the dynamo is kept properly lubricated, it will work well enough in a
+hot place, but we must remember that the heating of the wire which makes up
+a large portion of the dynamo, reduces its conductivity, so that the cooler
+it is kept the better. The dynamo should be so placed that the engineer can
+get to every side of it easily.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_3" id="Sn5_3"></a>Quick-speed engines.</span>
+If a quick-speed engine is to be used for driving it direct, it will make a
+very compact installation, but there seems to be some difficulty as yet in
+getting suitable reliable engines, besides which many marine engineers
+object to quick-speed engines altogether.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_4" id="Sn5_4"></a>Slow-speed engines with belts.</span>
+If a slow-speed engine is to be used, a belt is of course required to get
+the necessary speed on the dynamo, and various precautions are needful to
+prevent the belt slipping off the pulley when the ship is rolling about in
+a sea-way. In all cases, the engine and dynamo should be placed with their
+spindles fore-and-aft, or in a line with the ship&#8217;s keel, the rolling being
+felt more than the pitching.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_5" id="Sn5_5"></a>Means of keeping belt on the pulley.</span>
+There are various ways of keeping the belt from slipping off the pulley.
+Some have flanges on the pulley, others have guides or rollers on each side
+of the belt, each plan having its advantages and disadvantages; but some
+plan must be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+used, otherwise the belt slips off, usually in the middle of
+the first-saloon dinner, and out go all the lights, besides which the belt
+may be considerably damaged before the engine can be stopped.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_6" id="Sn5_6"></a>Engine must work steadily.</span>
+The engine must be one that will work very steadily, otherwise the lights
+will pulsate at each revolution of the engine, which is most unpleasant. If
+the engine is a single one, it must have a large fly-wheel, or a
+driving-wheel large and heavy enough to answer the same purpose.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_7" id="Sn5_7"></a>A good sensitive governor wanted.</span>
+The engine requires a good sensitive governor, so as to keep the speed
+regular when some of the lamps are turned on or off. When the engine and
+dynamo are in the main engine-room, the throttle-valve, or a stop-valve,
+should be in a convenient place for the engineer on watch to get at so as
+to instantly shut off the steam if the belt slips off or breaks. In ships
+where an electrician is carried there will not be the same necessity for
+this precaution.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_8" id="Sn5_8"></a>The belt must be kept tight.</span>
+It is necessary to have some means of tightening up the belt, so as to keep
+it from slipping round the pulley. Where the engine and dynamo are on the
+same level there may be a screw arrangement in the base-plate of the latter
+by which the distance between centres can be increased. Where the engine
+and dynamo are on different levels, and the latter is a fixture, recourse
+must be had to a roller, bearing against the upper part of the belt and
+capable of screw adjustment. If link leather belting is used, it will be
+found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+necessary to take out several rows of links each day until it has
+finished stretching.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_9" id="Sn5_9"></a>A handy belt stretcher.</span>
+A very handy thing to use for this purpose, and which can be made on board
+by an engineer, is a double clamp with a screw in between, just like the
+ones which are being sold for stretching trousers which have got baggy at
+the knees. Whatever belt is used, it is very important that there should be
+no joint or inequality which can cause a jump or slip when going over the
+pulley, as this will cause the lights to pulsate each time.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_10" id="Sn5_10"></a>Friction gearing.</span>
+In America friction gearing has been tried, but I do not know with what
+success. From my experience of friction gearing, I am inclined to think it
+might do very well. There is certainly no doubt that direct-acting
+quick-speed engines are the ones to use, and it is only a question of
+getting a suitable one.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_11" id="Sn5_11"></a>Switch-board near dynamo.</span>
+The dynamo being firmly fixed in position, the main leads are connected to
+it, and carried along to the switch-board, which should be in a convenient
+position near at hand. On this switch-board are usually placed the large
+safety fuses. The board should have a cover to it, to prevent any one
+meddling with it, and to keep it clean. The main leads are of a large size,
+and from these other smaller ones branch off, being spliced and soldered to
+them.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_12" id="Sn5_12"></a>Leads of different colours.</span>
+It is a very good practice to use leads of two different colours, as we can
+then work by the following rule: Never connect together two leads of
+different colours except by means of a lamp or other<span class='pagenum'><a
+name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> resistance. The size
+of the various leads depends on the current to be conveyed, and is a matter
+for the electricians.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_13" id="Sn5_13"></a>Main leads and branch leads.</span>
+On the main-deck of a large passenger steamer, the main leads may be
+carried along side by side under the upper deck, and from these, smaller
+ones branch off into the various sets of rooms, smaller ones still going
+into each room. In each room there will be one lamp with its switch to turn
+it on or off as desired, and a safety fuse.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_14" id="Sn5_14"></a>Lamps held in frosted globes.</span>
+The lamps are held in small brackets, and are contained when desired in
+frosted globes, which diffuse the light and make it very pleasant. When
+these globes are held rigidly in the brackets, the least knock breaks them.
+A very good bracket I have seen in use is one which allows the globe to
+move about on its support when touched, being at the same time sufficiently
+a fixture to resist the motion of the ship; and in the particular ship in
+which I saw these used in the first saloon, there was not a single breakage
+during a four months&#8217; voyage.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_15" id="Sn5_15"></a>Switches for each lamp.</span>
+The switches for turning each light on or off can be under the control of
+the passengers, or, on the other hand, they can be fitted to work with keys
+kept by the stewards, as thought most desirable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_16" id="Sn5_16"></a>Lamps of various candle-powers.</span>
+The lamps used can be of various candle-powers, within certain limits, and
+of whatever make is considered best. They can also be of various makes, as
+long as they are constructed to stand the same E.M.F. The lamps in the
+passenger berths give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+quite sufficient light if of 10-candle power; the
+ones for lighting the saloons, passages, and other large spaces, may with
+advantage be of 20-candle power. In these days of luxurious travelling,
+when the various lines are trying to attract passengers to their particular
+ships, what follows may be thought worth consideration. In steamers going
+through the tropics to India, China, Australia, &amp;c., it is usual to get up
+dances, concerts, and other entertainments on the quarter-deck, at times
+when it would be impossible to do anything below on account of the heat.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_17" id="Sn5_17"></a>Plan for lighting quarter-deck at times.</span>
+The quarter-deck then has to be lighted up. This is effected by means of
+globe oil-lamps hung about here and there, two being hung in front of the
+piano, in unpleasant proximity to the head of the obliging lady pianist.
+Now in a ship lighted by electricity, there is no reason why a couple of
+leads should not be brought up from below through a skylight or other
+opening, on to the quarter-deck.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_18" id="Sn5_18"></a>Arrangement of temporary leads.</span>
+Indeed the leads might be arranged to screw into a place in the deck, or on
+the side of a skylight, just in the same manner as a hose is connected for
+washing decks. These leads would have holders for lamps fitted permanently
+at intervals, and when required for use would be stopped up along the
+awning-spar or ridge-chains, and the lamps screwed or hooked into the
+holders. With a few handy men, five or ten minutes would suffice to arrange
+the whole thing after the leads had once been fitted.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_19" id="Sn5_19"></a>Leads and lamps always ready, and easily fixed up.</span>
+The leads once fitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+for this purpose would be always ready for use, and
+could be kept coiled away in a box which might also have a compartment to
+contain the dozen or so of lamps required.</p>
+
+<p>If the dynamo is already running as many lamps as it is capable of, some of
+the bedroom lights may be turned off while the quarter-deck is being
+lighted. Another thing which I think has not yet been done is the
+following.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_20" id="Sn5_20"></a>Lighting of ships&#8217; holds.</span>
+When working cargo at night, and indeed during the day to some extent,
+lights are of necessity used in the holds.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_21" id="Sn5_21"></a>Danger of fire with oil lamps.</span>
+The <i>theory</i> is, that no naked lights shall be allowed, but the <i>practice</i>
+is this: lamps are taken below, get knocked about, the wicks fall down and
+want pricking up, the lamps are opened for this purpose, and as they are
+found to give more light without a dusty glass round them than with it,
+they are left open. Candles are often taken below lighted, and even matches
+struck to see the mark on a bale. I am aware that arc lamps are used in the
+Royal Albert Docks, London, in connection with the dock lighting, lamps
+being carried below when required, with flexible leads attached, and that,
+in some few steamers, arc lamps have been used in the same manner in
+connection with their own plant.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_22" id="Sn5_22"></a>Arc lamps not suitable.</span>
+These arc lamps are, I think, not nearly as suitable as incandescent lamps
+for the purpose of lighting up a ship&#8217;s hold; the light is too glaring, and
+casts deep shadows amongst the bales and cases, besides which, the lamps
+are large and clumsy.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_23" id="Sn5_23"></a>Arrangement of leads for incandescent lamps.</span>
+I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+would suggest that leads should be carried behind the stringer-battens
+in the ship&#8217;s side, or along under the next upper-deck, having simple
+sockets or holders for incandescent lamps at certain intervals. Whoever
+might be in charge of the hold would screw or hook on the lamps as
+required, and so light up every part of the hold thoroughly while work was
+going on.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_24" id="Sn5_24"></a>Work carried on better, and pilfering of cargo prevented.</span>
+There would be no risk of fire, and I am convinced that the extra leads and
+lamps would pay for themselves in a very short time, because work would get
+on more quickly, and pilfering of the cargo would be in a great measure put
+a stop to.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_25" id="Sn5_25"></a>Hold leads disconnected while at sea.</span>
+The leads for the holds could be so arranged as to be quite unconnected
+with the dynamo while at sea, so that there could not be the remotest
+possibility of the current finding its way below when not wanted. In fine,
+there is no reason whatever why a ship&#8217;s hold should not be lighted up when
+required, as well as a warehouse or store on shore.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig21" id="Fig21"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 21.</p>
+<img src="images/illo046a.png" alt="Position of Brushes" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_26" id="Sn5_26"></a>Installation complete.</span>
+Now, we will suppose that our installation is complete, ready for working,
+everything having been pronounced in order by the electrician who has
+looked after the work.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_27" id="Sn5_27"></a>Lights wanted as night approaches.</span>
+Evening is approaching, and the lights will soon be required; we must
+therefore see that our engine and dynamo are ready for a start.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_28" id="Sn5_28"></a>Precautions before starting dynamo.</span>
+If the engine and dynamo are separate, the belt must be felt, to see that
+it is tight enough, otherwise it must be tightened by whatever means are
+provided for the purpose.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_29" id="Sn5_29"></a>Lubrication must be perfect.</span>
+We must also see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+that the engine and dynamo are properly oiled, and that
+the worsteds are down the tubes of the oil-cups, and working properly, not
+dry, as I have known them to be, with fatal results to the dynamo.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_30" id="Sn5_30"></a>Commutators and collectors require very little oil.</span>
+If the lubrication is performed by means of tubes leading to each bearing from an
+elevated oil-box, we must see that the oil really gets to the bearings, and
+regulate its flow as required.
+The commutators and collector-rings and rubbers require only a wipe of oil,
+just sufficient to prevent undue wearing of the surfaces; if too much is
+put on them, they will spark a great deal, and sparking will wear them away
+more quickly than friction.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_31" id="Sn5_31"></a>Position of brushes.</span>
+The brushes of copper wire which collect the current of the exciter dynamo,
+and others of similar pattern, must be placed so that the ends press on the
+commutator as shown in <a href="#Fig21">Fig. 21</a>. The ends should project just a little way
+beyond the point or line of contact, and when the dynamo is running, there
+should be very little sparking. I am supposing that our plant consists of
+an alternating-current dynamo with a small exciter. The wires leading from
+the exciter to the other dynamo remain always connected, as there is no
+need for meddling with them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="Fig22" id="Fig22"></a><p class="captop">Fig. 22.</p>
+<img src="images/illo046b.png" alt="Pointing Needle of Pocket-Compass" /></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_32" id="Sn5_32"></a>Start the engine.</span>
+We will now start the engine, and thereby set the dynamo going round,
+slowly at first, and gradually up to the speed required.
+The main switches are not yet turned on, so there is no current going
+through the leads as yet; what then is being done?
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_33" id="Sn5_33"></a>Switches not turned on.</span>
+A current is being produced by the exciter only, and is magnetising the
+electro-magnets of the larger dynamo,
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_33a" id="Sn5_33a"></a>No current except from exciter.</span>
+and if we want to know if it is really doing its work as intended, we just
+hold a small pocket-compass over the ends of two opposite magnets of the
+dynamo, and observe how the needle points.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_34" id="Sn5_34"></a>Testing work of exciter.</span>
+It should at once take up the
+position shown in <a href="#Fig22">Fig. 22</a>, and if then held over the next couple in like
+manner, the needle should simply turn round, and point in exactly the
+opposite direction. If it points in any other direction, there is something
+wrong with the connections. If, however, the connections are right at
+starting, they will of course remain right, and there should be no need for
+this test.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_35" id="Sn5_35"></a>Dynamos very powerful magnets.</span>
+It is well to remember that when dynamos are working, they are, or contain
+for the time being, very powerful magnets, therefore if we bend over them
+to examine them,
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_36" id="Sn5_36"></a>Look out for your watches!</span>
+our watches will get magnetised, which does not improve their qualities as
+time-keepers. Say that our dynamo is now going round at the required speed,
+which may be 500 or 600 revolutions per minute; the engine is not using
+much steam as yet, because very little work is being done.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_37" id="Sn5_37"></a>Switch on the lamps.</span>
+We now switch on a set of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> lamps; this closes the circuit,
+and the large dynamo begins to produce its alternating current, which goes
+through the lamps and lights them up. <span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_38" id="Sn5_38"></a>Current is produced in large dynamo.</span>
+This, however, gives the engine more
+work to do, and more steam must be turned on, otherwise the necessary speed
+will not be kept up. We switch on all the other lamps as required, and must
+see that the speed of the dynamo is kept constant.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_39" id="Sn5_39"></a>Difference of a few lamps compensated by governor.</span>
+A difference of a few lamps, affecting the engine to a small extent only,
+should be compensated automatically by the governor. If the brightest lamps
+are not bright enough, the speed should be increased a little, but care
+must be taken not to overdo it, because if the current is too strong, some
+of the safety fuses will melt, and the corresponding lamps will go out. It
+must not be inferred from what I have said, that it is necessary to run the
+dynamo at first without switching on any lamps.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_40" id="Sn5_40"></a>Turn all lamps on, and light up gradually.</span>
+On the contrary, a better effect will be produced if all the lamps are
+switched on before starting, as they will then gradually work up to their
+full brilliancy; whereas, if one set of lamps is started first, and run
+bright, and we then switch on another set, the current at first will be too
+small for the two sets, and the first set will get quite dull, remaining so
+until the dynamo is going at its proper speed again.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_41" id="Sn5_41"></a>Inequality of light in different lamps.</span>
+When lighted up for the first time, it will be found that some of the lamps
+are much brighter than others; this is because the lamps at present
+made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+are not of perfectly equal resistances. We must go round, then, and note
+where the dull ones are, and we can either at once, or during next day,
+shift them into the bathrooms and places where such a perfect light is not
+required. All the lamps in one room, the first saloon, or music room, for
+instance, should be equalised as much as possible, and in such places the
+brightest should be used. Nothing looks worse than to see a couple of dull
+lights in the same room as a lot of bright ones. By seeing to these matters
+we can make the lighting much more satisfactory than it otherwise would be.
+During the first few evenings we shall probably have some of the lamps go
+out through the filaments breaking.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_42" id="Sn5_42"></a>Weeding out of bad lamps.</span>
+This I consider a weeding out of defective lamps, because if it were that
+the current was too strong, the fuses would have given way. Some of the
+fuses give way when the current is <i>not</i> too strong; this is owing to
+imperfections in the fuses, and they must be replaced by spare ones.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_43" id="Sn5_43"></a>Lamps not to be run too bright.</span>
+For the sake of economy, it is well not to run the lamps too bright.
+Without giving the lamps the maximum current a very good light can be
+obtained, and they will last all the longer. I need hardly say that there
+is a medium in this as in everything else, and it does not look well when a
+candle is placed alongside of an electric lamp to enable a person to read
+or write in comfort.</p>
+
+<p>All this time the dynamo is running, and we must feel the bearings
+occasionally to see if they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> are keeping cool.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_44" id="Sn5_44"></a>No trouble with dynamo if oiling is attended to.</span>
+There will be no trouble if the lubrication is all right. If the oil does
+not get into the bearings as it should do, they will heat, jam the spindle,
+or seize, and bring up the engine or break the belt. The lights will then
+all go out, and everybody will say hard things of the electric light, while
+the fault really rests with us.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_45" id="Sn5_45"></a>Seizing.</span>
+Sometimes seizing occurs through the spindle not being slack enough in the
+bearings, but this generally occurs while testing the dynamo at the works.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_46" id="Sn5_46"></a>Oil must be thin.</span>
+It must be borne in mind that in dynamos the spindle must be a good fit,
+and there may be room in the bearings for ordinary engine-oil while there
+may not be for a thicker oil, such as castor oil. Therefore, if the
+bearings show a tendency to heat, it may improve matters to thin the oil
+used with petroleum. While giving the dynamo its proper supply of oil, we
+must only apply it in the proper places. If we let the bobbins get
+smothered in oil, the insulating material on the wire will get rotted, and
+a short circuiting will probably take place.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_47" id="Sn5_47"></a>The dynamo must be kept clean.</span>
+The dynamo cannot be kept too clean, and there should be a canvas cover to
+put over it while not in use, especially while coaling. We will suppose
+that all is going on right; a steward comes along and says:
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_48" id="Sn5_48"></a>Little troubles with the lamps.</span>
+&#8220;Mr. So-and-so, I cannot get the lamp in number 6 berth to light although I
+have turned the switch the right way.&#8221; &#8220;All right, I will go and look at
+it,&#8221; you answer. Now, let us see what is the matter. We unhook
+or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> unscrew
+the lamp, and look at the filament; it is not broken. We replace the lamp
+again, and are careful that it makes good contact; but still no light.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_49" id="Sn5_49"></a>No safety fuse.</span>
+Let us look at the safety fuse; why, there is none! it has been missed out.
+We get one of the spare ones out of our electric store, and put it in its
+place, and the lamp lights properly at once. We find another lamp out, and
+look at it. We see at once that the filament is broken, so there is no
+question about this one; it must be changed. Hallo! what is up with this
+one? it goes in and out all the time like a flash light. The current must
+be getting to it all right, otherwise it would not light at all. I see what
+it is; it is a Swan lamp, and the spring is not pressing quite fairly on
+it, so that one hook is making good contact,
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_50" id="Sn5_50"></a>Effect of vibration of ship on lamps.</span>
+while the other tightens and slacks with the vibration of the ship. This is
+soon set right by turning the spring round a little, or hooking the lamp
+the other way.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_51" id="Sn5_51"></a>What to look to if a lamp is out.</span>
+Or it is an Edison lamp, which has got slightly unscrewed, and no longer
+makes good contact at the back end of the holder. In some lamp-fittings the
+ends of the leads are held in a spring grip in the base of the bracket, and
+it may happen that they have slipped out, and so broken the circuit, and
+extinguished the light. In the Swan lamps, and others of a similar pattern,
+one of the little platinum loops in the base of the lamps sometimes gets
+broken off; the lamp is then of no further use.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_52" id="Sn5_52"></a>Recapitulation.</span>
+To recapitulate, if a lamp goes out, the first thing is to see if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+filament is broken, next if it makes good contact. If it does not then
+light up, see if there is any current getting to it; this may be found out
+by touching the two hooks in a Swan holder, or the back and side of an
+Edison screw holder, with a moistened finger.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_53" id="Sn5_53"></a>A current of 50 volts is hardly felt.</span>
+With a current of 50 volts a slight tickling sensation will be felt if the
+current is passing through. If this cannot be felt, there must be some part
+or other disconnected, perhaps the safety fuse has given out, or the ends
+of the leads got adrift from the bracket. If in any doubt about the lamp,
+try another in the same place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_54" id="Sn5_54"></a>Incandescent lights for side lights.</span>
+In some steamers incandescent lamps are used in the side lamps; they can
+easily be fitted for this purpose, especially when the ship is provided
+with lighthouses built in, as in the Anchor Line steamers. Two or more
+incandescent lamps can be arranged on a small stand, which will slide into
+the lantern, taking the place of the regulation oil lamp, and connected by
+flexible leads to the other leads. It would be easy to put six 20-candle
+power lamps in a group in each lantern, as it does not matter in what
+position they are placed; two might be used on ordinary occasions, while on
+a foggy night, the whole six could be switched on. If one lamp went out
+through the filament giving way, it would not affect the others, so that
+there would still be a light in the lantern. If, through some breakdown of
+the engine or dynamo, the electric current were no longer to be had, then
+it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_55" id="Sn5_55"></a>Mast-head light.</span>
+would only be necessary to withdraw the stand of lamps, and put in the
+ordinary regulation oil-lamp.
+The mast-head lamp could also be fitted with the electric light, as indeed
+has already been done.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_56" id="Sn5_56"></a>Arc light should never be used.</span>
+On no account, however, should an arc light be used, as besides being too
+dazzling, it is much too uncertain; in fact many other reasons could be
+given for rejecting it. It is even a question whether it is an advantage to
+have incandescent lamps for a mast-head light. There is certainly the great
+advantage of not having to pull the lamp up and down to trim it, a rather
+risky performance in heavy weather, and also of the light not being
+affected by any wind that may get into the lamp; though as regards the
+first, English officers would never be satisfied to see a lamp dangling on
+the stay all day long, as appears to be the custom in some foreign
+steamers, besides which it would have to be lowered to be cleaned outside.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_57" id="Sn5_57"></a>Present mast-head lights quite powerful enough.</span>
+The present mast-head lights are quite powerful enough already, too much so
+when compared with the side lights. I am not aware of any collisions having
+occurred through a mast-head light not being seen in time, but how many
+from the side lights not being seen! It was no doubt contemplated, as
+indeed the regulations show, that no lights should be visible about a
+vessel, except the regulation lights;
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_58" id="Sn5_58"></a>On passenger steamers, side one blaze of light, and side lights barely
+visible.</span>
+but many who have seen a large passenger steamer go past will have noticed
+how her side was&mdash;one,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+two, or three rows of dazzling bright lights, and
+will have looked almost in vain for the green or red light dimly visible in
+the midst of all the bright ones. If bright electric lights, therefore, are
+shining through the ports, we must have our side lights at least as bright,
+so as to give them a chance of being seen. If electric lamps are used as
+side lights, the dynamo must be kept running all night. If it is thought
+desirable to put out all unnecessary lights at 11 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the leads can be so
+arranged that these lights can be all on one or more circuits, and the
+necessary ones on another.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_59" id="Sn5_59"></a>Speed of dynamo constant, but steam power used in proportion to number
+of lamps in use.</span>
+Although the dynamo will have to go at nearly the same speed throughout the
+night, it will not have the same amount of work to do, and the engine will
+therefore use much less steam, the consumption being in proportion to the
+number of lights used. An economical engineer will therefore see that
+bedroom lamps are not kept lighted all the evening without any necessity.
+On shore we should never think of keeping gas-lights blazing away for no
+purpose, and why should we use electricity with more lavishness, especially
+when it is so easy to turn a light on or off. The switches might with
+advantage be painted with Balmain&#8217;s luminous paint, and there would then be
+no trouble in finding them in the dark.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_60" id="Sn5_60"></a>No danger to life from electric current on board ship.</span>
+It is well to know that on board ship, probably in all cases of electric
+lighting, there is no danger to life to be apprehended from touching any<span
+class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+of the leads where bare, or indeed any part of the dynamos, as the E.M.F.
+is usually not more than 50 volts. It is best, however, not to try any
+experiments, and it is a good general rule, not to touch a bare part of a
+dynamo or lead with both hands at the same time. The fear of getting hurt
+has the good effect of keeping passengers and others from meddling with
+their lamps.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_61" id="Sn5_61"></a>Binnacle lamps. Electric light not suitable.</span>
+I have said nothing about the use of electric lights in binnacles, though
+it would be a great advantage to be able to supply them with a good steady
+light quite unaffected by wind. There is an obstacle to their use for this
+purpose, in that the electric current being used near the compass, the
+latter is affected by it. In theory, an alternating current should have no
+effect; but it would require very exhaustive experiments to be made before
+enough confidence could be inspired concerning its innocence, and I fancy
+it would usually be looked upon with great suspicion by captains and
+officers of ships.
