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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient Chinese account of the Grand
+Canyon, or course of the Colorado, by Alexander M'Allan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ancient Chinese account of the Grand Canyon, or course of the Colorado
+
+Author: Alexander M'Allan
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2011 [EBook #34909]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT CHINESE ACCOUNT OF ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
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+
+
+
+                  Ancient Chinese Account of the Grand
+                    Canyon, or Course of the Colorado
+
+
+                      (Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)
+                          By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN
+
+
+
+
+TEN SUNS IN THE SKY!
+
+
+The ancient Chinese records tell of a "Place of Ten Suns," where "Ten
+Suns rose and shone together" (see Appendix, note 1).
+
+Seven Suns were also seen shining together in the sky! and at night (if
+indeed we can call it "night") as many as seven moons! (What a haunt for
+lovers and poets!)
+
+Five Suns were also beheld (see note 2).
+
+What Liars those Chinese writers are!
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1. Spectacle of Five Suns.]
+
+Very good; but why not denounce all our own Arctic navigators as a pack
+of Liars? They all tell about more Suns than one! A picture of Five (see
+Figure 1) is furnished by a most eminent explorer (note 3). The
+dictionaries and cyclopedias of our careful publishers call the
+appearance of two or more suns (or moons) a =Parhelion=. The number of
+the multiplied "luminaries" never exceeds Ten (note 4). There actually
+is a "Place of Ten Suns."
+
+Ten Suns say the Ancients.
+
+Ten Suns say the Moderns.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.
+
+
+The ancient Mexicans likened North America to a Tree--a stupendous
+=Mulberry Tree=--"planted in the land known to us today as South
+America" (n. 5).
+
+The Chinese geographers or mythologists teach that at a distance of
+30,000 =le= (10,000 miles) to the east there is a land 10,000 =le= (over
+3,000) miles in width.
+
+Now the land referred to must be North America, for, 10,000 miles east
+from southern China brings us to California; and we further find that
+North America, now reached, is 10,000 =le=, or over 3,000 miles in
+width, measuring from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
+
+The Chinese accounts further call our eastern realm a =Fu-Sang= (or
+Helpful =Mulberry=) land.
+
+A =Mulberry= land (3,000 miles wide) is =There=, say the Chinese.
+
+The =Mulberry= land (3,000 miles wide) is =Here=, say the Mexicans.
+
+
+Like the Mexicans, the Chinese sages declare that there is an enormous
+Tree--the =Fu= (or helpful) =Sang= Tree--in the eastern Mulberry land
+3,000 miles wide.
+
+As just remarked, the Chinese call the enormous Eastern Tree a =Sang=,
+and the Mexicans call their enormous Tree a =Beb= (both terms standing
+for the =Mulberry=,--a fact to which no writer hitherto has directed, or
+called, attention.)
+
+Observe (see Figure 2) that at Tehauntepec (a little west of Yucatan)
+our continent narrows down to a width of 100 miles (or 300 Chinese
+=le=).
+
+The Mexicans say that North America is a Tree, and that it has a
+correspondingly enormous Trunk,--which at Tehauntepec measures 100 miles
+(or 300 Chinese =le=).
+
+Now the Chinese writers declare that the enormous Mulberry in the region
+east of the Flowery Kingdom has "a Trunk of 300 =le=" (or 100 miles.)
+What a prodigious dimension! (see note 6.)
+
+A Mulberry Tree, with a "Trunk of 300 =le=," is =There=, say the
+Chinese.
+
+A Mulberry Tree, with a Trunk of 300 =le=, is =Here=, say the Mexicans.
+
+
+Such a stupendous Tree ought to have enormous Branches to match the
+Trunk, and we are not surprised when informed that our monarch of the
+forest goes up--up--up even to the Place of the 10 Suns (in the Arctic
+zone.)
+
+The One true sun is, of course, high above the mountain ranges, or
+"Branches" of our Continental Mulberry.
+
+But the extra Nine are false or delusive and mere reflections of the
+true sun on fog or vapor. The Chinese account, truly enough, states that
+they bear =wu=, and this term stands for "blackness," "inky," or "dark"
+(Williams dict. p. 1058.)
+
+This identical term =wu= also stands for black or dark =fowls=, such as
+the raven, blackbird, and crow; and one Oriental scholar, dwelling
+indeed in Japan, assures us that each of the Nine Suns bears a =Crow=!
+We are seriously informed, that "all bear--literally cause to ride--a
+=Crow=" (note 7.)
+
+As well might it be asserted that because =wu= signifies "black," the
+Nine =Wu= borne by the Suns must be nine blacks or negroes! The
+supposition that Nine =Crows= are meant is absurd and contradicted by
+the luminaries themselves.
+
+Strange to say, the "luminaries" emit no radiance! The light that is in
+them is darkness, and they are fitting symbols for commentators--black,
+white, yellow, and green--who have written learnedly and positively on
+them without understanding a thing about them. Perhaps it might be well,
+apart from its inconvenience, when writing about any nation, place, or
+natural object, to ascertain the position and name of the =continent= in
+which the subject of study is situated. Of course we are not so
+unreasonable as to insist that we must really comprehend a matter before
+getting up to explain it to others, but the positions of continents
+dealt with ought, as a rule, to be clearly ascertained. In the present
+instance we have faithfully followed the ancient directions and groped
+our way into the presence of the Nine blind suns. Gazing at their
+beaming disks we perceive how the term wu (black or dark) applies to
+them. The =color= of Crows is there, but not the living birds
+themselves. It is the story of the Three Black Crows advanced another
+stage on its career of misrepresentation, and magnified Threefold. The
+Nine Suns have neither swallowed nor disgorged Nine Black Crows. But
+they are certainly open to the charge of having feasted too freely on
+diet no less dark and deceptive.
+
+They're the =color= of Crows, say the Ancients.
+
+They =bear= Nine Crows, say the Moderns.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2. Our Continental American Tree.]
+
+
+The truth is that the false suns furnish neither heat nor light and
+really consist of dark (=wu=) vapor.
+
+The Nine are mere reflections of the low-declined, true sun on
+"surrounding" frozen haze or mist, in extremely cold weather. When this
+icy fog seems--merely seems, of course,--to touch and surround the true
+sun, the illusions known as false suns are apt to appear. They obey some
+optical code of laws or signals understood best perhaps by themselves,
+and will sometimes disappear in a moment like a flock of timid "sun
+birds" (or wild geese--see note 8.) Their design apparently is to cheer
+and escort their illustrious sire in his otherwise lonesome trip through
+a frozen, desolate zone. Some Chinese accounts call them
+"children"--"children of the sun," etc., etc.
+
+There is a reference to this frozen mist, in Verne's "Fur Country,"
+reading as follows: "It is not a mist or fog,' he said to his
+companions, 'it is frost-rime,' a dense vapor which remains in a state
+of complete congelation. But whether a fog or a frozen mist, this
+phenomenon was none the less to be regretted for it rose a hundred feet
+at least above the level of the sea, and it was so opaque that the
+colonists could not see each other when only two or three paces
+apart."--Danvers' translation, p. 288.
+
+It should be remarked that the frozen haze which breeds the false suns
+is found only "at the bottom of," or "below," the mountain ranges or
+"branches" of our North American Mulberry Tree. The false suns speedily
+disappear from the view of the observer who climbs up out of the thick
+stratum of frozen fog or mist and ascends the nearest "Branch."
+
+Such observations are completely in accord with the ancient Chinese
+declaration that Nine of the suns are to be seen "below" (=hia=) or "at
+the bottom of" the Branches, and One "above" the Branches. The suns (see
+note 9) are not said to be "in the Branches." Nine are "below" (=hia=)
+and One "above" (=shang=); a remark as true today as it ever was.
+
+
+The "Morea" (about fifty miles long), in Greece, was so named because it
+was supposed to resemble the leaf of a =morus= or mulberry. And
+similarly North America was considered by Mexican and Chinese
+mythologists to exhibit some resemblance to a mulberry,--the Helpful
+Mulberry (or =Fu-Sang=). The one comparison is just as fanciful or
+reasonable as the other. Nor can it be denied that North America
+presents some likeness to a Tree,--towering aloft like the Tree of the
+Prophet Daniel, which was seen from the ends of the earth. Here Columbia
+lights up her Tree and welcomes the Neighbors with a smile.
+
+
+The Chinese note concerning the extra suns and moons, which frequently
+flit about and disappear, like so many sun-birds, connects them with the
+"Branches" of the Fu (or Fu-Sang) Tree of amazing proportions, which
+flourishes in the Region east of the Eastern Sea. The Fu-Sang land,
+10,000 =le= (or 3,000 miles wide) is said to be 30,000 =le= (10,000
+miles) to the east of China; and this indeed is the distance from Canton
+to California. A lesser distance (20,000 =le=, or 7,000 miles) lies
+between Northern China and the American Mulberry land due east. It is in
+America that we are directed to search for the surplus assemblage of
+suns. And do we not find both them and Fu-Sang? (See note 10.) In what
+respect is the Chinese account inaccurate thus far? We are informed that
+"in the water is a large tree having nine suns," etc. The Trunk of this
+prodigious Tree, which is more or less immersed in the Eastern Sea,
+furnishes the surprising dimension of "300 =le=." And rising above a
+Valley of Hot Springs (readily found in Nicaragua) the Tree proceeds
+upward and rears aloft its exalted Branches in the "Place of the Ten
+Suns."
+
+The vast mountain-system, with its tree-like "Trunk" and "Branches," on
+which the many suns and moons are seen to alight or gambol, is called
+the "Sun and Moon =shan=" (=shan= signifying "mountain or range") in
+both the Chinese text and the translation (see note 11.) It is identical
+with our continental stony Mulberry and constitutes the form of North
+America. Unfortunately our esteemed translator was utterly in the dark
+concerning the sense of the curious statements regarding the manifold
+suns and moons and even suggested that an explanation should be sought
+for in connection with the Philippine Islands. But the Tree, or range of
+the Sun and Moon, is plainly in North America. And here are the flocks
+of Suns roosting among the Branches.
+
+
+
+
+NOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.
+
+
+According to the translation, a "Great Canyon" is to be seen in the
+"Great Eastern Waste" "Beyond the Eastern Sea." And this Great Canyon is
+placed in connection with the "Sun and Moon =shan=",--which possesses
+the Mulberry's Branches and exhibit of Suns already glanced at (note
+12.)
+
+We read that a stream flows through this canyon, "producing a charming
+gulf." We are further informed that "the water accumulates and so forms
+a gulf." A river flowing through the "Great Canyon," swells or widens
+out, displays a broadening expanse of water and becomes a Gulf, a
+"Charming Gulf."
+
+Is not this the beautiful Gulf of California, which is a widening out or
+enlargement of a notable stream, the Colorado? Decidedly this mighty and
+famous river, whose "water accumulates and so forms a gulf," flows
+through a Canyon. Moreover, this Canyon is truly a "Great Canyon." It is
+the greatest and grandest on the planet. It is also found in the "Great
+Waste to the east of the Eastern Sea," which washes the coast of China.
+It is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.
+
+The translation informs us (note 13) that this stream which flows into,
+or becomes a gulf has a "delightful spring." The Canyon "has a beautiful
+mountain, from which there flows a delightful spring, producing a
+charming gulf. The water accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such is the
+translation; but no Chinese term for "spring" appears in the text. The
+original states that it is a =kan shui= which runs through the Canyon,
+and this identical compound is translated "Sweet River" by our author on
+page 163 of his large and comprehensive work. =Kan= indeed signifies
+sweet, sweetness; delightsome, pleasant, happy, refreshing; and =Shui=
+stands for "water or river" (see Williams dict. pp. 310, 781.) It is
+therefore evident that a =kan shui= should be remarkable for the
+sweetness of its water and should start from a "delightful spring" of
+=sweet= water, in order to be pure and deserve its reputation.
+
+As a geographical fact, the Colorado flows out of the very fount which
+curiously enough, gives birth to the "Sweet Water." This stream becomes
+the Platte or Nebraska river, which joins the Missouri. And from the
+fount of the Sweet Water, exactly on the mountain divide, a head-stream
+of the Colorado bubbles out, enlarging into the affluent known as the
+"Green," the stream traverses the Grand Canyon and connects with the
+Gulf. (note 14.)
+
+It should have a spring of =kan shui= or =sweet water=; and we find that
+it comes sparkling down the mountains from a =Sweet Water= spring.
+
+
+The Sweet Water stream after traversing a Canyon, even a "Great Canyon"
+should connect with, or enlarge into, a gulf, described as "charming."
+Can the Gulf of California be regarded as charming?
+
+One explorer expresses himself as charmed and delighted with the scenery
+of the gulf. A sample passage in his report reads as follows: "The
+island and mountain peaks, whose outlines, as seen from the gulf, had
+been somewhat dimmed by a light haze, appeared surprisingly near and
+distinct in the limpid medium through which they were now viewed. The
+whole panorama became invested with new attractions, and it would be
+hard to say whether the dazzling radiance of the day or the sparkling
+clearness of the night was the more beautiful and brilliant. (note 15.)
+
+Truly a charming and beautiful Gulf is here.
+
+
+Although the translation does not draw attention to the fact, the term
+employed in the Chinese record to describe the course of the stream
+which passes through the Great Canyon, is =chu=. Now this word is
+employed to designate water which is "shooting over a ledge" (Williams'
+dict. p. 89), and its use is entirely appropriate in a description of
+the course of the water in the channel of the Colorado. The bed of the
+stream is exceedingly irregular and consists indeed of a succession of
+=ledges=--producing a series of rapids, falls, or cataracts. Were the
+water to disappear, the exposed bed of the Colorado, with its ascending
+series of steps, might be likened indeed with truth to a stairway for
+giants or gods.
+
+The falls caused by =ledges= (=chu=) are exceedingly numerous. One
+navigator's log contains many such entries as the following: "Still more
+rapids and falls today. In one, the Emma Dean [a boat] is caught in a
+whirlpool, and set spinning about (n. 16).
+
+One subdivision of the Grand Canyon is known as Cataract Canyon, and
+this section "in its 41 miles, has 75 rapids and cataracts, and 57 of
+these are crowded into 19 miles, with falls, in places, of 16 to 20
+feet" (n. 17.)
+
+All accounts concur in representing the stream as remarkable for the
+fury and number of its falls. To ascend the Colorado is a sheer
+impossibility and even to descend the stream is an enterprise rarely
+indeed attempted or achieved. Only rafts or life-boats, backed by pluck
+and luck, stand a chance of getting through--in pieces. The mariners all
+wear life-belts and are just as often in the water as they are out of
+it. Evidently a River of =Ledges= is here. Surely the term =Chu= (or
+water shooting over =Ledges=) applies with peculiar force to the career
+of this "wildest of rivers"--the Colorado.
+
+
+
+
+THE COLORADO--BOTTOMLESS?
