diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:02:39 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:02:39 -0700 |
| commit | d8afabbc076cbf7a584454f7de558d3edce23515 (patch) | |
| tree | 9dcd187d75867b095c5ef19dc0dd2911a92737a3 /34909-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '34909-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34909-h/34909-h.htm | 2986 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34909-h/images/fig_001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 165514 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34909-h/images/fig_002.jpg | bin | 0 -> 115366 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34909-h/images/fig_003.jpg | bin | 0 -> 250789 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34909-h/images/fig_004.jpg | bin | 0 -> 85056 bytes |
5 files changed, 2986 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34909-h/34909-h.htm b/34909-h/34909-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60abd94 --- /dev/null +++ b/34909-h/34909-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2986 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ancient Chinese Account Of The Grand Canyon, or Course of the Colorado, by Alexander M'Allan. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + margin-top: 1.5em; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient Chinese account of the Grand +Canyon, or course of the Colorado, by Alexander M'Allan + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Ancient Chinese account of the Grand Canyon, or course of the Colorado + +Author: Alexander M'Allan + +Release Date: January 10, 2011 [EBook #34909] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT CHINESE ACCOUNT OF *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 1]</span></p> + + + +<h1>Ancient Chinese Account of the Grand<br /> +Canyon, or Course of the Colorado</h1> + + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> +<h4>(Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)<br /> +By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN</h4> +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + + +<h2>TEN SUNS IN THE SKY!</h2> + +<p>The ancient Chinese records tell of a "Place of Ten Suns," where "Ten +Suns rose and shone together" (see Appendix, note 1).</p> + +<p>Seven Suns were also seen shining together in the sky! and at night (if indeed +we can call it "night") as many as seven moons! (What a haunt for lovers +and poets!)</p> + +<p>Five Suns were also beheld (see note 2).</p> + +<p>What Liars those Chinese writers are!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 768px;"> +<img src="images/fig_001.jpg" width="768" height="887" alt="Figure 1." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Figure 1. Spectacle of Five Suns.</span> +</div> + +<p>Very good; but why not denounce all our own +Arctic navigators as a pack of Liars? They all tell about more Suns than +one! A picture of Five (see Figure 1) is furnished by a most eminent explorer +(note 3). The dictionaries and cyclopedias of our careful publishers call the +appearance of two or more suns (or moons) a <b>Parhelion</b>. The number of the +multiplied "luminaries" never exceeds Ten (note 4). There actually is a "Place +of Ten Suns."</p> + +<p>Ten Suns say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Ten Suns say the Moderns.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span></p> + + +<h2>AMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.</h2> + +<p>The ancient Mexicans likened North America to a Tree—a stupendous +<b>Mulberry Tree</b>—"planted in the land known to us today as South America" +(n. 5).</p> + +<p>The Chinese geographers or mythologists teach that at a distance of 30,000 +<b>le</b> (10,000 miles) to the east there is a land 10,000 <b>le</b> (over 3,000) miles in width.</p> + +<p>Now the land referred to must be North America, for, 10,000 miles east +from southern China brings us to California; and we further find that North +America, now reached, is 10,000 <b>le</b>, or over 3,000 miles in width, measuring +from the Pacific to the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>The Chinese accounts further call our eastern realm a <b>Fu-Sang</b> (or Helpful +<b>Mulberry</b>) land.</p> + +<p>A <b>Mulberry</b> land (3,000 miles wide) is <b>There</b>, say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>The <b>Mulberry</b> land (3,000 miles wide) is <b>Here</b>, say the Mexicans.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Like the Mexicans, the Chinese sages declare that there is an enormous +Tree—the <b>Fu</b> (or helpful) <b>Sang</b> Tree—in the eastern Mulberry land 3,000 +miles wide.</p> + +<p>As just remarked, the Chinese call the enormous Eastern Tree a <b>Sang</b>, +and the Mexicans call their enormous Tree a <b>Beb</b> (both terms standing for the +<b>Mulberry</b>,—a fact to which no writer hitherto has directed, or called, attention.)</p> + +<p>Observe (see Figure 2) that at Tehauntepec (a little west of Yucatan) our +continent narrows down to a width of 100 miles (or 300 Chinese <b>le</b>).</p> + +<p>The Mexicans say that North America is a Tree, and that it has a correspondingly +enormous Trunk,—which at Tehauntepec measures 100 miles (or +300 Chinese <b>le</b>).</p> + +<p>Now the Chinese writers declare that the enormous Mulberry in the region +east of the Flowery Kingdom has "a Trunk of 300 <b>le</b>" (or 100 miles.) What a +prodigious dimension! (see note 6.)</p> + +<p>A Mulberry Tree, with a "Trunk of 300 <b>le</b>," is <b>There</b>, say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>A Mulberry Tree, with a Trunk of 300 <b>le</b>, is <b>Here</b>, say the Mexicans.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Such a stupendous Tree ought to have enormous Branches to match the +Trunk, and we are not surprised when informed that our monarch of the forest +goes up—up—up even to the Place of the 10 Suns (in the Arctic zone.)</p> + +<p>The One true sun is, of course, high above the mountain ranges, or +"Branches" of our Continental Mulberry.</p> + +<p>But the extra Nine are false or delusive and mere reflections of the true +sun on fog or vapor. The Chinese account, truly enough, states that they bear +<b>wu</b>, and this term stands for "blackness," "inky," or "dark" (Williams dict. p. +1058.)</p> + +<p>This identical term <b>wu</b> also stands for black or dark <b>fowls</b>, such as the +raven, blackbird, and crow; and one Oriental scholar, dwelling indeed in Japan, +assures us that each of the Nine Suns bears a <b>Crow</b>! We are seriously informed, +that "all bear—literally cause to ride—a <b>Crow</b>" (note 7.)</p> + +<p>As well might it be asserted that because <b>wu</b> signifies "black," the Nine +<b>Wu</b> borne by the Suns must be nine blacks or negroes! The supposition that<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 3]</span> +Nine <b>Crows</b> are meant is absurd and contradicted by the luminaries themselves.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 980px;"> +<img src="images/fig_002.jpg" width="980" height="768" alt="Figure 2." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Figure 2. Our Continental American Tree.</span> +</div> + +<p>Strange to say, the "luminaries" emit no radiance! The light that is in +them is darkness, and they are fitting symbols for commentators—black, white, +yellow, and green—who have written learnedly and positively on them without +understanding a thing about them. Perhaps it might be well, apart from +its inconvenience, when writing about any nation, place, or natural object, to +ascertain the position and name of the <b>continent</b> in which the subject of study +is situated. Of course we are not so unreasonable as to insist that we must +really comprehend a matter before getting up to explain it to others, but the +positions of continents dealt with ought, as a rule, to be clearly ascertained. In +the present instance we have faithfully followed the ancient directions and +groped our way into the presence of the Nine blind suns. Gazing at their +beaming disks we perceive how the term wu (black or dark) applies to them. +The <b>color</b> of Crows is there, but not the living birds themselves. It is the +story of the Three Black Crows advanced another stage on its career of misrepresentation, +and magnified Threefold. The Nine Suns have neither swallowed +nor disgorged Nine Black Crows. But they are certainly open to the charge of +having feasted too freely on diet no less dark and deceptive.</p> + + +<p>They're the <b>color</b> of Crows, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>They <b>bear</b> Nine Crows, say the Moderns.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 4]</span></p> + +<p>The truth is that the false suns furnish neither heat nor light and really +consist of dark (<b>wu</b>) vapor.</p> + +<p>The Nine are mere reflections of the low-declined, true sun on "surrounding" +frozen haze or mist, in extremely cold weather. When this icy fog seems—merely +seems, of course,—to touch and surround the true sun, the illusions +known as false suns are apt to appear. They obey some optical code of laws +or signals understood best perhaps by themselves, and will sometimes disappear +in a moment like a flock of timid "sun birds" (or wild geese—see note 8.) +Their design apparently is to cheer and escort their illustrious sire in his otherwise +lonesome trip through a frozen, desolate zone. Some Chinese accounts +call them "children"—"children of the sun," etc., etc.</p> + +<p>There is a reference to this frozen mist, in Verne's "Fur Country," reading +as follows: "It is not a mist or fog,' he said to his companions, 'it is frost-rime,' +a dense vapor which remains in a state of complete congelation. But whether +a fog or a frozen mist, this phenomenon was none the less to be regretted for it +rose a hundred feet at least above the level of the sea, and it was so opaque +that the colonists could not see each other when only two or three paces +apart."—Danvers' translation, p. 288.</p> + +<p>It should be remarked that the frozen haze which breeds the false suns is +found only "at the bottom of," or "below," the mountain ranges or "branches" +of our North American Mulberry Tree. The false suns speedily disappear +from the view of the observer who climbs up out of the thick stratum of frozen +fog or mist and ascends the nearest "Branch."</p> + +<p>Such observations are completely in accord with the ancient Chinese +declaration that Nine of the suns are to be seen "below" (<b>hia</b>) or "at the bottom +of" the Branches, and One "above" the Branches. The suns (see note 9) +are not said to be "in the Branches." Nine are "below" (<b>hia</b>) and One +"above" (<b>shang</b>); a remark as true today as it ever was.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The "Morea" (about fifty miles long), in Greece, was so named because it +was supposed to resemble the leaf of a <b>morus</b> or mulberry. And similarly +North America was considered by Mexican and Chinese mythologists to exhibit +some resemblance to a mulberry,—the Helpful Mulberry (or <b>Fu-Sang</b>). The +one comparison is just as fanciful or reasonable as the other. Nor can it be +denied that North America presents some likeness to a Tree,—towering aloft +like the Tree of the Prophet Daniel, which was seen from the ends of the +earth. Here Columbia lights up her Tree and welcomes the Neighbors with +a smile.</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>The Chinese note concerning the extra suns and moons, which frequently +flit about and disappear, like so many sun-birds, connects them with the +"Branches" of the Fu (or Fu-Sang) Tree of amazing proportions, which flourishes +in the Region east of the Eastern Sea. The Fu-Sang land, 10,000 <b>le</b> (or +3,000 miles wide) is said to be 30,000 <b>le</b> (10,000 miles) to the east of China; +and this indeed is the distance from Canton to California. A lesser distance +(20,000 <b>le</b>, or 7,000 miles) lies between Northern China and the American +Mulberry land due east. It is in America that we are directed to search for the +surplus assemblage of suns. And do we not find both them and Fu-Sang?<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 5]</span> +(See note 10.) In what respect is the Chinese account inaccurate thus far? +We are informed that "in the water is a large tree having nine suns," etc. The +Trunk of this prodigious Tree, which is more or less immersed in the Eastern +Sea, furnishes the surprising dimension of "300 <b>le</b>." And rising above a Valley +of Hot Springs (readily found in Nicaragua) the Tree proceeds upward and +rears aloft its exalted Branches in the "Place of the Ten Suns."</p> + +<p>The vast mountain-system, with its tree-like "Trunk" and "Branches," on +which the many suns and moons are seen to alight or gambol, is called the +"Sun and Moon <b>shan</b>" (<b>shan</b> signifying "mountain or range") in both the +Chinese text and the translation (see note 11.) It is identical with our continental +stony Mulberry and constitutes the form of North America. Unfortunately +our esteemed translator was utterly in the dark concerning the sense of the +curious statements regarding the manifold suns and moons and even suggested +that an explanation should be sought for in connection with the Philippine +Islands. But the Tree, or range of the Sun and Moon, is plainly in North +America. And here are the flocks of Suns roosting among the Branches.</p> + + +<h2>NOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.</h2> + +<p>According to the translation, a "Great Canyon" is to be seen in the "Great +Eastern Waste" "Beyond the Eastern Sea." And this Great Canyon is placed +in connection with the "Sun and Moon <b>shan</b>",—which possesses the Mulberry's +Branches and exhibit of Suns already glanced at (note 12.)</p> + +<p>We read that a stream flows through this canyon, "producing a charming +gulf." We are further informed that "the water accumulates and so forms a +gulf." A river flowing through the "Great Canyon," swells or widens out, +displays a broadening expanse of water and becomes a Gulf, a "Charming +Gulf."</p> + +<p>Is not this the beautiful Gulf of California, which is a widening out or +enlargement of a notable stream, the Colorado? Decidedly this mighty and +famous river, whose "water accumulates and so forms a gulf," flows through +a Canyon. Moreover, this Canyon is truly a "Great Canyon." It is the greatest +and grandest on the planet. It is also found in the "Great Waste to the east of +the Eastern Sea," which washes the coast of China. It is the Grand Canyon of +the Colorado.</p> + +<p>The translation informs us (note 13) that this stream which flows into, or +becomes a gulf has a "delightful spring." The Canyon "has a beautiful mountain, +from which there flows a delightful spring, producing a charming gulf. +The water accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such is the translation; but no +Chinese term for "spring" appears in the text. The original states that it is a +<b>kan shui</b> which runs through the Canyon, and this identical compound is +translated "Sweet River" by our author on page 163 of his large and comprehensive +work. <b>Kan</b> indeed signifies sweet, sweetness; delightsome, pleasant, +happy, refreshing; and <b>Shui</b> stands for "water or river" (see Williams dict. pp. +310, 781.) It is therefore evident that a <b>kan shui</b> should be remarkable for +the sweetness of its water and should start from a "delightful spring" of <b>sweet</b> +water, in order to be pure and deserve its reputation.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<p>As a geographical fact, the Colorado flows out of the very fount which +curiously enough, gives birth to the "Sweet Water." This stream becomes the +Platte or Nebraska river, which joins the Missouri. And from the fount of the +Sweet Water, exactly on the mountain divide, a head-stream of the Colorado +bubbles out, enlarging into the affluent known as the "Green," the stream +traverses the Grand Canyon and connects with the Gulf. (note 14.)</p> + +<p>It should have a spring of <b>kan shui</b> or <b>sweet water</b>; and we find that it +comes sparkling down the mountains from a <b>Sweet Water</b> spring.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The Sweet Water stream after traversing a Canyon, even a "Great Canyon" +should connect with, or enlarge into, a gulf, described as "charming." Can the +Gulf of California be regarded as charming?</p> + +<p>One explorer expresses himself as charmed and delighted with the scenery +of the gulf. A sample passage in his report reads as follows: "The island and +mountain peaks, whose outlines, as seen from the gulf, had been somewhat +dimmed by a light haze, appeared surprisingly near and distinct in the limpid +medium through which they were now viewed. The whole panorama became +invested with new attractions, and it would be hard to say whether the dazzling +radiance of the day or the sparkling clearness of the night was the more +beautiful and brilliant. (note 15.)</p> + +<p>Truly a charming and beautiful Gulf is here.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Although the translation does not draw attention to the fact, the term employed +in the Chinese record to describe the course of the stream which passes +through the Great Canyon, is <b>chu</b>. Now this word is employed to designate +water which is "shooting over a ledge" (Williams' dict. p. 89), and its use is +entirely appropriate in a description of the course of the water in the channel +of the Colorado. The bed of the stream is exceedingly irregular and consists +indeed of a succession of <b>ledges</b>—producing a series of rapids, falls, or cataracts. +Were the water to disappear, the exposed bed of the Colorado, with its +ascending series of steps, might be likened indeed with truth to a stairway for +giants or gods.