+<span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_62" id="Sn5_62"></a>Dynamo, if near a compass, will affect it.</span>
+The dynamo being made up of powerful magnets, must of course be always at a
+good distance from the compasses. In some installations on iron steamers,
+the return leads have been dispensed with, the iron of the ship carrying
+the current back, in the same way that the earth or sea does it in a
+telegraph circuit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="Sn5_63" id="Sn5_63"></a>Notes.</span>
+It is to be observed that a dynamo with <i>brushes</i> on the commutator is not
+necessarily a <i>Brush</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> dynamo as a good many people seem to think, the
+latter being named after its inventor, Mr. Brush.</p>
+
+<p>A dynamo is not a <i>battery</i> as some people call it, and there is no need
+for multiplying names.</p>
+
+<p>A pocket speed-indicator should be supplied for testing the speed of the
+dynamo, to see that it is kept up to proper speed, and that the belt (if
+used) does not slip to an unreasonable extent.</p>
+
+<p>I think I have now said enough to redeem my introductory promise, and if I
+have, so to speak, let more electric light on to a subject previously dark
+to a good many people, I shall be well satisfied with my labour, and I hope
+that those who peruse this book will be induced to go more deeply into the
+subject by means of the many good books which have been written by cleverer
+men than I, and which enter more thoroughly into all its details.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo056.png" alt="Oil, Electric, Candle Light" /></div>
+
+<div class="textind">
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+<p class="center">LONDON<br />
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET<br />
+AND CHARING CROSS.</p>
+
+
+<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads1" id="Page_ads1">[1]</a></p>
+<hr class="c25" />
+<h2>BOOKS RELATING</h2>
+<p class="center">TO</p>
+<h1>APPLIED SCIENCE,</h1>
+<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY</p>
+<h1>E. &amp; F. N. SPON,</h1>
+<h2>LONDON: 125, STRAND.</h2>
+
+<h3>NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Pocket-Book for Chemists</span>, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists,
+Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students,
+etc., etc.</i> By <span class="smcap">Thomas Bayley</span>, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland,
+Analytical and Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Fourth edition, with
+additions, 437 pp., royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Atomic Weights and Factors&mdash;Useful Data&mdash;Chemical Calculations&mdash;Rules
+for Indirect Analysis&mdash;Weights and Measures&mdash;Thermometers and
+Barometers&mdash;Chemical Physics&mdash;Boiling Points, etc.&mdash;Solubility of
+Substances&mdash;Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity&mdash;Conversion of
+Hydrometers&mdash;Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity&mdash;Analysis&mdash;Gas
+Analysis&mdash;Water Analysis&mdash;Qualitative Analysis and Reactions&mdash;Volumetric
+Analysis&mdash;Manipulation&mdash;Mineralogy&mdash;Assaying&mdash;Alcohol&mdash;Beer&mdash;Sugar&mdash;Miscellaneous
+Technological matter relating to Potash, Soda,
+Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk, Tallow,
+Photography, Prices, Wages, Appendix, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+
+<p class="justind"><span class="fsize125"><i>The Mechanician</i>:</span> A Treatise on the Construction and
+Manipulation of Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers
+and Scientific Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and
+Forging; the Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the
+various Methods of Using and Grinding them; the Construction of
+Machine Tools, and how to work them; Machine Fitting and Erection;
+description of Hand and Machine Processes; Turning and Screw Cutting;
+principles of Constructing and details of Making and Erecting Steam
+Engines, and the various details of setting out work, etc., etc. By
+<span class="smcap">Cameron Knight</span>, Engineer. <i>Containing 1147 illustrations</i>, and 397
+pages of letter-press, Fourth edition, 4to, cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads2" id="Page_ads2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>Just Published, in Demy 8vo, cloth, containing 975 pages and 250
+Illustrations, price 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<h2>SPONS&#8217; HOUSEHOLD MANUAL:</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><b>A Treasury of Domestic Receipts and Guide for Home Management.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><b>Hints for selecting a good House</b>, pointing out the essential
+requirements for a good house as to the Site, Soil, Trees, Aspect,
+Construction, and General Arrangement; with instructions for Reducing
+Echoes, Waterproofing Damp Walls, Curing Damp Cellars.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sanitation.</b>&mdash;What should constitute a good Sanitary Arrangement;
+Examples (with illustrations) of Well&mdash;and Ill-drained Houses; How to
+Test Drains; Ventilating Pipes, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Water Supply.</b>&mdash;Care of Cisterns; Sources of Supply; Pipes; Pumps;
+Purification and Filtration of Water.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ventilation and Warming.</b>&mdash;Methods of Ventilating without causing cold
+draughts, by various means; Principles of Warming; Health Questions;
+Combustion; Open Grates; Open Stoves; Fuel Economisers; Varieties of
+Grates; Close-Fire Stoves; Hot-air Furnaces; Gas Heating; Oil Stoves;
+Steam Heating; Chemical Heaters; Management of Flues; and Cure of
+Smoky Chimneys.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lighting.</b>&mdash;The best methods of Lighting; Candles, Oil Lamps, Gas,
+Incandescent Gas, Electric Light; How to test Gas Pipes; Management of
+Gas.</p>
+
+<p><b>Furniture and Decoration.</b>&mdash;Hints on the Selection of Furniture; on the
+most approved methods of Modern Decoration; on the best methods of
+arranging Bells and Calls; How to Construct an Electric Bell.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thieves and Fire.</b>&mdash;Precautions against Thieves and Fire; Methods of
+Detection; Domestic Fire Escapes; Fireproofing Clothes, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Larder.</b>&mdash;Keeping Food fresh for a limited time; Storing Food
+without change, such as Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, Honey, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Curing Foods for lengthened Preservation</b>, as Smoking, Salting,
+Canning, Potting, Pickling, Bottling Fruits, etc.; Jams, Jellies,
+Marmalade, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Dairy.</b>&mdash;The Building and Fitting of Dairies in the most approved
+modern style; Butter-making; Cheesemaking and Curing.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Cellar.</b>&mdash;Building and Fitting; Cleaning Casks and Bottles; Corks
+and Corking; A&euml;rated Drinks; Syrups for Drinks; Beers; Bitters;
+Cordials and Liqueurs; Wines; Miscellaneous Drinks.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Pantry.</b>&mdash;Bread-making; Ovens and Pyrometers; Yeast; German Yeast;
+Biscuits; Cakes; Fancy Breads; Buns.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Kitchen.</b>&mdash;On Fitting Kitchens; a description of the best Cooking
+Ranges, close and open; the Management and Care of Hot Plates, Baking
+Ovens, Dampers, Flues, and Chimneys; Cooking by Gas; Cooking by Oil;
+the Arts of Roasting, Grilling, Boiling, Stewing, Braising, Frying.</p>
+
+<p><b>Receipts for Dishes.</b>&mdash;Soups, Fish, Meat, Game, Poultry, Vegetables,
+Salads, Puddings, Pastry, Confectionery, Ices, etc., etc.; Foreign
+Dishes.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Housewife&#8217;s Room.</b>&mdash;Testing Air, Water, and Foods; Cleaning and
+Renovating; Destroying Vermin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Housekeeping, Marketing.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>The Dining-Room.</b>&mdash;Dietetics; Laying and Waiting at Table; Carving;
+Dinners, Breakfasts, Luncheons, Teas, Suppers, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Drawing-Room.</b>&mdash;Etiquette; Dancing; Amateur Theatricals; Tricks and
+Illusions; Games (indoor).</p>
+
+<p><b>The Bedroom</b> and Dressing-Room; Sleep; the Toilet; Dress; Buying
+Clothes; Outfits; Fancy Dress.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Nursery.</b>&mdash;The Room; Clothing; Washing; Exercise; Sleep; Feeding;
+Teething; Illness; Home Training.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Sick-Room.</b>&mdash;The Room; the Nurse; the Bed; Sick Room Accessories;
+Feeding Patients; Invalid Dishes and Drinks; Administering Physic;
+Domestic Remedies; Accidents and Emergencies; Bandaging; Burns;
+Carrying Injured Persons; Wounds; Drowning; Fits; Frost-bites; Poisons
+and Antidotes; Sunstroke; Common Complaints; Disinfection, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum fsize100'><a name="Page_ads3" id="Page_ads3">[3]</a></span><b>The
+Bath-Room.</b>&mdash;Bathing in General; Management of Hot-Water System.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Laundry.</b>&mdash;Small Domestic Washing Machines, and methods of getting
+up linen; Fitting up and Working a Steam Laundry.</p>
+
+<p><b>The School-Room.</b>&mdash;The Room and its Fittings; Teaching, etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Playground.</b>&mdash;Air and Exercise; Training; Outdoor Games and Sports.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Workroom.</b>&mdash;Darning, Patching, and Mending Garments.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Library.</b>-Care of Books.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Garden.</b>&mdash;Calendar of Operations for Lawn, Flower Garden, and
+Kitchen Garden.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Farmyard.</b>&mdash;Management of the Horse, Cow, Pig, Poultry, Bees, etc.,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Small Motors.</b>&mdash;A description of the various small Engines useful for
+domestic purposes, from 1 man to 1 horse power, worked by various
+methods, such as Electric Engines, Gas Engines, Petroleum Engines,
+Steam Engines, Condensing Engines, Water Power, Wind Power, and the
+various methods of working and managing them.</p>
+
+<p><b>Household Law.</b>&mdash;The Law relating to Landlords and Tenants, Lodgers,
+Servants, Parochial Authorities, Juries, Insurance, Nuisance, etc.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class="fsize125"><i>On Designing Belt Gearing.</i></span> By <span class="smcap">E.
+J. Cowling Welch</span>, Mem. Inst. Mech.
+Engineers, Author of &#8216;Designing Valve Gearing.&#8217; Fcap. 8vo, sewed,
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Handbook of Formul&aelig;</span>, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural
+Surveyors and others engaged in Building.</i> By <span class="smcap">J. T. Hurst</span>, C. E.
+Fourteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer
+to, to say that in our opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst&#8217;s is
+the very best of them all, without any exception. It would be useless
+to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears to contain
+almost <i>everything</i> that anyone connected with building could require,
+and, best of all, made up in a compact form for carrying in the
+pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about <span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span class="denom">4</span> in. thick, in a
+limp cover. We congratulate the author on the success of his laborious
+and practically compiled little book, which has received unqualified
+and deserved praise from every professional person to whom we have
+shown it.&#8221;&mdash;<i>The Dublin Builder.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Tabulated Weights</span> of Angle, Tee, Bulb, Round, Square, and Flat Iron
+and Steel</i>, and other information for the use of Naval Architects and
+Shipbuilders. By <span class="smcap">C. H. Jordan</span>, M.I.N.A. Fourth edition, 32mo, cloth,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Complete Set of Contract Documents</span> for a Country Lodge</i>, comprising
+Drawings, Specifications, Dimensions (for quantities), Abstracts, Bill
+of Quantities, Form of Tender and Contract, with Notes by <span class="smcap">J. Leaning</span>,
+printed in facsimile of the original documents, on single sheets
+fcap., in paper case, 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on Heat,</span> as applied to the Useful Arts</i>; for the
+Use of Engineers, Architects, &amp;c. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Box</span>. <i>With 14 plates.</i>
+Third edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments:</span></i> their
+construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, and
+suggestions for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colouring.
+By <span class="smcap">W. F. Stanley</span>, M.R.I. Fifth edition, <i>with numerous illustrations</i>,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads4" id="Page_ads4">[4]</a></span><span
+class="fsize125"><i>Quantity Surveying</i>,</span> By <span class="smcap">J.
+Leaning</span>. With 42 illustrations. Second
+edition, revised, crown 8vo, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Contents p4">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">A complete Explanation of the London Practice.<br />
+General Instructions.<br />
+Order of Taking Off.<br />
+Modes of Measurement of the various Trades.<br />
+Use and Waste.<br />
+Ventilation and Warming.<br />
+Credits, with various Examples of Treatment.<br />
+Abbreviations.<br />
+Squaring the Dimensions.<br />
+Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of each Trade.<br />
+Billing.<br />
+Examples of Preambles to each Trade.<br />
+Form for a Bill of Quantities.<br />
+Do. Bill of Credits.<br />
+Do. Bill for Alternative Estimate.<br />
+Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill.<br />
+Variations before Acceptance of Tender.<br />
+Errors in a Builder&#8217;s Estimate.</td>
+
+<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Schedule of Prices.<br />
+Form of Schedule of Prices.<br />
+Analysis of Schedule of Prices.<br />
+Adjustment of Accounts.<br />
+Form of a Bill of Variations.<br />
+Remarks on Specifications.<br />
+Prices and Valuation of Work, with Examples and Remarks upon each<br />
+Trade.<br />
+The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, with Law Reports.<br />
+Taking Off after the Old Method.<br />
+Northern Practice.<br />
+The General Statement of the Methods recommended by the Manchester
+Society of Architects for taking Quantities.<br />
+Examples of Collections.<br />
+Examples of &#8220;Taking Off&#8221; in each Trade.<br />
+Remarks on the Past and Present Methods of Estimating.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Spons&#8217; Architects&#8217; and Builders&#8217; Pocket-Book of Prices</span> and
+Memoranda.</i> Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Young</span>, Architect. Crown 8vo, cloth,
+<i>Published annually</i>. Fifteenth edition. <i>Now ready.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Long-Span Railway Bridges</span></i>, comprising Investigations of the
+Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various
+adopted or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous
+Formul&aelig; and Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in
+Bridges from 300 feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added
+similar Investigations and Tables relating to Short-span Railway
+Bridges. Second and revised edition. By <span class="smcap">B. Baker</span>, Assoc. Inst. C.E.
+<i>Plates</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges and Roofs.</span></i> By
+<span class="smcap">August Ritter</span>, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic School at
+Aix-la-Chapelle. Translated from the third German edition, by <span class="smcap">H. R.
+Sankey</span>, Capt. R.E. With 500 <i>illustrations</i>, 8vo, cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Elementary Principles of
+Carpentry.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">Thomas Tredgold</span>. Revised
+from the original edition, and partly re-written, by <span class="smcap">John Thomas
+Hurst</span>. Contained in 517 pages of letter-press, and <i>illustrated with
+48 plates and 150 wood engravings</i>. Sixth edition, reprinted from the
+third, crown 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Section I. On the Equality and Distribution of Forces&mdash;Section II.
+Resistance of Timber&mdash;Section III. Construction of Floors&mdash;Section IV.
+Construction of Roofs&mdash;Section V. Construction of Domes and
+Cupolas&mdash;Section VI. Construction of Partitions&mdash;Section VII.
+Scaffolds, Staging, and Gantries&mdash;Section VIII. Construction of
+Centres for Bridges&mdash;Section IX. Coffer-dams, Shoring, and
+Strutting&mdash;Section X. Wooden Bridges and Viaducts&mdash;Section XI. Joints,
+Straps, and other Fastenings&mdash;Section XII. Timber.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads5" id="Page_ads5">[5]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">The
+Builder&#8217;s Clerk:</span></i> a Guide to the Management of a Builder&#8217;s
+Business. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Bales</span>. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Our Factories, Workshops, and Warehouses:</span></i> their Sanitary and
+Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By <i>B. H. Thwaite</i>, Assoc. Mem. Inst.
+C.E. <i>With 183 wood engravings</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Gold:</span></i> Its Occurrence and Extraction, embracing the Geographical and
+Geological Distribution and the Mineralogical Characters of
+Gold-bearing rocks; the peculiar features and modes of working Shallow
+Placers, Rivers, and Deep Leads; Hydraulicing; the Reduction and
+Separation of Auriferous Quartz; the treatment of complex Auriferous
+ores containing other metals; a Bibliography of the subject and a
+Glossary of Technical and Foreign Terms. By <i>Alfred G. Lock</i>, F.R.G.S.
+<i>With numerous illustrations and maps</i>, 1250 pp., super-royal 8vo,
+cloth, 2<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Iron Roofs:</span></i> Examples of Design, Description. <i>Illustrated with 64
+Working Drawings of Executed Roofs.</i> By <span class="smcap">Arthur T. Walmisley</span>, Assoc.
+Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, revised, imp. 4to, half-morocco, 3<i>l.</i>
+3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A History of Electric Telegraphy,</span></i> to the Year 1837. Chiefly compiled
+from Original Sources, and hitherto Unpublished Documents, by <span class="smcap">J. J.
+Fahie</span>, Mem. Soc. of Tel. Engineers, and of the International Society
+of Electricians, Paris. Crown 8vo, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Spons&#8217; Information for Colonial
+Engineers.</span></i> Edited by <span class="smcap">J. T. Hurst</span>.
+Demy 8vo, sewed.</p>
+
+<p class="ind10">No. 1, Ceylon. By <span class="smcap">Abraham Deane</span>, C.E. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Introductory Remarks&mdash;Natural Productions&mdash;Architecture and
+Engineering&mdash;Topography, Trade, and Natural History&mdash;Principal
+Stations&mdash;Weights and Measures, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p class="ind10">No. 2. Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, and the
+Dutch Republics. By <span class="smcap">Henry Hall</span>, F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. With Map. 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">General Description of South Africa&mdash;Physical Geography with reference
+to Engineering Operations&mdash;Notes on Labour and Material in Cape
+Colony&mdash;Geological Notes on Rock Formation in South
+Africa&mdash;Engineering Instruments for Use in South Africa&mdash;Principal
+Public Works in Cape Colony: Railways, Mountain Roads and Passes,
+Harbour Works, Bridges, Gas Works, Irrigation and Water Supply,
+Lighthouses, Drainage and Sanitary Engineering, Public Buildings,
+Mines&mdash;Table of Woods in South Africa&mdash;Animals used for Draught
+Purposes&mdash;Statistical Notes&mdash;Table of Distances&mdash;Rates of Carriage,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class="ind10">No. 3. India. By <span class="smcap">F. C. Danvers</span>, Assoc. Inst. C.E. With Map. 4<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Physical Geography of India&mdash;Building
+Materials&mdash;Roads&mdash;Railways&mdash;Bridges&mdash;Irrigation&mdash;River
+Works&mdash;Harbours&mdash;Lighthouse Buildings&mdash;Native Labour&mdash;The Principal
+Trees of India&mdash;Money&mdash;Weights and Measures&mdash;Glossary of Indian Terms,
+etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads6" id="Page_ads6">[6]</a></span><i><span
+class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining.</span></i> By <span
+class="smcap">George G. Andr&eacute;</span>, F.G.S.,
+Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. <i>With 82
+lithographic plates.</i> 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth, 3<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on Casting and Founding</span></i>, including descriptions
+of the modern machinery employed in the art. By <span class="smcap">N. E. Spretson</span>,
+Engineer. Third edition, with 82 <i>plates</i> drawn to scale, 412 pp.,
+demy 8vo, cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Depreciation of Factories and their Valuation.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">Ewing
+Matheson</span>, M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Handbook of Electrical Testing.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">H. R. Kempe</span>, M.S.T.E. Fourth
+edition, revised and enlarged, crown 8vo, cloth, 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Gas Works</span></i>: their Arrangement, Construction, Plant, and Machinery. By
+<span class="smcap">F. Colyer</span>, M. Inst. C.E. <i>With 31 folding plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Clerk of Works</span></i>: a Vade-Mecum for all engaged in the
+Superintendence of Building Operations. By <span class="smcap">G. G. Hoskins</span>, F.R.I.B.A.
+Third edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">American Foundry Practice</span></i>: Treating of Loam, Dry Sand, and Green
+Sand Moulding, and containing a Practical Treatise upon the Management
+of Cupolas, and the Melting of Iron. By <span class="smcap">T. D. West</span>, Practical Iron
+Moulder and Foundry Foreman. Second edition, <i>with numerous
+illustrations</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">T. Codrington</span>, M.I.C.E,
+F.G.S., General Superintendent of County Roads for South Wales. 8vo,
+cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Hydraulic Steam and Hand Power Lifting</span> and Pressing Machinery.</i> By
+<span class="smcap">Frederick Colyer</span>, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. <i>With 73 plates</i>, 8vo,
+cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Pumps and Pumping Machinery.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">F. Colyer</span>, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. <i>With
+23 folding plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Pumps and Pumping Machinery.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">F. Colyer</span>. Second Part. <i>With 11
+large plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention,</span> and Cure of Dry Rot
+in Timber</i>; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood from
+Destruction by Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Allen Britton</span>,
+late Surveyor to the Metropolitan Board of Works, etc., etc. <i>With 10
+plates</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads7" id="Page_ads7">[7]</a></span><i><span
+class="fsize125">The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer&#8217;s Handbook.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">H. Percy
+Boulnois</span>, Mem. Inst. C.E., Borough Engineer, Portsmouth. <i>With
+numerous illustrations</i>, demy 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Appointment and Duties of the Town Surveyor&mdash;Traffic&mdash;Macadamised
+Roadways&mdash;Steam Rolling&mdash;Road Metal and Breaking&mdash;Pitched
+Pavements&mdash;Asphalte&mdash;Wood Pavements&mdash;Footpaths&mdash;Kerbs and
+Gutters&mdash;Street Naming and Numbering&mdash;Street
+Lighting&mdash;Sewerage&mdash;Ventilation of Sewers&mdash;Disposal of Sewage&mdash;House
+Drainage&mdash;Disinfection&mdash;Gas and Water Companies, etc., Breaking up
+Streets&mdash;Improvement of Private Streets&mdash;Borrowing Powers&mdash;Artizans&#8217;
+and Labourers&#8217; Dwellings&mdash;Public Conveniences&mdash;Scavenging, including
+Street Cleansing&mdash;Watering and the Removing of Snow&mdash;Planting Street
+Trees&mdash;Deposit of Plans&mdash;Dangerous
+Buildings&mdash;Hoardings&mdash;Obstructions&mdash;Improving Street Lines&mdash;Cellar
+Openings&mdash;Public Pleasure Grounds&mdash;Cemeteries&mdash;Mortuaries&mdash;Cattle and
+Ordinary Markets&mdash;Public Slaughter-houses, etc.&mdash;Giving numerous Forms
+of Notices, Specifications, and General Information upon these and
+other subjects of great importance to Municipal Engineers and others
+engaged in Sanitary Work.</p>
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Metrical Tables.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">G. L. Molesworth</span>, M.I.C.E. 32mo, cloth, 1<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">General&mdash;Linear Measures&mdash;Square Measures&mdash;Cubic Measures&mdash;Measures of
+Capacity&mdash;Weights&mdash;Combinations&mdash;Thermometers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Elements of Construction for Electro-Magnets.</span></i> By Count <span class="smcap">Th. Du
+Moncel</span>, Mem. de I&#8217;lnstitut de France. Translated from the French by <span class="smcap">C.
+J. Wharton</span>. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Practical Electrical Units Popularly Explained</span></i>, with <i>numerous
+illustrations</i> and Remarks. By <span class="smcap">James Swinburne</span>, late of J. W. Swan and
+Co., Paris, late of Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, U.S.A. 18mo,
+cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Transmission of Power.</span></i> By
+<span class="smcap">J. H. Cooper</span>. Second edition, <i>illustrated</i>, 8vo, cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Pocket-Book of Useful Formul&aelig; and Memoranda</span> for Civil and
+Mechanical Engineers.</i> By <span class="smcap">Guilford L. Molesworth</span>, Mem. Inst. C.E.,
+Consulting Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways.
+<i>With numerous illustrations</i>, 744 pp. Twenty-first edition, revised
+and enlarged, 32mo, roan, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Surveying, Levelling, etc.&mdash;Strength and Weight of
+Materials&mdash;Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc.&mdash;Struts,
+Columns, Beams, and Trusses&mdash;Flooring, Roofing, and Roof
+Trusses&mdash;Girders, Bridges, etc.&mdash;Railways and Roads&mdash;Hydraulic
+Formul&aelig;&mdash;Canals, Sewers, Waterworks, Docks&mdash;Irrigation and
+Breakwaters&mdash;Gas, Ventilation, and Warming&mdash;Heat, Light, Colour, and
+Sound&mdash;Gravity: Centres, Forces, and Powers&mdash;Millwork, Teeth of
+Wheels, Shafting, etc.&mdash;Workshop Recipes&mdash;Sundry Machinery&mdash;Animal
+Power&mdash;Steam and the Steam Engine&mdash;Water-power, Water-wheels,
+Turbines, etc.&mdash;Wind and Windmills&mdash;Steam Navigation, Ship Building,
+Tonnage, etc.&mdash;Gunnery, Projectiles, etc.&mdash;Weights, Measures, and
+Money&mdash;Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and
+Curves&mdash;Telegraphy&mdash;Mensuration&mdash;Tables of Areas and Circumference,
+and Arcs of Circles&mdash;Logarithms, Square and Cube Roots,
+Powers&mdash;Reciprocals, etc.&mdash;Useful Numbers&mdash;Differential and Integral
+Calculus&mdash;Algebraic Signs&mdash;Telegraphic Construction and Formul&aelig;.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads8" id="Page_ads8">[8]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">Hints
+on Architectural Draughtsmanship.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">G. W. Tuxford Hallatt</span>.
+Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Spons&#8217; Tables and Memoranda for Engineers;</span></i> selected and arranged by
+<span class="smcap">J. T. Hurst</span>, C.E., Author of &#8217;Architectural Surveyors&#8217; Handbook,&#8217;
+&#8217;Hurst&#8217;s Tredgold&#8217;s Carpentry,&#8217; etc. Ninth edition, 64mo, roan, gilt
+edges, 1<i>s.</i>; or in cloth case, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring only
+2<span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span class="denom">2</span> in. by 1<span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span
+class="denom">4</span> in. by <span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span class="denom">4</span> in. thick, that it may be easily carried
+in the waistcoat pocket.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to be called
+upon to notice a volume measuring but 2<span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span class="denom">2</span>
+in. by 1<span class="enum">1</span>&#8260;<span class="denom">4</span> in., yet
+these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the handy little
+book before us. The volume&mdash;which contains 118 printed pages, besides
+a few blank pages for memoranda&mdash;is, in fact, a true pocket-book,
+adapted for being carried in the waistcoat pocket, and containing a
+far greater amount and variety of information than most people would
+imagine could be compressed into so small a space.... The little
+volume has been compiled with considerable care and judgment, and we
+can cordially recommend it to our readers as a useful little pocket
+companion.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Engineering.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete,</span> its
+Varieties and Constructive Adaptations.</i> By <span class="smcap">Henry Reid</span>, Author of the
+&#8217;Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.&#8217; New Edition,
+<i>with 59 woodcuts and 5 plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete</span></i>; especially written to
+assist those engaged upon Public Works. By <span class="smcap">John Newman</span>, Assoc. Mem.
+Inst. C.E., crown 8vo, cloth, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Electricity as a Motive Power.</span></i> By
+Count <span class="smcap">Th. Du Moncel</span>, Membre de
+l&#8217;Institut de France, and <span class="smcap">Frank Geraldy</span>, Ing&eacute;nieur des Ponts et
+Chauss&eacute;es. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by <span class="smcap">C. J. Wharton</span>,
+Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. <i>With 113 engravings and diagrams</i>,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Treatise on Valve-Gears</span></i>, with special consideration of the
+Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Gustav Zeuner</span>, Professor of
+Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of Zurich.
+Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor <span class="smcap">J. F. Klein</span>,
+Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. <i>Illustrated</i>, 8vo, cloth, 1<i>2s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The French-Polisher&#8217;s Manual.</span></i> By a French-Polisher; containing
+Timber Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations,
+Directions for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit
+Varnishing, French-Polishing, Directions for Re-polishing. Third
+edition, royal 32mo, sewed, 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries.</span></i> By
+<span class="smcap">P. L. Simmonds</span>. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Principles of Graphic Statics.</span></i> By
+<span class="smcap">George Sydenham Clarke</span>, Capt.
+Royal Engineers. <i>With 112 illustrations.</i> 4to, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads9" id="Page_ads9">[9]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">Dynamo-Electric
+Machinery:</span></i> A Manual for Students of
+Electro-technics. By <span class="smcap">Silvanus P. Thompson</span>, B.A., D.Sc., Professor of
+Experimental Physics in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Second
+edition, <i>illustrated</i>, 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Practical Geometry, Perspective, and Engineering Drawing;</span></i> a Course
+of Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering
+Draughtsman, including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric
+Projection, each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which
+are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, etc., together with
+practical instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and
+general treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing
+Instruments. By <span class="smcap">George S. Clarke</span>, Capt. R.E. Second edition, <i>with 21
+plates</i>. 2 vols., cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Elements of Graphic Statics.</span></i>
+By Professor <span class="smcap">Karl Von Ott</span>,
+translated from the German by <span class="smcap">G. S. Clarke</span>, Capt. R.E., Instructor in
+Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. <i>With 93
+illustrations</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal
+Gas.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">William Richards</span>. Demy 4to, with <i>numerous wood engravings
+and 29 plates</i>, cloth, 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Introduction&mdash;History of Gas Lighting&mdash;Chemistry of Gas Manufacture,
+by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.&mdash;Coal, with Analyses, by J.
+Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop, Esqrs.&mdash;Retorts, Iron and
+Clay&mdash;Retort Setting&mdash;Hydraulic Main&mdash;Condensers&mdash;Exhausters&mdash;Washers
+and Scrubbers&mdash;Purifiers&mdash;Purification&mdash;History of Gas Holder&mdash;Tanks,
+Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular
+Wrought-iron&mdash;Specifications&mdash;Gas Holders&mdash;Station Meter&mdash;Governor&mdash;Distribution&mdash;Mains&mdash;Gas
+Mathematics, or Formul&aelig; for
+the Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.&mdash;Services&mdash;Consumers&#8217;
+Meters&mdash;Regulators&mdash;Burners&mdash;Fittings&mdash;Photometer&mdash;Carburization of
+Gas&mdash;Air Gas and Water Gas&mdash;Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis
+Thompson, Esq.&mdash;Analyses of Gas&mdash;Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and
+Temperature on Gas&mdash;Residual Products&mdash;Appendix&mdash;Description of Retort
+Settings, Buildings, etc., etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">W. R. Kutter</span>. Translated from articles in the &#8217;Cultur-Ing&eacute;nieur,&#8217;
+by <span class="smcap">Lowis D&#8217;A. Jackson</span>, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Practical Millwright and Engineer&#8217;s Ready Reckoner</span></i>; or Tables
+for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight,
+and power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By <span class="smcap">Thomas
+Dixon</span>. Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Tin</span></i>: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dressing and Smelting
+it abroad; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and Wolfram. By <span class="smcap">Arthur G.
+Charleton</span>, Mem. American Inst. of Mining Engineers. <i>With plates</i>,
+8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads10" id="Page_ads10">[10]</a></span><i><span
+class="fsize125">Perspective, Explained and Illustrated.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">G. S. Clarke</span>, Capt. R.E.
+<i>With illustrations</i>, 8vo, cloth, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Practical Hydraulics</span></i>; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of
+Engineers, etc., etc. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Box</span>. Fifth edition, <i>numerous plates</i>,
+post 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics;</span> based on the Principle
+of Work</i>, designed for Engineering Students. By <span class="smcap">Oliver Byrne</span>, formerly
+Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition,
+<i>with 148 wood engravings</i>, post 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without
+reference to a Unit of Time&mdash;Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents, the
+Influence of Friction, and introduces one of the most beautiful Laws
+of Motion&mdash;Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and second
+chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies&mdash;Chap. 4. The
+Transmission of Work by simple Machines&mdash;Chap. 5. Useful Propositions
+and Rules.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Breweries and Maltings:</span></i> their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery,
+and Plant. By <span class="smcap">G. Scamell</span>, F.R.I.B.A. Second edition, revised,
+enlarged, and partly rewritten. By <span class="smcap">F. Colyer</span>, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. <i>With
+20 plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical
+Waterwheels</span></i>, specially designed for the use of operative mechanics.
+By <span class="smcap">William Cullen</span>, Millwright and Engineer. <i>With 11 plates.</i> Second
+edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, <i>12s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc.;</span></i>
+for the use of Engineers. By <span class="smcap">Thomas Box</span>. Third edition, <i>with 11
+plates</i>. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Mining Machinery:</span></i> a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools,
+and other Appliances used in Mining. By <span class="smcap">G. G. Andr&eacute;</span>, F.G.S., Assoc.
+Inst. C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with
+the Author&#8217;s Treatise on Coal Mining, containing <i>182 plates</i>,
+accurately drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth,
+3<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and
+Hoisting&mdash;Ventilation&mdash;Pumping&mdash;Treatment of Mineral Products,
+including Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal, Sulphur,
+China Clay, Brick Earth, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc.,</span></i>
+varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By <span class="smcap">A. Kennedy</span> and
+<span class="smcap">R. W. Hackwood</span>. <i>Illustrated</i>, 32mo, cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads11" id="Page_ads11">[11]</a></span><i><span
+class="fsize125">The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement,</span></i> with
+observations on some of its constructive applications. <i>With 66
+illustrations</i>. By <span class="smcap">Henry Reid</span>, C.E., Author of &#8217;A Practical Treatise
+on Concrete,&#8217; etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Draughtsman&#8217;s Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing</span></i>; including
+instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and
+Mechanical Drawings. <i>With numerous illustrations in the text, and 33
+plates</i> (<i>15 printed in colours</i>). By <span class="smcap">G. G. Andr&eacute;</span>, F.G.S., Assoc.
+Inst. C.E. 4to, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Drawing Office and its Furnishings&mdash;Geometrical Problems&mdash;Lines,
+Dots, and their Combinations&mdash;Colours, Shading, Lettering, Bordering,
+and North Points&mdash;Scales&mdash;Plotting&mdash;Civil Engineers&#8217; and Surveyors&#8217;
+Plans&mdash;Map Drawing&mdash;Mechanical and Architectural Drawing&mdash;Copying and
+Reducing Trigonometrical Formul&aelig;, etc., etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Boiler-maker&#8217;s and Iron Ship-builder&#8217;s Companion,</span></i> comprising a
+series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the utmost
+utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By <span class="smcap">James Foden</span>,
+author of &#8217;Mechanical Tables,&#8217; etc. Second edition revised, <i>with
+illustrations</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Rock Blasting:</span></i> a Practical Treatise on the means employed in
+Blasting Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By <span class="smcap">G. G. Andr&eacute;</span>, F.G.S., Assoc.
+Inst. C.E. <i>With 56 illustrations and 12 plates</i>, 8vo, cloth, 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Painting and Painters&#8217; Manual:</span></i> a Book of Facts for Painters and
+those who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By <span class="smcap">C. L. Condit</span> and <span class="smcap">J.
+Scheller</span>. <i>Illustrated</i>, 8vo, cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private
+Rope-yards,</span></i> with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of
+Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways,
+Builders, etc. By <span class="smcap">R. Chapman</span>, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart and
+Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford.
+Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Laxton&#8217;s Builders&#8217; and Contractors&#8217; Tables;</span></i> for the use of
+Engineers, Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and others.
+Bricklayer, containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations.
+4to, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Laxton&#8217;s Builders&#8217; and Contractors&#8217; Tables.</span></i>
+Excavator, Earth, Land,
+Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 24,000 calculations.
+4to, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads12" id="Page_ads12">[12]</a></span><i><span
+class="fsize125">Sanitary Engineering:</span></i> a Guide to the Construction of Works of
+Sewerage and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the
+calculations of the Engineer. By <span class="smcap">Baldwin Latham</span>, C.E., M. Inst. C.E.,
+F.G.S., F.M.S., Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second
+edition, <i>with numerous plates and woodcuts</i>, 8vo, cloth, 1<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists,</span></i> giving the values
+of the different trains of Wheels required to produce Screws of any
+pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., etc. Cloth,
+oblong, 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Screw Cutting Tables,</span></i> for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing
+the proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the Threads of Screws of
+any required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe
+Threads and Taps. By <span class="smcap">W. A. Martin</span>, Engineer. Second edition, oblong,
+cloth, 1<i>s.</i>, or sewed, 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears</span> by
+Simple Geometrical Construction</i>, based upon the principles enunciated
+in Euclid&#8217;s Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain
+Slide-Valve and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson&#8217;s,
+Gooch&#8217;s, and Allan&#8217;s Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or
+to variable expansion combinations. By <span class="smcap">Edward J. Cowling Welch</span>, Memb.
+Inst. Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Cleaning and Scouring:</span></i> a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for
+Domestic Use. By <span class="smcap">S. Christopher</span>. 18mo, sewed, 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">William Stukeley
+Gresley</span>, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member of the North of
+England Institute of Mining Engineers. <i>Illustrated with numerous
+woodcuts and diagrams</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users,</span></i> comprising a
+variety of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government
+Inspectors, Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and
+Slips, Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public.
+By <span class="smcap">Maurice John Sexton</span>. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Electrolysis:</span></i> a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, Coppering, Gilding,
+Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment of Ores by means
+of Electricity. By <span class="smcap">Hippolyte Fontaine</span>, translated from the French by
+<span class="smcap">J. A. Berly</span>, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. <i>With engravings.</i> 8vo, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads13" id="Page_ads13">[13]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">Barlow&#8217;s
+Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots,
+Reciprocals</span> of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000.</i> Post 8vo, cloth,
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine,</span></i> containing Plans and
+Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the
+Principles involved in Design and Construction. By <span class="smcap">Arthur Rigg</span>,
+Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal
+Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, <i>copiously illustrated with
+woodcuts and 96 plates</i>, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2<i>l.</i>
+2<i>s.</i>; or cheaper edition, cloth, 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history of
+the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed Steam
+Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive or marine
+practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the most recent
+arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, Winding,
+Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and other similar
+Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain and America. The
+laws relating to the action and precautions to be observed in the
+construction of the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons,
+Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics,
+Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium Slide-valves, and
+Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection will be
+found articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode
+of Applying the Indicator, Heat and Expansion of Steam Governors, and
+the like. It is the writer&#8217;s desire to draw illustrations from every
+possible source, and give only those rules that present practice deems
+correct.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Practical Treatise</span> on the Science of Land and Engineering
+Surveying, Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc.</i>, with a general
+description of the several Instruments required for Surveying,
+Levelling, Plotting, etc. By <span class="smcap">H. S. Merrett</span>. Fourth edition, revised by
+<span class="smcap">G. W. Usill</span>, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. <i>41 plates, with illustrations and
+tables</i>, royal 8vo, cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Principal Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land
+Surveying; comprising General Observations&mdash;The Chain&mdash;Offsets
+Surveying by the Chain only&mdash;Surveying Hilly Ground&mdash;To Survey an
+Estate or Parish by the Chain only&mdash;Surveying with the
+Theodolite&mdash;Mining and Town Surveying&mdash;Railroad
+Surveying&mdash;Mapping&mdash;Division and Laying out of Land&mdash;Observations on
+Enclosures&mdash;Plane Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling&mdash;Simple and Compound
+Levelling&mdash;The Level Book&mdash;Parliamentary Plan and Section&mdash;Levelling
+with a Theodolite&mdash;Gradients&mdash;Wooden Curves&mdash;To Lay out a Railway
+Curve&mdash;Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally
+for Estimates&mdash;Cuttings and
+Embankments&mdash;Tunnels&mdash;Brickwork&mdash;Ironwork&mdash;Timber Measuring. Part 5.
+Description and Use of Instruments in Surveying and Plotting&mdash;The
+Improved Dumpy Level&mdash;Troughton&#8217;s Level&mdash;The Prismatic
+Compass&mdash;Proportional Compass&mdash;Box
+Sextant&mdash;Vernier&mdash;Pantagraph&mdash;Merrett&#8217;s Improved Quadrant&mdash;Improved
+Computation Scale&mdash;The Diagonal Scale&mdash;Straight Edge and Sector. Part
+6. Logarithms of Numbers&mdash;Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines, Tangents and
+Co-Tangents&mdash;Natural Sines and Co-Sines&mdash;Tables for Earthwork, for
+Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, etc., etc., etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Health and Comfort in House Building,</span> or Ventilation with Warm Air by
+Self-Acting Suction Power</i>, with Review of the mode of Calculating the
+Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By <span class="smcap">J.
+Drysdale</span>, M.D., and <span class="smcap">J. W. Hayward</span>, M.D. Second edition, with
+Supplement, <i>with plates</i>, demy 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads14" id="Page_ads14">[14]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">The
+Assayer&#8217;s Manual:</span></i> an Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic
+Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial Products. By
+<span class="smcap">Bruno Kerl</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">W. T. Brannt</span>. <i>With 65 illustrations</i>, 8vo,
+cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Electricity:</span></i> its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By <span class="smcap">J. T.
+Sprague</span>, M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, <i>with numerous
+illustrations</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc.,</span></i> with
+Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the
+Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on
+Ornamental Turning. (A book for beginners.) By <span class="smcap">Francis Campin</span>. Third
+edition, <i>with wood engravings</i>, crown 8vo, cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">On Lathes&mdash;Turning Tools&mdash;Turning Wood&mdash;Drilling&mdash;Screw
+Cutting&mdash;Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes&mdash;Turning Particular
+Forms&mdash;Staining&mdash;Polishing&mdash;Spinning Metals&mdash;Materials&mdash;Ornamental
+Turning, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present.</span></i> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. L.
+Nelthropp</span>, M.A., F.S.A. <i>With 32 illustrations</i>, crown 8vo, cloth,
+6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Definitions of Words and Terms used in
+Watchwork&mdash;Tools&mdash;Time&mdash;Historical Summary&mdash;On Calculations of the
+Numbers for Wheels and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains,
+etc.&mdash;Of Dial Wheels, or Motion Work&mdash;Length of Time of Going without
+Winding up&mdash;The Verge&mdash;The Horizontal&mdash;The Duplex&mdash;The Lever&mdash;The
+Chronometer&mdash;Repeating Watches&mdash;Keyless Watches&mdash;The Pendulum, or
+Spiral Spring&mdash;Compensation&mdash;Jewelling of Pivot
+Holes&mdash;Clerkenwell&mdash;Fallacies of the Trade&mdash;Incapacity of Workmen&mdash;How
+to Choose and Use a Watch, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Algebra Self-Taught.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">W. P. Higgs</span>, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst
+C.E., Author of &#8216;A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,&#8217; etc. Second
+edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Symbols and the Signs of Operation&mdash;The Equation and the Unknown
+Quantity&mdash;Positive and Negative
+Quantities&mdash;Multiplication&mdash;Involution&mdash;Exponents&mdash;Negative
+Exponents&mdash;Roots, and the Use of Exponents as
+Logarithms&mdash;Logarithms&mdash;Tables of Logarithms and Proportionate
+Parts&mdash;Transformation of System of Logarithms&mdash;Common Uses of Common
+Logarithms&mdash;Compound Multiplication and the Binomial
+Theorem&mdash;Division, Fractions, and Ratio&mdash;Continued Proportion&mdash;The
+Series and the Summation of the Series&mdash;Limit of Series&mdash;Square and
+Cube Roots&mdash;Equations&mdash;List of Formul&aelig;, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Spons&#8217; Dictionary of Engineering,</span> Civil, Mechanical, Military, and
+Naval</i>; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish,
+3100 pp., and <i>nearly 8000 engravings</i>, in super-royal 8vo, in 8
+divisions, 5<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i> Bound
+in a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6<i>l.</i>
+12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads15" id="Page_ads15">[15]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">Notes
+in Mechanical Engineering.</span></i> Compiled principally for the use of
+the Students attending the Classes on this subject at the City of
+London College. By <span class="smcap">Henry Adams</span>, Mem. Inst. M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem.
+Soc. of Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Canoe and Boat Building:</span></i> a complete Manual for Amateurs, containing
+plain and comprehensive directions for the construction of Canoes,
+Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. By <span class="smcap">W. P. Stephens</span>. <i>With
+numerous illustrations and 24 plates of Working Drawings.</i> Crown 8vo,
+cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians,
+Philadelphia,</span></i> October 8th to 13th, 1884. 18mo, cloth, 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Dynamo-Electricity,</span></i> its Generation, Application, Transmission,
+Storage, and Measurement. By <span class="smcap">G. B. Prescott</span>. <i>With 545 illustrations.</i>
+8vo, cloth, 1<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Domestic Electricity for Amateurs.</span></i> Translated
+from the French of <span class="smcap">E.
+Hospitalier</span>, Editor of &#8220;L&#8217;Electricien,&#8221; by <span class="smcap">C. J. Wharton</span>, Assoc. Soc.
+Tel. Eng. <i>Numerous illustrations.</i> Demy 8vo, cloth, 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1. Production of the Electric Current&mdash;2. Electric Bells&mdash;3. Automatic
+Alarms&mdash;4. Domestic Telephones&mdash;5. Electric Clocks&mdash;6. Electric
+Lighters&mdash;7. Domestic Electric Lighting&mdash;8. Domestic Application of
+the Electric Light&mdash;9. Electric Motors&mdash;10. Electrical Locomotion&mdash;11.
+Electrotyping, Plating, and Gilding&mdash;12. Electric Recreations&mdash;13.
+Various applications&mdash;Workshop of the Electrician.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Wrinkles in Electric Lighting.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">Vincent Stephen</span>. <i>With
+illustrations.</i> 18mo, cloth, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1. The Electric Current and its production by Chemical means&mdash;2.
+Production of Electric Currents by Mechanical means&mdash;3.
+Dynamo-Electric Machines&mdash;4. Electric Lamps&mdash;5. Lead&mdash;6. Ship
+Lighting.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Practical Flax Spinner;</span></i> being a Description of the Growth,
+Manipulation, and Spinning of Flax and Tow. By <span class="smcap">Leslie C. Marshall</span>, of
+Belfast. <i>With illustrations.</i> 8vo, cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Foundations and Foundation Walls for all classes of Buildings,</span></i> Pile
+Driving, Building Stones and Bricks, Pier and Wall construction,
+Mortars, Limes, Cements, Concretes, Stuccos, &amp;c. <i>64 illustrations</i>.
+By <span class="smcap">G. T. Powell</span> and <span class="smcap">F. Bauman</span>. 8vo, cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads16" id="Page_ads16">[16]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">Manual
+for Gas Engineering Students.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">D. Lee</span>. 18mo, cloth 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Hydraulic Machinery, Past and Present.</span></i> A Lecture delivered to the
+London and Suburban Railway Officials&#8217; Association. By <span class="smcap">H. Adams</span>, Mem.
+Inst. C.E. <i>Folding plate.</i> 8vo, sewed, 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Twenty Years with the Indicator.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">Thomas
+Pray</span>, Jun., C.E., M.E.,
+Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 2 vols., royal 8vo,
+cloth, 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Annual Statistical Report of the Secretary to the Members</span> of the Iron
+and Steel Association on the Home and Foreign Iron and Steel
+Industries in 1884.</i> Issued March 1885. 8vo, sewed, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Bad Drains, and How to Test them;</span></i> with Notes on the Ventilation of
+Sewers, Drains, and Sanitary Fittings, and the Origin and Transmission
+of Zymotic Disease. By <span class="smcap">R. Harris Reeves</span>. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Standard Practical Plumbing;</span></i> being a complete Encyclop&aelig;dia for
+Practical Plumbers and Guide for Architects, Builders, Gas Fitters,
+Hot-water Fitters, Ironmongers, Lead Burners, Sanitary Engineers, Zinc
+Workers, &amp;c. <i>Illustrated by over 2000 engravings.</i> By <span class="smcap">P. J. Davies</span>.
+Vol. I, royal 8vo, cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Pneumatic Transmission of Messages and Parcels</span> between Paris and
+London, via Calais and Dover.</i> By <span class="smcap">J. B. Berlier</span>, C.E. Small folio,
+sewed, 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">List of Tests (Reagents),</span></i> arranged in alphabetical order,
+according to the names of the originators. Designed especially for the
+convenient reference of Chemists, Pharmacists, and Scientists. By <span class="smcap">Hans
+M. Wilder</span>. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Ten Years Experience in Works of Intermittent Downward Filtration.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">J. Bailey Denton</span>, Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, with additions.
+Royal 8vo, sewed, 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and Candles,</span> Lubricants and
+Glycerin.</i> By <span class="smcap">W. Lant Carpenter</span>, B.A., B.Sc. (late of Messrs. C.
+Thomas and Brothers, Bristol). <i>With illustrations.</i> Crown 8vo, cloth,
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads17" id="Page_ads17">[17]</a></span><i><span class="fsize125">The Stability
+of Ships explained simply,</span> and calculated by a new
+Graphic method.</i> By <span class="smcap">J. C. Spence</span>, M.I.N.A. 4to, sewed, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Steam Making, or Boiler Practice.</span></i>
+By <span class="smcap">Charles A. Smith</span>, C.E. 8vo,
+cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1. The Nature of Heat and the Properties of Steam&mdash;2. Combustion.&mdash;3.
+Externally Fired Stationary Boilers&mdash;4. Internally Fired Stationary
+Boilers&mdash;5. Internally Fired Portable Locomotive and Marine
+Boilers&mdash;6. Design, Construction, and Strength of Boilers&mdash;7.