+
+
+Knowing quite well as we do, that our mighty river possesses a very
+substantial bottom composed of step-like ledges of rock, we learn with
+surprise that it is said to flow through a section described as
+=bottomless=! Is not such a statement or assertion absurd? But what did
+the ancient writer mean? What could he have meant?
+
+The translation states that, according to a poem, the =Tsang-shan-wu=,
+"in the east there is a stream flowing in a =bottomless= ravine. It is
+supposed to be this Canyon"--the "Great Canyon of the Region beyond the
+Eastern Sea."
+
+The Chinese term rendered "Canyon" is =Hoh=, which stands also for "a
+bed of a torrent, a deep gully or wady; a valley" (see Williams dict. p.
+453.)
+
+Of course, a =Ta= (or "Great") =Hoh= ought to be a Great Canyon, or a
+remarkable deep gorge or valley containing the bed of a torrent.
+
+We have already been informed that a =Chu= (or river of ledges and
+falls) is in the =Ta Hoh=, or mighty gorge beyond the Eastern Sea. We
+also perceive that the title =Ta Hoh= applies properly to the
+mountain-hemmed course of our Colorado (which connects with Middle Park
+and runs to the Gulf.)
+
+Somewhere in this immense and peerless =Ta Hoh=--somewhere among the
+majestic mountains--somewhere along the bed of the Colorado (either
+inside or outside of Middle Park,) the investigator should find a
+section which is =bottomless=. The ancient account locates it there. Nor
+are we to look for it in any Philippine Island. We are restricted to the
+bed or banks of the Colorado which we have identified as the =Chu= or
+plunging river that rushes downward to the Gulf. Our leaping stream
+flows into and out of Grand Lake (within Middle Park.) Now this Lake (or
+enlargement of the bed of the Grand Colorado) "has a beach, and far out
+into the body of the water a sandy bottom" and "in the center, covering
+an area of nearly a =mile= square the Lake to all appearance is
+=bottomless=."
+
+We are further informed that "explorations of the edges of this great
+submarine cavern give the most positive evidences that it was once the
+crater of a great volcano" (note 18).
+
+"The Lake to all appearance is bottomless. The deepest soundings that
+could ever be made have failed to reach bottom. Hence it is concluded
+that it has =no bottom=."
+
+Turn these two words, "no bottom" into Chinese and we get =wu ti=,--the
+very terms employed in the Chinese account.
+
+No bottom, say the Ancients.
+
+No bottom, say the Moderns.
+
+
+The old account puts the unfathomable abyss in a =Kuh= (valley or
+ravine) and it is within a Valley--the Valley of Middle Park--that we
+actually find it. Moreover, this bottomless valley is "supposed" (or
+reported) to belong to the =Ta Hoh=--a title which would cover both
+Valley and Canyon. Indeed, Middle Park, with its enormous mountain-walls
+connects directly with the system of the Grand Canyon. Moreover, the one
+stream flows through both. And here it may be remarked that the =Chu=
+(or River of Ledges and Falls) is not terminated or swallowed up by the
+Bottomless abyss in =Kuh= (or Valley of Middle Park.) It flows on
+through the =Ta Hoh= and ultimately enlarges into a Gulf (the Gulf of
+California).
+
+The rocky floor of the =Kuh= (or Valley of Middle Park) evidently
+constitutes a support or bottom for an impetuous and important River of
+Ledges or rapids and yet, at the same time, is reported to be
+Bottomless. This seems contradictory. But reaching the precise locality
+referred to in the old account, modern scientists simply echo the
+declaration of the Ancients,--that this Valley or =Kuh=, traversed by a
+leaping, furious =Chu=, is unfathomable.
+
+Bottomless! say the Ancients.
+
+Bottomless! say the Moderns.
+
+
+It thus appears that a statement seemingly calculated at first sight to
+drown the ancient claim in a flood of derision, turns out on examination
+to be overwhelmingly powerful evidence in support of the validity of the
+old record.
+
+In no respect or degree is the ancient testimony contradicted or
+falsified by modern evidence. Take for instance the old assertion that
+the =shan= or mountain-range of the Great Canyon, is "beautiful."
+Nothing seems more natural than to conclude that such a laudatory term
+is grossly out of place and that the Mountain-range, with its Canyon and
+furious =Chu=, is a frightful, gloomy, dangerous, horrible, repulsive,
+bleak, and ugly mass of shattered and tottering heights. And, indeed,
+there is much truth in this view of the situation. Nevertheless, modern
+visitors unite in declaring that Beauty is a marked feature of the rocky
+heights that possess or direct the Colorado; and this is in agreement
+with the ancient account.
+
+One traveler says: "The roar of its waters was heard unceasingly, ...
+but its walls and cliffs, its peaks and crags, its amphitheatres and
+alcoves, tell a story of =beauty= and sublimity" (note 19).
+
+Another visitor, who was treated most disrespectfully by our =Chu=, has
+eyes only for its "beauty": "The Canyon grows more and more picturesque
+and =beautiful= the farther we proceed.... On many of the long stretches
+where the river can be seen for several miles, the picture is one of
+charming =beauty=.... As the clouds rose we were treated to scenes rare
+and =beautiful= in the extreme" (n. 20.)
+
+Again: "Cataract and Narrow Canyons are wonderful, Glen Canyon is
+=beautiful=, Marble Canyon is mighty; but it is left for the Grand
+Canyon, where the river has cut its way down through the sandstones, the
+marbles, and the granites of the Kaibab Mountains, to form those
+=beautiful= and awe-inspiring pictures that are seen from the bottom of
+the black granite gorge, where above us rise great wondrous mountains of
+bright red sandstone capped with cathedral domes and spires of white,
+with pinnacles and turrets, and towers, in such intricate forms and
+flaming colors that words fail to convey any idea of their =beauty= and
+sublimity."
+
+
+The translation informs us that the mighty gorge is the Canyon of
+=Kiang=, =Shang=, or Almighty God.
+
+And a modern visitor declares that "here Omnipotence stands revealed,"
+and that here is "a glorious creation of God." (n. 21.)
+
+So impressed were the ancients with the beauty and grandeur of this
+region that they peopled it with the souls of illustrious sages, and
+declared that here was the Canyon of Almighty God. And those who enter
+it today, come reeling back from its portals,--declaring that no mortal
+can describe its glories, and that it is the Grand Canyon of Almighty
+God!
+
+
+Words fail one in the attempt to describe this glorious creation of God.
+The impression it leaves upon the mind is overpowering. One feels as
+though he had been admitted into the presence of the Genii of the
+plutonic regions, had penetrated to the very heart of the inner world of
+elemental creations."
+
+We need not wonder that the old account connects a revered ancestor with
+this glorious and celestial retreat in the Grand Canyon. He is called
+=Shao Hao=, and is furthur termed a =ju=, (or sucking child.)
+
+=Shao= signifies "little" or "a little," and =Hao= is formed of the
+signs for "sun" and "heaven." It is therefore evident that the =ju= or
+infant at the Canyon is (or was) a little sun child, or child of the
+sun.
+
+American rulers called themselves "Children of the Sun," and we should
+be careful not to confound our Arizona Prince with any Asiatic ruler.
+[The =Hao= or =Shao Hao= of supposed Chinese origin is represented by
+some different symbols: see Williams' dict. p. 172, columns 1 and 2.]
+
+The little Child of the Sun at the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon should not
+be--must not be--confounded with any early Chinese sun-worshiper. We are
+to look =far to the east of China= for both the Canyon and the little
+Child of the Sun referred to in the account before us.
+
+We are informed that the country connected with the Great Canyon was
+called "=Shao Hao's= country" (or the land of the Sun-child) on account
+of the little Prince. He entered (=chi=) it, and this furnished the
+=reason= (or =chih=) for its title--Land of the Sun-child.
+
+The infant (or =ju=) is distinctly called a ruler (or =ti=.) Moreover,
+although he was little (=shao=) or but a =ju= (suckling); he was a
+supreme king (or =chwen suh=). (Note 22.)
+
+=Chwen= is formed by putting together the two words "only" and "head."
+And =suh= is a Chinese term composed of the two significant words "only"
+and "king" (see Williams' dict. pp. 117, 825, 1043.)
+
+Evidently the baby ruler (or =ju ti=) was regarded by his people, in
+this region remarkable for its mountains, as the only or supreme
+head--the =chwen suh=, as Chinese historians might forcibly phrase
+it--of the people ruled.
+
+[Because the infant was king and even the supreme king, it seems
+reasonable to suppose that his father was dead (and his mother alive) at
+the time when he was carried into the Great Canyon and duly suckled
+there.] We need not just here attempt to unravel his history. Enough to
+show that our Grand Canyon is positively and clearly referred to in
+Chinese literature. We may, however, note the fact that the royal infant
+(see translation) belonged to the =Kin Tien= or Golden Heaven family,
+and this title must be considered when the history of our Arizona Prince
+comes to be investigated. It should further be remarked that the
+respected translator has erred slightly in his supposition that the
+=Chwen Suh= (or Supreme Head) was "Shao =Hao's descendant=." The
+Chinese terms in the original are: =shao hao= (not =hao's=) =ju= (baby)
+=ti= (ruler) =chwen suh= (head king.) It was the =little sun child ruler
+and supreme king= who was at the Canyon.
+
+Particular attention should be paid to the fact, that, although regarded
+as a supreme ruler, the Prince is represented as being but a suckling
+(or =ju=) when in the neighborhood of the Great Canyon.
+
+Now, the translation states that this baby or supreme lord "of whom no
+further description is given, =left there his lute= and lyre. It says
+that =his lute= and lyre are in this canyon."
+
+
+
+
+MUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?
+
+
+It is absurd to imagine for a moment that a =sucking= infant could own,
+or could be really supposed to own, a =lute=. The Chinese text does not
+say that the musical instrument is "his." And yet, curiously enough, it
+does declare that the baby-prince left or abandoned (=k'i=) a Lute or
+Lyre in the Canyon.
+
+Why should such a matter be mentioned? Supposing that a fiddle was left
+behind, or a drum, or a rattle, why should the trivial fact be gravely
+recorded?
+
+If a Lute was left in the mighty chasm, its remains might be there
+still. But how could an infant be said to leave or abandon a Lute? Would
+he not try, so well as our memory serves, to first get it into his
+mouth? Would not his chubby hands, quite stout enough for destructive
+arts, tear the strings apart and feed the music to the nearest cat?
+Would it be a lute at all when ultimately relinquished? And if the babe
+derived pleasure from ill-treated and squalling strings, why should he
+leave the lute behind? As well say that the suckling abandoned there a
+fishing-rod! Would not a milk-bottle be a much readier fount of ecstacy
+than either a lute or a flute? Why, neither one nor the other =could be
+heard= within the Canyon.
+
+A Chinese commentator, however, relieves us from the necessity of
+seeking for a literal lute between the resounding jaws of the mighty
+chasm (note 23.) He says it is erroneous (=ngo=) to suppose that the
+baby emperor (=ju ti=) grasped (=ping=,) or left behind (=chi=) or
+abandoned in the place of midnight darkness (=huen=) any lutes or lyres
+(=kin seh=.) In hyperbolical language (=wu wu=)--which is never true
+when taken literally--a clear limpid river (=shuh=) would be the lute
+(=kin=.)
+
+But how could a clear stream serve as a lute?
+
+The running water might produce limpid notes. Thus Moore, in his ode on
+"Harmony," uses the following words:
+
+      "Listen!--when the night-wind dies
+  Down the still current, =like a harp= it sighs!
+      A liquid =chord= in every wave that flows."
+
+Here is a current of water likened to the string of a harp, and the
+playing of winds compared to music.
+
+Mrs. Sigourney calls Niagara a "Trump," and we accept the assertion
+(although literally it is quite untrue.)
+
+But if the Chinese account placed a Trump in the Ontario chasm there
+would be considerable difficulty in finding it.
+
+Fortunately, in the case immediately before us, it is a Chinese author
+who tells us that we are to seek for limpid streams rather than for
+literal lutes or lyres.
+
+The mention of the latter would probably imply that the sounds of some
+stream or streams in the Great Canyon are of a remarkably soft and
+musical character.
+
+Streams may produce delightful tones. Thus one observer (at Yellowstone)
+tells of the "mysterious music of the distant falls" "like the tremulous
+vibration of a mighty but remote harp-string." (note 24)
+
+If falling water under certain peculiar acoustic circumstances can
+produce notes like those struck off from harp-strings, the tones can
+also be compared to those of lutes or lyres (for all are stringed
+instruments.)
+
+The very volume which places lutes and lyres in the Great Canyon, also
+tells of a forest elsewhere, which is a "Forest of Lutes and Lyres"
+(note 25.)
+
+Of course sounds merely resembling those of the stringed instruments,
+are here referred to. A forest is composed of trees rather than musical
+instruments, but it may produce musical tones like those of Lutes and
+Lyres.
+
+And similarly the notes arising from the Grand Canyon may be of a
+lute-like character. This is the teaching of the Ancients. We have found
+the Bottomless stream and it is certain that visitors should return with
+accounts of melody arising from the Canyon. Future explorers should
+listen for musical notes. They will certainly not be disappointed.
+
+
+One visitor says: "The waters waltz their way through the Canyon, making
+their own rippling, rushing, roaring music." We further read of
+innumerable cascades adding their wild music to the roar of the river."
+
+What are these innumerable cascades but the strings of the Lute which
+was heard ages ago by enraptured ears and which has kept on resounding
+ever since. The concert in the Canyon drowns even the basic roar of the
+river. The music is there.
+
+"We sit on some overhanging rocks, and enjoy the scene for a time,
+listening to the music of falling waters away up the canyons." (n. 26.)
+
+It appears that the acoustic properties of the Grand Canyon are
+calculated to produce most notable effects: "Great hollow domes are seen
+in the eastern side of the rock.... Our words are repeated with
+startling clearness, but in a soft mellow tone, that transforms them
+into magical music."
+
+Elsewhere an immense grotto "was doubtless made for an academy of
+=music= by its storm born architect; so we name it =Music= Temple." (n.
+27.)
+
+Lutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.
+
+A Temple of Music is there, say the Moderns.
+
+
+It will be noticed that the Chinese annotater calls the Great
+Canyon--the =Ta Hoh=--a place of (=huen=) midnight darkness and declares
+that it is erroneous to suppose that the Lute played down there (where
+it could not possibly be heard) was an instrument held by a human hand
+(the hand of a suckling!). Now, although the great gorge is wonderfully
+beautiful, it must be conceded that its basic part (within which human
+beings might dwell) is decidedly dark. Here "it is necessary to 'lie
+down upon one's back in order to see the sky,'--as I once heard General
+Crook express it. Into much of this deep gorge no ray of sunshine ever
+falls, and it well deserves the name of the 'Dark Canyon.'" (n. 28).
+Often in midday, stars are seen shining overhead; and it may well be
+called a place of midnight darkness (=huen=.)
+
+In the following passage a modern visitor notices the "dark and
+frowning" walls of the chasm, but still enlarges on their beauty:--"One
+would think that after traveling through six hundred miles of those
+canyons, one would be satisfied with =beauty= and grandeur, but in this
+fact lies the charm. Of the six hundred miles no two miles are alike.