</p> + +<p>The falls caused by <b>ledges</b> (<b>chu</b>) are exceedingly numerous. One navigator's +log contains many such entries as the following: "Still more rapids and +falls today. In one, the Emma Dean [a boat] is caught in a whirlpool, and set +spinning about (n. 16).</p> + +<p>One subdivision of the Grand Canyon is known as Cataract Canyon, and +this section "in its 41 miles, has 75 rapids and cataracts, and 57 of these are +crowded into 19 miles, with falls, in places, of 16 to 20 feet" (n. 17.)</p> + +<p>All accounts concur in representing the stream as remarkable for the fury +and number of its falls. To ascend the Colorado is a sheer impossibility and +even to descend the stream is an enterprise rarely indeed attempted or +achieved. Only rafts or life-boats, backed by pluck and luck, stand a chance +of getting through—in pieces. The mariners all wear life-belts and are just as +often in the water as they are out of it. Evidently a River of <b>Ledges</b> is here. +Surely the term <b>Chu</b> (or water shooting over <b>Ledges</b>) applies with peculiar +force to the career of this "wildest of rivers"—the Colorado.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 7]</span></p> +<h2>THE COLORADO—BOTTOMLESS?</h2> + + +<p>Knowing quite well as we do, that our mighty river possesses a very +substantial bottom composed of step-like ledges of rock, we learn with surprise +that it is said to flow through a section described as <b>bottomless</b>! Is not such +a statement or assertion absurd? But what did the ancient writer mean? What +could he have meant?</p> + +<p>The translation states that, according to a poem, the <b>Tsang-shan-wu</b>, "in +the east there is a stream flowing in a <b>bottomless</b> ravine. It is supposed to +be this Canyon"—the "Great Canyon of the Region beyond the Eastern Sea."</p> + +<p>The Chinese term rendered "Canyon" is <b>Hoh</b>, which stands also for "a bed +of a torrent, a deep gully or wady; a valley" (see Williams dict. p. 453.)</p> + +<p>Of course, a <b>Ta</b> (or "Great") <b>Hoh</b> ought to be a Great Canyon, or a +remarkable deep gorge or valley containing the bed of a torrent.</p> + +<p>We have already been informed that a <b>Chu</b> (or river of ledges and falls) is +in the <b>Ta Hoh</b>, or mighty gorge beyond the Eastern Sea. We also perceive +that the title <b>Ta Hoh</b> applies properly to the mountain-hemmed course of our +Colorado (which connects with Middle Park and runs to the Gulf.)</p> + +<p>Somewhere in this immense and peerless <b>Ta Hoh</b>—somewhere among the +majestic mountains—somewhere along the bed of the Colorado (either inside +or outside of Middle Park,) the investigator should find a section which is +<b>bottomless</b>. The ancient account locates it there. Nor are we to look for it +in any Philippine Island. We are restricted to the bed or banks of the Colorado +which we have identified as the <b>Chu</b> or plunging river that rushes downward +to the Gulf. Our leaping stream flows into and out of Grand Lake (within +Middle Park.) Now this Lake (or enlargement of the bed of the Grand +Colorado) "has a beach, and far out into the body of the water a sandy bottom" +and "in the center, covering an area of nearly a <b>mile</b> square the Lake to all +appearance is <b>bottomless</b>."</p> + +<p>We are further informed that "explorations of the edges of this great submarine +cavern give the most positive evidences that it was once the crater of a +great volcano" (note 18).</p> + +<p>"The Lake to all appearance is bottomless. The deepest soundings that +could ever be made have failed to reach bottom. Hence it is concluded that it +has <b>no bottom</b>."</p> + +<p>Turn these two words, "no bottom" into Chinese and we get <b>wu ti</b>,—the +very terms employed in the Chinese account.</p> + +<p>No bottom, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>No bottom, say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The old account puts the unfathomable abyss in a <b>Kuh</b> (valley or ravine) +and it is within a Valley—the Valley of Middle Park—that we actually find it. +Moreover, this bottomless valley is "supposed" (or reported) to belong to the +<b>Ta Hoh</b>—a title which would cover both Valley and Canyon. Indeed, Middle +Park, with its enormous mountain-walls connects directly with the system of +the Grand Canyon. Moreover, the one stream flows through both. And here +it may be remarked that the <b>Chu</b> (or River of Ledges and Falls) is not termi<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 8]</span>nated +or swallowed up by the Bottomless abyss in <b>Kuh</b> (or Valley of Middle +Park.) It flows on through the <b>Ta Hoh</b> and ultimately enlarges into a Gulf +(the Gulf of California).</p> + +<p>The rocky floor of the <b>Kuh</b> (or Valley of Middle Park) evidently constitutes +a support or bottom for an impetuous and important River of Ledges or +rapids and yet, at the same time, is reported to be Bottomless. This seems +contradictory. But reaching the precise locality referred to in the old account, +modern scientists simply echo the declaration of the Ancients,—that this Valley +or <b>Kuh</b>, traversed by a leaping, furious <b>Chu</b>, is unfathomable.</p> + +<p>Bottomless! say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Bottomless! say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It thus appears that a statement seemingly calculated at first sight to drown +the ancient claim in a flood of derision, turns out on examination to be overwhelmingly +powerful evidence in support of the validity of the old record.</p> + +<p>In no respect or degree is the ancient testimony contradicted or falsified by +modern evidence. Take for instance the old assertion that the <b>shan</b> or mountain-range +of the Great Canyon, is "beautiful." Nothing seems more natural +than to conclude that such a laudatory term is grossly out of place and that the +Mountain-range, with its Canyon and furious <b>Chu</b>, is a frightful, gloomy, dangerous, +horrible, repulsive, bleak, and ugly mass of shattered and tottering +heights. And, indeed, there is much truth in this view of the situation. Nevertheless, +modern visitors unite in declaring that Beauty is a marked feature of +the rocky heights that possess or direct the Colorado; and this is in agreement +with the ancient account.</p> + +<p>One traveler says: "The roar of its waters was heard unceasingly, ... but +its walls and cliffs, its peaks and crags, its amphitheatres and alcoves, tell a +story of <b>beauty</b> and sublimity" (note 19).</p> + +<p>Another visitor, who was treated most disrespectfully by our <b>Chu</b>, has +eyes only for its "beauty": "The Canyon grows more and more picturesque and +<b>beautiful</b> the farther we proceed.... On many of the long stretches where +the river can be seen for several miles, the picture is one of charming <b>beauty</b>.... +As the clouds rose we were treated to scenes rare and <b>beautiful</b> in the +extreme" (n. 20.)</p> + +<p>Again: "Cataract and Narrow Canyons are wonderful, Glen Canyon is +<b>beautiful</b>, Marble Canyon is mighty; but it is left for the Grand Canyon, +where the river has cut its way down through the sandstones, the marbles, and +the granites of the Kaibab Mountains, to form those <b>beautiful</b> and awe-inspiring +pictures that are seen from the bottom of the black granite gorge, where +above us rise great wondrous mountains of bright red sandstone capped with +cathedral domes and spires of white, with pinnacles and turrets, and towers, in +such intricate forms and flaming colors that words fail to convey any idea of +their <b>beauty</b> and sublimity."</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The translation informs us that the mighty gorge is the Canyon of <b>Kiang</b>, +<b>Shang</b>, or Almighty God.</p> + +<p>And a modern visitor declares that "here Omnipotence stands revealed," +and that here is "a glorious creation of God." (n. 21.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 9]</span></p> + +<p>So impressed were the ancients with the beauty and grandeur of this +region that they peopled it with the souls of illustrious sages, and declared that +here was the Canyon of Almighty God. And those who enter it today, come +reeling back from its portals,—declaring that no mortal can describe its glories, +and that it is the Grand Canyon of Almighty God!</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Words fail one in the attempt to describe this glorious creation of God. +The impression it leaves upon the mind is overpowering. One feels as though +he had been admitted into the presence of the Genii of the plutonic regions, +had penetrated to the very heart of the inner world of elemental creations."</p> + +<p>We need not wonder that the old account connects a revered ancestor with +this glorious and celestial retreat in the Grand Canyon. He is called <b>Shao +Hao</b>, and is furthur termed a <b>ju</b>, (or sucking child.)</p> + +<p><b>Shao</b> signifies "little" or "a little," and <b>Hao</b> is formed of the signs for +"sun" and "heaven." It is therefore evident that the <b>ju</b> or infant at the Canyon +is (or was) a little sun child, or child of the sun.</p> + +<p>American rulers called themselves "Children of the Sun," and we should +be careful not to confound our Arizona Prince with any Asiatic ruler. [The +<b>Hao</b> or <b>Shao Hao</b> of supposed Chinese origin is represented by some different +symbols: see Williams' dict. p. 172, columns 1 and 2.]</p> + +<p>The little Child of the Sun at the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> or Great Canyon should not be—must +not be—confounded with any early Chinese sun-worshiper. We are to +look <b>far to the east of China</b> for both the Canyon and the little Child of the +Sun referred to in the account before us.</p> + +<p>We are informed that the country connected with the Great Canyon was +called "<b>Shao Hao's</b> country" (or the land of the Sun-child) on account of the +little Prince. He entered (<b>chi</b>) it, and this furnished the <b>reason</b> (or <b>chih</b>) for +its title—Land of the Sun-child.</p> + +<p>The infant (or <b>ju</b>) is distinctly called a ruler (or <b>ti</b>.) Moreover, although +he was little (<b>shao</b>) or but a <b>ju</b> (suckling); he was a supreme king (or <b>chwen +suh</b>). (Note 22.)</p> + +<p><b>Chwen</b> is formed by putting together the two words "only" and "head." +And <b>suh</b> is a Chinese term composed of the two significant words "only" and +"king" (see Williams' dict. pp. 117, 825, 1043.)</p> + +<p>Evidently the baby ruler (or <b>ju ti</b>) was regarded by his people, in this +region remarkable for its mountains, as the only or supreme head—the <b>chwen +suh</b>, as Chinese historians might forcibly phrase it—of the people ruled.</p> + +<p>[Because the infant was king and even the supreme king, it seems reasonable +to suppose that his father was dead (and his mother alive) at the time +when he was carried into the Great Canyon and duly suckled there.] We need +not just here attempt to unravel his history. Enough to show that our Grand +Canyon is positively and clearly referred to in Chinese literature. We may, +however, note the fact that the royal infant (see translation) belonged to the +<b>Kin Tien</b> or Golden Heaven family, and this title must be considered when +the history of our Arizona Prince comes to be investigated. It should further +be remarked that the respected translator has erred slightly in his supposition +that the <b>Chwen Suh</b> (or Supreme Head) was "Shao <b>Hao's descendant</b>."<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 10]</span> +The Chinese terms in the original are: <b>shao hao</b> (not <b>hao's</b>) <b>ju</b> (baby) <b>ti</b> +(ruler) <b>chwen suh</b> (head king.) It was the <b>little sun child ruler and +supreme king</b> who was at the Canyon.</p> + +<p>Particular attention should be paid to the fact, that, although regarded as +a supreme ruler, the Prince is represented as being but a suckling (or <b>ju</b>) +when in the neighborhood of the Great Canyon.</p> + +<p>Now, the translation states that this baby or supreme lord "of whom no +further description is given, <b>left there his lute</b> and lyre. It says that <b>his lute</b> +and lyre are in this canyon."</p> + + +<h2>MUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?</h2> + +<p>It is absurd to imagine for a moment that a <b>sucking</b> infant could own, or +could be really supposed to own, a <b>lute</b>. The Chinese text does not say that +the musical instrument is "his." And yet, curiously enough, it does declare +that the baby-prince left or abandoned (<b>k'i</b>) a Lute or Lyre in the Canyon.</p> + +<p>Why should such a matter be mentioned? Supposing that a fiddle was +left behind, or a drum, or a rattle, why should the trivial fact be gravely +recorded?</p> + +<p>If a Lute was left in the mighty chasm, its remains might be there still. +But how could an infant be said to leave or abandon a Lute? Would he not +try, so well as our memory serves, to first get it into his mouth? Would not +his chubby hands, quite stout enough for destructive arts, tear the strings +apart and feed the music to the nearest cat? Would it be a lute at all when +ultimately relinquished? And if the babe derived pleasure from ill-treated +and squalling strings, why should he leave the lute behind? As well say that +the suckling abandoned there a fishing-rod! Would not a milk-bottle be a +much readier fount of ecstacy than either a lute or a flute? Why, neither one +nor the other <b>could be heard</b> within the Canyon.</p> + +<p>A Chinese commentator, however, relieves us from the necessity of seeking +for a literal lute between the resounding jaws of the mighty chasm (note 23.) +He says it is erroneous (<b>ngo</b>) to suppose that the baby emperor (<b>ju ti</b>) grasped +(<b>ping</b>,) or left behind (<b>chi</b>) or abandoned in the place of midnight darkness +(<b>huen</b>) any lutes or lyres (<b>kin seh</b>.) In hyperbolical language (<b>wu wu</b>)—which +is never true when taken literally—a clear limpid river (<b>shuh</b>) would +be the lute (<b>kin</b>.)</p> + +<p>But how could a clear stream serve as a lute?</p> + +<p>The running water might produce limpid notes. Thus Moore, in his ode +on "Harmony," uses the following words:</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Listen!—when the night-wind dies</span><br /> +Down the still current, <b>like a harp</b> it sighs!<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A liquid <b>chord</b> in every wave that flows."</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>Here is a current of water likened to the string of a harp, and the playing +of winds compared to music.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Sigourney calls Niagara a "Trump," and we accept the assertion +(although literally it is quite untrue.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<p>But if the Chinese account placed a Trump in the Ontario chasm there +would be considerable difficulty in finding it.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, in the case immediately before us, it is a Chinese author who +tells us that we are to seek for limpid streams rather than for literal lutes or +lyres.</p> + +<p>The mention of the latter would probably imply that the sounds of some +stream or streams in the Great Canyon are of a remarkably soft and musical +character.</p> + +<p>Streams may produce delightful tones. Thus one observer (at Yellowstone) +tells of the "mysterious music of the distant falls" "like the tremulous vibration +of a mighty but remote harp-string." (note 24)</p> + +<p>If falling water under certain peculiar acoustic circumstances can produce +notes like those struck off from harp-strings, the tones can also be compared +to those of lutes or lyres (for all are stringed instruments.)</p> + +<p>The very volume which places lutes and lyres in the Great Canyon, also +tells of a forest elsewhere, which is a "Forest of Lutes and Lyres" (note 25.)</p> + +<p>Of course sounds merely resembling those of the stringed instruments, are +here referred to. A forest is composed of trees rather than musical instruments, +but it may produce musical tones like those of Lutes and Lyres.</p> + +<p>And similarly the notes arising from the Grand Canyon may be of a lute-like +character. This is the teaching of the Ancients. We have found the Bottomless +stream and it is certain that visitors should return with accounts of +melody arising from the Canyon. Future explorers should listen for musical +notes. They will certainly not be disappointed.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>One visitor says: "The waters waltz their way through the Canyon, making +their own rippling, rushing, roaring music." We further read of innumerable +cascades adding their wild music to the roar of the river."</p> + +<p>What are these innumerable cascades but the strings of the Lute which +was heard ages ago by enraptured ears and which has kept on resounding +ever since. The concert in the Canyon drowns even the basic roar of the +river. The music is there.</p> + +<p>"We sit on some overhanging rocks, and enjoy the scene for a time, listening +to the music of falling waters away up the canyons." (n. 26.)</p> + +<p>It appears that the acoustic properties of the Grand Canyon are calculated +to produce most notable effects: "Great hollow domes are seen in the eastern +side of the rock.... Our words are repeated with startling clearness, but in +a soft mellow tone, that transforms them into magical music."</p> + +<p>Elsewhere an immense grotto "was doubtless made for an academy of +<b>music</b> by its storm born architect; so we name it <b>Music</b> Temple." (n. 27.)