+Proportions of Heating Surface, Economic Evaporation, Explosions&mdash;8.
+Miscellaneous Boilers, Choice of Boiler Fittings and Appurtenances.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Fireman&#8217;s Guide;</span></i> a Handbook
+on the Care of Boilers. By <span class="smcap">Teknolog.</span>
+f&ouml;reningen T. I. Stockholm. Translated from the third edition, and
+revised by <span class="smcap">Karl P. Dahlstrom</span>, M.E. Second edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth,
+2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers,</span></i> including Land
+Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers, for the use of Students.
+By <span class="smcap">Frederick Colyer</span>, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst M.E. <i>With 36 plates.</i>
+4to, cloth, 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">1. Introduction&mdash;2. Original Engines&mdash;3. Boilers&mdash;4. High-Pressure
+Beam Engines&mdash;5. Cornish Beam Engines&mdash;6. Horizontal Engines&mdash;7.
+Oscillating Engines&mdash;8. Vertical High-Pressure Engines&mdash;9. Special
+Engines&mdash;10. Portable Engines&mdash;11. Locomotive Engines&mdash;12. Marine
+Engines.</p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Steam Engine Management;</span></i> a Treatise on the Working and Management of
+Steam Boilers. By <span class="smcap">F. Colyer</span>, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. 18mo,
+cloth, 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">Land Surveying on the Meridian and Perpendicular
+System.</span></i> By <span class="smcap">William
+Penman</span>, C.E. 8vo, cloth, 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">The Topographer, his Instruments and Methods,</span></i> designed for the use
+of Students, Amateur Photographers, Surveyors, Engineers, and all
+persons interested in the location and construction of works based
+upon Topography. <i>Illustrated with numerous plates, maps, and
+engravings.</i> By <span class="smcap">Lewis M. Haupt</span>, A.M. 8vo, cloth, 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="justind"><i><span class="fsize125">A Text-Book of Tanning,</span></i> embracing the Preparation of all kinds of
+Leather. By <span class="smcap">Harry R. Proctor</span>, F.C.S., of Low Lights Tanneries. <i>With
+illustrations.</i> Crown 8vo, cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<p class="center">In super-royal 8vo, 1168 pp., <i>with 2400 illustrations</i>, in 3
+Divisions, cloth, price 13<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each; or 1 vol., cloth, 2<i>l.</i>; or
+half-morocco, 2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h2>A SUPPLEMENT</h2>
+
+<p class="center">TO</p>
+
+<h3>SPONS&#8217; DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Edited by ERNEST SPON, <span class="smcap">Memb. Soc. Engineers</span>.</p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Contents Dictionary of Engineering Supplement">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;">Abacus, Counters, Speed Indicators, and Slide Rule.<br />
+Agricultural Implements and Machinery.<br />
+Air Compressors.<br />
+Animal Charcoal Machinery.<br />
+Antimony.<br />
+Axles and Axle-boxes.<br />
+Barn Machinery.<br />
+Belts and Belting.<br />
+Blasting. Boilers.<br />
+Brakes.<br />
+Brick Machinery.<br />
+Bridges.<br />
+Cages for Mines.<br />
+Calculus, Differential and Integral.<br />
+Canals.<br />
+Carpentry.<br />
+Cast Iron.<br />
+Cement, Concrete, Limes, and Mortar.<br />
+Chimney Shafts.<br />
+Coal Cleansing and Washing.</td>
+
+<td class="left br" style="width: 33%; padding-left: .5em; vertical-align: top;">Coal Mining.<br />
+Coal Cutting Machines.<br />
+Coke Ovens. Copper.<br />
+Docks. Drainage.<br />
+Dredging Machinery.<br />
+Dynamo-Electric and Magneto-Electric Machines.<br />
+Dynamometers.<br />
+Electrical Engineering, Telegraphy, Electric Lighting and its practical details, Telephones.<br />
+Engines, Varieties of.<br />
+Explosives. Fans.<br />
+Founding, Moulding and the practical work of the Foundry.<br />
+Gas, Manufacture of.<br />
+Hammers, Steam and other Power.<br />
+Heat. Horse Power.<br />
+Hydraulics.<br />
+Hydro-geology.<br />
+Indicators. Iron.<br />
+Lifts, Hoists, and Elevators.</td>
+
+<td class="left" style="width: 34%; padding-left: .5em; vertical-align: top;">Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons.<br />
+Machine Tools.<br />
+Materials of Construction.<br />
+Meters.<br />
+Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress.<br />
+Piers.<br />
+Pile Driving.<br />
+Pneumatic Transmission.<br />
+Pumps.<br />
+Pyrometers.<br />
+Road Locomotives.<br />
+Rock Drills.<br />
+Rolling Stock.<br />
+Sanitary Engineering.<br />
+Shafting.<br />
+Steel.<br />
+Steam Navvy.<br />
+Stone Machinery.<br />
+Tramways.<br />
+Well Sinking.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<h3>NOW COMPLETE.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>With nearly 1500 illustrations</i>, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions,
+cloth. Divisions 1 to 4, 13<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each; Division 5, 17<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>;
+or 2 vols., cloth, &pound;3 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h2>SPONS&#8217; ENCYCLOP&AElig;DIA</h2>
+
+<p class="center">OF THE</p>
+
+<p class="center ssfont fsize150">INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span> C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.</p>
+
+<p>Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Contents Industrial Arts">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;">Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs.<br />
+Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs.<br />
+Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp.<br />
+Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs.<br />
+Alloys.<br />
+Alum.<br />
+Asphalt.<br />
+Assaying.<br />
+Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs.<br />
+Blacks.<br />
+Bleaching Powder, 15 pp.<br />
+Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs.<br />
+Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs.<br />
+Carbon Bisulphide.<br />
+Celluloid, 9 pp.<br />
+Cements.<br />
+Clay.<br />
+Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs.<br />
+Cocoa, 8 pp.<br />
+Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs.<br />
+Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs.<br />
+Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs.<br />
+Drugs, 38 pp.<br />
+Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs.<br />
+Dyestuffs, 16 pp.<br />
+Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp.<br />
+Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs.<br />
+Feathers.<br />
+Fibrous Substances, 92 pp. 79 figs.<br />
+Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs.<br />
+Food Preservation, 8 pp.<br />
+Fruit, 8 pp.</td>
+
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Fur, 5 pp.<br />
+Gas, Coal, 8 pp.<br />
+Gems.<br />
+Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs.<br />
+Graphite, 7 pp.<br />
+Hair, 7 pp.<br />
+Hair Manufactures.<br />
+Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs.<br />
+Honey.<br />
+Hops.<br />
+Horn.<br />
+Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs.<br />
+Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs.<br />
+Ink, 17 pp.<br />
+Ivory.<br />
+Jute Manufactures, 11 pp., 11 figs.<br />
+Knitted Fabrics&mdash;Hosiery, 15 pp. 13 figs.<br />
+Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs.<br />
+Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs.<br />
+Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs.<br />
+Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs.<br />
+Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs.<br />
+Mordants, 13 pp.<br />
+Narcotics, 47 pp.<br />
+Nuts, 10 pp.<br />
+Oils and Fatty Substances, 125 pp.<br />
+Paint.<br />
+Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs.<br />
+Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs.<br />
+Pearl and Coral, 8 pp.<br />
+Perfumes, 10 pp.</td>
+
+<td style="width: 34%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Photography, 13 pp. 20 figs.<br />
+Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs.<br />
+Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs.<br />
+Printing and Engraving, 20 pp. 8 figs.<br />
+Rags.<br />
+Resinous and Gummy Substances, 75 pp. 16 figs.<br />
+Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs.<br />
+Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs.<br />
+Silk, 8 pp.<br />
+Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs.<br />
+Skins, 5 pp.<br />
+Small Wares, 4 pp.<br />
+Soap and Glycerine, 39 pp. 45 figs.<br />
+Spices, 16 pp.<br />
+Sponge, 5 pp.<br />
+Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs.<br />
+Sugar, 155 pp. 134 figs.<br />
+Sulphur.<br />
+Tannin, 18 pp.<br />
+Tea, 12 pp.<br />
+Timber, 13 pp.<br />
+Varnish, 15 pp.<br />
+Vinegar, 5 pp.<br />
+Wax, 5 pp.<br />
+Wool, 2 pp.<br />
+Woollen Manufactures, 58 pp. 39 figs.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo, cloth, with illustrations, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h2>WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</h2>
+
+<h3>FIRST SERIES.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By</span> ERNEST SPON.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents.</span></p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Contents Workshop Receipts 1">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;">Bookbinding.<br />
+Bronzes and Bronzing.<br />
+Candles.<br />
+Cement.<br />
+Cleaning.<br />
+Colourwashing.<br />
+Concretes.<br />
+Dipping Acids.<br />
+Drawing Office Details.<br />
+Drying Oils.<br />
+Dynamite.<br />
+Electro-Metallurgy&mdash;(Cleaning, Dipping, Scratch-brushing, Batteries, Baths, and Deposits of every description).<br />
+Enamels.<br />
+Engraving on Wood, Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone.<br />
+Etching and Aqua Tint.<br />
+Firework Making&mdash;(Rockets, Stars, Rains, Gerbes, Jets, Tourbillons, Candles, Fires, Lances, Lights, Wheels, Fire-balloons, and minor Fireworks).<br />
+Fluxes.<br />
+Foundry Mixtures.</td>
+
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Freezing.<br />
+Fulminates.<br />
+Furniture Creams, Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes.<br />
+Gilding.<br />
+Glass Cutting, Cleaning, Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting.<br />
+Glass Making.<br />
+Glues.<br />
+Gold.<br />
+Graining.<br />
+Gums.<br />
+Gun Cotton.<br />
+Gunpowder.<br />
+Horn Working.<br />
+Indiarubber.<br />
+Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes.<br />
+Lacquers.<br />
+Lathing.<br />
+Lubricants.<br />
+Marble Working.<br />
+Matches.<br />
+Mortars.<br />
+Nitro-Glycerine.<br />
+Oils.</td>
+
+<td style="width:34%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em">Paper.<br />
+Paper Hanging.<br />
+Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House, Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting.<br />
+Photography.<br />
+Plastering.<br />
+Polishes.<br />
+Pottery&mdash;(Clays, Bodies, Glazes, Colours, Oils, Stains, Fluxes, Enamels, and Lustres).<br />
+Scouring.<br />
+Silvering.<br />
+Soap.<br />
+Solders.<br />
+Tanning.<br />
+Taxidermy.<br />
+Tempering Metals.<br />
+Treating Horn, Mother-o&#8217;-Pearl, and like substances.<br />
+Varnishes, Manufacture and Use of.<br />
+Veneering.<br />
+Washing.<br />
+Waterproofing.<br />
+Welding.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and processes,
+such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, Crayons, Paste,
+Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, Picture Frame and
+Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others too numerous to
+mention.</p>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo, cloth, 485 pages, with illustrations, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h2>WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</h2>
+
+<h3>SECOND SERIES.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By</span> ROBERT HALDANE.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents.</span></p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Contents Workshop Recipts 2">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;">Acidimetry and Alkalimetry.<br />
+Albumen.<br />
+Alcohol.<br />
+Alkaloids.<br />
+Baking-powders.<br />
+Bitters.<br />
+Bleaching.<br />
+Boiler Incrustations.<br />
+Cements and Lutes.<br />
+Cleansing.<br />
+Confectionery.<br />
+Copying.</td>
+
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Disinfectants.<br />
+Dyeing, Staining, and Colouring.<br />
+Essences.<br />
+Extracts.<br />
+Fireproofing.<br />
+Gelatine, Glue, and Size.<br />
+Glycerine.<br />
+Gut.<br />
+Hydrogen peroxide.<br />
+Ink.<br />
+Iodine.<br />
+Iodoform.</td>
+
+<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Isinglass.<br />
+Ivory substitutes.<br />
+Leather.<br />
+Luminous bodies.<br />
+Magnesia.<br />
+Matches.<br />
+Paper.<br />
+Parchment.<br />
+Perchloric acid.<br />
+Potassium oxalate.<br />
+Preserving.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><b>Pigments, Paint, and Painting</b>: embracing the preparation of
+<i>Pigments</i>, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort, ivory,
+lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, c&aelig;ruleum, Egyptian,
+manganate, Paris, P&eacute;ligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine), browns (bistre,
+hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta, Brighton, Brunswick,
+chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese, mitis, mountain, Prussian,
+sap, Scheele&#8217;s, Schweinfurth, titanium, verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake,
+carminated lake, carmine, Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colcothar,
+Indian red, madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum,
+baryta, Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead&mdash;by American, Dutch, French,
+German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and
+composition of commercial samples&mdash;whiting, Wilkinson&#8217;s white, zinc white),
+yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow lakes); <i>Paint</i>
+(vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing, applying, priming, drying,
+filling, coats, brushes, surface, water-colours, removing smell, discoloration;
+miscellaneous paints&mdash;cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint,
+iron paint, lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints,
+tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints); <i>Painting</i> (general instructions,
+proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work; carriage painting&mdash;priming
+paint, best putty, finishing colour, cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils,
+driers, and colours, varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re-varnishing,
+how to dry paint; woodwork painting).</p>
+
+<p class="fsize125 center">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<h4><b>JUST PUBLISHED.</b></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo, cloth, 480 pages, with 183 illustrations, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h2>WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</h2>
+
+<h3>THIRD SERIES.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By</span> C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Uniform with the First and Second Series.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Synopsis of Contents.</span></p>
+
+<table class="fsize80" summary="Workshops Receipts 3">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="br" style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;">Alloys.<br />
+Aluminium.<br />
+Antimony.<br />
+Barium.<br />
+Beryllium.<br />
+Bismuth.<br />
+Cadmium.<br />
+C&aelig;esium.<br />
+Calcium.<br />
+Cerium.<br />
+Chromium.<br />
+Cobalt.<br />
+Copper.<br />
+Didymium.<br />
+Electrics.<br />
+Enamels and Glazes.<br />
+Erbium.<br />
+Gallium.<br />
+Glass.<br />
+Gold.</td>
+
+<td class="br" style="width: 34%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Indium.<br />
+Iridium.<br />
+Iron and Steel.<br />
+Lacquers and Lacquering.<br />
+Lanthanum.<br />
+Lead.<br />
+Lithium.<br />
+Lubricants.<br />
+Magnesium.<br />
+Manganese.<br />
+Mercury.<br />
+Mica.<br />
+Molybdenum.<br />
+Nickel.<br />
+Niobium.<br />
+Osmium.<br />
+Palladium.<br />
+Platinum.<br />
+Potassium.<br />
+Rhodium.</td>
+
+<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: .5em;">Rubidium.<br />
+Ruthenium.<br />
+Selenium.<br />
+Silver.<br />
+Slag.<br />
+Sodium.<br />
+Strontium.<br />
+Tantalum.<br />
+Terbium.<br />
+Thallium.<br />
+Thorium.<br />
+Tin.<br />
+Titanium.<br />
+Tungsten.<br />
+Uranium.<br />
+Vanadium.<br />
+Yttrium.<br />
+Zinc.<br />
+Zirconium.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<h2>WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</h2>
+
+<h3>FOURTH SERIES,</h3>
+
+<h4>DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS &amp; MECHANICAL SUBJECTS.</h4>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">By</span> C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><b>250 Illustrations, with Complete Index, and a General Index to the
+Four Series, 5<i>s.</i></b></p>
+
+<p>Waterproofing&mdash;rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous
+preparations.</p>
+
+<p>Packing and Storing articles of delicate odour or colour, of a deliquescent
+character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer from insects or damp, or easily
+broken.</p>
+
+<p>Embalming and Preserving anatomical specimens.</p>
+
+<p>Leather Polishes.</p>
+
+<p>Cooling Air and Water, producing low temperatures, making ice, cooling
+syrups and solutions, and separating salts from liquors by refrigeration.</p>
+
+<p>Pumps and Siphons, embracing every useful contrivance for raising and
+supplying water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive, tenacious,
+and other liquids.</p>
+
+<p>Desiccating&mdash;air-and water-ovens, and other appliances for drying natural
+and artificial products.</p>
+
+<p>Distilling&mdash;water, tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical preparations, essences,
+perfumes, and alcoholic liquids.</p>
+
+<p>Emulsifying as required by pharmacists and photographers.</p>
+
+<p>Evaporating&mdash;saline and other solutions, and liquids demanding special
+precautions.</p>
+
+<p>Filtering&mdash;water, and solutions of various kinds.</p>
+
+<p>Percolating and Macerating.</p>
+
+<p>Electrotyping.</p>
+
+<p>Stereotyping by both plaster and paper processes.</p>
+
+<p>Bookbinding in all its details.</p>
+
+<p>Straw Plaiting and the fabrication of baskets, matting, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Musical Instruments&mdash;the preservation, tuning, and repair of pianos,
+harmoniums, musical boxes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Clock and Watch Mending&mdash;adapted for intelligent amateurs.</p>
+
+<p>Photography&mdash;recent development in rapid processes, handy apparatus,
+numerous recipes for sensitizing and developing solutions, and applications
+to modern illustrative purposes.</p>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="c05" />
+<h3>JUST PUBLISHED.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">In demy 8vo, cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center fsize150 ssfont">SPONS&#8217;</p>
+
+<h2>MECHANICS&#8217; OWN BOOK;</h2>
+
+<p class="center fsize125 ssfont">A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Contents.</span></p>
+
+<p>Mechanical Drawing&mdash;Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze,
+and other Alloys&mdash;Forging and Finishing Iron&mdash;Sheetmetal Working&mdash;Soldering,
+Brazing, and Burning&mdash;Carpentry and Joinery, embracing
+descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of Tools and
+their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints and hinges, and
+Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, rough furniture,
+Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building&mdash;Cabinet-Making
+and Veneering&mdash;Carving and Fretcutting&mdash;Upholstery&mdash;Painting,
+Graining, and Marbling&mdash;Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and
+Fittings&mdash;Gilding, dead and bright, on various grounds&mdash;Polishing
+Marble, Metals, and Wood&mdash;Varnishing&mdash;Mechanical movements,
+illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion&mdash;Turning in Wood
+and Metals&mdash;Masonry, embracing Stonework, Brickwork, Terracotta,
+and Concrete&mdash;Roofing with Thatch, Tiles, Slates, Felt, Zinc, &amp;c.&mdash;Glazing
+with and without putty, and lead glazing&mdash;Plastering and
+Whitewashing&mdash;Paper-hanging&mdash;Gas-fitting&mdash;Bell-hanging, ordinary
+and electric Systems&mdash;Lighting&mdash;Warming&mdash;Ventilating&mdash;Roads,
+Pavements, and Bridges&mdash;Hedges, Ditches, and Drains&mdash;Water
+Supply and Sanitation&mdash;Hints on House Construction suited to new
+countries.</p>
+
+<p class="center fsize125">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.<br />
+New York: 35, Murray Street.</p>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="c25" />
+
+<div class="bbox">
+
+<p class="center">Transcriber's notes:</p>
+
+<p>Some minor typographical errors corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies in spelling and lay-out have not been corrected.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,3143 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Wrinkles in Electric Lighting
+
+Author: Vincent Stephen
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2011 [EBook #35015]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lame and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |                                                                    |
+  |                       TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES                          |
+  |                                                                    |
+  | * Some minor typographical errors corrected.                       |
+  | * Inconsistencies in spelling and lay-out have not been corrected. |
+  | * Italics are represented between underscores as in _italics_.     |
+  | * Bold faced type is represented as in =bold face=.                |
+  | * Sidenotes from the original work have been deleted from this     |
+  |   e-text, since their sheer number made reading the text difficult.|
+  |   The section titles given in the Table of Contents are the same   |
+  |   as the original sidenotes.                                       |
+  |                                                                    |
+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+                                WRINKLES
+                                   IN
+                           ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+
+
+
+                                WRINKLES
+                                   IN
+                           ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+                                   BY
+
+                            VINCENT STEPHEN.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                  E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
+
+                     NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
+
+                                  1888.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In the following pages it is my intention to give engineers on board
+ship, who may be put in charge of electric lighting machinery without
+having any electrical knowledge, some idea of the manner in which
+electricity is produced by mechanical means; how it is converted into
+light; what precautions must be used to keep the plant in order, and
+what to do in the event of difficulties arising. I do not therefore aim
+at producing a literary work, but shall try and explain everything in
+the plainest language possible.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS.       PAGE
+
+  Production of electric current in chemical battery--Current very
+  weak--Current compared to circulation of the blood--Strength and
+  volume of current--Pressure not sufficient without volume--Action
+  of current is instantaneous--Resistance to the passage of the
+  current--Copper the usual metal for conductors--Heat produced by
+  current when wire is too small                                       1
+
+
+  PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS.
+
+  _Magneto-Electric Machines._
+
+  Current produced by mechanical means--Alternating current--
+  Magneto-electric machines--Shock produced by interruption of
+  current--The current must be commutated--Description of
+  commutator--Current, though alternating in the dynamo, is
+  continuous in the circuit--Continuous current used for
+  electro-plating                                                      5
+
+  _Dynamo-Electric Machines._
+
+  Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar--Permanent magnet--
+  Electro-magnet--Where the magneto and dynamo machines differ--
+  Armature of so-called continuous-current dynamo--Type of
+  commutator--Commutator brushes--Current continuous in the
+  circuit--Alternating-current dynamos--Current not commutated--
+  Intense magnetic field produced--Simplicity of Ferranti armature--
+  Large number of alternations of the current--Alternating current
+  cannot be used to excite an electro-magnet--Exciter coupled on
+  to same spindle as dynamo--Power of exciter if used alone            9
+
+
+  ELECTRIC LAMPS.
+
+  Production of electric light--Arc lights--Mechanism to regulate
+  carbons--Some lamps suitable for alternating current--When
+  carbons are consumed, light goes out--Arc lamps very complicated--
+  Jablochkoff candles--Arc formed between the carbons--Candles
+  require alternating current--Incandescent lamps--Vacuum formed
+  in lamps prevents combustion--Vacuum not perfect--Advantages of
+  incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting--Unaffected by
+  wind, and suitable for either continuous or alternating currents    19
+
+
+  LEADS.
+
+  Leads made usually of copper wire--Short circuit--High E.M.F. for
+  arc lights, but low for incandescent--Arc lights in series--
+  Incandescent lamps in parallel circuit--E.M.F. same for one lamp
+  as for a number--If lamps suitable, each one turns on and off
+  separately--Safety fuses                                            24
+
+
+  SHIP LIGHTING.
+
+  Position for dynamo--Dynamo to be kept clean and cool--Quick-speed
+  engines--Slow-speed engines with belts--Means of keeping belt on
+  the pulley--Engine must work steadily--A good sensitive governor
+  wanted--The belt must be kept tight--A handy belt-stretcher--
+  Friction gearing--Switch board near dynamo--Leads of different
+  colours--Main leads and branch leads--Lamps held in frosted
+  globes--Switches for each lamp--Lamps of various candle-powers--
+  Plan for lighting quarter-deck at times--Arrangement of
+  temporary leads--Leads and lamps always ready, and easily fixed
+  up--Lighting of ships' holds--Danger of fire with oil lamps--Arc
+  lamps not suitable--Arrangement of leads for incandescent lamps--
+  Work carried on better, and pilfering of cargo prevented--Hold
+  leads disconnected while at sea--Installation complete--Lights
+  wanted as night approaches--Precautions before starting dynamo--
+  Lubrication must be perfect--Commutators and collectors require
+  very little oil--Position of brushes--Start the engine--Switches
+  not turned on; no current except from exciter--Testing work
+  of exciter--Dynamos very powerful magnets--Look out for your
+  watches--Switch on the lamps--Current is produced in large dynamo--
+  Difference of a few lamps compensated by governor--Turn all
+  lamps on, and light up gradually--Inequality of light in different
+  lamps--Weeding out of bad lamps--Lamps not to be run too bright--
+  No trouble with dynamo if oiling is attended to--Seizing--Oil
+  must be thin--The dynamo must be kept clean--Little troubles with
+  the lamps--No safety fuse--Effects of vibration of ship on lamps--
+  What to look to if a lamp is out.--Recapitulation--A current of
+  50 volts is hardly felt--Incandescent lights for side lights--
+  Mast-head light--Arc light should never be used--Present mast-head
+  light quite powerful enough--On passenger steamers, side one
+  blaze of light, and side lights barely visible--Speed of dynamo
+  constant, but steam power used in proportion to number of lamps
+  in use--No danger to life from electric current on board ship--
+  Binnacle lamps. Electric light not suitable--Dynamo if near a
+  compass will affect it--Notes                                       27
+
+
+
+
+WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING.