+The picture is ever changing from grandeur to beauty, from beauty to
+sublimity, from the =dark= and =frowning= greatness of its granite
+walls, to the dazzling colors of its upper cliffs. And I stood in the
+last few miles of the Grand Canyon spellbound in wonder and admiration,
+as firmly as I was fixed in the first few miles in surprise and
+astonishment." (note 29.)
+
+Nature has done her best to adorn the walls of the mighty gorge. We are
+told of "=thousands of rivulets=" that "dropped farther and farther
+down, till the whole of the bright scarlet walls seemed hung with a
+tapestry of silver threads, the border fringed with white fleecy clouds
+which hung to the tops of the walls, and through which the points of the
+upper cliffs shone as scarlet tassels."
+
+Nor was Dame Nature completely satisfied with her tapestry and fringe of
+tassels. Other embroidery was displayed. "As the sun broke through some
+side gorge, the canyon was spanned from side to side, as the clouds
+shifted their position, with rainbow after rainbow, vying to outdo in
+brilliancy of color the walls of the canyon themselves."
+
+The ancient account declares, that in "the Region beyond the Eastern
+Sea," a Bottomless river traverses a Great Canyon. And this stream,
+remarkable for its ledges (=chu=) or rapids and falls, rushes onward and
+downward, and grows or enlarges into a Gulf. And the Canyon, the River,
+and the Gulf are all reported to be =Kan=--or =Beautiful=.
+
+And visitors today return from all three, declaring that they are
+Beautiful! Beautiful!! Beautiful!!!
+
+
+And some are entranced by strains of music arising from the mouth of the
+Canyon and declare that it holds an "orchestra." In one place the
+thousands of streamlets, glistening and gleaming like silvery cords,
+stretch downward from the edge of the painted chasm; and the resounding,
+melodious precipice is called "the Cliff of the Harp." (note 30.) What
+is this but an echo of the ancient declaration that the royal Lute in
+the Canyon was merely a musical stream. Similar ideas have occurred to
+poets. Coleridge in his "Ancient Mariner," tells of
+
+  "A noise like of a hidden brook
+      In the leafy month of June,
+  Which to the sleeping woods all night
+      Singeth a quiet tune."
+
+And Moore has heard the notes of harp-strings sounding forth from
+melodious streams. What wonder, then, that ancient poets (and the
+translation states that the particular work which makes mention of the
+"Bottomless =Kuh=" or valley, is a "poem") should have likened a
+collection of falling streams or cascades to the chords of a tuneful
+Lute and then, to distinguish it from others less excellent, have
+applied to the stringed instrument the name of their Prince. Americans
+today gravely talk of visiting or seeing "St. Luke's Head" (in
+California!) And we possess a mere natural formation which is supposed
+to resemble a nose and is religiously called "St. Anthony's Nose." In
+truth this "nose" is no more a literal nose than the "Lute" in the
+Canyon is a literal stringed instrument made by men. Then we have
+"Cleopatra's Bath" and "Pompey's Pillar." (Next tell us in the interest
+of chaos and confusion that Pompey left here "his" Pillar.)
+
+In the grand caves at Pikes Peak there is an "organ," which is really no
+organ at all. It is a natural formation or production from which
+charming melodies are fetched by skilled musicians. Now if we ourselves
+can gravely call a musical, highly-strung rock an "Organ," may not the
+Ancients be excused for calling a combination of musical streams a Lute?
+Contemplating the "Cliff of the Harp," we can readily understand how
+old-time visitors found down there the tuneful string of a "Lute" and
+how an imperial Child of the Sun was unable to lug along "his" notable
+musical toy. There it remains and melodious notes still come floating
+up.
+
+Lutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.
+
+"An Academy of Music!" say the Moderns.
+
+
+The Chinese annotater remarks that the =lieh tsze= (a class of sages or
+teachers--the literati) are unacquainted (=pu chi=) with the =sheu-hai=
+or Gulf situated toward the east (=chi tung=.)
+
+The Chinese scholars of the writer's time knew little or nothing of our
+Gulf of California (or =Sheu-hai=). However, it was known to some; and
+we are now informed that it is =ki= (a =few=; nearly about,
+approximately) =yih= (to =guess=, to bet; 100,000; an indeterminate
+number) =wan= (10,000) =le=.
+
+A single =wan le= should measure about 3,000 miles, and a =few= (to
+"guess") separate China from the =Ta-Hoh= which connects with the
+Bottomless =kuh= or valley ("=Ta-Hoh shih wei wu ti chi kuh=.)
+
+Evidently the Great Canyon lies more than =one wan le= (3,000 miles) to
+the east of China. We find indeed that the number may well be referred
+to as "a few" (=ki=.)
+
+Nor can the Gulf be =more= than about 30,000 =le= to the east, seeing
+that this Gulf of California is in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea"
+along with the =Fu-Tree= which has a trunk of 300 =le=. The Gulf to the
+east is connected with the mountain system whose Branches exhibit the
+gorgeous spectacle of Ten Suns. In short, the Gulf and Canyon are along
+with =Fu-Sang=; and =Fu-Sang= is only 30,000 =le= to the east of China,
+and merely 10,000 wide. Accordingly, the Gulf is but "a few" =wan le= to
+the east of the Flowery Kingdom.
+
+To look for the Canyon and Tree within the Philippine Islands,
+contiguous to China, is simply impossible. The islands have been pretty
+well thrashed over lately, and no one has met with the Tree! It has a
+"Trunk of 300 le," and collectors of curios or strange plants should
+keep wide awake and see that they don't pass it in the dark. And yet
+with its Ten Moons, how miss it? How fail to notice our glittering,
+gleaming, glorious candelabrum? It couldn't have fallen or drifted over
+to the Panama ditch? It can't possibly be now stuck in any South
+American Flower-pot? Catching the Tree seems to be as slippery as
+catching Tartars, and perhaps when the first is found, the others won't
+be very far off.
+
+The Chinese commentator, of course, never saw either the Gulf or Canyon
+but he quotes from earlier writers who were well acquainted with our
+"region beyond the Eastern Sea;" and one of these named =Chwangtsze=, is
+quoted to the effect that in the =Ta Hoh= or Great Canyon =high winds=
+(=yuen fung=) occur (=yu=) or come unexpectedly upon one.
+
+Do storms arise suddenly in the neighborhood of the mighty chasm?
+
+One modern explorer says: "I go up to explore the alcove. While away a
+whirlwind comes scattering the camp fire among the dead willows and
+cedar spray and soon there is a conflagration, the men rushing for the
+boats, leaving all they cannot readily seize at the moment, and even
+then they have their clothing burned and hair singed." (note 31.)
+
+Storms occur in all parts of the world. Is there anything peculiar about
+the tempests which are said to suddenly arise in the Great Canyon?
+
+One visitor says: "Storms were not infrequent and these occurring where
+the canyon walls were a mile high and close together produced an effect
+that was almost supernatural in its awfulness. The deep thunder echoed
+sharply between the cliffs, producing a roaring sound that was almost
+deafening." (note 32.)
+
+It should be remembered that the vast caverns here multiply the
+bellowings of thunder and also help to confine and intensify the raging
+and imprisoned whirlwinds.
+
+One eye or ear witness tells of a storm both seen and heard within the
+Canyon and adds: "I have seen the lightning play and heard the thunder
+roll among the summit peaks of the Rocky Mountains, as I have stood on
+some rocky point far above the clouds, but =nowhere= has the awful
+grandeur equalled that night in the lonesome depths of what was to us
+death's canyon.... Again all was shut in by darkness thicker than that
+of Egypt. The stillness was only broken by the roar of the river as it
+rushed along beneath me. Suddenly as if the mighty cliffs were rolling
+down against each other, there was peal after peal of thunder striking
+against the marble cliffs below, and mingling with their echoes,
+bounding from cliff to cliff. Thunder with echo, echo with thunder,
+crossed and recrossed from wall to wall of the canyon," etc. (note 33.)
+
+Surely sudden and dreadful storms rage here. The loudest in North
+America, says an expert.
+
+
+Observe that the visitor just quoted notices the "roar of the river" in
+connection with the fury of the tempest.
+
+Now, the ancient visitor does the same. After directing attention to the
+sudden high winds, he says that a decidedly curious sight or spectacle
+(=king shun=) is the =keang= (a large main stream which receives
+tributaries) spreading abroad (=fu=) the =noise= of flowing water
+(=tsung=) in the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon.
+
+The noise of the great river or =Keang= is thus noticed by the ancient
+visitor, who also declares that the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon constitutes
+a decidedly fine or curious sight.
+
+And such in truth it actually is. "Imagine a chasm that at times is less
+than a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed of
+which is a tossing, =roaring=, madly impetuous flood.... What an
+imposing spectacle; what a sublime vision of mightiness!" (n. 34).
+
+A great sight! say the Ancients.
+
+A Wonder of the World! say the Moderns.
+
+
+The roar of the river has never ceased since the ancient scribe, or his
+informant, passed that way. A modern visitor says: "The threatening
+=roar= of the water is loud and constant."
+
+Again, "The =roar= of its waters was heard unceasingly from the hour we
+entered it until the time we landed here. No quiet in all that time."
+(n. 35).
+
+One navigator tells of a "bore" in connection with the resounding
+stream. "In the stillness of the night, the roaring of the huge mass
+could be heard reverberating among the windings of the river.... This
+singular phenomenon of the 'bore,' as it is called, is met with but at
+few places in the world.... In the course of four or five hours the
+river falls about thirty feet" (n. 36.)
+
+Another explorer pauses at one spot in his amphibious career to note
+that "high water mark" can be seen "fifty, sixty, or a hundred feet
+above its present stage;" and "when a storm bursts over the canyon, a
+side gulch is dangerous, for a sudden flood may come and the inpouring
+waters will raise the river, so as to hide the rocks before your eyes"
+(n. 37).
+
+Another navigator, who never was without a life-belt,--which he found of
+vital use when righting his too often overturned ark,--tells with
+amazement of "the waves, torrents, and cataracts of this wildest of
+rivers."
+
+A ceaseless basic roar is there,--deadened at times by floods of music,
+yet nevertheless eternally there.
+
+
+The sea connected with the Great Canyon is elsewhere called a =Puh hai=
+(the latter term signifying "sea.")
+
+A =Puh hai= is said to be a "Gulf," and we find a Gulf--the Gulf of
+California--at the mouth of the Colorado.
+
+It should, however, be observed that the term =Puh= by itself stands for
+"an arm of the sea." A =Puh hai= is a Gulf which forms "an arm of the
+sea." The Gulf or sea should be shaped like an =arm=--an arm of the
+ocean (see Williams' dict. p. 718.)
+
+Now, a glance at the map shows that in a very peculiar sense the Gulf of
+California is a =hai= or "sea" which meets the requirements of being
+shaped like an =arm=. It is a sea and a gulf and at the same time "an
+arm" of the ocean. Truly it is a =Puh hai=.
+
+A great many "gulfs" are quite unlike "arms," being too broad to admit
+of such a comparison. But our Gulf of California is comparatively narrow
+and is truly an "arm" of the sea. And notice how the water of the
+river--our Colorado--"accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such are the
+words of the existing translation and they apply completely to the
+American situation. Here we find the water of the Colorado accumulating
+or widening out until it becomes a great body of water--a Gulf. Indeed
+this development or process of expansion is so gradual that it is
+impossible for navigators to tell where the river ends or the gulf
+begins.
+
+
+In the Chinese comment immediately before us, however, the =hai= or sea
+to the Canyon's river mouth is called a =Sheu=.
+
+Now this term signifies "to rinse the mouth, to scour; to wash out a
+thing; to purify." (Williams, p. 757.)
+
+The word =Sheu= is written by combining the characters for "water" and
+"to suck in."
+
+It is evident that our Gulf of California is "an arm of the sea" and no
+less a =Sheu=. A "mouth" it undoubtedly has, and this mouth is being
+ceaselessly "washed," "scoured," and "purified." Even a dentist would be
+satisfied! The immense stream rushes out, and tides from the Pacific
+rush in. Moreover the Colorado "sucks in" the tidal wave known as the
+Bore. Surely we have here the Eastern Gulf sea which is both a =Puh= and
+a =Sheu=.
+
+
+The water of the noisy, restless, purifying stream within the =Ta-Hoh=
+was it is said,--
+
+1. =Yu= (which means "used or employed.")
+
+2. =Wuh= (to water or irrigate; to soften with water; to enrich.)
+
+3. =Tsiao= (scorched, burned, singed, dried up.)
+
+4. =Chi= (referring to or denoting.)
+
+5. =Tsze= (here or this.)
+
+Evidently the water of the Colorado was used to =irrigate= some ground
+or vegetation which was dried up or =scorched=.
+
+Such a remark implies a high temperature (during the period of
+growth) between the walls of the chasm, and also leads us to look
+for some soil--some scorched or dried up soil (sadly in need of
+irrigation)--between the jaws of the Canyon. Is there parched or
+desert soil on the banks of the Colorado?
+
+Here is the answer: "The region through which the chafing waters of the
+Colorado run is forbidding in the extreme, a vast =Sahara= of waste and
+inutility; a desert too dreary for either vegetable or animal life; a
+land that is =haunted with wind-storm=, on which ride the furies of
+desolation.... The earth is =parched to sterility=.... It is like the
+moon, a =parched= district, save for the single stream which, instead of
+supplying sustenance, is eating its vitals." (note 38.)
+
+Another traveler visited Fort Yuma, on the Colorado, and says: "The ride
+to the fort was through a flat and desolate looking country.... It was a
+dreary eight hours ride." Other remarks are made concerning "the
+barrenness of the surrounding region and" "the =intense heat= of its
+summer climate." (note 39.)
+
+In some spots, however, water produces magical effects. In the Mojave
+valley, for instance, "the annual overflow of the river enables the
+Mojaves, to raise with little labor, an abundant supply of provisions
+for the year.... During one season, a few years since, the Colorado did
+not overflow its banks; there were consequently no crops and great
+numbers of the Mojaves perished from starvation." (note 40.)
+
+Curiously enough, although rain fell furiously within the Canyon, it was
+observed by a traveler that "such rain-storms were invariably confined
+to the immediate vicinity of the Canyon, the territory lying two or
+three miles east or west continuing parched with hardly a cloud above
+it." And the explorer wonders how some ancient inhabitants, whose
+buildings are now in ruins, "managed to exist, situated as they were in
+a desolate country, where there was great scarcity of both vegetable and
+animal life."
+
+The ancient Chinese account connects a baby king, a supreme ruler, with
+the Great Canyon and now states that water was used within the gorge to
+irrigate the soil, which is represented as being dried up or scorched.
+Is the Canyon remarkable for its heat? Surely it ought to be cool down
+there?
+
+One visitor says: "That Canyon was the sultriest place I have ever
+struck, and my experience includes some of the hottest sections this
+side of the equator.