</p> + +<p>Lutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>A Temple of Music is there, say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It will be noticed that the Chinese annotater calls the Great Canyon—the +<b>Ta Hoh</b>—a place of (<b>huen</b>) midnight darkness and declares that it is erroneous +to suppose that the Lute played down there (where it could not possibly +be heard) was an instrument held by a human hand (the hand of a suckling!).<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 12]</span> +Now, although the great gorge is wonderfully beautiful, it must be conceded +that its basic part (within which human beings might dwell) is decidedly dark. +Here "it is necessary to 'lie down upon one's back in order to see the sky,'—as +I once heard General Crook express it. Into much of this deep gorge no ray +of sunshine ever falls, and it well deserves the name of the 'Dark Canyon.'" +(n. 28). Often in midday, stars are seen shining overhead; and it may well be +called a place of midnight darkness (<b>huen</b>.)</p> + +<p>In the following passage a modern visitor notices the "dark and frowning" +walls of the chasm, but still enlarges on their beauty:—"One would think that +after traveling through six hundred miles of those canyons, one would be satisfied +with <b>beauty</b> and grandeur, but in this fact lies the charm. Of the six +hundred miles no two miles are alike. The picture is ever changing from +grandeur to beauty, from beauty to sublimity, from the <b>dark</b> and <b>frowning</b> +greatness of its granite walls, to the dazzling colors of its upper cliffs. And I +stood in the last few miles of the Grand Canyon spellbound in wonder and +admiration, as firmly as I was fixed in the first few miles in surprise and astonishment." +(note 29.)</p> + +<p>Nature has done her best to adorn the walls of the mighty gorge. We are +told of "<b>thousands of rivulets</b>" that "dropped farther and farther down, till +the whole of the bright scarlet walls seemed hung with a tapestry of silver +threads, the border fringed with white fleecy clouds which hung to the tops of +the walls, and through which the points of the upper cliffs shone as scarlet +tassels."</p> + +<p>Nor was Dame Nature completely satisfied with her tapestry and fringe of +tassels. Other embroidery was displayed. "As the sun broke through some +side gorge, the canyon was spanned from side to side, as the clouds shifted +their position, with rainbow after rainbow, vying to outdo in brilliancy of color +the walls of the canyon themselves."</p> + +<p>The ancient account declares, that in "the Region beyond the Eastern +Sea," a Bottomless river traverses a Great Canyon. And this stream, remarkable +for its ledges (<b>chu</b>) or rapids and falls, rushes onward and downward, +and grows or enlarges into a Gulf. And the Canyon, the River, and the Gulf +are all reported to be <b>Kan</b>—or <b>Beautiful</b>.</p> + +<p>And visitors today return from all three, declaring that they are Beautiful! +Beautiful!! Beautiful!!!</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>And some are entranced by strains of music arising from the mouth of the +Canyon and declare that it holds an "orchestra." In one place the thousands +of streamlets, glistening and gleaming like silvery cords, stretch downward from +the edge of the painted chasm; and the resounding, melodious precipice is called +"the Cliff of the Harp." (note 30.) What is this but an echo of the ancient +declaration that the royal Lute in the Canyon was merely a musical stream. +Similar ideas have occurred to poets. Coleridge in his "Ancient Mariner," +tells of</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"A noise like of a hidden brook<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the leafy month of June,</span><br /> +Which to the sleeping woods all night<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Singeth a quiet tune."</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 13]</span></p> +<p>And Moore has heard the notes of harp-strings sounding forth from melodious +streams. What wonder, then, that ancient poets (and the translation +states that the particular work which makes mention of the "Bottomless <b>Kuh</b>" +or valley, is a "poem") should have likened a collection of falling streams or +cascades to the chords of a tuneful Lute and then, to distinguish it from others +less excellent, have applied to the stringed instrument the name of their Prince. +Americans today gravely talk of visiting or seeing "St. Luke's Head" (in California!) +And we possess a mere natural formation which is supposed to +resemble a nose and is religiously called "St. Anthony's Nose." In truth this +"nose" is no more a literal nose than the "Lute" in the Canyon is a literal +stringed instrument made by men. Then we have "Cleopatra's Bath" and +"Pompey's Pillar." (Next tell us in the interest of chaos and confusion that +Pompey left here "his" Pillar.)</p> + +<p>In the grand caves at Pikes Peak there is an "organ," which is really no +organ at all. It is a natural formation or production from which charming +melodies are fetched by skilled musicians. Now if we ourselves can gravely +call a musical, highly-strung rock an "Organ," may not the Ancients be excused +for calling a combination of musical streams a Lute? Contemplating the "Cliff +of the Harp," we can readily understand how old-time visitors found down +there the tuneful string of a "Lute" and how an imperial Child of the Sun was +unable to lug along "his" notable musical toy. There it remains and melodious +notes still come floating up.</p> + +<p>Lutes and Lyres are there, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>"An Academy of Music!" say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The Chinese annotater remarks that the <b>lieh tsze</b> (a class of sages or +teachers—the literati) are unacquainted (<b>pu chi</b>) with the <b>sheu-hai</b> or Gulf +situated toward the east (<b>chi tung</b>.)</p> + +<p>The Chinese scholars of the writer's time knew little or nothing of our +Gulf of California (or <b>Sheu-hai</b>). However, it was known to some; and we +are now informed that it is <b>ki</b> (a <b>few</b>; nearly about, approximately) <b>yih</b> (to +<b>guess</b>, to bet; 100,000; an indeterminate number) <b>wan</b> (10,000) <b>le</b>.</p> + +<p>A single <b>wan le</b> should measure about 3,000 miles, and a <b>few</b> (to "guess") +separate China from the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> which connects with the Bottomless <b>kuh</b> or +valley ("<b>Ta-Hoh shih wei wu ti chi kuh</b>.)</p> + +<p>Evidently the Great Canyon lies more than <b>one wan le</b> (3,000 miles) to the +east of China. We find indeed that the number may well be referred to as "a +few" (<b>ki</b>.)</p> + +<p>Nor can the Gulf be <b>more</b> than about 30,000 <b>le</b> to the east, seeing that +this Gulf of California is in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea" along with the +<b>Fu-Tree</b> which has a trunk of 300 <b>le</b>. The Gulf to the east is connected with +the mountain system whose Branches exhibit the gorgeous spectacle of Ten +Suns. In short, the Gulf and Canyon are along with <b>Fu-Sang</b>; and <b>Fu-Sang</b> +is only 30,000 <b>le</b> to the east of China, and merely 10,000 wide. Accordingly, +the Gulf is but "a few" <b>wan le</b> to the east of the Flowery Kingdom.</p> + +<p>To look for the Canyon and Tree within the Philippine Islands, contiguous +to China, is simply impossible. The islands have been pretty well thrashed<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 14]</span> +over lately, and no one has met with the Tree! It has a "Trunk of 300 le," +and collectors of curios or strange plants should keep wide awake and see that +they don't pass it in the dark. And yet with its Ten Moons, how miss it? +How fail to notice our glittering, gleaming, glorious candelabrum? It couldn't +have fallen or drifted over to the Panama ditch? It can't possibly be now +stuck in any South American Flower-pot? Catching the Tree seems to be as +slippery as catching Tartars, and perhaps when the first is found, the others +won't be very far off.</p> + +<p>The Chinese commentator, of course, never saw either the Gulf or Canyon +but he quotes from earlier writers who were well acquainted with our "region +beyond the Eastern Sea;" and one of these named <b>Chwangtsze</b>, is quoted to +the effect that in the <b>Ta Hoh</b> or Great Canyon <b>high winds</b> (<b>yuen fung</b>) occur +(<b>yu</b>) or come unexpectedly upon one.</p> + +<p>Do storms arise suddenly in the neighborhood of the mighty chasm?</p> + +<p>One modern explorer says: "I go up to explore the alcove. While away a +whirlwind comes scattering the camp fire among the dead willows and cedar +spray and soon there is a conflagration, the men rushing for the boats, leaving +all they cannot readily seize at the moment, and even then they have their +clothing burned and hair singed." (note 31.)</p> + +<p>Storms occur in all parts of the world. Is there anything peculiar about +the tempests which are said to suddenly arise in the Great Canyon?</p> + +<p>One visitor says: "Storms were not infrequent and these occurring where +the canyon walls were a mile high and close together produced an effect that +was almost supernatural in its awfulness. The deep thunder echoed sharply +between the cliffs, producing a roaring sound that was almost deafening." +(note 32.)</p> + +<p>It should be remembered that the vast caverns here multiply the bellowings +of thunder and also help to confine and intensify the raging and imprisoned +whirlwinds.</p> + +<p>One eye or ear witness tells of a storm both seen and heard within the +Canyon and adds: "I have seen the lightning play and heard the thunder roll +among the summit peaks of the Rocky Mountains, as I have stood on some +rocky point far above the clouds, but <b>nowhere</b> has the awful grandeur +equalled that night in the lonesome depths of what was to us death's canyon.... +Again all was shut in by darkness thicker than that of Egypt. The +stillness was only broken by the roar of the river as it rushed along beneath me. +Suddenly as if the mighty cliffs were rolling down against each other, there was +peal after peal of thunder striking against the marble cliffs below, and mingling +with their echoes, bounding from cliff to cliff. Thunder with echo, echo with +thunder, crossed and recrossed from wall to wall of the canyon," etc. (note 33.)</p> + +<p>Surely sudden and dreadful storms rage here. The loudest in North +America, says an expert.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Observe that the visitor just quoted notices the "roar of the river" in connection +with the fury of the tempest.</p> + +<p>Now, the ancient visitor does the same. After directing attention to the +sudden high winds, he says that a decidedly curious sight or spectacle (<b>king</b> +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 15]</span> +<b>shun</b>) is the <b>keang</b> (a large main stream which receives tributaries) spreading +abroad (<b>fu</b>) the <b>noise</b> of flowing water (<b>tsung</b>) in the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> +or Great Canyon.</p> + +<p>The noise of the great river or <b>Keang</b> is thus noticed by the ancient +visitor, who also declares that the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> or Great Canyon constitutes a +decidedly fine or curious sight.</p> + +<p>And such in truth it actually is. "Imagine a chasm that at times is less +than a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed of which is +a tossing, <b>roaring</b>, madly impetuous flood.... What an imposing spectacle; +what a sublime vision of mightiness!" (n. 34).</p> + +<p>A great sight! say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>A Wonder of the World! say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The roar of the river has never ceased since the ancient scribe, or his +informant, passed that way. A modern visitor says: "The threatening <b>roar</b> of +the water is loud and constant."</p> + +<p>Again, "The <b>roar</b> of its waters was heard unceasingly from the hour we +entered it until the time we landed here. No quiet in all that time." (n. 35).</p> + +<p>One navigator tells of a "bore" in connection with the resounding stream. +"In the stillness of the night, the roaring of the huge mass could be heard +reverberating among the windings of the river.... This singular phenomenon +of the 'bore,' as it is called, is met with but at few places in the world.... In +the course of four or five hours the river falls about thirty feet" (n. 36.)</p> + +<p>Another explorer pauses at one spot in his amphibious career to note that +"high water mark" can be seen "fifty, sixty, or a hundred feet above its present +stage;" and "when a storm bursts over the canyon, a side gulch is dangerous, +for a sudden flood may come and the inpouring waters will raise the river, so +as to hide the rocks before your eyes" (n. 37).</p> + +<p>Another navigator, who never was without a life-belt,—which he found of +vital use when righting his too often overturned ark,—tells with amazement of +"the waves, torrents, and cataracts of this wildest of rivers."</p> + +<p>A ceaseless basic roar is there,—deadened at times by floods of music, yet +nevertheless eternally there.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The sea connected with the Great Canyon is elsewhere called a <b>Puh hai</b> +(the latter term signifying "sea.")</p> + +<p>A <b>Puh hai</b> is said to be a "Gulf," and we find a Gulf—the Gulf of California—at +the mouth of the Colorado.</p> + +<p>It should, however, be observed that the term <b>Puh</b> by itself stands for "an +arm of the sea." A <b>Puh hai</b> is a Gulf which forms "an arm of the sea." The +Gulf or sea should be shaped like an <b>arm</b>—an arm of the ocean (see Williams' +dict. p. 718.)</p> + +<p>Now, a glance at the map shows that in a very peculiar sense the Gulf of +California is a <b>hai</b> or "sea" which meets the requirements of being shaped +like an <b>arm</b>. It is a sea and a gulf and at the same time "an arm" of the +ocean. Truly it is a <b>Puh hai</b>.</p> + +<p>A great many "gulfs" are quite unlike "arms," being too broad to admit<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 16]</span> +of such a comparison. But our Gulf of California is comparatively narrow and +is truly an "arm" of the sea. And notice how the water of the river—our +Colorado—"accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such are the words of the +existing translation and they apply completely to the American situation. Here +we find the water of the Colorado accumulating or widening out until it +becomes a great body of water—a Gulf. Indeed this development or process +of expansion is so gradual that it is impossible for navigators to tell where the +river ends or the gulf begins.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>In the Chinese comment immediately before us, however, the <b>hai</b> or sea to +the Canyon's river mouth is called a <b>Sheu</b>.</p> + +<p>Now this term signifies "to rinse the mouth, to scour; to wash out a thing; +to purify." (Williams, p. 757.)</p> + +<p>The word <b>Sheu</b> is written by combining the characters for "water" and +"to suck in."</p> + +<p>It is evident that our Gulf of California is "an arm of the sea" and no less a +<b>Sheu</b>. A "mouth" it undoubtedly has, and this mouth is being ceaselessly +"washed," "scoured," and "purified." Even a dentist would be satisfied! +The immense stream rushes out, and tides from the Pacific rush in. Moreover +the Colorado "sucks in" the tidal wave known as the Bore. Surely we have +here the Eastern Gulf sea which is both a <b>Puh</b> and a <b>Sheu</b>.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The water of the noisy, restless, purifying stream within the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> was +it is said,—</p> + +<p>1. <b>Yu</b> (which means "used or employed.")</p> + +<p>2. <b>Wuh</b> (to water or irrigate; to soften with water; to enrich.)</p> + +<p>3. <b>Tsiao</b> (scorched, burned, singed, dried up.)</p> + +<p>4. <b>Chi</b> (referring to or denoting.)</p> + +<p>5. <b>Tsze</b> (here or this.)</p> + +<p>Evidently the water of the Colorado was used to <b>irrigate</b> some ground or +vegetation which was dried up or <b>scorched</b>.</p> + +<p>Such a remark implies a high temperature (during the period of growth) +between the walls of the chasm, and also leads us to look for some soil—some +scorched or dried up soil (sadly in need of irrigation)—between the jaws of the +Canyon. Is there parched or desert soil on the banks of the Colorado?</p> + +<p>Here is the answer: "The region through which the chafing waters of the +Colorado run is forbidding in the extreme, a vast <b>Sahara</b> of waste and inutility; +a desert too dreary for either vegetable or animal life; a land that is +<b>haunted with wind-storm</b>, on which ride the furies of desolation.... +The earth is <b>parched to sterility</b>.... It is like the moon, a <b>parched</b> +district, save for the single stream which, instead of supplying sustenance, is +eating its vitals." (note 38.)</p> + +<p>Another traveler visited Fort Yuma, on the Colorado, and says: "The ride +to the fort was through a flat and desolate looking country.... It was a +dreary eight hours ride." Other remarks are made concerning "the barrenness +of the surrounding region and" "the <b>intense heat</b> of its summer +climate." (note 39.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 17]</span></p> + +<p>In some spots, however, water produces magical effects. In the Mojave +valley, for instance, "the annual overflow of the river enables the Mojaves, to +raise with little labor, an abundant supply of provisions for the year.... During +one season, a few years since, the Colorado did not overflow its banks; there +were consequently no crops and great numbers of the Mojaves perished from +starvation." (note 40.)