+
+THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL MEANS.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
+
+It will first be necessary to explain how electric currents are produced
+by means of chemicals. In a jar A, Fig. 1, are placed two plates B and
+C, one zinc, and the other copper, each having connected to it at the
+top a copper wire of any convenient length. The plates are kept in
+position by means of pieces of wood, and the jar is about half filled
+with a solution of salt and water, or sulphuric acid and water; if then
+the two wires are joined, a current of electricity at once flows through
+them, however long they may be. The current produced in this manner is
+very weak, and does not even keep what strength it has for any length of
+time, but rapidly gets weaker until quite imperceptible. The current
+is, however, continuous; that is, it flows steadily in the one direction
+through the wire, and may be used for ringing bells, or for other
+purposes where a feeble current only is required to do intermittent
+work. The wire E in connection with the copper plate is called the
+positive lead, and the other the negative, and the current is said to
+flow from the copper plate, through the wire E through the circuit to D,
+and thence to the zinc plate, and through the liquid to the copper
+plate. The current has often been compared to water flowing through a
+pipe, but I think it can be better compared to the blood in the human
+body, which through the action of the heart is continually forced
+through the arteries and veins in one steady stream. There is, however,
+this difference, that there is no actual progression of matter in the
+electric current, it being like a ripple on water, which moves from end
+to end of a lake without the water itself being moved across. Now that I
+have given you an idea of how the current acts, I must try and explain
+how different degrees of strength and volume are obtained. In the first
+place, let us consider what constitute strength and volume in an
+electric current, or at least try and get a general notion about them.
+For this purpose I shall compare the electric current to water being
+forced through a pipe; and the strength of the electric current, or
+electromotive force, written for short E.M.F., will be like the pressure
+of water at any part of the pipe. Two pipes may carry different
+quantities of water, and yet the pressure may be the same in each; in
+one a gallon of water may pass a given point in the same time that a
+pint passes the same point in the other, and yet in each case the
+different quantities may pass that point at the same speed. Thus in
+electricity, two currents may be of different volume or quantity,
+measured in amperes, and yet be of the same E.M.F. measured in volts; or
+they may be of different E.M.F., or pressure, or intensity, and yet be
+of the same volume. If any work is to be done by the water forced
+through a pipe, such as turning a turbine, it is evident that pressure
+of itself is not sufficient, seeing that a stream an inch in diameter
+may be at the same pressure as another a foot in diameter. So with the
+electric current, if work is to be done, such as driving a motor or
+lighting a lamp, it is not sufficient to have a certain E.M.F.; there
+must be quantity or volume in proportion to the amount of work, so that
+if it takes a given quantity to work one lamp, it will take twice that
+quantity to work two lamps of the same kind. It must not be inferred
+from this, that if one lamp requires a certain E.M.F., that two lamps
+will require it to be doubled, as such is not the case, except under
+certain conditions which I will explain later on.
+
+The action of electricity is practically instantaneous in any length of
+wire, so that if the current is used to ring two bells a mile apart,
+but connected by wires, they will commence to ring simultaneously. I
+have so far not said anything about resistance to the passage of the
+current through the wires. I shall therefore refer again to our
+comparison of the current to water forced through a pipe, and you will
+agree that a certain sized pipe will only convey a certain amount of
+water in a given time. If a larger quantity is to be conveyed in the
+same time, a greater pressure must be applied, or a larger pipe must be
+used.
+
+It is evident that increasing the size of the pipe will get over the
+difficulty more readily than increasing the pressure of the water. The
+pipes themselves offer a certain resistance to the passage of the water
+through them, in the shape of friction; so that if an effect is to be
+produced at a distance, rather more pressure is required than if it is
+done close at hand, so as to make up for the loss sustained by friction.
+
+Much the same may be said of the electric current; a certain sized wire
+will only carry a certain current, and if more current is required, a
+thicker wire must be used to convey it, or it must be of a greater
+E.M.F. It is usually more convenient to increase the thickness of the
+wire than to increase the E.M.F. of the current. The wire offers a
+certain resistance to the passage of the current through it, which may
+be compared to friction, and this resistance varies according to the
+metal of which it is composed. Copper is the metal in ordinary use for
+wires for electric lighting purposes, and the purer it is the better
+will it convey the current. Iron is used for telegraph wires on account
+of cheapness, the current used being so small that this metal conveys it
+readily enough; if copper were used, the wires will only require to be
+about one-third the diameter of the iron ones. The following are the
+respective values for electrical conductivity of various metals when
+pure, taking silver as a standard:--Silver 100, copper 99.9, gold 80,
+zinc 29, brass 22, iron 16.8, tin 13.1, lead 8.3, mercury 1.6.
+
+If a wire is made to convey a current which is too large for its
+electrical capacity, it will get heated, which decreases its
+conductivity, with the result that the heat increases until finally the
+wire fuses. I shall have more to say about this when speaking of
+electric lighting.
+
+
+
+
+PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL MEANS.
+
+
+_Magneto-electric Machines._
+
+I have shown how the electric current is produced by the action of
+chemical or primary batteries, and how this current will flow through
+suitable conductors. I shall now explain how mechanical power may be
+converted into electricity. It has been found that if a wire, preferably
+of copper, of which the ends are joined together, is moved past a magnet
+a current is induced in the wire, flowing in one direction while the
+wire is approaching the magnet, and in the opposite direction while it
+is receding from it. This is then not a continuous current like we
+obtained from the chemical battery, but an alternating one, and you will
+see later on how it can be made to produce similar effects. The oftener
+the wire passes the magnet the more electricity is generated, so that if
+we make a coil of the wire and move a large number of parts of wire past
+at one time, the effects on each part are accumulated; and if instead of
+having one magnet to pass before, we have several, the effects will be
+doubled or trebled, &c., in proportion to the number. If, again, the
+coil is moved at an increased speed past the magnets, the effects will
+be still further increased.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.]
+
+The knowledge of these facts led to the construction of the various
+magneto-electric machines, of which a familiar type is seen in those
+small ones used for medical purposes. They contain a large horse-shoe
+magnet, close to the end of which two bobbins of copper wire are made to
+revolve at a high speed, and all who have used these machines know that
+the more quickly they turn the handle the greater shock the person
+receives who is being operated upon. The current generated is really
+very feeble, the shock being produced by interrupting it at every half
+revolution by means of a small spring or other suitable mechanism. If
+the current is not so interrupted, it cannot be felt at all, which may
+be proved by lifting up the spring on the spindle of the ordinary kind.
+The current is an alternating one, and changes its direction throughout
+the circuit, however extended it may be, at every half revolution. If it
+is required to have a continuous current, use must be made of what is
+termed a commutator, and I shall endeavour to explain the manner in
+which it acts as simply as possible. Without going into any further
+details as to the construction of the bobbins, and their action at any
+particular moment, I shall content myself with saying that if the wire
+on the two bobbins is continuous, and the ends are connected, the
+current will flow one way during half a revolution, and the other way
+during the other half. Now, in Fig. 2, on the spindle A on which the
+bobbins are fixed, is fitted a split collar formed of two halves B and
+C, to which are joined respectively the ends of the wires + and -. This
+collar is insulated from the spindle by a suitable insulating material,
+that is to say, a material which does not conduct electricity, such as
+wood, ivory, &c., and is represented in Fig. 2 by the dark parts D. So
+far the circuit is not complete, so that however quickly you turn the
+machine no current is produced. If, however, some means is employed for
+joining B and C by a conductor, the alternating current is produced as
+before. In Fig. 3, I show a section through B A C. On a base E made of
+wood, are fixed two metal springs F and G, which are made to press
+against B and C respectively; wires are connected at H and K, which,
+joined together, complete the circuit. A continuous current is said to
+be + or positive where it leaves a battery, and - or negative where it
+returns; it will be convenient to use these signs and terms in the
+following explanation. At one portion of the revolution the spindle will
+be in the position shown in Fig. 3, and the + current is flowing into B,
+through F, to the terminal H, thence through the circuit to the terminal
+K, through G to C, and so back through the - wire to the bobbins of the
+machine. In Fig. 4 the spindle has made a half revolution, bringing B in
+contact with G, and C with F. But by this half turn the current is
+reversed in the bobbins, and the + current flows into C, through F, to
+terminal H as before, and through the circuit to K, through G and B,
+back to the bobbins. Thus you see that in the circuit the current will
+be always in the same direction, or continuous, although in the bobbins
+it is alternating, and may be used for any purpose for which a
+continuous current is required, such as electro-plating, &c.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.]
+
+There are various forms of the magneto-electric machines, as well as of
+commutators, but the foregoing shows the general principle of them all.
+
+
+_Dynamo-electric Machines._
+
+It will now be necessary to explain the nature of a dynamo-electric
+machine, called, for shortness, a dynamo, and to show in what it
+differs from a magneto-electric machine.
+
+I have explained how an electric current is produced by a wire passing
+in front of a magnet; now, this magnet may either be of the ordinary
+kind, or it may be what is termed an electro-magnet. One of the effects
+which electricity can be made to produce is the magnetising of steel
+bars to form the ordinary and well-known permanent magnets which are
+used in ships' compasses, &c. To produce this effect, part of the wire
+in a circuit is made into a spiral as in Fig. 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.]
+
+The steel rod to be magnetised is placed within the spiral, and a
+continuous current of electricity is then sent through the wire, which
+causes the rod to become magnetised with a North pole at one end, and a
+South pole at the other. The more current is passed through the circuit,
+and the more turns are in the spiral, the more quickly and strongly is
+the rod magnetised; and it will retain its magnetism for an indefinite
+time if made of suitable steel. There is a point at which the metal is
+said to be saturated with magnetism, and the strength it has then
+acquired will be that which it will retain afterwards, although while
+under the influence of the current that strength may be considerably
+exceeded. If instead of a steel rod one of iron is placed in the
+spiral, and the current is passed through as before, it will be
+magnetised in the same manner; but as soon as the current is stopped,
+the rod loses almost all its magnetism, and if the current is then
+passed in the opposite direction the rod will be magnetised in the
+opposite way. The softer and more homogeneous is the iron, the more
+instantaneously will it acquire and lose its magnetism, and the greater
+strength of magnetism it is able to acquire. An iron bar, round which
+are wound a large number of turns of insulated or covered wire,
+constitutes an electro-magnet. The difference then between a
+magneto-electric and a dynamo-electric machine is, that in the former
+permanent magnets are used, and in the latter electro-magnets take their
+place. I do not intend to go into particulars as to the construction of
+the various dynamos in present use, as there are many books to be had in
+which these machines are fully described. I need merely say that in the
+so-called continuous-current dynamos, the whole or part of the current
+produced is made to pass through the coils of the electro-magnets, thus
+inducing in them the required magnetism. I showed how, in the
+magneto-electric machine, the currents are collected by means of a
+commutator, and it is evident that in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 there might be
+separate wires coming from each bobbin to B and C; and if there were
+more than two bobbins, there might still be two wires from each to B
+and C. On the other hand the collecting collar might be split into more
+sections; in fact there might be as many sections as bobbins. To show
+how the current is collected in continuous-current dynamos, I must give
+a short explanation of the revolving part or armature of a standard type
+of machine.
+
+In Fig. 6 is shown a horse-shoe magnet, with its North and South poles,
+N and S. Between these poles is made to revolve the armature, composed
+of a number of coils of wire made to form a ring like a life-buoy. The
+ends of the wires are made to lie along a collar on the spindle, made of
+some insulating material, each wire being parallel to its neighbour, and
+kept separate from it, as shown in Fig. 7.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.]
+
+These wires are so arranged that if one end of a sectional coil is on
+top of the spindle at a given moment, the other will be on the under
+side. If then, as shown in Fig. 7, a rubber of copper, made in the form
+of a brush of copper wire for convenience, is placed in contact with the
+upper part of the commutator collar, and another similar one with the
+lower, it is evident the circuit will be completed in the same manner as
+before explained.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. Edison Dynamo.]
+
+A wire which is + when above the spindle, will be - when below it,
+and as the spindle revolves the current changes in the various wires
+from - to + as they reach the top, so that it will always therefore
+be + in the upper brush and - in the lower one, and will accordingly be
+continuous through the circuit. It will be seen in the illustrations
+of various continuous-current dynamos, that though their shape and
+arrangement differ, the mode of collecting the current is much about the
+same as I have described above. Figs. 8 and 9 show some of the
+continuous-current dynamos at present in use.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. Brush Dynamo.]
+
+I will now explain the nature of an alternating-current dynamo.
+
+The principal difference between the continuous-and alternating-current
+dynamo, is in the number of magnets used. Most of the former have only
+four magnets, while the latter have frequently as many as thirty-two. In
+reality, as I have shown, these are all alternating-current dynamos,
+only that in the so-called continuous-current ones, the current is
+commutated, whereas in the others it is not, but is used as it is
+produced. In the principal alternating-current dynamos, a number of
+small magnets, usually sixteen, are attached to a framework directly
+opposite a similar number of others of the same size, the space between
+the ends being only about an inch or two. These are all electro-magnets,
+and are wound in such manner that when excited by a current, every
+alternate one shall have the same magnetism, as in Fig. 10, and every
+opposite one a contrary magnetism.
+
+This produces an intense magnetic field between the ends of the magnets,
+and in this space revolves the armature. This armature, in the Siemens
+dynamo, is composed of a disc having as many bobbins on the periphery as
+there are magnets on each side of the dynamo. As each bobbin approaches
+each magnet a current is induced in one direction, which is reversed
+when the bobbin recedes; thus an alternating current is produced, which
+is collected by connecting the ends to insulated rings or collars on the
+spindle, and having small copper brushes or rubbers in contact with
+them. In the Ferranti dynamo, the armature is quite different, and much
+more simple, as comparison of Figs. 11 and 12 will show.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. Siemens Armature.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. Ferranti Armature.]
+
+It consists of a copper tape bent in and out so as to form a sort of
+star with eight arms, the number of layers of insulated copper tape
+being from ten to thirty, according to requirements. The centre is made
+in a similar shape with bolts or rivets holding each convolution in
+place. The two ends of the tape are attached respectively to two
+collector-rings on the spindle, against which press two solid metal
+rubbers which carry off the current for use in the circuit. It can be
+shown that as each arm approaches a magnet a current will be induced in
+one direction, which will be reversed as each arm recedes; and therefore
+an alternating current will be produced. As there are sixteen magnets
+for the armature to pass at each revolution, there must be sixteen
+alternations of the current during the same time, so that if the speed
+of the armature is 500 revolutions per minute, there will be 500 x 16 =
+8000 alternations in one minute. These alternations being so extremely
+rapid, when this current is used for electric lighting, the steadiness
+of the light will be in no way affected, but will remain as constant as
+with a continuous current.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. Siemens Alternating Dynamo.]
+
+The alternating current produced by these dynamos cannot be used for
+exciting an electro-magnet, as the magnetism would be reversed at every
+alternation; a separate small dynamo of the continuous type is therefore
+used as an exciter to magnetise all the electro-magnets in the field,
+and it is usually coupled on to the same spindle, and therefore goes at
+the same speed as the alternating-current dynamo. The exciter is usually
+of a size to be able to do alone about one-tenth to one-twentieth of
+the work that the larger machines does in the way of lighting; so that
+if from any cause the latter is disabled while the ship lighted by it is
+at sea, the exciter may be used alone to do a portion of the lighting,
+in the first-class saloon for instance. This can only be done if the
+exciter is so constructed as to give the proper E.M.F. that the lamps
+require.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. Ferranti Alternating Dynamo.]
+
+Figs. 13 and 14 are illustrations of two of the alternating current
+dynamos in use on board ship and elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+ELECTRIC LAMPS.
+
+
+I have explained how power can be converted into electric currents,
+either continuous or alternating, and I must now show how these currents
+can be applied to the production of light.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.]
+
+The current may be used to produce an _arc light_ in the following
+manner:--Two carbon rods, A and B, are held by suitable means in the
+position shown in Fig. 15, and the two wires from a dynamo are joined
+respectively to A and B, the upper one always being the positive lead
+when a continuous current is used. When the current is sent through the
+circuit, it passes through the carbons A and B, which are conductors.
+Immediately this occurs, suitable mechanism in the lamp, being acted on
+by the current, or by hand in the case of search-lights, or by
+clock-work, moves the two carbons a small distance apart, with the
+consequence that a dazzling arc of light is formed between them. If the
+carbons get too far apart, the mechanism brings them nearer together
+again, and on the delicacy with which it acts, depends the steadiness of
+the light. It would be useless to explain how this mechanism acts, as it
+is in a different form in each maker's lamp. Some lamps have been
+constructed for use with an alternating current, but with the majority a
+continuous current is used. While an arc light is burning the carbons
+waste away, the upper one more rapidly than the lower, and the mechanism
+has to approach them constantly to make up for this waste.
+
+When the carbons are consumed as far as convenient, an automatic
+arrangement cuts off the current, and the light goes out; or it diverts
+the current to another set of carbons, which at once light up. The
+carbons are made in suitable lengths to last a certain number of hours,
+four, six, eight, &c. In Fig. 16 is shown an arc lamp complete.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. Arc Lamp Complete.]
+
+An arc lamp is of necessity a complicated affair, which it is not
+advisable to have on board ship, except where an electrician is engaged
+permanently.
+
+Another way of producing light is to use the current in what is called
+an _electric candle_, of which a familiar type is the Jablochkoff
+candle.
+
+Fig. 17 shows the form of this candle, A and B being two carbon rods
+parallel to one another, and joined, but at the same time insulated from
+one another by kaolin, a sort of chalky substance, which is a
+non-conductor.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.]
+
+The wires C and D from the dynamo are joined respectively to A and B
+through metallic supports, as in an arc lamp, and when the current is
+turned on it flows through C A and across by a small strip of carbon E
+to B and D back to the dynamo. The strip E is only large enough to carry
+the current across for a moment, and is immediately consumed, but an arc
+of light is then formed between the carbons as in the arc lamp. As the
+carbons consume, the kaolin in between burns away, just in the same
+manner as, in an ordinary candle, the wick is consumed and the wax melts
+and burns away, except that in the latter case the wax feeds the light,
+whereas the kaolin is only used to keep the carbons the required
+distance apart and the arc of light from running down them. It is
+evident that the carbons must be consumed equally, for which reason use
+must be made of the alternating current. Any unsteadiness that occurs in
+the light produced is consequent on unsteadiness of the current, or
+impurities in the carbons, &c., there being no mechanism of any kind
+required. These candles do not give such a great light as arc lights,
+but it is of the same nature in every way. Fig. 18 shows one of these
+candles in its holder, from which can be seen how electrical contact is
+made with the two carbons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.]
+
+If the current is interrupted in any way, and the light goes out, it
+will not be produced again automatically, but requires a small piece of
+carbon between the two carbons as a path for the current to pass across
+as in the beginning.
+
+A third form of electric light is produced by using the current in an
+_incandescent lamp_.
+
+To explain the action of an incandescent lamp, I must refer back to what
+I said about wires getting heated by a current being passed through them
+which was too large for their capacity. If two large wires are joined by
+a small one, and a strong current is passed through the circuit, the
+small wire rapidly gets red hot, and finally fuses. If this small wire
+is contained in a globe from which the air is exhausted, when the
+current is passed through it, it gets red, then white hot, and when
+very brilliant gets fused. If, instead of wire, we have in the small
+globe a thin filament of carbon, when the current is passed through, we
+get a brilliant light which remains constant because the carbon does not
+fuse, and it cannot burn away for want of air. Fig. 19 shows a Swan
+lamp, and Fig. 20 an Edison lamp, both made on this principle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.]
+
+If in these lamps the vacuum were perfect, the carbon filament would
+never get consumed; it is, however, impossible to get a perfect vacuum,
+but the better it is, the longer will the filament last. Incandescent
+lamps are the only ones that are suitable for house or ship lighting.
+[Advantages of incandescent lamps for house and ship lighting.] They
+give a yellowish light like a good gas-flame, they do not consume the
+air of a room, they cause no smell, and only give out a very slight
+heat. They are perfectly safe, because if the globe gets broken and
+allows air to get in, the filament is instantly consumed, and the light
+goes out. They can be put in all sorts of places where it would be
+impossible to have any other lamps, such as near the ceiling, close to
+curtains, in a room full of explosives or combustibles, and even under
+water. They are not affected by wind; they can therefore be used under
+punkahs, or near open windows, sky-lights, or ports, or in the open air.
+These lamps can be used with either continuous or alternating currents,
+but will probably last longer with the latter, because, when a
+continuous current is used, particles of the carbon of the filament
+appear to be conveyed from one end of the filament to the other,
+reducing the thickness at the one end, until finally it breaks. This
+evidently cannot occur with an alternating current, as the impulse in
+one direction is counteracted by the following one in the opposite
+direction. If the current used is of too high a tension for the lamps,
+they will show an intensely brilliant light for a short time, but the
+filament will soon be destroyed, and the lamp rendered useless.
+
+
+
+
+LEADS.
+
+
+We have now to consider the means used for conveying the current,
+continuous or alternating, to the lamps we intend to use. The leads for
+the electric current, which correspond in some measure with the pipes
+which convey gas, are made of copper wire, as pure as can be obtained,
+covered with some insulating material to prevent the escape of the
+current through contact with other conductors. The size of the wire is
+regulated according to the amount of current which is to be conveyed; it
+will do no harm to have it of twice the required section, but if it is
+of less than the required section, it will offer so much resistance to
+the passage of the current, that it will probably get fused in a very
+short time. If the lead attached to one terminal of the dynamo comes
+back to the other terminal without there being any lamps in the circuit,
+or other means of making use of the current, it is said to be short
+circuited, and if the dynamo is kept going something must give out very
+soon. The two leads must therefore never be connected with one another,
+except by a lamp or other resistance, and the manner in which the lamps
+are placed, and the size of the leads, depend upon the relative tension
+and quantity of current and the kind of lamps to be used. If the current
+is to be used in arc lamps it is usual to have a high E.M.F., which
+allows of the leads being of small section; but if it is to be used in
+incandescent lamps it is found more convenient to have a low E.M.F., and
+as this implies a large quantity of current, the leads have to be of
+large section.
+
+Arc lamps usually require to be placed in series, that is to say, in
+such a manner that the current, after leaving the dynamo, passes through
+each lamp in succession. The E.M.F. required in this case is the sum of
+the E.M.F. for each lamp, the quantity required being the same as for
+one lamp. This accounts for the high E.M.F. used in arc lighting and
+the small size of the wire for conducting the current. Incandescent
+lamps can be either in series or parallel, and frequently the two
+systems are combined. To explain the meaning of having lamps parallel,
+we will suppose the two leads from a dynamo to be taken along a wall,
+parallel to one another, and about six inches apart, ending at the end
+of the wall, but not connected in any way. If we then place lamps at
+intervals between the two leads, connecting one loop of each to the
+upper lead, and the other to the lower lead, by means of small copper
+wire, these lamps are said to be all parallel. In this arrangement the
+current required is the sum of the quantity necessary for each lamp, but
+the E.M.F. is the same as that required for one lamp of the same kind.
+As we therefore require to send a large quantity of current through the
+leads at a small pressure or E.M.F., these leads must be of large
+section. In the above arrangement each lamp may be turned on or off
+separately without affecting the others. Sometimes two or more lamps are
+placed in groups between the parallel leads; these are then in series
+with regard to one another, and can only be turned on or off two or more
+at a time, in other words, one group at a time. If our dynamo is
+producing a current of 100 volts E.M.F. when working at its proper
+speed, and our lamps are 100-volt lamps, we shall be able to turn each
+lamp on or off separately; but if we want to put in 50-volt lamps, we
+must place two together, and we shall then have to turn them on or off
+two at a time. I am supposing that in both cases the lamps require the
+same quantity of current, though of different E.M.F.
+
+To prevent the lamps being spoilt by the current being too strong
+through a sudden increase in the speed of the dynamo, as also to prevent
+the leads getting fused, and perhaps setting fire to the casing, it is
+usual to have safety fuses in various parts of the circuit. These are of
+different kinds, but a typical one consists of a small lead wire, large
+enough to carry the normal current, but which fuses when the current is
+too strong, and at once interrupts its passage. The lamps in the same
+portion of the circuit are then extinguished and so saved from
+destruction, and cannot then be lighted again until the fuse is renewed,
+which, however, can be done with ease.
+
+
+
+
+SHIP LIGHTING.