+
+The oppressive heat in the chasm was felt at a "point fifty times as
+deep as the great chasm at Niagara." (note 41.)
+
+"But despite the terrible heat, despite the discomfort of the situation,
+I was compelled to wonder and admire, For,"--
+
+The =Ta-Hoh= should constitute a magnificent sight, but it is also said
+to contain some =scorched= or dried up soil. Is such to be seen?
+
+An explorer reached the Colorado at a point where it is 266 yards wide,
+and adds that the "soil" "bore nothing but dry weeds and bushes and the
+whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever
+beheld, as if some =sirocco= had passed over the land, =withering= and
+=scorching everything=." (note 42.)
+
+Withered and scorched! say the Ancients.
+
+Withered and scorched! say the Moderns.
+
+
+In one favored spot, "to the limit of vision, the tortuous course of the
+river (the Colorado) could be traced through a belt of alluvial land
+varying from one to six miles in width, and garnished with inviting
+meadows, with broad groves of willow and mezquite and promising fields
+of grain." The visitor remarks that the valley appears most attractive
+in the spring--"at this season of the year before the =burning heat= has
+=withered= the freshness and beauty of the early vegetation." (note 43.)
+
+We are informed that the valley south of the Bend of the Colorado near
+the "Needles," there is in the spring a "most brilliant array" of
+flowers; but, "after the ephemeral influence of the few spring showers
+has passed, the annual plants are soon =burned= up by the sun's heat and
+perfect sterility prevails throughout the remainder of the season."
+(note 44.)
+
+It is sufficiently apparent that the soil when properly watered can
+produce abundant vegetation and sufficient nourishment for, of course,
+limited numbers of human beings. Deprived of water, the soil is unable
+to sustain desirable plants, and presents a sterile aspect. Surveying
+its present condition or appearance of barrenness, a modern visitor
+wonders how the ancient inhabitants contrived to exist, or find food,
+within the withered, unfruitful chasm. But one of the ancients, Mr.
+Chwang Tsze, writing about this very =Ta-Hoh= or Great Chasm, says that
+they used water to irrigate the otherwise scorched or dried up soil.
+Then, if such a somewhat belated answer is true, the question arises,
+where are the proofs?
+
+A chief of the Ethnological Bureau very properly furnishes the answer.
+Standing in the abyss of the =Ta-Hoh=, on the bank of the roaring river,
+he beholds some ancient buildings and perceives how their vanished
+occupants formerly contrived to subsist. He says: "We can see where the
+ancient people who lived here--a race more highly civilized than the
+present--had made a =garden=, and =used= a great spring" [or feeder of
+the Colorado], "that comes out of the rocks for =irrigation=," etc. (n.
+45.)
+
+We irrigated the soil, say the Ancients.
+
+They irrigated the soil, say the Moderns.
+
+
+Next comes the statement of some trusted early sage or scholar who was
+certainly acquainted with our =Ta-Hoh= (containing the ruin and
+irrigated soil just noticed.) It is an observer or scribe named
+=Tu-tsan=, who says:--
+
+10. =Seay= (to paint, to draw, to sketch.)
+
+11. =yih= (to spread abroad, to diffuse.)
+
+12. =tung= (a gorge, ravine, canyon, a cave, a grotto.)
+
+13. =hueh= ("a hole in the earth or side of a hill,--they are used for
+dwellings;" a den, a grotto, a cavern.)
+
+Something called =seay= is here said to be spread abroad, or diffused
+over rocky walls or caves. Williams (p. 796) says that =seay= (or =sie=
+as it is also spelled) stands for a sketch or design, and adds that it
+means to draw, to compose, to write. Morrison, in his dictionary, says
+that =seay= signifies "to paint," etc.
+
+Of course there is no use looking for anything so absurd as pictured or
+painted rocky walls or caves; and we accordingly feel disappointed when
+the ancient text seems to notice such. The pictures or paint should be
+"spread abroad" freely or lavishly in the vicinity of caverns, and we
+know positively that no "paint" or pigment of human composition can be
+seen on the canyon walls. No artificial pictures are there, and we are
+compelled to admit that the ancient account here stands falsified.
+
+We have, however, found the caves. Music Temple, for instance measures
+two hundred feet from floor to roof, and is "a vast chamber carved out
+of the rock." There are caverns in all directions. And the noisy,
+roaring river is certainly there as well. One explorer says: "Imagine a
+chasm that at times is less than a quarter of a mile wide and more than
+a mile deep, the bed of which is a tossing, roaring, madly impetuous
+flood, winding its way in a sinuous course along =walls= that are
+=painted= with all the pigments known to nature. What an imposing
+spectacle!" (n. 46.)
+
+Of course we must object that the "walls" are really not walls and that
+the "paint" so lavishly spread upon them is not paint at all. The
+ancient assertion is delusive, but equally so is the modern. Just
+compare them.
+
+The Virgin River enters the Colorado, and at the place of junction are
+the "resplendently =painted= temples and towers of the Virgin. Here the
+slopes, the serpentine ledges, and the bosses of projecting rock,
+interlarded with scanty soil, display all the colors of the rainbow, and
+in the distance may be likened to the =painter's pallete=. The bolder
+tints are of maroon, purple, chocolate, magenta, and lavendar, with
+broad bands of white laid in horizontal belts. (n. 47.)
+
+Is this so-called "paint" =lavishly= "spread abroad"?
+
+Certainly; one section of the mighty and wondrous gorge is known as "the
+=painted= canyon."
+
+Of course the chasm is not really "painted" by artists or human agents,
+and we need not look for painted cliffs anywhere. Nevertheless modern
+observers echo the language of the ancients, and we are told today of
+"the =painting= of the rocks" and of "deep, =painted= alcoves" and
+"=painted= grottos" (n. 48.)
+
+
+The term =yih= (see Williams' dict. pp. 781, 1092) is composed of the
+characters for "fluid" and "vessel," and signifies "A vessel full to the
+brim; ready to overflow, to run over; abundant; to spread abroad, to
+diffuse." As =seay=, the word which precedes =yih= in our Chinese note,
+signifies "to paint," we perceive how the additional term =yih= teaches
+that the =paint= made use of has been applied to extensive surfaces, so
+that it presents the appearance of having "overflowed" or "run over" the
+rocky walls and caverns dealt with.
+
+Of course neither writing nor literal pictures could overflow or
+drench--and adhere to--walls or cliffs. But =seay yih= might cover the
+motion of applying =paint= in a most lavish, copious, overflowing
+manner. Here are cliffs so "rich with parti-coloring as to justify the
+most extravagant language in describing them."
+
+It looks as though the gnomes on the job, in the Canyon, just emptied
+their paint-pots down dizzy cliffs and then went back for more. And such
+extravagance is in harmony with the symbols which stand for painting and
+vessels and spreading abroad or overflowing! Mineral paints were freely
+used and sometimes apparently with considerable care and skill. Thus we
+read of a red sandstone cliff "unbroken by cracks or crevices or ledges"
+exhibiting "extensive flat surfaces beautifully =stained= by iron, till
+one could imagine all manner of tapestry effects."
+
+Here are painted imitations of tapestry.
+
+It should further be remembered that there are actual picture writings
+spread abroad on extensive painted or stained surfaces. The author just
+quoted beheld ancient dwellings which "exhibited considerable skill on
+the part of the builders, the corners being plumb and square." And just
+here "there were also numerous picture writings." (note 49.)
+
+An amazed visitor exclaims: "Grand, glorious, sublime, are the Pictorial
+cliffs of vermillion hue!"
+
+"Pictorial" answers to =seay= (the 10th character in our list.)
+
+Pictured and painted! say the Ancients.
+
+Pictured and painted! say the Moderns.
+
+
+We have seen that our Gulf (of California) has been called a =Puh-hai=,
+or "arm of the sea."
+
+Professor Hoith, the celebrated student of Chinese, in his work on
+"Chinese History" (p. 49, footnote) says that a =puh hai= is "an
+estuary."
+
+Webster says that an "estuary" is "an arm of the sea; a firth; a narrow
+passage, or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the
+current, or flows and ebbs."
+
+Plainly our Gulf of California is a =Puh hai= or Estuary.
+
+
+It may further be remarked that =Puh= is written in Chinese by putting
+together two characters, one standing for "water," and the other
+signifying "Suddenly; hastily; flurried, disconcerted, as when caught
+doing wrong; to change color, confused" (Williams' dict. p. 718.)
+
+It is superfluous to say that our Gulf or Estuary is a very "confused"
+or "flurried" body of water. It is truly a =Puh-hai=.
+
+Moreover, it "changes color." As though "caught doing wrong," it changes
+color and blushes at times a rosy red. This is the hue of multidunious
+veins: "A thousand streams rolling down the cliffs on every side, carry
+with them red sand; and these all unite in the canyon below, in one
+great stream of red mud" (n. 50.) But sometimes the color below Yuma is
+yellow or black (n. 51.)
+
+The name "Colorado" is a Spanish term conveying the idea of redness, and
+undoubtedly this hue predominates throughout the course of the
+boisterous stream; but other colors due to the dye or wash of variously
+painted cliffs, are also met with. Moreover a section may exhibit one
+color to-day and something different to-morrow. And so it is with the
+gulf, which receives the Colorado, and on which floating patches of
+color are frequently seen. Truly our Gulf or Estuary is remarkable for
+both its coloring, blue, red, etc., and its changes of color. In all
+respects it is plainly a =Puh-hai=.
+
+
+Our Gulf or Estuary is also called a =yuen=. Farther on (see Chinese
+version) we read that the Canyon river produces or grows into (=shang=)
+a beautiful (=kan=) =yuen=.
+
+This term =yuen= stands for a "gulf, an abyss; an eddy, a whirlpool or
+place where the back water seems to stop."
+
+A whirling, violent, or impetuous body of water is evidently referred
+to. Fernando Alarchon, in 1540, found the Colorado "a very mighty river,
+which ran with so great a fury of stream that we could hardly sail
+against it.
+
+One voyager tells how his ark, the "Emma" was "caught in a =whirlpool=,
+and set spinning about." Here is a =yuen=.
+
+Again, "The men in the boats above see our trouble but they are caught
+in whirlpools, and are spinning about in eddies."
+
+What have we here but =Yuen=--multiplied whirlpools?
+
+Through "Whirlpool Canyon" and all the way to the Gulf, the waters dance
+around and about. We read of "dancing eddies or whirlpools." There are
+more than 600 rapids and falls in the Colorado (n. 52.)
+
+The waters =waltz= their way and even furnish their own "rippling,
+rushing, roaring music." And we are in addition told of "innumerable
+cascades adding their wild music" (n. 53).
+
+Surely the entire inlet traversed by the bore or reached by ocean tides
+is in precisely the condition of commotion which may well be designated
+by the term yuen.
+
+
+We are informed that the =kan= (or beautiful) =yuen= approaches (=tsih=)
+with vapor (=hi hwo=) and bathes (=yuh=) the sun's place (=ji chi su=).
+
+It is evident that the mighty stream which traverses the Great Canyon in
+the region beyond the Eastern Sea, should flow from a Bottomless valley
+to a Gulf, and reach to the Sun's Place. And we find that the current of
+the Colorado extends to the Tropical line of Cancer, which crosses and
+marks the mouth of the Gulf of California.
+
+
+Vapor or fog is noticed in connection with the beautiful (even if
+restless or reeling) =Yuen=.
+
+Are fogs a noticeable feature along the coast of California? If so, they
+might hide the entrance or mouth of the Gulf.
+
+One visitor says: "Westward toward the setting sun and the sea," was a
+"filmy fog creeping landward, swallowing one by one the distant hills."
+
+Again, we read of "hilltops that thrust their heads through the slowly
+vanishing vapor."
+
+Here "you may bask in the sunshine of gardens of almost tropic
+luxuriance or shudder in =fogs that shroud the coast=" (n. 54.)
+
+We need not wonder that such vapors should appear within the confines of
+the charming Gulf of California and at times veil its shores. A recent
+visitor says: "The island and mountain peaks, whose outlines are seen
+from the Gulf, had been somewhat =dimmed= by a light =haze=, appeared
+surprisingly near and distinct in the limpid medium through which they
+were now viewed. The whole panorama became invested with new
+attractions, and it would be hard to say whether the dazzling radiance
+of the day or the sparkling clearness of the night was the more
+=beautiful= and brilliant" (n. 55).
+
+Hazy and Beautiful, say the Ancients.
+
+Hazy and Beautiful, say the Moderns.
+
+
+The haze is not dense enough to blind our eyes to the manifest fact that
+those people of old who were acquainted with the position of our Gulf of
+California, must also have been acquainted with Mexico and its
+inhabitants.
+
+Tropical America was considered by its people to be particularly under
+the influence of the Sun. Uxmal was in "the Land of the Sun" (n. 56),
+and the Mexicans called themselves "Children of the Sun."
+
+
+
+
+CAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.
+
+
+It will be noticed that the 13th term in our list is =hueh=, which
+stands for cave habitation. Are such to be seen in our Canyon?
+
+Numerous =tung= (see 12th term,) in the shape of caves or holes are
+undoubtedly there, but in addition the old account notices =hueh=. Have
+such been found?
+
+One explorer says: "Even more remarkable than the stupendous walls which
+confine the Colorado river, are the ruined cave habitations which are to
+be seen along the lofty and inaccessible ledges, in which a vanished
+race long years ago evidently sought refuge from their enemies.... They
+were reached by very narrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being
+extremely difficult to attain by the occupants themselves, presented an
+impregnable front to invaders" (n. 57.)
+
+Explorers decending into the =ta-hoh= come forth to-day with accounts of
+gardens and irrigating streams, pictured cliffs, and cave dwellings,--in
+complete agreement with the ancient record.
+
+
+Following the term =hueh= we find a 14th, called =han=, which stands for
+dry, heated air; too dry; parched as by drought; crisp.
+
+Is there =han=, or dry heated air down in the Canyon?
+
+One visitor entered the Grand Canyon "in the morning while darkness yet
+covered the scene, but even then it was oppressively hot, and as the sun
+got higher I felt as though I had been thrust into a dutch =oven= and
+the mouth stopped up.... But, despite the terrible heat ... I was
+compelled to wonder and admire ... the gorgeous cliffs and rock walls
+showing all those varied colorings," etc. (n. 58).
+
+It was the "terrible heat" which compelled the Ancients to resort to
+irrigation in order to raise some food for themselves and little ones.
+Destitute of water, the soil is scorched and barren.
+
+It is said that "there are about 700 square miles of arable land between
+the mouth of the Gila and the 35th parallel of N. latitude," along the
+Colorado. And "in the valley" of this stream, where it is joined by the
+Gila, "are traces of ancient irrigating canals, which show that it has
+once been cultivated." And along the connected Gila are irrigating works
+of remarkable construction and undoubted antiquity--antedating the
+arrival of the Spaniards by centuries.