</p> + +<p>Curiously enough, although rain fell furiously within the Canyon, it was +observed by a traveler that "such rain-storms were invariably confined to the +immediate vicinity of the Canyon, the territory lying two or three miles east or +west continuing parched with hardly a cloud above it." And the explorer +wonders how some ancient inhabitants, whose buildings are now in ruins, +"managed to exist, situated as they were in a desolate country, where there was +great scarcity of both vegetable and animal life."</p> + +<p>The ancient Chinese account connects a baby king, a supreme ruler, with +the Great Canyon and now states that water was used within the gorge to +irrigate the soil, which is represented as being dried up or scorched. Is +the Canyon remarkable for its heat? Surely it ought to be cool down there?</p> + +<p>One visitor says: "That Canyon was the sultriest place I have ever struck, +and my experience includes some of the hottest sections this side of the +equator.</p> + +<p>The oppressive heat in the chasm was felt at a "point fifty times as deep +as the great chasm at Niagara." (note 41.)</p> + +<p>"But despite the terrible heat, despite the discomfort of the situation, I was +compelled to wonder and admire, For,"—</p> + +<p>The <b>Ta-Hoh</b> should constitute a magnificent sight, but it is also said to +contain some <b>scorched</b> or dried up soil. Is such to be seen?</p> + +<p>An explorer reached the Colorado at a point where it is 266 yards wide, +and adds that the "soil" "bore nothing but dry weeds and bushes and the +whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever +beheld, as if some <b>sirocco</b> had passed over the land, <b>withering</b> and <b>scorching +everything</b>." (note 42.)</p> + +<p>Withered and scorched! say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Withered and scorched! say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>In one favored spot, "to the limit of vision, the tortuous course of the river +(the Colorado) could be traced through a belt of alluvial land varying from +one to six miles in width, and garnished with inviting meadows, with broad +groves of willow and mezquite and promising fields of grain." The visitor +remarks that the valley appears most attractive in the spring—"at this season of +the year before the <b>burning heat</b> has <b>withered</b> the freshness and beauty of +the early vegetation." (note 43.)</p> + +<p>We are informed that the valley south of the Bend of the Colorado near +the "Needles," there is in the spring a "most brilliant array" of flowers; but, +"after the ephemeral influence of the few spring showers has passed, the +annual plants are soon <b>burned</b> up by the sun's heat and perfect sterility prevails +throughout the remainder of the season." (note 44.)</p> + +<p>It is sufficiently apparent that the soil when properly watered can produce<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 18]</span> +abundant vegetation and sufficient nourishment for, of course, limited numbers +of human beings. Deprived of water, the soil is unable to sustain desirable +plants, and presents a sterile aspect. Surveying its present condition or appearance +of barrenness, a modern visitor wonders how the ancient inhabitants contrived +to exist, or find food, within the withered, unfruitful chasm. But one of +the ancients, Mr. Chwang Tsze, writing about this very <b>Ta-Hoh</b> or Great +Chasm, says that they used water to irrigate the otherwise scorched or dried up +soil. Then, if such a somewhat belated answer is true, the question arises, +where are the proofs?</p> + +<p>A chief of the Ethnological Bureau very properly furnishes the answer. +Standing in the abyss of the <b>Ta-Hoh</b>, on the bank of the roaring river, he +beholds some ancient buildings and perceives how their vanished occupants +formerly contrived to subsist. He says: "We can see where the ancient people +who lived here—a race more highly civilized than the present—had made a +<b>garden</b>, and <b>used</b> a great spring" [or feeder of the Colorado], "that comes out +of the rocks for <b>irrigation</b>," etc. (n. 45.)</p> + +<p>We irrigated the soil, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>They irrigated the soil, say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Next comes the statement of some trusted early sage or scholar who was +certainly acquainted with our <b>Ta-Hoh</b> (containing the ruin and irrigated soil +just noticed.) It is an observer or scribe named <b>Tu-tsan</b>, who says:—</p> + +<p>10. <b>Seay</b> (to paint, to draw, to sketch.)</p> + +<p>11. <b>yih</b> (to spread abroad, to diffuse.)</p> + +<p>12. <b>tung</b> (a gorge, ravine, canyon, a cave, a grotto.)</p> + +<p>13. <b>hueh</b> ("a hole in the earth or side of a hill,—they are used for dwellings;" +a den, a grotto, a cavern.)</p> + +<p>Something called <b>seay</b> is here said to be spread abroad, or diffused over +rocky walls or caves. Williams (p. 796) says that <b>seay</b> (or <b>sie</b> as it is also +spelled) stands for a sketch or design, and adds that it means to draw, to compose, +to write. Morrison, in his dictionary, says that <b>seay</b> signifies "to paint," +etc.</p> + +<p>Of course there is no use looking for anything so absurd as pictured or +painted rocky walls or caves; and we accordingly feel disappointed when the +ancient text seems to notice such. The pictures or paint should be "spread +abroad" freely or lavishly in the vicinity of caverns, and we know positively +that no "paint" or pigment of human composition can be seen on the canyon +walls. No artificial pictures are there, and we are compelled to admit that the +ancient account here stands falsified.</p> + +<p>We have, however, found the caves. Music Temple, for instance measures +two hundred feet from floor to roof, and is "a vast chamber carved out of +the rock." There are caverns in all directions. And the noisy, roaring river is +certainly there as well. One explorer says: "Imagine a chasm that at times is +less than a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed of +which is a tossing, roaring, madly impetuous flood, winding its way in a sinuous +course along <b>walls</b> that are <b>painted</b> with all the pigments known to nature. +What an imposing spectacle!" (n. 46.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 19]</span></p> + +<p>Of course we must object that the "walls" are really not walls and that the +"paint" so lavishly spread upon them is not paint at all. The ancient assertion +is delusive, but equally so is the modern. Just compare them.</p> + +<p>The Virgin River enters the Colorado, and at the place of junction are the +"resplendently <b>painted</b> temples and towers of the Virgin. Here the slopes, +the serpentine ledges, and the bosses of projecting rock, interlarded with scanty +soil, display all the colors of the rainbow, and in the distance may be likened +to the <b>painter's pallete</b>. The bolder tints are of maroon, purple, chocolate, +magenta, and lavendar, with broad bands of white laid in horizontal belts. +(n. 47.)</p> + +<p>Is this so-called "paint" <b>lavishly</b> "spread abroad"?</p> + +<p>Certainly; one section of the mighty and wondrous gorge is known as "the +<b>painted</b> canyon."</p> + +<p>Of course the chasm is not really "painted" by artists or human agents, +and we need not look for painted cliffs anywhere. Nevertheless modern observers +echo the language of the ancients, and we are told today of "the +<b>painting</b> of the rocks" and of "deep, <b>painted</b> alcoves" and "<b>painted</b> +grottos" (n. 48.)</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The term <b>yih</b> (see Williams' dict. pp. 781, 1092) is composed of the characters +for "fluid" and "vessel," and signifies "A vessel full to the brim; ready to +overflow, to run over; abundant; to spread abroad, to diffuse." As <b>seay</b>, the +word which precedes <b>yih</b> in our Chinese note, signifies "to paint," we perceive +how the additional term <b>yih</b> teaches that the <b>paint</b> made use of has been +applied to extensive surfaces, so that it presents the appearance of having +"overflowed" or "run over" the rocky walls and caverns dealt with.</p> + +<p>Of course neither writing nor literal pictures could overflow or drench—and +adhere to—walls or cliffs. But <b>seay yih</b> might cover the motion of applying +<b>paint</b> in a most lavish, copious, overflowing manner. Here are cliffs so +"rich with parti-coloring as to justify the most extravagant language in describing +them."</p> + +<p>It looks as though the gnomes on the job, in the Canyon, just emptied their +paint-pots down dizzy cliffs and then went back for more. And such extravagance +is in harmony with the symbols which stand for painting and vessels and +spreading abroad or overflowing! Mineral paints were freely used and sometimes +apparently with considerable care and skill. Thus we read of a red +sandstone cliff "unbroken by cracks or crevices or ledges" exhibiting "extensive +flat surfaces beautifully <b>stained</b> by iron, till one could imagine all manner +of tapestry effects."</p> + +<p>Here are painted imitations of tapestry.</p> + +<p>It should further be remembered that there are actual picture writings +spread abroad on extensive painted or stained surfaces. The author just +quoted beheld ancient dwellings which "exhibited considerable skill on the part +of the builders, the corners being plumb and square." And just here "there +were also numerous picture writings." (note 49.)</p> + +<p>An amazed visitor exclaims: "Grand, glorious, sublime, are the Pictorial +cliffs of vermillion hue!"<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 20]</span></p> + +<p>"Pictorial" answers to <b>seay</b> (the 10th character in our list.)</p> + +<p>Pictured and painted! say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Pictured and painted! say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>We have seen that our Gulf (of California) has been called a <b>Puh-hai</b>, or +"arm of the sea."</p> + +<p>Professor Hoith, the celebrated student of Chinese, in his work on +"Chinese History" (p. 49, footnote) says that a <b>puh hai</b> is "an estuary."</p> + +<p>Webster says that an "estuary" is "an arm of the sea; a firth; a narrow +passage, or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current, or +flows and ebbs."</p> + +<p>Plainly our Gulf of California is a <b>Puh hai</b> or Estuary.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It may further be remarked that <b>Puh</b> is written in Chinese by putting +together two characters, one standing for "water," and the other signifying +"Suddenly; hastily; flurried, disconcerted, as when caught doing wrong; to +change color, confused" (Williams' dict. p. 718.)</p> + +<p>It is superfluous to say that our Gulf or Estuary is a very "confused" or +"flurried" body of water. It is truly a <b>Puh-hai</b>.</p> + +<p>Moreover, it "changes color." As though "caught doing wrong," it +changes color and blushes at times a rosy red. This is the hue of multidunious +veins: "A thousand streams rolling down the cliffs on every side, carry with +them red sand; and these all unite in the canyon below, in one great stream of +red mud" (n. 50.) But sometimes the color below Yuma is yellow or black +(n. 51.)</p> + +<p>The name "Colorado" is a Spanish term conveying the idea of redness, +and undoubtedly this hue predominates throughout the course of the boisterous +stream; but other colors due to the dye or wash of variously painted cliffs, are +also met with. Moreover a section may exhibit one color to-day and something +different to-morrow. And so it is with the gulf, which receives the Colorado, +and on which floating patches of color are frequently seen. Truly our Gulf or +Estuary is remarkable for both its coloring, blue, red, etc., and its changes of +color. In all respects it is plainly a <b>Puh-hai</b>.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Our Gulf or Estuary is also called a <b>yuen</b>. Farther on (see Chinese version) +we read that the Canyon river produces or grows into (<b>shang</b>) a beautiful +(<b>kan</b>) <b>yuen</b>.</p> + +<p>This term <b>yuen</b> stands for a "gulf, an abyss; an eddy, a whirlpool or place +where the back water seems to stop."</p> + +<p>A whirling, violent, or impetuous body of water is evidently referred to. +Fernando Alarchon, in 1540, found the Colorado "a very mighty river, which +ran with so great a fury of stream that we could hardly sail against it.</p> + +<p>One voyager tells how his ark, the "Emma" was "caught in a <b>whirlpool</b>, +and set spinning about." Here is a <b>yuen</b>.</p> + +<p>Again, "The men in the boats above see our trouble but they are caught +in whirlpools, and are spinning about in eddies."</p> + +<p>What have we here but <b>Yuen</b>—multiplied whirlpools?<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<p>Through "Whirlpool Canyon" and all the way to the Gulf, the waters dance +around and about. We read of "dancing eddies or whirlpools." There are +more than 600 rapids and falls in the Colorado (n. 52.)</p> + +<p>The waters <b>waltz</b> their way and even furnish their own "rippling, rushing, +roaring music." And we are in addition told of "innumerable cascades adding +their wild music" (n. 53).</p> + +<p>Surely the entire inlet traversed by the bore or reached by ocean tides is +in precisely the condition of commotion which may well be designated by the +term yuen.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>We are informed that the <b>kan</b> (or beautiful) <b>yuen</b> approaches (<b>tsih</b>) +with vapor (<b>hi hwo</b>) and bathes (<b>yuh</b>) the sun's place (<b>ji chi su</b>).</p> + +<p>It is evident that the mighty stream which traverses the Great Canyon in +the region beyond the Eastern Sea, should flow from a Bottomless valley to a +Gulf, and reach to the Sun's Place. And we find that the current of the Colorado +extends to the Tropical line of Cancer, which crosses and marks the +mouth of the Gulf of California.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Vapor or fog is noticed in connection with the beautiful (even if restless or +reeling) <b>Yuen</b>.</p> + +<p>Are fogs a noticeable feature along the coast of California? If so, they +might hide the entrance or mouth of the Gulf.</p> + +<p>One visitor says: "Westward toward the setting sun and the sea," was a +"filmy fog creeping landward, swallowing one by one the distant hills."</p> + +<p>Again, we read of "hilltops that thrust their heads through the slowly vanishing +vapor."</p> + +<p>Here "you may bask in the sunshine of gardens of almost tropic luxuriance +or shudder in <b>fogs that shroud the coast</b>" (n. 54.)</p> + +<p>We need not wonder that such vapors should appear within the confines +of the charming Gulf of California and at times veil its shores. A recent visitor +says: "The island and mountain peaks, whose outlines are seen from the +Gulf, had been somewhat <b>dimmed</b> by a light <b>haze</b>, appeared surprisingly +near and distinct in the limpid medium through which they were now viewed. +The whole panorama became invested with new attractions, and it would be +hard to say whether the dazzling radiance of the day or the sparkling clearness +of the night was the more <b>beautiful</b> and brilliant" (n. 55).</p> + +<p>Hazy and Beautiful, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Hazy and Beautiful, say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The haze is not dense enough to blind our eyes to the manifest fact that +those people of old who were acquainted with the position of our Gulf of California, +must also have been acquainted with Mexico and its inhabitants.</p> + +<p>Tropical America was considered by its people to be particularly under +the influence of the Sun. Uxmal was in "the Land of the Sun" (n. 56), and the +Mexicans called themselves "Children of the Sun."</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 22]</span></p> +<h2>CAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.</h2> + +<p>It will be noticed that the 13th term in our list is <b>hueh</b>, which stands for +cave habitation. Are such to be seen in our Canyon?</p> + +<p>Numerous <b>tung</b> (see 12th term,) in the shape of caves or holes are undoubtedly +there, but in addition the old account notices <b>hueh</b>. Have such been +found?</p> + +<p>One explorer says: "Even more remarkable than the stupendous walls +which confine the Colorado river, are the ruined cave habitations which are to +be seen along the lofty and inaccessible ledges, in which a vanished race long +years ago evidently sought refuge from their enemies.... They were reached +by very narrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being extremely difficult to +attain by the occupants themselves, presented an impregnable front to invaders" +(n. 57.)</p> + +<p>Explorers decending into the <b>ta-hoh</b> come forth to-day with accounts of +gardens and irrigating streams, pictured cliffs, and cave dwellings,—in complete +agreement with the ancient record.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Following the term <b>hueh</b> we find a 14th, called <b>han</b>, which stands for dry, +heated air; too dry; parched as by drought; crisp.</p> + +<p>Is there <b>han</b>, or dry heated air down in the Canyon?</p> + +<p>One visitor entered the Grand Canyon "in the morning while darkness yet +covered the scene, but even then it was oppressively hot, and as the sun got +higher I felt as though I had been thrust into a dutch <b>oven</b> and the mouth +stopped up.... But, despite the terrible heat ... I was compelled to wonder +and admire ... the gorgeous cliffs and rock walls showing all those varied +colorings," etc. (n. 58).</p> + +<p>It was the "terrible heat" which compelled the Ancients to resort to irrigation +in order to raise some food for themselves and little ones. Destitute of +water, the soil is scorched and barren.