+
+
+We will consider now the case of a steamship to be lighted by means of
+incandescent lamps. It is sometimes a matter of some difficulty to fix
+on a suitable position for the dynamo and engine, especially in ships
+which have already been running for some time. In selecting a position,
+it must be borne in mind that a dynamo will work best in a cool clean
+place, cleanliness being most important. If a lot of coal dust is flying
+about where the dynamo is working, it will be drawn into it, and tend to
+impair its electrical, as well as mechanical efficiency. If the dynamo
+is kept properly lubricated, it will work well enough in a hot place,
+but we must remember that the heating of the wire which makes up a large
+portion of the dynamo, reduces its conductivity, so that the cooler it
+is kept the better. The dynamo should be so placed that the engineer can
+get to every side of it easily. If a quick-speed engine is to be used
+for driving it direct, it will make a very compact installation, but
+there seems to be some difficulty as yet in getting suitable reliable
+engines, besides which many marine engineers object to quick-speed
+engines altogether. If a slow-speed engine is to be used, a belt is of
+course required to get the necessary speed on the dynamo, and various
+precautions are needful to prevent the belt slipping off the pulley when
+the ship is rolling about in a sea-way. In all cases, the engine and
+dynamo should be placed with their spindles fore-and-aft, or in a line
+with the ship's keel, the rolling being felt more than the pitching.
+There are various ways of keeping the belt from slipping off the pulley.
+Some have flanges on the pulley, others have guides or rollers on each
+side of the belt, each plan having its advantages and disadvantages; but
+some plan must be used, otherwise the belt slips off, usually in the
+middle of the first-saloon dinner, and out go all the lights, besides
+which the belt may be considerably damaged before the engine can be
+stopped. The engine must be one that will work very steadily, otherwise
+the lights will pulsate at each revolution of the engine, which is most
+unpleasant. If the engine is a single one, it must have a large
+fly-wheel, or a driving-wheel large and heavy enough to answer the same
+purpose. The engine requires a good sensitive governor, so as to keep
+the speed regular when some of the lamps are turned on or off. When the
+engine and dynamo are in the main engine-room, the throttle-valve, or a
+stop-valve, should be in a convenient place for the engineer on watch to
+get at so as to instantly shut off the steam if the belt slips off or
+breaks. In ships where an electrician is carried there will not be the
+same necessity for this precaution. It is necessary to have some means
+of tightening up the belt, so as to keep it from slipping round the
+pulley. Where the engine and dynamo are on the same level there may be a
+screw arrangement in the base-plate of the latter by which the distance
+between centres can be increased. Where the engine and dynamo are on
+different levels, and the latter is a fixture, recourse must be had to a
+roller, bearing against the upper part of the belt and capable of screw
+adjustment. If link leather belting is used, it will be found necessary
+to take out several rows of links each day until it has finished
+stretching. A very handy thing to use for this purpose, and which can be
+made on board by an engineer, is a double clamp with a screw in between,
+just like the ones which are being sold for stretching trousers which
+have got baggy at the knees. Whatever belt is used, it is very important
+that there should be no joint or inequality which can cause a jump or
+slip when going over the pulley, as this will cause the lights to
+pulsate each time. In America friction gearing has been tried, but I do
+not know with what success. From my experience of friction gearing, I am
+inclined to think it might do very well. There is certainly no doubt
+that direct-acting quick-speed engines are the ones to use, and it is
+only a question of getting a suitable one.
+
+The dynamo being firmly fixed in position, the main leads are connected
+to it, and carried along to the switch-board, which should be in a
+convenient position near at hand. On this switch-board are usually
+placed the large safety fuses. The board should have a cover to it, to
+prevent any one meddling with it, and to keep it clean. The main leads
+are of a large size, and from these other smaller ones branch off, being
+spliced and soldered to them. It is a very good practice to use leads of
+two different colours, as we can then work by the following rule: Never
+connect together two leads of different colours except by means of a
+lamp or other resistance. The size of the various leads depends on the
+current to be conveyed, and is a matter for the electricians. On the
+main-deck of a large passenger steamer, the main leads may be carried
+along side by side under the upper deck, and from these, smaller ones
+branch off into the various sets of rooms, smaller ones still going into
+each room. In each room there will be one lamp with its switch to turn
+it on or off as desired, and a safety fuse. The lamps are held in small
+brackets, and are contained when desired in frosted globes, which
+diffuse the light and make it very pleasant. When these globes are held
+rigidly in the brackets, the least knock breaks them. A very good
+bracket I have seen in use is one which allows the globe to move about
+on its support when touched, being at the same time sufficiently a
+fixture to resist the motion of the ship; and in the particular ship in
+which I saw these used in the first saloon, there was not a single
+breakage during a four months' voyage. The switches for turning each
+light on or off can be under the control of the passengers, or, on the
+other hand, they can be fitted to work with keys kept by the stewards,
+as thought most desirable.
+
+The lamps used can be of various candle-powers, within certain limits,
+and of whatever make is considered best. They can also be of various
+makes, as long as they are constructed to stand the same E.M.F. The
+lamps in the passenger berths give quite sufficient light if of
+10-candle power; the ones for lighting the saloons, passages, and other
+large spaces, may with advantage be of 20-candle power. In these days of
+luxurious travelling, when the various lines are trying to attract
+passengers to their particular ships, what follows may be thought worth
+consideration. In steamers going through the tropics to India, China,
+Australia, &c., it is usual to get up dances, concerts, and other
+entertainments on the quarter-deck, at times when it would be impossible
+to do anything below on account of the heat. The quarter-deck then has
+to be lighted up. This is effected by means of globe oil-lamps hung
+about here and there, two being hung in front of the piano, in
+unpleasant proximity to the head of the obliging lady pianist. Now in a
+ship lighted by electricity, there is no reason why a couple of leads
+should not be brought up from below through a skylight or other opening,
+on to the quarter-deck. Indeed the leads might be arranged to screw into
+a place in the deck, or on the side of a skylight, just in the same
+manner as a hose is connected for washing decks. These leads would have
+holders for lamps fitted permanently at intervals, and when required for
+use would be stopped up along the awning-spar or ridge-chains, and the
+lamps screwed or hooked into the holders. With a few handy men, five or
+ten minutes would suffice to arrange the whole thing after the leads had
+once been fitted. The leads once fitted for this purpose would be
+always ready for use, and could be kept coiled away in a box which might
+also have a compartment to contain the dozen or so of lamps required.
+
+If the dynamo is already running as many lamps as it is capable of, some
+of the bedroom lights may be turned off while the quarter-deck is being
+lighted. Another thing which I think has not yet been done is the
+following. When working cargo at night, and indeed during the day to
+some extent, lights are of necessity used in the holds. The _theory_ is,
+that no naked lights shall be allowed, but the _practice_ is this: lamps
+are taken below, get knocked about, the wicks fall down and want
+pricking up, the lamps are opened for this purpose, and as they are
+found to give more light without a dusty glass round them than with it,
+they are left open. Candles are often taken below lighted, and even
+matches struck to see the mark on a bale. I am aware that arc lamps are
+used in the Royal Albert Docks, London, in connection with the dock
+lighting, lamps being carried below when required, with flexible leads
+attached, and that, in some few steamers, arc lamps have been used in
+the same manner in connection with their own plant. These arc lamps are,
+I think, not nearly as suitable as incandescent lamps for the purpose of
+lighting up a ship's hold; the light is too glaring, and casts deep
+shadows amongst the bales and cases, besides which, the lamps are large
+and clumsy. I would suggest that leads should be carried behind the
+stringer-battens in the ship's side, or along under the next upper-deck,
+having simple sockets or holders for incandescent lamps at certain
+intervals. Whoever might be in charge of the hold would screw or hook on
+the lamps as required, and so light up every part of the hold thoroughly
+while work was going on. There would be no risk of fire, and I am
+convinced that the extra leads and lamps would pay for themselves in a
+very short time, because work would get on more quickly, and pilfering
+of the cargo would be in a great measure put a stop to. The leads for
+the holds could be so arranged as to be quite unconnected with the
+dynamo while at sea, so that there could not be the remotest possibility
+of the current finding its way below when not wanted. In fine, there is
+no reason whatever why a ship's hold should not be lighted up when
+required, as well as a warehouse or store on shore.
+
+Now, we will suppose that our installation is complete, ready for
+working, everything having been pronounced in order by the electrician
+who has looked after the work. Evening is approaching, and the lights
+will soon be required; we must therefore see that our engine and dynamo
+are ready for a start. If the engine and dynamo are separate, the belt
+must be felt, to see that it is tight enough, otherwise it must be
+tightened by whatever means are provided for the purpose. We must also
+see that the engine and dynamo are properly oiled, and that the
+worsteds are down the tubes of the oil-cups, and working properly, not
+dry, as I have known them to be, with fatal results to the dynamo. If
+the lubrication is performed by means of tubes leading to each bearing
+from an elevated oil-box, we must see that the oil really gets to the
+bearings, and regulate its flow as required. The commutators and
+collector-rings and rubbers require only a wipe of oil, just sufficient
+to prevent undue wearing of the surfaces; if too much is put on them,
+they will spark a great deal, and sparking will wear them away more
+quickly than friction. The brushes of copper wire which collect the
+current of the exciter dynamo, and others of similar pattern, must be
+placed so that the ends press on the commutator as shown in Fig. 21.
+The ends should project just a little way beyond the point or
+line of contact, and when the dynamo is running, there should be
+very little sparking. I am supposing that our plant consists of an
+alternating-current dynamo with a small exciter. The wires leading from
+the exciter to the other dynamo remain always connected, as there is no
+need for meddling with them.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.]
+
+We will now start the engine, and thereby set the dynamo going round,
+slowly at first, and gradually up to the speed required. The main
+switches are not yet turned on, so there is no current going through the
+leads as yet; what then is being done? A current is being produced by
+the exciter only, and is magnetising the electro-magnets of the larger
+dynamo, and if we want to know if it is really doing its work as
+intended, we just hold a small pocket-compass over the ends of two
+opposite magnets of the dynamo, and observe how the needle points. It
+should at once take up the position shown in Fig. 22, and if then held
+over the next couple in like manner, the needle should simply turn
+round, and point in exactly the opposite direction. If it points in any
+other direction, there is something wrong with the connections. If,
+however, the connections are right at starting, they will of course
+remain right, and there should be no need for this test. It is well to
+remember that when dynamos are working, they are, or contain for the
+time being, very powerful magnets, therefore if we bend over them to
+examine them, our watches will get magnetised, which does not improve
+their qualities as time-keepers. Say that our dynamo is now going round
+at the required speed, which may be 500 or 600 revolutions per minute;
+the engine is not using much steam as yet, because very little work is
+being done. We now switch on a set of lamps; this closes the circuit,
+and the large dynamo begins to produce its alternating current, which
+goes through the lamps and lights them up. This, however, gives the
+engine more work to do, and more steam must be turned on, otherwise the
+necessary speed will not be kept up. We switch on all the other lamps as
+required, and must see that the speed of the dynamo is kept constant. A
+difference of a few lamps, affecting the engine to a small extent only,
+should be compensated automatically by the governor. If the brightest
+lamps are not bright enough, the speed should be increased a little, but
+care must be taken not to overdo it, because if the current is too
+strong, some of the safety fuses will melt, and the corresponding lamps
+will go out. It must not be inferred from what I have said, that it is
+necessary to run the dynamo at first without switching on any lamps. On
+the contrary, a better effect will be produced if all the lamps are
+switched on before starting, as they will then gradually work up to
+their full brilliancy; whereas, if one set of lamps is started first,
+and run bright, and we then switch on another set, the current at first
+will be too small for the two sets, and the first set will get quite
+dull, remaining so until the dynamo is going at its proper speed again.
+When lighted up for the first time, it will be found that some of the
+lamps are much brighter than others; this is because the lamps at
+present made are not of perfectly equal resistances. We must go round,
+then, and note where the dull ones are, and we can either at once, or
+during next day, shift them into the bathrooms and places where such a
+perfect light is not required. All the lamps in one room, the first
+saloon, or music room, for instance, should be equalised as much as
+possible, and in such places the brightest should be used. Nothing looks
+worse than to see a couple of dull lights in the same room as a lot of
+bright ones. By seeing to these matters we can make the lighting much
+more satisfactory than it otherwise would be. During the first few
+evenings we shall probably have some of the lamps go out through the
+filaments breaking. This I consider a weeding out of defective lamps,
+because if it were that the current was too strong, the fuses would have
+given way. Some of the fuses give way when the current is _not_ too
+strong; this is owing to imperfections in the fuses, and they must be
+replaced by spare ones. For the sake of economy, it is well not to run
+the lamps too bright. Without giving the lamps the maximum current a
+very good light can be obtained, and they will last all the longer. I
+need hardly say that there is a medium in this as in everything else,
+and it does not look well when a candle is placed alongside of an
+electric lamp to enable a person to read or write in comfort.
+
+All this time the dynamo is running, and we must feel the bearings
+occasionally to see if they are keeping cool. There will be no trouble
+if the lubrication is all right. If the oil does not get into the
+bearings as it should do, they will heat, jam the spindle, or seize, and
+bring up the engine or break the belt. The lights will then all go out,
+and everybody will say hard things of the electric light, while the
+fault really rests with us. Sometimes seizing occurs through the spindle
+not being slack enough in the bearings, but this generally occurs while
+testing the dynamo at the works.
+
+It must be borne in mind that in dynamos the spindle must be a good fit,
+and there may be room in the bearings for ordinary engine-oil while
+there may not be for a thicker oil, such as castor oil. Therefore, if
+the bearings show a tendency to heat, it may improve matters to thin the
+oil used with petroleum. While giving the dynamo its proper supply of
+oil, we must only apply it in the proper places. If we let the bobbins
+get smothered in oil, the insulating material on the wire will get
+rotted, and a short circuiting will probably take place. The dynamo
+cannot be kept too clean, and there should be a canvas cover to put over
+it while not in use, especially while coaling. We will suppose that all
+is going on right; a steward comes along and says: "Mr. So-and-so, I
+cannot get the lamp in number 6 berth to light although I have turned
+the switch the right way." "All right, I will go and look at it," you
+answer. Now, let us see what is the matter. We unhook or unscrew the
+lamp, and look at the filament; it is not broken. We replace the lamp
+again, and are careful that it makes good contact; but still no light.
+Let us look at the safety fuse; why, there is none! it has been missed
+out. We get one of the spare ones out of our electric store, and put it
+in its place, and the lamp lights properly at once. We find another lamp
+out, and look at it. We see at once that the filament is broken, so
+there is no question about this one; it must be changed. Hallo! what is
+up with this one? it goes in and out all the time like a flash light.
+The current must be getting to it all right, otherwise it would not
+light at all. I see what it is; it is a Swan lamp, and the spring is not
+pressing quite fairly on it, so that one hook is making good contact,
+while the other tightens and slacks with the vibration of the ship. This
+is soon set right by turning the spring round a little, or hooking the
+lamp the other way. Or it is an Edison lamp, which has got slightly
+unscrewed, and no longer makes good contact at the back end of the
+holder. In some lamp-fittings the ends of the leads are held in a spring
+grip in the base of the bracket, and it may happen that they have
+slipped out, and so broken the circuit, and extinguished the light. In
+the Swan lamps, and others of a similar pattern, one of the little
+platinum loops in the base of the lamps sometimes gets broken off; the
+lamp is then of no further use. To recapitulate, if a lamp goes out, the
+first thing is to see if the filament is broken, next if it makes good
+contact. If it does not then light up, see if there is any current
+getting to it; this may be found out by touching the two hooks in a Swan
+holder, or the back and side of an Edison screw holder, with a moistened
+finger. With a current of 50 volts a slight tickling sensation will be
+felt if the current is passing through. If this cannot be felt, there
+must be some part or other disconnected, perhaps the safety fuse has
+given out, or the ends of the leads got adrift from the bracket. If in
+any doubt about the lamp, try another in the same place.
+
+In some steamers incandescent lamps are used in the side lamps; they can
+easily be fitted for this purpose, especially when the ship is provided
+with lighthouses built in, as in the Anchor Line steamers. Two or more
+incandescent lamps can be arranged on a small stand, which will slide
+into the lantern, taking the place of the regulation oil lamp, and
+connected by flexible leads to the other leads. It would be easy to put
+six 20-candle power lamps in a group in each lantern, as it does not
+matter in what position they are placed; two might be used on ordinary
+occasions, while on a foggy night, the whole six could be switched on.
+If one lamp went out through the filament giving way, it would not
+affect the others, so that there would still be a light in the lantern.
+If, through some breakdown of the engine or dynamo, the electric current
+were no longer to be had, then it would only be necessary to withdraw
+the stand of lamps, and put in the ordinary regulation oil-lamp. The
+mast-head lamp could also be fitted with the electric light, as indeed
+has already been done. On no account, however, should an arc light be
+used, as besides being too dazzling, it is much too uncertain; in fact
+many other reasons could be given for rejecting it. It is even a
+question whether it is an advantage to have incandescent lamps for a
+mast-head light. There is certainly the great advantage of not having to
+pull the lamp up and down to trim it, a rather risky performance in
+heavy weather, and also of the light not being affected by any wind that
+may get into the lamp; though as regards the first, English officers
+would never be satisfied to see a lamp dangling on the stay all day
+long, as appears to be the custom in some foreign steamers, besides
+which it would have to be lowered to be cleaned outside.
+
+The present mast-head lights are quite powerful enough already, too much
+so when compared with the side lights. I am not aware of any collisions
+having occurred through a mast-head light not being seen in time, but
+how many from the side lights not being seen! It was no doubt
+contemplated, as indeed the regulations show, that no lights should be
+visible about a vessel, except the regulation lights; but many who have
+seen a large passenger steamer go past will have noticed how her side
+was--one, two, or three rows of dazzling bright lights, and will have
+looked almost in vain for the green or red light dimly visible in the
+midst of all the bright ones. If bright electric lights, therefore, are
+shining through the ports, we must have our side lights at least as
+bright, so as to give them a chance of being seen. If electric lamps are
+used as side lights, the dynamo must be kept running all night. If it is
+thought desirable to put out all unnecessary lights at 11 P.M., the
+leads can be so arranged that these lights can be all on one or more
+circuits, and the necessary ones on another.
+
+Although the dynamo will have to go at nearly the same speed throughout
+the night, it will not have the same amount of work to do, and the
+engine will therefore use much less steam, the consumption being in
+proportion to the number of lights used. An economical engineer will
+therefore see that bedroom lamps are not kept lighted all the evening
+without any necessity. On shore we should never think of keeping
+gas-lights blazing away for no purpose, and why should we use
+electricity with more lavishness, especially when it is so easy to turn
+a light on or off. The switches might with advantage be painted with
+Balmain's luminous paint, and there would then be no trouble in finding
+them in the dark. It is well to know that on board ship, probably in all
+cases of electric lighting, there is no danger to life to be apprehended
+from touching any of the leads where bare, or indeed any part of the
+dynamos, as the E.M.F. is usually not more than 50 volts. It is best,
+however, not to try any experiments, and it is a good general rule, not
+to touch a bare part of a dynamo or lead with both hands at the same
+time. The fear of getting hurt has the good effect of keeping passengers
+and others from meddling with their lamps.
+
+I have said nothing about the use of electric lights in binnacles,
+though it would be a great advantage to be able to supply them with a
+good steady light quite unaffected by wind. There is an obstacle to
+their use for this purpose, in that the electric current being used near
+the compass, the latter is affected by it. In theory, an alternating
+current should have no effect; but it would require very exhaustive
+experiments to be made before enough confidence could be inspired
+concerning its innocence, and I fancy it would usually be looked upon
+with great suspicion by captains and officers of ships. The dynamo being
+made up of powerful magnets, must of course be always at a good distance
+from the compasses. In some installations on iron steamers, the return
+leads have been dispensed with, the iron of the ship carrying the
+current back, in the same way that the earth or sea does it in a
+telegraph circuit.
+
+It is to be observed that a dynamo with _brushes_ on the commutator is
+not necessarily a _Brush_ dynamo as a good many people seem to think,
+the latter being named after its inventor, Mr. Brush.
+
+A dynamo is not a _battery_ as some people call it, and there is no need
+for multiplying names.
+
+A pocket speed-indicator should be supplied for testing the speed of the
+dynamo, to see that it is kept up to proper speed, and that the belt (if
+used) does not slip to an unreasonable extent.
+
+I think I have now said enough to redeem my introductory promise, and if
+I have, so to speak, let more electric light on to a subject previously
+dark to a good many people, I shall be well satisfied with my labour,
+and I hope that those who peruse this book will be induced to go more
+deeply into the subject by means of the many good books which have been
+written by cleverer men than I, and which enter more thoroughly into all
+its details.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+
+      PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET
+                           AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
+
+
+                             BOOKS RELATING
+                                   TO
+                            APPLIED SCIENCE,
+                              PUBLISHED BY
+                            E. & F. N. SPON,
+                          LONDON: 125, STRAND.
+
+                      NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET.
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book for Chemists, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists,
+Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students,
+etc., etc._ By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland, Analytical and
+Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Fourth edition, with additions, 437 pp.,
+royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Atomic Weights and Factors--Useful Data--Chemical Calculations--
+     Rules for Indirect Analysis--Weights and Measures--Thermometers and
+     Barometers--Chemical Physics--Boiling Points, etc.--Solubility of
+     Substances--Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity--Conversion of
+     Hydrometers--Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity--Analysis--
+     Gas Analysis--Water Analysis--Qualitative Analysis and Reactions--
+     Volumetric Analysis--Manipulation--Mineralogy--Assaying--Alcohol--
+     Beer--Sugar--Miscellaneous Technological matter relating to Potash,
+     Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk,
+     Tallow, Photography, Prices, Wages, Appendix, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The Mechanician_: A Treatise on the Construction and Manipulation of
+Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers and Scientific
+Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and Forging; the
+Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the various Methods of
+Using and Grinding them; the Construction of Machine Tools, and how to
+work them; Machine Fitting and Erection; description of Hand and Machine
+Processes; Turning and Screw Cutting; principles of Constructing and
+details of Making and Erecting Steam Engines, and the various details of
+setting out work, etc., etc. By CAMERON KNIGHT, Engineer. _Containing
+1147 illustrations_, and 397 pages of letter-press, Fourth edition, 4to,
+cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+
+
+_Just Published, in Demy 8vo, cloth, containing 975 pages and 250
+Illustrations, price 7s. 6d._
+
+
+SPONS' HOUSEHOLD MANUAL:
+
+     A Treasury of Domestic Receipts and Guide for Home Management.
+
+     PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.
+
+     =Hints for selecting a good House=, pointing out the essential
+     requirements for a good house as to the Site, Soil, Trees, Aspect,
+     Construction, and General Arrangement; with instructions for
+     Reducing Echoes, Waterproofing Damp Walls, Curing Damp Cellars.
+
+     =Sanitation.=--What should constitute a good Sanitary Arrangement;
+     Examples (with illustrations) of Well--and Ill-drained Houses; How
+     to Test Drains; Ventilating Pipes, etc.
+
+     =Water Supply.=--Care of Cisterns; Sources of Supply; Pipes; Pumps;
+     Purification and Filtration of Water.
+
+     =Ventilation and Warming.=--Methods of Ventilating without causing
+     cold draughts, by various means; Principles of Warming; Health
+     Questions; Combustion; Open Grates; Open Stoves; Fuel Economisers;
+     Varieties of Grates; Close-Fire Stoves; Hot-air Furnaces; Gas
+     Heating; Oil Stoves; Steam Heating; Chemical Heaters; Management
+     of Flues; and Cure of Smoky Chimneys.
+
+     =Lighting.=--The best methods of Lighting; Candles, Oil Lamps, Gas,
+     Incandescent Gas, Electric Light; How to test Gas Pipes; Management
+     of Gas.
+
+     =Furniture and Decoration.=--Hints on the Selection of Furniture;
+     on the most approved methods of Modern Decoration; on the best
+     methods of arranging Bells and Calls; How to Construct an Electric
+     Bell.
+
+     =Thieves and Fire.=--Precautions against Thieves and Fire; Methods
+     of Detection; Domestic Fire Escapes; Fireproofing Clothes, etc.
+
+     =The Larder.=--Keeping Food fresh for a limited time; Storing Food
+     without change, such as Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, Honey, etc.
+
+     =Curing Foods for lengthened Preservation=, as Smoking, Salting,
+     Canning, Potting, Pickling, Bottling Fruits, etc.; Jams, Jellies,
+     Marmalade, etc.