+
+Where the soil is actually irrigated or cultivated the response of
+nature is most gratifying and encouraging. We learn with regard to the
+Colorado valley, that "portions are cultivated by the numerous tribes of
+Indians who live along its banks, affording them an abundance of wheat,
+maize, beans, melons, squashes," etc. (n. 59).
+
+Such ground would be well worthy of attention; but the attitude of "the
+numerous tribes of Indians" along the Colorado might interfere with the
+plans of newcomers and even compel the latter to live in caves or on
+ledges easily defended. And it is certain that soil insufficiently
+watered presents a distressingly sterile aspect in the neighborhood of
+the Colorado.
+
+One traveler, already quoted, says with regard to a wide section, that
+"the whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I
+have ever beheld, as if some Sirocco had passed over the land,
+=withering= and =scorching= everything to crispness" (n. 60.)
+
+Notice this word "crispness" used by our author. Turned into Chinese it
+becomes =han= (crisp)--the very term applied in the ancient record to
+the condition of the soil unwatered within the Canyon. It is curious how
+the old and new visitors agree in their descriptions of the interior of
+the mighty gorge, where vegetation is withered or dead.
+
+Scorched and Crisp! say the Ancients.
+
+Scorched and Crisp! say the Moderns.
+
+
+The Canyon should be hot, and one of our own visitors says: "The sun
+shone directly up the Canyon, and the glare =reflected from the walls=
+made the heat intolerable (n. 61.)
+
+The word =han= has, unfortunately enough, a perfect right to appear in
+the old record. Following it we find additional terms:
+
+15. A compound character consisting of the signs for "Sun" (=Jih=) and
+"People" (=Min=.)
+
+16. =lung= ("used for =nagas= or snake gods;" "a dragon," "imperial."
+"It is often used for a man.")
+
+17. =chuh= ("the illumination of torches; a candle; a light; to give or
+shed light upon, to illumine")
+
+The statement seems to teach that the Sun People--the men--were using
+torches to illumine the depth of the hot Canyon.
+
+We have already been informed that a =ju= or suckling, who was yet a
+supreme King (like perhaps the last Chinese Emperor of the Manchu
+dynasty, in 1912 A. D.) and a Child of the Sun, was down in the abyss,
+so we are prepared to hear that his subjects--some Sun people--were down
+there too.
+
+Of course, for the greater part of the twenty-four hours, the darkness,
+particularly in the cave dwellings should be most intense. One visitor,
+quoted already, tells of "darkness thicker than that of Egypt." Such
+gloom should be particularly and painfully felt by "Sun People," and we
+are not surprised to find that they made use of torches or artificial
+lights. Singularly enough, the chasm, as though remorsefully conscious
+of the blackness of its character, produces no end of dried-up vegetable
+stems or stalks fit to be ignited and used as firebrands. These it
+places convenient to your hand, as though to invite inspection.
+
+Indians today are in the habit of using such torches. We are informed
+that "the custom still prevails among them of carrying a firebrand,"
+which was noticed by Spanish explorers in the 16th Century, "and induced
+those discoverers to give to the river the name of Rio del Tizon" (n.
+62).
+
+It will be noticed that the ancient Chinese account connects lights, or
+"an illumination of Torches" (=chuh=), with the very stream which the
+Spaniards of a later age, and of their own accord christened the Rio del
+Tizon.
+
+A Torch-lighted stream, say the Chinese.
+
+A Torch-lighted stream, say the Spaniards.
+
+
+The author or explorer last quoted says with reference to Indians
+dwelling on the banks of the Colorado, that "the custom still prevails
+among them of carrying a firebrand in the hand in cold weather," which
+was noticed by the Spaniards.
+
+Of course the flaming brands may well be used in winter to warm those
+who hold them, but the Ancients who inhabited the cave or cliff houses
+(which they built and which are now more or less in ruin, according to
+exposure or original inherent strength) might have used the =chuh= or
+torches as =lights=. These torches are mentioned in connection with
+excessive =heat=, and it would be absurd to suppose that the Sun People
+of old desired a still higher temperature. But mention is made of cave
+dwellings, and such are actually there; and we can readily understand
+why the ancient dwellers in the cave houses should have frequently used
+the ready-to-hand torches when climbing to their dark and break-neck
+abodes.
+
+Even today the =chuh= or torches are used as =lights=. The withered
+stalks or stems, so abundant in the Canyon, are a melancholy
+illustration of the scorching power of the sun within the chasm. We have
+not forgotten the fact that the Chinese term =han= is used in the
+ancient text and that it stands for the "crispness" of scorched or dried
+up plants. An actual visit to the =Ta-Hoh= or Great Canyon referred to,
+shows that it is this =han=--or withered, scorched and crisp--vegetation
+which provides no end of torches (=chuh=) for dwellers in the vicinity.
+One stumbling visitor uses the following language: "We struck for it ...
+through the thick night, the guide occasionally lighting a =torch of
+grass=" (n. 63). Unable to directly or steadily illumine the angles or
+recesses of the Canyon, the bright and clear-headed sun does the next
+best thing and raises a bounteous harvest of firebrands. Nature here
+concentrates her attention on the task of serving the necks (rather than
+the bellies) of her children, and presents them with a crop of seasoned
+and brilliant torches. Certain it is that most efficient firebrands are
+raised here in profusion and constitute such a unique feature of the
+stream that in order to distinguish it from others in the region, the
+Spaniards called our river the Rio del Tizon. Torches have lighted the
+Canyon in the past and they now throw light on the ancient record.
+
+Mentioned in connection with withered vegetation and intense heat, the
+natural inference is that the torches were used to =light= the steps of
+dwellers in the Canyon. Of course they might in winter have been used,
+like other vegetable produce, as fuel, but the old record now before us
+does actually connect the =chuh= or torches with a high scorching
+temperature; and our impression or deduction is that they were used as
+lights amid the blackness of the chasm.
+
+And the Torches (=chuh=) are used as lights still. One explorer says:
+"We fear that we shall have to stay here clinging to the rocks until
+daylight. Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a
+bundle, lights one end, and holds it up. The =others do the same=, and
+with these =Torches= we =find a way= out of trouble."
+
+Observe that these torches (or =chuh= as the Chinese would call them)
+were not ignited to =warm= the explorers. They were held aloft to find
+or light the way among perilous cliffs. Without their aid it would have
+been madness for the explorers to move. Practically they were as men
+born blind, but the Indian guide, with knowledge derived from the depths
+of antiquity, obtains the necessary torches and light at his elbow. With
+one withered and hot stem he ties together a number, lights them and
+then finds the way out of trouble for both himself and his bewildered
+party. What have we here but a duplication of the "illumination of
+torches" referred to in the ancient record?
+
+17. =chuh= (the illumination of torches; a candle; a torch.)
+
+18. =yuen= ("to lead or take by the hand, to cling to; to pull up
+higher, to drag out; to put forward; to relieve, to rescue")
+
+19. =yiu= (have, has; to get.)
+
+20. =Ta= (Great.)
+
+21. =Hoh= (Canyon.)
+
+22. =hao= (a mark, classed, a signal.)
+
+23. =wei= (said or declared; has; in the place of.)
+
+24. =wu= (no; without; destitute of.)
+
+25. =te= (bottom.)
+
+It appears that within the bottomless =Ta-hoh= or Great Canyon (see
+words 19 to 25) there is an illumination of torches (=chuh=) and a
+pulling up higher, or a dragging about and clinging to (=yuen=).
+
+Climbing is here referred to. The Sun people seem to have found
+locomotion difficult and hazardous within the chasm.
+
+The modern explorer who reached the irrigated garden plots and houses of
+the ancient occupants, was himself compelled to resort to much climbing.
+In one place he says: "I find I can get up no farther, and cannot step
+back, for I dare not let go with my hands, and cannot reach foot-hold
+below without. I call to Bradley for help.... The moment is critical.
+Standing on my toes my muscles begin to tremble.... I hug close to the
+rock, let go with my hand, seize the dangling legs, and with his
+assistance, I am enabled to gain the top" (n. 64.)
+
+It will be seen by the intelligent reader that the forgoing performance
+is covered by the term =yuen= (No. 18) used in the ancient record. There
+was a =rescue= by Bradley, and the desperate adventurer, a chief of the
+Ethnological Bureau, was "pulled up higher," even to "the top" of the
+cliff. All this constitutes =yuen=; and without intending it, our modern
+climber--calling to Bradley for help--is a most eloquent and lucid
+commentator on the ancient statement in the Chinese text.
+
+
+But this climbing should be accomplished in connection with =chuh= (No.
+17--the illumination of torches). Is it true that there is climbing by
+torchlight (not =moonlight=, gentle reader) within the chasm?
+
+Light is thrown on the ancient text by a statement already in part
+quoted: "We fear that we shall have to stay here =clinging= to the rocks
+until daylight. Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in
+a bundle, lights one end, and holds it up. The others do the same, and
+with these torches we find a way out of trouble. =Helping= each other,
+holding =torches= for each other, one =clinging= to another's =hand=
+until we get footing, then supporting the other on his shoulders, so we
+make our passage into the depths of the canyon. And now Captain Bishop
+has kindled a huge fire of driftwood, on the bank of the river. This and
+the fires in the gulch opposite, and our own =flaming torches=, light up
+little patches, that make more manifest the awful darkness below. Still,
+on we go, for an hour or two, and at last we see Captain Bishop coming
+up the gulch, with a =huge= torch-light on his shoulders. He looks like
+a fiend waving brands and lighting the fires of hell, and the men in the
+opposite gulch are imps lighting delusive fires in inaccessible
+crevices, over yawning chasms.... At last we meet Captain Bishop with
+his flaming torch" (n. 65). And so the brilliant description continues.
+
+What is all this but the =chuh yuen= of the ancient record? Here surely
+is "an illumination of torches."
+
+Torches and Climbing, say the Ancients.
+
+Torches and Climbing, say the Moderns.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+We can readily understand why the ancient occupants of the stone houses
+in the Grand Canyon, should have used the torches so liberally and
+conveniently supplied by nature throughout the region where their light
+is too often sadly or desperately needed. We have been informed by a
+modern visitor that ruined cave habitations are to be seen along "lofty
+and inaccessible ledges." And these dwellings "were reached by very
+narrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being extremely difficult to
+attain by the occupants themselves, presented an impregnable front to
+invaders."
+
+Surely here torches would often come in handy.
+
+Dr. Fewkes believes that the ancient occupants of the cliff or cave
+houses chose hazardous sites in order to be out of the reach of enemies.
+He says:
+
+"The pressure of outside tribes, or what may be called human
+environment, probably had much to do originally with the choice of caves
+for houses. The experienced archaeologist also draws attention to
+Jackson's remark that finger imprints answering to those of women, "may
+still be traced in the mortar" of the dwellings (n. 66). Many interiors
+indeed are covered with smooth plaster in which the impressions of small
+and delicate fingers appear.
+
+Of course, women and children formerly lived on the "inaccessible
+ledges"; and sons, fathers, husbands, or brothers, away perhaps hunting
+in distant glens or forests, were comparatively free from anxiety
+concerning the condition of loved ones at home. And if savages with
+tomahawks and scalping knives came stealing through ravines to the foot
+of impregnable stairways, the mothers aloft, pressing children to their
+breasts and looking down on baffled foes, must have felt something of
+the emotion which throbs through the well-known lines, written indeed by
+a woman,--
+
+  For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,
+    Our God, our fathers' God!
+  Thou hast made Thy children mighty
+    By the touch of the mountain sod;
+  Thou hast fixed our ark of refuge
+    Where the spoiler's foot ne'er trod;--
+  For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,
+    Our God, our fathers' God!
+
+And if in the darkness of night, the awaited signal or cry were heard
+arising from the heart of the abyss, how quickly the doors would be
+opened and ropes lowered and torches lighted to help the hunters to
+their homes on high! Torches flaming and eyes gleaming. Lights flashing
+in all directions. An illumination of torches. No wonder the Canyon was
+noted for its =chuh yuen= and cave dwellings.
+
+Lights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Ancients.
+
+Lights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Moderns.
+
+
+The account continues thus:
+
+26. =Leang= (the principal, the chief; a bridge, a beam.)
+
+27. =kien= (official writing; to mark; a slip of bamboo for making notes
+on; a classifier of folios or sheets.)
+
+28. =wan= (strokes, lines, literature, literary; a despatch.)
+
+29. =Ta= (Great.)
+
+30. =Hoh= (Canyon.)
+
+31. =fu= (to spread abroad as decrees; to exact; to demand.)
+
+A =leang= or chief is here referred to in connection with the Great
+Canyon. The ruler is not exactly called the King or supreme head (=chwen
+suh=). Indeed, we have been already informed that the head ruler was a
+mere nurseling (at the time when he abandoned his Lute in the Canyon)
+and such an infant carried about by the mother who had just brought him
+into the world, among the cliffs and canyons, would evidently have been
+unable to either write or issue decrees. Of course, however, a nominally
+subordinate chief (or =leang=) might have attended to the details of
+government and ruled or directed the movements of the Sun people in the
+name of the infant King. Such a minister might have spread abroad
+decrees or commands within the Canyon.
+
+Are any writings to be seen on its walls?
+
+An explorer already in part quoted, says: "At last we meet Captain
+Bishop with his flaming torch.... On a broad shelf we find the ruins of
+an old stone house, the walls of which are broken down, and we can see
+where the ancient people who lived here--a race more highly civilized
+than the present--had made a garden, and used a great spring, that comes
+out of the rocks, for irrigation. On some rocks near by we discover some
+curious etchings" (n. 67).
+
+Here are cliff writings.
+
+Again, on the brink of a rock 200 feet high stands an old house. Its
+walls are of stone, laid in mortar, with much regularity.... On the face
+of the cliff, under the building and along down the river for 200 or 300
+yards, there are many etchings."
+
+Here are writings "spread abroad" within the =Ta-hoh= or Great Canyon.
+Not painted on the cliffs, but cut into the stone! Beyond the reach or
+malice of savage tribes, they doubtless furnished directions to friendly
+clans, telling where certain companies had moved, and so forth.
+
+"On many of the tributaries of the Colorado I have heretofore examined
+their deserted dwellings.... Sometimes the mouths of caves have been
+walled across and there are many other evidences to show their anxiety
+to secure defensible positions. Probably the nomadic tribes were
+sweeping down upon them, and they resorted to these cliffs and canyons
+for safety.... Here I stand where these now lost people stood centuries
+ago, and look over this strange country."
+
+The former chief of the Ethnological Bureau also says that at the mouth
+of the Colorado Chiquito he discovered some curious remains, such as
+ruins and pottery, also "etchings and hieroglyphics on the rocks."
+
+Some of the cliff or cave dwellings are singularly impressive. Baron
+Nordenskiold, says of one, called the "Cliff Palace," that it well
+deserves its proud name, "for with its round towers and high walls ...
+deep in the mysterious twilight of the cavern, and defying in their
+sheltered site the ravages of time, it resembled at a distance an
+enchanted castle."