</p> + +<p>It is said that "there are about 700 square miles of arable land between the +mouth of the Gila and the 35th parallel of N. latitude," along the Colorado. +And "in the valley" of this stream, where it is joined by the Gila, "are traces +of ancient irrigating canals, which show that it has once been cultivated." And +along the connected Gila are irrigating works of remarkable construction and +undoubted antiquity—antedating the arrival of the Spaniards by centuries.</p> + +<p>Where the soil is actually irrigated or cultivated the response of nature is +most gratifying and encouraging. We learn with regard to the Colorado valley, +that "portions are cultivated by the numerous tribes of Indians who live along +its banks, affording them an abundance of wheat, maize, beans, melons, +squashes," etc. (n. 59).</p> + +<p>Such ground would be well worthy of attention; but the attitude of "the +numerous tribes of Indians" along the Colorado might interfere with the plans +of newcomers and even compel the latter to live in caves or on ledges easily +defended. And it is certain that soil insufficiently watered presents a distressingly +sterile aspect in the neighborhood of the Colorado.</p> + +<p>One traveler, already quoted, says with regard to a wide section, that "the<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 23]</span> +whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever beheld, +as if some Sirocco had passed over the land, <b>withering</b> and <b>scorching</b> +everything to crispness" (n. 60.)</p> + +<p>Notice this word "crispness" used by our author. Turned into Chinese it +becomes <b>han</b> (crisp)—the very term applied in the ancient record to the condition +of the soil unwatered within the Canyon. It is curious how the old and +new visitors agree in their descriptions of the interior of the mighty gorge, +where vegetation is withered or dead.</p> + +<p>Scorched and Crisp! say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Scorched and Crisp! say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The Canyon should be hot, and one of our own visitors says: "The sun +shone directly up the Canyon, and the glare <b>reflected from the walls</b> made +the heat intolerable (n. 61.)</p> + +<p>The word <b>han</b> has, unfortunately enough, a perfect right to appear in the +old record. Following it we find additional terms:</p> + +<p>15. A compound character consisting of the signs for "Sun" (<b>Jih</b>) and +"People" (<b>Min</b>.)</p> + +<p>16. <b>lung</b> ("used for <b>nagas</b> or snake gods;" "a dragon," "imperial." "It is +often used for a man.")</p> + +<p>17. <b>chuh</b> ("the illumination of torches; a candle; a light; to give or shed +light upon, to illumine")</p> + +<p>The statement seems to teach that the Sun People—the men—were using +torches to illumine the depth of the hot Canyon.</p> + +<p>We have already been informed that a <b>ju</b> or suckling, who was yet a +supreme King (like perhaps the last Chinese Emperor of the Manchu dynasty, +in 1912 A. D.) and a Child of the Sun, was down in the abyss, so we are prepared +to hear that his subjects—some Sun people—were down there too.</p> + +<p>Of course, for the greater part of the twenty-four hours, the darkness, +particularly in the cave dwellings should be most intense. One visitor, quoted +already, tells of "darkness thicker than that of Egypt." Such gloom should be +particularly and painfully felt by "Sun People," and we are not surprised to +find that they made use of torches or artificial lights. Singularly enough, the +chasm, as though remorsefully conscious of the blackness of its character, produces +no end of dried-up vegetable stems or stalks fit to be ignited and used +as firebrands. These it places convenient to your hand, as though to invite +inspection.</p> + +<p>Indians today are in the habit of using such torches. We are informed +that "the custom still prevails among them of carrying a firebrand," which was +noticed by Spanish explorers in the 16th Century, "and induced those discoverers +to give to the river the name of Rio del Tizon" (n. 62).</p> + +<p>It will be noticed that the ancient Chinese account connects lights, or "an +illumination of Torches" (<b>chuh</b>), with the very stream which the Spaniards of +a later age, and of their own accord christened the Rio del Tizon.</p> + +<p>A Torch-lighted stream, say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>A Torch-lighted stream, say the Spaniards.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 24]</span></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The author or explorer last quoted says with reference to Indians dwelling +on the banks of the Colorado, that "the custom still prevails among them of +carrying a firebrand in the hand in cold weather," which was noticed by the +Spaniards.</p> + +<p>Of course the flaming brands may well be used in winter to warm those +who hold them, but the Ancients who inhabited the cave or cliff houses +(which they built and which are now more or less in ruin, according to exposure +or original inherent strength) might have used the <b>chuh</b> or torches as +<b>lights</b>. These torches are mentioned in connection with excessive <b>heat</b>, and +it would be absurd to suppose that the Sun People of old desired a still higher +temperature. But mention is made of cave dwellings, and such are actually +there; and we can readily understand why the ancient dwellers in the cave +houses should have frequently used the ready-to-hand torches when climbing +to their dark and break-neck abodes.</p> + +<p>Even today the <b>chuh</b> or torches are used as <b>lights</b>. The withered +stalks or stems, so abundant in the Canyon, are a melancholy illustration of the +scorching power of the sun within the chasm. We have not forgotten the fact +that the Chinese term <b>han</b> is used in the ancient text and that it stands for the +"crispness" of scorched or dried up plants. An actual visit to the <b>Ta-Hoh</b> or +Great Canyon referred to, shows that it is this <b>han</b>—or withered, scorched and +crisp—vegetation which provides no end of torches (<b>chuh</b>) for dwellers in the +vicinity. One stumbling visitor uses the following language: "We struck for +it ... through the thick night, the guide occasionally lighting a <b>torch of grass</b>" +(n. 63). Unable to directly or steadily illumine the angles or recesses of the +Canyon, the bright and clear-headed sun does the next best thing and raises a +bounteous harvest of firebrands. Nature here concentrates her attention on the +task of serving the necks (rather than the bellies) of her children, and presents +them with a crop of seasoned and brilliant torches. Certain it is that most +efficient firebrands are raised here in profusion and constitute such a unique +feature of the stream that in order to distinguish it from others in the region, +the Spaniards called our river the Rio del Tizon. Torches have lighted the +Canyon in the past and they now throw light on the ancient record.</p> + +<p>Mentioned in connection with withered vegetation and intense heat, the +natural inference is that the torches were used to <b>light</b> the steps of dwellers in +the Canyon. Of course they might in winter have been used, like other vegetable +produce, as fuel, but the old record now before us does actually connect +the <b>chuh</b> or torches with a high scorching temperature; and our impression or +deduction is that they were used as lights amid the blackness of the chasm.</p> + +<p>And the Torches (<b>chuh</b>) are used as lights still. One explorer says: "We +fear that we shall have to stay here clinging to the rocks until daylight. Our +little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a bundle, lights one end, and +holds it up. The <b>others do the same</b>, and with these <b>Torches</b> we <b>find a +way</b> out of trouble."</p> + +<p>Observe that these torches (or <b>chuh</b> as the Chinese would call them) +were not ignited to <b>warm</b> the explorers. They were held aloft to find or light +the way among perilous cliffs. Without their aid it would have been madness<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 25]</span> +for the explorers to move. Practically they were as men born blind, but the +Indian guide, with knowledge derived from the depths of antiquity, obtains +the necessary torches and light at his elbow. With one withered and hot stem +he ties together a number, lights them and then finds the way out of trouble +for both himself and his bewildered party. What have we here but a duplication +of the "illumination of torches" referred to in the ancient record?</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>17. <b>chuh</b> (the illumination of torches; a candle; a torch.)</p> + +<p>18. <b>yuen</b> ("to lead or take by the hand, to cling to; to pull up higher, to +drag out; to put forward; to relieve, to rescue")</p> + +<p>19. <b>yiu</b> (have, has; to get.)</p> + +<p>20. <b>Ta</b> (Great.)</p> + +<p>21. <b>Hoh</b> (Canyon.)</p> + +<p>22. <b>hao</b> (a mark, classed, a signal.)</p> + +<p>23. <b>wei</b> (said or declared; has; in the place of.)</p> + +<p>24. <b>wu</b> (no; without; destitute of.)</p> + +<p>25. <b>te</b> (bottom.)</p> + +<p>It appears that within the bottomless <b>Ta-hoh</b> or Great Canyon (see words +19 to 25) there is an illumination of torches (<b>chuh</b>) and a pulling up higher, or +a dragging about and clinging to (<b>yuen</b>).</p> + +<p>Climbing is here referred to. The Sun people seem to have found locomotion +difficult and hazardous within the chasm.</p> + +<p>The modern explorer who reached the irrigated garden plots and houses +of the ancient occupants, was himself compelled to resort to much climbing. +In one place he says: "I find I can get up no farther, and cannot step back, for +I dare not let go with my hands, and cannot reach foot-hold below without. I +call to Bradley for help.... The moment is critical. Standing on my toes my +muscles begin to tremble.... I hug close to the rock, let go with my hand, +seize the dangling legs, and with his assistance, I am enabled to gain the top" +(n. 64.)</p> + +<p>It will be seen by the intelligent reader that the forgoing performance is +covered by the term <b>yuen</b> (No. 18) used in the ancient record. There was a +<b>rescue</b> by Bradley, and the desperate adventurer, a chief of the Ethnological +Bureau, was "pulled up higher," even to "the top" of the cliff. All this constitutes +<b>yuen</b>; and without intending it, our modern climber—calling to Bradley +for help—is a most eloquent and lucid commentator on the ancient statement +in the Chinese text.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>But this climbing should be accomplished in connection with <b>chuh</b> (No. +17—the illumination of torches). Is it true that there is climbing by torchlight +(not <b>moonlight</b>, gentle reader) within the chasm?</p> + +<p>Light is thrown on the ancient text by a statement already in part quoted: +"We fear that we shall have to stay here <b>clinging</b> to the rocks until daylight. +Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a bundle, lights one end, +and holds it up. The others do the same, and with these torches we find a +way out of trouble. <b>Helping</b> each other, holding <b>torches</b> for each other, one +<b>clinging</b> to another's <b>hand</b> until we get footing, then supporting the other on<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 26]</span> +his shoulders, so we make our passage into the depths of the canyon. And +now Captain Bishop has kindled a huge fire of driftwood, on the bank of the +river. This and the fires in the gulch opposite, and our own <b>flaming torches</b>, +light up little patches, that make more manifest the awful darkness below. +Still, on we go, for an hour or two, and at last we see Captain Bishop coming +up the gulch, with a <b>huge</b> torch-light on his shoulders. He looks like a fiend +waving brands and lighting the fires of hell, and the men in the opposite gulch +are imps lighting delusive fires in inaccessible crevices, over yawning chasms.... +At last we meet Captain Bishop with his flaming torch" (n. 65). And so +the brilliant description continues.</p> + +<p>What is all this but the <b>chuh yuen</b> of the ancient record? Here surely is +"an illumination of torches."</p> + +<p>Torches and Climbing, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Torches and Climbing, say the Moderns.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1005px;"> +<img src="images/fig_003.jpg" width="1005" height="768" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p>We can readily understand why the ancient occupants of the stone houses +in the Grand Canyon, should have used the torches so liberally and conveniently +supplied by nature throughout the region where their light is too often +sadly or desperately needed. We have been informed by a modern visitor +that ruined cave habitations are to be seen along "lofty and inaccessible ledges." +And these dwellings "were reached by very narrow, precipitous, and devious +paths, and being extremely difficult to attain by the occupants themselves, presented +an impregnable front to invaders."</p> + +<p>Surely here torches would often come in handy.</p> + +<p>Dr. Fewkes believes that the ancient occupants of the cliff or cave houses +chose hazardous sites in order to be out of the reach of enemies. He says:<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 27]</span></p> + +<p>"The pressure of outside tribes, or what may be called human environment, +probably had much to do originally with the choice of caves for houses. The +experienced archaeologist also draws attention to Jackson's remark that finger +imprints answering to those of women, "may still be traced in the mortar" of +the dwellings (n. 66). Many interiors indeed are covered with smooth plaster +in which the impressions of small and delicate fingers appear.</p> + +<p>Of course, women and children formerly lived on the "inaccessible ledges"; +and sons, fathers, husbands, or brothers, away perhaps hunting in distant glens +or forests, were comparatively free from anxiety concerning the condition of +loved ones at home. And if savages with tomahawks and scalping knives +came stealing through ravines to the foot of impregnable stairways, the mothers +aloft, pressing children to their breasts and looking down on baffled foes, must +have felt something of the emotion which throbs through the well-known lines, +written indeed by a woman,—</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our God, our fathers' God!</span><br /> +Thou hast made Thy children mighty<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By the touch of the mountain sod;</span><br /> +Thou hast fixed our ark of refuge<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the spoiler's foot ne'er trod;—</span><br /> +For the strength of the hills we bless Thee,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our God, our fathers' God!</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>And if in the darkness of night, the awaited signal or cry were heard arising +from the heart of the abyss, how quickly the doors would be opened and +ropes lowered and torches lighted to help the hunters to their homes on high! +Torches flaming and eyes gleaming. Lights flashing in all directions. An +illumination of torches. No wonder the Canyon was noted for its <b>chuh yuen</b> +and cave dwellings.</p> + +<p>Lights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p>Lights, Climbing, and Caves, say the Moderns.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The account continues thus:</p> + +<p>26. <b>Leang</b> (the principal, the chief; a bridge, a beam.)</p> + +<p>27. <b>kien</b> (official writing; to mark; a slip of bamboo for making notes on; +a classifier of folios or sheets.)</p> + +<p>28. <b>wan</b> (strokes, lines, literature, literary; a despatch.)</p> + +<p>29. <b>Ta</b> (Great.)</p> + +<p>30. <b>Hoh</b> (Canyon.)</p> + +<p>31. <b>fu</b> (to spread abroad as decrees; to exact; to demand.)</p> + +<p>A <b>leang</b> or chief is here referred to in connection with the Great Canyon. +The ruler is not exactly called the King or supreme head (<b>chwen suh</b>). Indeed, +we have been already informed that the head ruler was a mere nurseling +(at the time when he abandoned his Lute in the Canyon) and such an +infant carried about by the mother who had just brought him into the world, +among the cliffs and canyons, would evidently have been unable to either write +or issue decrees. Of course, however, a nominally subordinate chief (or<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 28]</span> +<b>leang</b>) might have attended to the details of government and ruled or directed +the movements of the Sun people in the name of the infant King. Such a +minister might have spread abroad decrees or commands within the Canyon.</p> + +<p>Are any writings to be seen on its walls?</p> + +<p>An explorer already in part quoted, says: "At last we meet Captain Bishop +with his flaming torch.... On a broad shelf we find the ruins of an old stone +house, the walls of which are broken down, and we can see where the ancient +people who lived here—a race more highly civilized than the present—had +made a garden, and used a great spring, that comes out of the rocks, for irrigation. +On some rocks near by we discover some curious etchings" (n. 67).</p> + +<p>Here are cliff writings.</p> + +<p>Again, on the brink of a rock 200 feet high stands an old house. Its walls +are of stone, laid in mortar, with much regularity.... On the face of the cliff, +under the building and along down the river for 200 or 300 yards, there are +many etchings."</p> + +<p>Here are writings "spread abroad" within the <b>Ta-hoh</b> or Great Canyon. +Not painted on the cliffs, but cut into the stone! Beyond the reach or malice +of savage tribes, they doubtless furnished directions to friendly clans, telling +where certain companies had moved, and so forth.