+
+     =The Dairy.=--The Building and Fitting of Dairies in the most
+     approved modern style; Butter-making; Cheesemaking and Curing.
+
+     =The Cellar.=--Building and Fitting; Cleaning Casks and Bottles;
+     Corks and Corking; Aerated Drinks; Syrups for Drinks; Beers;
+     Bitters; Cordials and Liqueurs; Wines; Miscellaneous Drinks.
+
+     =The Pantry.=--Bread-making; Ovens and Pyrometers; Yeast; German
+     Yeast; Biscuits; Cakes; Fancy Breads; Buns.
+
+     =The Kitchen.=--On Fitting Kitchens; a description of the best
+     Cooking Ranges, close and open; the Management and Care of Hot
+     Plates, Baking Ovens, Dampers, Flues, and Chimneys; Cooking by Gas;
+     Cooking by Oil; the Arts of Roasting, Grilling, Boiling, Stewing,
+     Braising, Frying.
+
+     =Receipts for Dishes.=--Soups, Fish, Meat, Game, Poultry,
+     Vegetables, Salads, Puddings, Pastry, Confectionery, Ices, etc.,
+     etc.; Foreign Dishes.
+
+     =The Housewife's Room.=--Testing Air, Water, and Foods; Cleaning
+     and Renovating; Destroying Vermin.
+
+     =Housekeeping, Marketing.=
+
+     =The Dining-Room.=--Dietetics; Laying and Waiting at Table;
+     Carving; Dinners, Breakfasts, Luncheons, Teas, Suppers, etc.
+
+     =The Drawing-Room.=--Etiquette; Dancing; Amateur Theatricals;
+     Tricks and Illusions; Games (indoor).
+
+     =The Bedroom= and Dressing-Room; Sleep; the Toilet; Dress; Buying
+     Clothes; Outfits; Fancy Dress.
+
+     =The Nursery.=--The Room; Clothing; Washing; Exercise; Sleep;
+     Feeding; Teething; Illness; Home Training.
+
+     =The Sick-Room.=--The Room; the Nurse; the Bed; Sick Room
+     Accessories; Feeding Patients; Invalid Dishes and Drinks;
+     Administering Physic; Domestic Remedies; Accidents and Emergencies;
+     Bandaging; Burns; Carrying Injured Persons; Wounds; Drowning; Fits;
+     Frost-bites; Poisons and Antidotes; Sunstroke; Common Complaints;
+     Disinfection, etc.
+
+     =The Bath-Room.=--Bathing in General; Management of Hot-Water
+     System.
+
+     =The Laundry.=--Small Domestic Washing Machines, and methods of
+     getting up linen; Fitting up and Working a Steam Laundry.
+
+     =The School-Room.=--The Room and its Fittings; Teaching, etc.
+
+     =The Playground.=--Air and Exercise; Training; Outdoor Games and
+     Sports.
+
+     =The Workroom.=--Darning, Patching, and Mending Garments.
+
+     =The Library.=-Care of Books.
+
+     =The Garden.=--Calendar of Operations for Lawn, Flower Garden, and
+     Kitchen Garden.
+
+     =The Farmyard.=--Management of the Horse, Cow, Pig, Poultry, Bees,
+     etc., etc.
+
+     =Small Motors.=--A description of the various small Engines useful
+     for domestic purposes, from 1 man to 1 horse power, worked by
+     various methods, such as Electric Engines, Gas Engines, Petroleum
+     Engines, Steam Engines, Condensing Engines, Water Power, Wind
+     Power, and the various methods of working and managing them.
+
+     =Household Law.=--The Law relating to Landlords and Tenants,
+     Lodgers, Servants, Parochial Authorities, Juries, Insurance,
+     Nuisance, etc.
+
+
+_On Designing Belt Gearing._ By E. J. COWLING WELCH, Mem. Inst. Mech.
+Engineers, Author of 'Designing Valve Gearing.' Fcap. 8vo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Handbook of Formulae, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural
+Surveyors and others engaged in Building._ By J. T. HURST, C. E.
+Fourteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, 5_s._
+
+     "It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer
+     to, to say that in our opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst's
+     is the very best of them all, without any exception. It would be
+     useless to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears
+     to contain almost _everything_ that anyone connected with building
+     could require, and, best of all, made up in a compact form for
+     carrying in the pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about
+     1/4 in. thick, in a limp cover. We congratulate the author on the
+     success of his laborious and practically compiled little book,
+     which has received unqualified and deserved praise from every
+     professional person to whom we have shown it."--_The Dublin
+     Builder._
+
+
+_Tabulated Weights of Angle, Tee, Bulb, Round, Square, and Flat Iron and
+Steel_, and other information for the use of Naval Architects and
+Shipbuilders. By C. H. JORDAN, M.I.N.A. Fourth edition, 32mo, cloth,
+2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Complete Set of Contract Documents for a Country Lodge_, comprising
+Drawings, Specifications, Dimensions (for quantities), Abstracts, Bill
+of Quantities, Form of Tender and Contract, with Notes by J. LEANING,
+printed in facsimile of the original documents, on single sheets fcap.,
+in paper case, 10_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts_; for the
+Use of Engineers, Architects, &c. By THOMAS BOX. _With 14 plates._ Third
+edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments_: their
+construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, and suggestions
+for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colouring. By W. F.
+STANLEY, M.R.I. Fifth edition, _with numerous illustrations_, crown 8vo,
+cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Quantity Surveying_, By J. LEANING. With 42 illustrations. Second
+edition, revised, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     A complete Explanation of the London Practice.
+     General Instructions.
+     Order of Taking Off.
+     Modes of Measurement of the various Trades.
+     Use and Waste.
+     Ventilation and Warming.
+     Credits, with various Examples of Treatment.
+     Abbreviations.
+     Squaring the Dimensions.
+     Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of each Trade.
+     Billing.
+     Examples of Preambles to each Trade.
+     Form for a Bill of Quantities.
+        Do.     Bill of Credits.
+        Do.     Bill for Alternative Estimate.
+     Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill.
+     Variations before Acceptance of Tender.
+     Errors in a Builder's Estimate.
+     Schedule of Prices.
+     Form of Schedule of Prices.
+     Analysis of Schedule of Prices.
+     Adjustment of Accounts.
+     Form of a Bill of Variations.
+     Remarks on Specifications.
+     Prices and Valuation of Work, with Examples and Remarks upon each
+       Trade.
+     The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, with Law Reports.
+     Taking Off after the Old Method.
+     Northern Practice.
+     The General Statement of the Methods recommended by the Manchester
+       Society of Architects for taking Quantities.
+     Examples of Collections.
+     Examples of "Taking Off" in each Trade.
+     Remarks on the Past and Present Methods of Estimating.
+
+
+_Spons' Architects' and Builders' Pocket-Book of Prices and Memoranda._
+Edited by W. YOUNG, Architect. Crown 8vo, cloth, _Published annually_.
+Fifteenth edition. _Now ready._
+
+
+_Long-Span Railway Bridges_, comprising Investigations of the
+Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various adopted
+or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous Formulae and
+Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in Bridges from 300
+feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added similar Investigations
+and Tables relating to Short-span Railway Bridges. Second and revised
+edition. By B. BAKER, Assoc. Inst. C.E. _Plates_, crown 8vo, cloth,
+5_s._
+
+
+_Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges and Roofs._ By AUGUST
+RITTER, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic School at Aix-la-Chapelle.
+Translated from the third German edition, by H. R. SANKEY, Capt. R.E.
+With 500 _illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_The Elementary Principles of Carpentry._ By THOMAS TREDGOLD. Revised
+from the original edition, and partly re-written, by JOHN THOMAS HURST.
+Contained in 517 pages of letter-press, and _illustrated with 48 plates
+and 150 wood engravings_. Sixth edition, reprinted from the third, crown
+8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     Section I. On the Equality and Distribution of Forces--Section II.
+     Resistance of Timber--Section III. Construction of Floors--Section
+     IV. Construction of Roofs--Section V. Construction of Domes and
+     Cupolas--Section VI. Construction of Partitions--Section VII.
+     Scaffolds, Staging, and Gantries--Section VIII. Construction of
+     Centres for Bridges--Section IX. Coffer-dams, Shoring, and
+     Strutting--Section X. Wooden Bridges and Viaducts--Section XI.
+     Joints, Straps, and other Fastenings--Section XII. Timber.
+
+
+_The Builder's Clerk_: a Guide to the Management of a Builder's
+Business. By THOMAS BALES. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Our Factories, Workshops, and Warehouses_: their Sanitary and
+Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By _B. H. Thwaite_, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E.
+_With 183 wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Gold_: Its Occurrence and Extraction, embracing the Geographical and
+Geological Distribution and the Mineralogical Characters of Gold-bearing
+rocks; the peculiar features and modes of working Shallow Placers,
+Rivers, and Deep Leads; Hydraulicing; the Reduction and Separation of
+Auriferous Quartz; the treatment of complex Auriferous ores containing
+other metals; a Bibliography of the subject and a Glossary of Technical
+and Foreign Terms. By _Alfred G. Lock_, F.R.G.S. _With numerous
+illustrations and maps_, 1250 pp., super-royal 8vo, cloth, 2_l._ 12_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_Iron Roofs_: Examples of Design, Description. _Illustrated with 64
+Working Drawings of Executed Roofs._ By ARTHUR T. WALMISLEY, Assoc. Mem.
+Inst. C.E. Second edition, revised, imp. 4to, half-morocco, 3_l._ 3_s._
+
+
+_A History of Electric Telegraphy_, to the Year 1837. Chiefly compiled
+from Original Sources, and hitherto Unpublished Documents, by J. J.
+FAHIE, Mem. Soc. of Tel. Engineers, and of the International Society of
+Electricians, Paris. Crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Spons' Information for Colonial Engineers._ Edited by J. T. HURST. Demy
+8vo, sewed.
+
+     No. 1, Ceylon. By ABRAHAM DEANE, C.E. 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Introductory Remarks--Natural Productions--Architecture and
+     Engineering--Topography, Trade, and Natural History--Principal
+     Stations--Weights and Measures, etc., etc.
+
+     No. 2. Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, and the
+     Dutch Republics. By HENRY HALL, F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. With Map. 3_s._
+     6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     General Description of South Africa--Physical Geography with
+     reference to Engineering Operations--Notes on Labour and Material
+     in Cape Colony--Geological Notes on Rock Formation in South
+     Africa--Engineering Instruments for Use in South Africa--Principal
+     Public Works in Cape Colony: Railways, Mountain Roads and Passes,
+     Harbour Works, Bridges, Gas Works, Irrigation and Water Supply,
+     Lighthouses, Drainage and Sanitary Engineering, Public Buildings,
+     Mines--Table of Woods in South Africa--Animals used for Draught
+     Purposes--Statistical Notes--Table of Distances--Rates of Carriage,
+     etc.
+
+     No. 3. India. By F. C. DANVERS, Assoc. Inst. C.E. With Map. 4_s._
+     6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Physical Geography of India--Building Materials--Roads--Railways--
+     Bridges--Irrigation--River Works--Harbours--Lighthouse Buildings--
+     Native Labour--The Principal Trees of India--Money--Weights and
+     Measures--Glossary of Indian Terms, etc.
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining._ By GEORGE G. ANDRE, F.G.S.,
+Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. _With 82
+lithographic plates._ 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Casting and Founding_, including descriptions
+of the modern machinery employed in the art. By N. E. SPRETSON,
+Engineer. Third edition, with 82 _plates_ drawn to scale, 412 pp., demy
+8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_The Depreciation of Factories and their Valuation._ By EWING MATHESON,
+M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_A Handbook of Electrical Testing._ By H. R. KEMPE, M.S.T.E. Fourth
+edition, revised and enlarged, crown 8vo, cloth, 16_s._
+
+
+_Gas Works_: their Arrangement, Construction, Plant, and Machinery. By
+F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E. _With 31 folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 24_s._
+
+
+_The Clerk of Works_: a Vade-Mecum for all engaged in the
+Superintendence of Building Operations. By G. G. HOSKINS, F.R.I.B.A.
+Third edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_American Foundry Practice_: Treating of Loam, Dry Sand, and Green Sand
+Moulding, and containing a Practical Treatise upon the Management of
+Cupolas, and the Melting of Iron. By T. D. WEST, Practical Iron Moulder
+and Foundry Foreman. Second edition, _with numerous illustrations_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads._ By T. CODRINGTON, M.I.C.E,
+F.G.S., General Superintendent of County Roads for South Wales. 8vo,
+cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_Hydraulic Steam and Hand Power Lifting and Pressing Machinery._ By
+FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. _With 73 plates_, 8vo,
+cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 23
+folding plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Pumps and Pumping Machinery._ By F. COLYER. Second Part. _With 11 large
+plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Cure of Dry Rot in
+Timber_; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood from Destruction
+by Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By THOMAS ALLEN BRITTON, late Surveyor
+to the Metropolitan Board of Works, etc., etc. _With 10 plates_, crown
+8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer's Handbook._ By H. PERCY BOULNOIS,
+Mem. Inst. C.E., Borough Engineer, Portsmouth. _With numerous
+illustrations_, demy 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     The Appointment and Duties of the Town Surveyor--Traffic--
+     Macadamised Roadways--Steam Rolling--Road Metal and Breaking--
+     Pitched Pavements--Asphalte--Wood Pavements--Footpaths--Kerbs and
+     Gutters--Street Naming and Numbering--Street Lighting--Sewerage--
+     Ventilation of Sewers--Disposal of Sewage--House Drainage--
+     Disinfection--Gas and Water Companies, etc., Breaking up Streets--
+     Improvement of Private Streets--Borrowing Powers--Artizans' and
+     Labourers' Dwellings--Public Conveniences--Scavenging, including
+     Street Cleansing--Watering and the Removing of Snow--Planting
+     Street Trees--Deposit of Plans--Dangerous Buildings--Hoardings--
+     Obstructions--Improving Street Lines--Cellar Openings--Public
+     Pleasure Grounds--Cemeteries--Mortuaries--Cattle and Ordinary
+     Markets--Public Slaughter-houses, etc.--Giving numerous Forms
+     of Notices, Specifications, and General Information upon these
+     and other subjects of great importance to Municipal Engineers and
+     others engaged in Sanitary Work.
+
+
+_Metrical Tables._ By G. L. MOLESWORTH, M.I.C.E. 32mo, cloth, 1_s._
+6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     General--Linear Measures--Square Measures--Cubic Measures--Measures
+     of Capacity--Weights--Combinations--Thermometers.
+
+
+_Elements of Construction for Electro-Magnets._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL,
+Mem. de I'lnstitut de France. Translated from the French by C. J.
+WHARTON. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Electrical Units Popularly Explained_, with _numerous
+illustrations_ and Remarks. By JAMES SWINBURNE, late of J. W. Swan and
+Co., Paris, late of Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, U.S.A. 18mo,
+cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Transmission of Power._ By J.
+H. COOPER. Second edition, _illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical
+Engineers._ By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTH, Mem. Inst. C.E., Consulting
+Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways. _With numerous
+illustrations_, 744 pp. Twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged,
+32mo, roan, 6_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Surveying, Levelling, etc.--Strength and Weight of Materials--
+     Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc.--Struts, Columns,
+     Beams, and Trusses--Flooring, Roofing, and Roof Trusses--Girders,
+     Bridges, etc.--Railways and Roads--Hydraulic Formulae--Canals,
+     Sewers, Waterworks, Docks--Irrigation and Breakwaters--Gas,
+     Ventilation, and Warming--Heat, Light, Colour, and Sound--Gravity:
+     Centres, Forces, and Powers--Millwork, Teeth of Wheels, Shafting,
+     etc.--Workshop Recipes--Sundry Machinery--Animal Power--Steam and
+     the Steam Engine--Water-power, Water-wheels, Turbines, etc.--Wind
+     and Windmills--Steam Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc.--
+     Gunnery, Projectiles, etc.--Weights, Measures, and Money--
+     Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and Curves--Telegraphy--Mensuration--
+     Tables of Areas and Circumference, and Arcs of Circles--Logarithms,
+     Square and Cube Roots, Powers--Reciprocals, etc.--Useful Numbers--
+     Differential and Integral Calculus--Algebraic Signs--Telegraphic
+     Construction and Formulae.
+
+
+_Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship._ By G. W. TUXFORD HALLATT.
+Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Spons' Tables and Memoranda for Engineers_; selected and arranged by J.
+T. HURST, C.E., Author of 'Architectural Surveyors' Handbook,' 'Hurst's
+Tredgold's Carpentry,' etc. Ninth edition, 64mo, roan, gilt edges,
+1_s._; or in cloth case, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+     This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring
+     only 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4 in. by 1/4 in. thick, that it may be easily
+     carried in the waistcoat pocket.
+
+     "It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to be
+     called upon to notice a volume measuring but 2-1/2 in. by 1-1/4
+     in., yet these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the
+     handy little book before us. The volume--which contains 118 printed
+     pages, besides a few blank pages for memoranda--is, in fact, a true
+     pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the waistcoat pocket, and
+     containing a far greater amount and variety of information than
+     most people would imagine could be compressed into so small a
+     space.... The little volume has been compiled with considerable
+     care and judgment, and we can cordially recommend it to our readers
+     as a useful little pocket companion."--_Engineering._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties
+and Constructive Adaptations._ By HENRY REID, Author of the 'Science and
+Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.' New Edition, _with 59
+woodcuts and 5 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete_; especially written to assist
+those engaged upon Public Works. By JOHN NEWMAN, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E.,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Electricity as a Motive Power._ By Count TH. DU MONCEL, Membre de
+l'Institut de France, and FRANK GERALDY, Ingenieur des Ponts et
+Chaussees. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by C. J. WHARTON,
+Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. _With 113 engravings and diagrams_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Treatise on Valve-Gears_, with special consideration of the
+Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER, Professor of
+Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of Zurich.
+Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. KLEIN,
+Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. _Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 1_2s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_The French-Polisher's Manual._ By a French-Polisher; containing Timber
+Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations, Directions
+for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing,
+French-Polishing, Directions for Re-polishing. Third edition, royal
+32mo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries._ By
+P. L. SIMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Principles of Graphic Statics._ By GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, Capt.
+Royal Engineers. _With 112 illustrations._ 4to, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Dynamo-Electric Machinery_: A Manual for Students of Electro-technics.
+By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, B.A., D.Sc., Professor of Experimental Physics
+in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Second edition,
+_illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Geometry, Perspective, and Engineering Drawing_; a Course of
+Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering
+Draughtsman, including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric
+Projection, each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which
+are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, etc., together with practical
+instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general
+treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing
+Instruments. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. Second edition, _with 21
+plates_. 2 vols., cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Elements of Graphic Statics._ By Professor KARL VON OTT, translated
+from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical
+Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College. _With 93 illustrations_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas._
+By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with _numerous wood engravings and 29
+plates_, cloth, 28_s._
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
+
+     Introduction--History of Gas Lighting--Chemistry of Gas
+     Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.--Coal, with
+     Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and G. R. Hislop,
+     Esqrs.--Retorts, Iron and Clay--Retort Setting--Hydraulic Main--
+     Condensers--Exhausters--Washers and Scrubbers--Purifiers--
+     Purification--History of Gas Holder--Tanks, Brick and Stone,
+     Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron--
+     Specifications--Gas Holders--Station Meter--Governor--
+     Distribution--Mains--Gas Mathematics, or Formulae for the
+     Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.--Services--Consumers'
+     Meters--Regulators--Burners--Fittings--Photometer--Carburization
+     of Gas--Air Gas and Water Gas--Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis
+     Thompson, Esq.--Analyses of Gas--Influence of Atmospheric Pressure
+     and Temperature on Gas--Residual Products--Appendix--Description
+     of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals._
+By W. R. KUTTER. Translated from articles in the 'Cultur-Ingenieur,' by
+LOWIS D'A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Practical Millwright and Engineer's Ready Reckoner_; or Tables for
+finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight, and
+power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By THOMAS DIXON.
+Fourth edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Tin_: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dressing and Smelting it
+abroad; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and Wolfram. By ARTHUR G.
+CHARLETON, Mem. American Inst. of Mining Engineers. _With plates_, 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Perspective, Explained and Illustrated._ By G. S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E.
+_With illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Practical Hydraulics_; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of
+Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS BOX. Fifth edition, _numerous plates_,
+post 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle
+of Work_, designed for Engineering Students. By OLIVER BYRNE, formerly
+Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition,
+_with 148 wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without
+     reference to a Unit of Time--Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents,
+     the Influence of Friction, and introduces one of the most beautiful
+     Laws of Motion--Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and
+     second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies--Chap. 4. The
+     Transmission of Work by simple Machines--Chap. 5. Useful
+     Propositions and Rules.
+
+
+_Breweries and Maltings_: their Arrangement, Construction, Machinery,
+and Plant. By G. SCAMELL, F.R.I.B.A. Second edition, revised, enlarged,
+and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. _With 20 plates_,
+8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and Vertical
+Waterwheels_, specially designed for the use of operative mechanics. By
+WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. _With 11 plates._ Second
+edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, _12s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc._;
+for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS BOX. Third edition, _with 11
+plates_. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Mining Machinery_: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and
+other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
+C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the
+Author's Treatise on Coal Mining, containing _182 plates_, accurately
+drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting--
+     Ventilation--Pumping--Treatment of Mineral Products, including
+     Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal, Sulphur,
+     China Clay, Brick Earth, etc.
+
+
+_Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, Roads, etc._,
+varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. KENNEDY and
+R. W. HACKWOOD. _Illustrated_, 32mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement_, with
+observations on some of its constructive applications. _With 66
+illustrations_. By HENRY REID, C.E., Author of 'A Practical Treatise on
+Concrete,' etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_; including
+instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and
+Mechanical Drawings. _With numerous illustrations in the text, and 33
+plates_ (_15 printed in colours_). By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
+C.E. 4to, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     The Drawing Office and its Furnishings--Geometrical Problems--
+     Lines, Dots, and their Combinations--Colours, Shading, Lettering,
+     Bordering, and North Points--Scales--Plotting--Civil Engineers'
+     and Surveyors' Plans--Map Drawing--Mechanical and Architectural
+     Drawing--Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulae, etc., etc.
+
+
+_The Boiler-maker's and Iron Ship-builder's Companion_, comprising a
+series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the utmost
+utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By JAMES FODEN, author
+of 'Mechanical Tables,' etc. Second edition revised, _with
+illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Rock Blasting_: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting
+Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.
+_With 56 illustrations and 12 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Painting and Painters' Manual_: a Book of Facts for Painters and those
+who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By C. L. CONDIT and J. SCHELLER.
+_Illustrated_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private
+Rope-yards_, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of
+Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways,
+Builders, etc. By R. CHAPMAN, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart and
+Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford.
+Second edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables_; for the use of Engineers,
+Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and others. Bricklayer,
+containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Laxton's Builders' and Contractors' Tables._ Excavator, Earth, Land,
+Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 24,000 calculations.
+4to, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_Sanitary Engineering_: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage
+and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the calculations of the
+Engineer. By BALDWIN LATHAM, C.E., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., F.M.S.,
+Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, _with
+numerous plates and woodcuts_, 8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 10_s._
+
+
+_Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists_, giving the values
+of the different trains of Wheels required to produce Screws of any
+pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., etc. Cloth,
+oblong, 2_s._
+
+
+_Screw Cutting Tables_, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the
+proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the Threads of Screws of any
+required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads
+and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. Second edition, oblong, cloth,
+1_s._, or sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by
+Simple Geometrical Construction_, based upon the principles enunciated
+in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain
+Slide-Valve and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson's, Gooch's,
+and Allan's Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable
+expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst.
+Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_Cleaning and Scouring_: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for
+Domestic Use. By S. CHRISTOPHER. 18mo, sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining._ By WILLIAM STUKELEY GRESLEY,
+Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member of the North of England Institute
+of Mining Engineers. _Illustrated with numerous woodcuts and diagrams_,
+crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
+
+
+_A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users_, comprising a variety
+of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors,
+Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips,
+Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By MAURICE
+JOHN SEXTON. Second edition, royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
+
+
+_Electrolysis_: a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, Coppering, Gilding,
+Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment of Ores by means of
+Electricity. By HIPPOLYTE FONTAINE, translated from the French by J. A.