+
+And Chapin exclaims: "Surely its discoverer had not overstated the
+beauty and magnitude of this strange ruin. There it was, occupying a
+great oval space under a grand cliff wonderful to behold, appearing like
+an immense ruined castle with dismantled towers" (n. 68).
+
+And yet Dr. Fewkes very rationally refuses to regard it as a
+"palace"--occupied merely by a king and servants or else officers of
+state managing an empire. Of course some nook within sheltered its
+ruler. But it is merely a pueblo--set within a cave. One French visitor
+says: "Il est probable que Cliff-Palace n'abritait pas moins de 500
+personnes" (n. 69).
+
+At this rate it would have required forty such structures (or equivalent
+clusters of apartments) to shelter, say, 20,000 individuals.
+
+There is mention of cave dwellings in connection with the Great Canyon;
+and as Sun people with a supreme ruler (although but a suckling) are
+represented as climbing within the chasm, with the aid of torches, we
+expect to find curious remains in connection with the caverns. Nor are
+we disappointed. Here are mouths of caves walled up for defensive
+purposes. Here are ramparts, towers, and fortified structures classed
+with castles.
+
+We are informed that decrees were spread abroad in the Canyon; and
+searching for the ancient inscriptions, we find that they are cut into
+the cliffs. This shows that the former dwellers were able to cut and
+work stone; and abundant remains of masonry are at hand to sustain this
+deduction.
+
+
+The personality of the =ju=, or suckling ruler, remains to be
+investigated, and should yield curious--most surprising--results; but,
+of course, reasonable, logical critics will not for an instant confound
+such an inquiry with that just finished. Even absolute failure to
+unearth the facts with regard to the Prince and his royal mother, can
+not shake the plain fact that we have actually found an account of the
+Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, and the Gulf of California, in an
+ancient Chinese book.
+
+
+
+
+PIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES
+
+
+It may further be remarked that the Chinese paragraph which immediately
+follows the account of our Canyon, mentions a place called "Pi-mo."
+
+This is its pronunciation in Canton, but in Shanghai, where =mo= is
+accorded the sound of =mu= (see Williams' dict. p. 1154 and p. 1186,
+column 6) =Pi-mo= would be called =Pi-mu=. Now, this Pi-mo or Pi-mu is
+said (see existing translation) to be situated in the "south-east corner
+of the desert beyond the eastern sea.
+
+Proceeding eastward until the "Eastern Sea," which washes the coast of
+China, is crossed, the modern investigator reaches California and
+Arizona. And here, in the region or basin of the Colorado, he finds a
+place still called "Pi-mo." It is in Arizona, with a "desert" of
+sand--the desert of California and Sonora--to its west and south, and a
+region of running streams, grass, and forests to its east. =Pimo= is
+itself in the "desert"--in a "south-east corner of the desert beyond the
+Eastern Sea." It is entirely dependent on artificial irrigation for its
+limited power to support human beings.
+
+Here are ruined buildings whose origin is shrouded in mystery and around
+or about which controversies have raged for centuries.
+
+One visitor, an American officer, states that his General "asked a Pimo,
+who made the house I had seen?" The house was one of the Casas Grandes
+in the neighborhood of Pimo. Who had made it? was now the question. The
+reply was: "It was built by the son of the most beautiful woman who once
+dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair and all the handsome men came to
+court her, but in vain; when they came, they paid tribute, and out of
+this small store she fed all people in times of famine and it did not
+diminish."
+
+Moreover, "at last she brought forth a boy, who was the builder of all
+these houses."
+
+The Pimo Indian "seemed unwilling to talk about them, but said there
+were plenty more of them to the north, south, west, etc." (note 70.)
+
+[Was the royal suckling or Prince ever carried down into the neighboring
+Grand Canyon by the beneficient being, his mother? Was he a =shao hao=
+(as the Chinese might say) or little Child of the Sun? Did he ever see
+the Cliff Palace? Were he and his people connected with the cave and
+cliff-dwellings? And when he retired from the Canyon did he fail to take
+with him a Lute?]
+
+If the royal suckling (or =ju=) of the Chinese account ever actually
+lived in the neighborhood of the Grand Canyon, or in the vicinity of
+Pimo, and was connected with a restless or troubled nation of Cliff
+Dwellers or stone-house builders, why should not the Indians have some
+traditional, even if but hazy recollection of both the suckling and his
+imperial mother? The forefathers of the Pimos must have beheld them, and
+it is difficult to suppose that the ancient legendary knowledge has
+completely evaporated from the aboriginal memory. As we have learned the
+construction of the Casas Grandes at Pimo is connected with the advent
+or movements of an intelligent, even if harassed race of Builders who
+owed allegiance to a Princess or her child. And if it is a fact that in
+a time of famine the royal lady fed the ancestors of the Pimos, we
+wonder not that the nation has enshrined her image within its ceaseless,
+throbbing heart. The hill-top on which she gave birth to her suckling is
+remembered to the present hour and was pointed to by the Pimo
+interpreter when telling the American General about the merciful being
+who fed the hungry in a time of famine (and perhaps had relieved or
+cheered his own ancestor.)
+
+Let us not overlook or snub the fact that Pimo--the Pimo of "the region
+beyond the Eastern Sea" is actually mentioned in the same breath with
+the Grand Canyon and the Gulf. It is represented by characters numbered
+9 and 10 in the extract from the ancient Chinese volume, now set before
+the patient and intelligent reader who appreciates or perceives the
+difficulties connected with the present investigation.
+
+The last column (reading from right to left) consists of 12 characters,
+which express the following sense:
+
+=Ta=--=Hg=--east--south--corner--=has=--=shan= (mountain or
+height)--called--=Pi mo=--=ti=--=kiu=.
+
+The 11th term, =ti=, stands for "place;" and a =kiu= is a level-topped
+hill. As it is also called a =shan= (see No. 7), the =kiu= should be a
+prominent eminence having a level space on top.
+
+The name =Pi-mo= is expressed by putting =Pi=, which signifies "skin" or
+"case," along with =mo=, which simply stands for "mother."
+
+A mother, or a maternal case is connected with the =Pi-mo kiu= or
+level-topped hill. Is such an eminence to be seen in the vicinity of
+Pi-mo? Has it a flat summit? Are there any signs that it was inhabited
+by the queen of the Builders? The Pimo Indian told the general that on
+the hill-top in the vicinity--in the Lower Gila Valley--a female ruler
+gave birth to a child. Is there any foundation for the legend? Where is
+her house?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Referring to the structures in Arizona, an observer draws particular
+attention to one "comparatively intact in the lower Gila valley."
+He says: "The hill on which it is built rises abruptly from the
+surrounding lowlands to the height of a full thousand feet. Near the
+northwest corner the ancient strategists began at a height of thirty
+feet, carving a narrow pathway to the summit. Here an irregular stone
+staircase has been made, passable by one person at a time. At intervals
+watchtowers were constructed, from which huge boulders could be hurled
+down upon the advancing foe.
+
+"The road makes three complete circles above the hill before reaching
+the upper =level=." [Here is a =level=-topped hill or =kiu=.] "Here
+another monument of early fortitude inspired by the love of life
+presents itself. There is, perhaps, three acres of =level= rock on the
+summit. For a depth of nearly two feet the entire =plateau= is covered
+with rich soil 'packed up' from below. When one pauses to think of the
+immense labor involved in carrying this mass of earth up the irregular
+winding stone staircase, a feeling of admiration springs up for these
+simple patient people."
+
+It is plain that there is a =level=-topped hill (or =kiu=) in the
+vicinity of Pimo. And it is directly connected in Indian tradition with
+the movements of a race of builders who reared "all these houses," and
+were directed or governed by a beneficient being who here gave birth to
+a remarkable prince. But it is enough at present to observe that the
+Chinese symbols connect Pimo--the Pimo of the "region beyond the Eastern
+Sea"--with a Mother, or notable Birth. And when the American General--in
+our region beyond the Eastern Sea--inquires at Pimo for information,
+concerning its now silent and forsaken ruins, the Pimo interpreter
+instantly responds by raising his arm and pointing to the hill of the
+royal birth.
+
+The Hill of the Maternal Case is there, say the Chinese.
+
+The Hill of the Maternal Case is Here, say the Pimos.
+
+
+The hill is prominent or lofty and quite level on top. It is in truth a
+=kiu= (pronounced like our own word cue) and holds aloft some
+impregnable dwellings and also a green spot or abandoned garden--clay
+having been carried aloft a thousand feet by devoted Builders in part to
+raise flowers for the young mother. But, of course, her own bud was the
+brightest of all. And every one told her so. And what a wide view from
+the summit! And how cool the air up there! How different from the
+blazing Canyon (with its hidden or abandoned Lute.)
+
+
+"The General asked a Pimo, who made the house I had seen? 'It is the
+Casa de Montezuma', said he; it was built by the son of the most
+beautiful woman who once dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair--"
+
+Notice here the name "Montezuma."
+
+The Casas Grandes at Pimo were fortunately seen by Spanish explorers in
+the 16th century, and "the Indians then assigned them an age of no less
+than 500 years." (note 71.)
+
+Of course the Casa Grande Montezuma (or Builder Prince of the 11th
+century) could not have been the Montezuma who was overthrown by Cortez
+in the 16th century. As well confound William of Normandy with William
+of Holland, because each was a William! Let fools do that!
+
+One writer says with regard to the legends of the sedentary Indians,
+that "the name of Montezuma runs through all of these--not generally
+referring to the king whom we are accustomed to identify with that name,
+but to the great chief of the golden or heroic age." (n. 72)
+
+
+There are noticeable variations in the name or title of the ancient
+king. Thus one Spanish explorer speaks of "the Casa Grande, or palace of
+=Moc=-te-zuma" (n. 73.)
+
+Here we have =Moc= (or =Mok=, as it is by others spelled) instead of
+=Mon= (ti-zuma.)
+
+Another authority furnishes the spelling =Mo=-te-cuh-=zoma=, and adds,
+that it is "found written also =Moc=-te-zuma, Mu-teczuma, Mo-texuma" (n.
+74.)
+
+Notice the three different spellings or sounds--=Mo=, =Mu=, and =Mok=,
+prefixed to "=te-zuma=...."
+
+
+The title =te= or =ti= (or =te-cuh=) signifies warrior or lordly ruler
+(n. 75.) As for =suma= it is said to mean "sad, angry, or severe." [But
+SOMA may include an allusion to the water of immortality and embrace the
+notion of divine descent.]
+
+=Mok= (the =te-zuma=) =Mo= or =Mu= were names or titles bestowed on the
+11th century Builder Prince who was connected with the construction of
+the Casas Grandes in the Pimo section, and was born on a prominent
+hill-top there. He was =Mok=, =Mo= or =Mu=.
+
+
+Turning to the Chinese account we find that the royal =ju= or suckling
+connected with the region of the Grand Canyon and Pimo, was likewise
+known as =Mu=. (note 76.)
+
+In addition, the suckling is repeatedly called a =ti= (or =te= as it is
+just as often spelled.) And this, so far, agrees with the title of the
+Pimo infant, whose name is frequently said to be =Mu-ti= (zuma.)
+
+A =Mu-ti=, say the Chinese.
+
+A =Mu-ti=, say the Pimos.
+
+
+According to the Chinese record, the imperial (=ti= or =te=) heir
+apparent (or =yuen-tsz=) suckling or baby (=ju=) whose estate or
+patrimony (=chan=) was =Loh-ming= (name of a region) lived or resided
+(=ku=) as the tender, delicate youth (=yao=) =Mu=.
+
+Here we see that the heir apparent the ju or baby was both =Mu= and a
+=ti=. The old account connects the infantile ruler with a region called
+Loh-ming. We need not delay to ascertain the position of this province
+or land; enough now to observe that wherever it was, the =ju= and =ti=
+lived there (or lived some where) as the pleasing and tender =Mu=.
+
+The baby was =Mu=.
+
+This name, like some of our own names, such as Grace, Patience, Clement,
+is frequently used as an adjective. It may stand for either "beauty" or
+"majesty," but it is also, at times, a surname. (note 77.)
+
+As already seen, the Great Canyon with the connected bottomless abyss,
+in the region beyond the Eastern Sea, is connected with the Sun and Moon
+Shan. And on this Shan is "the Great Men's Country" (see existing
+translation.) Now a Chinese comment (note 78) informs us that the
+=forts= of the entirely great =Mu= formerly held or possessed this Great
+Men's Country (which is on the Sun and Moon Shan.)
+
+Information is next furnished concerning the largest Walrusses, and it
+is plain that the polar region is referred to. The account is quite
+clear, as any Chinese scholar can see, now that we have pointed out the
+position of the passage.
+
+It might seem advisable to prove that the haunt of the Walrus was known
+to the ancient Chinese writers who have furnished accounts of America,
+but it is unnecessary to do this, seeing that the phenomenon of Ten
+Suns, which is only visible at the Arctic Circle, is referred to in the
+ancient books. Moreover, as we have learned, appearances of five or
+seven suns (or moons) shining simultaneously in the sky, are distinctly
+connected with the Sun and Moon Shan. It was therefore known that the
+mountain system of North America, stretches upward--like the Branches of
+a Tree--from the vicinity of the Grand Canyon to the Polar region, or
+place of the Ten Suns. And from a point here, the shores of
+North-eastern Tartary or Asia can be seen without even the aid of an
+opera-glass.
+
+
+It now appears that in the remote past there was a ruler named =Mu=
+dwelling in the mountainous land which stretches from the Grand Canyon
+to the Arctic Ocean. His domain was on the Sun and Moon Shan.
+
+And he had fortified dwellings or forts.
+
+Where, today, are the remains of the ancient strongholds?
+
+One observer says with reference to the cliff-dwellings, that they "have
+the appearance of fortified retreats. The occupants, on account of
+"decending hordes devised these =unassailable= retreats.... The builders
+hold no smallest niche in recorded history. Their aspirations, their
+struggles and their fate are all unwritten, save in these crumbling
+stones, which are their sole monuments and meagre epitaph. Here once
+they dwelt. They left no other print on time." (note 79.)
+
+The "unassailable retreats" noticed by this melancholy writer may well
+be some of the strongholds of Mu and his followers or warriors. The
+ancient pueblos (or Casas Grandes) are of great strength. When the
+"ladders are drawn in, the various sides present a perpendicular front
+to an enemy, and the building itself becomes a =fortress=." Further,
+"The strength of the walls of these structures was proved during the
+Mexican war, when it was found that they were impregnable to
+field-artillery." (note 80.)
+
+The Spanish soldier, Castenada, in the 16th century said with regard to
+the Pimo Casa Grande, that "it seemed to have served as a fortress."
+(note 81.)
+
+Now, =Pimo=--represented by the symbols for a maternal case and hill--is
+mentioned on the very page of the Chinese book which notices our Grand
+Canyon. Then, we are told that cliff-dwellings were here and a Sun
+Prince (at first a mere =ju= or infant) called =Mu=, and that he or his
+followers erected forts or fortresses.