</p> + +<p>"On many of the tributaries of the Colorado I have heretofore examined +their deserted dwellings.... Sometimes the mouths of caves have been walled +across and there are many other evidences to show their anxiety to secure +defensible positions. Probably the nomadic tribes were sweeping down upon +them, and they resorted to these cliffs and canyons for safety.... Here I stand +where these now lost people stood centuries ago, and look over this strange +country."</p> + +<p>The former chief of the Ethnological Bureau also says that at the mouth of +the Colorado Chiquito he discovered some curious remains, such as ruins and +pottery, also "etchings and hieroglyphics on the rocks."</p> + +<p>Some of the cliff or cave dwellings are singularly impressive. Baron Nordenskiold, +says of one, called the "Cliff Palace," that it well deserves its proud +name, "for with its round towers and high walls ... deep in the mysterious +twilight of the cavern, and defying in their sheltered site the ravages of time, it +resembled at a distance an enchanted castle."</p> + +<p>And Chapin exclaims: "Surely its discoverer had not overstated the beauty +and magnitude of this strange ruin. There it was, occupying a great oval space +under a grand cliff wonderful to behold, appearing like an immense ruined castle +with dismantled towers" (n. 68).</p> + +<p>And yet Dr. Fewkes very rationally refuses to regard it as a "palace"—occupied +merely by a king and servants or else officers of state managing an +empire. Of course some nook within sheltered its ruler. But it is merely a +pueblo—set within a cave. One French visitor says: "Il est probable que Cliff-Palace +n'abritait pas moins de 500 personnes" (n. 69).</p> + +<p>At this rate it would have required forty such structures (or equivalent +clusters of apartments) to shelter, say, 20,000 individuals.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 29]</span></p> + +<p>There is mention of cave dwellings in connection with the Great Canyon; +and as Sun people with a supreme ruler (although but a suckling) are represented +as climbing within the chasm, with the aid of torches, we expect to find +curious remains in connection with the caverns. Nor are we disappointed. +Here are mouths of caves walled up for defensive purposes. Here are ramparts, +towers, and fortified structures classed with castles.</p> + +<p>We are informed that decrees were spread abroad in the Canyon; and +searching for the ancient inscriptions, we find that they are cut into the cliffs. +This shows that the former dwellers were able to cut and work stone; and +abundant remains of masonry are at hand to sustain this deduction.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The personality of the <b>ju</b>, or suckling ruler, remains to be investigated, +and should yield curious—most surprising—results; but, of course, reasonable, +logical critics will not for an instant confound such an inquiry with that just +finished. Even absolute failure to unearth the facts with regard to the Prince +and his royal mother, can not shake the plain fact that we have actually found +an account of the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, and the Gulf of California, +in an ancient Chinese book.</p> + + +<h2>PIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES</h2> + +<p>It may further be remarked that the Chinese paragraph which immediately +follows the account of our Canyon, mentions a place called "Pi-mo."</p> + +<p>This is its pronunciation in Canton, but in Shanghai, where <b>mo</b> is accorded +the sound of <b>mu</b> (see Williams' dict. p. 1154 and p. 1186, column 6) <b>Pi-mo</b> +would be called <b>Pi-mu</b>. Now, this Pi-mo or Pi-mu is said (see existing translation) +to be situated in the "south-east corner of the desert beyond the eastern +sea.</p> + +<p>Proceeding eastward until the "Eastern Sea," which washes the coast of +China, is crossed, the modern investigator reaches California and Arizona. And +here, in the region or basin of the Colorado, he finds a place still called "Pi-mo." +It is in Arizona, with a "desert" of sand—the desert of California and Sonora—to +its west and south, and a region of running streams, grass, and forests to its +east. <b>Pimo</b> is itself in the "desert"—in a "south-east corner of the desert beyond +the Eastern Sea." It is entirely dependent on artificial irrigation for its +limited power to support human beings.</p> + +<p>Here are ruined buildings whose origin is shrouded in mystery and around +or about which controversies have raged for centuries.</p> + +<p>One visitor, an American officer, states that his General "asked a Pimo, +who made the house I had seen?" The house was one of the Casas Grandes +in the neighborhood of Pimo. Who had made it? was now the question. +The reply was: "It was built by the son of the most beautiful woman who +once dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair and all the handsome men came to +court her, but in vain; when they came, they paid tribute, and out of this small +store she fed all people in times of famine and it did not diminish."</p> + +<p>Moreover, "at last she brought forth a boy, who was the builder of all +these houses."<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 30]</span></p> + +<p>The Pimo Indian "seemed unwilling to talk about them, but said there +were plenty more of them to the north, south, west, etc." (note 70.)</p> + +<p>[Was the royal suckling or Prince ever carried down into the neighboring +Grand Canyon by the beneficient being, his mother? Was he a <b>shao hao</b> (as +the Chinese might say) or little Child of the Sun? Did he ever see the Cliff +Palace? Were he and his people connected with the cave and cliff-dwellings? +And when he retired from the Canyon did he fail to take with him a Lute?]</p> + +<p>If the royal suckling (or <b>ju</b>) of the Chinese account ever actually lived in +the neighborhood of the Grand Canyon, or in the vicinity of Pimo, and was +connected with a restless or troubled nation of Cliff Dwellers or stone-house +builders, why should not the Indians have some traditional, even if but hazy +recollection of both the suckling and his imperial mother? The forefathers of +the Pimos must have beheld them, and it is difficult to suppose that the +ancient legendary knowledge has completely evaporated from the aboriginal +memory. As we have learned the construction of the Casas Grandes at Pimo +is connected with the advent or movements of an intelligent, even if harassed +race of Builders who owed allegiance to a Princess or her child. And if it is a +fact that in a time of famine the royal lady fed the ancestors of the Pimos, we +wonder not that the nation has enshrined her image within its ceaseless, +throbbing heart. The hill-top on which she gave birth to her suckling is +remembered to the present hour and was pointed to by the Pimo interpreter +when telling the American General about the merciful being who fed the +hungry in a time of famine (and perhaps had relieved or cheered his own +ancestor.)</p> + +<p>Let us not overlook or snub the fact that Pimo—the Pimo of "the region +beyond the Eastern Sea" is actually mentioned in the same breath with the +Grand Canyon and the Gulf. It is represented by characters numbered 9 and +10 in the extract from the ancient Chinese volume, now set before the patient +and intelligent reader who appreciates or perceives the difficulties connected +with the present investigation.</p> + +<p>The last column (reading from right to left) consists of 12 characters, which +express the following sense: <b>Ta</b>—<b>Hg</b>—east—south—corner—<b>has</b>—<b>shan</b> (mountain +or height)—called—<b>Pi mo</b>—<b>ti</b>—<b>kiu</b>.</p> + +<p>The 11th term, <b>ti</b>, stands for "place;" and a <b>kiu</b> is a level-topped hill. As +it is also called a <b>shan</b> (see No. 7), the <b>kiu</b> should be a prominent eminence +having a level space on top.</p> + +<p>The name <b>Pi-mo</b> is expressed by putting <b>Pi</b>, which signifies "skin" or +"case," along with <b>mo</b>, which simply stands for "mother."</p> + +<p>A mother, or a maternal case is connected with the <b>Pi-mo kiu</b> or level-topped +hill. Is such an eminence to be seen in the vicinity of Pi-mo? Has it +a flat summit? Are there any signs that it was inhabited by the queen of the +Builders? The Pimo Indian told the general that on the hill-top in the vicinity—in +the Lower Gila Valley—a female ruler gave birth to a child. Is there +any foundation for the legend? Where is her house?</p> + +<p>Referring to the structures in Arizona, an observer draws particular attention +to one "comparatively intact in the lower Gila valley." He says: "The +<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 31]</span> +hill on which it is built rises abruptly from the surrounding lowlands to the +height of a full thousand feet. Near the northwest corner the ancient strategists +began at a height of thirty feet, carving a narrow pathway to the summit. +Here an irregular stone staircase has been made, passable by one person at a +time. At intervals watchtowers were constructed, from which huge boulders +could be hurled down upon the advancing foe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"> +<img src="images/fig_004.jpg" width="404" height="1024" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 32]</span>"The +road makes three complete circles above the hill before reaching the +upper <b>level</b>." [Here is a <b>level</b>-topped hill or <b>kiu</b>.] "Here another monument +of early fortitude inspired by the love of life presents itself. There is, perhaps, +three acres of <b>level</b> rock on the summit. For a depth of nearly two feet the +entire <b>plateau</b> is covered with rich soil 'packed up' from below. When one +pauses to think of the immense labor involved in carrying this mass of earth +up the irregular winding stone staircase, a feeling of admiration springs up for +these simple patient people."</p> + +<p>It is plain that there is a <b>level</b>-topped hill (or <b>kiu</b>) in the vicinity of Pimo. +And it is directly connected in Indian tradition with the movements of a race of +builders who reared "all these houses," and were directed or governed by a +beneficient being who here gave birth to a remarkable prince. But it is enough +at present to observe that the Chinese symbols connect Pimo—the Pimo of the +"region beyond the Eastern Sea"—with a Mother, or notable Birth. And when +the American General—in our region beyond the Eastern Sea—inquires at +Pimo for information, concerning its now silent and forsaken ruins, the Pimo interpreter +instantly responds by raising his arm and pointing to the hill of the +royal birth.</p> + +<p>The Hill of the Maternal Case is there, say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>The Hill of the Maternal Case is Here, say the Pimos.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The hill is prominent or lofty and quite level on top. It is in truth a <b>kiu</b> +(pronounced like our own word cue) and holds aloft some impregnable +dwellings and also a green spot or abandoned garden—clay having been +carried aloft a thousand feet by devoted Builders in part to raise flowers for the +young mother. But, of course, her own bud was the brightest of all. And +every one told her so. And what a wide view from the summit! And how +cool the air up there! How different from the blazing Canyon (with its hidden +or abandoned Lute.)</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>"The General asked a Pimo, who made the house I had seen? 'It is the +Casa de Montezuma', said he; it was built by the son of the most beautiful +woman who once dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair—"</p> + +<p>Notice here the name "Montezuma."</p> + +<p>The Casas Grandes at Pimo were fortunately seen by Spanish explorers in +the 16th century, and "the Indians then assigned them an age of no less than +500 years." (note 71.)</p> + +<p>Of course the Casa Grande Montezuma (or Builder Prince of the 11th +century) could not have been the Montezuma who was overthrown by Cortez +in the 16th century. As well confound William of Normandy with William of +Holland, because each was a William! Let fools do that!<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 33]</span></p> + +<p>One writer says with regard to the legends of the sedentary Indians, that +"the name of Montezuma runs through all of these—not generally referring to +the king whom we are accustomed to identify with that name, but to the great +chief of the golden or heroic age." (n. 72)</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>There are noticeable variations in the name or title of the ancient king. +Thus one Spanish explorer speaks of "the Casa Grande, or palace of <b>Moc</b>-te-zuma" +(n. 73.)</p> + +<p>Here we have <b>Moc</b> (or <b>Mok</b>, as it is by others spelled) instead of <b>Mon</b> (ti-zuma.)</p> + +<p>Another authority furnishes the spelling <b>Mo</b>-te-cuh-<b>zoma</b>, and adds, that +it is "found written also <b>Moc</b>-te-zuma, Mu-teczuma, Mo-texuma" (n. 74.)</p> + +<p>Notice the three different spellings or sounds—<b>Mo</b>, <b>Mu</b>, and <b>Mok</b>, prefixed +to "<b>te-zuma</b>...."</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The title <b>te</b> or <b>ti</b> (or <b>te-cuh</b>) signifies warrior or lordly ruler (n. 75.) As +for <b>suma</b> it is said to mean "sad, angry, or severe." [But <span class="smcap">soma</span> may include +an allusion to the water of immortality and embrace the notion of divine +descent.]</p> + +<p><b>Mok</b> (the <b>te-zuma</b>) <b>Mo</b> or <b>Mu</b> were names or titles bestowed on the +11th century Builder Prince who was connected with the construction of the +Casas Grandes in the Pimo section, and was born on a prominent hill-top there. +He was <b>Mok</b>, <b>Mo</b> or <b>Mu</b>.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Turning to the Chinese account we find that the royal <b>ju</b> or suckling +connected with the region of the Grand Canyon and Pimo, was likewise known +as <b>Mu</b>. (note 76.)</p> + +<p>In addition, the suckling is repeatedly called a <b>ti</b> (or <b>te</b> as it is just as often +spelled.) And this, so far, agrees with the title of the Pimo infant, whose name +is frequently said to be <b>Mu-ti</b> (zuma.)</p> + +<p>A <b>Mu-ti</b>, say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>A <b>Mu-ti</b>, say the Pimos.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>According to the Chinese record, the imperial (<b>ti</b> or <b>te</b>) heir apparent (or +<b>yuen-tsz</b>) suckling or baby (<b>ju</b>) whose estate or patrimony (<b>chan</b>) was +<b>Loh-ming</b> (name of a region) lived or resided (<b>ku</b>) as the tender, delicate +youth (<b>yao</b>) <b>Mu</b>.</p> + +<p>Here we see that the heir apparent the ju or baby was both <b>Mu</b> and a <b>ti</b>. +The old account connects the infantile ruler with a region called Loh-ming. +We need not delay to ascertain the position of this province or land; enough +now to observe that wherever it was, the <b>ju</b> and <b>ti</b> lived there (or lived some +where) as the pleasing and tender <b>Mu</b>.</p> + +<p>The baby was <b>Mu</b>.</p> + +<p>This name, like some of our own names, such as Grace, Patience, Clement, +is frequently used as an adjective. It may stand for either "beauty" or +"majesty," but it is also, at times, a surname. (note 77.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p>As already seen, the Great Canyon with the connected bottomless abyss, in +the region beyond the Eastern Sea, is connected with the Sun and Moon Shan. +And on this Shan is "the Great Men's Country" (see existing translation.) +Now a Chinese comment (note 78) informs us that the <b>forts</b> of the entirely +great <b>Mu</b> formerly held or possessed this Great Men's Country (which is on +the Sun and Moon Shan.)</p> + +<p>Information is next furnished concerning the largest Walrusses, and it is +plain that the polar region is referred to. The account is quite clear, as any +Chinese scholar can see, now that we have pointed out the position of the +passage.</p> + +<p>It might seem advisable to prove that the haunt of the Walrus was known +to the ancient Chinese writers who have furnished accounts of America, but it +is unnecessary to do this, seeing that the phenomenon of Ten Suns, which is +only visible at the Arctic Circle, is referred to in the ancient books. Moreover, +as we have learned, appearances of five or seven suns (or moons) shining +simultaneously in the sky, are distinctly connected with the Sun and Moon Shan. +It was therefore known that the mountain system of North America, stretches +upward—like the Branches of a Tree—from the vicinity of the Grand Canyon +to the Polar region, or place of the Ten Suns. And from a point here, the +shores of North-eastern Tartary or Asia can be seen without even the aid of an +opera-glass.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It now appears that in the remote past there was a ruler named <b>Mu</b> dwelling +in the mountainous land which stretches from the Grand Canyon to the +Arctic Ocean. His domain was on the Sun and Moon Shan.</p> + +<p>And he had fortified dwellings or forts.</p> + +<p>Where, today, are the remains of the ancient strongholds?</p> + +<p>One observer says with reference to the cliff-dwellings, that they "have +the appearance of fortified retreats. The occupants, on account of "decending +hordes devised these <b>unassailable</b> retreats.... The builders hold no smallest +niche in recorded history. Their aspirations, their struggles and their fate +are all unwritten, save in these crumbling stones, which are their sole monuments +and meagre epitaph. Here once they dwelt. They left no other print +on time." (note 79.)