+BERLY, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. _With engravings._ 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+
+_Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots,
+Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000._ Post 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine_, containing Plans and
+Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the
+Principles involved in Design and Construction. By ARTHUR RIGG,
+Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal
+Institution of Great Britain. Demy 4to, _copiously illustrated with
+woodcuts and 96 plates_, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._;
+or cheaper edition, cloth, 25_s._
+
+     This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history
+     of the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples of Fixed
+     Steam Engines without entering into the wide domain of locomotive
+     or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the
+     most recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping,
+     Winding, Portable, Semi-portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and
+     other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in Great Britain
+     and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be
+     observed in the construction of the various details, such as
+     Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting-rods, Cross-heads,
+     Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and
+     Equilibrium Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt
+     with. In this connection will be found articles upon the Velocity
+     of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, Heat
+     and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer's
+     desire to draw illustrations from every possible source, and give
+     only those rules that present practice deems correct.
+
+
+_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying,
+Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc._, with a general description of
+the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting,
+etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Fourth edition, revised by G. W. USILL, Assoc.
+Mem. Inst. C.E. _41 plates, with illustrations and tables_, royal 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:
+
+     Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land
+     Surveying; comprising General Observations--The Chain--Offsets
+     Surveying by the Chain only--Surveying Hilly Ground--To Survey an
+     Estate or Parish by the Chain only--Surveying with the Theodolite--
+     Mining and Town Surveying--Railroad Surveying--Mapping--Division
+     and Laying out of Land--Observations on Enclosures--Plane
+     Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling--Simple and Compound Levelling--
+     The Level Book--Parliamentary Plan and Section--Levelling with a
+     Theodolite--Gradients--Wooden Curves--To Lay out a Railway Curve--
+     Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for
+     Estimates--Cuttings and Embankments--Tunnels--Brickwork--Ironwork--
+     Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of Instruments in
+     Surveying and Plotting--The Improved Dumpy Level--Troughton's
+     Level--The Prismatic Compass--Proportional Compass--Box Sextant--
+     Vernier--Pantagraph--Merrett's Improved Quadrant--Improved
+     Computation Scale--The Diagonal Scale--Straight Edge and Sector.
+     Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers--Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines,
+     Tangents and Co-Tangents--Natural Sines and Co-Sines--Tables for
+     Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations,
+     etc., etc., etc.
+
+
+_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by
+Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating the
+Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J.
+DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement,
+_with plates_, demy 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Assayer's Manual_: an Abridged Treatise on the Docimastic
+Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial Products. By BRUNO
+KERL. Translated by W. T. BRANNT. _With 65 illustrations_, 8vo, cloth,
+12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Electricity_: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By J. T. SPRAGUE,
+M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, _with numerous
+illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with
+Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the
+Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on Ornamental
+Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Third edition, _with
+wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     On Lathes--Turning Tools--Turning Wood--Drilling--Screw Cutting--
+     Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes--Turning Particular Forms--
+     Staining--Polishing--Spinning Metals--Materials--Ornamental
+     Turning, etc.
+
+
+_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP,
+M.A., F.S.A. _With 32 illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork--Tools--Time--
+     Historical Summary--On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels
+     and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains, etc.--Of Dial
+     Wheels, or Motion Work--Length of Time of Going without Winding
+     up--The Verge--The Horizontal--The Duplex--The Lever--The
+     Chronometer--Repeating Watches--Keyless Watches--The Pendulum,
+     or Spiral Spring--Compensation--Jewelling of Pivot Holes--
+     Clerkenwell--Fallacies of the Trade--Incapacity of Workmen--
+     How to Choose and Use a Watch, etc.
+
+
+_Algebra Self-Taught._ By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst
+C.E., Author of 'A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,' etc. Second
+edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     Symbols and the Signs of Operation--The Equation and the Unknown
+     Quantity--Positive and Negative Quantities--Multiplication--
+     Involution--Exponents--Negative Exponents--Roots, and the Use
+     of Exponents as Logarithms--Logarithms--Tables of Logarithms
+     and Proportionate Parts--Transformation of System of Logarithms--
+     Common Uses of Common Logarithms--Compound Multiplication and
+     the Binomial Theorem--Division, Fractions, and Ratio--Continued
+     Proportion--The Series and the Summation of the Series--Limit
+     of Series--Square and Cube Roots--Equations--List of Formulae, etc.
+
+
+_Spons' Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, Military, and
+Naval_; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish,
+3100 pp., and _nearly 8000 engravings_, in super-royal 8vo, in 8
+divisions, 5_l._ 8_s._ Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5_l._ 5_s._ Bound in
+a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6_l._ 12_s._
+
+
+_Notes in Mechanical Engineering._ Compiled principally for the use of
+the Students attending the Classes on this subject at the City of London
+College. By HENRY ADAMS, Mem. Inst. M.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of
+Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Canoe and Boat Building_: a complete Manual for Amateurs, containing
+plain and comprehensive directions for the construction of Canoes,
+Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. By W. P. STEPHENS. _With
+numerous illustrations and 24 plates of Working Drawings._ Crown 8vo,
+cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians, Philadelphia_,
+October 8th to 13th, 1884. 18mo, cloth, 3_s._
+
+
+_Dynamo-Electricity_, its Generation, Application, Transmission,
+Storage, and Measurement. By G. B. PRESCOTT. _With 545 illustrations._
+8vo, cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._
+
+
+_Domestic Electricity for Amateurs._ Translated from the French of E.
+HOSPITALIER, Editor of "L'Electricien," by C. J. WHARTON, Assoc. Soc.
+Tel. Eng. _Numerous illustrations._ Demy 8vo, cloth, 9_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. Production of the Electric Current--2. Electric Bells--
+     3. Automatic Alarms--4. Domestic Telephones--5. Electric Clocks--
+     6. Electric Lighters--7. Domestic Electric Lighting--8. Domestic
+     Application of the Electric Light--9. Electric Motors--
+     10. Electrical Locomotion--11. Electrotyping, Plating, and
+     Gilding--12. Electric Recreations--13. Various applications--
+     Workshop of the Electrician.
+
+
+_Wrinkles in Electric Lighting._ By VINCENT STEPHEN. _With
+illustrations._ 18mo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. The Electric Current and its production by Chemical means--
+     2. Production of Electric Currents by Mechanical means--
+     3. Dynamo-Electric Machines--4. Electric Lamps--5. Lead--
+     6. Ship Lighting.
+
+
+_The Practical Flax Spinner_; being a Description of the Growth,
+Manipulation, and Spinning of Flax and Tow. By LESLIE C. MARSHALL, of
+Belfast. _With illustrations._ 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
+
+
+_Foundations and Foundation Walls for all classes of Buildings_, Pile
+Driving, Building Stones and Bricks, Pier and Wall construction,
+Mortars, Limes, Cements, Concretes, Stuccos, &c. _64 illustrations_. By
+G. T. POWELL and F. BAUMAN. 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Manual for Gas Engineering Students._ By D. LEE. 18mo, cloth 1_s._
+
+
+_Hydraulic Machinery, Past and Present._ A Lecture delivered to the
+London and Suburban Railway Officials' Association. By H. ADAMS, Mem.
+Inst. C.E. _Folding plate._ 8vo, sewed, 1_s._
+
+
+_Twenty Years with the Indicator._ By THOMAS PRAY, Jun., C.E., M.E.,
+Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 2 vols., royal 8vo,
+cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Annual Statistical Report of the Secretary to the Members of the Iron
+and Steel Association on the Home and Foreign Iron and Steel Industries
+in 1884._ Issued March 1885. 8vo, sewed, 5_s._
+
+
+_Bad Drains, and How to Test them_; with Notes on the Ventilation of
+Sewers, Drains, and Sanitary Fittings, and the Origin and Transmission
+of Zymotic Disease. By R. HARRIS REEVES. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Standard Practical Plumbing_; being a complete Encyclopaedia for
+Practical Plumbers and Guide for Architects, Builders, Gas Fitters,
+Hot-water Fitters, Ironmongers, Lead Burners, Sanitary Engineers, Zinc
+Workers, &c. _Illustrated by over 2000 engravings._ By P. J. DAVIES.
+Vol. I, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Pneumatic Transmission of Messages and Parcels between Paris and
+London, via Calais and Dover._ By J. B. BERLIER, C.E. Small folio,
+sewed, 6_d._
+
+
+_List of Tests_ (_Reagents_), arranged in alphabetical order, according
+to the names of the originators. Designed especially for the convenient
+reference of Chemists, Pharmacists, and Scientists. By HANS M. WILDER.
+Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Ten Years Experience in Works of Intermittent Downward Filtration._ By
+J. BAILEY DENTON, Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, with additions. Royal
+8vo, sewed, 4_s._
+
+
+_A Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and Candles, Lubricants and
+Glycerin._ By W. LANT CARPENTER, B.A., B.Sc. (late of Messrs. C. Thomas
+and Brothers, Bristol). _With illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+_The Stability of Ships explained simply, and calculated by a new
+Graphic method._ By J. C. SPENCE, M.I.N.A. 4to, sewed, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_Steam Making, or Boiler Practice._ By CHARLES A. SMITH, C.E. 8vo,
+cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. The Nature of Heat and the Properties of Steam--2. Combustion.--
+     3. Externally Fired Stationary Boilers--4. Internally Fired
+     Stationary Boilers--5. Internally Fired Portable Locomotive and
+     Marine Boilers--6. Design, Construction, and Strength of Boilers--
+     7. Proportions of Heating Surface, Economic Evaporation,
+     Explosions--8. Miscellaneous Boilers, Choice of Boiler Fittings
+     and Appurtenances.
+
+
+_The Fireman's Guide_; a Handbook on the Care of Boilers. By TEKNOLOG.
+foereningen T. I. Stockholm. Translated from the third edition, and
+revised by KARL P. DAHLSTROM, M.E. Second edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth,
+2_s._
+
+
+_A Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers_, including Land
+Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers, for the use of Students. By
+FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst M.E. _With 36 plates._ 4to,
+cloth, 25_s._
+
+     CONTENTS:
+
+     1. Introduction--2. Original Engines--3. Boilers--4. High-Pressure
+     Beam Engines--5. Cornish Beam Engines--6. Horizontal Engines--7.
+     Oscillating Engines--8. Vertical High-Pressure Engines--9. Special
+     Engines--10. Portable Engines--11. Locomotive Engines--12. Marine
+     Engines.
+
+
+_Steam Engine Management_; a Treatise on the Working and Management of
+Steam Boilers. By F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. 18mo, cloth,
+2_s._
+
+
+_Land Surveying on the Meridian and Perpendicular System._ By WILLIAM
+PENMAN, C.E. 8vo, cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+_The Topographer, his Instruments and Methods_, designed for the use of
+Students, Amateur Photographers, Surveyors, Engineers, and all persons
+interested in the location and construction of works based upon
+Topography. _Illustrated with numerous plates, maps, and engravings._ By
+LEWIS M. HAUPT, A.M. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
+
+
+_A Text-Book of Tanning_, embracing the Preparation of all kinds of
+Leather. By HARRY R. PROCTOR, F.C.S., of Low Lights Tanneries. _With
+illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+
+
+
+  In super-royal 8vo, 1168 pp., _with 2400 illustrations_, in 3
+  Divisions, cloth, price 13_s._ 6_d._ each; or 1 vol., cloth, 2_l._;
+  or half-morocco, 2_l._ 8_s._
+
+  A SUPPLEMENT
+  TO
+  SPONS' DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING.
+
+     Edited by ERNEST SPON, MEMB. SOC. ENGINEERS.
+
+     Abacus, Counters, Speed Indicators, and Slide Rule.
+     Agricultural Implements and Machinery.
+     Air Compressors.
+     Animal Charcoal Machinery.
+     Antimony.
+     Axles and Axle-boxes.
+     Barn Machinery.
+     Belts and Belting.
+     Blasting. Boilers.
+     Brakes.
+     Brick Machinery.
+     Bridges.
+     Cages for Mines.
+     Calculus, Differential and Integral.
+     Canals.
+     Carpentry.
+     Cast Iron.
+     Cement, Concrete, Limes, and Mortar.
+     Chimney Shafts.
+     Coal Cleansing and Washing.
+     Coal Mining.
+     Coal Cutting Machines.
+     Coke Ovens. Copper.
+     Docks. Drainage.
+     Dredging Machinery.
+     Dynamo-Electric and Magneto-Electric Machines.
+     Dynamometers.
+     Electrical Engineering, Telegraphy, Electric Lighting and its
+       practical details, Telephones.
+     Engines, Varieties of.
+     Explosives. Fans.
+     Founding, Moulding and the practical work of the Foundry.
+     Gas, Manufacture of.
+     Hammers, Steam and other Power.
+     Heat. Horse Power.
+     Hydraulics.
+     Hydro-geology.
+     Indicators. Iron.
+     Lifts, Hoists, and Elevators.
+     Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons.
+     Machine Tools.
+     Materials of Construction.
+     Meters.
+     Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress.
+     Piers.
+     Pile Driving.
+     Pneumatic Transmission.
+     Pumps.
+     Pyrometers.
+     Road Locomotives.
+     Rock Drills.
+     Rolling Stock.
+     Sanitary Engineering.
+     Shafting.
+     Steel.
+     Steam Navvy.
+     Stone Machinery.
+     Tramways.
+     Well Sinking.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  NOW COMPLETE.
+
+  _With nearly 1500 illustrations_, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions,
+  cloth. Divisions 1 to 4, 13_s._ 6_d._ each; Division 5, 17_s._ 6_d._;
+  or 2 vols., cloth, L3 10_s._
+
+  SPONS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA
+  OF THE
+  INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
+
+  EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.
+
+     Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the
+     following:--
+
+     Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs.
+     Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs.
+     Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp.
+     Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs.
+     Alloys.
+     Alum.
+     Asphalt.
+     Assaying.
+     Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs.
+     Blacks.
+     Bleaching Powder, 15 pp.
+     Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs.
+     Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs.
+     Carbon Bisulphide.
+     Celluloid, 9 pp.
+     Cements.
+     Clay.
+     Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs.
+     Cocoa, 8 pp.
+     Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs.
+     Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs.
+     Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs.
+     Drugs, 38 pp.
+     Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs.
+     Dyestuffs, 16 pp.
+     Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp.
+     Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs.
+     Feathers.
+     Fibrous Substances, 92 pp. 79 figs.
+     Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs.
+     Food Preservation, 8 pp.
+     Fruit, 8 pp.
+     Fur, 5 pp.
+     Gas, Coal, 8 pp.
+     Gems.
+     Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs.
+     Graphite, 7 pp.
+     Hair, 7 pp.
+     Hair Manufactures.
+     Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs.
+     Honey.
+     Hops.
+     Horn.
+     Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs.
+     Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs.
+     Ink, 17 pp.
+     Ivory.
+     Jute Manufactures, 11 pp., 11 figs.
+     Knitted Fabrics--Hosiery, 15 pp. 13 figs.
+     Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs.
+     Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs.
+     Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs.
+     Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs.
+     Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs.
+     Mordants, 13 pp.
+     Narcotics, 47 pp.
+     Nuts, 10 pp.
+     Oils and Fatty Substances, 125 pp.
+     Paint.
+     Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs.
+     Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs.
+     Pearl and Coral, 8 pp.
+     Perfumes, 10 pp.
+     Photography, 13 pp. 20 figs.
+     Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs.
+     Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs.
+     Printing and Engraving, 20 pp. 8 figs.
+     Rags.
+     Resinous and Gummy Substances, 75 pp. 16 figs.
+     Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs.
+     Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs.
+     Silk, 8 pp.
+     Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs.
+     Skins, 5 pp.
+     Small Wares, 4 pp.
+     Soap and Glycerine, 39 pp. 45 figs.
+     Spices, 16 pp.
+     Sponge, 5 pp.
+     Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs.
+     Sugar, 155 pp.       134 figs.
+     Sulphur.
+     Tannin, 18 pp.
+     Tea, 12 pp.
+     Timber, 13 pp.
+     Varnish, 15 pp.
+     Vinegar, 5 pp.
+     Wax, 5 pp.
+     Wool, 2 pp.
+     Woollen Manufactures, 58 pp. 39 figs.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, with illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  FIRST SERIES.
+
+  BY ERNEST SPON.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Bookbinding.
+     Bronzes and Bronzing.
+     Candles.
+     Cement.
+     Cleaning.
+     Colourwashing.
+     Concretes.
+     Dipping Acids.
+     Drawing Office Details.
+     Drying Oils.
+     Dynamite.
+     Electro-Metallurgy--(Cleaning, Dipping, Scratch-brushing,
+       Batteries, Baths, and Deposits of every description).
+     Enamels.
+     Engraving on Wood, Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone.
+     Etching and Aqua Tint.
+     Firework Making--(Rockets, Stars, Rains, Gerbes, Jets,
+       Tourbillons, Candles, Fires, Lances, Lights, Wheels,
+       Fire-balloons, and minor Fireworks).
+     Fluxes.
+     Foundry Mixtures.
+     Freezing.
+     Fulminates.
+     Furniture Creams, Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes.
+     Gilding.
+     Glass Cutting, Cleaning, Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending,
+       Staining, and Painting.
+     Glass Making.
+     Glues.
+     Gold.
+     Graining.
+     Gums.
+     Gun Cotton.
+     Gunpowder.
+     Horn Working.
+     Indiarubber.
+     Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes.
+     Lacquers.
+     Lathing.
+     Lubricants.
+     Marble Working.
+     Matches.
+     Mortars.
+     Nitro-Glycerine.
+     Oils.
+     Paper.
+     Paper Hanging.
+     Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House,
+       Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting.
+     Photography.
+     Plastering.
+     Polishes.
+     Pottery--(Clays, Bodies, Glazes, Colours, Oils, Stains, Fluxes,
+       Enamels, and Lustres).
+     Scouring.
+     Silvering.
+     Soap.
+     Solders.
+     Tanning.
+     Taxidermy.
+     Tempering Metals.
+     Treating Horn, Mother-o'-Pearl, and like substances.
+     Varnishes, Manufacture and Use of.
+     Veneering.
+     Washing.
+     Waterproofing.
+     Welding.
+
+  Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and
+  processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates,
+  Blacking, Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge
+  Ware, Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and
+  others too numerous to mention.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, 485 pages, with illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  SECOND SERIES.
+
+  BY ROBERT HALDANE.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Acidimetry and Alkalimetry.
+     Albumen.
+     Alcohol.
+     Alkaloids.
+     Baking-powders.
+     Bitters.
+     Bleaching.
+     Boiler Incrustations.
+     Cements and Lutes.
+     Cleansing.
+     Confectionery.
+     Copying.
+     Disinfectants.
+     Dyeing, Staining, and Colouring.
+     Essences.
+     Extracts.
+     Fireproofing.
+     Gelatine, Glue, and Size.
+     Glycerine.
+     Gut.
+     Hydrogen peroxide.
+     Ink.
+     Iodine.
+     Iodoform.
+     Isinglass.
+     Ivory substitutes.
+     Leather.
+     Luminous bodies.
+     Magnesia.
+     Matches.
+     Paper.
+     Parchment.
+     Perchloric acid.
+     Potassium oxalate.
+     Preserving.
+
+  =Pigments, Paint, and Painting=: embracing the preparation of
+  _Pigments_, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort,
+  ivory, lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, caeruleum,
+  Egyptian, manganate, Paris, Peligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine),
+  browns (bistre, hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta,
+  Brighton, Brunswick, chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese,
+  mitis, mountain, Prussian, sap, Scheele's, Schweinfurth, titanium,
+  verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake, carminated lake, carmine,
+  Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colcothar, Indian red,
+  madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum, baryta,
+  Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead--by American, Dutch, French,
+  German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and
+  composition of commercial samples--whiting, Wilkinson's white, zinc
+  white), yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow
+  lakes); _Paint_ (vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing,
+  applying, priming, drying, filling, coats, brushes, surface,
+  water-colours, removing smell, discoloration; miscellaneous paints--
+  cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint, iron paint,
+  lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints,
+  tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints); _Painting_ (general
+  instructions, proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work;
+  carriage painting--priming paint, best putty, finishing colour,
+  cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils, driers, and colours,
+  varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re-varnishing, how to
+  dry paint; woodwork painting).
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  JUST PUBLISHED.
+
+  Crown 8vo, cloth, 480 pages, with 183 illustrations, 5_s._
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  THIRD SERIES.
+
+  BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.
+
+  Uniform with the First and Second Series.
+
+     SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+     Alloys.
+     Aluminium.
+     Antimony.
+     Barium.
+     Beryllium.
+     Bismuth.
+     Cadmium.
+     Caeesium.
+     Calcium.
+     Cerium.
+     Chromium.
+     Cobalt.
+     Copper.
+     Didymium.
+     Electrics.
+     Enamels and Glazes.
+     Erbium.
+     Gallium.
+     Glass.
+     Gold.
+     Indium.
+     Iridium.
+     Iron and Steel.
+     Lacquers and Lacquering.
+     Lanthanum.
+     Lead.
+     Lithium.
+     Lubricants.
+     Magnesium.
+     Manganese.
+     Mercury.
+     Mica.
+     Molybdenum.
+     Nickel.
+     Niobium.
+     Osmium.
+     Palladium.
+     Platinum.
+     Potassium.
+     Rhodium.
+     Rubidium.
+     Ruthenium.
+     Selenium.
+     Silver.
+     Slag.
+     Sodium.
+     Strontium.
+     Tantalum.
+     Terbium.
+     Thallium.
+     Thorium.
+     Tin.
+     Titanium.
+     Tungsten.
+     Uranium.
+     Vanadium.
+     Yttrium.
+     Zinc.
+     Zirconium.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+  FOURTH SERIES,
+  DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS & MECHANICAL SUBJECTS.
+
+  BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK.
+
+  250 Illustrations, with Complete Index, and a General Index to the
+  Four Series, 5_s._
+
+     Waterproofing--rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous
+     preparations.
+
+     Packing and Storing articles of delicate odour or colour, of a
+     deliquescent character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer from
+     insects or damp, or easily broken.
+
+     Embalming and Preserving anatomical specimens.
+
+     Leather Polishes.
+
+     Cooling Air and Water, producing low temperatures, making ice,
+     cooling syrups and solutions, and separating salts from liquors by
+     refrigeration.
+
+     Pumps and Siphons, embracing every useful contrivance for raising
+     and supplying water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive,
+     tenacious, and other liquids.
+
+     Desiccating--air-and water-ovens, and other appliances for drying
+     natural and artificial products.
+
+     Distilling--water, tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical
+     preparations, essences, perfumes, and alcoholic liquids.
+
+     Emulsifying as required by pharmacists and photographers.
+
+     Evaporating--saline and other solutions, and liquids demanding
+     special precautions.
+
+     Filtering--water, and solutions of various kinds.
+
+     Percolating and Macerating.
+
+     Electrotyping.
+
+     Stereotyping by both plaster and paper processes.
+
+     Bookbinding in all its details.
+
+     Straw Plaiting and the fabrication of baskets, matting, etc.
+
+     Musical Instruments--the preservation, tuning, and repair of
+     pianos, harmoniums, musical boxes, etc.
+
+     Clock and Watch Mending--adapted for intelligent amateurs.
+
+     Photography--recent development in rapid processes, handy
+     apparatus, numerous recipes for sensitizing and developing
+     solutions, and applications to modern illustrative purposes.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+  JUST PUBLISHED.
+
+  In demy 8vo, cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._
+
+  SPONS'
+  MECHANICS' OWN BOOK;
+
+  A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.
+
+     CONTENTS.
+
+     Mechanical Drawing--Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze,
+     and other Alloys--Forging and Finishing Iron--Sheetmetal
+     Working--Soldering, Brazing, and Burning--Carpentry and Joinery,
+     embracing descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of
+     Tools and their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints
+     and hinges, and Details of Construction of Workshop appliances,
+     rough furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building--
+     Cabinet-Making and Veneering--Carving and Fretcutting--Upholstery--
+     Painting, Graining, and Marbling--Staining Furniture, Woods,
+     Floors, and Fittings--Gilding, dead and bright, on various
+     grounds--Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood--Varnishing--Mechanical
+     movements, illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion--
+     Turning in Wood and Metals--Masonry, embracing Stonework,
+     Brickwork, Terracotta, and Concrete--Roofing with Thatch, Tiles,
+     Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c.--Glazing with and without putty, and lead
+     glazing--Plastering and Whitewashing--Paper-hanging--Gas-fitting--
+     Bell-hanging, ordinary and electric Systems--Lighting--Warming--
+     Ventilating--Roads, Pavements, and Bridges--Hedges, Ditches, and
+     Drains--Water Supply and Sanitation--Hints on House Construction
+     suited to new countries.
+
+  London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+  New York: 35, Murray Street.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Wrinkles in Electric Lighting, by Vincent Stephen
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