+
+And here we find no scarcity of ancient strongholds.
+
+And when we ask the Indians for the name of the ruler who governed the
+now decaying strongholds, their answer is--=Mu=.
+
+The very title in the Chinese book.
+
+=Mu=, say the Ancients.
+
+=Mu=, say our Indians.
+
+
+It may be said that some of the latter pronounce the title =Mo=. One of
+our philologists speaks of "Montezuma, or more correctly,
+=Mo=tecuhzoma." (note 82.)
+
+Another authority says: "Montezuma, or more correctly, =Moc=tezuma."
+(note 83.)
+
+In his account of the Casa Grande, the old time Spanish traveler, Padre
+Garces, says: On this river is situated the house which they call
+=Moc=tezuma's. (note 84.)
+
+It is evident that the two pronunciations =Mo= and =Mok= are preferred
+to =Mon= (tezuma) and that =Mu= has also its advocates.
+
+
+Curiously enough, these three sounds =Mu=, =Mo=, and =Mok=, are likewise
+applied to the one character by the Chinese literati.
+
+The identical symbol which Williams calls =Mu= is in another dictionary
+(see Bailley's, iii, p. 246) termed =Mo=.
+
+Morrison (vol. IV, p. 600-1) says that the two sounds =Mu= and =Mo= are
+both applied, and that in Canton this selfsame character is called
+=Mok=.
+
+It thus appears that the builder or ruler of the fortresses in the
+region beyond the Eastern Sea, might be called =Mu=, =Mo=, or =Mok=.
+
+And in the region referred to--"the region beyond the Eastern Sea"--we
+find many strongholds or forts (as well as cave-dwellings;) and when
+antiquarians inquire of the Indians for the name of the ancient Builder
+Prince, they are variously informed that he was the glorious =Mu=, =Mo=,
+or =Mok=.
+
+If the royal infant (or =ju=) became in process of time a ruler of
+fortresses (=tai=) which "formerly held the Great Men's Country" (on the
+Sun and Moon Shan) would be surprising to find that he himself had been
+born within the shelter of a =tai= or fortress? And what is the
+fortified hill at Pimo but a fortress? He counts it as the first of the
+forts of =Mu= or =Mo-ti= in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea."
+
+Remember that our own government has erected numbers of forts on
+hilltops throughout the South-west expressly for the purpose of holding
+such tribes as the Navajoes and Apaches in check. (And in addition we
+are furnishing the red men with supplies.) But in the 11th century there
+were no Congressional appropriations, no detachments of troops hurrying
+down from Washington to preserve order. Yet the ancestors of our savage
+tribes were certainly there. And although the warrior chieftans
+immediately around the young queen appear to have been filled with
+jealousy of each other, it is certain that they were united as one in
+devising for the princess a calm or sure retreat which no barbaric host
+could take by assault. From its base the savage ranks would reel, or
+break into foam like waves of the sea.
+
+Aloft in this secure retreat she gave birth to =Mo=.
+
+
+Who was his father?
+
+The American General already referred to, supplies his own report of the
+Pimo interpreter's words:
+
+"All he knew was a tradition amongst them, 'that in bygone days, a woman
+of surpassing beauty resided in a green spot in the mountains near the
+place where we were encamped. All the men admired and paid court to her.
+She received the tributes of their devotion, grain, skins, etc., but
+gave no love or other favor in return. Her virtue and her determination
+to remain unmarried were equally firm. There came a drought which
+threatened the world with famine. In their distress, people applied to
+her, and she gave corn from her stock, and the supply seemed to be
+endless. Her goodness was unbounded. One day, as she was lying asleep
+with her body exposed, a drop of rain fell on her stomach, which
+produced conception. A son was the issue, the founder of a new race
+which built all these houses'.... The houses of the people (the
+agricultural or sedentary Pimos) are mere sheds, thatched with willow
+and corn stalks" (n. 85.)
+
+This report is more rational than the other in so far as it represents
+the multitudinous houses of stone or adobe as being reared by a "race"
+rather than by a "boy"! But, of course, the "son" could not have been
+the "founder" of his mother or of her ancestors. It is further apparent
+that the infant could not have been either the builder or inventor of
+the house or stronghold in which he was born.
+
+Of course it is an impossibility to get at the exact truth in relation
+to the mysterious birth. The unwedded lady's own account ought to
+constitute a sufficient explanation, and would--but for the unfortunate
+historic fact that no mother has ever been known to tell her children
+the truth about their production. Even Christian mothers lie precisely
+like Pagans in this respect, and are just as thorough-going humbugs as
+Hannah in the temple, when questioned for details. They will tell a poor
+helpless, green, inquiring child, for instance, that they found him in a
+cabbage, when the actual truth is that they got him from a stork. We
+therefore unanimously dismiss their worse than useless testimony as that
+of a shameless pack of preposterous deluderers.
+
+It is probable that the Pimo princess may have been secretly wedded or
+united to some man whom she really loved and preferred to all others.
+Yet an open avowal of such preference might have caused his death or
+might have turned the love of rival suitors into hate and brought about
+the ruin of the already sufficiently perplexed and troubled nation.
+
+But would not the birth of the infant have revealed all?
+
+Certainly, but in the present instance the Queen seems to have contented
+herself with the announcement that she had got her child from Heaven.
+Her friends, including doubtless the priests, at once spread abroad the
+story that the infant--the Child of the Sun--was of celestial origin.
+This tale may not have completely satisfied the numerous rival
+claimants for the lady's hand. But how disprove it? And why assail or
+shake the authority of the beautiful young queen? Why not draw closer
+together, bury their mutual animosities or rivalries and face the
+murderous hordes thronging the passes of the Rocky Mountains and slopes
+of the Mississippi Valley? Why not grasp at the hope--embodied in the
+suckling born on the hilltop--that Heaven had furnished a leader, a
+reincarnated divinity of the wandering nation, who would guide the
+despairing people onward to new fields of national glory and prosperity.
+
+It may of course be said that such predictions were never realized, but
+it is certain that they were cherished. Even the Mokis, Tunis and Pimos
+still regard =Mo-ti= as immortal and await his return. He is "the
+demigod of their earliest traditions, watching over them from Heaven and
+waiting to come again to bring to them victory and a period of millenial
+glory and happiness" (n. 86.) And, of course, those who actually
+followed the leader =Mu= must have felt strongly the ties of affection
+and veneration. And who were the people who got across to Mongolia with
+accounts of our Grand Canyon, Gulf and Continental Tree--crowned with
+its wreath of multiplied suns?
+
+[Doubtless the notion that our =Mu-te= (or =Te-Mu=) was of divine
+origin, had a surprising, stimulating effect. Curiously enough, Asiatic
+writers notice a =Te-mu= (=Te-mu-dzin= or =Temugin=) who arose in
+Tartary in the early part of the 12th century, and therefore might be
+regarded as the contemporary of our =Mu= born at Pimo about the year
+1100. Some say this Tartarean conqueror was called Timour or Temur-chi,
+and his origin is wrapt in mystery. One account treats him as a demigod,
+but other statements assume that a divinity was his remote ancestor. He
+is said to belong to the race that broke out of Irkena Kon (or the
+mountain valley), situated in some out of the way and dangerous region.
+Personally this =Mu= came from a distant land. Some historians whose
+time is valuable readily find Irkena Kon in the vicinity of the Caspian
+Sea, but others declare that it must be situated in the direction of the
+Arctic Ocean!
+
+[In his old age, in or about the year 1153, this supposed demigod had a
+child born to him. The name of Temudzin or Temugin was bestowed upon the
+infant. When thirteen years old his father--the demigod--died, and the
+extensive empire which the parent had established fell into political
+pieces. Gibbon, in his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," chap.
+LXIV, says that the young prince Temugin could only claim authority over
+about 12,000 families. We should never overlook this fact when
+contemplating his career. Every incident in his history is known. His
+name has resounded through the world. He rose to be a mighty conqueror.
+He became Jenghiz Khan--King of Kings--grandsire of Kublai Khan,
+ancestor of Tamerlane and the Great Moguls, and of no end of Persian or
+Moslem Sultans or Kings.
+
+[The immediate followers of Jenghiz Khan always declared that success
+awaited him because he was the son of a God. Petis de la Croix denounces
+such a claim as a piece of "insolence," yet it might better be regarded
+as a form of delusion. But notice the victorious lengths to which this
+delusion carried believers. And the notion promulgated at Pimo, in the
+midst of crowding calamities,--that the royal infant was a Son of
+Heaven,--might have been intended to console and stimulate a despairing
+nation. And the spiritual stimulus appears to have transported its
+believers to such lengths that aboriginal Americans seem to have lost
+track of the demigod, and know not from what point he may return.
+
+[The father of Temugin was the founder of the =Yuen= dynasty, or at all
+events an ancestral king. He is generally called Yisukai or Pysukai
+Behadur, but such is a mere title, signifying "9th hero," and not a
+proper name at all. Some lucid commentators will positively tell us that
+it was not the father of Jenghiz Khan, but his 9th father or ancestor,
+who was the God. But with such hair-splitting we need not concern
+ourselves. Enough to note the uplifting, psychological effect or result
+of faith or belief in divine aid or protection. No wonder David
+exclaims: "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me."
+
+[In the case of the Tartars, the results of their exalted faith were
+indeed surprising. The Crusades of the Christians had proved a failure.
+Jerusalem had passed from their hands. Richard, King of England, had
+been taken prisoner. The Moslems, according to Gibbon, were preparing
+for the invasion of Europe. Their brethren were actually intrenched in
+the heart of Spain. Enraged against western nations for the long war
+waged against their power, armies were gathering for the conquest and
+plunder of Christendom. The crescent instead of the cross, says Gibbon,
+was to glitter on the spire of St. Paul's.
+
+[But at this very juncture, Jenghiz Khan and his followers came pouring
+forth from the wilds of Tartary. The Sultan felt secure within his line
+of fortified cities which hitherto had repelled every assault. But the
+Tartarean host--led by warriors of the race from Irkena Kon--overthrew
+the Moslems in every encounter. They ransacked the provinces and gave
+the cities to the flames. And the children or successors of the
+conqueror completed the work which he had begun. Bagdad which for ages
+had successfully defied the invading, crusading armies of Europe, was
+destroyed, and an end put to the Caliphate so long enthroned within its
+historic walls. The conquest of China was completed by Kublai Khan, and
+an empire formed which stretched from the Indian Ocean to the Arctic,
+and from the Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea.]
+
+Even traditions of tribes that most certainly remained behind in Arizona
+and consequently did not disappear in company with the mysterious =Mu=
+or Mo-te, declare that he was an agent of Providence. He was the "equal"
+of the "Great Spirit" and "was often considered identical with the Sun"
+(n. 87.) Had he remained in Arizona, his son in due time might have
+claimed divine descent through his father the demigod.
+
+
+
+
+CHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.
+
+
+But if the =Mu-te= (or =Te-Mu=,) builder or ruler of fortresses in the
+region of Pimo and the Grand Canyon, was identical with our Pimo
+=Mu-te=, he should be referred to as semi-divine, in the Chinese record.
+
+And so he actually is. Even here the evidence does not fail. But
+conception of the little sun-child did not occur on the well watched or
+guarded hilltop at Pimo. It was in a green wilderness noted for its hay
+or grass and butchering of beasts, that a phantasm approached the
+female--and so on.
+
+Fortunately we can turn away from this particular account of the visit
+of incubus, seeing that the necessary information is more conveniently
+furnished elsewhere (n. 88.) The name of a mountain, which may or may
+not have been far indeed from the Grand Canyon, is furnished, and we are
+informed that =Shao Hao= dwelt (=ku=) there (=chi=.) In addition he is
+called a sovereign (=ti= or =te=) and a =shan=.
+
+Now this term, =shan=, according to Williams (p. 737,) stands for "the
+gods, the divinities, a god, a supernatural good being; divine;
+spiritual, as being higher than man; godlike, wonderful, superhuman; to
+deify.
+
+The =Shao Hao= (or =Mu-ti=) is a =shan= or god.
+
+A god! say the Chinese.
+
+A god! say the Indians.
+
+
+Taking the account as it stands, it appears that an incarnated god (in
+the shape of the =Shao Hao Mu=) was at one time within the Grand Canyon
+(which still retains his "lute.")
+
+Notice that the "country contiguous to the mighty chasm is called the
+"Shao Hao's country."
+
+Next observe that the vast chasm (or =ta-hoh=) is itself called the
+Great Canyon of the Incarnated God (or =Keang Shang=.) =Shang= stands
+for "Heaven" or supreme;" and Keang signifies "to descend from a higher
+level, to come from the sky, to fall as rain, to come into the world as
+Christ did" (Williams.) The contiguous country is named in honor of the
+=Shao Hao=, or sun-child, who is called a =shan= or god. And "=Keang
+Shang's= ta-hoh" or great Canyon is also named in honor of this =shan=
+or god--this incarnated god.
+
+And here, "in the region beyond the Eastern Sea," the land is ringing
+with his name. He was =Mu= or =Mo-te= and a builder of forts, and above
+and beyond all this he was an incarnation of the Great Spirit!
+
+"The name, at this moment, is as familiar to every Indian, Apache and
+Navajoe as that of our Savior or Washington is to us" (n. 89.)
+
+Bancroft says: "Under restrictions, we may fairly regard him as the
+Melchizedek, the =Moses=, and the Messiah of the Pueblo desert-wanderers
+from an Egypt that history is ignorant of, and whose name even tradition
+whispers not."
+
+A Messiah and Demigod! say the Chinese.
+
+A Messiah and Demigod! say Americans.
+
+
+Bancroft, says, that according to Indian paintings or traditions, the
+Messiah or Demigod of Pueblo tradition had red or yellow hair.
+
+Then Mo was a white man and his mother a white woman.
+
+Such a conclusion agrees completely with the teaching of the ancient
+Chinese book just quoted. We are informed with reference to a certain
+mountain, that: =Ki= (the) =shan= (god or spirit) =poh= (white) =ti=
+(sovereign) =Shao hao= (little sun-child) =ku= (dwelt) =chi= (there).
+
+Next appears a comment stating in the plainest possible terms that =Shao
+Hao= of the =Kin Tien= dynasty was a virtuous or excellent ruler.
+
+The =Shao Hao= who was at the Ta-hoh or Great Canyon is here called a
+=White King=.
+
+Mons. Rosny, in his French translation, declares that the divine or
+superhuman =Shao Hao= was "l'empereur Blanc." (note 90.)
+
+One well known writer and archaeologist says with reference to the
+builders of some structures in the Pimo region, that there is "reason to
+suppose that they were a light-skinned people. At least one red-haired
+skull and one with still lighter hair were found. Hair has been but
+rarely found not over a half dozen times in all. In three cases it was
+black." (note 91.)
+
+According to aboriginal testimony, 800 years have rolled by since the
+time of burial, and hair has lingered on but few of the heads it once
+adorned. But when discovered it is seen to be quite different from the
+hair of the Indians.