</p> + +<p>The "unassailable retreats" noticed by this melancholy writer may well +be some of the strongholds of Mu and his followers or warriors. The ancient +pueblos (or Casas Grandes) are of great strength. When the "ladders are +drawn in, the various sides present a perpendicular front to an enemy, and the +building itself becomes a <b>fortress</b>." Further, "The strength of the walls of +these structures was proved during the Mexican war, when it was found that +they were impregnable to field-artillery." (note 80.)</p> + +<p>The Spanish soldier, Castenada, in the 16th century said with regard to the +Pimo Casa Grande, that "it seemed to have served as a fortress." (note 81.)</p> + +<p>Now, <b>Pimo</b>—represented by the symbols for a maternal case and hill—is +mentioned on the very page of the Chinese book which notices our Grand +Canyon. Then, we are told that cliff-dwellings were here and a Sun Prince<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 35]</span> +(at first a mere <b>ju</b> or infant) called <b>Mu</b>, and that he or his followers erected +forts or fortresses.</p> + +<p>And here we find no scarcity of ancient strongholds.</p> + +<p>And when we ask the Indians for the name of the ruler who governed the +now decaying strongholds, their answer is—<b>Mu</b>.</p> + +<p>The very title in the Chinese book.</p> + +<p><b>Mu</b>, say the Ancients.</p> + +<p><b>Mu</b>, say our Indians.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It may be said that some of the latter pronounce the title <b>Mo</b>. One of our +philologists speaks of "Montezuma, or more correctly, <b>Mo</b>tecuhzoma." +(note 82.)</p> + +<p>Another authority says: "Montezuma, or more correctly, <b>Moc</b>tezuma." +(note 83.)</p> + +<p>In his account of the Casa Grande, the old time Spanish traveler, Padre +Garces, says: On this river is situated the house which they call <b>Moc</b>tezuma's. +(note 84.)</p> + +<p>It is evident that the two pronunciations <b>Mo</b> and <b>Mok</b> are preferred to +<b>Mon</b> (tezuma) and that <b>Mu</b> has also its advocates.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Curiously enough, these three sounds <b>Mu</b>, <b>Mo</b>, and <b>Mok</b>, are likewise +applied to the one character by the Chinese literati.</p> + +<p>The identical symbol which Williams calls <b>Mu</b> is in another dictionary +(see Bailley's, iii, p. 246) termed <b>Mo</b>.</p> + +<p>Morrison (vol. IV, p. 600-1) says that the two sounds <b>Mu</b> and <b>Mo</b> are both +applied, and that in Canton this selfsame character is called <b>Mok</b>.</p> + +<p>It thus appears that the builder or ruler of the fortresses in the region +beyond the Eastern Sea, might be called <b>Mu</b>, <b>Mo</b>, or <b>Mok</b>.</p> + +<p>And in the region referred to—"the region beyond the Eastern Sea"—we +find many strongholds or forts (as well as cave-dwellings;) and when antiquarians +inquire of the Indians for the name of the ancient Builder Prince, they +are variously informed that he was the glorious <b>Mu</b>, <b>Mo</b>, or <b>Mok</b>.</p> + +<p>If the royal infant (or <b>ju</b>) became in process of time a ruler of fortresses +(<b>tai</b>) which "formerly held the Great Men's Country" (on the Sun and Moon +Shan) would be surprising to find that he himself had been born within the +shelter of a <b>tai</b> or fortress? And what is the fortified hill at Pimo but a +fortress? He counts it as the first of the forts of <b>Mu</b> or <b>Mo-ti</b> in "the region +beyond the Eastern Sea."</p> + +<p>Remember that our own government has erected numbers of forts on hilltops +throughout the South-west expressly for the purpose of holding such tribes +as the Navajoes and Apaches in check. (And in addition we are furnishing +the red men with supplies.) But in the 11th century there were no Congressional +appropriations, no detachments of troops hurrying down from Washington +to preserve order. Yet the ancestors of our savage tribes were certainly there. +And although the warrior chieftans immediately around the young queen +appear to have been filled with jealousy of each other, it is certain that they<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 36]</span> +were united as one in devising for the princess a calm or sure retreat which no +barbaric host could take by assault. From its base the savage ranks would +reel, or break into foam like waves of the sea.</p> + +<p>Aloft in this secure retreat she gave birth to <b>Mo</b>.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Who was his father?</p> + +<p>The American General already referred to, supplies his own report of the +Pimo interpreter's words:</p> + +<p>"All he knew was a tradition amongst them, 'that in bygone days, a woman +of surpassing beauty resided in a green spot in the mountains near the place +where we were encamped. All the men admired and paid court to her. She +received the tributes of their devotion, grain, skins, etc., but gave no love or +other favor in return. Her virtue and her determination to remain unmarried +were equally firm. There came a drought which threatened the world with +famine. In their distress, people applied to her, and she gave corn from her +stock, and the supply seemed to be endless. Her goodness was unbounded. +One day, as she was lying asleep with her body exposed, a drop of rain fell on +her stomach, which produced conception. A son was the issue, the founder +of a new race which built all these houses'.... The houses of the people +(the agricultural or sedentary Pimos) are mere sheds, thatched with willow +and corn stalks" (n. 85.)</p> + +<p>This report is more rational than the other in so far as it represents the +multitudinous houses of stone or adobe as being reared by a "race" rather than +by a "boy"! But, of course, the "son" could not have been the "founder" of +his mother or of her ancestors. It is further apparent that the infant could not +have been either the builder or inventor of the house or stronghold in which +he was born.</p> + +<p>Of course it is an impossibility to get at the exact truth in relation to the +mysterious birth. The unwedded lady's own account ought to constitute a +sufficient explanation, and would—but for the unfortunate historic fact that no +mother has ever been known to tell her children the truth about their production. +Even Christian mothers lie precisely like Pagans in this respect, and are +just as thorough-going humbugs as Hannah in the temple, when questioned for +details. They will tell a poor helpless, green, inquiring child, for instance, that +they found him in a cabbage, when the actual truth is that they got him from a +stork. We therefore unanimously dismiss their worse than useless testimony +as that of a shameless pack of preposterous deluderers.</p> + +<p>It is probable that the Pimo princess may have been secretly wedded or +united to some man whom she really loved and preferred to all others. Yet +an open avowal of such preference might have caused his death or might have +turned the love of rival suitors into hate and brought about the ruin of the +already sufficiently perplexed and troubled nation.</p> + +<p>But would not the birth of the infant have revealed all?</p> + +<p>Certainly, but in the present instance the Queen seems to have contented +herself with the announcement that she had got her child from Heaven. Her +friends, including doubtless the priests, at once spread abroad the story that the +infant—the Child of the Sun—was of celestial origin. This tale may not have<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 37]</span> +completely satisfied the numerous rival claimants for the lady's hand. But how +disprove it? And why assail or shake the authority of the beautiful young +queen? Why not draw closer together, bury their mutual animosities or rivalries +and face the murderous hordes thronging the passes of the Rocky Mountains +and slopes of the Mississippi Valley? Why not grasp at the hope—embodied +in the suckling born on the hilltop—that Heaven had furnished a leader, a reincarnated +divinity of the wandering nation, who would guide the despairing +people onward to new fields of national glory and prosperity.</p> + +<p>It may of course be said that such predictions were never realized, but it +is certain that they were cherished. Even the Mokis, Tunis and Pimos still +regard <b>Mo-ti</b> as immortal and await his return. He is "the demigod of their +earliest traditions, watching over them from Heaven and waiting to come again +to bring to them victory and a period of millenial glory and happiness" (n. 86.) +And, of course, those who actually followed the leader <b>Mu</b> must have felt +strongly the ties of affection and veneration. And who were the people who +got across to Mongolia with accounts of our Grand Canyon, Gulf and Continental +Tree—crowned with its wreath of multiplied suns?</p> + +<p>[Doubtless the notion that our <b>Mu-te</b> (or <b>Te-Mu</b>) was of divine origin, +had a surprising, stimulating effect. Curiously enough, Asiatic writers notice a +<b>Te-mu</b> (<b>Te-mu-dzin</b> or <b>Temugin</b>) who arose in Tartary in the early part of +the 12th century, and therefore might be regarded as the contemporary of our +<b>Mu</b> born at Pimo about the year 1100. Some say this Tartarean conqueror +was called Timour or Temur-chi, and his origin is wrapt in mystery. One +account treats him as a demigod, but other statements assume that a divinity +was his remote ancestor. He is said to belong to the race that broke out of +Irkena Kon (or the mountain valley), situated in some out of the way and +dangerous region. Personally this <b>Mu</b> came from a distant land. Some historians +whose time is valuable readily find Irkena Kon in the vicinity of the +Caspian Sea, but others declare that it must be situated in the direction of the +Arctic Ocean!</p> + +<p>[In his old age, in or about the year 1153, this supposed demigod had a +child born to him. The name of Temudzin or Temugin was bestowed upon +the infant. When thirteen years old his father—the demigod—died, and the +extensive empire which the parent had established fell into political pieces. +Gibbon, in his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," chap. LXIV, says that +the young prince Temugin could only claim authority over about 12,000 families. +We should never overlook this fact when contemplating his career. +Every incident in his history is known. His name has resounded through the +world. He rose to be a mighty conqueror. He became Jenghiz Khan—King +of Kings—grandsire of Kublai Khan, ancestor of Tamerlane and the Great +Moguls, and of no end of Persian or Moslem Sultans or Kings.</p> + +<p>[The immediate followers of Jenghiz Khan always declared that success +awaited him because he was the son of a God. Petis de la Croix denounces +such a claim as a piece of "insolence," yet it might better be regarded as a +form of delusion. But notice the victorious lengths to which this delusion +carried believers. And the notion promulgated at Pimo, in the midst of crowd<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 38]</span>ing +calamities,—that the royal infant was a Son of Heaven,—might have been +intended to console and stimulate a despairing nation. And the spiritual stimulus +appears to have transported its believers to such lengths that aboriginal +Americans seem to have lost track of the demigod, and know not from what +point he may return.</p> + +<p>[The father of Temugin was the founder of the <b>Yuen</b> dynasty, or at all +events an ancestral king. He is generally called Yisukai or Pysukai Behadur, +but such is a mere title, signifying "9th hero," and not a proper name at all. +Some lucid commentators will positively tell us that it was not the father +of Jenghiz Khan, but his 9th father or ancestor, who was the God. But with +such hair-splitting we need not concern ourselves. Enough to note the uplifting, +psychological effect or result of faith or belief in divine aid or protection. +No wonder David exclaims: "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me."</p> + +<p>[In the case of the Tartars, the results of their exalted faith were indeed surprising. +The Crusades of the Christians had proved a failure. Jerusalem had +passed from their hands. Richard, King of England, had been taken prisoner. +The Moslems, according to Gibbon, were preparing for the invasion of Europe. +Their brethren were actually intrenched in the heart of Spain. Enraged against +western nations for the long war waged against their power, armies were +gathering for the conquest and plunder of Christendom. The crescent instead +of the cross, says Gibbon, was to glitter on the spire of St. Paul's.</p> + +<p>[But at this very juncture, Jenghiz Khan and his followers came pouring +forth from the wilds of Tartary. The Sultan felt secure within his line of fortified +cities which hitherto had repelled every assault. But the Tartarean host—led +by warriors of the race from Irkena Kon—overthrew the Moslems in every +encounter. They ransacked the provinces and gave the cities to the flames. +And the children or successors of the conqueror completed the work which he +had begun. Bagdad which for ages had successfully defied the invading, +crusading armies of Europe, was destroyed, and an end put to the Caliphate so +long enthroned within its historic walls. The conquest of China was completed +by Kublai Khan, and an empire formed which stretched from the Indian Ocean +to the Arctic, and from the Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea.]</p> + +<p>Even traditions of tribes that most certainly remained behind in Arizona +and consequently did not disappear in company with the mysterious <b>Mu</b> or +Mo-te, declare that he was an agent of Providence. He was the "equal" of +the "Great Spirit" and "was often considered identical with the Sun" (n. 87.) +Had he remained in Arizona, his son in due time might have claimed divine +descent through his father the demigod.</p> + + +<h2>CHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.</h2> + +<p>But if the <b>Mu-te</b> (or <b>Te-Mu</b>,) builder or ruler of fortresses in the region of +Pimo and the Grand Canyon, was identical with our Pimo <b>Mu-te</b>, he should be +referred to as semi-divine, in the Chinese record.</p> + +<p>And so he actually is. Even here the evidence does not fail. But conception +of the little sun-child did not occur on the well watched or guarded<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 39]</span> +hilltop at Pimo. It was in a green wilderness noted for its hay or grass and +butchering of beasts, that a phantasm approached the female—and so on.</p> + +<p>Fortunately we can turn away from this particular account of the visit of +incubus, seeing that the necessary information is more conveniently furnished +elsewhere (n. 88.) The name of a mountain, which may or may not have been +far indeed from the Grand Canyon, is furnished, and we are informed that +<b>Shao Hao</b> dwelt (<b>ku</b>) there (<b>chi</b>.) In addition he is called a sovereign (<b>ti</b> or <b>te</b>) +and a <b>shan</b>.</p> + +<p>Now this term, <b>shan</b>, according to Williams (p. 737,) stands for "the gods, +the divinities, a god, a supernatural good being; divine; spiritual, as being +higher than man; godlike, wonderful, superhuman; to deify.</p> + +<p>The <b>Shao Hao</b> (or <b>Mu-ti</b>) is a <b>shan</b> or god.</p> + +<p>A god! say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>A god! say the Indians.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Taking the account as it stands, it appears that an incarnated god (in the +shape of the <b>Shao Hao Mu</b>) was at one time within the Grand Canyon (which +still retains his "lute.")</p> + +<p>Notice that the "country contiguous to the mighty chasm is called the +"Shao Hao's country."</p> + +<p>Next observe that the vast chasm (or <b>ta-hoh</b>) is itself called the Great +Canyon of the Incarnated God (or <b>Keang Shang</b>.) <b>Shang</b> stands for "Heaven" +or supreme;" and Keang signifies "to descend from a higher level, to come from +the sky, to fall as rain, to come into the world as Christ did" (Williams.) The +contiguous country is named in honor of the <b>Shao Hao</b>, or sun-child, who is +called a <b>shan</b> or god. And "<b>Keang Shang's</b> ta-hoh" or great Canyon is also +named in honor of this <b>shan</b> or god—this incarnated god.</p> + +<p>And here, "in the region beyond the Eastern Sea," the land is ringing with +his name. He was <b>Mu</b> or <b>Mo-te</b> and a builder of forts, and above and beyond +all this he was an incarnation of the Great Spirit!</p> + +<p>"The name, at this moment, is as familiar to every Indian, Apache and +Navajoe as that of our Savior or Washington is to us" (n. 89.)</p> + +<p>Bancroft says: "Under restrictions, we may fairly regard him as the Melchizedek, +the <b>Moses</b>, and the Messiah of the Pueblo desert-wanderers from an +Egypt that history is ignorant of, and whose name even tradition whispers not."</p> + +<p>A Messiah and Demigod! say the Chinese.</p> + +<p>A Messiah and Demigod! say Americans.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Bancroft, says, that according to Indian paintings or traditions, the Messiah +or Demigod of Pueblo tradition had red or yellow hair.</p> + +<p>Then Mo was a white man and his mother a white woman.</p> + +<p>Such a conclusion agrees completely with the teaching of the ancient Chinese +book just quoted. We are informed with reference to a certain mountain, +that: <b>Ki</b> (the) <b>shan</b> (god or spirit) <b>poh</b> (white) <b>ti</b> (sovereign) <b>Shao hao</b> (little +sun-child) <b>ku</b> (dwelt) <b>chi</b> (there).</p> + +<p>Next appears a comment stating in the plainest possible terms that <b>Shao +Hao</b> of the <b>Kin Tien</b> dynasty was a virtuous or excellent ruler.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<p>The <b>Shao Hao</b> who was at the Ta-hoh or Great Canyon is here called a +<b>White King</b>.