+
+Those interested in the subject of the Cliff-dwellers should study the
+accurate reports of the Ethnological Bureau and also the writings of
+Editor Peet the well known "American Antiquarian." These works should be
+in the libraries of all Americanists.
+
+According to the American Antiquarian, Doctor Birdsall reports that
+dried bodies have been found in tombs on the Mesa Verde in Arizona and
+the "hair of the head has been found partly preserved on some mummies.
+It is said to be of fine texture, not coarse like Indian hair and
+varying in color from shades of yellowish brown to reddish brown and
+black" ... The Wetherills exhumed one mummy having a short brownish
+beard." (note 92.)
+
+We are further informed that mummies have been taken from "a
+hermetically sealed cave in the Canyon of the Gila River," and two of
+the bodies were those of women. The females "retain their long, flowing
+silken hair." The "bodies were covered with highly colored clothes,
+which crumbled on exposure. Three kinds were saved, and one a deep blue
+woven in diamond shapes. No implements or utensils were found.... All
+the consuls and many scientific men inspected the mummies yesterday.
+Among those present were Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., Kate Field,
+Dr. Harkness, Academy of Sciences." Other Doctors and Professors were
+present and also "Historian Bancroft." (n. 93.)
+
+In addition to all this, Professor C. L. Webster, the accomplished,
+painstaking, and trusted scientist of Charles City, Iowa, has unearthed
+a body whose silent testimony is truly inestimable. In the
+"Archaeological Bulletin," issued by the International Society of
+Archaeologists (Madison, Indiana,) for July and September, 1912, we find
+a photograph of a mummy brought to light by the Professor in a
+cliff-house on a head stream of the Gila.
+
+The body is that of a child, and its preservation is due to "the
+chemical elements of the soil," etc.
+
+"The hair on the head of the mummy was of a beautiful dark brown color,
+and of a soft and silky texture," and "the hair on the head of this
+mummified child is of the same color and texture (only finer) as that of
+adults found braided in long plaits in an adjoining room"--Page 78.
+
+The Professor believes that "different races" were here contending for
+the mastery of the region, and that "one or more of them were driven out
+(perhaps destroyed) suddenly" (see article 1.)
+
+Another archaeologist says, that "quite recently hieroglyphics were
+discovered in the Tonto Basin country, depicting the driving out of
+white people by red men, and local archaeologists have set up a theory
+that the people who once cultivated these valleys were white. The
+present Indians have many legends of white men being in their country
+before the advent of the Spanish conquistodores. Father Marcas Niza, a
+pious Jesuit, who accompanied Coronado on his march through this section
+in search of the seven lost cities of Cibola, speaks frequently of
+allusions made by Indians to white bearded men who were here before" (n.
+94.)
+
+[In tracking the missing white race, remember that some of the Toltecs,
+like the Mayas of Yucatan, compressed the skull in childhood, that they
+had among them a sprinkling of very large men (quinames,) and that in
+the wilderness their mode of living would be more like that of Indians
+than of cultured, civilized people.]
+
+Mons. Charney has argued that the Mexican Toltecs were of a white race,
+but very foolishly argues (like Baron Humboldt) that the Toltecs marched
+from Mongolia to Mexico in the 6th century. The illustrious Humboldt has
+served Archaeology enormously by drawing attention to the absolute and
+startling identity of the Zodiacal signs of the Manchu Tartars with
+those of Central America (see Mr. Vining's exceedingly comprehensive and
+valuable work entitled "An Inglorious Columbus.")
+
+Skilled, scientific archaeologists connected with the Washington Bureau
+have all along been contending that the cliff or cave dwellings, forts,
+pueblos, and mounds of North America were constructed by native-born
+Americans, rather than by Toltecs moving in, say, the 6th century from
+Tartary to Arizona or Mexico.
+
+Therefore, as the Toltecs (sun-people and architects or builders) were
+certainly settled in Mexico for some centuries prior to the 11th (when
+the remnant disappeared,) the ancestors of the pale-faced and cultured
+people (see Vining's chapter on the "Toltecs") may like ourselves have
+reached America by crossing the Atlantic. The Greek face, the Celtic
+face, the Saxon face, and the Jewish or Semitic face are all seen carved
+on the tottering walls of temples and palaces in Yucatan (see Charney's
+essays.)
+
+Moving to the Vale of Mexico, the Toltecs tried with more or less
+success to keep on neighborly terms with the red skinned people. But
+thoughtless propagation produced more mouths than could be
+filled--except with human flesh. Open war broke out in the 11th century.
+The Aztecs or others of the red tribes almost annihilated the Whites;
+and Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the "last" King of the Toltecs fled north
+from Chapultepec,--the selfsame Chapultepec which in our own day has
+seen the downfall of Maxmillian and the flight of Diaz.
+
+May not the fair and beautiful Princess at Pimo have belonged to the
+outcast Mexican royal family? May not her idolized child have inherited
+titles absurdly out of place among the deserts of Arizona? And may not
+all the elements in our later Yankee nation have been represented in the
+pale-faced people that found refuge among the canyons and cliffs of the
+Colorado? If so, their remote or ancestral fathers and mothers were
+likewise no less our own.
+
+The curtain of history rises and shows the young Queen of the Builders
+on a hill top at Pimo. The structures there, according to aboriginal
+testimony were reared about the year 1100,--the very time when the
+Toltecs disappeared from the Vale of Mexico. And now the ruins are
+yielding up forms of the females who once tenanted those cliffs and
+contrived to get plaster and paint with which to adorn the now desolate
+and trembling walls. And the yellow, brown, or silky black hair on the
+heads of those women who sought to make their bleak and dreary homes
+attractive, shows unfailingly their race. Even an ostrich might see it!
+
+Mons. Charney declares that the Toltecs expelled from Mexico in the 11th
+century were scholars, artists, astronomers, and philosophers. And their
+sisters were certainly no less cultured and refined.
+
+Now, the Shan Hai King states that in "the region beyond the Eastern
+Sea" there is (or was) a "Country of Refined Gentlemen."
+
+And Charney argues that "a gentle race were the Toltecs, preferring the
+arts to war."
+
+Refined and Gentle--men, says Charney.
+
+Refined Gentlemen, says the Shan Hai King.
+
+
+Certain comments collected by Jin Chin Ngan, and unnoticed in Mr.
+Vining's translation (p. 657), connect the Refined Gentlemen with
+pyramids (=k'iu=) and even declare that their dwellings were on mounds
+(=ling=).
+
+And Charney says: "Now, the first thing that we find at the houses of
+Tula is an example of a mode of building entirely new and curious. The
+prevailing tendency of the Toltec is to place his dwellings and his
+temples likewise upon eminences and pyramids."
+
+They lived upon Mounds, says Charney.
+
+They lived upon Mounds, says the Shan Hai King.
+
+
+"They are very gentle, and do not quarrel. They have fragrant plants.
+They have a flowering-plant which produces blossoms in the morning that
+die in the evening.
+
+The Chinese account calls this vegetable production the =Hwa= plant, and
+as =Hwa= stands for "glory" (see Williams' Chinese dict.) it is apparent
+that the "Morning Glory" is referred to.
+
+Botanist Wood says: "This =glorious= plant is a =native= of Tropical
+America and now universally cultivated. It is also nearly naturalized
+with us." (in the United States.)
+
+"The flowers are ephemeral. Beginning to open soon after midnight, they
+greet the Sun at his rising, arrayed in all their =glory=" (=Hwa=) "and
+before he reaches the meridian, fold their robes and perish. But their
+work is done, and their successors, already in bud, will renew the
+gorgeous display the following morning."--P. 182.
+
+Such a flower might be held to symbolize the fleeting glory of the
+generations which had lived and died in Central America. It still climbs
+about the temples of the Sun, saluting its divinity with a smile, and
+then falling prostrate among the desolate and forsaken altars. It may
+often be seen twining its arms around the monuments of a buried Past,
+or pressing its lips to the dust of the vanished race it so speedily
+follows.
+
+It lives but a day, says the American botanist.
+
+It lives but a day, says the Shan Hai King.
+
+
+Surely the works in Arizona are worthy of the exiled Toltecs.
+
+One of the ancient stone structures, on a northern feeder of the Gila,
+is so strong, commodious, and so impregnably planted that by universal
+consent it is called a Castle. And because the Indian tribes persist in
+ascribing its construction to =Mu= or =Mo-te= it is known as
+"Montezuma's Castle." The Ethnological Bureau has interested itself in
+the preservation of this impressive work of the so-called
+Cliff-dwellers, and our Government has taken charge of it as a "National
+Monument." And =Ari-zona= is named in honor of the =Ari= or
+"Maiden"--the legendary Queen of the Pimo =zona= or Pimo valley. The
+mother referred to in the ancient Chinese record is thus remembered in
+the title of a Yankee sister State.
+
+Her idolized son is said to have governed Forts, and in the vicinity of
+the Castle we find a number of forts. Dr. Fewkes says: "The =forts= were
+built on the summits, ... and it is an instructive fact in this
+connection that one rarely loses sight of one of these hill =forts=
+before another can be =seen=." An "approaching foe" could be discerned
+and "smoke signals" would warn field-workers "to retreat to the =forts=
+for protection."--28th Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., p. 207. (Read also
+connected pages for information relating to the forts and their
+builders. The same or an allied people erected also houses in natural
+caves or excavated them in soft rock."--P. 219. The latter--the
+excavated dwellings are noticed in Asiatic books and will be dealt with
+in next pamphlet--if such is ever written.)
+
+We have found the "Forts" and also Pimo (or Pima as some pronounce the
+name) with its Princess and her child. And have we not found the Gulf
+and Canyon referred to by the departed Ancients. Have we not found
+everything except perhaps the abandoned imperial Lute? And even it may
+yet be recovered. Let it be dug for at the Cliff of the Harp. Perhaps it
+may yet be resurrected--
+
+  "A Harp that in darkness and silence forsaken
+    Has slumbered while ages rolled slowly along,
+  Once more in its own native land may awaken
+    And pour from its chords all the raptures of song.
+
+  "Unhurt by the dampness that o'er it was stealing,
+    Its strings in full chorus, resounding sublime,
+  May 'rouse all the ardor of patriot feeling
+    And gain a bright wreath from the relics of time."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+(Note 1) see Mr. Vining's "An Inglorious Columbus," p. 659. (2)
+=Jin-Chin Ngan's= comment in 14th Book of the Shan Hai King. (3) Kane's
+work. (4) Van Troil's "Iceland," 1, 643: Headley's "Island of Fire," p.
+100. (5) Dr. Le Plongeon's "Queen Moo," xl, xlii, 175. (6) Vining, 182,
+659, 666. (7) Vining; 182. (8) Vining, 659. (9) Vining, 659. (10) see
+index for essays collected by Mr. Vining. (11) see Chinese version of
+Shan Hai King, with Jin-chin-ngan's notes, (the latter being omitted in
+Mr. V.'s translation, p. 661.) (12) see either the =Shan Hai King=, book
+14, or the translation of same. (13) Vin. 661. (14) Mark Twain's
+"Roughing It," p. 101. (15) Lieut. Ives' Report, Pt. 1, p. 23. (16)
+Powell's Report. (17) Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (18) R. R. Co.'s
+Handbook on "Colorado." (19) Powell's Report.
+
+(Note 20) Stanton in Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (21) Mr. F. A. Ober.
+(22) (compare Mr. Vining's translations with original Chinese
+statement.) (23) =Jin-Chin-ngan's= note (never hitherto translated into
+English.) (24) Dunraven's "Great Divide." (25) Vin. 647. (26) Powell's
+Report, 29, 35, 86. (27) Powell, 32, 71. (28) Vin. 532. (29) Stanton.
+(30) Mr. Clampitt's "Echoes from the Rocky Mts." 218. (31) Powell, p.
+30. (32) "Glimpses of America" (Phila. 1894) p. 80. (33) Stanton. (34)
+"Glimpses." 78. (35) Powell, 16, 30. (36) Ives. Pt. I, 28; ii, p. 8.
+(37) Powell, 63, 86. (38) "Glimpses," 78. (39) Ives, 42.
+
+(Note 40) =Ives'= Rept., Pt. I, p. 73. (41) F. A. Ober in Brooklyn
+=Times=, June 19, 1897. (42) Sitgreaves, 17. (43) Ives, 66. (44) Ives,
+III, 49. (45) Powell, 125. (46) "Glimpses of Amer." 78. (47) Glimpses,"
+83. (48) Powell, 55, 60, 70. (49) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 139.
+(50) Powell, 65, 76. (51) G. W. James's "Wonders of the Colorado
+Desert," 30. (52) Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 137. (53) Powell, 35,
+63, 86, 90. (54) Piexot's "Romantic California," 67, 144, 148. (55)
+Ives. 23. (56) Sacred Mysteries of the Mayas", 90. (57) "Glimpses of
+Amer." p. 82. (58) F. A. Ober in the Brooklyn =Times=, June 19, '97.
+(59) Appleton's "New Amer. Cyc." Article Colorado.
+
+(Note 60) Sitgreaves' report, p. 17. (61) Ives, 107. (62) Sitgreaves, p.
+18. (63) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 255. (64) Powell's Report. (65)
+Powell, 34, 35, 124, 125. (66) Smithson. Ethnol. "Bulletin," No. 51, p.
+18. (67) Powell, 125. (68) Ethnological "Bulletin," No. 51, pp. 14, 15.
+(69) Bulletin, No. 51, p. 19. (70) Johnson's Journal in Emory's "Reconn.
+of N. Mex.," etc., 598-9. (71) Appletons' "New Am. Cyc." Article "Casas
+Grandes." (72) L. B. Prince's "New Mex.," p. 24. (73) Elliott Cones
+'Comments on Garces' Diary, p. 94. (74) Encyc. Americana, vol. X. (75)
+Vining, 411. (76) see 28th character from last in note by Jin Chin Ngan
+preceding assertion in text that the Canyon has a beautiful mountain
+(Vining, 661.) (77) Morrison, IV, p. 601. (78) =Jin Chin Ngan=. (79)
+Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 152.
+
+Note (80) Amer. Cyc. IV, p. 50. (81) Bancroft's "Native Races," IV, 620.
+(82) New Internat. Encyc. XIII. (83) Penny Cyc. Article "Mexico," p.
+163. (84) Bancroft's "Native Races." (85) Emory, p, 83. (86) Prince's N.
+Mex. 24. (87) Prince's N. M. 24-6. (88) The =Shan Hai King=, Book II,
+section III, 14th mountain. (89) Emory, 64. (90) Shan Hai King, p. 83.
+(91) Mr Spears in N. Y. =Sun=. Sept. 3, 1893. (92) =Amer. Antiquarian=,
+May, 1892. (93) N. Y. =World=, Oct. 1887. (94) N. Y. =Recorder=, Feb.
+19, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: All apparent printer's errors retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient Chinese account of the Grand
+Canyon, or course of the Colorado, by Alexander M'Allan
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