</p> + +<p>Mons. Rosny, in his French translation, declares that the divine or superhuman +<b>Shao Hao</b> was "l'empereur Blanc." (note 90.)</p> + +<p>One well known writer and archaeologist says with reference to the builders +of some structures in the Pimo region, that there is "reason to suppose that +they were a light-skinned people. At least one red-haired skull and one with +still lighter hair were found. Hair has been but rarely found not over a half +dozen times in all. In three cases it was black." (note 91.)</p> + +<p>According to aboriginal testimony, 800 years have rolled by since the time +of burial, and hair has lingered on but few of the heads it once adorned. But +when discovered it is seen to be quite different from the hair of the Indians.</p> + +<p>Those interested in the subject of the Cliff-dwellers should study the +accurate reports of the Ethnological Bureau and also the writings of Editor +Peet the well known "American Antiquarian." These works should be in the +libraries of all Americanists.</p> + +<p>According to the American Antiquarian, Doctor Birdsall reports that dried +bodies have been found in tombs on the Mesa Verde in Arizona and the "hair +of the head has been found partly preserved on some mummies. It is said to +be of fine texture, not coarse like Indian hair and varying in color from shades +of yellowish brown to reddish brown and black" ... The Wetherills exhumed +one mummy having a short brownish beard." (note 92.)</p> + +<p>We are further informed that mummies have been taken from "a hermetically +sealed cave in the Canyon of the Gila River," and two of the bodies were +those of women. The females "retain their long, flowing silken hair." The +"bodies were covered with highly colored clothes, which crumbled on exposure. +Three kinds were saved, and one a deep blue woven in diamond +shapes. No implements or utensils were found.... All the consuls and many +scientific men inspected the mummies yesterday. Among those present were +Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., Kate Field, Dr. Harkness, Academy of +Sciences." Other Doctors and Professors were present and also "Historian +Bancroft." (n. 93.)</p> + +<p>In addition to all this, Professor C. L. Webster, the accomplished, painstaking, +and trusted scientist of Charles City, Iowa, has unearthed a body whose +silent testimony is truly inestimable. In the "Archaeological Bulletin," issued +by the International Society of Archaeologists (Madison, Indiana,) for July and +September, 1912, we find a photograph of a mummy brought to light by the +Professor in a cliff-house on a head stream of the Gila.</p> + +<p>The body is that of a child, and its preservation is due to "the chemical +elements of the soil," etc.</p> + +<p>"The hair on the head of the mummy was of a beautiful dark brown color, +and of a soft and silky texture," and "the hair on the head of this mummified +child is of the same color and texture (only finer) as that of adults found braided +in long plaits in an adjoining room"—Page 78.</p> + +<p>The Professor believes that "different races" were here contending for the +mastery of the region, and that "one or more of them were driven out (perhaps +destroyed) suddenly" (see article 1.)<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<p>Another archaeologist says, that "quite recently hieroglyphics were discovered +in the Tonto Basin country, depicting the driving out of white people +by red men, and local archaeologists have set up a theory that the people who +once cultivated these valleys were white. The present Indians have many +legends of white men being in their country before the advent of the Spanish +conquistodores. Father Marcas Niza, a pious Jesuit, who accompanied Coronado +on his march through this section in search of the seven lost cities of Cibola, +speaks frequently of allusions made by Indians to white bearded men who +were here before" (n. 94.)</p> + +<p>[In tracking the missing white race, remember that some of the Toltecs, +like the Mayas of Yucatan, compressed the skull in childhood, that they had +among them a sprinkling of very large men (quinames,) and that in the wilderness +their mode of living would be more like that of Indians than of cultured, +civilized people.]</p> + +<p>Mons. Charney has argued that the Mexican Toltecs were of a white race, +but very foolishly argues (like Baron Humboldt) that the Toltecs marched from +Mongolia to Mexico in the 6th century. The illustrious Humboldt has served +Archaeology enormously by drawing attention to the absolute and startling +identity of the Zodiacal signs of the Manchu Tartars with those of Central +America (see Mr. Vining's exceedingly comprehensive and valuable work entitled +"An Inglorious Columbus.")</p> + +<p>Skilled, scientific archaeologists connected with the Washington Bureau +have all along been contending that the cliff or cave dwellings, forts, pueblos, +and mounds of North America were constructed by native-born Americans, +rather than by Toltecs moving in, say, the 6th century from Tartary to Arizona +or Mexico.</p> + +<p>Therefore, as the Toltecs (sun-people and architects or builders) were +certainly settled in Mexico for some centuries prior to the 11th (when the remnant +disappeared,) the ancestors of the pale-faced and cultured people (see +Vining's chapter on the "Toltecs") may like ourselves have reached America +by crossing the Atlantic. The Greek face, the Celtic face, the Saxon face, and +the Jewish or Semitic face are all seen carved on the tottering walls of temples +and palaces in Yucatan (see Charney's essays.)</p> + +<p>Moving to the Vale of Mexico, the Toltecs tried with more or less success +to keep on neighborly terms with the red skinned people. But thoughtless +propagation produced more mouths than could be filled—except with human +flesh. Open war broke out in the 11th century. The Aztecs or others of the +red tribes almost annihilated the Whites; and Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the "last" +King of the Toltecs fled north from Chapultepec,—the selfsame Chapultepec +which in our own day has seen the downfall of Maxmillian and the flight +of Diaz.</p> + +<p>May not the fair and beautiful Princess at Pimo have belonged to the outcast +Mexican royal family? May not her idolized child have inherited titles +absurdly out of place among the deserts of Arizona? And may not all the +elements in our later Yankee nation have been represented in the pale-faced +people that found refuge among the canyons and cliffs of the Colorado? If so, +their remote or ancestral fathers and mothers were likewise no less our own.<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 42]</span></p> + +<p>The curtain of history rises and shows the young Queen of the Builders on +a hill top at Pimo. The structures there, according to aboriginal testimony +were reared about the year 1100,—the very time when the Toltecs disappeared +from the Vale of Mexico. And now the ruins are yielding up forms of the females +who once tenanted those cliffs and contrived to get plaster and paint with +which to adorn the now desolate and trembling walls. And the yellow, brown, +or silky black hair on the heads of those women who sought to make their +bleak and dreary homes attractive, shows unfailingly their race. Even an +ostrich might see it!</p> + +<p>Mons. Charney declares that the Toltecs expelled from Mexico in the 11th +century were scholars, artists, astronomers, and philosophers. And their sisters +were certainly no less cultured and refined.</p> + +<p>Now, the Shan Hai King states that in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea" +there is (or was) a "Country of Refined Gentlemen."</p> + +<p>And Charney argues that "a gentle race were the Toltecs, preferring the +arts to war."</p> + +<p>Refined and Gentle—men, says Charney.</p> + +<p>Refined Gentlemen, says the Shan Hai King.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Certain comments collected by Jin Chin Ngan, and unnoticed in Mr. Vining's +translation (p. 657), connect the Refined Gentlemen with pyramids (<b>k'iu</b>) +and even declare that their dwellings were on mounds (<b>ling</b>).</p> + +<p>And Charney says: "Now, the first thing that we find at the houses of Tula +is an example of a mode of building entirely new and curious. The prevailing +tendency of the Toltec is to place his dwellings and his temples likewise upon +eminences and pyramids."</p> + +<p>They lived upon Mounds, says Charney.</p> + +<p>They lived upon Mounds, says the Shan Hai King.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>"They are very gentle, and do not quarrel. They have fragrant plants. +They have a flowering-plant which produces blossoms in the morning that die +in the evening.</p> + +<p>The Chinese account calls this vegetable production the <b>Hwa</b> plant, and as +<b>Hwa</b> stands for "glory" (see Williams' Chinese dict.) it is apparent that the +"Morning Glory" is referred to.</p> + +<p>Botanist Wood says: "This <b>glorious</b> plant is a <b>native</b> of Tropical America +and now universally cultivated. It is also nearly naturalized with us." (in the +United States.)</p> + +<p>"The flowers are ephemeral. Beginning to open soon after midnight, they +greet the Sun at his rising, arrayed in all their <b>glory</b>" (<b>Hwa</b>) "and before he +reaches the meridian, fold their robes and perish. But their work is done, and +their successors, already in bud, will renew the gorgeous display the following +morning."—P. 182.</p> + +<p>Such a flower might be held to symbolize the fleeting glory of the generations +which had lived and died in Central America. It still climbs about the +temples of the Sun, saluting its divinity with a smile, and then falling prostrate +among the desolate and forsaken altars. It may often be seen twining its arms<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 43]</span> +around the monuments of a buried Past, or pressing its lips to the dust of the +vanished race it so speedily follows.</p> + +<p>It lives but a day, says the American botanist.</p> + +<p>It lives but a day, says the Shan Hai King.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Surely the works in Arizona are worthy of the exiled Toltecs.</p> + +<p>One of the ancient stone structures, on a northern feeder of the Gila, is so +strong, commodious, and so impregnably planted that by universal consent it is +called a Castle. And because the Indian tribes persist in ascribing its construction +to <b>Mu</b> or <b>Mo-te</b> it is known as "Montezuma's Castle." The Ethnological +Bureau has interested itself in the preservation of this impressive work of the +so-called Cliff-dwellers, and our Government has taken charge of it as a +"National Monument." And <b>Ari-zona</b> is named in honor of the <b>Ari</b> or "Maiden"—the +legendary Queen of the Pimo <b>zona</b> or Pimo valley. The mother referred +to in the ancient Chinese record is thus remembered in the title of a Yankee +sister State.</p> + +<p>Her idolized son is said to have governed Forts, and in the vicinity of the +Castle we find a number of forts. Dr. Fewkes says: "The <b>forts</b> were built on +the summits, ... and it is an instructive fact in this connection that one rarely +loses sight of one of these hill <b>forts</b> before another can be <b>seen</b>." An +"approaching foe" could be discerned and "smoke signals" would warn field-workers +"to retreat to the <b>forts</b> for protection."—28th Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., +p. 207. (Read also connected pages for information relating to the forts +and their builders. The same or an allied people erected also houses in natural +caves or excavated them in soft rock."—P. 219. The latter—the excavated +dwellings are noticed in Asiatic books and will be dealt with in next pamphlet—if +such is ever written.)</p> + +<p>We have found the "Forts" and also Pimo (or Pima as some pronounce +the name) with its Princess and her child. And have we not found the Gulf +and Canyon referred to by the departed Ancients. Have we not found everything +except perhaps the abandoned imperial Lute? And even it may yet be +recovered. Let it be dug for at the Cliff of the Harp. Perhaps it may yet be +resurrected—</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"A Harp that in darkness and silence forsaken<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Has slumbered while ages rolled slowly along,</span><br /> +Once more in its own native land may awaken<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pour from its chords all the raptures of song.</span><br /> +<br /> +"Unhurt by the dampness that o'er it was stealing,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Its strings in full chorus, resounding sublime,</span><br /> +May 'rouse all the ardor of patriot feeling<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And gain a bright wreath from the relics of time."</span><br /> +</p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 44]</span></p> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + + +<p>(Note 1) see Mr. Vining's "An Inglorious Columbus," p. 659. (2) <b>Jin-Chin +Ngan's</b> comment in 14th Book of the Shan Hai King. (3) Kane's work. (4) Van +Troil's "Iceland," 1, 643: Headley's "Island of Fire," p. 100. (5) Dr. Le Plongeon's +"Queen Moo," xl, xlii, 175. (6) Vining, 182, 659, 666. (7) Vining; 182. +(8) Vining, 659. (9) Vining, 659. (10) see index for essays collected by Mr. +Vining. (11) see Chinese version of Shan Hai King, with Jin-chin-ngan's notes, +(the latter being omitted in Mr. V.'s translation, p. 661.) (12) see either the +<b>Shan Hai King</b>, book 14, or the translation of same. (13) Vin. 661. (14) Mark +Twain's "Roughing It," p. 101. (15) Lieut. Ives' Report, Pt. 1, p. 23. (16) +Powell's Report. (17) Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (18) R. R. Co.'s Handbook +on "Colorado." (19) Powell's Report.</p> + +<p>(Note 20) Stanton in Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (21) Mr. F. A. Ober. +(22) (compare Mr. Vining's translations with original Chinese statement.) (23) +<b>Jin-Chin-ngan's</b> note (never hitherto translated into English.) (24) Dunraven's +"Great Divide." (25) Vin. 647. (26) Powell's Report, 29, 35, 86. (27) Powell, +32, 71. (28) Vin. 532. (29) Stanton. (30) Mr. Clampitt's "Echoes from the +Rocky Mts." 218. (31) Powell, p. 30. (32) "Glimpses of America" (Phila. 1894) +p. 80. (33) Stanton. (34) "Glimpses." 78. (35) Powell, 16, 30. (36) Ives. Pt. I, +28; ii, p. 8. (37) Powell, 63, 86. (38) "Glimpses," 78. (39) Ives, 42.</p> + +<p>(Note 40) <b>Ives'</b> Rept., Pt. I, p. 73. (41) F. A. Ober in Brooklyn <b>Times</b>, +June 19, 1897. (42) Sitgreaves, 17. (43) Ives, 66. (44) Ives, III, 49. (45) +Powell, 125. (46) "Glimpses of Amer." 78. (47) Glimpses," 83. (48) +Powell, 55, 60, 70. (49) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 139. (50) Powell, +65, 76. (51) G. W. James's "Wonders of the Colorado Desert," 30. (52) +Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 137. (53) Powell, 35, 63, 86, 90. (54) +Piexot's "Romantic California," 67, 144, 148. (55) Ives. 23. (56) Sacred +Mysteries of the Mayas", 90. (57) "Glimpses of Amer." p. 82. (58) F. A. +Ober in the Brooklyn <b>Times</b>, June 19, '97. (59) Appleton's "New Amer. Cyc." +Article Colorado.</p> + +<p>(Note 60) Sitgreaves' report, p. 17. (61) Ives, 107. (62) Sitgreaves, p. 18. +(63) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 255. (64) Powell's Report. (65) Powell, +34, 35, 124, 125. (66) Smithson. Ethnol. "Bulletin," No. 51, p. 18. (67) Powell, +125. (68) Ethnological "Bulletin," No. 51, pp. 14, 15. (69) Bulletin, No. 51, p. +19. (70) Johnson's Journal in Emory's "Reconn. of N. Mex.," etc., 598-9. (71) +Appletons' "New Am. Cyc." Article "Casas Grandes." (72) L. B. Prince's +"New Mex.," p. 24. (73) Elliott Cones 'Comments on Garces' Diary, p. 94. +(74) Encyc. Americana, vol. X. (75) Vining, 411. (76) see 28th character from +last in note by Jin Chin Ngan preceding assertion in text that the Canyon has a +beautiful mountain (Vining, 661.) (77) Morrison, IV, p. 601. (78) <b>Jin Chin +Ngan</b>. (79) Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 152.</p> + +<p>Note (80) Amer. Cyc. IV, p. 50. (81) Bancroft's "Native Races," IV, 620. +(82) New Internat. Encyc. XIII. (83) Penny Cyc. Article "Mexico," p. 163. +(84) Bancroft's "Native Races." (85) Emory, p, 83. (86) Prince's N. Mex. 24. +(87) Prince's N. M. 24-6. (88) The <b>Shan Hai King</b>, Book II, section III, 14th +mountain. (89) Emory, 64. (90) Shan Hai King, p. 83. (91) Mr Spears in N. +Y. <b>Sun</b>. Sept. 3, 1893. (92) <b>Amer. Antiquarian</b>, May, 1892. (93) N. Y. <b>World</b>, +Oct. 1887. (94) N. Y. <b>Recorder</b>, Feb. 19, 1893.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"><b>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</b> All apparent printer's errors retained.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient Chinese account of the Grand +Canyon, or course of the Colorado, by Alexander M'Allan + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT CHINESE ACCOUNT OF *** + +***** This file should be named 34909-h.htm or 34909-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/9/0/34909/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/34909-h/images/fig_001.jpg b/34909-h/images/fig_001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c248fe --- /dev/null +++ b/34909-h/images/fig_001.jpg diff --git a/34909-h/images/fig_002.jpg b/34909-h/images/fig_002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..304f359 --- /dev/null +++ b/34909-h/images/fig_002.jpg diff --git a/34909-h/images/fig_003.jpg b/34909-h/images/fig_003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..611c8ca --- /dev/null +++ b/34909-h/images/fig_003.jpg diff --git a/34909-h/images/fig_004.jpg b/34909-h/images/fig_004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4167722 --- /dev/null +++ b/34909-h/images/fig_004.jpg |
